Laminar battery is formed by extruding a slurry electrode onto a central region of the surface of a conductive plastics substrate, a separator is adhered to one side of a laminated plastics frame, the one side of which has a heat activatable adhesive which is activated at one temp. and the other side has a heat activatable adhesive which is activatable at a second higher temp.    The frame is placed over the electrode on the substrate and adhered to the substrate by the one surface, which extends beyond the edge of the separator, by the application of heat and pressure sufficient to activate the first material but not the second material.    System allows step by step mfr. of a battery to be performed without a first seal being damaged when a following seal, on the other side of the laminated frame, is formed.
Resin powder and pore-increasing material powder are mixed and sintered to form a sintered porous body. The pore-increasing material poder is not liquefied and vaporised at a sintering temp. of the resin powder and can be dissolved in water or other solvents. The sintered porous body and a gas diffusion electrode are united as one body by pressing. The pore-increasing material powder is removed from the sintered porous body by dissolving.    The gas diffusion electrode has high mechanical strength and low potential drop. In an example, 75 pts.wt. of resin powder of a vinyl chloride polymer having a mean grain size of several microns and 25 pts. wt. of potassium carbonate as a pore-increasing material having the same mean grain size are mixed and sintered to form a sintered porous plate of 1 mm. thickness. The sintered porous plate and an air electrode plate are pressed at a pressure of 100 Kg./cm.2 for 1-3 mins. to unite them as one body. The united plates are washed with water to remove potasium carbonate.
A mixt. of electrically non-conductive powder and carbon powder contg. active carbon is sintered to form a sintered body. A metal-plated layer is formed on the sintered body to form an electrically conductive porous body. A catalyst is added to the electrically conductive porous body to fabricate an electrode for a battery. This electrode is used as a gas diffusion electrode or a fuel electrode for a fuel cell and has high performance and low cost.    Typically, 97 pts. wt. of polyethylene powder, 2 pts. wt. of active carbon and 1 pt. wt. of acetylene black are mixed and sintered to form a sintered body. The sintered body is electrolessly plated with Ni at a rate of 0.4 mg./cm.2 and then electroplated with Ni at a rate of 5 mg./cm2. The sintered body plated with Ni is immersed in an ethyl alcohol soln. contg. HCl and PdCl2 to deposit Pd on the sintered body. The sintered body is water-proofed with a fluororesin emulsion.
Method comprises (i) pressing a positive electrode activator on an inner wall of a cylindrical battery case to form a cylindrical positive electrode activator layer, (ii) inserting a cylindrical separator in the cylindrical activator layer, (iii) drawing an insulating base plate to form a cap shaped base of the separator, (iv) inserting the base in the cylindrical separator, and (v) filling a negative electrode activator paste in the separator with the base. The separator comprises a wound cloth consisting of fibres selected from PVA fibre, polypropylene fibre and polyethylene fibre.    Short-circuits between the positive electrode activator layer and the negative electrode activator are prevented by the separator. The positive electrode activator consists of a MnO2 powder and a conductive agent of carbon black. The negative electrode activator consists of a ZnO powder, CMC and an electrolyte.
The separator placed between a positive electrode and a negative electrode comprises plural separator sheets. The sheet facing the positive electrode has a high surface resistance and the other sheet facing to the negative electrode has a low surface resistance. The separator sheets consist of polyethylene. The first sheet facing to the positive electrode has a rate of graft polymerisation of 30-50%. The second sheet on the first sheet has a rate of graft polymerisation of 50-60% and the third sheet of the second sheet has a rate of graft polymerisation of &gt;60%. The polyethylene is e.g. grafted by acrylic acid.    Because of the presence of the separator, the self-discharge of the alkaline storage is effectively decreased.
The electrode comprises spongy Ni or Ag metal, an oxide of Ag2O or AgO and MnO2 and/or a bonding agent selected from PTFE, polyethylene and polystyrene filled in the voids of the spongy metal. The surface of the positive electrode is covered with Ag layer.    The spongy metal and the silver layer decreases the self-discharge of the storage battery.
The battery comprises a negative electrode with an activator of silver, an electrolyte and a positive electrode with an activator consisting of 1 N-bromocarboxylic amide selected from N-bromosuccinimide, N-bromoacetamide, N-bromophthalic imide and isocyanuric bromide. The positive electrode activator consists of 100 pts. wt. N-bromocarboxylic amide and 10-100 pts. wt. carbon.    The positive electrode activator effectively stabilises the discharge voltage of the battery.
A layered, water-activated cell is of element cells comprising a Mg negative pole electrode layer on one surface of which a carbon film is formed, and a positive pole electrode layer compression-bonded to the carbon film and consisting of binder material including depolarising agent.    In a conventional layered water-activated cell Mg (alloy) is used as a negative electrode, oxide, peroxide, halide, sulphate or persulphate is used as a positive active material, and sea water, acid or alkaline soln. is used as an electrolyte. In such a cell a low-cost positive active material powder is mixed with carbon powder, and they are compressed to form a block-like member. Such a positive block is easy to be broken. This is eliminated by using the binder (e.g. teflon binder or vinyl acetate binder).
The anode electrolyte contains caustic soda. The cathode electrolyte is a mixed soln. contg. caustic potash and caustic soda. The amt. of caustic potash in the mixed soln. is 25-60 wt.%.    Discharging property and resistance to leakage of liquid are improved. The improvement in discharging property is proportional to the quantity of the caustic potash of the cathode.
Box comprising a flat bottom and a lid which encloses the box bottom, has an elastic body laid on and fixed to the surface of the bottom. The elastic body in turn is covered by a film having a low degree of permeability, on the upper surface of which there is a layer of a pressure-sensitive adhesive, pref. of silicone type, to which a miniature battery can be attached securely but not permanently.    The packaging is partic. for metal-air type batteries of the size about of a button, and the elastic material deforms under the pressure applied so that the maximal area of attachment is ensured.    The batteries cannot become detached accidentally, but are readily accessible to persons of diminished dexterity. The film is permeable by hydrogen but not by air or CO2 so that the batteries' power is not lost during storage.
Laminar battery has cells chemically isolated and electrically series connected by conductive plastics inter cell connectors and terminated by conductive plastics current collectors. Each cell has a frame, provided with a central opening to receive the wet cell components, which are placed between and sealed to confronting surfaces of the conductive plastics inter cell connectors and current collectors. The two surfaces of each frame are of different thermoplastic adhesive material which are activatable at different temperatures.    System allows step by step sealing to be performed without one seal being damaged when the adjacent seal is formed, due to laminated frame having different adhesion activating temps. Pref. plastics used re (1) EVA or polyamide and (2) polyvinyl material.
A finely divided powder contains precatalysed carbon and PTFE, and has a max. particle size of 5 mu and a mean particle size of 1 mu. The PTFE is of mol. wt. 106. Pref. the powder consists of floc particles formed by floccing a co-suspension of precatalysed carbon particles and PTFE particles, drying the floc and then reducing the particle size; or the powder is a mechanical mixt. formed by mixing precatalysed carbon particles and PTFE particles and then reducing the particle size in a fluid energy mill.    The powder is suitable for use in high speed dry processes for electrode mfr., esp. for electrochemical (fuel) cells, and gives superior electrodes in comparison with those using these processes with other powders.
Alkaline battery electrode is formed by mixing a coagulant with an aqueous dispersion of fine PTFE particles to form a coagulum of particles, mechanically dispersing the coagulum to subsidise it into small irregular shaped sticky clots, suspended in the water, mixing the suspension with comminuted active electrode material to coat the clots with active material and form a slurry, filtering the slurry to extract the active material coated clots as a filter cake and a current collector to form a coherent mass.    Used in Zn, Cd, Ni Ag etc. alkaline storage batteries. Provides a method of forming PTFE bound electrodes, which cannot be formed by prior methods used with other polymer binders. PTFE is desirable due to its high resistance to chemicals and to resistance to loss of active material during formation. Sintering of PTFE would destroy some active materials.
In an alkaline cell of the type in which a negative electrode collector is mounted by a gasket in a cell case, the area of the collector contacting the gasket is coated with a triazole cpd. A better adhesion is effected if the collector is coated with a layer of copper or gold before contacting the triazole cpd.    The surface of the collector receiving the triazole cpd. is pref. chemically smoothed to a finish of not &gt;3 mu. The gasket may be of a synthetic resin such as a polyamide or a polyolefin.    A good seal is obtd. between the collector and the gasket to give a leak proof cell.
A sealed encapsulated lead-acid accumulator cell consists of two halves, made of an acid resistant polymer housing. Each half includes a central connection boss with a central metal plug, welded on the inside end to an electrode an in contact with a metal connector cap on the outside.    This cell need never be topped up with electrolyte. It can easily be stacked with others to form a battery. A simple vent merely allows the escape of excess hydrogen.
In a device for closing the lower open ends of the tubes of a Pb accumulator, described in DT 2625581, a pasty or pasty-fluid compsn. which later solidifies, is used to fill up the ends of the tubes and to enclose the tubes.    Improvement is that a thixotropic self-hardening compsn. or a rapid-curing casting resin is used. The compsn. may comprise a rapid gelling polyurethane contg. a thixotropic agent, or the compsn. may comprise a thixotropic self-hardening gel.    Heating is no longer required to effect solidification of the material.
The device comprises a photoactive layer of metal-free phthalocyanine dispersed in electrically insulating binder, sandwiched between a first ohmic electrode and a second barrier electrode comprising a metal having an electrically conductive oxide. Pref. the metal-free phthalocyanine is in the x-form, is present in the binder as 15-95 (esp. 55-65)% and may be dye sensitised, esp. with moumarine. The binder is pref. a polymer from polystyrenes, polyacrylonitriles, polyvinylacetates, polycarbonates, copolymers of polystyrene and acrylonitrile, and polyvinylcarbazoles.    The cells are inexpensive and have efficiencies e.g. 4. for 0.4 mu thick photoactive layers.
The surface of thermoplastic film is irradiated with radiant ray, the surface is activated, the activated surface is coated with a vinyl monomer providing electroconductivity and the thermoplastic film and the vinyl monomer are graft -copolymerised. The vinyl monomer is an unsatd. carboxylic acid of formula R1ch=cr2-cooh, where R1 is H or carboxyl group or a group CnH2n+1 (n is 11) and R2 is ch2cooh or CnH2n+1 (n is 6). Further, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid and hydroxyalkyl (meth)acrylate having 6C atoms in its alkyl group may be used for the said vinyl monomer.    The separator is used for preventing a short-circuit in a primary or secondary battery.
In an alkali battery, a cathodic mixt. is filled below a sealing lid plate and a material impregnated with electrolytic liquid is fitted below the cathodic mixt. and L shaped metal piece having superficially an electrin insulating layer is fitted at a side surface of the impregnated material and below a gasket. The alkali battery is a button type of battery which is accommodated in an anodic container and the L shaped metal piece consists of carbon steel plate or stainless steel plate and further, the superficial electric insulating layer upon the metal piece is produced from a higher molecular material such as Teflon or para-xylene polymer. A separator is inserted between the material impregnated with the electrolytic liquid and an anodic mixt..    The L shaped metal piece is produced from a carbon steel plate 0.3 mm thick and it is thermally treated with a hardening step and a tempering step and it is coated with Teflon as an electric insulating layer 5 mu thick. The button type alkali battery is used in small electrical appts..
Method comprises (i) preparing porous non-chemically formed cathode by coat-drying a paste composed mainly of CdO or C d(OH)2-cathodic active material on a porous metal core material and (2) electrolysing the cathode in aq. soln. of Cd salt(s) to produce Cd. This is washed with water, dried and pressed.    The necessary current for chemical formation is decreased, discharge effieicncy is improved and peel-off of active material is decreased.
Separator is mfd. by coating a sizing soln. mainly composed of starch on a surface of fibrous substrate and then gelating the starch simultaneously by drying the coated substrate. Since the starch is transformed into alpha-form, the size stability and adhesion are improved. The dry cell has improved discharging property.
Silver oxide battery comprises (1) anode can, (2) anode composed of AgO which is disposed in the anose can, (3) metal oxide layer separating the anode can from the anode, (4) cathode, (5) separator separating the anode from the cathode, (6) conductor disposed on the anode surface counter facing to the cathode and electrically connecting the anode with the anode can and (7) sealing packing between sealing plate and the anode can. The metal oxide layer is composed of at least one of oxide selected from In2O3, Tl2O3, MgO, CaO and Al2O3.    Battery bulging is diminished and stable voltage, highly efficient discharge and good utility are attained.
The electrode structure comprises a porous metal base with tert. net structure and an electrode activator filled in the centre of the metal base. The electrode activator is not filled as far as the surface of the substrate, but is firmly filled into the metal base.    In an example, the metal base consists of a spongy nickel plate of thickness 2.6 mm and porosity 96%. The electrode activator consists of a conductive paste of Ni powder, CMC bonding agent, Ni(OH)2 activating material and water. The activator paste is uniformly impregnated into the metal base and dried. Both surfaces of the metal base are then brushed by a rotary wire brush to remove the activator which is impregnated into the surface regions.
The plug has a skirt depending from a top to form a chamber hollow at the bottom, with a vent hole to the exterior in or adjacent the top. A tubular extension about the hole has an opening out of alignment with the chamber open end.    The plug is pref. a one-piece polypropylene moulding and the skirt is externally threaded to fit in the accumulator container port. The vent hole is pref. in the top and the extension is closed at its end and has one or more side openings.    The arrangement minimises the amt. of electrolyte escaping with vented gas.
Flexible push-in plug for an electrical storage battery filling hole seals with the battery at its upper end and has a vent which is self-sealing under zero pressure differential. The plug is pref. of a soft rubbery polymer with Shore A hardness of 74-91.    The polymer is pref. ethylene vinyl acetate, natural or synthetic rubber, neoprene or PVC. The plug pref. has cylindrical walls to grip the hole sides and an outward and downward top lip to fit over a collar around the hole. The plug is pref. made with a web closing the internal end and this is pierced by a cold tool to form the vent.
Electrode for cathode collector for use in dry cells comprises a plastics core covered with at least one conductive layer chemically resistant to the working medium. The conductive layer is prepared by chemical electrochemical or galvanic deposition of an alloy of Ni, Cr and Mo onto the plastics material, or by plasma deposition under reduced pressure opt. in combination with one or other of the previous methods.    Alternatively, SiC maybe deposited on the plastics material by plasma deposition.    The carbon electrode may be replaced by a cheaper electrode which can be made readily in any shape. Adequate electrical conductivity can be obtd. by deposition of a layer of conductive material &lt;0.01 mm thick.
Fuel cell using a fuel soluble in the electrolyte and a positive electrode (anode) with one main surface in contact with a gas contg. O2 and the other main surface opposite a negative electrode (cathode), has a solid film conducting oxygen and/or hydronium ions on the other main surface of the anode. this film pref. consists of an organic high polymer (I) contg. protonophilic gps. or a film (II) with a H-bonding structure with a large no. of defects.    The anolyte does not leak and its compsn. is very simple. Since the film is impermeable to water mols., the water produced in the electromotive reaction is given off to the air side, so that concn. of the anolyte is not reduced, whilst the extremely slow wetting of the air electrode extends the cell life. The cell can be mass produced easily and the efficiency is great, since the air and anolyte are not in direct contact, preventing non-electrochemical oxidn.    Pref. the electrolyte is an anolyte contg. MeOH, an acid and water. Pref. the cathode is a platinised C plate and the anode a consolidated composite mixt. of PTFE and a Pt catalyst.
Radionuclide battery based on the radio voltaic effet with semiconductors having a p-n transition, uses as source of radioactivity a clathrate loaded with Kr-85. The clathrate is esp. of hydroquinone, quinoline or cyclodextrin and the semiconductor is pref. surrounded on all sides by the loaded clathrate.    The specific activity of the clathrates is much higher than that of Kr gas, e.G. 5% enriched Kr as a clathrate with the theoretical 1:1 ratio has activity 21.5 x 1010 Bq. Kr-85 is a waste prod. formed by prodn. of nuclear energy.
Laminated panels having an internal layer incorporating one or more photovoltaic cells, are assembled so that the photosensitive cell is surrounded by a border of a sealant material chosen for good moisture barrier properties.    Used for mfr. of solar energy capture panels etc. having voltaic cells screened by a layer of glass and the mounted using transparent adhesive coatings. The cell adhesive may be chosen from optimum transparency and bonding properties, i.e. pref. is of polyvinyl butyral, without risk of moisture permeation which could degrade the cell.
A coherent powder electrode has PTFE particles disposed upon and confined only to its outer surface in an amt. &lt;0.5 wt.% of the active material of the electrode and covering is not &gt;65, pref. is not &gt;50%, of the visible surface area of the electrode. The pref. electrodes are Cd, Zn, or their cpds. esp. pressed powder Cd electrode for use in a Ni/Cd rechargeable cell.    The PTFE particles promote recombination of oxygen and, when used in rechargeable cells, allow overcharging without build up of excessive internal pressure.
A cell electrode is made by dry blending a mixt. of carbon and hydrophobic resin particles, forming the mixt. into a cloud, and vacuum depositing a layer of the mixt. from the cloud onto a porous substrate. The so deposited layer is compacted and then heat sintered.    A pref. hydrophobic polymer is PTFE although other fluorocarbon polymers can be used. The carbon particles may be pre-catalysed or uncatalysed. Pref. the mixt. has a max. particle dia. of &lt;10 mu.    The prior art formation of a floc from a liquid particulate mixt. is avoided.
Coating the electrod(s) of the alkaline Ag-Zn accumulators with 3-4 layers of hydrated cellulose from a soln. contg. strongly crosslinked cellulose xanthogenate, increases the working life of the accumulator.    Cellulose xanthogenate reacts with CO2 is air to yield free acid and the latter decomposes into CS2 and cellulose hydrate. The layer formed is 10-60 microns thick and adheres firmly to the electrode surface.    The treatment increases the working life of the electrodes by 5 times, by reducing the rate of Ag plating on the separator and the growth of Zn dendrites.
The anode is prepd. from Zn powder coated with oxides or hydroxides of metals less noble than Zn.    In an example, Zn-1% Hg amalgam (48-150 mesh) 100 was added to a slurry contg. ZnO 3, MgO 2, BaO 1, and H2O 300 pts. The obtd. complex oxide-coated Zn powder was mixed with alkaline electrolyte and Na polyacrylate (thickener) to form an anode for alkaline dry-cell battery. With 4 OMEGA load, the terminal voltage of the battery dropped to 0.9 V after 525 mins. compared to 480 mins. for a conventional battery.
An ion conductive polypropylene thin film, an ion conductive cellophane thin film and an alkali resistant nonwoven cloth sheet are laminated to form a sheet. The sheet is arranged between positive and negative active materials such that the polypropylene thin film contacts the positive active material.
Battery is produced by (a) coating non-drying, electrolyte-resistant liq. -packing on inner surface of L-shape insulation sealing packing, (b) inserting firth part of sealing plate combining cathode terminal into the inner surface of the sealing packing and (c) sealing the battery case with dry-solidified filler into a space between the girth part of the sealing plate and the sealing packing. Liq. packing is not scattered outside due to the dry-solidified filler coating.
In a nonaq. electrolyte battery using an anode of light metal, a cathode and a nonaq. electrolyte, a separator consists of a cellulose fibre dried by heating at &gt;130 degrees C. The cellulose fibre is a natural fibre, e.g. cotton, Japanese paper or kraft paper, or a regenerated fibre e.g. rayon    The cellulose fibre usually contains 5-10% water. When the cellulose fibre is heat-treated at 130-190 degrees C, water is completely removed. The cellulose fibre obtd. does not release water in a nonaq. electrolyte. On the other hand the heat-treated cellulose fibre absorbs a very small amt. of water in the non. aq. electrolyte.    It is possible to improve discharge characteristics of a non aq. electrolyte battery and to increase its preservation life by use of a separator of cheap cellulose fibre heated at 130-190 degrees C.
In a nonaq. electrolyte battery using an anode of light metal, a cathode and a nonaq. electrolyte, a protective separator for covering the surface of the cathode consists of cellulose fibre, e.g. Japanese paper, kraft paper or a non-woven rayon fabric. Since cellulose fibre is used as a protective separator for covering the surface of a cathode, it is possible to dry the cathode with the separator at 130-190 degrees C.
The hydrogen gas generated within a sealed battery contg. housing, for example a flashlight or torch, is vented to the atmos. through an aperture in the housing, which aperture is closed by a microporous hydrophobic membrane. The porosity and composition of the membrane is such that the concentration of hydrogen within the housing is kept &lt;10 vol.%.    The membrane may be of plastics material e.g. a polyfluorocarbon (PTFE preferred), a polyolefin, (polythene anddpolypropylene preferred), a polyamide, a polycarbonate, a vinyl or vinylidene based polymer.    Efficient venting of hydrogen is ensured, without the ingress of water.
Pastes for mfr. of oxygen ion-conducting solid electrolytes in film form, consist of fine particles of solid electrolyte uniformly dispersed in an organic carrier fluid, in wt. ratio 1:0.25-2.5.    Used for prodn. of oxygen concn. cells for use in oxygen sensors, e.g. for measuring oxygen in exhaust gases of vehicles, and in fuel cells etc. Thin ceramic films with dense and homogeneous structure are obtd. by a simple process suitable for mass prodn. The thin films have low gas permeability and electrical resistance, allowing oxygen sensors or fuel cells to be made with very small dimensions which generate sufficient emf.
Multilayer microporous polymer sheet material is obtd. by coating the support with a layer of thermally untreated PVC (I) and following this with a layer of PVC preheated at 100-150 degrees C, or by forming a composite consisting of a layer of (I) sandwiched between two layers of the treated PVC (II).
The separator is produced by (1) rolling synthetic paper into a cylinder, (2) providing four parallel slits in one edge of the cylinder and bending the edge inwards using moulds to form a cylinder with a bottom.    The end bending is almost perpendicular and hence no gap is formed, and discharge capacity is increased. Stable voltage is attained due to decreased internal resistance.
Separator comprises a mixed fibre web composed of both polyamide fibre and polyamide/polypropyrene fibre having m.pt. 40 degrees C below that of the polyamide fibre. The web is bonded with poly(meth)acrylic acid to form a sheet, and carboxylic gps. in the acid and amide gps. in the noncrystal region of the polyamide fibres are graft-polymerised by heat-treatment.    High mechanical strength, liq. absorbing velocity, liq. absorbing capacity, oxidn. resistance are improved.
The battery comprises (1) an anode of light-metal active material, (2) organic electrolyte gelled with PMMA and (3) an anode (the surface layer of) which is impregnated and covered with organic electrolyte gelled with PMMA.    In an example, an anode was moulded with a mixt. (0.26 g) of carbon fluoride (100 pts. wt.), acetylene black (10 g), fluorine resin binder (20 g) and (0.04 g) polymethyl -methacrylate and heated with 1 mol/l lithium borofluoride propyrene carbonate electrolyte (2 cc) in an oil bath at 95-96 degrees C for 15 min. The anode was placed onto a Ti grid. The gel electrolyte was prepd. by adding the PMMA (4.2 g) to the electrolyte (12 cc), isolating with heat and maintaining at 20 degrees C for 1 2 hrs. The electrolyte layer was a gel electrolyte on a Li cathode. Polypropylene separator was also wetted with the electrolyte and cooled.
In producing a battery comprising (a) anode having light metal active material, (2) organic electrolyte gelled with polymthylmethacrylate and (3) anode, the improvement is that the anode is impregnated with heated sol. obtd. by heating polymethylmethacrylate + organic electrolyte under reduced pressure. Initial discharge and flat voltage are attained together with leak resistant characteristics.
In producing a battery comprising (1) a cathode having light-metal active material, (2) an organic electrolyte gelled with PMMA and (3) an anode contg. organic electrolyte gelled with PMMA, the improvement is that the gel is preliminarily discharged while in the state of a heated sol.    Liq. leakage and impedance increase are prevented and a stable organic electrolyte battery is obtd.
The battery comprises (1) active cathode material composed of alkaline metal, e.g. Li or Na, (2) active anode material and (3) organic electrolyte. The anode material comprises P2O5.    In an example, anodic P2O5 was mixed with 10% graphite (as conductive material) and filled into an anode can (20 mm dia., 1.5 m thick) under 2 ton/cm2 pressure. The P2O5 and the graphite were completely dried in a high vacuum and mixed in an Ar dry box (5-6 ppm, moisture + oxygen). Other operations were carried out in the same dry box. Non-woven polypropyrene cloth separator was impregnated with polypropyrene carbonate electrolyte contg. 1 mol. LiClO4. Discharge capacity was 206 WAh/cc compared with 151 WAh/cc for conventional MnO2 battery or 137 WAh/cc for carbon fluoride batttery.
Prodn. of a laminar electrical cell using an electrode layer (I) prelaminated to a separator sheet includes covering (I) with an aq. slurry dispersion of carbon black and contacting the carbon dispersion with a sheet of conductive plastic (II) to establish electronic communication between (II) and (I) through the carbon dispersion. The separator sheet is pref. regenerated cellulose.    The carbon dispersion electrically couples (I) with (II) without the need for a conductive plastics coating on (I). The Parent Patent claimed an electrical cell of the type obtd. by the above method.
A button type Ag-Zn secondary battery has a separator incorporating both a fine porous layer made from synthetic resin, and a regenerated cellulose layer is disposed at the nearest side to the cathode. By using the incorporated two layers, the metal Zn deposit does not reach the anode can, so that an internal short circuit does not occur.    An example, of a composite separator includes vinylon nonwoven cloth carrier coated with a styrene resin fine porous layer on one surface of which viscose soln. was coated. The styrene resin fine porous layer and cellophane was adhered with polyvinylalcohol. The two materials were adhered with carboxymethyl cellulose. A fine porous polypropylene layer was used in place of the styrene fine porous layer.
The battery comprises a mixed layer of both calcium hydroxide and insol. conductive material which is adhered on the surface of the cathode having a Zn cathodic active material. The calcium hydroxide prevents generation of zincate ions and insol. conductive carbon black powder (or acetylene black powder) decrease internal resistance increase. The insol. cpd. CaZn(OH)4 produced from the discharge reaction does not form dense crystals owing to the mixed insol. conductive powder and Zn electrode reactivity does not deteriorate, so that discharge characteristics and cyclic life of the battery are improved.
A cathode plate for a Ni-Cd storage battery is produced by plating Cd onto the surface of an electrode plate carrier, and then adhering paste mainly composed of CdO onto the plated surface. Adhesion of the active agent to the electrode carrier is remarkably improved, so that shorting due to peel-off of the active agent is prevented and the battery characteristics are greatly improved.
The battery is produced by making a paste from a solid electrolyte powder, thermosetting type or solvent type adhesive resin and organic solvent and bonding the anode and cathode with the paste. A thin, highly-conductive solid electrolyte layer is easily produced.    In an example, a battery is composed of MnO2 anodic active agent, Zn cathodic active agent, and solid electrolyte - Zn3(PO4)2. 4H2O solid soln. in SnCl2. 2H2O. The anode (10 mm dia. x 1 mm thick) was obtd. by moulding (under 150 kg/cm2) a mixt. of MnO2, carbon powder 5 wt.% and polytetrafluoroethylene 10 wt.%. The cathode (10 mm dia. x 1 mm thick) was obtd. by moulding (under 150 Kg/cm2) a mixt. of Hg-Zn powder and polytetrafluoroethylene 10 wt.%. The solid electrolyte paste was prepd. by mixing Zn3(PO4)2.4H2O with SnCl2.2H2O 30 mol% to give solid soln., and pulverising into 100-200 mu, and mixing polyvinylchloride.
Battery separator is produced by forming one end of a cylinder, composed of rolled-up synthetic paper, into a hillshaped; inserting rod-form metal mould having radial grooves into the cylinder; and forming a cylinder bottom by bending the paper cylinder end inwards when a lower metal mould with a recession is transferred upward in the cylinder.    The hill-shape and the radial grooves of the rod mould make the bending uniform (having no pinhole and no breaking pt.).
Battery separator is produced by rolling up synthetic paper into a cylinder, immersing one end of the cylinder in the original liq. of the synthetic paper, bending the end inwards drying it and forming a cylinder having a bottom.    The mfg. process is simplified and the battery characteristics are improved.
Alkaline battery is produced by simultaneously mixing zinc powder with mercuric oxide and gelling the powder with binder and electrolyte.    Mercury pollution is prevented and the mfr. process is simplified.    In an example, special grade red mercuric oxide + zinc powder (20-100 mesh) + binder (e.g. CMC, PVA, polyacrylic acid or sodium polyacrylate) were precisely weighed and mixed. The mixt. was gradually added to KOH electrolyte (e.g. 1.43), where the reaction HgO + Zn ZnO + Hg occurred. Produced ZnO was dissolved in the electrolyte to give a ZnO satd. electrolyte, where metal Hg was alloyed with contact to the Zn powder and simultaneously a gelled cathode was formed with the binder and the electrolyte. Hg waste liq. and Hg-Zn waste gas were not produced.
Rechargeable nonaq. type battery comprises (a) Li cathode; (b) non-aq. electrolyte; and (c) anode in which active agent is pre-treated with organo-Li cpd. By the chemical treatment, charging property of the anode is improved and the cycle life is extended.    In anexample, special grade Mo2O3 100 g was gradually added to hexane soln. 500 ml of 15% n-butyllithium (CH3 (CH2)3Li). After 1 hr, the precipitate (LiMoO3) was filtered, washed and dried at 80 degrees C. Obtd. powder 80 g, carbon powder 15 g, fluorine resin powder 5 g were mixed, to which 5% polyvinyl (sec.) aq. soln. 30 ml was added and mixed to give a paste. the paste was coated on a metal net and moulded under 1 t/cm2 into 0.5 mm paste electrode and bonded at 300 degrees C. Obtd. electrode (precharged state) was charged in nonaq. electrolyte at 10 mA/cm2 current density using Li counter electrode and then punched into a defined dimension to give an anode plate.
Prodn. involves mixing Zn and/or ZnO particles with a binder in a concn. allowing the formation of a continuous film, without complete encapsulation. This mixt. is converted to a free-flowing, spreadable powder, which is spread on a conveyor belt in the required thickness, passed into the nip between 2 rollers, which convert it to a continuous film and provide the film with a current collector, and then sepd. into electrodes of the required size.    The electrodes are made more efficiently and cheaply and using less energy than usual, but are of at least as good quality as those obtd. by the usual method. The binder is a latex and is used in a concn. of 0.5-5 wt.%.    Typically the mixt. is 86 (wt.) % ZnO powder (0.4-0.7 mu m), 10% Zn powder (75% 20-40 mu m, 20% 60-100 mu m, 5% 100-150 mum), 3% (solids) neoprene latex (10%) and 1% Hg oxide.
Zinc electrode has an active part with an open porosity 60 (70-90) esp. 80% and includes electron-conductive fibres. The active materials are distributed practically homogeneously in the mass of the active part.    Pref. the fibres are practically inert under the conditions in use. The fibres are opt. metallised C fibres joined together point-to-point using or inducing, a different material, pref. polychloropropene. The mean fibre length is at least equal to the thickness of the electrode or the distance sepg. the face of the electrode from a collector arranged inside the electrode.    Increased open porosity is obtd. When used in a battery cell, the battery capacity diminishes only slowly cf. the sharp fall of capacity when prior art electrodes are used.
The battery comprises (a) an anode having a light metal active material, (b) an electrolyte of inorganic salt dissolved in organic solvent, (c) a cathode comprising, as active material, a solid soln. of CuO mother substance and alkali metal oxide(s), with at. ratio alkali metal:Cu 0.5:99.5 - 5:95.    Pref. the cathode comprises a powdered mixt. of solid soln. CuO + alkali metal oxide, an electrically conductive agent, esp. acetylene black, and a binder, esp. a copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and hexafluoropropylene.    The batteries have high discharge voltages and high utilisation of cathode active materials at high and low discharge rattes, with extremely large volumetric coulombic capacity at low rate, e.g. up to 2.09 Ah/cm2 through 2k OMEGA. Graph shows discharge through 200 OMEGA (G, H no alkali metal oxide in solid soln.).
A triplex laminate is mfd. by (i) dissolving an adhesive binder in an organic solvent and dispersing metal particles in the soln., (ii) coating the dispersion on a sheet of regenerated cellulose and drying the dispersion to remove the solvent, (iii) dissolving an elastomer in an organic solvent and dispersing carbon black in the soln., (iv) coating the dried layer of metal particles with the carbon dispersion, and (v) drying the coated carbon dispersion to remove the solvent. Pref. the metal particles are of Zn, and the regenerated cellulose comprises a sheet of cellophane free of humectants and plasticisers.    Specifically, the laminate comprises a conductive plastic inter cell connector, a laminar electrode and a separator adhered together in an integral structural unit. Cells may be formed from the laminate using application of a wet slurry cathode contg. aq. electrolyte, and batteries can be produced by superposition of these cells. Thin flat laminar batteries with sufficiently low internal impedance to render them useful in very high current drain applications can be produced. US4125685 claimed the laminates per se.
A laminate consists of a nn-woven cloth sheet of synthetic fibre (opt. with non-woven cloth sheets of rayon) disposed between a positive active material of silver oxide and powdered graphite, and a separator of cellophane sheets in a gastight silver oxide cell.    The mechanical strength of the separator is increased without increasing the internal resistance of the cell and deteriorating the discharge performance.
An electrolyte retaining separator for a gastight silver oxide cell comprises a non-woven cloth sheet impregnated with a gelling agent of carboxymethyl cellulose.    Amt. of unwanted foam within the separator is decreased since the meshes of the fibres are filled with the gelling agent.    Therefore, the internal resistance of the cell is reduced and the electrolyte required for the cell reaction is effectively maintained.    Typically, a silver oxide cell consists of a metal sealing plate used as a negative terminal, a negative active material of gelling zinc using carboxymethyl cellulose as the gelling agent, a positive casing used as a positive terminal, an electrolyte retaining separator composed of a non-woven cloth sheet of cellulose fibre impregnated with carboxymethyl cellulose, a main separator of cellophane, and an insulating packing.
The method comprises (1) fixing a collector on a centre portion of a sealing plate, (2) immersing the sealing plate in a sealing agent to form a sealing coating layer on the surface of the sealing plate, and (3) sealing a battery case contg. electrodes and an electrolyte with the sealing plate.    The sealing plate is covered by the sealing coating layer, so that the battery case is perfectly sealed by the sealing plate. In an example, the sealing plate consists of stainless steel. The collector of Cu is bonded to the sealing plate with a spot welding. The plate is immersed in a toluene soln. contg. 10 wt. % of polyethylene chlorosulphonate to coat the polyethylene chlorosulphonate on the plate. A packing is placed between the plate and the battery cap.
The storage battery comprises a negative electrode of Li (alloy) a non-aq. electrolyte, and a positive electrode of AgVO3. In an example, C powder (5 wt. %) and PTFE (5 wt. %) were added to Ag vanadate powder (90 wt. %). The mixed powders were pressed to form a disc of 1.2 mm thickness and of 20.1 mm dia. The disc was fused at 280 degrees C to form the positive electrode. The negative electrode consisted of a Li plate of 0.8 mm thickness and of 20.1 mm dia. The electrolyte consisted of a solute of lithium perchlorate and a solvent consisting of propylene carbonate and 1,2-dimethoxyethane. A separator consisted of a nonwoven polypropylene cloth.
The battery has an anode material of alkali metal, e.g. Li or Na, a cathode material of MnF2 and an organic electrolyte of propylene carbonate contg. 1 mol/1 of LiClO4. The battery has an open-circuit voltage of 3.4 volts and a theoretical energy density of 3.694 Wh/cc.    In an example, a cathode mix consists of MnF2 as cathode material and 10 wt.% graphite as conductive material. The cathode mix is pressed in a cathode can under 2 ton/cm2. A separator consists of non-woven polypropylene fabric and is impregnated with an organic electrolyte of propylene carbonate contg. 1 mol/l LiClO4. The separator is placed on the cathode mix. An anode of Li and anode closure plate are sealed in the cathode can by a packing.
Battery has current collector in contact with the container and at least one of the electrodes, is partly covered with a heat screen, so that during use, any heat produced by ohmic dissipation in the current collector by a short circuit of the cell is retained inside the screen so as to fuse the connection and interrupt the circuit.    The part of the current collector enclosed in the heat shield is pref. of reduced section pref. so that it would fuse at 5A. The heat screen pref. consists of a heat sealed polyethylene or polypropylene film.    Used esp. with Li-SO2 cells. The danger of explosion of the cell due to rapid increase of temp. and hence rapid increase of pressure, is avoided. No device need be incorporated into the cell which is not normally there and which would otherwise occupy usable space.
An energy conversion device comprises a reactant container having a cured arylene sulphide polymer surface in contact with the reactant. The use of poly(phenylene sulphide); and molten Na or S or Na polysulphide as the reactant is claimed.    The cured polymer retains satisfactory corrosion resistance properties at elevated temps. &gt;300 degrees C over a long period. It can be rendered electrically conductive by adding C particles or fibres, graphite, or metal powders or fibres. The device may be an alkali metal-S battery.
A Zn dispersion contains 60-99 wt. % Zn, 1-40 wt. % of Bi, Pb, Th, Cd, Sn, In, Sb, Se or Te and a polyvinyl alcohol aq. soln. contg. boric acid or a boron oxyacid ion precursor. The dispersion is placed in an ion-permeable container and contacted with an alkaline soln., to form an anode for an alkaline battery.
An acid-resistant synthetic fibre web is impregnated with an inorganic filler together with a binder to form a non-woven sheet. The inorganic filler is bonded to fibres of the web. since the inorganic filler is uniformly bonded to the cloth, separators with high durability are provided.    In an example, fibre web of 3 denier polyester fibre is impregnated with a mixt. of 25 pts. wt. polyacrylic acid resin latex, 15 pts. wt. CMC, a small amt. of active agent and 40 pts. wt. water. The wbe is heated at 160 degrees C for 3 mins. and dried to form a base member. This is treated with a polyacronitrile resin to provide a porous separator.
Separator comprises a glass fibre sheet bonded to a thermoplastic resin. The amt. of thermoplastic resin powder is pref. 20-200 pts. wt. per 100 pts. wt. glass fibre sheet.    Since the thermoplastic resin is bonded to the glass fibre sheet, the separator is not deformed if electrodes expand during charge and discharge cycles.
A sealing gasket for a gastight cell consists of an acetal copolymer produced by polymerising a polyoxymethylene polymer with a cyclic ether. Sealing gaskets with high alkaline resistance are provided and are used for alkaline cells such as silver oxide cells using an alkaline electrolyte.    Typically a monomer of trioxane or formaldehyde is polymerised to form a polyoxymethylene polymer. The polymethylene polymer is polymerised with an ethylene oxide or 1,3-dioxorane to produce an acetal resin for a sealing gasket.    A silver oxide cell using such a sealing gasket of acetal resin comprises a metal casing, a positive active material of silver oxide and graphite, a separator of porous polyethylene, a negative active material of amalgamated Zn and gelling agent, a sealing plate and a sealing gasket of the acetal resin.
The battery has paste-type electrodes, each comprising a lead alloy support which carries active material contg. 5-20 wt. % of fibres, of a lead alloy of the same kind as that constituting the support.    In an example, a lattice support is mfd. by casting a Pb alloy contg. 2 wt. % Sb, 35 pts. wt. Pb and 65 pts. wt. PbO are mixed and added with 100 g of fibres of a 2 wt. % Sb-Pb alloy having a length of 55 mm and dia. 0.2 mu, and 2 g polyester fibre of length 4 mm and 10 mu. 170 ml water and 70 ml of sulphuric acid of specific gravity 1.4 are added, and the mixt. is kneaded to produce paste. The paste is coated onto the lattice support and aged.
In an alkaline battery, a peripheral portion of an anode can is plated with brass, and a vulcanised sealant is formed between a packing and the brass-plated peripheral portion of the anode can.    The leak-proof characteristics of alkaline battery are improved.    In an example, a cathode mix is made by compacting a mixt. of Ag oxide powder and graphite powder. An anode mix is fabricated by mixing amalgamated Zn powder and paste of CMC or PVA. The separator comprises a semipermeable membrane of cellophane and an electrolye-holding layer of non-woven fabric of nylon or polypropylene. The cathode can consists of stainless steel or Ni-plated steel. The anode can comprises an Cu inner layer and a steel outer layer. The peripheral portion of the anode can is plated with brass. To vulcanised sealant layer of sulphur-vulcanised natural rubber is formed between a packing and the brass-plated peripheral portion of the anode can.
The cell comprises an anode of light metal, a non-aq. electrolyte, and a cathode contg. beta-type manganese dioxide. The beta-type manganese dioxide in the cathode, reduces the content of released water in the nonaqueous electrolyte, because the water is absorbed in it. The storage life time of the cell can be improved.    Typically, a mixt. consisting of 80 pts.wt. of copper oxide active material, 6 pts.wt. of acetylene black, 4 pts. wt. of fluorine resin powder and 10 pts.wt. of beta-type manganese dioxide is press-moulded. Then the moulded mixt. is subjected to heat treatment at 300 degrees C to complete the cathode. As the anode of the cell, metallic lithium sheet is used. The non-aq. electrolyte consists of lithium per-chloride and a solvent.
Active powder and fluoro resin powder are dry-mixed and an aq. paste is added to the mixt. The mixt is then kneaded to form a rubbery body, which is adhered to an electrically conductive core.    Specifically the active material consists CdO. The aq. paste contains condensed oxyacid salt. The resin is e.g. PTFE.    The electrode plate has high energy density, high mechanical strength and excellent reactivity.
The flat sec. battery has a S/T ratio of &gt;10, where S is a planar area of active material; and T is total thickness of active cathode material, active anode material, separator and electrolyte-holding layer.    Silver oxide, carbon, magnesia and nickel hydroxide are mixed with water and coated onto a Ni net collector to make a cathode mix plate. A mixt. of Zn amalgam and alkaline electrolyte of sodium polyacrylate is coated onto a collector of Cd-plated Cu net to make an anode plate. The cathode mix plate is placed in an Inconel (RTM) cathodecan. A separator and an electrolyte-holding layer of polyami non-woven fabric are placed on the cathode mix plate. An Inconel anode can contg. the anode mixt. plate is bonded to the cathode can by an adhesive.
The battery has a light metal anode e.g. Li, Na, Mg or Ca and a cathode active gamma-MnO2, heat-treated at 450-500 degrees C for &lt;1 hour. The MnO2 powder usually contains 5-6% of water, which causes self-discharging and penetration of gas. By heat-treating the gamma-MnO2 it is completely dehydrated without formation of beta-MnO2. A non aq. electrolyte battery is obtd. having good preservability.
The battery comprises a cathode using nickel oxide as the active material, an anode using zinc as the active material and having a larger capacity than the cathode, a separator interposed between the anode and the cathode, and an electrolyte impregnated in the anode, the cathode and the separator. An electrolyte-holding material is formed on the surface of the separator opposite the anode, consisting of a non-woven fabric of polypropylene, having a fibre dia. 5 - 10 mu.    The battery has a long service life due to an improved electrolyte-holding material. The polypropylene non-woven fabric has a liq. absorbing speed of 90 mmH/30 minutes and a liquid-holding rate of 700%.
Typically, a microporous thin film of fluorinated ethylene-propylene copolymer is polarised by applying a DC voltage of 200 KV/cm across the thin film in a vessel at 150 degrees C. This thin film is an electret. A cellophate sheet is inserted between the electret films to complete a separator.    Alternatively, barium titanate powder, zirconium oxide powder, titanium oxide powder and vanadium pentoxide powder are mixed with a ball mill. A PVA aq. soln. is added to the mixt. to produce a slurry. The slurry is coated on a Ti net and sintered at 1300 degrees C. The sintered thin plate is polarised by applying a high voltage at 30 degrees C to make a separator.    Self-discharging is prevented and self-consumption reduced.
The battery has a cathode, a Zn anode having greater capacity than that of the cathode, and an alkaline electrolyte. Oxygen is generated from the cathode and absorbed by the Zn anode consisting mainly of active Zn particles coated with inactive zinc oxide. The ratio of zinc oxide to zinc in the particle is 3-1:1.    The sealed zinc alkali storage battery has a long service life because self-discharging of the anode is reduced, due to improved anode active material.
In an alkaline battery, a polarised material or film is disposed at an interface of a sealed portion between an anode can and a cathode can. The polarised material or film is polymeric material or inorganic material.    It is possible to prevent leakage of electrolyte from an alkaline battery for a long period of time. By disposing polarised material, in a packing or a polarised film on an anode can, it is possible to neutralise electric charges on the anode can and to prevent lowering of surface tension of the electrolyte.
Battery has cathodic active material made drom light metal e.g. Li, Na etc. and nonaq. organic electrolyte. The anode is produced by mixing a dispersion liquid of binder fine particles and carbon powder followed by drying and then mixing with anodic active material powder and moulding. Utilisation of MnO2 as an anodic active material is improved.    For example, acetone was added to carbon powder, to which dispersion of polytetrafluoroethylene fine particle (60% solid content) was added to give a mixed paste. This was heated at 110 - 120 degrees C for 30 min. to remove acetone and water, and then mixed with MnO2 powder in a ball mill in a ratio 80 : 20. The mixt. 0.57 mg was moulded under, 3,000 kg/cm2.
Flexible microporous mfd. prods. formed from a cross-linked or vulcanised sulphur-free polymer having pores of &lt;2 mu and previously determined flexibility are obtd. from a rubber and/or an ethylene-propylene polymer and a polyol acrylate and/or methacrylate cross-linking or vulcanising system.    Prods. are esp. useful as separators in electrical accumulators, e.g. 12-V accumulators for cars. When applied as a microporous sheet on a non-woven fibrous polymer support they yield materials with properties hitherto unachievable, e.g. extension of &gt;25% and tensile strength up to 70 kg/cm2 or more of crosslinking is induced by electron irradiation at low dose, crosslinked polymers can be obtd. on a support of a thinness previously unobtainable.
The compsn. comprises a homogeneous blend of (a) 100 pts.wt. propylene-ethylene copolymer contg. 20-35 mole-% ethylene, (b) 15-30 pts. wt. carbon black, (c) 0.25-1.0 pts.wt. silica, and (d) 1-10 pts.wt. carbon fibres, or a mixt. of carbon and glass fibres, as reinforcing agent; provided that when the mixt. is used it contains 1-5 pts. glass fibres and 1-5pts. carbon fibres.    The compsn. can be used for the prepn. of electrically conducting, nonporous, thin sheet elements useful esp. in the construction of conductive plates for electrochemical cells. E.g. it can be used to form bipolar plates in a metal bromide battery. The balanced mixt. of fillers increases the extrudability of the polyolefin compsn. into shaped articles of improved flex strength and resistance to shrinkage.
Cadmium oxide or hydroxide is mixed with a conductive material of Ni powder in wt. ratio of 4:1 to form a negative active material.    A binder is prepd. from 4 g. PVA, 1 g. CMC and 1 g. short fibre material are dissolved in 100 g. water, 100 g negative active materials is mixed with the binder to produce a paste material. The paste material is coated on both surfaces of a Ni-plated porous substrate. The substrate is then dried at 100 degrees C for 2 hrs. The substrate is pressed and formed in known manners.    Thereafter, the plate is washed and the wet plate is sandwiched between resin sheets such as 'Teflon' (RTM). The plate is then pressed to a desired thickness and dried.    Unwanted oxidn. of metal cadmium is effectively prevented in the drying process because the plate is sandwiched between resin sheets. The charging efficiency is also increased.
Ag peroxide cell includes metal films of porosity &lt;50%, the metal films being disposed on a positive active material composed mainly of Ag peroxide.    Silver peroxide cells with stable discharge performance and low self-discharge are provided.    In an example, Ag positive active material was placed in a positive can into which an electrolyte was then poured. Three-layered Ag foils each of porosity 10% and thickness 1 mu were disposed on the positive active material. A separator of porous polypropylene and cellophane, an electrolyte-impregnated member of polyamide non-woven cloth, an insulating packing and a negative active material were previously assembled in a negative can. The negative can was then placed on the positive can.
Method comprises (1) adding 0.005-0.01 wt. % of a surfactant and a Ni powder to an aq. soln. of carboxylmethyl cellulose to form a slurry, (2) coating the slurry on a porous steel plate, and (3) drying and sintering the steelplate.    The electrode base is used for a cadmium hydroxide negative electrode. Because of the presence of the surfactant, Ni powder is uniformly dispersed in the steel plate and electrode activator is firmly filled in the steel plate.
Method comprises (1) laminating an inert waterproof layer, a conductive waterproof layer and an active layer, (2) pressing the laminated layers at room temp., and then (3) pressing the laminated layers at high temp. to form the air electrode used as a positive electrode of the metal-air storage battery.    The inert waterproof layer consists of PTFE powder mixed with a polar organic solvent. The conductive waterproof layer consists of PTFE powder and an inert carbon powder mixed with a polar organic solvent. The active layer consists of 5-40 wt.% of PTFE powder, and active carbon powder mixed with a polar organic solvent. The active powder consists of 50-80 wt.% of a coarse active powder (20-100 mesh) and a fine active powder (above 100 mesh). The fine active carbon powder is activated by Ag catalyst.
The battery comprises an anode having MnO2 active material, a zinc cathode, an electrolytic liq. composed mainly of zinc perchlorate, an anode case made of stainless steel, a cathode sealing plate sealing both the anode case and gasket, and a conductive resin layer inserted between the cathode sealing plate and the zinc cathode.    The conductive resin layer prevents battery deformation or breakdown or electrolyte leakage. The cost is also lowered.
The cell (e.g. a silver oxide cell) uses an insulating packing with a separator, obtd. by bonding a synthetic plastic film (e.g. of polyethylene) for a separator, to an insulating packing member (e.g. of polyethylene) by thermal bonding or adhesion (e.g. by using polyisobutylene). The resultant body is given a fine porosity by irradiation (e.g. with ultraviolet rays) and graft polymerisation (e.g. by dipping into a methacrylic acid soln.).    In a conventional cell, a dendritic growth of Zn or Ag is often produced through the gap between a separator and a packing member, and a shortage between an anode and a cathode can is often caused. Such disadvantages are eliminated so that the separator and the packing member are bonded into one body to prevent self-discharge during storage.
Non-aq. electrolyte battery comprises a light metal cathode, an electrolytic liq. comprising an organic electrolyte dissolving inorganic salt in an organic solvent, and an anode comprising MnO2 treated with a reducing material which is active in H2SO4. A high discharge voltage and high anode utility are attained.    In an example, electrolysed MnO2 (100g.), 500ml. water and conc. H2SO4 (5ml.) were stirred and 30% H2O2 (1 l.) was added, a little at a time, so that the liq. temp. did not rise &gt;50 degrees C. It was filtered, washed with water, then heated at 100-150 degrees C for 5-10 hrs. The powder obtd. (10 pts.) and acetylene black (1 pt.) and fluorine resin (1 pt.) were mixed and press-moulded on Ni net under 1000-3000kg/cm2 to form an anode. The cathode was made by press-moulding Li on a Ni net. The electrolytic liq. was composed of propylene carbonate, tetrahydrofuran (7:3 by vol.) and LiClO4 (1 mol./l.). A separator of polypropylene non-woven cloth was impregnated with the electrolytic liquid.
Non-aq. electrolyte battery comprises (1) an anode having an active material selected from metal halide, metal chalcogen cpd. or metal oxacid salt, (2) electrolytic liquid comprising organic electrolyte which dissolves inorganic salt in organic solvent and (3) cathode which is surface-treated with inorganic solvent (liquid at normal temp. and normal pressure) and is composed of Li having passive state layer on the surface.    The passive state layer prevents Li adverse reaction with air or water, so that the Li processing is facilitated and discharge voltage is also improved.
powder gel anode based on expendable anodic material (ZN powder) contains a relatively small amt. 1-6, pref. 1-4.5 esp. 2%, methylcellulose, opt. 0.5-2, esp. 1.5% carboxymethylcellulose and an aq. alkaline electrolyte soln. (aq. KOH).    The cell can be discharged through a drain in the microampere range without internal short circuit.
Powder gell anode based on expendable anodic material (Zn powder) contains a relatively small amt. (0.5-6, pref. 1-4.5, esp. 1%) poly-N-vinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and/or (1.5-5, pref. 1-4.5, esp. 1-7%) polymethacrylic acid (PMA), A), opt. (0.5-2.5, esp 1.5% carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and an aq. alkaline electrolyte soln. (aq. KOH).    The anode is specified for use in an alkaline MnO2 cell. The cell can be discharged through a drain in the microampere range without internal short circuit.
The parent patent described a metal-plastic carrier for the electrodes of an accumulator, using a plastic coated perforated metal sheet where the plastic lining on both sides is welded together through the perforations and carries a finely porous plastic separator film.    The plastic lining specifically consists of polyofin, which may be partially fluorinated. The separator coating consists of glass fibre tissue and/or a glass fibre mat.    This results in an optimum life expectancy for the electrode carriers.
The parent patent described a metal-plastic carrier for the electrodes of an accumulator, using a plastic coated perforated metal sheet where the plastic lining on both sides is welded together through the perforations and carries a finely porous plastic separator film.    The plastic lining specifically consists of polyolefin, which may be partly fluorinated. The separator coating consists of polyester tissue and/or a polyester fibre mat. An exceptionally long service life is obtd.
A sulphur electrode for use in a sodium/sulphur secondary battery contains a carbonised chopped graphite fibre resin composite and is produced by mixing chopped graphite fibres with 5-30 wt. % of a high carbon yield resin. The mixture is compressed to 0.05-0.10 g/c.c. to form a porous compact, the resin is cured and the cured compact is carbonised. The compact is then impregnated with molten sulphur and cooled to below the melting point of sulphur. Pref. the graphite fibres are bonded with 20 wt. % phenolic resin. Compression and curing are both at 110 degrees C.    The sulphur is evenly distributed in the electrode to act as a current collector and the graphite fibres are bonded to each other by carbonised resin to give low resistance. The structure has high strength and corrosion resistance.
Separators are made by placing a hot melt plastic grid with rectangular openings on a movable porous conveyor screen, depositing fluid borne textile-length fibres so that &gt;80% locate within the openings in random orientation with only those directly adjacent the grid parallel to the grid axis, and causing some fibres to locate on the grid normally to the grid axis.    The assembly is heated to anchor the fibres to the grid, and the grid is then cut into individual separators. The fibres are pref. a 1:1 blend of vinyl acetate-vinyl chloride copolymer fibres and acrylic fibres. The low fibre density on the grid gives secure seals with adjacent separators.
Active mass for electric Zn alkaline storage battery electrodes having improved electrical characteristics, comprises (in wt.%): mass ZnO (or Zn dust) 94.5-95, Ga oxide or hydroxide 0.1-0.5 inhibitor and e.g. polyvinyl alcohol binder balance.
A paste type electrode plate is made by mixing a thermoplastic resin (pref. 1 of polyethylene, PVA copolymer, and polystyrene) into an electrode active material powder (pref. one of Cd oxide and/or Cd hydroxide, Zn oxide, a mixt. of Zn oxide and metal Zn, and Ni hydroxide).    Method further comprises adding to the mixt. a soln. of an organic solvent having a b.pt. higher than the softening pt. of the resin (e.g. ethylene glycol) in which a paste material (e.g. PVA) is dissolved, heating and kneading the resultant soln. at a temp. higher than the softening pt. to form a paste, painting the paste on a porous support, and drying the paste to form the electrode plate.    Increased intensity and operating life are given in a paste type electrode by adding the thermoplastic resin.
A solid electrolyte cell is sealed by a container and a sealing plate using a thermoplastic polyamide resin of a dimeric acid (polymerised fatty acid) base. The sealing material is pref. deposited in a ring at the junction between the container and the seal plate and is heated for adhesion.    The thin solid electrolyte cell has improved sealing properties, improved discharge properties and high capacity. The polyamide resin is obtd. by thermally polymerising a vegetable fatty acid refined from (semi)drying oil or tall oil to form a dimeric acid, and condensing this with amines. The obtd. polyamide has an ave. mol. wt. of 4000-9000 and a softening pt. of 100-180 degrees C. It has good adhesive and insulating properties.
A sodium-sulphur cell comprises an anode chamber contg. Na, a cathode chamber contg. S, and a solid electrolyte separator wall for selective passage of Na ions.    The cathode sulphur is impregnated in a cathode collector. The collector is made of defibrillated carbon fibre short fibres sediment material. The short fibres are bonded by carbide (e.g. of burnt phenol resin, furan resin, PVA or bituminous material) to each other at the cross-points.    The cell is a sec. cell capable of being operated at a high temp. of about 350 degrees C. The porosity of the collector and thereby the impregnated amt. of the sulphur is easily controlled by using the carbon short fibres to control the cell capacity.
Paste prepd. by mixing resin fibre, thermoplastic resin powder and active material, is coated on a lattice-shaped member to make a paste-coated electrode. The paste-coated electrode is heat-treated to melt the thermoplastic resin powder. Softening and loss of active material during charging and discharging are prevented. A lead storage battery having long service life can be obtd.
Paste contg. fibres of thermoplastic resin and fibres of synthetic resin having a m.pt. higher than that of the thermoplastic resin, is coated on a lattice-shaped member to make a paste-coated electrode. The paste-coated electrode is heat-treated to melt the thermoplastic resin.    Softening and loss of active material during charging and discharging are prevented. A lead storage battery has long service life is obtd.
Paste contg. thermoplastic resin powder is coated on a lattice-shaped member to make a paste-coated electrode. Further thermoplastic resin powder is deposited on the paste-coated electrode, then the electrode is heated to melt the thermoplastic resin.    Softening and dropping of active material during charging and discharging cycles are avoided. A lead storage battery having long service life can be obtd.
A paste-coated electrode is impregnated with a dispersion or emulsion contg. acid-proof resin. A powder of acid-proof thermoplastic resin is deposited on the paste-coated electrode, and the paste-coated electrode thus obtd. is heated to melt the thermoplastic resin.    Softening and loss of active material during charging and discharging cycles are prevented and a lead storage battery having long service life is obtd.
A mixt. of ion exchange resin and thermoplastic resin is coated on the surface of a paste-coated electrode and heat-treated to melt the thermoplastic resin. This prevents softening and dropping of active material during charging and discharging cycles and prevents elution of the metal ions from a paste-coated electrode.    In an example, paste is prepd. by kneading lead powder and dil. sulphuric acid. The paste is coated on a grating consisting of a Pb alloy contg. 2 wt. % of Sb. 70 pts. wt. of polyethylene powder and 30 pts. wt. of cation exchange resin powder are mixed.    1 g of the mixt. is coated on the surface of the paste-coated grating and heated at 140 degrees C for 20 mins. to melt polyethylene powder having a m.pt. of 120 degrees C. A paste-coated electrode is thus obtd.
A mixt. of polybutene and asphalt is coated on a peripheral portion of a closure plate or a packing. The closure plate is united to the packing forming a single body. The united body of the closure plate and the packing is heated to a predetermined temp. to make a closure body. The closure body, battery elements and a battery case are assembled, to fabricate an alkaline battery with good leak-proof characteristics.    Typically a closure plate serves as an anode terminal. The inner surface of the closure plate consists of amalgamable metal, and the outer surface consists of Ni, stainless steel or a Ti alloy. The peripheral portion of the closure plate is coated with a mixt. of blown asphalt and polybutene. The plate is inserted into a packing of polyamine resin and heated at 120 degrees C for 15 minutes to unite them.
In an alkaline battery, a high polymer adhesive layer contg. metal powder is formed between an anode can and a gasket, The metal powder consists of Ca, Li, Be, Zr, Ti, Ag, Ni, Pb, Cu, Co, Fe, Sn, Zn, Cr or Mn and contains no oxides.    Since metal powder having a strong affinity for oxygen is present between the anode can and the gasket, the concn. of H2O and O2 is reduced, and creeping-up of electrolyte is suppressed. Thus, an alkaline battery is obtd. with good leak-proof characteristics.
In an alkaline battery, powder of solid caustic alkali is placed between anode active material and impregnated material or between cathode active material and a separator. The alkaline battery has excellent leak-proof characteristics.    A cathode mix consists of 97 pts. wt. of Ag2O and 3 pts. wt. of graphite. The cathode mix is placed in a cathode can of Ni and pressed thereon. Powder of solid KOH is added to the cathode mix. A separator and water-impregnated material are placed on the cathode mix. The powder of solid KOH is dissolved in water in the material to form a 23-25% KOH aq. soln. as an electrolyte. An anode consisting of amalgamated zinc, is placed in an anode can. The anode can is inserted into the cathode can and a gasket of nylon is interposed between the anode can and the cathode can.
The battery has a gasket having beam members at the bottom which is disposed between an anode can and a cathode can. The beam members of the gasket are in contact with a separator or electrolyte-holding material. In the gasket, the difference between the outer dia. and the inner dia. before assembling is larger than that between the inner dia. of the cathode can and the outer dia. of the anode can. The button-shaped alkaline battery has good leak-proof characteristics.    Typically a polyamide gasket has beam members of synthetic resin at the bottom. The beam members prevent the anode can passing through a bottom hole of the gasket. Since the gasket is firmly interposed between the anode can and the cathode can, good leak-proof characteristics are obtd.
A liquid packing compsn. is interposed between an anode can and a packing. The liquid packing compsn. consists of a mixt. of epoxy resin and a rubbery additive having visco-elasticity. The button-shaped alkaline battery has good leak-proof characteristics.    Typically a liq. packing compsn. is coated on the inner surface of a packing. The liquid packing compsn. consists of 100 pts. wt. of epoxy resin having a viscosity of 600 cps and 10 pts. wt. of polybutene. An anode can is inserted into the packing. An anode mix is placed in the anode can. The anode can obtd. is inserted into a cathode can contg. a cathode mixt., a separator and electrolyte-holding material. The anode can is sealed in the cathode can by caulking the upper edge portion of the cathode can toward the anode can.
The battery comprises an anode of light metal, e.g. Li or Al, a non-aq. electrolyte, and a cathode contg. composite oxide produced by melting a mixt. of metal oxide and vanadium pentaoxide.    The battery has excellent discharge and cycle characteristics. In an example, 60 g MoO3 and 20 g V2O5 are mixed, fired at 700 degrees C for 5 hrs. and crushed to powdered composite oxide. 80 g composite oxide powder, 15 g carbon powder and 5 g fluorocarbon resin are mixed. 30 ml of a 2% aq. polyvinyl alcohol is added to the mixt. and kneaded with it to prepare a paste. The paste is coated onto a stainless steel net and heat-treated at 300 degrees C for 1 hr. to form a cathode. The anode consists of a Li sheet. The non aq. electrolyte consists of a mixed solvent of propylene carbonate and 1,2-dimethoxyethane and 1 mol/l of lithium perchlorate.
The battery comprises an anode of light metal, e.g. Li or Al, a non aq. electrolyte, and a cathode contg. MoO3 heat-treated at &gt;600 degrees C.    The discharge and cycle characteristics of the battery are improved by using the cathode contg. heat-treated MoO3.    In an example, 100 g MoO3 is placed in a quartz boat and heat-treated at 600 degrees C in air for 5 hrs. The MoO3 thus treated is crushed to 200 mesh powder. 85 wt.% MoO3 powder, 10% acetylene black and 5 wt.% fluorocarbon resin are mixed, compacted and sintered at 300 degrees C for 1 hr to form a cathode. The anode consists of a Li sheet. The non aq. electrolyte is produced by dissolving 1 mol/l lithium perchlorate in a mixed solvent of 1 pt. vol. propylene carbonate and 1 pt. vol. 1,2-dimethoxyethane.
Porous metal plate is coated with resin particles of thermoplastic nylon to form a large number of projections on both surfaces. the plate is then coated with a paste of active material e.g. cadmium hydroxide, conductive material, alkali-resistant short fibrous material, and a binder. The active material does not separate from the plate since the short fibres bond to the resin particles. Cd negative plates with high mechanical strength are produced.
Porous metal plate is coated with resin particles of water soluble polymer resin to form a large number of projections on both surfaces. The plate is then coated with a paste of active material e.g. cadmium oxide, conductive material, alkali-resistant short fibrous material, and binder. The active material does not separate from the plate since the short fibres bond to the resin particles. Cd negative plates with high mechanical strength are obtd.
Powdered active material and a binder other than CMC are mixed with 0.3-0.6 wt.% (on active material) CMC to produce a paste. A porous metal plate is then filled or coated with the paste and the coating dried. The viscosity of the paste is controlled by the amt. of CMC, and is 150-250 poise for 0.3-0.6 wt.% CMC.    Good coating and binding properties are obtd. increasing the utilization rate of the active material to 70-75%.
Polyvinyl alcohol and carboxymethylcellulose are reacted with an organic solvent at 120-135 degrees C to form a binder. The binder is mixed with cadmium oxide active material to make a paste, which is then coated on a porous metal plate and dried. The negative plate has high mechanical strength, and the active material does not separate from the metal plate.    In an embodiment 2.5 g polyvinyl alcohol and 0.5 g carboxymethyl cellulose were added to 90 cc ethylene glycol heated at 120-130 degrees C 1 g alkali-resistant short fibrous material e.g. polyvinyl chloride was added to the mixed material.    104 g cadmium oxide powder and 26 g Ni powder were mixed with 30 g binder to form a paste, coated on a porous metal plate and dried at 120 degrees C.
A paper web for use in making a battery separator is formed from a furnish contg. a synthetic pulp; the fibrils of the pulp are filled with an inorganic filler, and the web incoporates a wetting agent.    The web is formed on a paper-making machine, and is cheap and homogeneous. The electrical resistance across the separator is low, partic, after extended life in a battery. The pore size is lower, the distribution of pore size is narrower and the porosity is higher than in paper sheets made from wood pulp. The web can be consolidated by heat, and can be embossed to form projections.
The cell contains an anode (a) and a cathode (c), sepd. by a prefabricated, self-supporting element (b) made of poly-2-vinylpyridine (P2VP). Element or disc (b) is in contact with the cathode, and is at least initially in contact with. The anode (a) after assembly of the cell and before a discharge leading to the creation of an electrolyte esp. between element (b) and the anode (a).    The anode (a) is esp. Li; whereas the cathode is a charge carrying complex (CCC) consisting of an organic donor (cd) and an acceptor (ca) which is a halogen, esp. iodine. Disc (b) is pref. a foil, 0.07-0.17 mm thick, applied to anode (a) by adhesive, esp. P2VP-monomer, whereas cpd. (c) is pref. P2VP.    For example, in an implanted heart pacemaker, where the invention reduces the mfg. time and cost of the cell and simplifies quality control.
A thin an flexible electrode of electrochemical batteries comprises an active material and a small amt. of an ethylene/acrylic acid copolymer, the electrode being capable of being bent round 180 degrees with a radium of 31.8 mm without breaking or cracking, at 20 degrees C.    The electrode may be a cathode comprising a reducible metal oxide or sulphide from MnO2, Ag2O, AgO, HgO, CuO, FeS, iron oxide, nickel oxide and/or nickel hydroxide, and 2-15, pref. 2.5-5wt.% of the copolymer, and the electrode is 0.13-1.27, pref. 0.25-0.51 mm thick.    Used in portable electronic appts. The battery can be bent and placed into curvilinear cavity inside the appts.
Mfr. of a cathode plate for a non-aq. cell comprising an anode active material of light metal such as Li and Na, a cathode active material consisting of metallic oxide, chloride or halide and an electrolyte consisting of an organic solvent of propylene carbonate or gamma-butyrolactone and a solute of lithium perchlorate comprises (1) adding an organic solvent (in which electrolyte resisting silicone rubber is dissolved) to a powder of active material to form a paste, (2) depositing the paste on a core for a cathode plate, (3) drying and (4) heating.    By using an organic solvent contg. silicone rubber, the heat treatment can be carried out of a relatively high temp. such as 300 degrees C. Thus, the remaining water content in the cathode plate can be reduced.
An electrode active material, which is CdO or Cd(OH)2 is mixed with an electroconductive material, alkali-resisting short fibres and vinyl acetate monomer. The mixt. is kneaded with water or an organic solvent to form paste. The paste is coated on a porous substrate and the vinyl acetate is thermally polymerised.    The filling property of the paste and the mechanical strength of the Cd cathode plate are high. The process is simple and the electrode active material is unlikely to fall off. Specifically CdO, Ni powder, short fibres of a copolymer of vinyl chloride with acrylonitrile and having a length of 3 mm, vinyl acetate monomer and benzoyl peroxide, polymerising are mixed with one another. The mixture is kneaded with ethylene glycol so that the mixt. is made into paste. The paste is coated with a Ni-plated porous iron sheet and then dried at a temp. 75 degrees C under reduced pressure.
An electrode active material is mixed with short fibres, styrene monomer and a polymerising agent. The mixt. is kneaded with water or an organic solvent so that the mixt. is made into paste.    This paste is coated on a porous substrate. The coated paste is heated and dried at a predetermined temp. for a predetermined time to thermally polymerise the styrene.    The filling property of the paste is high. The mechanical strength of the cathode plate is also high. The electrode active material is unlikely to drop off. The cathode plate is appropriate for an alkaline Ni-Zn battery.
In a button type alkaline battery, the power generation elements are sealed by both a metal cover and packing between the metal cover and the can. The improvement is that (1) the whole internal surface of the can and metal cover except at the electric lead are covered with resin layer, (2) the resin layer and/or the packing is composed of thermoplastic resin and (3) the resin layer and the packing are welded in a body. Water repellent fluorine resin or polyolefin resin prevents adherence of the electrolyte to the surface of the packing or can, so that the liquid leakage is prevented.
In a nonaq. electrolyte battery having cathodic active material, anodic active material and organic electrolyte in which light metal MnO2, inorganic salt are dissolved in organic solvent, the improvement is that the MnO2 is treated with HNO3 or dil. HCl.    Discharge voltage and anode utility rate are increased. In an example, anode was produced by compressing mixt. (MnO2 powder 10 pts. + acetylene black 1 + fluorine resin 1) under 1000-3000 Kg/cm2. The MnO2 had been obtd. by adding water 1 l to electrolysed MnO2 100 g, to which 1 l HNO3 (3-10 mol/l) was added. It was maintained at 30-90 degrees C for 1-5 hrs., washed with water and dried at 100-150 degrees C for 5-10 hrs. Cathode was composed of Li pressed on Ni net. Separator was composed of polypropyrene nonwoven cloth impregnated with LiClO4 1 mol/l soln. in mixed solvent of propyrene carbonate 7:THF 3 (by vol.).
Nonaqueous electrolyte battery comprises (1) anode which is moulded from mixt. of (anodic active material + conductive agent) and (binder of fluorine resin + styrene-butadiene copolymer), (2) cathode having light metal active agent and (3) nonaqueous electrolyte. Styrene-butadiene copolymer improves adhesion effect and fluorine resin prevents internal resistance increase in high temp. storage.
The battery is produced by coating conductive colloidal carbon onto part of the surface of a cylindrically-moulded anodic mixt. which contacts the battery can and inserting the mixt. into the can and adhering the agent to the can with pressure.    Process is simple.    In an example, an Al can was used as an anode terminal. Anodic mixt. agent was composed of carbon fluoride (8 pts. wt.) + acetylene black (1) + tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropyrene copolymer resin powder (1). The mixt. was moulded into a hollow cylinder under 500 Kg/cm2. Colloidal carbon was coated on the bottom and side surface of the cylinder, which was inserted into the can before the coated carbon dried and adhered to the can under 500 Kg/cm2 pressure. Electrolyte was propylene carbonate soln. of lithium perchlorate.
An insulating packing is interposed between an anode can and a cathode can. The insulating packing comprises an insulating packing body, a film of a fusing agent of silicone oil formed on the body, and a powder layer of PTFE resin formed on the fusing agent film.
Process comprises (a) impregnating porous Ni body with Ni hydroxide activator paste; and (b) pressing to form a cylindrical electrode.    The impregnated paste does not come off after the spongy body is pressed. The battery has an improved discharge property because of the presence of the cylindrical electrode. In an example, a Ni plate with porosity 95% had thickness 10 mm, width 10 mm and length 36 mm. The activator consisted of 85 wt. % Ni hydroxide, 10 wt. % Ni powder and 5 wt. % Co powder. The activator was added to an aq. soln. of CMC to form the paste. The paste was used to impregnate the plate, which was then dried and pressed at a pressure of 400 Kg/cm2.
The nickel electrode comprises a spongy shaped nickel porous body and a paste shaped powder consisting essentially of hickel hydroxide. The powder is impregnated in the body. The average particle size of the powder is 30-100 um. An average dia. of porosities in the body is 2.5-7.0 times as large as the particle size of the powder.    The nickel hydroxide powder is uniformly impregnated in the body to improve the discharge property of the battery.
The cell comprises (a) an Li anode, pref. including a coating or organic electron donor material, esp. polyvinyl pridine, on its surface, (b) a cathode mixt. of halogen, pref. Br or I, and activated charcoal and (c) a solid Li halide electrolyte formed in situ between anode and cathode.    The cell provides high voltage e.g. 3.5V, high energy density and long life for low current drain applications. Migration of nhalogen contg. cathode materials is prevented. Coated anode reduces cell impedance.    Pref. the halogen in the cathode is in wt. excess w.r.t. activated charcoal, esp. with I:charcoal wt. ratio 15:1.
A button cell comprises a metal can (2) having a layer (8) of conductive thermoplastic material over the internal surface of its bottom wall (4) and a metal cap (10) located within the can by means of thermoplastic gasket (20) moulded around the depending U-shape skirt (18) of the cup and partly over its upper surface (16).    In use, the anodic, cathodic and electrolytic components of the cell are located within the can, the cap applied and pressed into place by an ultrasonic tool which causes the sharp bottom section (22) of the gasket to soften and bond to the conductive thermoplastic layer of the can. Finally, the upper section of the wall of the can is crimped over the cap into contact with that part of the gasket which overlies the upper surface of the cap.    Simple manufacture.    The can and cap may be of steel, nickel or any conventional metal used therefor, the gasket may be of nylon, fluoropolymer, or a polyolefin, and the conductive layer may be of such a material containing a conductive filter such as carbon particles.
The electrode comprises a uniform mixt. of 15-25A Pt-on-C electrocatalyst particles and finely divided fluorinated hydrocarbon resin. The electrode is reproducibly prepd. by (a) forming an aq. suspension of electrocatalyst with 10-3-10-6 g-moles water-soluble ionisable salt of polyvalent metal cation/l suspension, (b) mixing with aq. colloidal dispersion of resin to rapidly coagulate the mixt., causing the resin to flocculate completely at a rapid controlled rate and in uniform admixt. with the catalyst in &lt;5 min.    Pref. the mixt. is sepd. from the clear, resin-free supernatant and applied to a conducting substrate. The polyvalent cation is partic. La3+, Ce3+ or trivalent rare earth cation, or it is a divalent cation, esp. Ca2+ or Mn2+.
A battery package includes cylindrical cells electrically connected in series and wrapped in a plastic web. The web includes adjacent, parallel arches or arcuate sections that conform to the cylindrical shape of the cells to constrain the cells in the package in a predetermined relationship. Although the web is somewhat flexible, it provides a rigid package when secured around the cells.    Pref. a single web engages the cells agains a more solid structural piece to define a stable battery structure. The cells are encased in opposed plastic webs, each having arches sepd. by intermediate sections. The opposed webs are then sealed together at the intermediate sections to capture the cells between the arches and to rigidify the overall battery structure.
In producing electrode plate composed of multiple circular secton electrodes having dia. 10 mu and 5000 mu process comprises (1) coating active material mixed paste by passing line-formed collector made of fibre or twisted fibre or knitted fibre through the paste, (2) drying it, (3) exposing a certain length of collector terminal by removing the active material mixed agent from the electrode, (4) bundling the collector terminals at a place and (5) cutting the electrode plate into a certain length.    Volume efficiency, weight efficiency and cycle life are improved. In an example, Ni electrode was composed of Ni (OH)2 91 pts + acetylene black 9 + polystyrene 4 + polymethylmethacrylate 3 + chloroprene rubber 3 + toluene 180. hydrophilic polymer soln. was composed of PVA 8 pts. + water 100.    Zn electrode was composed of Zn fine powder 97 pts. acetylene black 3 + polystyrene 3 + polymethymethacrylate 1 + chloroprene rubber 1 + toluene 95.
Ni electrode comprises conductive substrate coated with mixed paste contg. electrochemically active material comprising Ni cpd. powder of particle size 5 mu and 200 mu and particle distribution in which 100 mu particles form 80 wt. %.    Utility of active materialis improved and long life is attained.    In an example, Ni(OH)2 powder (particle size 5 mu, 200 mu: 98%) 100 pts. + acetylene black 10 pts. + polystyrene 10 pts. + CCl4 200 pts. were mixed to give a paste, which was coated onto Ni net of 0.1 mm thickness and 100 mesh to give 0.5 mm thick electrode plate. Battery is produced from the plate, Cd plate and KOH aq. soln. impregnated nylon separator. The battery had high utility after 100 cycles of charge-discharge.
Battery is produced by (1) placing, in a heat-shrinkable plastics container, an anode plate and a cathode plate which are produced by coating active material mixt. onto a line-form collector which is made of fibre or twisted fibre or knitted fibre, has a dia. of 10-5000 mu and is composed of multiple circular-section electrodes and (2) thermally shrinking the container before or after electrolyte is injected.    The thin circular electrodes have high flexibility and can change form freely. By heating, the electrode plates are transformed according to shrinkage of the container and densely packed. Reduced internal resistance, reduced self-discharge and long life are attained.
Cell electrode comprises a linear collector made of fibre or twisted or knitted fibre, coated with an active material mixt. The collector has 10 mu length 5000 mu and circular section. The active material mixt. comprises active material powder 65-97 wt.%, conductive agent powder 0-15 wt. %, polymer binder 3-20 wt. % and dispersing agent. The active material does not peel off from the collector and the extended surface are improved the utilisation of the active material.
In a small thin silver-oxide cell, Ag2O is used as anodic active material and porous thin plate of a metal which has lower ionisation tendency than that of Ag and has metal oxide generating cell reaction in alkali soln. is used.    Ag2O alone is used as anode and porous thin plate of Cu, Pb, Rb or V is moulded together and incorporated. After long storage, the Ag2O is reduced by the porous metal to produce cell reaction. The redn. and oxidn. are alway repeated, so that capacity loss is decreased and stable cell is obtd. Anode is not swelled and not deformed. Processing of the Ag2O was also improved by adding Teflon powder 1-3%.    By using porous metal e.g. Cu, Pb, Rb, V, etc. cell capacity in the small size cell is increased.
The cell comprises Li metal cathodic active material, cathodic collector, I complex, anodic active material, anodic collector and an electric insulator insulating cathodic collector from anodic collector. Part of the Li metal is inserted between the cathodic collector and the insulator.    In an example, Lithium cathode, iodine complex anode (I, 15 atoms + N, 1 atom + 1-ethylpyridinium electron transfer complex, 5 pts. wt. + silica gel 1 pt. wt.), stainless sealing plate, cell vessel (stainless steel contg. Cr. 30 wt. % + Mo 2 wt. %), polypropyrene insulator, Li ion conductive solid electrolyte were provided. Li cathodic active material was inserted between the cathodic collector and the insulator to effectively prevent short circuiting.
The cell comprises lithium metal cathodic active material, cathodic collector iodine comples anodic active material anodic collector and insulator insulating the cathodic collector from the anodic collector. At least part of the cathodic collector contacting the insulator is covered with vapour-deposited Li metal thin layer.    In an example, Li cathode, iodine complex anode (I, 15 atom +N, 1 atom + 1-ethylpyridinium electron transfer complex 5 pts. wt. + silica gel 1 pt. wt.), stainless sealing plate, cell vessel (stainless steel contg. Cr 30 wt. % + Mo 2 wt. %), polypropyrene insulator, Li ion conductive solid electrolyte were provided. Li metal thin-layer was vapour-deposited to 10-60 u thickness on the cathodic collector at 10-5-10-6 Torr and at 600-700 degrees C (vaporisation source temp.).
A mixt. of cadmium oxide and electrically conductive material is cathodically electrolysed in an alkaline aq. soln. to reduce part of the cadmium oxide to metallic cadmium. The obtd. mixt. is washed with water and dried to prepare anode material. The anode material and a binder are mixed and compacted into a formed body.    It is possible to improve the rate of utilisation of anode active material and to control variations in anode performance.
A packing-assistant agent is interposed between the inside bottom of a battery can and a tablet-shaped cathode mix, and the cathode mix is pressed into the battery can. This prevents generation of cracks in the cathode mix and gaps and spaces between the cathode mix and the inside bottom of a battery can. It is possible to form a uniform cathode mix having high density.    The packing-assistant agnet is a gelling agent aq. soln. contg. CMC, polyethylene oxide, sodium polyacrylate, polyacrylic acid or PVA.
Mfr of nickel electrode for an alkali cell such as Ni-Cd cells comprises preparing a sponge like metallic porous nickel body; charging the porous nickel body with powdered active material; press-moulding the body into a desired shape; removing the active material from the surface of the body to partially expose the surface of the moulded porous nickel body; forming a net like thermoplastic resin film on the exposed surface of the porous nickel body; and impregnating the porous nickel body with resin fine powder having bindability.    The net like thermoplastic resin film may be formed by depositing thermoplastic resin powder on the body and fusing the deposited resin powder by heating.    By the presence of the net like thermoplastic resin film on the body, falling off of the active material from the body can be effectively prevented.
The battery contains holes for the entry of oxygen maintaining the current &gt;800 mu A. A separator (b) is located between an anode (a) and a cathode (c) and an electrolyte (d) is on the side of the separator facing the anode. The cathode cup contains holes via which air reaches an absorbent layer (e) causing uniform distribution of the air, and a membrane (f) located between the cathode and layer (e) restricts the supply of O2 to the cathode to below that required to achieve a current of 800 mu A.    Membrane (f) pref. produces a current of 1-35 mu A/cm2 of the cathode, and is pref. polyethylene sintered PTFE. non-sintered PTFE loaded with carbon black, or cellulose acetate-butyrate, Layer(e) is pref. a filter paper.    The cell is suitable for mass prodn. and no leakage of electrolyte occurs.
Battery separator web stock is produced by forming a continuous, moving multiply web of at least three plies of melt-blown randomly laid thermoplastics resin fibres, each ply being separately formed, one on another, each ply during formation being bonded to an adjacent ply to a degree by mechanical and thermal self bonding. The central ply fibres have an average dia. of 2-10 mu, and the outer ply fibres have an average dia. of 30-40 mu. The moving web is satd. with a soln. of a surfactant in a volatile solvent, and passed between rotating opposed heated calendering rolls to reshape the web, to mechanically disperse the soln. through the web, and rapidly evaporate the solvent. The web is passed through a drier and slit to a size suitable for cutting into battery separators.    Used for forming separators for lead acid batteries for automobiles. Surfactant is distributed throughout the web to render the web wettable by the battery electrolyte.
Porous one piece cell electrode is formed by prepg. a uniform dry mixt. of 20 wt.% phenolic resin, 80 wt.% carbon form dry mixt. of 20 wt.% phenolic resin, 80 wt.% carbon fibres of less than 50 mils length, and sifting the mixt. through a screen into a moulding die, shaped to provide an electrode having ribs on one surface to form U-shaped channels across the electrode substrate the amt. of material being sufficient to provide a finished part with a porosity of 75%. The mixt. is pressed to the desired thickness of the electrode while heating the mixt. above the m. pt. but below the final cure temp., the pressure and temp. being held to provide a partial cure so that the pressed shape is retained after pressure release. The part, released from teh mould, is fully cured and then heat treated to 2,100 degrees C in an inert atmos. to convert the resin into glassy carbon and then the entire flat surface is impregnated with a wet proofing material, except at points uniformly distributed under the ribs, the impregnation being to a depth of at least the thickness of the substrate between the ribs.    Used for formation of ribbed electrode for an electrochemical cell. Ribs, being formed in the electrode rather than the separator, and being hydrophilic, store electrolyte, eliminating need for a separate electrolyte reservoir layer, providing a thinner cell than prior cells.
Mfr. of grids forlead-acid accumulators involves applying a metal sublayer to a plastic base, followed by electrochemical deposition of a Pb-based outer coat. Caoting adhesion is improved by producing a layer of free peroxide radicals with an affinity for the coating metal on the plastic surface. The layer can be produced by treatment with chromic anhydride soln. at 50-70 degrees C.
A separator/electrode assembly for accumulators is built up by electrophoresis. The electrode is dipped into a suspension (I) contg. (wt.%): Ca(OH)2 (II) (or other alkaline earth metal hydroxide) 15-25, styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer 1.4-1.8, styrene-maleic anhydride copolymer 0.6-1.0 and balance ketone (e.g. acetone).    The suspension is prepd. by vibro-milling (II) with a soln. of the polymers in the ketone.    Accumulators mfd. by this process retain their charge twice as long as controls mfd. using a suspension of (II) in aq. polyvinylalcohol soln. The process is suitable for mechanisation.
Electrolyte is pref. a 1 molar solb. of lithium-perchlorate, hexaflurooarsenate, or -trifluoromethanesulphonate, in a solvent which is propylene carbonate and/or dimethyl ether. The positive electrode mass is pref. mixed with 5 wt% graphite and 1 wt% PTFE; and electrode is pref. Li.    The lead selenite is made for SeO2 and lead acetate in 75% acetic acid, so the selenite is pptd. washed with alcohol and ether, then dried at 90 degrees C. without decompsn. to obtain a 97% yield. The low solubility of the selenite provides long battery life.    The cell has high energy density w.r.t. the vol. of the battery, and good shelf life.
A negative sealing plate is filled with a negative active material contg. an alkaline electrolyte. The circumference of the sealing plate is provided with an insulating packing which is covered with a thermally adhesive agent of polyamide resin, polyisobutylene, etc., dissolved in a solvent such as ethyl acrylate, butyl methacrylate, etc. An electrolyte retaining layer is attached to the inner wall of the packing and covers the negative active material.    A separator of ion-permeable, thermoelastic plastics film is disposed on the electrolyte retaining layer, and the circumference of the separator is bonded to the lower surface of the packing. The negative electrode assembly is then placed in a positive electrode assembly which consists of a metal casing in which a positive active material is disposed.    Since the circumference of the separator is thermally bonded to the surface of the packing coated with the thermally adhesive agent before assembly, the electrolyte does not adhere to the sealing plate and does not lead out during mfr.
Positive active material comprises 99.9-95 wt. % divalent silver oxide, 0.1-5wt. % monovalent silver oxide, and a desired amt. of binder e.g. Teflon (RTM). The cell has long service life because the stability or storage property of the positive active material is improved. The cell is used for cameras, electronic watches, etc.
A positive electrode of Ag2O, is placed in a positive casing through an insulating layer. A porous resin film, to which Ag particles adhere, is placed on the surface of the positive electrode opposing the negative electrode. The porous resin film is electrically connected to the positive casing.    The porous resin film is a polypropylene non-woven cloth sheet immersed into 10wt. % aq. Ag NO3 soln. for 5 mins. After drying the sheet, it is immersed for 5 mins. into a mixed soln. of 20wt. % aq. NaOH soln. and 200 ml. formalin to obtain the porous resin film coated with 0.8 mg./cm2Ag. The coating amt. of Ag is 0.5-20 mg./cm2.    The cell has good voltage stability, high discharge property, and lower self-discharge, and is used for cameras, electronic watches, etc.
Silver oxide cell comprises a monovalent silver oxide positive electrode with a porous pure silver layer on the surface which contacts the alkaline electrolyte liq. The silver layer makes it conductive without graphite, restricts swelling of the anode mixed agent and prevents deterioration of the separator.    In an example, Ag2O powder 97 wt.% and Teflon 3 wt.% were mixed. It was pre-moulded, pulverised and sieved into 50-100 mesh. The powder was placed in a stainless anode can and porous pure silver was placed on the upper part of the anode can, which was punched under 3-5 ton/cm2 to be moulded. Anode moulding providing the porous pure silver layer was moulded under 8 tons/cm2 to prepare anode mixed agent. The obtd. cell did not cause cell capacity deterioration.
The cell comprises a metal sealing cover composed of a multilayered material having an inner Zn layer as cathode active material.    Electrolyte leakage resistance and cell capacity stability are improved.    In an example, a Zn plate (contg. Pb in a small amt.) was cold-rolled in vacuo onto stainless plate (SUS 304) to give a double layered clad plate (0.3 mm. thick). The plate was formed into a metal sealing cover by pressing. The inner Zn layer of the sealing cover was amalgamated in weak alkali with mercury chloride. A Ni-plated steel anode can was filled with an anode mix (5 wt.% graphite added to silver oxide) under 8 ton/cm2. A separator and electrolyte absorbing layer were mounted in it. 30% NaOH aq. soln. was charged into the can and the metal sealing plate was inserted into the anode can via a nylon gasket. The anode can edge was caulked to give a silver oxide cell (11.6 outer dia. x 3.0 mm. height).
Alkaline cell is claimed in which the crystallisation degree of the surface of its insulation gasket of polyamide resin is raised to 50%. The surface may be melted with heat and rapidly cooled in refrigerant to raise the crystallisation degree.    Liq. leakage is markedly reduced. In an example, an insulation gasket of L letter type (11.55 mm. dia. x 2.2 mm. high) was mounted in a divalent silver oxide-zinc cell, which was heated by electromagnetic induction coil for 10-30 mins. and rapidly cooled in dry ice-methanol. Liq. leakage did not occur after 3 months at 60 degrees C, 95% RH. The longer the heating time, the higher the Rockwell hardness. By selecting the refrigerant, the crystallisation was regulated. The more rapid the cooling the higher the crystallisation was raised. The cell capacity is not lowered by the heating and cooling.
Ag oxide cell includes a granular anodic mixt. comprising mainly monovalent or divalent Ag oxide of particle size 100-200 mesh. Thin anode pellets (1 mm. thick) and small sized cells (11.6 mm. outer dia. 3 mm. thick) having diminished capacity fluctuation are obtd. Liq. leakage is diminished.    In an example, monovalent Ag oxide and graphite were mixed to give anode mixed agent, which was pressed. The pressed powder was pulverised and filtered with 100 mesh and 250 mesh. Pellets were moulded and filled into an anode can. A separator of cellophane and electrolyte absorbing layer was provided and NaOH 30% aq. soln. was dropped into the can. Hg-Zn(sic) powder was filled in the cathode can, which was pressed into anode can via the nylon gasket and finally the anode can edge was caulked to give a cell.
Fuel cell electrode is made by: (a) forming an aq. suspension of electrocatalyst particle, pref. Pt supported on C or Pt black, (b) adding a sol of a polyvalent metal oxide or soln. of a polyvalent metal salt, the valency of the metal being 3 and the conc. of the metal oxide, or metal cation in the soln. being 10-2 to 10-7 M, (c) forming a separate aq. suspn. of colloidal hydrophobic polymer particles pref. PTFE, and (d) combining the suspensions and fabricating the electrode from the resulting single uniform suspension.    Metal of step (b) is pref. Th, Zr, Al, Fe or Ce. In a prefd. method, the pH of the electrocatalyst suspension is adjusted after step (b) to maximise the dispersion of the particles, the value of the pH depending on other process parameters.    Methods avoids the formation of electrocatalyst particle clusters in the electrodes prod. The electrodes have superior electrochemical performance and improved prodn. yield.
Method comprises (1) adding nickel powder to an aq. soln. of a paste, e.g. carboxylmethylcellulose or sodium acrylate, to form a slurry; (2) mixing the slurry in a mixer; (3) coating the slurry on a porous steel plate; (4) drying the coated slurry; and (5) sintering the coated slurry to form the base.    A negative electrode activator is impregnated in the base to form a negative electrode. The electrode has improved discharge properties.
The sealing member comprises an insulating packing consisting of mixt. of thermoplastic resin and low polymerised poly(fluoro-chloro-ethylene). The thermoplastic resin is selected from polyethylene, PVC and polyestyrene.    The packing seals a battery case firmly. Leakage of electrolyte in the battery case is prevented.    In an example, a positive electrode consisting of AgO is placed in the battery case. A separator is placed on the electrode. On the separator, an electrolyte impregnating sheet is placed. A negative electrode zinc activator is placed on the sheet. The case is covered by a capt. The packing is placed between the case and cap.
The dry cell uses a sealant consisting of 30-70 wt.% straight asphalt and 30-70 wt.% polybutene.    In an example, a cathode mix consists of MnO2 and carbon powder. The cathode mixt., a separator and a carbon rod are placed in a Zn can. A plastic closure plate is fitted into the open portion of the Zn can. Sealants are coated on the interfaces between the plastic closure plate and the carbon rod, and between the plastic closure plate and the Zn can. The sealants consist of 50 wt.% straight asphalt having a penetration of 80-100 and 50 wt.% polybutene having a mean molecular wt. of 1000. A plastic tube, a cathode terminal plate, an insulating ring and an outer casing with an inward bent portion are assembled to complete a dry cell.
An insulating packing, having a hot melt adhesive layer on the surface, is heated and fused to the periphery of an anode closure case. An electrolyte-contg. anode mixt. is packed in the case, and separator is fused to the packing by heating to cover the anode mix.    In an example, insulating packing of polyethylene is coated with a hot melt polyamide adhesive and attached to the periphery of a case serving as an anode terminal. A gel-like anode mix is placed in the case and a separator is put on the anode mix and fused to the periphery. A cathode closure case contg. a cathode mix, and a metal ring is put on the separator and bent inwards.
Battery comprises an anode using light metal as active material, an organic electrolyte and a cathode contg. fluorocarbon as active materil and graphite powder as electrically conductive material. The graphite powder consists of high-purity graphite contg. &gt;99.5 wt.% of solid carbon and &lt;0.005 wt.% of ashes.    An open-circuit voltage of an organic electrolyte battery is decreased to an operative voltage for a brief period. In an example, 100 pts. wt. of fluorocarbon, 15 pts. wt. of a fluororesin binder and 11 pts. wt. of high purity graphite are mixed to prepare a cathode mix. The high purity graphite has a particle dia. &lt;44 mu and a specific gravity of 2.2 and contains &gt;99.5 wt.% of solid carbon, &lt;0.001 wt.% of ashes, &lt;0.05 wt.% of water and no metal.
A soln. of (a) a fluorinated polymer with gps. of formula -COOM, where M is an alkali metal, a metal of Gps. IIa or IIb, NH4 or an amine gp., in (b) a highly polar organic solvent, is claimed. The polymer pref. contains &lt;900 (&lt;750) equivs. COOH gps., to give high solubility. The solvent is pref. a 1-4C alcohol or glycol.    Use of the soln. for the prepn. or repair of electrolysis dialysis or fuel cell membranes is claimed. The soln. may be formed into films, or used to impregnate a porous asbestos of PTFE substrate or to coat a spacer net.
A fuel cell comprises a pair of gas diffusion electrodes, a matrix disposed between the gas diffusion electrodes and contg. a phosphoric acid electrolyte, and the matrix produced by mixing Zr oxide and heteropolyacid, e.g. phosphotungstic acid or phosphomolybdic acid or salt thereof.    The matrix has the improved ion conductivity, phosphoric acid-holding properties. Drying of the matrix is prevented.
Fuel cell comprises a pair of gas diffusion electrodes, a main matrix between the gas diffusion electrodes and holding a phosphoric acid electrolyte, and auxiliary matrix layers each contg. heteropolyacid and disposed between the main matrix and the gas diffusion electrode. The auxiliary matrix is produced by mixing a fluorocarbon resin dispersion, conc. phosphoric acid and heteropolyacid, e.g. phosphomolybdic acid or phosphotungstic acid.
Fe powder, a water-soluble binder and water are mixed prepare paste. The paste is continuously coated on a core member and dried. The paste-coated core member is sintered in a stream of reducible gas. The flow rate of the reducible gas is controlled such that the dew point in the sintering furnace becomes 20-40 degrees C.    Fe electrode is used as an anode in an alkaline battery. Process enables continuous mfr. of an Fe electrode having uniform quality. Specifically the paste consists of 10 pts. wt. electrolytic Fe powder and 3 pts. wt. of an aq. soln. contg. 3 wt.% of CMC. The paste is coated on both side of a punched Fe strip. The paste-coated Fe strip is dried at 110 degrees C and sintered at 800 degrees C in a stream of H2 gas having a flow rate of 3420 l/h. and a dew point of 20-40 degrees C.
Alkaline battery uses an anode mix produced by mixing amalgamated zinc powder, gelling agent and water repellant synthetic resin having alkali resistance and binding properties. Pref. the gelling agent is carboxymethylcellulose or Na polyacrylate. The synthetic resin powder is polytetrafluoroethylene, polystyrene or polyethylene.    Dissolution nd decompsn. of anode active material, e.g. Zn in an alkaline aq. soln. is suppressed.
An alkaline battery uses an electrolyte-impregnated layer fabricated by coating the surfaces of fibres of cloth or non-woven fabric with a water-soluble polymer e.g. CMC or Na polyacrylate. The fibres are cotton, rayon, nylon or polypropylene.    Electrolyte-impregnating power of an electrolyte-impregnated layer is controlled. An alkaline battery using this electroylyte-impregnated layer has excellent preservability.    An electrolyte-impregnated layer is fabricated by coating non-woven fabric with a 0.5% Na polyacrylate aq. soln. A cathode consists of 95 pts. wt. of silver oxide and 5% of graphite. An anode consists of amalgamated Zn. A separator comprises a cellophane film and a microporous polyethylene. An electrolyte consists of a 30 wt.% NaOH aq. soln. A cathode can is insulated from an anode can by an insulating packing.
A (un)woven cloth consisting of an alkali proof synthetic resin, has one surface coated with a first mixed aq. soln. contg. a boron cpd. and x gr. of a polyvinyl alcohol. The soln. on the surface is dried and a second mixed aq. soln. contg. a boron cpd. and x-2.5 x gr. of polyvinyl alcohol on the other surface of the cloth. The coated soln. on the other surface is then dried.    The separator effectively prevents short circuit between a positive electrode and a negative electrode. The first aq. soln. suitably consists of the PVA (8 pts. wt.) boric acid (1 pt. wt.) and water (91 pts. wt.). The second aq. soln. suitably consists of PVA (12 pts. wt.), boric acid (1 pt. wt.) and water 87 pts. wt.). The cloth comprises a polypropylene unwoven cloth.
The separator comprises a semi-transparent film, such as a cellophane and an unwoven cloth bonded to the film. The unwoven cloth consists of cellulose fibre contg. reducible end gps. The unwoven cloth is contacted with a positive electrode.    The separator prevents short circuits between the positive and a negative electrodes. The battery has a high discharge voltage.    In an example, the unwoven cloth consists of 45 wt. % of rayon, 50 wt.% of polyvinyl chloride and 5 wt.% of a binder. The cloth has a thickness of about 50 mu and a density of 0.22g/cm3. The cellophane is bonded to the cloth. The positive electrode consists of silver oxide, mercury oxide and manganese dioxide. The electrode is placed in a battery case, and the separator is placed on the electrode.
Method comprises (1) mixing a positive electrode activator, a conductive agent and a binder consisting of PTFE fine particles to form a mixt., (2) pressing the mixt. to form a positive electrode body, (3) heating the body and then (4) cooling the body. The heating temp. is 200-230 degrees C.    The PTFE particles increase the mechanical strength of the positive electrode. The electrode has improved discharge property.    In an example, MnO2 powder (80 wt.%), carbon powder (10 wt.%) and the binder (10 wt. %) are mixed and pressed under 3000kg/cm2 to form a disc of 20mm. dia. The disc is heated in air at 230 degrees C for 30 mins. The negative electrode consists of e.g. Li or Na.
In the prodn. of a subassembly useful in the mfr. of laminar batteries from a conductive plastic sheet (I) to which electrode patches have been adhered, sheet (I) and a sheet of cellophane are passed together through a pair of nip rolls under pressure, with the patches confronting the sheet of cellophane, while an aq. compsn. contg. a bonding agent is supplied to the sheets in the nip between the rolls, and the laminate so produced is dried.    Pref. the bonding agent is hydroxyethyl cellulose, and esp. the aq. compsn. contains NH4Cl or ZnCl2.    The wrinkling of cellophane in a wet Leclanche cell environment is prevented, and the subassembly laminates themselves are described in US4124742.
The use of polyethylene powder (I) as binder improves the electrical properties and mechanical strength of the iron electrode paste used in alkaline accumulators. The mixt. contains (in wt. %): (I) 2.0-2.4, magnetite ore (II) 72.0-74.0, unreduced Fe2O3 4.0-8.0, FeS 0.5-0.9, synthetic fibre 0.1-0.2, NiSO4, 1.3-1.4 and solvent the rest.    Optimally, (I) and (II) have the same particle size, pref. 20-120 microns with 80% of the 60-80 microns fraction.
A mixt. of Cd oxide and electrically conductive material is cathodically electrolysed in an alkaline aq. soln. to reduce part of the cadmium oxide to metallic Cd. The mixt. thus obtd. is then washed with water and kneaded with a binder. The kneaded mixt. is deposited on a perforated metal core.    Process makes it possible to improve the rate of utilisation of active material and produces Cd anode plates having uniform performance.
The gasket is coated with synthetic rubber e.g. silicone rubber, butadiene-styrene rubber, butyl rubber, nitrile rubber, chloroprene rubber, urethane rubber, fluororubber or stereoregular rubber. The thickness of the synthetic rubber is 0.5-5 mu.    A sealed alkaline battery contg. the gasket has excellent leak-proof characteristics.
In a separator consisting of a microporous film of acrylic acid-grafted polyolefin, the degree of grafting is 5-20%. The polyolefin is polyethylene or polypropylene. The film resistance of the separator is increased by limiting the graft degree to 5-20%. Self-discharging of the battery is therefore suppressed.    In an example, a polyethylene film of 25 mu thickness is used as microporous film. The polyethylene film is irradiated with gamma-rays to a total exposure of 10 Mrad. The polyethylene film is immersed in a benzene soln. contg. 30% acrylic acid and permitted to stand therein at 80 degrees C for 4 hrs. The polyethylene film is washed with water at 80 degrees C and then irradiated with radiation from Co60 at a total exposure of 3 Mrad. The film thus obtd. is washed with benzene to remove a single polymer of acrylic acid. The graft degree is 15%.
In an alkaline battery in which the electrolyte is dropped onto the surface of a cathode mix, the electrolyte consists of a high-viscosity gel-like compsn.    Since a separator is bonded to the surface of the cathode mixt. by the high-viscosity gel-like electrolyte, it is possible to remove air from the gap between the cathode mix and the separator.
The paste is a mixt. of (a) active lead sulphate; (b) 0.125-5 wt. % w.r.t. wt. (a) of an unsintered polyfluoroehtylene fibre binder with network structure, pref. PTFE; and (c) water. The paste is pref. made by mixing a lead material with an aq. dispersion of PTFE, then adding H2SO4 and mixing to produce a fibre mesh of PTFE.    The pref. amt. of water is 176-353 g/cm3 of the lead material; whereas 55-165 ml of H2SO4 (density 1.4) is used per kg of the lead material. The mixing temp. is pref. 20-100, (43-70 degrees C), using 5-20 minutes to mix the lead material and PTFE, followed by adding the H2SO4 in 4-15 minutes, and then using a further mixing time of 6-25 minutes.
The process for mfr. of electrode for primary current sources of the Zn-C system has been described in Parent Patent Cert. No. 459820. A composite electrode (I) is formed on a metallic base by the following steps: (1) applying a layer of a soln. of a polymer (e.g. a copolymer of acrylonitrile, methyl methacrylate and itaconic acid) in an organic solvent (e.g. DMF) contg. suspended carbon (II); (2) treating the outside of the layer with water, e.g. by pouring; (3) drying the electrode for 15 mins. at 140-150 degrees C    (II) is a mixt. of C black and graphite, e.g. in wt. ratio 1:1. The wt. of polymer soln. used is e.g. 40% of the wt. of (II). During drying, the C-filled polymer layer becomes porous (porosity is not obtd. if step (2) is omitted), thus improving electrical continuity between (I) and electrolyte and improving the mechanical properties of (I).
The electrode is placed between layers of compound and the edges of the layers then welded-up to close the assembly. To prevent rejects, as a result of welding difficulties, the welding electrode potential is applied to the electrode tap, to allow high frequency welding round the outline of the parting compound layers, with welding electrodes shaped to suit these in any one instance.
The packing placed between a positive electrode case and a negative electrode cap covering the case consists of a packing base, a first sealing layer consisting essentially of polyamide resin formed on the surface of the packing base, and a second sealing layer consisting essentially of asphalt formed on the first sealing layer.    The sealing layers prevent leakage of electrolyte soln. from the case.
The battery comprises a battery can of Cu or Cu-plated metal serving as a cathode terminal, a cathode contg. metal oxide as active material in contact with the inner wall of the battery can, and an anode of light metal, e.g. Li or Na sepd. from the cathode by a separator.    The battery has a simple structure and excellent preservability.    In an example, cathode mix is fabricated by coating a current collector net of stainless steel with paste consisting of 90 wt. % MnO2, 4 wt.% acetylene black and 6 wt.% polyvinyl alcohol. An anode is fabricated by pressing a Li sheet on a stainless steel net. The separator consists of non-woven fabric of polypropylene. The anode, the separator and the cathode are wound around an anode current collector rod to form a battery element. The battery element is inserted into a Cu can so that the cathode is in contact with the inner wall of the Cu can. The electrolyte consists of propylene carbonate contg. 1 mol/litre of LiClO4.
Non-aq. electrolyte battery comprises (a) an Al battery container serving as cathode terminal; (b) a cathode mix. contg. metal oxide as active material disposed in the Al container to contact the inner wall of the container; and (c) an anode of light metal e.g. Li or Na disposed in the container and sepd. from the cathode mix by a separator.    In an example, a cathode was mfd. by coating a current collector net of stainless steel with paste consisting of 90 wt.% MnO2, 4 wt.% acetylene black and 6 wt.% PVA. An anode was mfd. by pressing a Li sheet on a stainless steel net. A separator consisted of nonwoven fabric of polypropylene. The anode, the separator and the cathode were wound around an anode current collector rod to form a battery element. The battery element was inserted into an Al container so that the cathode is in contact with the inner wall of the Al container. The electrolyte consisted of propylene carbonate contg. 1 mol/litre of LiClO4.
A mixt. of Ni(OH)2, graphite powder, and possibly addns. of CdO and/or Ni fibres, was made into a paste with an aq. dispersion of PTFE, which also contained graphite powder. The paste was applied to a metal substrate; dried; and then compacted by pressing or rolling. the aq.dispersion pref. contains 1 pt.wt. PTFE, and 0.5-2 (1) pt. wt. graphite.    The PTFE content of the dried paste is pref. 3-10, (4-7) wt.%; and the dried paste pref. contains 16-24, (20) wt.% graphite, of which ca. 20% was contributed by the aq. dispersion.    For a given total wt., the pressed electrodes contain much more active material than sintered electrodes, so higher energy content is achieved for the accumulator.
The mfr. of a positive electrode for a primary cell with alkaline electrolyte comprises (i) forming a mixt. of manganese dioxide and graphite in proportions of active mass and conductive material for the mass, respectively (ii) forming a dispersion of polyisobutylene in water; (iii) mixing the prods. of steps (i) and (ii); and (iv) moulding the mixt. to form the electrode.    There is optimum distribution of the binder in the moulding for ready introduction of the moulding compound; and the moulding compound has an unlimited time of process-ability into the electrode. The moulded electrode has adequate mechanical strength and uniform hydrophobic properties. It can be mfd. with high accuracy as to size and with high stability.
A structure is made by moulding a lead lug with integral conductors from opposite ends, and moulding an integral plastics member around lug and conductors. The member comprises a pair of side-by-side rectangular frames each with a latticework of intersecting components in the centre and a severable leg between facing sides and severable lugs from outer sides.    The lugs are of sufficient rigidity to support the structure so that two separate grids can be obtained by severing the lugs and leg from the frames and severing the lead lug centrally. The structure is easily handled during pasting and drying.
The lattic base of positive electrode comprises a frame, a lattice connected to the frame and an edge connected to the frame. The lattice base consists of 98 - 100 wt.% of Pb and 0 - 2 wt.% of Sn. The lattice base is bonded to a base frame with a lattice. The base frame with a high acid proof property consists of synthetic resin, such as PVC, polystyrene or polyethylene.    A positive electrode activator paste is effectively impregnated into the lattice base because of the presence of the synthetic resin base frame. A self-discharge of the positive electrode is effectively decreased. The edge is used as a terminal connected to a lead wire. The lattice base is also used in a negative electrode and it has a high mechanical strength.
The lattice base of the positive electrode comprises a frame, a lattice in the frame, a subsidiary lattice crossing the lattice and an edge connected to the frame. The lattic base consists of 98 - 100 wt.% Pb and 0 - 2 wt.% Sn. The average dia. of the subsidiary lattice is 0.2 mm. A base frame of synthetic resin, e.g. polyethylene or PVC, is fused to the lattice base.    A positive electrode activator paste is effectively bonded to the lattice base because of the presence of the subsidiary lattice. Self-discharge of the positive electrode is effectively decreased. The edge is used as a terminal connected to a lead wire. The lattice base is also used in a negative electrode.
The battery comprises a positive electrode consisting of AgO, a negative electrode consisting of amalgamated zinc, a separator, and an alkaline electrolyte. The electrolyte contains 1 to 10 wt.% of a reducing agent. A surface of the positive electrode contacting the separator is covered with porous silver layer. The reducing agent is hydrazine or sodium sulphite.    The battery has an internal resistance &lt;25 OMEGA.
The storage battery comprises a positive electrode, a non-aq. organic electrolyte and a negative electrode of light metal, such as Li or Na. The electrolyte consists of an organic solvent and a solute of inorganic salt, such as LiClO4. The solvent is propylene carbonate and/or dicarboxylic acid diester, such as dimethyl oxalate, diethyl oxalate, dimethyl malonate, diethyl malonate, dimethyl succinate, diethyl succinate or diethyl glutarate. The positive electrode consists of MnO2 which has been irradiated by microwaves of wave-length 1 - 20 cm in the organic solvent.    The storage battery has an improved positive electrode and can give a constant discharge voltage for periods &gt;100 hrs.. The positive electrode further contains a conducting agent of graphite and a binder of PTFE.
Battery comprises a positive electrode, a non-aq. organic electrolyte and a negative electrode of light metal, such as Li or Na. The electrolyte consists of an organic solvent and a solute of inorganic salt, such as LiClO4. The solvent is propylene carbonate and/or dicarboxylic acid diester, such as dimethyl oxalate, diethyl oxalate, dimethyl malonate, diethyl malonate, dimethyl succinate, diethyl succinate or diethyl glutarate. The positive electrode consists of 50 - 90 wt.% of MnO2 and 10 - 50 wt.% of Ag oxide and/or Cu oxide.    The storage battery with the improved positive electrode maintains a constant discharge voltage for &gt;100 hours. The positive electrode further contains a conductive agent of graphite and a binder of PTFE.
Storage battery comprises (a) a positive electrode; (b) a non-aq. organic electrolyte; and (c) a negative electrode of light metal, such as Li or Na. The electrolyte consists of an organic solvent and a solute of inorganic salt, such as lithium chlorate. The solvent is propylene carbonate and/or dicarboxylic acid diester, such as di(m)ethyl oxalate, di(m)ethyl malonate, di(m)ethyl succinate, or diethyl glutarate. The positive electrode consists essentially of metal sulphate, such as Ag2SO4, Co, No sulphate or tin sulphate.    The storage battery with the improved positive electrode gives a constant discharge voltage for &gt;100 hrs. The positive electrode esp. contains a conductive agent of graphite and a PTFE binder.
The battery comprises a positive electrode, a non-aqueous organic electrolyte and a negative electrode of light metal, such as Li or Na. The electrolyte consists of an organic solvent and a solute of an inorganic salt, such as lithium chlorate (LiClO4). The solvent is propylene carbonate and/or dicarboxylic acid diester, such as dimethyl oxalate, di(m)ethyl malonate, di(m)ethyl succinate, or diethyl glutarate. The positive electrode consists essentially of 100 pts. wt. MnO2 and 10 - 50 pts. wt. of cobalt trifluoride.    The storage battery has an improved positive electrode and maintains a constant discharge voltage for &gt;100 hours. The positive electrode also contains a conductive agent of graphite, and a PTFE binder.
A composite ion exchange membrane suitable for use as fuel element etc., comprises an ion exchange membrane, and a thin electron conducting layer provided thereon of pref. thickness 0.1-10 (0.5-7) mu m, composed of substance having specific resistivity &lt;103, pref. &lt;102 esp. 10 ohm. cm, selected from the group consisting of metals, carbon, metal oxides, metal sulphides and water-insol. halides of elements. of Gp. I(b).
In an oil-immersion type alkaline battery a exhaust valve having sealed neutraliser is provided in battery and is immersed in oil in the battery container. By exhausting alkali absorbing gas which is produced from the battery, insulation effect of the oil is not deteriorated.    In an example an electrode was immersed in electrolyte and upper space was filled with insulation oil having lower density. Exhaust gas produced from the electrode was filtered by neutraliser layer and alkali electrolyte adhered, around the gas foam was removed and the gas was exhausted outside through differential pressure valve. Rubber bellows kept balance between internal pressure and external pressure. The neutraliser (e.g. citric acid, tartaric acid of boric acid) was absorbed in filter e.g. of nylon, polypropylene, polyethylene or cellulose fibre.
In a cell, in which the anode and cathode are successively laminated by the separator, and sealed together with electrolyte soln. in a container, where the anode and cathode case are interpositioned via insulation packing, the sintered anode or cathode, or both, are pressure bonded onto collectors composed of metal nets which are preliminarily welded to the anode or cathode case.    The electrical connections are improved and internal resistance is reduced. No spring is required and the cell can be miniatured and the process can be facilitated.    In an example the anode and cathode were produced by impregnating an Ni-powder sintered porous material with Ni(OH)2 active material. Collectors were composed of Ni net structures (5 - 30 mesh). The separator was made from nylon nonwoven cloth, and the electrolyte used was 30 wt.% KOH soln.
Active material sheets are formed from active material powder and a binder. Cracks are made in the active material sheets, and they are then deposited on both surfaces of a metal core.    The process improves the yield of prodn. of an electrode plate for an alkaline battery of the swirl-type.
An opened portion of a Zn can is sealed with a seal body of plastics and a cathode seal terminal plate of metal. The outer surface of the plastic seal body and the outer wall of the Zn can are covered with a thermally shrinkable plastic tube. Low-viscosity liquid is coated at a pressurised contact interface between the seal terminal plate and the plastic tube by capillary action.    The dry cell has excellent leak-proof characteristics and preservability because gas- and liquid-tight properties are improved at a sealed portion.
In a dry cell, an insulating ring is interposed between terminal plates and an outer metal casing to form sealed portions. The insulating ring consists of a polyolefin resin contg. 5-40 wt.% of inorganic silicate, carbonate of silicic acid, or alkaline earth metal.    The dry cell has good leak-proof properties and preservability, because the electric insulation and gas-tight properties are improved at sealed portions between the terminal plates and the outer metal case.
In a sealed alkaline battery, a sealant is disposed between a cathode can and an anode can. The sealant consists of polypropylene contg. an inorganic filler, e.g. silica, talc or their mixt. The battery has excellent leak-proof characteristics.    In an example, a cathode mix is placed in a cathode can of Ni-plated steel. A separator is put on the cathode mix. The separator consists of natural or synthetic fibres and has electrolyte-holding properties. An anode mix is placed on the separator. An anode can is put on the anode mix. An insulating packing is interposed between the anode can and the cathode can. The insulating packing consists of chloroprene, polyethylene, butadiene, polypropylene or polyamide. The insulating packing is coated with a sealant consisting of polypropylene contg. 5-40 wt.% of an inorganic fibre, e.g. SiO2 or talc.
H2 electrode for a rechargeable metal-H2 cell comprises a porous, wet-proofed, catalysed (pref. Pd and/or Pt) sheet of C particles bonde with hydrophobic binder, pref. PTFE in an amt. 25-35% on sheet wt; anda conductive metal screen, pref. Ni, coated on one side with hydrophobic binder, pref. a fluorinated ethylene-propylene polymer, and laminated to the C particle sheet.    ADVANTAGE -   Electrode is compact, efficient, provides high energy density and is of simple, inexpensive construction.
A pasty active material is coated on a porous plate and electrically formed. The plate is then immersed into a suspension containing both a water repellent synthetic resin and an emulsion stabilizer. The plate is pressed while heating it to provide a negative electrode for an alkaline battery.
A high polymer electrolyte e.g. carboxymethylcellulose and polyvinyl alcohol are dissolved in water to prepare an aq. soln. Cadmium hydroxide powder and short fibres are mixed and kneaded with the aq. soln. to produce a paste-like anode mix. The paste-like anode mix is coated on a metal net or perforated plate.    Dripping of active material from the cadmium anode during chemical conversion and pressing, is avoided.
Method comprises (1) dissolving a bonding agent in a solvent to form a soln., (2) adding cadmium hydroxide to the soln. and mixing to form a paste, (3) coating the paste on a metal net or porous plate and (4) drying the coated paste. The bonding agent consists of carboxylmethylcellulose or sodium polyacrylate and polyvinyl alcohol. The solvent consists of water.    The paste firmly bonds to the base. The electrode has an improved discharge property. The paste, for example, consists of 1 pt. wt. sodium polyacrylate, 4 pts. wt. polyvinyl alcohol, 100 pts. wt. water, 160 pts. wt. cadmium hydroxide and 40 pts. wt. nickel powder conductive agent.
Method comprises (i) dissolving a bonding agent in an solvent to form a soln., (ii) adding cadmium oxide with short fibres to the soln. and mixing to form a paste; (iii) coating the paste on a base of a metal net or a porous plate and (iv) drying the coated paste. The bonding agent consists of CMC or sodium polyacrylate.    The solvent consists of ethylene glycol.    The paste contains the improved bonding agent, so that it is firmly bonded to the base. The electrode has an improved discharge property. The paste e.g. consists of 2 pts. wt. of sodium polyacrylate, 100 pts. wt. of ethylene glycol, 160 pts. wt. of cadmium oxide, 1 pt. wt. of PVC fibres of about 3mm. length.
The packing consists of polyamide base and a wet-proof layer formed on the surface of the base. The base contains 0.8-2.0 wt. % of water.    In an example, butyl rubber, polyisobutylene or polyethylene is dissolved in a non-aq. solvent, such as toluene or methylethylketone, to form a soln. The polyamide base is immersed in the soln. to coat the solvent.    The base is then heated to remove the solvent to form the wet-proof layer. The packing is placed between the metal case and the metal cap covering the opening of the case. The positive electrode in the case is pressed body consisting of silver oxide and graphite powder. A porous plastic separator and an electrolyte preserving sheet are placed in order on the positive electrode. A negative electrode is placed on the sheet.
The negative electrode comprises a mixt. of negative electrode activator particles and a paste. The activator is selected from zinc, amalgamated zinc and cadmium. The paste consists of an alkaline earth metal salt of a polymer of acrylic acid or cellulose glycolic acid. Part of the paste is formed into lumps of desired size.    The negative electrode has a low internal resistance and stable properties.    Typically, the negative electrode consists of 250mg. of amalgamated zinc particles of 80-150 mesh and 50mg. of calcium polyacrylate.
The negative electrode comprises a mixt. of negative electrode activator particles and a paste. The activator is zinc, amalgamated zinc or cadmium, and the paste consists of an alkali earth metal salt of a polymer of acrylic acid or cellulose-glycolic acid.    The negative electrode has a low internal resistance and stable properties. A separator of e.g. polypropylene film is used between electrodes.
A lithium-iodine cell comprises a casing which contains and is in electrical contact with, iodine-contg. cathode material and which also contains an anode. The anode consists of a lithium element with one exposed surface and a surface connected to an electrical conductor which extends through the casing and which is sealed from the cell by an insulating element and an isolating intermediate layer, neither of which exhibits electronic conduction in the presence of iodine. The anode conductor is also surrounded by a ferrule which pref. fits inside the insulating element within the casing and which extends outside the casing. the exposed surface of the anode is pref. coated with polyvinyl pyridine as electron donor. The cathode pref. comprises a charge transfer complex of polyvinyl pyridine and iodine.    Also claimed is an anode assembly for a Li-iodine cell comprises two Li elements bonded to a current collector, with a seal, pref. of a fluoropolymer, around the edges of the Li elements.    A method of making the cell is also claimed.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   This type of cell is esp. useful for implanting, e.g. for driving a cardiac pacemaker, since it generates no gas and has a non corrosive electrolyte. The cell is proof against leakage.    DETAILS    In the production of the cell, the cathode material is poured into the casing through a filling element which prevents contact of the cathode material with the casing around the filling hole.
Fuel cell, consisting of a matrix layer chemically and physically absorbing the electrolyte and arranged between a porous anode and a porous cathode, uses polyphosphoric acid as electrolyte, and at least one of the electrodes forms an electrolyte support. The matrix layer is made of polymer fibres bonded with a phenolic resin based binders. The pore size is 0.1-0.3 mu.    ADVANTAGES -   The cell has improved long term stability, a remarkable gas tightness and increased power.
Battery cell with Li as negative active mass, with positive active mass including thionyl chloride. The electrolyte consisting of solvent and solute, uses the thionyl chloride as solvent, and a complex salt obtd. by reacting at least one ionisable cpd. with Al2Cl3. The ionisable cpd. is selected from Li2S, Li2O, CaO and BaO.    ADVANTAGES -   The passivation phenomenon is avoided.
Method comprises (1) depositing sublimed metallophthalocyanine, such as ironpthalocyanine, on an inner surface of a battery case and (2) coating a plastic emulsion on the surface of the phthalocyanine to form a water-proof layer.    The phthalocyanine absorbs useless hydrogen gas effectively.
The battery consists of a light metal anode, a cathode made with a aq. coated current collector, and a non-aq. electrolyte contg. a cpd. which forms complex ions with Ag.    Thus, graphite fluoride and powdered C were mixed with F-contg. resin and compacted on a Ag-coated (3-5 mu thick) expanded Ti to obtain a cathode, while a Li anode was made from a Li sheet and expanded Ni. The electrodes were assembled in an electrolyte consisting of gamma-butyrolacttone contg. M LiBF4 and 10-3M EDTA. The battery had good dischargeing characteristics even after storing for 1 month.
Alkali cell zinc electrode is produced by (1) coating on metal core, thin layer composed of alkali-resistant thermoplastic aq. soln. or paste contg. fine particles mainly comprising of Cu, Ag or their cpds. and 1 of Bi, Cd or their hydroxides, (2) forming porous metal layer of the above metal on the metal core and (3) adhering with pressure, zinc electrode mixed agent comprising fluorine resin binder on the porous metal layer.    Both rapid voltage drop of terminal due to high rate discharge and cell capacity drop due to excessive discharge are improved, so that cycle life is greatly improved.
Lead battery comprises cathode activating material contg. heat-treated lignin. Low temp.-high efficiency discharge properties and hence long life are improved.    In an example, lignin desulphonic acid was heat-treated in air or N2 in an electric furnace at 300 degrees C for 1 hr. The treated lignin had relative solubility 1.0 cf. 100 of non-treated lignin (test in 1 g lignin/100 ml water at 500 degrees C). The battery life cycle at 20A discharge and life cycle at -15 degres C, 150A discharge showed improved properties.
The electrode is composed of an active material contg. 2-5% carbon or graphite fibre of tensile strength 300 Kg/mm2.    In an example carbon or graphite fibre was prepd. by baking polyacrylonitrile fibre in inactive gas, in which the mechanical properties, were altered by the baking conditions. the fibre was cut into 0.5-5 mm lengths, mixed with Pb powder and milled with dil. H2SO4 to give a battery paste contg. 2-5% carbon or graphite. The battery life cycle improvement corresponded to the graphite content, and the discharge capacity improvement corresponded to the tensile strength of the graphite fibre.
The dry cell comprises an isolation layer in which binder is retained in kraft paper made with a fibre having a beating rate of 50-300cc (Canadian Freeness Indication).    In an example, Kraft paper made of pulp fibre having 250cc beating rate was coated with a binder dispersion of PVA and starch (5 : 95) in water to a thickness of 20 g/m2 on both surfaces to give an isolation layer, which was laid inside a Zn cathode can. Cathode agent composed of 5 pts. MnO2, 8 pts. acetylene black, 5 pts. ZnCl2, 18 pts. NH4Cl and 19 pts. water was filled into the can, a carbon rod was inserted and the can sealed to give a dry cell.
The element is prepd. by (a) creating a continuous falling curtain of fuel cell electrolyte matrix material carried in a liq. vehicle and maintaning the rate of mass flow of the curtain constant, (b) passing a fuel cell electrode through the curtain at a constant speed to coat a surface with curtain material and (c) heat treating to remove liq. vehicle, leaving a layer of matrix material on the electrode surface.    Pref. the matrix material comprises 90 wt. % SiC, balance binder, esp. PTFE. The liq. vehicle is pref. water as liq. carrier and polyethylene oxide thickener.    The process is fast and economical and provides a thin, uniform matrix layer having all desired properties. Thickness variation is e.g. is not &gt;5 mu m for a 63 layer.
Diaphragms. for prim. cells, starter batteries and electrolysis cells, are mfd. by (a) suspending a carbonated and/or bicarbonate of suitable particle size, pref. an ammonium or alkali(ne earth) bicarbnate of particle size 1-50, esp. 1-5 mu m, in a thermoplastic soln, pref. a pvc soln., (b) evaporating the solvent, e.g. cyclohexane, in a suitable device and shaping to form the diaphragm, (c) treating with an acid, pref. conc. H2SO4 at elevated temps. such that resulting diaphargm has a porosity of up to 96%.    The diaphragms have low electrical resistance.
The sealed alkaline cell is provided with a sealing material consisting of a mixt. of a petroleum resin and styrene-isoprene-styrene copolymer or styrene-butadien-styrene copolymer. The petroleum resin is e.g. an aliphatic petroleum resin obtd. by polymerising C5 fraction, an aromatic petroleum resin obtd. by polymerising C9 fraction, or a copolymer resin obtd. by copolymerising C5 and C9 fractions.    The petroleum resin has excellent adhesive, water-repellent, and chemical-resistant properties, and the styrene-isoprene or butadiene-styrene copolymer gives excellent flexibility and elasticity. Electrolyte (caustic potash or caustic soda) leakage is eliminated.
The sealed alkaline cell is provided with a sealing material consisting of a petroleum resin, opt. contg. a modifier. The petroleum resin is e.g. an aliphatic petroleum resin obtd. by polymerising C5 fraction, an aromatic petroleum resin obtd. by polymerising C9 fraction, or a copolymer resin obtd. by copolymerising C5 and C9 fractions. The modifier is e.g. synthetic rubber, natural rubber, asphalt or polyamide.    The petroleum resin has excellent adhesive, water-repellent, and chemical-resistant properties, and it is pref. used as a sealing material to eliminate electrolyte (caustic potash or caustic soda) leakage at the cathode.
Sealed alkaline battery uses a sealant consisting of thermoset material produced by crosslinking reaction of methoxy-methylated cpds. of nylon copolymers consisting mainly of nylon 12.    In an example, steel closure is coated with a Au-plated layer and serves as an anode terminal. Anode active material consists of amalgamated zinc powder. Cathode active material consists of a mixt. of silver oxide and graphite and is placed in a cathode container which serves as a cathode terminal. A main separator of cellophane and an electrolyte-holding separator of non-woven fabric of cellulose are placed between the anode and cathode active materials. A cathode ring consists of Ni-plated steel. A nylon packing is interposed between the anode closure and the cathode container. A sealant layer is formed between the nylon packing and the anode closure.
A battery has an anode of active light metal e.g. Li, Na, K, Be, Ca, Mg, Al or an alloy thereof, an electrolyte consisting of a polar organic solvent contg. a salt of the light metal, and a cathode active material consisting of a molybdate of a heavy metal e.g. Cu, Ag, Fe, Co, Ni, Hg, Tl, Pb, Bi or a mixt. thereof.    This batter has an energy density of 300-400 Wh/kg and 400-500 Wh/litre and an open-circuit voltage of 3.0-3.3 V.
A battery has an anode active material of light metal e.g. Li, a non-aq. electrolyte and cathode active material consisting of a mixt. of V2O5 and MnO2.    This battery has a long service life and less voltage change against long low-current discharge and short high-current discharge.    Typically 0.35 g of ammonium metavanadate and 0.25 g of MnO2 are mixed and heated at 300-500 degrees C to produce a mixt. of MnO2 and V2O5 obtd. by pyrolysis of ammonium metavanadate. 10-20 wt.% of graphite powder and 5-15 wt.% of PTFE powder are admixed with the mixt. of MnO2 and V2O5. The admixt. is packed into a battery container under a press. of 2000 kg/cm2 to form a cathode. The cathode is dried at 120 degrees C for 10 hours. The anode is Li and the organic electrolyte is propylene carbonate contg. 1 mol/litre of lithium perchlorate.
A battery has an anode of light metal e.g. Li or Na, a non-aq. organic electrolyte, and a cathode using powder produced by depositing V2O5 on electrically conductive powder of graphite or active carbon. The V2O5 is produced by hydrolysis of vanadyl trichloride (VOCl3). the battery has a high rate of cathode utilisation.    Typically 5 g of active carbon is added to 1 litre of wate and 50 g of VOCl3 is stirred. V2O5 is produced by hydrolysis of VOCl3, and is deposited on the active carbon powder. The V2O5-deposited active carbon powder is washed with water and dried at 150 degrees C. 6 pts. wt. of it and 1 pt. wt. of PTFE powder are mixed and pressed on a Ni net under a press. of 500 to 1000 kg/cm2 to form a cathode. the anode consists of Li, and the non-aq. organic electrolyte consists of a CH3COOCH3 soln. contg. 1 mol/litre of LiBF4.
A separator for alkaline secondary Zn cells or electrochemical systems where OH ion permeation is desired and zincate ion permeation is to be inhibited comprises (a) a porous inert support to which is applied a layer of polymeric binder and (hydroxy) carbonate of Ni, Ce, La, Mg and/or Ca or (b) a self-supporting structure of polymeric binder and (hydroxy) carbonate. The separator pref. also includes an electrocatalyst preventing Zn dendrite penetration and/or a surface are extender.    The porous support is pref. polypropylene, porous rubber, porous PVC, nonwoven inert porous sheet or fabric or asbestos. The polymeric binder is pref. a suspension, emulsion or powder of PTFE, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyethylene, polypropylene or PVA and is esp. 5-30 wt.% for coating or 5-50 wt. % for self-supporting structure.    There is no Zn dendrite penetration, even on overcharge and repeated cycling, and morphology of Zn deposited adjacent the separator on charging is improved.
The case is a single injection moulding of polypropylene with partitions defining cells and the bottom, sides, ends and partitions is not &gt;0.1 inch thick. The walls adjacent to the sides of a cell group pref. have laterally projecting ribs to space the group from the walls and stiffen the walls. One pair of opposite walls of the casing pref. has an inwardly offset part adjacent the bottom to form an external shoulder and an inner guide for a cell group.
A gas electrode for a fuel cell consists of a current conducting element placed between an electrolytic soln. and a gas compartment. There is a catalytic layer (I) on at least one face of the conducting element. On the external surface of the catalytic layer facing the gas compartment there is a layer (II) impermeable to the electrolyte soln. but permeable to gas.    (I) and (II) are formed by porous particles of active carbon, bound together by a plastic material which is chemically inert w.r.t. the reaction medium. The pores are coated internally with a material, also chemically inert, which provides hydrophobic properties.    The electrode is easy to mfr., has pores of regular, constant dia., and gives improved performance w.r.t. previous electrodes.
In maintenance-free vehicle starter battery contg. -ve Pb electrodes, positive PbO2 electrodes and H2SO4 as electrolyte, (a) the plate grids consist of an alloy contg. 5 wt.% Sb, 0.2 wt.% As, balance Pb; (b) the plus compsn. contains resin acid derivs. and (c) the minus compsn. contains, before coating in grids, an H2SO4 quantity reduced w.r.t. plus compsn., pref. 0.02-0.05 g H2SO4/g PbO.    The batteries fulfil the DIN specifications and have service life 55 months. Low water consumption and low self-discharge are achieved by admixing the plus compsn. with materials which inhibit Sb migration to minus compsn.    The resin acid derivs. may be resin acid esters, metal resinates, maleate- or alkyd resins of the resin acids, phenol-modified-, hydrogenated-, decarboxylated-, dehydrogenated-, sulphonated- or hardened resin acids, resin amines, -nitriles, -alcohols, or HCHO adducts to resin acids.
A lead accumulator has, between the outer electrode of the plate stack and the container wall, an elastic element made of an electrolyte resistant plastic. This element consists of a flat plate which rests against the outer electrode, and several oblique ribs which fit against the container wall at a mechanical prestress and are pref. arranged in the longitudinal direction of the element.    The pressure exerted by the elastic element is uniformly distributed and prevents any fall-out of active material from the electrodes. The design facilitates automatic assembly and uses inexpensive components.
A battery is produced from a light-metal anode a graphite fluoride cathode, and an inorganic, salt-organic solvent electrolyte to which a K or Na inorganic salt was added. Thee addn. of K or Na salt increases the discharge and charge capacity of the battery.    In an example, 1g of a mixt. contg. graphite fluoride 85, acetylene black 5, and PTFE powder 100 pts. was pressed on a Ni mesh (2 x 2 cm) to obtain a cathode. Likewise Li (0.3g) was pressed on a Ni mesh of the same size and used as the anode. A battery was assembled from the electrodes and an electrolyte contg. 5% NaClO4 in M LiClO4 in propylene carbonate. The battery had improved discharge capacity c.f. conventional one not contg. NaClO4 salts.
The battery consists of a light-metal anode, a cathode and an organic electrolyte, the surface of the anode being coated with a thin layer oF C black. The coating on the anode prevents passivation of the electrode.    In an example, a battery of improved discharge capacity was prepd. from a cathode of a Ni grid coated with a mixt. contg. graphite fluoride, acetylene black, and PTFE, a Li anode coated with acetylene black, and M LiClO4-propylene carbonate electrolyte.
Alkaline battery has as a separator, a regenerated cellulose film having a polymerisation degree of 400 - 600. The film is made of linter and contains 0 - 3 wt.% of a softening agent e.g. glycerol. The regenerated cellulose film is not bleached.    The preservability and cycle life of battery is improved by using a separator of good-quality regenerated cellulose.
In a process for filling active material into foamed metal by placing the three-dimensional foamed metal having continuous pores into active material paste and rubbing the upper-surface of the foamed metal with a rubbing tool together with the active material paste, the improvement is that the rubbing rate is y cm/sec., the rubbing machine is a cm wide and the transfer rate of the rubbing tool is x (where y = 2ax and 10 cm y 64 cm).    Sufficient rubbing rate improves filling fluctuation and stable electrode quality.
Battery comprises (a) light metal cathode; and (b) moulded anode contg. peroxysulphuric salt as main active material and coated with polyethylene oxide thin layer.    Utility of the active mixed agent is improved and the discharging properties are improved.
The method comprises (1) forming a mixture of a first powder of thermoplastic resin and a second powder of (in)organic powder, (2) adhering the mixture on a surface of an electrode plate, (3) heating the electrode plate at a temp. higher than m.pt. of the first powder and lower than m.pt. of the second powder to fuse the powders on the plate partially, and (4) removing the part of the powders which is not fused from the plate. The volume ratio of first powder : second powder os 1/10 to 1/1.    The fused powders on the plate forms a protecting layer which improves a discharge property of the battery. In an example polyethylene powder of particle size is approx. 100 mu m and silica powder with a particle size of about 200 mu m are bonded on the electrode plate. Then the plate is heated at 140 degrees C. for 10 minutes to fuse the polyethylene powder and to remove the silica powder to form the porous layer on the plate.
The positive electrode comprises a body of positive electrode activator consisting of silver peroxide and an insulating resin layer covering the formed body except for thesurface of the body in contact with a negative electrode. The insulating resin consists of polyethylene, polypropylene, PTFE or polyamid.    The insulating resin layer prevents self-discharge of the battery and stabilises the discharge voltage.
A battery separator comprises a self-supporting non-woven material consisting essentially of a mixt. of (A) olefinic resin fibres with a coarseness of 4-13 pref. 4.5-13 decigrex (mg/100 m); (B) 3 usually 3-70 pts. wt. olefinic resin fibres with a coarseness of 4 pref. 1-4 decigrex, per 100 pts. wt. of fibres (A); and (C) 0-600 pts. wt. inert filler material per 100 pts. wt. total fibres (A) + (B).    The separator is placed between two adjacent electrodes in a battery. The separator can be produced from an aq. dispersion of the mixt. (A) + (B) + (C), which is formed into a wet, non-woven material. This material is dried and heat treated at a temp. going from 20 degrees C the m.pt. of fibres (A) and (B) to about 50 degrees C the m.pt.    The separator has low electrical resistance, efficiently prevents migration of fine, active materials, and can be produced at low cost.
An electrolyte retaning member of a dry battery comprises a copolymer of acrylamide and monomer insoluble in the electrolyte composed of water or ammonium chloride and zinc chloride.    Suitably acrylamide and vinyl acetate (40-60 by vol) are copolymerised in anhydrous methanol. The reaction prod. is added to methanol and the ppte. is filtered, dried and pulverised to obtain the polymer.
Alkaline cell comprises a sealing layer formed with sealing material mainly composed of polyamide resin (hardness 300 kg/cm2 at 2% modulus of tensile test) upon the contact surface of packing which is interpositioned between anode can and cathode can.    Liquid leakage from the sealing laye ris markedly decreaseD.
Organic electrolyte cell comprising cathode having light-metal active material, anode having carbon fluoride active material and organic electrolyte liquid, comprises surfactant added into the anode active material.    By adding surfactant to the anode active material, initial discharging characteristics and high temp. storage properties are greatly improved.
The battery contains an anode, electrolyte, and a cathode in a case which has a glass to metal seal. To prevent the degradation of the glass, its surface exposed to the interior of the case is covered by a protective material (a), which is (a1) metal oxide with free energy of formation above -417.5 kJ/gram-atom of oxygen at 300 degrees K, (a2) a polyolefin, or (a3) an adherent fluorocarbon polymer.    The glass is pref. based on silicate or borosilicate, and cpd. (a1) is pref. Al2O3, CaO, Nb2O5, MgO or BaO, used esp. when the cathode is a liq. oxyhalide, nonmetallic oxide or halide, or a metal halide, oxide, chromate, dichromate, permanganate, periodate, molybdate, vanadate, chalcogenide or their mixt. The cathode is esp. SO2 or SOCl2. Material (a2) is pref. polyethylene or polypropylene, but many other polymers are listed.    Breakdown of the seal during the passage of time is prevented.
The alkaline storage battery comprises a negative electrode activator of Cd, a positive electrode activator, an electrolyte and a separator placed between the activators. The separator consists of a nonwoven cloth with fibres stood mainly in line in the direction paralleled with the surfaces of the electrode activators. The fibres are e.g. of polypropylene.    The electrolyte is effectively preserved by the separator, so that a case containing the electrodes, the electrolyte and the separator is perfectly sealed.
The separator comprises 2 porous polyolefin films. The film has many pores with dias. of 10-100 Angstrom. The circumferences of the films are bonded with each other with a thermal bonding. The polyolefin is polyethylene or polypropylene.    The separator prevents leakage of electrolyte from cathode to posivie electrode effectively, so that self-discharge of the battery is effectively prevented.
Fine Zn powder and Ni powder are mixed and the mixed powder dispersed in a Cd salt soln. Spongy metallic Cd contg. Ni is produced by substitution reaction. the Ni-contg. spongy Cd is ground to powder.    Anode active material produced is cheap and has high activity. The prodn. steps can be simplified. In an example, a powdery mixt. consists of 19 wt. % of metallic Cd power contg. Ni, 80 wt. % of CdO powder and 1 wt. % of non-sintered Teflon powder. A paste mixt. consists of 3.0 wt. % of disodium phosphate, 0.6 wt. % of hydroxy propyl cellulose and 96.4 wt. % of water. 100 pts.wt. of the powdery mixt. and 35 pts.wt. of the paste mixt. are kneaded to form rubbery material. The rubbery material is deposited on a Ni-plated punched Fe plate to form an anode plate.
A disc consisting mainly of silver peroxide is put in a resin ring. The disc with the resin ring is then placed in a battery container. The resin ring pref. has a wedge-shaped cross-section and consists of an acid-proof, alkali-proof synthetic resin, esp. polyamide resin, polyethylene polypropylene or Teflon (RTM). The battery container pref. consists of metal and has an outward broadening opening.    Since the side of a cathode mixt. is enclosed by a resin ring, electrolyte is prevented from permeating into the peripheral portion of the cathode mixt.
The battery includes an anode using metal e.g. Li or Al as active material, a cathode using lead fluoride contg. bismuth fluoride as active material and an organic electrolyte. The electrolyte is prepd. by dissolving lithium borofluoride or lithium perchlorate in propylene carbonate, dimethoxyethane, tetrahydrofuran, alpha-butyrolactone or a mixt. thereof.
A prefabricated sheet structure, comprising PVA contg. diol units 0.5-20% of which are 1,2-diol units, is contacted with an oxidising agent capable of selectively oxidising and cleaning the 1,2-diol units to form aldehydes. The sheet is then contacted with an aq. acid soln. to catalyse acetaliation, using the aldehydes, of 1,3-diol units in the PVA to form a self-cross-linked structure. The aq. acid soln. contains sufficient of an unreactive water-soluble salt dissolved in it to inhibit distortion of the sheet in the soln.    The process (a) provides an amt. of crosslinking to an extend determined by the amt. of 1,2-diol units in the sheet prior to crosslinkings, (b) provides a prod. having high conductivity and (c) minimises the number of 1,2-diol units retained in the PVA polymer chain, thereby producing a sheet structure which is particularly useful as a separator for an alkaline bbattery.
Storage battery has a moulded thermoplastics casing 1 of the walls of which has an aperture circumscribed on the outer surface by a boss with a sealing rim on the boss, and a terminal insert sealing off the aperture. The insert has a conductive spool embedded in and passing through a moulded thermoplastics body.    The body has a plug portion which extends in close fitting relation with the casing aperture, a flange on one end of the plug overylying and welded to the rim, and a skirt depending from the flange and circumscribing the weld formed between the rim and the flange.    Used partic. as automotive batteries with terminals in the side wall. The moulded body of the insert is easier to fit and ensures a reliable seal due to the remoteness of the weld from the spool body. The flange may be solvent welded, but is pref. heat welded to the rim.
Method comprises forming a mixt. of PTFE powder and lubricant into sheet, pressing the sheet against porous or surface-roughened supporting material and removing the lubricant.    Suitable PTFE powder is obtained from dispersion. The lubricants used include solvent naphtha, white oil, toluene, xylene, alcohols, ketones, esters, aq. soln. of surfactant etc. Preferred PTFE/lubricant ratio is 100/65 to 100/25 by by vol. The paste can also contain pigments, mineral fillers, etc.    Used for semipermeable membrane, filter, fuel cell electrodes, electrolysis membrane etc. Reinforced porous PTFE is obtd. without sintering process.
The electrode comprises a porous metal plate, a porous metal plate with through-holes, a catalyst layer placed between the plates, and a porous PTFE layer placed between the plates. The porous metal plate with through-holes improves the discharge property of the electrode.    In an example, a sintered porous Ni plate had a porosity rate of 60% and a thickness of 0.5mm. An suspension consisting of water, PTFE powder and active C powder with 5 wt.% of Ag was coated on the plate and dried and the plate was pressed to form the catalyst layer. On the catalyst layer, an adhesive layer of a copolymer of fluoroethylene-fluoropropylene was formed. A PTFE film of porosity 40% and a thickness of 0.1mm. was placed on the adhesive layer and pressed with a pressure of 200kg/cm2. Then a porous nickel plate with through-holes having a thickness of 0.5mm. was formed on the film through the adhesive layer.
The cathode electrode comprises a conductive core, a layer of paste type activator consisting of CdO coated on the conductive core, and a stable Cd metal layer formed on the activator.    The Cd layer activates the surface of the electrode effectively. Oxygen gas is effectively dissipated on the surface.    In an example, CdO powder (100 pts. wt.) and a PTFE powder (1.5 pts. wt.) were mixed. Methyl cellulose (2.0 pts. wt.) and water (35 pts. wt.) were mixed with the powders to form the activator paste. The paste was coated on the conductive core. The Cd powder was dispersed in a alcohol solvent to form a soln. The core was immersed in the soln. The core is dried and pressed to form the Cd layer.
The battery comprises a positive electrode activator, a negative electrode activator, an electrolyte and a porous separator of synthetic resin with pore dia. of 0.01-1.0 mu placed between the activators. The electrolyte is retained by a pair of glass mats.    The separator is sandwiched by the glass mats. The fibre dia. of the glass mats is &lt;3.5 mu. The content of the electrolyte is 1.0 cm3 per g. of positive electrode activator.    The separator is placed between the glass mats, so that it effectively prevents the migration of discharge products such as PbSO4, to improve the life time of the battery.
The alkaline storage battery comprises (1) a positive electrode case contg. positive and negative electrodes and an electrolyte, (2) a negative electrode cap covering the opening of the case, and (3) a packing inserted between the cap and the case. The packing is covered by a sealing agent layer consisting essentially of a polyamide resin with an amine value of 1-8 and a polyamide resin with an amine value of &gt;80. The layer is contacted with the case and the cap.    The sealing agent layer seals the case perfectly. In an example, a negative electrode consisting of mercurised zinc powder, a positive electrode of silver oxide powder and a graphite powder and an electrolyte are placed in a case of stainless steel. The case is capped by stainless steel. A packing of polyamide is inserted between the case and the cap. The packing is covered by a layer of polyamides with an amine value of 5 and 100.
The storage battery comprises a negative electrode activator, a positive electrode active material comprising silver peroxide, an alkali electrolyte, and a gold hydroxide oxide AuO(OH) added in the positive electrode active material or in the alkali electrolyte.    The gold hydroxide oxide prevents generation of hydrogen gas from the electrolyte which would reduce the silver peroxide and increase the internal pressure of the storage battery.
The battery comprises a positive electrode consisting of mercury oxide, silver oxide and manganese dioxide, a negative electrode of zinc and an electrolyte of an alkaline soln. The method comprises (1) immersing mercurised zinc in a gel shaped soln. contg. cellulose to form a gel shaped zinc powder, (2) drying the gel shaped zinc powder; (3) pressing the powder to form the negative electrode body; and (4) inserting the body in a battery case.    The gel shaped zinc prevents the self-discharge of the negative electrode effectively. In an example, methylcellulose as gelling agent is dissolved in water to form a gel soln. The mercurised zinc powder is immersed and then dried to coat the methyl cellulose on the surfaces of the particles of the zinc powder. The powder is pressed to form the negative electrode placed on the positive electrode in the case. The negative electrode is covered by a collector.
The separator is in direct contact with a positive electrode activator and a gel shaped negative electrode activator. The cellulose film consists of cellophane, and the porous film is selected from polyethylene, polypropylene and PTFE.    The separator prevents the migration of one of the electrodes into the other electrode. The battery electrolyte easily penetrates the separator.    The positive electrode, consisting of silver oxide, graphite powder and a binder, is placed in a battery case. The separator is placed on the electrode. The separator consists of a pair of cellophane films, with the porous polyester film placed between them. The negative electrode is placed on the separator.
The battery comprises a positive electrode consisting of mercury oxide, silver oxide and manganese dioxide, Zn negative electrode and an alkaline soln. electrolyte. The method comprises (1) immersing amalgamated zinc in a gel soln. to form gelled zinc powder, (2) drying the powder, (3) pressing the powder to form a negative electrode body and (4) inserting the body in a battery case. The gel shaped zinc prevents self-discharge of the negative electrode.
The electrode comprises at least oxidn. redn. enzyme, (e.g. glucose oxidase; GOX), redox cpd. (high polymer cpd) which acts as electron carrier for the enzyme and electron collector. The enzyme and the redox cpd. are fixed on or near the electron collector (e.g. Pt plate).    As the enzyme and the redox cpd. fixed do not dissolve in a liquid to be determined and can be repeatedly used, the electrode has long life and high reliability. The electrode is useful for the determn. of substrate in living body liquid or for fuel cell.    The redox cpd. is e.g. condensed polymer of quinone, formaldehyde and piperazine hydrochloride.
A cadmium electrode is made by mixing and kneading an active material powder consisting of cadmium oxide and non-sintered fluororesin powder, adding hydroxypropyl cellulose thickener soln. to the mixt. to form a rubber-like substance, coating a conductive core material with the rubber-like substance, and then drying the rubber-like material.    A paste type cadmium electrode is obtd. for an alkaline storage cell such as nickel-cadmium cell. Hydroxypropyl cellulose is found to be a best thickener to give sufficient mechanical intensity by small amt. without increasing internal resistance of the cell.
The battery has an electrically conducting (EC) substrate (1) on which is a thin metal film (2) of active anode material, then a solid electrolyte layer (3), followed by a cathode layer (6) contg. active halogen, adhesive and powder contg. carbon, and an EC plastic foil (7); layers (6, 7) are laminated onto layer (3).    Layer (2) is pref. 1-100 mu m thick, layer (3) 1-20 mu m; and layer (6) 10 mu m to 2mm. Substrate (1) is pref. an EC plastic foil, foils (1, 7) being 20 mu m to 1mm. thick. Layer (2) is esp. Ag or Sn, Al or Cu. Layer (3) may be followed by a barrier layer (4) and then a separator (5) before layer (6). Layer (4) is pref. an organic cpd. viz. an aromatic N-heterocyclic cpd., a tertiary amine, or a cyclic ether; or an alkali(ne earth)salt of the acids of Se, V, W, Te or Sn. The separator is polythene, porous polysulphone or cellophane.    A flexible foil cell &lt;1mm. thick can be made for use e.g. in pocket calculators or wrist wastches.
Gas escape plug for electric accumulators contg. liq. electrolyte, has an open passage cross-section for accumulator gas or air and means for holding back the liq. electrolyte.    The passage cross-section is formed bya gas-permeable, finely porous body, stopper made of a material that is only slightly wettable by the electrolyte in presence of air and/or accumulator gas. The porous body may be in form of a disc or a small tube and is suitably made of PTFE.
A plastics sheet is folded by supporting it upong a pair of plates hinged together along one edge and pressing an anvil member down onto the sheet above the hinge. The sheet is heated in the region of the hinge and the plates folded up around the anvil to bend the sheet about its heated region. Further pressure by the anvil member causes members carried by the plates to engage the top edges of the folded sheet to bend those edges over the top of the anvil. The tope edges of the anvil are heated to assist in this operation.    Used partic. in folding microporous plastic sheets to form battery separators.
A PTFE composite sheet with tensile strength 1 megapascal is made by first blending a dry blend of 1 particulate material(s) with PTFE particles (particles size 0.05-0.5 mu, added as an aq. dispersion with 30-70 wt.% solids content) in a wt. ratio of 3:1 - 50:1, to form a putty-like mass. Sufficient water is then added to exceed the absorptive capacity of the solids but maintain a putty-like consistency.    The mass is then intensively mixed at 50-100 degrees C for sufficient time to fibrillate initially the PTFE particles. The mass is then biaxially calendered at 50-100 degrees C to cause further fibrillation, while maintaining the same water content, the gap between calendering rolls being closed with each successive operation. The resulting high tensile strength sheet is dried.    The sheet is useful e.g. as a filtering material, for electrolytic cells, as a gas diffusion membrane.
2-13 Wt.% fluorine resin is added to 100 wt.% mixed powdery material composed of 2-30 wt.% powdery material of Cd, Pb, In or their oxides, 5-20 wt.% calcium hydroxide and balance Zn and ZnO.    The mixt. is coated on a collector and pressed.
The electrolyte retaining material comprises polyvinyl alcohol produced by graft-polymerising water soluble or hydrophobic polymer. Another paste material is pref. added to the graft polymer. Dry batteries with good storage stability are provided.
The separator comprises ion-permeable sheet contg. material which produces both Ag (or AgO2) ion and insol. cpd. in alkali aq. soln.. Discharge durability and discharge property of the silver oxide cell are improved.    In an example, alkali cellulose 30 pts. + S2 10 pts. were mixed for 2 hrs., was dissolved in 70 pts. NaOH aq. soln. and aged at 180 degrees C for 4 days. The soln. 10 pts. + PmS powder (150 mesh pass pulverised in a ball mill) 20 pts. were mixed, coated on a glass plate in 0.10 mm thickness, coagulated in (10% H2SO4 + 5% Na2SO4 soln.) at 10 degrees C, washed with NaOH aq. soln. and water, then dried. The obtd. sheet contained 35% ZnS and had electric resistance 80 m OMEGA. cm2/l sheet in 40% KOH soln.
Electric cell is produced in a manner that (1) anode agent is inserted into cell case, then the case is formed with pressure so that the case centre part is swollen compared with the environs part of the case, (2) viscous material is coated on the environs part, then synthetic resin film separator having fine pores is fixed with the viscous material and (3) cathode active agent is placed on the separator.    Separator curling or separator miss-transfer are prevented and processing workability is improved. The cell is useful for a button type cell for wrist watch, hearing aid or electronic calculator etc..    Viscous material is e.g. polybutene (mol. wt. 500-2000). Separator is e.g. polypropylene film (0.08-0.12 mm thick). Cathode active agent is composed of Hg-Zn (sic.) powder with absorbed KOH.
The battery comprises a negative electroce of a light metal, e.g. Li or Na, a non-aq. electrolyte consisting of an organic solvent and an inorganic salt solute, and a positive electrode contg. soluble inorganic salt in which the same cations with the cations of the inorganic salt solute are contained.    The cations in the soluble inorganic salt of the positive electrode improve the discharge property of the battery effectively.
The positive electrode activator comprises a MnO2 powder and a conductive agent of carbon powder. These powders are mixed and pressed to form the body of the activator. The manganese dioxide powder is covered by water proof layers, such as silicon resin, polypropylene or polyethylene.    The migration of the electrolyte into the positive electrode activator is effectively prevented thus improving discharge properties of the battery.
Positive electrode activator comprises a powdery mixt. of MnO2 and C. The powders are mixed and pressed to form the body of the activator. The MnO2 is coated with resin, e.g. fluorocarbon polymer.    Migration of the electrolyte into the positive electrode activator is prevented to improve the discharge properties of the battery.
A metal-H2 cell having positive and negative electrodes arranged to operate in an H2 environment and a permeable separator between and immediately adjacent the electrodes, includes an activated cd. functioning both as an electrochemical electrode and a gas diffusion electrode absorbing and desorbing H2. (An activated cpd. is defined as a cpd. that has been subjected to hydriding/dehydriding so it absorbs/desorbs H2 in response to changes in temp. and/or H2 press.).    The portion of the electrode adjacent the separator is wetted by electrolyte and functions as an electrochemical electrode and to store H2 released at the wetted portion by electrochemical reactions. The other portion, not wetted by electrolyte, functions as a store for H2 escaping from the wetted portion into the H2 environment. The cpd. is pref. in particulate form and is dispersed in a permeable matrix of deformable plastics material, esp. PTFE.    Location of cpd. in battery stack allows more efficient control of temp. than use outside stack.
The cell, comprising metal hydroxide positive electrode, H2 as anodic agent and alkaline electrolyte, contains an activated cpd. absorbing H2 released during charge and desorbing it on discharge. The cpd., pref. La-Ni, is provided in particulate form and is dispersed in a permeable matrix of plastics materials, pref. PTFE.    The activated cpd. composite may comprise the negative electrode or is interposed between adjacent negative electrodes in a stack, having cells alternatively arranged so that it receives heat from the adjacent negative electrodes during discharge.    The activated cpd.-plastics material composite has high surface area-col. ratio, e.g. 0.25g/cm2, so may be thin, reducing likelihood of a redn. in H2 absorption kinetics of the activated material. H2 pressure on discharge is higher than for a bed of activated material, esp. in pref. embodiments.
The electric current-producing cell contains an anode having as its anode-active material one or more alkali metals. The cathode has as its cathode-active material one or more polymer compounds having several carbon monosulphide units.    The electrolyte is chemically inert w.r.t. the anode and the cathode and permits the migration of ions between the anode and the cathode. The anode active material may be selected from the group consisting of sodium and lithium. The electrolyte may be a lithium salt dissolved in a solvent contg. at least one organic ether.
Co electrodes used in the prodn. of accumulators have increased performance capacity. They are prepd. by mixing Co with a binder (e.g. polyfluoroethylene resin). The amt. of binder is 1-5% mass of Co. The mixt. is dried and treated in H2 atmos. at 280-460 degrees C for 30-40 mins. Then it is pressed onto a current-discharging base, e.g. a grid, under pressure of 500-750 kg/cm2.
Process comprises first introducing a metal sheet into a slurry which contains 0.5-5 pts. wt. crosslinking branch type polyacrylic acid and/or crosslinking branch type polyacrylate; 0.5-10 pts. wt. binder such as methyl cellulose; 0.5-10 pts. wt. solvent (organic solvent); is approx. 100 pts. wt. carbonyl Ni powder; is approx. 100 pts. wt. water to form a slurry layer on the metal sheet.    Thickness of the layer is adjusted using a knife or slit plate, and the layer is dried using an IR lamp to release water and solvent, and sintered in a reducing gas stream to bond Ni powder on the metal sheet and to remove binder.
In a dry cell, a separator comprises high-density paper and low-density paper and has a paste layer on its surface. The paste layer faces the inner surface of a Zn can. The paste layer consists of starch paste only the surface of which is crosslinked.    The dry cell has excellent discharge performance because a paste layer has excellent electrolyte-retaining properties. In an example, surface-crosslinked starch paste is produced by adding to 99.4 pts. wt. of corn starch 0.6 pts. wt. of an aq. soln. contg. 50 wt.% of a condensate of urea and glyoxal as a crosslinking agent, mixing them for 10 minutes and heating the mixt. at 100 to 140 degrees C for 4 hours to perform crosslinking. A mixt. consisting of 5 pts. wt. of the surface-crosslinked starch paste and 1 pt. wt. of methylcellulose is coated on a separator comprising high-density paper and low-density paper to form a paste layer.
In a dry cell using ZnCl2 as a main electrolyte, starch paste only the surface of which is crosslinked is used as electrolyte-holding agent.    Since a starch paste layer has excellent resistance to zinc chloride and excellent electrolyte-holding properties, a dry cell is obtd. having excellent discharge performance.    In an example, starch paste only the surface of which is crosslinked was produced by adding to 99.4 pts. wt. of corn starch 0.6 pts. wt. of an aq. soln. contg. 50 wt.% of a condensate of urea and glyoxal as a crosslinking agent, mixing 10 minutes and heating the mixt. at 100 to 140 degrees C for 4 hours to perform crosslinking. 5 pts. wt. of the surface-crosslinked starch paste and 1 pt. wt. of an aq. paste soln. e.g. methylcellulose were mixed and coated on one side of kraft paper to forma separator having a paste layer on its one side. The paste layer served as an electrolyte-holding agent.
Non-gelatinised starch paste and gelatinised starch paste, only the surface of which is crosslinked, are mixed to prepare a viscous soln. which is coated on a paper base to form a separator used in a dry cell. The gelatinised starch paste serves as a binder.    The dry cell has excellent discharge performance and is easy to mfr.
A dry cell uses as an electrolyte-holding agent, starch paste, only the surface of which has been crosslinked. The dry cell has excellent discharge performance on heavy load because surface-crosslinked starch paste has oxidn. resistance, good electrolyte-holding properties and swell characteristics.    in an example, 0.2-3 wt.% of a soln. contg. 40-60 wt. % of a crosslinking agent e.g. urea, melamine or a condensate of urea and glyoxal is added to starch paste e.g. corn starch or corn flour and mixed therewith to deposit the crosslinking agent soln. on the surface of the starch paste. The mixt. is heat-treated at 100-140 degrees C for 1-5 hours. 5 Pts. wt. of the surface-crosslinked starch paste and 1 pt. wt. of water-soluble paste e.g. methylcellulose are mixed to form paste. The paste is coated on a separator.
Alkaline battery has an anode mix consisting of a mixt. of amalgamated Zn powder, an alkaline electrolyte, polyacrylate and starch only the surface of which is subjected to crosslinking.    Since a mixt. of polyacrylate and starch only the surface of which is crosslinked is used as paste, it is possible to increase viscoelasticity of an anode mix and improve adhesion to a separator.
An alkaline battery is provided with an anode mix consisting of a mixt. of amalgamated zinc powder, an alkaline electrolyte and starch paste only the surface of which is subjected to crosslinking treatment.    The alkaline battery has uniform stable performance because starch paste has electrolyte resistance, good electrolyte-holding properties and swell characteristics.
Rechargeable accumulator has a neutral electrolyte and negative and positive electrodes. The electrolyte consists of a perchlorate soln. of the metal used for the negative electrode, e.g. zn, or a more positive cation, whilst the positive electrode is an inert conductor, pref. Mn, An air-permeable cover is used.    Since the electrolyte is strongly hygroscopic, no gas barrier is needed to prevent it drying out at average atmos huminity. It does not react with gases in the atmos. and deposits a massive reactive material (metal and metal oxide) on the electrodes, without gas evolution. It gives high energy discharge, even about 20 degrees C, can be made from cheap materials and is esp. useful for impulse or short term operation, e.g. for starting vehicles, spot welding, high power signals etc.
Mfr. of a cadmium anode for an alkaline cell comprises (a) preparing a paste comprising powdered cadmium oxide, powdered nickel, cobalt cpd. and a binder, (b) depositing or applying the paste a supporting member; (c) drying the deposited or applied paste; and (d) forming the supporting member with the paste in an alkaline soln. The powdered cadmium oxide and the powdered nickel have an average particle size 5 mu.    The cobalt cpd. in the paste suppresses the growth of the active material in the paste during charging and discharging. The life time of a cell using the cadmium anode is improved.
Method of making a cathode for an alkaline battery comprises (i) preparing a pasty mixt. consisting of powdered nickel hydroxide, conductive material and a binder, (ii) depositing the pasty mixt. on a supporting member, and then heating; and (iii) impregnating the deposited pasty mixt. with a surfactant.    By treating the deposited pasty mixt. with the surface active agent, the deposited pasty mixt. can be sufficiently wetted by an electrolyte.
Battery comprises a cathode of sintered Ni and an anode consisting of a Zn sheet and a Zn active material layer former on the sheet. Fluoroplastics is used as a binder for the active material layer. The fluoroplastics binder is fibrous and in the form of a net in the Zn active material layer. The width of the Zn electrode is 0.79-0.90 times that of the sintered Ni electrode.    By using the described Zn electrode sufficient amt. of electrolyte can be kept in the zn electrode, so localisation of current and growth of dendritic Zn can be prevented. Since the width of the Zn electrode is less than that of the Ni electrode, the battery reaction is sufficiently active at the periphery of the Zn electrode.
Battery comprises a cathode of sintered Ni and an anode consisting of a Zn sheet and a Zn active material layer former on the sheet. The porosity of the active material layer is 30-60% and the thickness of the Zn electrode is 1.1-1.7 times that of the sintered Ni electrodE. Fluoroplastics is used as binder for the Zn active material layer. The fluoroplastics binder is fibrous and in the form of a net in the Zn active material layer.    By using the described Zn electrode a sufficient amt. of electrolyte can be kept in the Zn electrode, so the heavy load discharge characteristics of the battery are improved. Since the Zn electrode has improved absorptive power towards oxygen gas during charging, the battery can be rapidly charged.
One electrode of a battery having positive and negative electrodes sepd. by an ion permeable separator comprises a dispersion of particulate active electrode material, pref. MnO2 and C dispersed in a fluid electrolyte, pref. NH4Cl and ZnCl2, and poly(2-acrylamino-2-methylpropane sulphonic acid).    The battery is useful in camera applications, pref. including firing flash units. The battery can be efficiently mfd. with a thin compact structure combined with high reliability, capacity and current density. On pulsed discharge through 3.3 OMEGA, 280-294 pulses of 1.15 were obtained for a cell having one electrode as above, compared with 81-115 pulses for all dry patch type cell. When operating flash units, charge time increased from 4.4-8.4 s over 10 cycles compared with 6.2 - 53.6s over 9 cycles for all dry patch electrode battery.
Process comprises first uniformly kneading into a sheet a mixt. of (a) powdered PTFE; (b) water as solvent for the powder; (c) resin which has a negative charge and swells in an alkaline electrolytic soln. (e.g., polystyrene resin); and (d) a substance of which the main components are S-contg. i.e. inorganic sulphide or organic S cpd. (e.g. CaS). The solvent is then (partially) removed.    Prod. has good chemical resistance and impedes the electrochemically deleterious transfer of Ag ions to the counter electrode. The resin swells when immersed into the alkaline electrolytic soln. and ionic conduction is obtd. The S substance and Ag acid ions diffused out of the soln. interact and the produced insoluble silver sulphide prevents the Ag acid ions from infiltrating the counter electrode, thus short-circuiting. The microscopic holes through the swelling resin consist of gaps between molecular chains and effectively halt the advance of active substance towards the cathode and prolong the cell life.
In the mfg. of an alkali storage cell having insulating packing material coated with a two-layer film and inserted between the metal vessel and sealing plate, the cell is sealed by inwardly folding down the circumferential edges of the vessel. The method comprises immersing the insulating packing made of a polyamide resin of nylon series in a soln. of polyamide resin of fatty acid series contg. a solvent which is able o dissolve the surface of the packing; taking out the packing from the soln. for drying; immersing the packing in the soln. of polyamide resin of fatty acid series contg. no solvent; and taking out the packing from the soln. for drying.    The two-layer film, where the inner layer is formed by the treatment of a mixed solvent, e.g. isopropanol and cresol, provides the insulating packing with excellent heat, cold, chemical resistance and mechanical strength, and efficiently prevents leakage. Suitable for all alkali storage cells, e.g. Hg cells, Ni-Zn cells, etc.
Sealing layer mainly composed of polyisobutylene or polyisobutylene and asphalt is provided on the contacting surface of nylon packing between anode-can and cathode-can. Leakage of electrolyte liq. is completely avoided.    In an example, the sealing agent was e.g. polyisobutylene (10 pts. wt.) contg. asphalt (1 pts. wt.) added with solvent compatible material such as synthetic rubber or resin. A nylon packing was immersed in the sealing agent soln., stood for several hrs., dried and positioned between cathode-can and anode-can. Liq. leakage is avoided after 30-60 days at 60 degrees C, 85 RH%.
Acid-proof organic and/or inorganic fibres are mixed to form a web having a porosity &gt;70%. The web is coated with a slurry prepd. by dispersing, in water or aq. soln. an acid-proof, porous inorganic filler, 90% of which has a particle size 20 mu. The coated web is dried and then impregnated with a high polymer soln. The impregnated web is rendered porous by elimination of solvent to form a separator.    The separator has excellent acid resistance.
Process for mfg. electrodes or plates for lead accumulators, and more partic. plates of the dry charged type, involves first forming the plates electrochemically before connecting them up in the accumulator container. To reduce pollution caused by generation of dust contg. lead from these plates, the plates are covered, after their electrochemical formation, with a thin film of hydrophilic prod., pref. polyvinyl alcohol or polyacrylamide, which can subsequently dissolve rapidly in the electrolyte while penetrating minimally into the plates.    In the process of coating the plates, the hydrophilic prod. is pref. dispersed in water to form a viscous gel which is then deposited on the plates, and dried to eliminate the water. The amt. of polyacrylamide dispersed in the water is pref. 0.3-2 esp. 0.5-1 wt. % The amt. of polyvinyl alcohol dispersed in the water is pref. 2-10 esp. 3-6 wt. %.
Microporous material is prepd. by (a) forming a uniform mixt. of plasticiser-free PVC, an organic solvent for PVC. and a removable particulate filler, (b) shaping the mixt., and (c) coagulating the PVC by means of an agent which is at least partly miscible with the solvent and, either at the same time or later, removing the filler, leaving the microporous PVC. The ratio by wt. of filler: PVC is 6.5-20:1 (8-13:1). The particle size of the filler is 5-200 um.    The material has higher permeability and vol. porosity, and lower pore size. The pore size can be controlled.
Electrode for a fuel cell consists of an electrically conducting grid in the form of a basket. The grid is made of Al, Cu, stainless steel or a highly conductive polymer selected from polyethylene loaded with carbon particles and PVC loaded with Cu particles. The electrode includes redox, catalyst, uncoated, deposited in the basket, and consisting of Raney Ni, metallic Ni, reduced Ni2O3, Pd, Pt, Pt black, Cu and Fe salts and active carbon.    By containing the catalyst in a basket, it does not have to be adhered to the electrode with adhesive, or coated so that it is retained on the surface. Hence the inhibiting effects of the adhesive and/or coating are eliminated, with an effective increase in the catalytically active surface.
A new depolariser for a Li prim. cell comprises a pelletised, particulate mixt. of (1) iodine, pref. of size -100 mesh; (2) either poly-2-vinylpyridine or poly-2-vinylquinoline of mol.wt. &gt;1000, pref. of size -170 mesh; and (3) a charge transfer complex of (1) and (2), in which the wt. ratio of iodine to total organic is from 3-30:1, pref. from 15-26:1.    Used in watches, calculators and heart pacers. Depolariser has better end of life characteristics than the prior plastic depolariser with an equiv. amt. of iodine.
Impregnated paper is mfd. from paper material composed of high yield pulp (A) of 60% yield to wood, and cellulose fibres (B) and contg. reduced lignin and having freeness 500-750 ml.    The cellulose fibres includes dissolved pulp, bleached kraft pulp, bleached sulphide pulp, refined linter and/or regenerated cellulose. The high yield pulp of 60% yield to wood is pulp contg. no tied fibres.    The resulting impregnated paper is used for making battery separator.
Method comprises partially giving an anti-hydrophilic property to the top one third of the catalyst container which is made of hydrophilic inorganic sintered material (e.g. an artificial corumdum, etc.) by impregnating the portion with a liq. silicone resin having a viscosity of 10-500 cs at 250 degrees C. and hardening the liq.    Containers made by the method effectively reduce oxygen and hydrogen gases produced when batteries are being charged, to water by means of a catalyst and so provide the battery with a longer life.
Microporous material is made by (a) prepg. a uniformly-dispersed mixt. of rigid PVC, organic solvent and extractable filler with near particle size 5-200 mum; (b) shaping the mixt. (usually into sheet); (c) coagulating the PVC with a mixt. of solvent and non-solvent for the PVC which is at least partially miscible with the solvent used in (a) and opt. contains dissolved filler as in (a), and (d) simultaneously or subsequently extracting virtually all the filler. Wt. ratio of solvent to polymer in (a) is 2-7:1 and wt. ratio of filler to polymer is 6.5-20:1. Compsn. of the mixt. lies within the specified points on a graph.    Used esp. as battery separators. Use of rigid PVC as polymer, high filler addns., and solvent/nonsolvent mixts. for coagulation gives materials with increased porosity and permeability, and lower average pore size, free from damaged pore structure.
In producing plate-type electrode for lead storage battery a mixt. of lead powder at least 70% oxidised with 0.1-3% wt. PTFE is heated and subjected to shear stresses to convert the PTFE into fibrous form. The heated mixt. is then applied to an electrode grid to form a unitary coherent structure.    The stability of the structure is maintained for longer periods during charging and discharging.
A laminate comprising a felt of metal carbon or graphite fibres is bonded to a intreous carbon substrate by forming a cured plastics substrate from a branched polyphenylene prepolymer having a number average molecular weight of 500-800 and having terminal acetylene functionality, interposing a layer of soln. of the above prepolymer comprising 1 to 60 parts by wt. of prepolymer t 100 pts. of the soln. between the substrate and a felt to be bonded to it, and heating the assembly so formed in an inert atmosphere at 800 degrees C to convert both the soln. and the substrate to a vitreous carbon form.    The vitreous carbon adhesive is extremely strong and corrosion resistant. The invention finds particular use in making current collector/back.
The cathode may be solid pyridinium bromode perbromide mixed with liq. Br2 and the operative surface of the Li anode may be coated with an organic electron donor material such as polyvinyl pyridine.    Cell has high energy density and current output and can operate at relatively low temp., e.g. 37 degrees F.
A vented container comprises a vessel contg. an acidic aq. soln. The vessel has an aperture with a closure device for sealing it. The closure device includes a body of a first material having a free surface facing the liquid and having venting passages of width 10-200 mu therethrough. This material is not wettable by the soln.    The closure device includes engaging means for sealing the vessel, comprising a shell of a second material which is non-porous and a gasket consisting of a cross-linked ethylene propylene diene terpolymer (EPDM).    Used for lead acid storage batteries, particularly those intended for long service life such as standby batteries in telephone officeS. The maximum width of 200 mu closes the container to soln. spillage but allows venting of gas. The liquid does not form a film on the inner surface of the non-wettable material so that the venting passages do not become blocked. The acid soln. will leach most antioxidants and antiozonants from the rubber of the gasket, but the EPDM resists O2 and O3 without such additives.
A resin compsn. comprises a mixt. of a phenol-aldehyde resole resin and a reaction prod. of a polypropylene glycol contg. sec. OH gps. and maleic anhydride.    The compsn. is useful for impregnating cellulosic fibrous permable battery separators. The impregnated separator is rewetted rapidly by the battery acid soln. The electrical resistance of the separator reaches its min. value well within 10 mins. after addn. of the acid to the battery, allowing almost immediate use of the 'dry-charge' Pb-acid battery without harming the separator or battery.    The use of R(O2CR'CO2H)n, where R is the monoester residue of a polypropylene glycol contg. sec. OH gps. R' is 2C alkyl, and n = 1-10 (not greater than the number of sec. OH gps.) or R2(O2CR'CO2)R2 where R2 is the diester residue of a polypropylene glycol contg. sec. OH gps. as the reaction prod. and a resole resin of number average mol. wt. &lt;300, water tolerance &gt;50% and formaldehyde/phenol ratio 1.0-3.0:1 is claimed.
A moulded metal oxide electrode contains a minor amt. of an ethylene-acrylic acid polymer. The electrode is useful in electrochemical cells e.g. of the alkaline type employing a Zn anode and KOH electrolyte.    The polymer gives the material lubricity and cohesion so that it can be moulded easily into an inflexible body which can be handled readily. It does not adversely affect the shelflife of the cell employing the electrode or the unipotential discharge characteristic. Porous electrodes with good electrolyte absorption characteristics can be made.
Alkali storage battery comprises a casing in which an electrode prepd. from active material of cadmium hydroxide is fitted as 1 cathode(s) and an electrode prepd. from active material of nickel hydroxide or silver hydroxide is fitted 1 anode(s) and the cathode(s) is/are sped. from the anode(s) by a porous insulating separators impregnated with carbon powder and coated with polystyrene or polytetrafluoroethylene as a water repelling agent.    The alkali storage battery can be charged from external source without generating hydrogen gas.
Ni-Cd cell electrode is produced by adding both conduction material and water soluble resin powder (5 wt.%) to active material and moulding under pressure.    For example, CdO powder 80 pts. wt., Ni powder 20 pts. wt., polyvinylalcohol powder 1 pt. were milled for 2 hrs. in V-blender, then moulded at 100kg/cm2. The electrode had electrolyte retentivity 0.60 cc after immersed in KOH liquid (s.g. 1.30) for 1 hr. compared with 0.30 cc. for an electrode composed of CdO 80, Ni 20.
In an electrode for a fuel cell comprising a mixt. of electrically conductive powder and a binder held by an electrically conductive substrate, part of the electrically conductive powder consists of amorphous metal. The amorphous metal is pref. Ag or Ni and produced by vapour deposition and rapid cooling in inert gas. The binder is catalyst-deposited active carbon and TFE.    This electrode for a fuel cell has high performance and long service life. In an example, amorphous Ag powder is produced by vapour-depositing Ag metal on a Ni cover, rapidly cooling the deposited Ag metal and powdering the amorphous Ag metal. The amorphous Ag powder and a suspension contg. a small amt. of Pt- and Pd-deposited active carbon and TFE fine powder are mixed to prepare a coating material. The coating material is coated on a Ni net. The coated Ni net is pressed into a thin plate. The thin plate is heated at 200-300 degrees C to fabricate an electrode for a fuel cell.
Closed alkaline cell is produced by incorporating (e.g. by welding) cathode outer can having bending part on the can terminal and cathode inner can having no bending part where nondrying water-repellant material such as polybutene resin, polyamide resin, blown asphalt, silicone grease is filled between the cathode outer can and the cathode inner can.    Electrolyte liquid leakage is easily prevented.
The separator comprises (1) layer(s) coated with mixt. of (a) organic solvent-soluble and alkaline-aq. soln.-insoluble material and (b) a surfactant on one or both surfaces of a thin ion-permeable synthetic resin layer and (2) thin cellophane layer laminated on the coated surface(s).    The prodn. is simple and easy. The surfactant enables the separator to have similar electrical resistance as conventional laminated separator.
The separator is produced from a porous foil consisting of a polyolefin, (I), having a Mw, &lt;300,000 (85,000-250,000); a Mn 15000 (17000-50000); thickness is 0.025-1 (0.03-0.3) mm; porosity 50-80 (55-75)%; average pore dia. 0.05-0.5 (0.08-0.3) mu; average ratio of highest pore orifice dimension to smaller dimension 2 (&lt;1.5) electrical resistance 0.00005-0.0005 dm2/0.1 mm.    The separator has high heat shrinkage, low electrical resistance and high resistance to alkali; prevents passage of active battery materials and also has a high strength and flexibility. Pref. porous foil has heat shrinkage &lt;6% after 30 min. immersion in an aq. KOH soln. having specific wt. 1.3 at 105 degrees C.
Ag peroxide cell comprises (a) cathode active material consisting of Ag peroxide; (b) anode active material consisting of Zn; (c) an alkaline electrolyte contg. Na chloraurate (I).    Addn. of (I) to the alkaline electrolyte, suppresses decompsn. of the Ag peroxide. Swelling of the cell and leakage of electrolyte is prevented.    In an example, anode active material contained Zn, CMC and Na polyacrylate, and the cell included a separator consisting of sheets of cellophane and non-woven vinyl fabric.
Polyethylene film is brought into contact with a mixed soln. contg. acrylic acid, water, ethylene dischloride and ferrous salt or cupric salt while irradiating with ionising radiation. Separator is thus mfd. by graft polymerisation due to the ionising radiation.    Separator is obtd. comprising a graft polymerised film having excellent uniformity.
The battery has a casing with a lid, and contains a repeated stack of a positive electrode plate which is porous and contains silver; and inert polymer separator permitting Ag ion diffusion but not the formation of an Ag layer on the separator; a porous, fully-activated negative plate of sintered iron particles with average dia. 10-275 x 10-6 m; and an electrolyte liq. which is a 10-50 wt. % aq. KOH soln. contg. 2.5-65 g/l LiOH.    The negative plate is pref. 0.6-3.8 mm thick, with 50-95% porosity, contg. a metal grid and Fe obtd. by thermal redn. of Fe2O3; positive plate is pref. free from activators contg. sulphur and also free from molten grains. Separator is pref. a multilayer structure of polypropylene films, viz. a microporous film and a film with 60-90% porosity.    The accumulator has high energy density and need no extended forming operation in mfr.
The rechargeable power cell includes a negative electrode having a catalyst capable of dissociating H2 to monatomic H, comprising an unalloyed compsn. of LaNi5 capable of absorbing or desorbing H within the negative electrode structure in response to changes in pressure in the cell.    The cell comprises a sealed container contg. positive electrode(s) having a reoxidisable oxidising agent, pref. NiOOH, HgO2, MnO2 or AgO2, negative electrodes of catalyst/binder stacked within the container and sepd. by insulators, pref. from nylon, asbestos or K titanate, and an electrolyte, pref. KOH.    The negative electrode catalyst also provides H2 storage, eliminating separate H2 store requirement, with need for separate absorption/desorption. Vol. and cost are reduced. Used of LaNi5 provides a thermal advantage, as it absorbs 7.2kcal./mole H2 on discharge, reducing heat generated.
An air positive electrode of active carbon, an amalgamated Zn negative electrode, an electrolyte contg. small amt. of Zn acid ions, and porous granules of potassium hydroxide as electrolyte to solidify it.    Since small amt. of Zn acid ions such as zinc oxide is added to the electrolyte, the granules of the regenerating agent are prevented from unwanted collapse. Therefore, even if the porosity of the regenerating agent is increased the regenerating performance of the electrolyte is maintained for a long time to increase the discharge current and capacity of the battery.
Mfg. comprises coating an impregnating sheet regularly with an adhesive agent such as vinyl chloride adhesive and an electrolytic soln. contg. NH4Cl and ZnCl2. The impregnating sheet is folded as the laminated layers and the laminated layers is put in a battery case and then, doubled electrode pieces, anodic collector and cathodic collector are fitted inside the battery case.    The laminated layer type of electric battery can be produced at low cost and it has a constant electromotive force.
Mfr. comprises depositing a thin pasty layer consisting of an alkaline resistant thermoplastic resin contg. oxide or hydroxide of Bi or Cd as its main ingredient on a metallic core body (e.g. Cu punched metal); reducing the oxide or hydroxide of Bi or Cd contained in the thin pasty layer so as to form a porous metallic layer consisting of Bi or Cd; and mounting Zn anode mixt. sheets onto both sides of the metallic core body using a binding agent consisting of a fluorocarbon resin.    One to the presence of the porous metallic Bi or Cd layer on the metallic core body, the Zn anode mixt. sheets can strongly adhere to the metallic core body. This permits good electrical connection of the sheets to the metallic core body.
Method comprises (a) forming a porous layer of an acid resistant resin on each surface of cathode plates, (b) assembling anode plates, cathode plates and separators into a cell unit comprising the anode and cathode plates and separators, each separator being disposed between cathode and anode plates, (c) subjecting the cell unit to anodising treatment, and (d) rinsing the cell unit with water.    The porous layer may be formed by depositing an acid resistant thermoplastic resin layer on the surface of the cathode plate, and heating the resin layer at a temp. above the melting point of the resin.
A coating consisting of fatty acid system polyamide resin contg. a solvent (e.g. phenol and cresol) whic dissolves nylon polyamide resin is formed on an insulating packing body consisting of nylon polyamide resin. The amine value of the fatty acid system polyamide resin is 20, and the m.pt. of the fatty acid system polyamide resin is 120-180 degrees C.    The insulating packing is arranged between a metallic sealing plate and a metallic casing. The open end of the casing is bent toward the sealing plate to hermetically seal.    Since the solvent dissolves the surface of the insulating packing body when the coating is deposited on the insulating packing body, the fatty acid system polyamide resin can strongly adhere to the insulating packing body, and the metallic casing and plate can intimately adhere to the coating.
A coating, consisting of a mixt. of low m.pt. nylon (I) and low m.pt. fatty acid polyamide resin, is formed on insulating packing of nylon (II). The m.pt. of (I) is lower than that of (II).    Pref., the m.pt. of (I) is 280-220 d egrees C and that of (II) is 150-90 degrees C; and the fatty acid polyamide resin has a m.pt. of 180-90 degrees C. The mixt. consists of 1 pts. wt. nylon and 1-4 pts. wt. fatty acid polyamide resin. The insulating packing is arranged between a metallic sealing plate and a metallic casing. The open end of the casing is bent toward the sealing plate to hermetically seal it.    The metallic casing can be hermetically sealed without liq. leakage.
Inner (I) and outer (II) coating are formed on an insulating packing body of nylon-system polyamide, resin. (I) is of nylon-system polyamide resin which has a m.pt. lower than that of the insulating packing body, and (II) is of fatty acid system polyamide resin.    The m.pt. of the insulating packing body is pref. 280-220 degrees C, and the m.pt. of the outer and inner coatings is pref. 150-90 degrees C. The insulating packing is arranged between a metallic sealing plate and a metallic casing. The open end of the metallic casing is bent toward the metallic sealing plate to form a hermetic seal.    The presence of (II) having a relatively high viscosity in comparison with that of (I) ensures that the metallic casing can be hermetically sealed without liq. leakage.
Inner (I) and outer (II) coatings are formed on an insulating packing body. (I) and (II) are of fatty acid system polyamide resin. The amine value of (I) is lower than that of (II). The amine value of (I) is pref. 40-1 and the amine value of (II) is pref. 120-50.    The insulating packing is arranged between a metallic sealing plate serving as a negative terminal and a metallic casing serving as a positive electrode. The open end of the casing is bent towards the sealing plate to form a hermetic seal.    The metallic casing includes a cathode mixt., a separator, an electrolyte carrying member and a cathode mixt.    The presence of (II) which has a relatively low melting temp. an a relatively high viscosity in comparison with that of a low amine value, enables hermetic sealing of the metallic casing without liq. leakage.
A partition film having an electron transmitting property and a photoelectric effect is used. A redox element or a redox substance is provided on both the sides of the partition film. This film is a synthetic resin film contg. chlorophyll and carotenoid. The partition film may be made of a photoconductive resin contg. dye and paint. The partition film may be made of a metal contg. dye and paint. The partition film may be made of an electron transmitting resin contg. dye and paint. A photoelectric effect and a photoelectric charging effect are produced by external light.    Both the function of photoelectric element and the function of sec. battery are fulfilled. Inexhausted solar energy and indoor light can be used, thereby making this battery semipermanent.
The separator comprises a plastic film graft-copolymerised by monomers. One of the monomers is acrylic acid or methacrylic acid and the other is hydroxyalkyl ester of acrylic acid or hydroxyalkyl ester of methacrylic acid. The film is polyethylene, polypropylene, polyester, PVC, PVC or polycarbonate.    The separator prevents short circut between electrodes of the battery.
The separator comprises laminated mixed papers consisting 5 to 20 wt. % acrylic fibres, 40 to 70 wt. % thermoplastic synthetic fibres and is approx. 15 to 45 wt. % of acid resistant inorganic fibre or powder. The mixed papers are laminated and pressed at approx. 130 degrees C - 160 degrees C to form the separator.    In an example acrylic fibres were crushed mechanically to form fibrils. The acrylic fibrils (10 wt. %), polyethylene fibres (40 wt. %), PVC fibres (20 wt. %), glass fibres (10 wt. %) and silicic acid powder of particle size of 1 mu m (20 wt. %) were mixed to form the papers. The papers were laminated and heated at 140 degrees C. Then the laminated papers were pressed to form the separator of 0.4 mm thickness with a specific gravity of 0.45 g/cc. The separator was placed between the electrodes in a battery case.
The method comprises (1) adding PTFE to the activator consisting of Ag2O and/or AgO, (2) mixing the activator with higher alcohol to form a mixture, (3) pressing the mixture with a roller to form a sheet, (4) drying and cutting the sheet to form disc plates of the positive electrode activator, (5) placing the plate of the activator in a positive electrode case, (6) laminating a separator and a negative electrode activator in order of the plate and (7) covering the case with a cap contact with the negative electrode activator to seal the case.    The PTFE in the plate solidifies the Ag2O or AgO powder firmly.
The battery is placed in a positive electrode case, covered with a negative electrode cap. An insulating sealing packing is inserted between the case and the cap. A coating layer is coated on 1 part of the packing. The coating layer is contact with an outer surface of the cap and consists of a blown asphalt layer, a silicon oil layer and polyamide or epoxy resin layers.    The coating layer prevents the leakage of the electrolyte from the case and the coating layer prevents the self-discharge effectively. The insulating packing consists of a resin or a rubber selected from PTFE, polyfluoropropylene, polyethylene, polyamide resin and chloroprene rubber. A positive electrode activator consists of Ag2O or AgO. A negative electrode activator consists of amalgamated Zn. An electrolyte of the battery consists of KOH soln..
The batter is placed in a positive electrode case, and the case is covered with a negative electrode cap. An insulating sealing packing is inserted between the case and cap, and a layer is coated on 1 part of the packing. The coating layer is contacted with an inner surface of the case or with an outer surface of the cap. The coating layer consists of silicon oil and polybutadiene bonding agent.    The coating layer prevents leakage of the electrolyte from the case and the coating layer prevents self-discharge. The insulating packing consists of a resin a rubber selected from PTFE, polyfluoropropylene, polyethylene, polyamide resin and chloroprene rubber. The positive electrode activator consists of Ag2O or AgO, and the negative electrode activator consists of amalgamated Zn. The electrolyte consists of KOH soln..
The separator consists of a porous polyethylene film graft-copolymerised with vinyl monomer. The holes in the polyethylene film have dias. of 10-100 angstroms. The rate of graft-polymerisation of the film is 50-90%. The separator prevents self-discharge effectively.    In an example the porous polyethylene film has a thickness of 25 mu m. The film is immersed in an soln. of about 30% acrylic acid at 80 degrees C. for 2 hours to polymerise the film with the rate of polymerisation of 55%. A positive electrode activator 7 of AgO is placed in a positive electrode case. A silver layer is formed on the activator. The separator of graft polymerised polyethylene film is placed on the silver layer.
The battery has a positive electrode case covered with a negative electrode cap. An insulating sealing packing is inserted between the case and cap. A coating layer is coated on at least one part of the packing. The coating layer is in contact with an inner surface of the case or with an outer surface of the cap. The coating layer consists of conductive resin with a resistivity &lt;1 OMEGA cm.    The coating layer prevents leakage of electrolyte from the case and self-discharge. The insulating packing is PTFE, polyfluoropropylene, polyethylene, polyamide resin or chloroprene rubbber. The positive electrode activator consists of Ag2O or AgO and the negative electrode activator consists of amalgamated zinc. The electrolyte is KOH soln..
The battery comprises a positive electrode activator consisting of Zn and further contg. Sn and Hg, an alkaline electrolyte, and a negative electrode activator consisting of Ag2O and AgO and further contg. 1 additive selected from MnO2, V2O5, RuO.XH2O, HgO, PbO, Pd(OH), CuO, Co(OH)2 and NiOOH. A typical electrolyte consists of 75 wt. % of Zn, 15 wt.% of Sn, 75 wt.% of Hg. 0.2 wt.% of Na polyacrylate and 2.3 wt.% of carboxymethylcellulose.    The Sn or Hg in the positive electrode decreases the discharge voltage of the battery when approaching flatness so that flatness of the battery is easily detected by the measurement of the discharge voltage.
The positive electrode comprises a positive electrode activator consisting of Ag2O or AgO; an active layer of silver chromate, silver nitrite, silver sulphte, lead dioxide or nickel dioxide, formed on a positive electrode case; and a porous silver layer formed between the positive electrode activator and the active layer.    Due to the presence of the active layer, the discharge voltage of the storage battery at the last time is increased, so that the last time of the battery is easily detected.
The watch uses, as a power source, a silver oxide storage battery contained inside the watch. The storage battery has a cover consisting of ion-exchange resin covering a gasket of the battery or it has an ion-exchange resin layer covering at least part of the battery. Terminals of the storage battery can be corroded by a leaking electrolyte in the storage battery. The cover or the ion-exchange resin layer prevents the corrosion of the terminals effectively.
Battery comprises a negative electrode with an activator of light metals, a positive electrode with a positive activator, and an electrolyte contg. 0.05-2.0 wt.% of a cpd. with two tert. amino radicals per molecule. The cpd. is selected from N, N, N', N'-tetramethylethylene diamine, N, N, N', N'-tetramethyl trimethylene diamine and N, N'-dimethyl piperazine. Organic solvent for the electrolyte is propylene carbonate or gamma-butyrolactone. The negative electrode activator is Li or Mg. Pref. the positive electrode consists of 100 pts. wt. carbon fluoride, 11 pts. wt. acetylene black and 20 pts. fluorocarbon polymer bonding agent.    The cpd. in the electrolyte is absorbed by the surface of the negative electrode activator to form a waterproof layer which prevents the interaction of water in the electrolyte and the negative electrode to decrease impedance and to improve discharge property.
Positive electrodes for non-aq. cells, made from a mixt. of (A) MnO2 powder, (B) a binder and (C) a soln. of thickener to increase viscosity, which is coated on a carrier layer, are first heated in an oxidising atmos. at the decompsn. temp. of (C) and then in vacuum at the m.pt. of (B).    Redn. of MnO2 during decompsn. of thickener (C) with loss of discharge capacity of the cell is prevented, giving cells which maintain their voltage for 1 nger periods.    Used in cells contg. light metals, e.g. Li, Na or Al as negative electrode and organic solvent, e.g. propylene carbonate or gamma-butyrolactone with L i perchlorate or fluoroborate, as electrolyte.
The lead storage cell consists of a paste type positive electrode plate, a paste type negative electrode plate, and a gelling electrolyte serving also as a separator. The electrode plates are provided with porous thin films of thermoplastic resin material on the surface.    The thermoplastic resin material is pref. polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene or PVC. The gelling electrolyte is pref. a mixt. of colloidal silicic acid and sulphuric acid.    Ther thermoplastic resin porous thin film prevents hardening or removal of active material of the electrode plate and so reduces lowering of discharge capacity after repeated charging and discharging. A separator member is not required and degradation of discharge capacity is eliminated.
Zn-alkaline sec. cell has a separator in which (1) olefin type resin contg. alkaline earth metal oxide and/or hydroxide is coated on olefin type resin layer surface having fine pores of average dia. 0.1 mu, and (2) the alkaline earth metal content in the coating layer is 200-10000 pts. wt. per 100 pts. wt. of the olefin resin.    Internal resistance of the cell is reduced and heavy load characteristics are improved. The cell characteristics are stable after many charge-discharge cycles.
By sulphonation, the polyolefin fibres are well dispersed in water to give a separator of uniform compsn. Due to the improved affinity for electrolyte, low electric resistance is attained. Due to high m.pt. heat resistance is improved. Due to high strength, a thin battery can be obtd.    In an example, polyethylene fibres (dia. 12u and length 0.7 mm) 10 pts. wt. were immersed in 100 pts. wt. of chlorosulphonic acid at 60 degrees C for 1 hr., washed with acetone and with water to give polyethylene sulphonate fibres (wt. increase ratio 56%).    The fibres were made into paper and pressed at 165 degrees C using a press-roller to give a sheet. The separator obtd. from the sheet had electric resistance 0.0006 (OMEGA/cm2/sheet) and tensile strength 0.51 kg/cm2, cf. 0.0014 OMEGA/cm2/sheet and 0 33 kg/cm2 for a separator obtd. from polyolefin fibre.
Before forming the anode plate or the cathode plate is immersed in 4 wt. % acid-resistant synthetic resin powder-dispersion liquid contg. surfactant and then dried. This prevents peeling-off of active material in the automatic prodn. of electrodes. Hence, the fabrication process is accelerated.    In an example, a non-formed anode and a non-formed cathode were immersed in resin dispersing liquid and then dried at 60 degrees C for 30 mins. Then, they were fabricated in a battery cell and bonded with terminals or a cover and formed into a battery. Ethylene tetrafluoride-propylene hexafluoride copolymer (0.1-0.5 mu powder) was used as the resin, which was dispersed in amt. 0.1-10% by wt.
In a silver oxide battery, the cathode used consists of silver oxide having a graphite layer, amorphous carbon having been removed. The graphite layer has surface in opposition to an anode mix. The sodium carbonate is produced by the interaction of NaOH in an alkaline electrolyte and graphic acid due to oxidn. of graphite.    In an example 0.5 kg of graphite powder is added to 5 1 of a 10% NaOH aq. soln. contg. 5% of H2O2. The mixed soln. is heated at 70 degrees C for 1-2 hours and cooled by water flow. The soln. is filtered to obtain graphite powder, which is dried at 50-70 degrees C for several hours. 94.5 wt. % of silver oxide and 0.3 wt. % of sodium polyacrylate are mixed and kneaded. 2.7 wt. % of graphite powder is placed on the mixt. and pressed at 7 ton/cm2 to form a cathode having a graphite layer.
A cathode mix consists of silver (per)oxide and manganese dioxide. The theoretical capacity of the silver (per)oxide is made equal to that of the zinc as main component of the anode mix. The amt. of manganese dioxide used is 0.5-15% of the total theoretical capacity of the cathode mix.    The process makes it possible to prevent expansion of the alkaline battery and reduce a cost.
Positive electrode for a cell with an Li (alloy) negative electrode and a fused LiCl/KCl entectic mixt. electrolyte is made by (a) mixing Cu, Fe, Co or Ni sulphide or a mixt of these, with a cellulose, polyethylene, NH4HCO3, AlCl3, lignin sulphonat or pregelled starch filler, (b) pressing to shape.    Process further comprises (c) impregnating with a phenolformaldehyde or furan based resin, in soln. or hot melt under alternate cycles of vacuum and pressure, (d) cross-linking at 100-200 degrees C for 1-12 hrs. (e) repeating the impregnation until resin content is about 15 wt.% of total solids, and (f) carbonising in the mould by heating to &lt;1000 degrees C in an inert atmos. for 3-6 days.    Electrode has long life and is low cost.
A plastics battery container has a metal terminal cast in situ in an aperture in its walls. The container has concentric ridges and grooves around the aperture to which the molten metal keys. The terminal has an elongated flat section abutting the inner surface of the container wall, a section passing through the aperture, and an annular section engaging the outer surface of the container wall aound the aperture.    The terminal is pref. pressure cast in a mould, which together with the surfaces of the container, define a mould cavity. The hot metal, although it melts the adjacent plastics material, acts as a mould surface to prevent the plastics from spreading. A good bond is made when the metal and the plastics cool.    The invention avoids the use of the welding techniques of the prior art. The invention has been found partic. useful with polypropylene containers having a wall thickness down to 0.1''.
The cell comprises an ion exchange membrane defining electrode compartments, an aq. SnBr2 and/or ZnI2 electrolyte, and an electrode substrate in each compartment, at least one electrode substrate, pref. both, consisting of vitreous C, typically a vitreous C foam. In one embodiment, the cell membrane is made of sulphonated TFE and the electrolyte is aq. ZnBr2.    Vitreous C electrodes show no sign of degradation after repeated charging and discharging of the cell.
A button type alkaline cell is made by preparing an anode mixture of zinc amalgamated powder, and a gelling agent consisting of CMC and Na polyacrylate, mixing zinc oxide (ZnO) or zinc hydroxide (Zn(OH)2) powder into the anode mixture powder, weighing the mixture powder in an anode can, and then supplying an electrolyte solution (e.g. NaOH) into the mixed powder.    Disadvantages of H2 gas generation are eliminated by adding ZnO or Zn(OH)2 powder to suppress the dissolution reaction of Zn.
The packing is pref. used in a silver oxide cell or a mercury cell used in a wrist watch. No gap between the packing and anode and cathode cans is formed after use, so eliminating electrolyte leakage.
A mixt. contg. amalgamated zinc powder, bridged copolymer powder contg. one of alkylene oxide, polyester and polyphenol, and acrylic acid, and aq. soln. of alkali is used as cathode.    The copolymer powder has high electrolyte absorption. The alkali-resistance is improved. The viscosity of gel does not fall and the dispersion retaining power for the zinc powder is improved. The quick discharge and the low-temp. discharge property after assembling the battery are improved.
Battery comprises silver peroxide anode depolarising mixt.; zinc cathode depolarising mixt.; and additives contg. lithium chloro-aurate as main constituent dissolved in an alkaline electrolyte. The amt. of gas produced is suppressed and the stability of the battery is improved.    In an example, a separator is made of cellophane and non-wovon 'vinylon' (RTM). An anode depolarising mix is made by using 'Teflon' (RTM) as a binder for a mixture of silver peroxide and silver oxide. A cathode depolarising mix. is made of a mixt. contg. zinc, CMC as binder and sodium polyacrylate. A gasket is made of nylon. An anode can is plated with nickel on iron. A cathode can is made of stainless steel and copper laminated on each other. The electrolyte is produced by dissolving additives containing lithium chloroaurate as main constituent in a 40% potassium hydroxide soln. and is provided between the separator and the anode depolarising mixt.
Porous sheet is made by continuously spreading onto a conveyor a layer &lt;0.3048 mm deep of a blend of particles of PVC and of a material which can subsequently be removed by leaching and/or evaporation. The layer is sintered (at 210-213 degrees C) to obtain a coherent sheet which is cooled to 120-150 degrees C, then compressed to about half its original thickness and allowed to recover most (75-95%) of the compressive strain before being chilled.    Used for mfr. of sheet which can be cut into panels for microporous partitions for wet (Pb-Ca) accumulators, esp panels having a porosity of 24, pref. 24-60 Gurley units (i.e. 24-60 s to pass 300 ml air through a 16.13 mm2 orifice under a load of 141.7g on a 'Gurley' densitometer) and providing a good compromise of properties for electrical resistance, mechanical strength and low (&lt;0.00019 ohms/cm2) susceptibility to fouling by dendritic chemical deposits (vegetation).    Esp. suitable for mfr. of partitions &lt;0.386 mm thick, e.g. 0.2032-0.3048 mm thick with a mean pore size of about 7.5 mu m.
The anode is mfd. by (a) pressing a paste mix of noble metal powder, graphite powder and PTFE onto a screen current collector, (b) drying, nc) cathodically charging at 2.5-10mA/cm2 for 2-6 min. in a satd. soln. of Pb chloride, to deposit Pb through electrolysis, (d) anodically charging the electrode for 2-12 min. to oxidise Pb to PbO2 and (e) washing with distilled water and drying. Pref. the noble metal is Pt black and/or Pd black, opt. with traces of Ru.    The electrode is esp. useful for methanol-air and ethylene glycol-air fuel cells operating at ambient temps. about 22 degrees C. Noble metal loading is reduced, e.g. from 10 - 12mg/cm2 to 1.0-2.4 mg/cm2 without sacrificing performance characteristics w.r.t. current density.
Plastic mesh separators for chemical sources of electric current are formed in a machine, the inner die of which is fixed and has two diametrically opposite profiled grooves. The cylindrical mandrel length to dia. ratio is 10:1 and there are two diametrically opposite shoulders with coolant channels. The mandrel end is of section varying from cylindrical to plane with a constant perimeter length.
Only the fibre surface layer of the fabric is subjected to graft polymerisation. The separator has excellent oxygen permeability and hydrophilic properties. Since the separator has good wettability by an electrolyte, it prevents an increase in internal resistance of a battery.
A mixt. of powdered hydrogen-occluding alloy and an organic high polymer binder is deposited on an electrode support. The mixt. and the support are compressed at between the melting point of the binder and its decomposition temp. thereof to form one body.    Expansion of the hydrogen-occluding electrode and dropping of the hydrogen-occluding alloy from it are prevented.
Powder of acid-proof thermoplastic resin is deposited on a porous core member. Part of the porous core member is coated with the acid-proof thermoplastic resin by heating and melting the thermoplastic resin powder. Paste-like active material is coated and dried on the core member. The active material-coated core member is heated at more than the m.pt. of the thermoplastic resin. The acid-proof thermoplastic resin is polyethylene, polypropylene, an EVA copolymer, polystyrene on PVC.    Peeling of an active material layer from a core member is suppressed.
Amalgamated Zn powder is dispersed in a gel-like electrolyte. The dispersion is frozen, dried and then packed into an anode can. Water it poured into the anode can. An anode for an alkaline battery is automatically mfd. with safety without affection of Hg vapour from amalgamated Zn powder.    In an example, 5 wt.% of CMC is added to a 30% NaOH soln. satd. with ZnO to produce a gel-like electrolyte. Amalgamated Zn powder is added to and dispersed in the gel-like electrolyte to form a gel-like anode. The gel-like anode is frozen at -20 degrees C or below by dry ice and placed in a vessel connected to a cold trap and a vacuum pump. Acetone and dry ice are placed in the cold trap. The temp. of the cold trap is less than -70 degrees C. The vessel is evacuated by the vacuum pump. The gel-like anode is dried. The dried prod. is automatically weighed and packed into an anode can. Distilled water is then added to the anode can.
Plate comprises a porous base, an activator paste coated on the porous base and a protecting layer of acid proof porous resin thin layer (I) consisting of melted thermosetting resin powder. (I) is &lt;1.2 mm thick and consists of polyolefin, e.g. polyethylene, polypropylene or polystyrene.    The protecting layer prevents the self-discharge of the storage battery effectively. The activator paste is firmly adhered to the base by the protecting layer.
Alkaline battery is characterised in that gap between metal container and gasket and/or gap between metal sealing plate and gasket are sealed with two layers of sealing agent.    Lower amine-value aliphatic polyamide resin layer is provided on the surface contacting the metal container and/or the metal sealing plate, and higher amine-value aliphatic polyamide resin layer is provided on a surface contacting the gasket.    The layer has high adhesion strength to effectively prevent liq. leakage and the layer has appropriate elasticity.
Alkaline battery uses a sealing agent mainly composed of a copolymer of formula X-Y-X (where X is polystyrene, Y is polybutadiene or polyisoprene) in sealing area, comprising anode can, cathode can and packing which lie on the leakage path of alkaline electrolyte soln.    The sealing agent reduces discharge-capacity lowering or self-discharge increasing due to the sealing agent dissolution inside the battery, so that the liquid leakage is improved.
In an alkaline battery the gap between metal container and gasket, or gap between metal sealing plate and gasket, or gap between collector and gasket is sealed with polyamide resin. The polyamide resin has softening temp. 410-420 degrees C with heat under 1 kg pressure, good heat-resistance, good alkali resistance, high adhesion strength and good flexibility.
The gap between metal container and gasket or gap between metal sealing plate and gasket is sealed with a mixt. of aliphatic polyamide resin having both low amine value and high amine value.    The polyamide mixt. has high adhesion and appropriate flexibility. The battery had reduced liquid leakage compared with use of only one polyamide resin as sealant.
The polyimide resin layer has high adhesion to the terminal plate and high softening point, and reduces the liquid leakage. In an example, polyimide resin layer was provided on the terminal plate surface and then polyethylene or polypropylene resin mould is provided on the layer to form a gasket.    The battery had liquid leakage rate 0%, 4%, 8% after 60 days, 90 days, 120 days, compared with 3%, 7%, 31% for a battery having poisobutylene layer and 2%, 4%, 12% for battery having asphalt pitch layer.
The inner dia. is narrower than the outer dia. of sealing plate, unhardened sealing agent layer composed of aliphatic polyamide resin (amine value 8) is provided on the gasket inner surface and/or on the sealing plate brim surface, the gasket is inserted into sealing plate and the sealing layer surface is modified by utilising the elasticity of the gasket.    The high adhesion strength of the resin and appropriate elasticity of the gasket improve the liquid leakage under severe conditions.
Alkaline battery is produced by forming a gasket in which aliphatic polyamide (amine value 8) layer is provided on terminal plate surface and then resin mould is provided on the polyamide layer.    The resin has high adhesion strength to the terminal plate and high softening point, so that the resin layer is stable when the resin moulding is carried out to have high leakage resistance.
The gap between the metal container and gasket or between metal sealing plate and gasket is sealed with a mixt. of aliphatic polyamide resin (amine value 8) and isobutylene.    The sealant has high adhesive strength, flexibility and elongation.
Gap between metal container and gasket or gap between metal sealing plate and gasket, is sealed with a mixt. of aliphatic polyamide resin (amine value 8) and microcrystalline wax.    High adhesion strength, appropriate flexibility and water repellency of the sealing agent reduce battery liquid leakage under severe conditions.
Gap between metal container and gasket or gap between metal sealing plate and gasket is sealed with a mixt. of aliphatic polyamide resin (amine value 8) and asphalt pitch.    High adhesion strength and flexibility of the resin reduce battery liquid leakage under severe conditions. In an example, anode mainly composed of Ag2O, HgO, MnO, separator and liquid absorption paper were inserted in metal container. In the container opening metal sealing plate was inserted via synthetic resin gasket to seal the battery. At the opening internal surface and the metal sealing plate brim, a sealing agent layer comprising aliphatic polyamide resin 80 wt. % and asphalt pitch 20 wt. % was formed to seal the above gaps. No. liquid leakage was observed after 30 days at 60 degrees C, 80 R.H.
The gap between cathode terminal plate and gasket, gap between anode can and gasket, and gap between collector and gasket, are sealed with aliphatic polyamide resin having amine value 8.    The resin having high softening pt. and heat resistance reduces battery liquid leakage at high temp. In an example, the aliphatic polyamide resin was obtd. by reacting unsatd. aliphatic dicarboxylic acid with diamine (e.g. ethylene diamine or propylene diamine).
Sealing agent layer is formed on the contacting area of the gasket and the sealing plate. The sealing agent is aliphatic polyamide resin having amine value 8, The gasket is inlaid inside the sealing plate brim, and then the gasket and the sealing plate are sealed by softening the sealing agent with heat from outside of the contacting area to correct the sealing layer unevenness due to elasticity of the gasket.    The good adhesion, the alkaline resistance of polyamide resin and the gasket elasticity prevent battery liquid leakage.
Separator for use in an alkaline storage battery with a negative electrode activator of zinc and a positive electrode activator of Ag2O or AgO comprises a porous polyolefin sheet, of thickness of 10-50 mum. The polyolefin sheet comprises polyolefin film graft-polymerised with acrylic acid or acrylic acid ester monomer.    Pref. the 25 mum thick polyethylene film is crosslinked by the irradiation. The film is immersed in a soln. contg. 30 wt. % of acrylic acid monomer for 2 hours at 80 degrees C then film irradiated using cobalt 60., washed and dried. In the film, 30 wt. % of the monomer is graft-polymerised. Suitably four films are laminated to form the separator. In practice, the positive activator is placed in a positive electrode case; porous silver layer is formed on the positive activiator; the laminated separator is placed on the silver layer; an electrolyte impregnating sheet is placed on the separator; the negative activator is placed on the sheet; and the case is sealed by a negative electrode terminal.
The alkaline storage battery comprises a battery container contg. a battery element, a sealing plate covering the opening of the container, a sealing agent layer sealing the container, and a gasket placed between the sealing plate and the container.    The sealing agent layer is placed between the gasket and the sealing plate, or between the gasket and the container, or between the gasket and a collector of the battery element. The sealing agent layer consists of flexible ring of a fluoroalkoxy phosphazene polymer, e.g. of formula -(N=P(OCF3)2)-n.
The alkaline storage battery comprises a battery container contg. a battery element, a sealing plate covering the opening of the container, a sealing agent layer sealing the container, and a gasket placed between the sealing plate and the container.    The sealing agent layer is placed between the gasket and the sealing plate, or between the gasket and the container, or between the gasket and a collector of the battery element. The sealing agent layer consists of a waterproof polymer layer and an elastic layer of a fluoroalkoxy phosphazene polymer. The waterproof polymer is obtd. from a monomer of formula RfCH2. CH(OH)CH2OOCCR1=CH2, where Rf is a perfluoroalkyl radical with 3-21 normal chain carbons atoms and R1 is H or CH3. The phosphazene polymer is e.g. of formula -(N=P(OCF3)2)-n.
The alkaline storage battery comprises a battery container contg. a battery element, a sealing plate covering the opening of the container, a sealing agent layer sealing the container, and a gasket placed between the sealing plate and the container.    The sealing agent layer is placed between the gasket and the sealing plate, or between the gasket and the container, or between the gasket and a collector of the battery element. The sealing agent layer consists of an aliphatic polyamide resin layer and a fluoroalkoxy phosphazene polymer layer, e.g. of formula -(N=P(OCF3)2)-n.
The alkaline storage battery comprises a battery container contg. a battery element, a sealing plate covering the opening of the container, a sealing agent layer sealing the container, and a gasket placed between the sealing plate and the container.    The sealing agent layer is placed between the gasket and the sealing plate, or between the gasket and the container, or between the gasket and a collector of the battery element. The sealing agent layer consists of a low mol. wt. fluorocarbon polymer layer and a fluoroalkoxy phosphazene polymer layer, e.g. of formula -(N=P(OCF3)2)-n.
The alkaline storage battery comprises a battery container contg. a battery element, a sealing plate covering the opening of the container, a sealing agent layer sealing the container, and a gasket placed between the sealing plate and the container.    The sealing agent layer is placed between the gasket and the sealing plate, or between the gasket and the container, or between the gasket and a collector of the battery element. The sealing agent layer consists of an asphalt pitch layer and a fluoroalkoxy phosphazene polymer layer e.g. of formula -(N=P(OCF3)2)-n.
The alkaline storage battery comprises a battery container contg. a battery element, a sealing plate covering the opening of the container, a sealing agent layer sealing the container, and a gasket placed between the sealing plate and the container.    The sealing agent layer is placed between the gasket and the sealing plate, or between the gasket and the container, or between the gasket and a collector of the battery elemen. The sealing agent layer consists of an aliphatic polyamide resin and a phosphazene polymer with side-chain fluorohydrocarbon gps. e.g. of formula -(N=P(OCF3)2)-n.
The alkaline storage battery comprises a battery container contg. a battery element, a sealing plate covering the opening of the container, a sealing agent layer sealing the container, and a gasket placed between the sealing plate and the container.    The sealing agent layer is placed between the gasket and the sealing plate, or between the gasket and the container, or between the gasket and a collector of the battery element. The sealing agent layer consists of a low mol. wt. fluorocarbon polymer and a phosphazene polymer with side-chain fluorohydrocarbon gps., e.g. of formula -(N=P(OCF3)2)-n.
The battery comprises a battery container contg. a battery element, a sealing plate covering the opening of the container, a sealing agent layer sealing the container, and a gasket placed between the sealing plate and the container. The sealing agent layer is placed between the gasket and the sealing plate, or between the gasket and the container, or between the gasket and a collector of the battery element.    The sealing agent layer consists of asphalt pitch and phosphazene polymer with hydrocarbon fluorides at side chain. Example of the polymer is of formula (I), (II) or (III).    The sealing agent layer prevents leakage of an electrolytic soln. of the battery element from the opening of the container.
Process comprises coating the surface of a sponge like porous metallic body which is filled with active substance with a mixt. of electrolyte resistant thermoplastic resin powder and fibre material, and subjecting the body to a heat treatment at a temp. near the m.pt. of the thermoplastic resin.    In an embodiment, a sponge like nickel porous body filled with pasty active substance consisting of a powder mixt. of 90 pts.wt. of nickel hydroxide and 10 pts.wt. of nickel powder and a binder is coated with a mixt. of polyethylene powder and polyacrylnitrile fibre. The body is then heated at 130 degrees C in an air to form an electrode plate.
An insulating packing for an alkaline cell comprises an insulating packing body and double layer formed on the surface of the packing body. The double layer consists of an inner layer of fatty acid system polyamide resin and an outer layer of alkaline resisting higher fatty acid salt powder. The packing body consists of polyamide resin.    The insulating packing is used to form a seal between a metallic casing and a metallic sealing plate. The alkaline resisting higher fatty acid salt may consist of zinc sterate.
An insulating packing for an alkaline cell comprises an insulating packing body and double layer formed on the surface of the packing body, the double layer consisting of inner layer of fatty acid system polyamide resin and an outer layer of alkaline resisting high polymer resin powder. The insulating packing is used to seal between a metallic casing and a metallic sealing plate.    The alkaline resisting high polymer resin powder may consist of Teflon. The average particle size of the powder is 0.1-10 mu.    The alkaline cell has improved liquid leakage resistance.
Packing comprises an insulating packing body and a double layer formed on the surface of the packing body. The double layer consists of an inner layer of fatty acid system polyamide resin and an outer layer of bitumen. The packing is used as a seal between a casing serving as the cathode and a metallic sealing plate serving as the anode. The bitumen is asphalt or microcrystalline was.    The alkaline cell has improved liq. leakage resistance.
Insulating packing comprises an insulating packing body and double layer formed on the surface of the packing body. The double layer consists of fatty acid type polyamide resin, the melting temperature of the inner layer of the polyamide resin being higher than that of the outer layer.    The inner layer may consist of fatty acid type polyamide resin having a melting temp. of 200-130 degrees C. and the outer layer may consist of the resin having a melting temp. of 120-80 degrees C. The packing is used to seal between a casing serving as the cathode and a metallic sealing plate serving as the anode.    The alkaline cell with the insulating packing has an improved liquid leakage resistance.
An insulating packing for an alkaline cell comprises an insulating packing body and a coating consisting of a mixt. of fatty acid system polyamide resin and alkaline resistant powder formed on the surface of the insulating packing body. The insulating packing is used to form a seal between a metallic cell casing and an anode sealing plate.    The packing body may consist of Nylon. The alkaline resistant powder may consist of high polymer resin such as Nylon and polyethylene, inorganic compound such as inorganic barium compound, inorganic magnesium compound and silicate, and higher fatty acid salt such as zinc sterate. The insulating packing provides improved liquid leakage resistance.
An insulating packing for an alkaline cell comprises an insulating packing body coated with fatty acid system polyamide resin having ether bonding. The insulating packing is used to seal between a metallic cell casing and an anode sealing plate. The insulating packing body may consist of polyamide resin.    Since the interstices existing between the insulating packing and the sealing plate or the metallic casing can be filled with the coating of the fatty acid system polyamide resin having the ether bonding, leakage of the electrolyte of the cell can be completely prevented.
A film consisting of fatty polyamide resin with an amine value &lt;8 is formed on the peripheral part of a metallic sealing plate and/or the end portion of a metallic cell casing. A flexible film of fluorine resin having low degree of polymerisation is formed on the surface of a gasket facing the metallic casing and/or the metallic sealing plate.    Alkaline cell is sealed by bending the end of the casing with the film including a cathode, an anode and a separator towards the metallic sealing plate with the film through the gasket with the flexible film.    By the presence of the film and the flexible film at the sealing portion, the liq. leakage resistance of the cell can be improved.
A film consisting of fatty polyamide resin with an amine value &lt;8 is formed on the peripheral part of a metallic sealing plate and/or the end portion of a metallic cell casing. A flexible film consisting of polyisobutylene is formed on the surface of a gasket facing to the metallic casing and/or the metallic sealing plate. An alkaline cell is sealed by bending the end of the casing with the film including a cathode, an anode and a separator toward the metallic sealing plate with the film through the gasket with the flexible film.    By the presence of the film and the flexible film at the sealing portion, the liquid leakage resistance of the cell can be improved.
A film of fatty polyamide resin with an amine value &lt;8 is formed on the peripheral part of a metallic sealing plate and/or the end portion of a metallic cell casing. A flexible film of microcrystalline wax is formed on the surface of a gasket facing the metallic casing and/or the metallic sealing plate. An alkaline cell is sealed by bending the end of the casing contg. a cathode, an anode and a separator towards the metallic sealing plate with the film through the gasket with the flexible film.    The polyamide film and the flexible film at the sealing zone improve the liquid leakage resistance of the cell.
The interior of the watch case is filled inert gas e.g. N2, He, Ne, Ar, Kr or Xe. A typical battery used contains Zn/Hg anode, Ag2O cathode and 30% NaOH soln. and Na polyacrylate as electrolyte. The watch is e.g. assembled in a glove box contg. N2.    Oxygen gas around the alkaline battery is removed from the watch case. Battery is obtd. having excellent resistance to leakage of electrolyte because the etching rate of the battery case is very slow in the absence of O2. It is possible to prevent oxidation of electronic parts and components.
The battery includes a zinc anode, a cathode consisting mainly of Ag (II) oxide, and an alkaline electrolyte. The cathode consists of Ag (II) oxide contg. oxide of Sc, Y, La or Yb.    Generation of O2 from the Ag (II) oxide during high temp. preservation of the battery is prevented, thus preventing expansion and damage to the battery.
The inner diameter of a gasket is slightly smaller than the outer diameter of a closure plate. A peripheral portion of the closure plate is coated with an unhardened sealant. Before hardening of a sealant layer, the gasket engages with the closure plate. After a film of the sealant layer is corrected by utilisation of elasticity of the gasket, an alkaline electrolyte is poured into the inside of the closure plate.    The battery has excellent leak-proof characteristics. In an embodiment, a metal closure plate has a side wall the outer surface of which coated with a sealant of fatty polyamide, polyethylene or asphalt pitch to form a sealant layer. A gasket has a side wall and a receiving portion and is formed of synthetic resin having elasticity e.g. polyamide resin, polypropylene resin or polyethylene resin. When the gasket engages with the closure plate, the sealant layer is in intimate contact with the closure plate and the gasket.
A gasket for a battery consists of poly 1,4-cyclohexylene dimethylene suberamide produced by condensn. polymerisation of dicarboxylic acid and 1,4-cyclohexane bis(methylamide). This gasket is used in an alkaline battery or Leclanche's cell. It has excellent leakproof characteristics and improved elastic fatigue.    The poly 1,4-cyclohexylene dimethylene suberamide has the formula of.
An electrode substrate is immersed in a nickel nitrate soln. contg. ruthenium salt filled with active material by electrolysis. Pref. the ruthenium salt is ruthenium nitrate (Ru(NO3)3.6H2O) or ruthenium chloride (Rucl2).    Swelling of the nickel electrode and deposition of active material is prevented by use of this method.    In an example a Ni porous sintered substrate is made by coating a punched Ni plate with a mixt. of Ni powder and sodium salt of carboxymethylcellulose and sintering the coated plate. The Ni porous sintered substrate is immersed in a 3M-Ni(NO3)2 aq. soln. contg. 1-5 g/l of Ru(NO3)3.6H2O and having pH 1.0-2.0 to perform electrolysis. The Ni porous sintered substrate is filled with Ni(OH)2 as active material produced by the electrolysis of the Ni(NO3)2 aq. soln. The electrolysis is carried out at current density 70 Ma/cm2 and 60 degrees C.
Thermoplastic resin powder is deposited on a paste tyep electrode plate and melted by heating to form a microporous film. The electrode plate thus treated is impregnated with a dispersion or emulsion contg. thermoplastic resin powder and then dried. Thereafter, the resultant electrode plate is heated to melt the thermoplastic resin powder in the dispersion or emulsion.    Dropping off of active material from a paste type electrode plate is prevented by the microporous film. Pref. the thermoplastic resin powder is polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene or polyvinyl chloride.
A lead storage batter has paste type electrodes each having at its surface a porous layer produced by heating and melting thermoplastic resin powder, and wound in a vertical manner.    The thermoplastic resin powder is pref. PVC, polystyrene, polyethylene or polypropylene. The amount of thermoplastic resin powder present on the electrode plate is 1 to 20 mg per 1 cm2 of an appearant surface area.    When paste type electrodes are wound active materials are hardly peeled off from the electrodes.
An adherent film of fatty polyamide resin having an amine value of &lt;8 is formed on a peripheral portion of a metal closure plate and/or an open portion of a metal container. A soft film of asphalt pitch is formed on a surface of a gasket in contact with the metal closure plate or the metal container. The gasket is interposed between the metal closure plate and the metal container, so that the soft film is in contact with the adherent film.    Leakage of electrolyte from the battery is effectively prevented.
The isotope battery comprises a sealed radioactive isotope, sec. electron emitting sheet, and a dielectric layer with a dielectric constant &gt;20, such as TiO2 or BaTiO3. Radiation generated in the isotope hit the electron emitting sheet to emit sec. electrons which generate a voltage. The sec. electron emitting agent consists of Ag-Cs, AgCsCO2, Sb-Cs, Mg-Ag, Be-Cu or BaO.
The isotope battery comprises a sealed radioactive isotope and a sec. electron emitting sheet. Radiation generated in the isotope hit the electron emitting sheet to emit sec. electrons which generate a voltage. The sec. electron emitting sheet consists of Ag-Cs, AgCsO2, Sb-Cs, Mg-Ag, BeCu or BaO.
In an organic electrolyte battery comprises an anode using light metal e.g. Li as anode active material, a cathode using cupric oxide as main cathode active material, a separator sandwiched between the anode and the cathode, and an organic electrolyte, the packing densit of the active material to the effective inside capacity of the battery is 600-1000 mAh/cc.    This organic electrolyte battery has a max. energy density in discharging at a micro-current of 0 is approx. 700 mu A/cm2. In an example, a disc-shaped Li sheet anode is compressed on a Ni sponge welded to an anode case of stainless steel. A disc-shaped cathode of cupric oxide is fixed to a cathode case by a ring. A separator of non-woven fabric of polypropylene and electrolyte-holding material are placed on the cathode. A packing consists of polyethylene. An organic electrolyte is prepd. by dissolving Li perchlorate in propylene carbonate. The packing density of active material is 700-950 mAh/cc.
In a lead-acid battery, the tubes of an electrode plate are sealed closed at one by a synthetic resin strip, which is cast onto the ends of the filled tubes. The resins heated to attain a fused condition and sets on cooling without the presence of a hardener.    The strip is applied with a simple mould and the method is suitable for automation and consumes little time.
A one-piece moulded container, partic. for a hybrid vehicle battery, includes pairs of transverse partitions joined to the side walls, sepg. two adjacent compartments and defining a narrow planar air flow passage. Each pair is joined at the top to form a central single-thickness section sepg. spaced passages.    The side walls pref. have slot openings to the passages to permit air flow and the single-thickness sections have apertures for electrical connections between compartments, each holding battery grids and electrolyte. The arrangement provides uniform temp. in each cell and very short electrical connections to minimise resistance and heat generation and to improve efficiency.
The battery comprises a stack in which positive metal oxide electrodes are sepd. from lanthanum-nickel hydride negative electrodes by separators which on opposite sides of a positive electrode differ widely in gas permeability. The stack also includes a catalytic oxygen reduction electrode adjacent to a metal oxide electrode and held at the same potential as the negative electrode.    Pref. a low oxygen permeability separator is disposed on each side of a hydride electrode; suitable separators being fuel cell asbestos or potassium titanate. The oxygen redn. electrode may be of carbon black bonded to a Ni scr een.    Oxygen liberated at the oxide electrode is forced by the low permeability separator to pass directly to the reduction electrode where it is rapidly reduced. Excessive pressure build up is therefore avoided, as is contamination of the hydride electrode by oxygen.
Amalgamated Zn alloy contg. &lt;1 wt% Te is pref. used. In an embodiment, Zn alloy contg. 0.2 wt % Te and 5 wt % Hg is pulverised and moulded to provide a negative electrode for mercury batteries. For providing a negative electrode for Ag-Zn battery, 80 wt pts. powdered Zn alloy contg. 0.3 wt % Te is mixed with 10% polyvinyl alcohol aqs soln. contg. polyvinyl chloride fibres 3-5 mm length to form a paste, which is coated on a Ag net and dried.
Separator which selectively porous to electrolyte, consists of a copolymer which comprises a non-hydrolysable and non-oxidisable polymer (A) of relatively high mol wt., carrying pendant chain terminal polar radicals. This copolymer forms a barrier to the penetration of free Zn. The polymer (A) is pref. polyethylene, polypropylene, or polystyrene, and has over mol. wt. 20,000, pref. copolymer is of ethyleneacrylic acid.    Polymeric material of this type can be analysed to estimate its suitability as a separator for an alkaline accumulator by (b) introducing the material into a container under a layer of H2O, passing an inert gas upwards through the material, and determining the gas pressure at which bubbles appear in the H2O; (b) determining the average pore size, (c) determining the resistivity; (d) exposing the material to an alkaline electrolyte at high temp. for a long time, and analysing the material by infra-red spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy; (e) using the test piece in an alkaline accumulator functioning normally for 20 complete cycles of charge and discharge, then developing the radiographic chart of elementary Zn to determine whether the penetration of Zn has taken place; (f) determining the rate of diffusion of Zn by potentionmetry.
A compsn. for producing alkaline accumulator separators comprises a polymer binder in which are embedded micrometric inorganic particles in amt. of 30-80 wt.% w.r.t. polymer and particles. The polymer is pref. a styrene butadiene or an acrylic acid-olefin copolymer. The particles are pref. TiO2, hydrated Ce oxide, Pb peroxide, Mg titanate, Ca zirconate, Al silicate and/or silica.    Partic. suitable for Ni/Zn accumulators used in electrical vehicles. The separators can be easily produced and have relatively long service life even under conditions of high discharge, esp. when associated with other materials.
In the prodn. of thin, flat laminar batteries, cellophane separators are heat-tacked to the frames and the combination is handled as a subassembly during manufr. of the batteries. After assembly, swelling of the separators destroys the temporary bond to the frames entirely, so that uniform wetting and swelling of the separators takes place.    Method reduces the oil-canning effect of entrapped air during battery sealing and thus improves battery shelf-life and current drain capability.
Efficiency of aerosol trapping is increased by placing polyethylene granules in 10 mm layers separated by partitions. This arrangement lengthens the gas flow path, increases its speed and ensures uniform distribution of flow over the layer section.    The device can be made transparent, making possible observation of electrolyte level, which should be higher in each subsequent layer, but should not rise to the layer of granule packing, which would interrupt normal flow of gas. The device ensures discharge of electrolyte by layers, avoiding accumulation in the ventilation unit.    The device is mounted on the battery cover, and its.
Alkali resistant porous sheet is impregnated with a mixt. which consists of an alkali resistant gelling material contg Na polyacrylate, a boric acid or borate, and PVA.    Separator is used for an alkaline battery with Zn as a negative electrode, and prevents the permeation of zn ions, thus increasing the life of the battery.
90-99 Wt. % Ni powder is mixed with 1-10 wt. % Co powder and the mixt. is moulded. The moulded plate is sintered to provide a sintered plate of a positive electrode.    Positive electrodes have high utilisation rate of positive active material to provide Ni-Cd alkaline batteries having good voltage characteristic at the discharge and high capacity per unit volume. The concn. of the active material (nickel hydroxide) is easily controlled.    In an example, 5 wt. pts. Co powder is added to 95 wt. pts. Ni powder and the mixt is mixed with 100 wt. pts. 3% carboxy methyl cellulose aq. soln. to form a slurry. A metal net plated with Ni is coated with the slurry and the coating is dried and sintered in a reducing atmos. at 900 degrees C for 30 mins. to form a sintered plate. The sintered plate is impregnated with a positive active material of nickel hydroxide to provide a positive electrode.
A separator of fibrous polyethylene thin film of high density and high mol. wt. is used which is monoaxially or biaxially elongated at a temp. above its m. pt. and has fine pores of 0.5-0.01 mu diameter. The separator is pref. surface-treated with chromic acid.    Battery using the separator has long service life and large discharge capacity since the occurrence of short-circuit in the battery is prevented and the efficiency of zinc cathode active material is increased.
The separator comprises (A) a first glass fibre layer in which the glass fibres have 10 mu dia. and are coated with binder and whose spaces are filled with silica powder, and (B) a second glass fibre layer in which the glass fibres have 2 mu dia. and are not coated with binder.    The separator exhibits high electrolyte absorbing capacity, good retension property for the absorbed electrolyte and superior mechanical strength (e.g. tensile strength).
An alkali electrolyte cell has a coating film of polyamide resin on the metal surfaces of the cathode terminal plate and the anode can onto which the alkali electrolyte may creep. The resin is a polycondensation prod. of (A) polymerisation fatty acid, (B) dicarboxylic acid or dicarboxylic acid ester contg. spiroacetal ring, and (C) alkylenediamine.    The fatty acid is e.g. a dimer fatty acid obtd. by bimolecular polymerisation of fatty acids of drying oils or semi-drying oils such as soybean oil, linseed oil, cotton seed oil, etc. The alkylenediamine is e.g. ethylenediamine, hexamethylenediamine, etc. The dicarboxylic acid or dicarboxylic acid ester contg. spiroacetal ring is e.g. 3,9-bis(2-carboxyethyl)-2,4,8,10-tetraoxaspiro 5,5 undecane (Me-CaTU), etc.    Alkali electrolyte cells (e.g. silver oxide cell, nickel-cadmium cell, etc.) with excellent electrolyte-leakage resistance are obtd.
An alkali electrolyte cell has a coating film of polylaurolactam with an average mol. wt. of 8000-30000 on the metal surfaces of the cathode terminal plate and the anode can, onto which the alkali electrolyte may creep.    The creep of the alkali electrolyte onto the metal surfaces of the anode can and the cathode terminal plate is effectively prevented by the coating film, so that cells (e.g. silver oxide cell, nickel-cadmium cell, etc.) with excellent electrolyte-leakage prevention are obtd.
Electric cell is composed of a negative electrode using a light metal (e.g. Li or Na) as active material, a positive electrode, and an organic electrolyte contg. polyanion polymer. The polyanion polymer pref. has -COO- radical and is pref. soda polyacrylate or soda polymethacrylate. The content of the polyanion polymer in the electrolyte is pref. 0.01-0.06 wt.%.    In a conventional lithium cell using an organic electrolyte, water contained in active material mixt. or in the electrolyte reacts with the negative lithium electrode to form lithium hydroxide which increases internal impedance of the cell.    The polyanion polymer prevents formation of hydroxide on the surface of the negative electrode, keeps the electrode surface clean and thereby improves the discharge property.
Separator comprises a PVA layer interposed between sheets of cloth or non-woven fabric of alkali-proof synthetic resin fibres.    The PVA layer contains a boron oxide cpd., an alkali-proof surfactant and a gelling agent.    The separator has long service life because permeation of Zn acid ions into the separator is suppressed. In an example, 8 g of PVA having a mean polymerisation degree of 1700, 1 g of boric acid, 0.2 g of a surfactant of alkylarylpolyether alcohol and 0.8 g of a gelling agent consisting of olefin unsatd. carboxylic acid and polyalkenyl polyether of polyhydric alcohol are uniformly mixed. Water is added to the mixt. to prepare 100 g of a viscous soln. The viscous soln. is coated on one surface of a first polypropylene non-woven fabric sheet. A second polypropylene non-woven fabric sheet is laminated on the coated surface of the first sheet to form a separator.
The electrode plate comprises an active material layer formed on a surface of a metal core. The active material layer is fabricated by intertwining fibres of fluorocarbon resin with a surfactant in a network-like manner and bonding active material to the fluorocarbon resin.    Pref. the surfactant is a non-ionic, a cation or amphoteric. The fluorocarbon PTFE or polychlorotrifluoroethylene.
An opened portion of a zic can contg. battery elements is sealed with a mixt. of a high and low mol. wt. polyfluoroalkoxyphosphazene (I).    The sealant improves preservability of the dry cell by preventing of dying of the cathode mix and sepn. layer and improves resistance to electrolyte leakage by preventing the electrolyte from creeping up the zinc can and carbon rod.    Pref. (I) is produced by interaction of a phosphazene polymer of formula: and fluoroalkoxide, e.g. CF3ONa, CF3CH2ONa, HC2F4CH2ONa, HC3H6CH2ONa, C6H4FOK or C6H4CF3OK; the high mol. wt. (I) has a mol. wt. of 3 x 104 to 106; the low mol. wt. (I) has a mol. wt. of 4 x 103 and the mixt. consists of 100 pts. wt. high wt. (I) and 2-50 pts. wt. low mol. wt. (I).
In a dry cell, an opened portion of a Zn can contg. battery elements is sealed with a sealant layer consisting of a phosphazene polymer having fluorohydrocarbons at its side chains.    The phosphazene polymer having fluorohydrocarbons at its side chains is produced by the interaction of a phosphazene polymer of formula (I) and fluoroalkoxide e.g. CF3ONa, CF3CH2ONa, HC3H6CH2ONa, C6H4FOK, or C6H4CF2OK. The phosphazene polymer having fluorohydrocarbons at its side chains has good adhesion to a Zn can and a carbon rod, good rubber elasticity, excellent water-repellency and resistance to chemicals. This phosphazene polymer is dissolved in an organic solvent e.g. ketone, ester or THF.
In a dry cell, an opened portion of a Zn can contg. battery elements is sealed with a sealant layer consisting of a mixt of a phosphazene polymer having fluorohydrocarbons at its side chains and fatty polyamide resin.    Pref. the phosphazene polymer is of formula (I):- (where R is -CH2(CF2)aCF3 and R' is -CH2(CF2)bH, and a and b are each 0 or an integer 1-9). The phosphazene polymer has good rubber elasticity, excellent water-repellency, excellent resistance to chemicals and good adhesion to a zinc can and a carbon rod. The fatty polyamide resin is produced by thermal polymerisation of aliphatic diamine or aliphatic polyamine and dimers obtd. by thermal polymerisation of fatty acid.    Mixt. prevents drying of a cathode and a sepn. layer, and creeping up of electrolyte along a zinc can and carbon rod. A dry cell is obtd. having excellent preservability and resistance to leakage of electrolyte.
In a dry cell, an opened portion of a Zn can contg. battery elements is sealed with a sealant layer consisting of a mixt. of asphalt pitch and a phosphazene polymer having fluorohydrocarbons at its side chains.    Pref. the phosphazene polymer is of formula:- where R is -CH2(CF2)aCR3 and R' is -CH2(CF2)bH (a and b are 0 or an integer of 1-9). The polymer has good rubber elasticity, excellent water-repellency and excellent resistance to chemicals.    Drying of a cathode mix and sepn. layer is prevented. Creeping of electrolyte along the can and a carbon rod is also prevented. Dry cell has excellent preservability and resistance to leakage of electrolyte.
In a dry cell, an opened portion of a Zn contg. battery elements is sealed with a layer of low-molecular weight polyfluoroalkoxy phosphazene. It is possible to prevent drying of a cathode mix and sepn. layer and deterioration of battery performance. Electrolyte is prevented from creeping up from a Zn can and C rod.    The polyfluoroalkoxy phosphazene is pref. produced by the interaction of a phosphazene polymer of formula (I) and fluoroalkoxide, e.g. CF3ONa, CF3CH2ONa, HC2F4CH2ONa, HC3H6CH2Na, C6H4FOK or C6H4CF3OK. The polyfluoroalkoxy phosphazene has a mol. wt. of 4 x 103, excellent water repellency, good rubber elasticity and excellent resistance to chemicals. This low-mol. wt. polyfluoroalkoxy phosphazene has good adhesion to a zinc can and a carbon rod. As a solvent, ketone, ester or THF is used.
The open portion of a zinc can contg. battery elements is sealed with a sealant layer consisting of a mixt. of a phosphazene polymer having fluoroalkyl gps. in the side chains and a (co)polymer of a fluorine-contg. unsatd. aliphatic cpd. RfCH2.CHOHCH2COOCR=CH2, where R is 3-21C straight-chain or branched perfluoroalkyl gp. and R' is H or CH3.    It is possible to prevent drying of the cathode mix and sepn. layer. It is possible to prevent creeping of the electrolyte along the zinc can and carbon rod. A dry cell is obtd. having good durability and excellent resistance to leakage of electrolyte.
A sealant layer, formed on an opened portion of a zinc can contg. battery elements, consists of a mixt. of a phosphazene polymer, having fluorohydrocarbon side chains, and low mol. wt. fluorocarbon resin.    The sealant prevents electrolyte from creeping up the zinc can and carbon rod, and prevents drying of the cathode mix and separation layer. The dry cell has excellent preservability and resistance to electrolyte leakage.    Pref. the phosphazene polymer is of formula (I):- (where R is -CH2(CF2)aCF3; R' is -CH2(CF2)bH; and a and b are 0-9); the fluorocarbon resin is PTFE, polychlorotrifluoroethylene or a copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and hexafluoroethylene, and has mean mol. wt. of 500-1500; and amt. of the fluorocarbon resin is 5-50 wt.%.
Flaky graphite or carbon powder consisting of flaky graphite and a binder are kneaded and preformed. The preformed mixt. is compressed on a metal plate having high conductivity. The compressed mixt. on the metal plate is heated, so that it is hardened and bonded to the metal plate. A carbon film formed on a metal plate has uniform thickness, good adhesion, no pinhole and low resistance. The carbon-coated electrode is easy in fabrication and suitable for mass prodn.
Sealant consisting of a mixt. of high mol. wt. and low mol. wt. polyfluoroalkoxy phosphazene is filled between a gasket and a closure plate, between a gasket and a battery container or gasket and a current collector.    Pref. the polyfluoroalkoxy phosphazene is produced by the interaction of a phosphazene polymer of formula (I):-and fluoroalkoxide e.g. CH3ONa, CF3CH2ONa, HC2F4CH2ONa, HC3F6CHONa, C6H4FOK or C6H4CF3OK. The high mol. wt. polyfluoroalkoxy phosphazene pref. has a mol. wt. of 3 x 104-3 x 106, excellent water-repellency and alkali resistance. Pref. the low mol. wt. polyfluoroalkoxy phosphazene has mol. wt 4 x 103, high elastic constant and extensibility.    Pref. leakage of electrolyte from the battery is effectively prevented for long periods.
Sealant of low-mol. wt. polyfluoroalkoxy phosphazene (I) is filled between a gasket and a closure plate, a battery container or a current collector. It is possible to prevent leakage of electrolyte from the battery for a long period.    (I) is produced by interaction of a phosphazene polymer of general formula (II) and fluoroalkoxide e.g. CF3ONa, CF3CH2ONa, HC2F4CH2ONa, HC3F6CH2ONa, C6H4FOK or C6H4CF3OK. (I) has a molecular wt. of up to 4 x 103 and has high elastic constant, high extensibility, good water repellency and good alkali resistance. (I) can be dissolved in an organic solvent, e.g. ketones, esters or tetrahydrofurans.
A complex sealant film is formed between a gasket and a closure plate, between a gasket and a battery container, or between a gasket and a current collector. The complex sealant film consists of a film of high-mol wt. polyfluoroalkoxy phosphazene and a film of low-mol. wt. polyfluoroalkoxy phosphazene.    The polyfluoroalkoxy phosphazene is pref. produced by the interaction of a phosphazene polymer of formula (I):-and fluoroalkoxide, e.g. CF3ONa, CF2CH2ONa, HC2F4CH2ONa, HC3F6CH2ONa, C6H4FOK or C6H4CF2OK. The high-mol. film pref. has mol. wt. of 3 x 104 to 3 x 106, good water repellency and alkali resistance but insufficient flexibility a and extensibility. The low mol. wt. film has mol. wt. of 4 x 103, high elastic constant and excellent extensibility but insufficient alkali resistance and water-repellency. Therefore, a complex film is used.
In a battery comprising an anode using light metal as active material, a cathode using fluorocarbon as active material and an organic electrolyte, 3-7 wt. % of microheterobicyclic diamine (211) is added to the organic electrolyte.    It is possible to prevent swelling of cathode by adding to an electrolyte microheterobicyclic diamine (211) which dissolves fluoride, e.g. lithium fluoride and is stably mixed with an organic solvent.    Pref. microheterocyclic diamine (211) has the structure.
The battery comprises a light metal anode, a fluorocarbon cathode and an electrolyte prepd. by dissolving lithium perchlorate in a mixed solvent of propylene carbonate, THF and 1,2-dimethoxy-ethane. A basic additive of sodium silicate, caustic potash or caustic soda is added to the cathode or the electrolyte.    This organic electrolyte battery has improved preservability at high temps.
The battery comprises an anode using a light metal as anode active material, a cathode using cupric oxide as main cathode active material, a separator interposed between the anode and the cathode, an an organic electrolyte. Sodium silicate is added to the cathode. The separator is e.g. of nonwoven polypropylene.    High temp. preservation (70 degrees C) of the battery is improved by adding sodium silicate to the cathode.
Each laminate consists of an ion exchange membrane provided on one side with a catalytic fuel electrode (I) to which a fuel is fed; on the other side of the membrane is a catalytic O2 electrode (II) to which a gas contg. O2 is fed, and the membrane includes an electrolytic element.    The laminates are sepd. from each other in the stack by bipolar plates in contact with the electrodes, i.e. one side of the plate is in contact with electrode (I), the other side being in contact with an electrode (II). Each plate contains two rows of channels at 90 degrees to each other; one channels feed fuel gas to electrode (I), and the other channels feed gas contg. O2 to electrode (II) in each laminate.    Membrane is pref. a perfluorosulphonic acid membrane made of, or contg. Nafion (RTM). Plates pref. have hydrophilic surfaces obtd. via a colloidal silica sol. and the plates are pref. made of graphite.
The cathode is produced from a powder mixt. consisting of &gt;50% silver powder and the balance of carbon powder. The silver powder is obtd. by evaporating silver under a reduced pressure and collecting the evaporated silver. The evapn. of the silver may be carried out under a pressure of 10-1 to 10-3 torr, in an inert atmosphere.    Current density of the cell can be improved. The cathode has long life.    Typically, a pasty mixt. of the powder, active carbon with a catalyst and PTFE powder is deposited on a nickel net. After pressure moulding, it is heat-treated at 200 to 300 degrees C to form a cathode. The cathode is used in a fuel cell as an oxygen electrode.
A cell separator comprises a synthetic resin film graft polymerised with a monomer having hydrophilic gp. The graft ratio changes in the direction of the thickness of the film. The synthetic resin is pref. polyolefin resin and fluororesin. The monomer with hydropholic gp. is pref. acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, or styrene sulphonic acid.    The separator is prepd. by irradiating the synthetic resin film with electrons, deactivating one surface of the film, immersing the film into a monomer soln. of monomer-contg. organic solvent which swells the synthetic resin, and then drying the film.    A uniform and dense surface layer with low graft ratio is provided on the separator film, and the surface layer serves to effectively prevent silver acid ion from diffusing into anode.
The separator is obtd. by coating an ion permeable synthetic resin thin film (e.g. of polypropylene, polyethylene, PVC, polycarbonate, PTFE or polyamide) with organic solvent soln. of an alkali resistant film-forming material (e.g. cellulose ester or ether or PVC or PVAc) and surfactant and drying the film.    The separator film gives decreased electric resistance and prevents silver ions from transferring thereby preventing inner discharge in a cell. The separator is pref. used in a AgO button-like cell.
A lithium cell comprises a lithium comprises electrode, a positive electrode, and an electrolyte. The negative electrode is made of a continuous plate folded reciprocally to form a laminate. The positive electrode is e.g. a nickel mesh provided with a mixt. powder of nickel fluoride, graphite, and tetrafluoroethylene resin. The electrolyte is e.g. an organic electrolyte (Li perchlorate, Li al chloride, or Li borofluoride-contg. propylene carbonate, gamma-butyrolactone, N,N-dimethyl formamide, THF, or ethylene carbonate) or a solid electrolyte (Li iodide).    Reaction area in a cell or contact area between a lithium electrode, electrolyte, and a positive electrode is increased, and increased current output is obtd.
Instand lead battery is produced by charging electrode group composed of anode, cathode and isolation plate; water-washing and dehydrating-drying with low b.pt. fluorocarbon type solvent. By drying with a water-immiscible soln. at low temp., the cathode-anode deterioration is prevented.
Closed type alkaline cell has a sealing agent composed of polytetrafluoroethylene and polyethylene copolymer provided at the insulation sealing part formed between anode-can and cathode-can.    The copolymer seal has mechanical properties which are uniform, reduced freezing resistance and friction coefft., and increasing insulation resistance.
A paste soln. is prepd. by mixing starch having a grain size of 1-3 mu and an aq. soln. of polyvinyl pyrrolidone and pullulan. The paste soln. is coated on the zinc surface of a carbon zinc coupling electrode. Pref. the pullulan is a linear high polymer and has a mol. wt. of 1x104 to 200x104.    The layer-built dry cell with a separator layer made by this method has excellent high-load discharge performance.
In a dryl cell, pullulan (I) is added to a cathode mixt. consisting mainly of MnO2. The amt. of (I) to be added is 0.2-2.0 wt.% to the wt. of MnO2. Pref. (I) is a linear high polymer of mol. wt. 1.0x104 - 200x104.    Addn. of (I) prevents generation of cracks in the cathode mixt. during extrusion moulding. Dry cell has an improved discharge performance.
The amt. of dialdehyde polysaccharide is 1-20 wt. % of the high polymer. The pullulan is a linear high polymer of mol. wt. 1x104 to 200x104. The dialdehyde polysaccharide contains a structure of formula (I):    This dry cell has an improved preservable performance. The paste is easily coated.
In the prodn. of a small size battery comprising a high-density packed cathode, an anode and a separator, the cathode is impregnated with a low-concn. electrolyte soln., and the anode holds a high-concn. electrolyte. It is possible to rapidly impregnate the cathode with an electrolyte at a high speed since a cathode is impregnated with alow-concn. electrolyte.    In an example, Ag oxide was compacted into a pellet under 3 tons/cm2, and the pellet was placed in a cathode can. A 10 wt.% KOH aq. soln. as a cathode electrolyte was poured into the cathode can, and cathode was impregnated with an electrolyte for 10 seconds after pouring. A gel-like ZnO agent holding 100 mu l of a 40 wt. % KOH aq. soln. as an anode electrolyte was placed in an anode casing. A cellophane film was used as a separator. A silver oxide battery was assembled in this manner and had a discharge capacity of 170 mAh at 20 degrees C and a load resistance of 500 ohms.
Method comprises coating the surface of a base material (e.g. high refractory ceramic material) with a furan resin and subjecting the coated base material to a sintering and carbonising step.    The current collector is used for a dry battery of manganese dioxide - zinc type in which an electrolyte contg. zinc chloride or ammonium chloride is used.
An alkaline battery comprises a cathode, an anode using iron as active material, and an alkaline electrolyte contg. potassium sulphide or sodium sulphide. The alkaline electrolyte contains lanthanum ions. The cathode uses oxygen, silver oxide or a nickel cpd.    The self-discharging characteristics and discharge efficiency characteristics of the iron anode are improved by adding lanthanum metal or a lanthanum cpd. to the alkaline electrolyte.
Ungelatinised paste is mixed with a dispersion contg. gelatinised paste. The mixed soln. is coated on one or both surfaces of a sepn. paper and dried. The ratio of gelatinised paste to ungelatinised paste is pref. 5:95-40:60. The gelatinised paste is pref. crosslinked etherified starch. The ungelatinised paste is pref. natural starch or treated starch.    The sepn. layer has excellent adhesion to kraft paper.
Battery has an insulating packing interposed between a cathode can and an anode can. The insulating packing is coated with a mixt. of hydroxycarboxylic acid e.g., tartaric acid, citric acid, malic acid, gluconic acid or lactic acid, and epoxy resin, polyamide resin or silicone resin diluted with an organic solvent.    Self-discharging rate and resistance to leakage of an electrolyte are improved because an insulating packing is coated with a mixt. of hydroxycarboxylic acid and resin diluted with an organic solvent.
The battery comprises an anode consisting of amalgamated zinc, a cathode consisting of silver peroxide and having an expanded silver layer on its surface opposite to the anode, and an alkaline electrolyte. The cathode has a peripheral portion thicker than a central portion.    Since a peripheral portion of a cathode is thicker than a central portion, it has a high density and serves to prevent swelling of the cathode. In a button-shaped silver oxide battery having an expanded silver layer, self-discharging can be decreased and resistance to leakage of an electrolyte can be increased.
Open end of an anode can in which an anode active material is charged is sealed by a cathode terminal plate electrically connected to a cathode active material through a sealing gasket. The surface of the cathode terminal plate which contacts with the sealing gasket is covered with a tetrafluoroethylene polymer film.    The alkali cell thus sealed exhibits excellent liq. (alkali electrolyte)-leakage preventing property.
An alkali cell is sealed by using a composite material of (A) 1 f-containing high molecular cpd. contg. polyfluoroalkyl gp. and (B) a semi-inorganic polymer of polyphosphazene of formula: (where X and X' are 1 of alkoxy gp., fluoroalkoxy gp., allyloxy gp. and their derivatives). The composite material is used as a sealing agent inserted between the cell container and the packing and between the cathode terminal plate and the packing material, or the packing itself.    The sealing material or the packing material is suitably used in a sealed-type alkali cell such as Ag oxide cell, alkali-Mn cell, Hg cell, etc., and it increases the alkali electrolyte-leakage preventing property of the alkali cell.
A button-type sec. battery is claimed, in which a packing for supporting a cathode cap is disposed on an anode active material filled in an anode can while inserting a separator between them, one end (hem) of the anode can is bent inwardly and the bottom surface of the packing which contacts with the separator is coated with a pressure-sensitive adhesive.    The sec. battery in which cathode active material is zinc and anode active material is silver oxide, mercury oxide, manganese dioxide, nickel oxide or the like can provent interior short circuit caused by the dendrite of zinc during charging.
A dry cell uses a separator which is obtd. by coating a paste soln. added with gluten on one or both surface(s) of a fibrous substrate to form a paste layer thereon. The paste soln. is prepd. by adding gluten to at least one paste material selected from prepared starch, natural starch and synthetic paste. The ratio of the gluten to the paste material in the paste soln. is 10-90 to 35:65 (by wt. ratio).    The paste soln. contg. gluten is coated on a fibrous substrate (e.g. kraft paper, etc.) to form a paste layer so that the adhesive property of the paste material to the fibrous substrate is improved. Furthermore, corrosion resistance to a zinc can of a cell is increased by using the separator having the paste layer, and shelf life of the cell is prolonged.
A cell using an alkali electrolyte includes a silane cpd. as sealing agent having a reactive radical which has an affinity with a metal in its molecule. The sealant is coated on a surface of a metal case sealing part on which the alkali electrolyte creeps. The reactive radical is e.g. a methoxy, silanol, epoxy or amino radical. The silane is e.g. gamma-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane.    The silane cpd. sealing agent is coated between the cell container (made e.g. of Ni-plated Fe, stainless steel etc.) and a gasket (made e.g. of chloroprene rubber, nylon, polyethylene, etc.). The cell is liq.-tight.
Insulating and sealing packing disposed between an anode can and a cathode can is treated with an inorganic acid or an organic solvent to soften the surface part of the packing. Examples of the inorganic acid include sulphuric, hydrochloric and nitric acid, and examples of the organic solvent include trichloroethylene, phenol, formic acid and cresol.    When the packing made of e.g. chloroprene rubber, polyethylene resin, tetrafluoroethylene resin, polyamide resin, etc. is treated with the inorganic acid or the organic solvent, the surface of the packing is softened and swollen. Adhesion between the sealing packing and the anode can and the cathode can, and the electrolyte-leakage preventing property and the self-discharge rate of the cell are increased.
Cell has an insulating and sealing packing, and at least the surfaces which contact with a cathode can and an anode can, are coated with an adhesive of polyamide resin. The insulating and sealing packing is made of PTFE polyhexa-fluoropropylene, chloroprene rubber, polyamide, polyethylene, polypropylene, etc. The inner end (hem) of the cathode can is also coated with polyamide resin.    The cell such as AgO cell, N-C cell, etc. using the sealing packing exhibits increased electrolyte-leakage preventing property and self-discharge rate. It is suitable used as small-sized high output cell for electronic watch, camera, hearing aid, etc.
After granulating a water soluble high polymer material such as carboxymethyl cellulose, granules are dispersed in an alkaline electrolyte and gelatinised. The gelatinised material is mixed with Zn powder to form a paste shaped Zn negative electrode.
A water soluble high polymer material, each particle covered with a nonionic surfactant is dispersed in an alkaline electrolyte and gelatinised. The gelatinised material is mixed with amalgamated Zn powder to provide a paste shaped Zn negative electrode.
An opening of a battery casing, in which battery elements are accommodated, is sealed by a sealing plate through an insulating packing. An electrolyte resistant liquid packing agent such as epoxy or phenol resin is applied to the sealing portion while applying ultrasonic vibration.
A porous moulding mainly composed of conductive material, is impregnated with organic soln. in which (A) semi-inorganic polymer of formula (where X and X' are 1 of alkoxy, fluoroalkoxy, allyloxy or their derivs.) and (B) 1 fluorine contg. polymer cpd. contg. polyfluoroalkyl gp. are contained. The solvent of the soln. is removed by drying.    Water repellant property and adhesion to the conductive material are attained, so that long life can be obtd. The electrodes are used in metal-air cell e.g. fuel cell and air Zn cell, etc.
Cadmium electrode is produced by milling a mixt. of CdO and unsintered fluorine resin powder, forming rubber state material by adding water contg. condensation oxacid salt to the milled mixt. and coating the rubber material on conductive core material followed by drying.    Paste-form Cd electrode having high energy density and high mechanical strength and extremely excellent reaction of the active material is obtd.
Fe-electrode is combined with Ni-electrode indischarging state in cell, the Fe-electrode is activated by feeding small amt. of current (e.g. 0.1-10% of the cell capacity) to charging direction and then the Fe-electrode is continuously discharged after the Ni-electrode is reversed by discharging.    Chemical formation cycles for compensating capacity deficiency of Fe electrode can be markedly decreased.
Alkaline cell has a cell case opening sealed with a sealing plate and insulation packing between which a coating of trifluoro ethylene chloride resin of low polymerisation is interpositioned.    In an example, trifluoro ethylene chloride coating was applied to the whole of the inner surface of the case. Pellet premoulded with anode active material mixt. was placed into the case, a washer-like anode ring was placed on it and moulded under high pressure. The ring destroyed the resin layer and contacted the case to act as a collector. The trifluoro ethylene chloride (mol. wt. 1000-2000 and softening pt. 10-85% degrees C) was coated on the sealing plate at the part contacting the packing. Liquid leakage was prevented due to the waer-repellency of the resin. The resin layer coated on the bottom of the case was kept conductive via the anode ring. Then a resin soln. in CCl2F. CCIF2 was coated to a thickness of 30 mu m to form coating layers.
The separator comprises (A) 1 woven or non-woven fabric (s) of polyolefin resin and (B) 1 gas-impermeable porous materials of polyolefin resin. Of these components, the polyolefin resin having lower m.pts. than that of the others is heat-treated.    The separator exhibits excellent acid resistance, electrolytic resistance and gas-impermeability. Accordingly, long service life and highly stable battery can be obtd.
Battery comprises anode and/or cathode (both of which have circular sections) of 10-5000 mu dia. sepd. from each other by a homogeneous and ion-permeable membrane layer or a heterogeneous membrane layer impregnated with ion-permeable polymer.    The anode and/or the cathode comprise a colletor and an active material coated on the collector. The collector is made of fibrous material of carbon or metal which is insol. with electrolyte. Examples of the homogeneous ion-permeable membrane includes ion-exchange membrane, PVA film, etc., and has a thickness of 1-50(5-20)mu. Examples of the heterogeneous membrane includes (in)organic (non)woven fabric, etc.    The battery exhibits excellent weight efficiency, volume efficiency and discharge characteristics, and has a long service life. It is suitable for use in electronic appliances, automobiles, etc.
Mfr. comprises (i) uniformly mixing (A) a PTFE fine particle powder, (B) a dispersion medium for the PTFE fine particle powder and (C) a resin which can be dissolved in or swollen with the dispersion medium; (ii) forming the mixt. into a sheet; and (iii) removing a part or whole of the dispersion medium from the sheet.    Pref. the dispersion medium is water and the resin is swollen in an alkali electrolyte in which the resin has a negative charge. Examples of the resin includes polymers or copolymers or copolymers of polyamine, polyethyleneimine, PVP, PVA, polyethylene oxide, sodium acrylate, acrylamide, etc.    The separator exhibits excellent chemical resistance and has characteristics of semipermeable membrane, and it is suitably used in various batteries in which an alkali aq. soln. is used as an electrolyte.
Cell comprises (1) cathode having light metal as its active agent, (2) anode and (3) non-aq. electrolyte. The cell container is jointly used as an anode terminal and is mainly of Al-alloy (opt. with Cu, Si, Mn, Mg, Zn etc.).    Mechanical strength, liquid leakage rate and capacity deterioration rate are improved. The electrolyte is e.g. of LiBF4 in a solvent of propylene carbonate and dimethoxyethane.
A cadmium electrode for an alkaline cell is made by mixing and kneading an active material powder consisting essentially of cadmium oxide and unsintered fluoro-resin powder; adding an organic solvent to the kneaded material to form a rubber-like material; painting the rubber-like material onto a conductive core material (e.g. of nickel plated iron plate); and then removing the organic solvent. The organic solvent is pref. butyl alcohol, amyl alcohol, ethylene glycohol, or glycerol, or is a paste-added methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, or propyl alcohol.    The paste type cadmium electrode is pref. used in a sealed type nickel cadmium cell, in place of a conventional sintered type electrode. The electrode gives high energy density, excellent mechanical intensity, and improved reactivity for active material at lower cost.
A separator between a cathode (of lead peroxide) and an anode (of lead) comprise first layer (I) and a second layer (II). Layer (I) comprises 1 film layer selected from a woven, non-woven or knitted fabric or a porous film (e.g. of glass, asbestos, alumina or zirconia fibre, polyethylene, polypropylene, rubber, nylon, polyester, cellulose, or sintered inorganic porous material).    Layer (II) comprises cation exchanging, semipermeable and flexible material contg. 1 of carboxylic acid radical and sulphonic acid radical (e.g. monoolefin hydrocarbon contg. carboxilic acid radical such as (meth)acrylic acid, or maleic acid polymerised with monoolefin hydrocarbon such as ethylene, propylene or butene). Exchange capacity of the material is 1.0-5.0 milli-equiv./gram., and its moisture content is 10-100 wt.%.    Self discharge is eliminated and charging and discharging life is improved.
The cell has a thickness of &lt;1.2 mm, sealing is carried out by adhesion and hydrogen-absorbing catalyst is provided. The cell is pref. used for driving a low power C-MOS IC integrated circuit in a quartz electronic wrist watch.    In an example, a cell comprises a positive electrode a positive active material of Ag2O, graphite, and MnO2, a separator, a negative active material of Zn-Cd-Pb alloy powder contg. catalyst powder of MnO2, Portland cement and Pd-activated coal, a negative electrode, and nylon adhesives for sealing.
The cell is produced by arranging (a) a cathode electrode plate serving as an outer can, (b) an anode electrode plate serving as an outer can, (c) a cathode active material, on which an electrolyte supporting film is formed, in contact with the cathode electrode, (d) an anode active material, on which a protective film is pref. formed, in contact with the anode electrode, and (e) a separator between the cathode and the anode active material, and filling the space between the cathode and the anode electrode plate with (f) a sealing adhesive covering the peripheral portion of the separator.    The adhesive is e.g. a hot melt type film such as nylon, polyester, or polyethylene, or a film adhesive such as a glass cloth impregnated with epoxy resin. The adhesive prevents the separator from being displaced and prevents internal shorting.
PVA and inorganic oxide are mixed and the mixt. is formed into a film which is heat-treated. The heat-treated film is impregnated with a soln. of copolymerised nylon. The separator is used for a Ni-Zn storage battery and has great mechanical strength and excellent alkali-proof properties.    As an example, PVA TiO2 powder having a grain size of 30 u water and ethyl alcohol are mixed. The mixed soln. is filtered to remove masses of TiO2 and the soln. is degassed and poured in a flat tray. A film of PVA 40 u thick is formed by evapn. of water and ethyl alcohol at room temp. The film is heat-treated at 150 degrees C for 2 hours. The heat-treated film is immersed in a methanol soln. contg. 2% of copolymerised nylon. A separator is fabricated by evaporation of methanol.
A porous formed body consists essentially of electrically conductive material. The porous formed body is impregnated with an organic solvent soln. contg. a semi-inorganic polymer (poly-phosphazene) of formula (I) where X and X' are fluoroalkoxy gps., alkoxy gps., aryloxy gps. or their derivs.    This gas diffusion electrode is used for a fuel cell or a zinc-air battery. It is thus possible to impart water-repellent properties to a porous formed body.    In an example, an oxide of NdO.9Sro.1CoO3 was high electric conductivity. Powder of the oxide was compacted at 100 Kg/cm2 into a formed body. The formed body was sintered at 900 degrees C. The sintered body was impregnated with a tetrahydrofuran soln. contg. 1% of bis(trifluoroethoxy)phosphazene NP(OCH2CF3)2 n. The sintered body thus treated was dried at 50 degrees C to remove the THF. A gas diffusion electrode of a porous formed body was obtd. having excellent water-repellent properties.
In a battery, surface of a valve body for sealing a gas exhaust port is coated with a film consisting of a phosphazene polymer having fluorohydrocarbon in at least part of its side chains.    It is possible to prevent deterioration of a valve body and leakage of an electrolyte because the valve body is coated with a film of a phosphazene polymer.
Battery has its gas exhaust port sealed by a valve of crosslinked phosphazene polymer having fluorohydrocarbon in (part of) its side chains.    Valves are suitable for Ni-Cd, Ni-Zn, Ag- and lead storage batteries. They have excellent rubber elasticity, resistance to electrolyte, water-repellency and resistance to fatigue due to internal stress.
Dry cell has a gasket of a high polymer prepd. by crosslinking a phosphazene polymer having fluorohydrocarbon in (part of) its side chains, using a crosslinking agent of formula MOCH2-(CF2)m-CH2OM (where M is alkali metal).    Gasket has stable resistance to leakage of electrolyte.
The seal ring is interposed between the periphery of the anode terminal plate in contact with the bottom of a zinc can and the bent portion of the lower end of the resin tube surrounding a side surface of the zinc can.    Phosphazene is produced by the interaction of P2O5 and NH4Cl in an organic solvent e.g. tetrachloroethane. The phosphazene is heated to prepare a high polymer. By reacting the high polymer with a fluorinated alkoxide, a phosphazene polymer is produced. The phosphazene polymer is crosslinked at 120 to 170 degrees C using a crosslinking agent.    The crosslinked phosphazene polymer obtd. has excellent resistance to leakage of electrolyte, water-repellency, rubber elasticity and good moulding properties.
Phosphazene is produced by the interaction of P2O5 and NH4Cl in an organic solvent e.g. tetrachloroethane or chlorobenzene. The phosphazene is heated to prepare a high polymer. By reacting the high polymer with a fluorinated alkoxide, a phosphazene polymer is produced having fluorohydrocarbon in the side chains.    100 Pts. wt. of the phosphazene polymer is crosslinked at 120 to 170 degrees C using 0.3 to 1.0 pt. wt. of an organic peroxide crosslinking agent (e.g. t-butyl hydroperoxide, cumene hydroperoxide of benzoyl peroxide). The crosslinked phosphazene polymer obtd. has excellent resistance to leakage of electrolyte, water-reppellency, rubber elasticity and good moulding properties.
In a silver oxide battery, manganic acid ions are present in an alkaline electrolyte at the cathode side. Battery has flat discharge characteristics.    In an example, the cathode can was of Ni-plated Fe, and an alkaline electrolyte was produced by dissolving MnO2 or MnOH in a KOH aq. soln. to prepare a KOH aq. soln. contg. 5-100 ppm of MnO4- or MnO4--.
An alkaline electrolyte contg. a saturation amount of zinc oxide is used at the anode side using zinc as active material. The AgO cathode contains no electrically conductive agent of carbonaceous material, and is wetted by an alkaline electrolyte contg. no zinc oxide or &lt;2 wt. of zinc oxide. A separator impermeable to zinc oxide is interposed between anode and cathode, and is esp. of cellophane. Cathode electrolyte is pref. held in a liquid holding sheet of polypropylene fabric.    The battery has stable dischare performance.
Battery comprises a Zn anode sepd. from a cathode by a membrane which is impermeable to ZnO. Alkaline electrolyte on the anode side is satd. with ZnO, and the alkaline electrolyte on the cathode side contains 2 wt. % ZnO.    Battery has improved discharged performance and leakage of electrolyte is prevented. In an example, a KOH aq. soln. contg. 2 wt. % of ZnO was poured into a cathode can. A cathode was produced by mixing 93 pts. wt. of silver oxide and 7 pts. wt. of flaky graphite and compacting the mixt. and inserted in the can. A separator of cellophane and a liquid-holding sheet were placed on the cathode and an anode placed in the anode can. The anode was produced by adding a 40 wt. % KOH aq. soln. as an electrolyte contg. 4 wt. % of ZNO to a mixt. of amalgamated Zn powder and a gelling agent of Na polyacrylate.
An anhydrous cell has a solid Li anode, a solid electrically conductive I2 cathode contg a charge transfer complex of I2 and 1-n-alkyl-pyridinium iodide and a solid electrolyte of 1-n-alkyl-pyridinium iodide-doped Li I.    The (compact) cell has a relatively high ionic conductivity, high initial current, good storage stability and protection against self-discharge.
Lead acid battery comprises a container closed by a lid and contg. an acid electrolyte together with a block of positive plates, negative plates and separators, in which the block is immersed in the electrolyte. The case has openings in its walls with the walls at the openings being in close contact with the end plates of the block. Pref. the wall openings in the case are connected to the end plates in a gas tight manner by seal rings. The plate separators are of porous felts of nonwoven polyester fibres.    Case in which plates are enclosed tends to set up a forced circulation of oxygen over the negative electrodes, partic. when the end electrodes are negative electrodes, to favour the reduction of oxygen and thus reduce the consumption of water to reduce the maintenance of the battery to a min.
Active material powder of cadmium oxide, a binder, water and condensed oxyacid salt are mixed to prepare a paste-like mixt. The mixt. iscoated on a core plate and dried. Cadmium oxide is prevented from being converted into cadmium hydroxide by adding condensed oxyacid salt to the mixt. contg. cadmium oxide, binder and water.    Pref. the condensed oxyacid salt is disodium phosphate, sodium pyrophosphate, sodium hexamethyphosphate, sodium orthosilicate or sodium methaphhosphate.
Amine-hardening resin for coating and hardening on the surface of a metal battery casing comprises aliphatic polyamide having an amine value of 50-500. The resin forms a rust preventive and waterproof film having stability for a long period of time. This battery casing coated with amine-hardening resin is used for an alkaline storage battery e.g. a Ni-Cd storage battery.    Suitably battery casing is fabricated by bending and welding a soft 1.2mm thick steel plate. The soft steel plate is plated with a 15 mu thick Ni layer. 70 pts. wt. of liquid epoxy resin having epoxy equiv 180 and viscosity 130 poise at 20 degrees C and 30 pts. wt. of aliphatic polyamide having amine value 350 and viscosity 5 poise at 75 degrees C are mixed and coated on a cleaned surface of the battery casing. The resin on the battery jar is heated at 140 degrees C for 10 minutes to form a coating on the surface of the battery jar.
Thermoplastic synthetic resin powder is deposited on one surface of a porous separator at a relatively rough distribution density that the surface of the separator is partially exposed. The thermoplastic synthetic resin powder is fused on the porous separator by heating.    The synthetic resin powder is pref polyethylene, polypropylene, polyolefin, polystyrene or PVC. The area ratio of fused resin coated on one surface of the separator is &lt;70%.    It is possible to prevent the separator from adhering to the electrode. It is easy for the electrolyte to diffuse to the electrode. Since bubbles are not stored in the separator, the charge-discharge cycle characteristic is improved.
A film of poly-p-xylene, polymonochloro-p-xylene or nylon resin is formed on the inner surface of the cathode can. A porous silver layer is placed on the surface of the cathode mixt. which is in contact with a separator and the cathode can. The porous silver layer serves as an electric lead.    In an example, an inner surface of a cathode can is coated with an insulating film of p-xylene or poly-mono-chloro-p-xylene.    A cathode pellet of AgO and a porous Ag sheet are placed in the cathode can and pressed to bring the porous Ag sheet into contact with the inner wall of the cathode can. A separator, an electrolyte-holding sheet and packing are placed in the cathode can. An anode of amalgamed zinc is placed in the cathode can. An anode can is pressed in the cathode can.
In the charging of a closed type Ni-Zn alkaline battery, where the anode has a Ni-cpd. as active material, the cathod is mainly Zn-cpd. with a larger capacity than the anode and there is water proof supplementary electrode for H2 gas absorption, the anode and the supplementary electrode are electrically nonconductive during charging, and only when discharging is the circuit closed via a resistance.    Prevention of O2 gas generation during charging time prevents lowering of the battery capcity and also prevents lowering of H2 gas absorption to give a supplementary electrode stable for a long period. Also the resistance controls H2O generation on the supplementary electrode.
In a galvanic cell having a prim. seal formed by crimping the cell wall against the periphery of a cover, a sec. seal is formed by an elastomeric sponge disc held under compression against the upper surface of the cover by the rolled over end of the cell wall.    When the gas pressure within the cell increases above a certain value, the disc is compressed against the rolled over end and its thickness is slightly decreased, this opening up a small venting gap between the disc and the cover. When the pressure drops, the resilience of the disc causes it to expand backo into sealing contact with the cover.    A grease cpd. esp. silicone polymer is pref. disposed at the interface of the container and cover forming the seal.
A grating body for storage batteries is produced by fitting an elastic adiabatic material consisting of silicon rubber or asbestos, in the lower cavity of a metal mould. Several parallel longitudinal shafts are prepd. by winding lead alloy electroconductive wires around core filaments of polypropylene or polyester and an electric collective network is prepd. by making transverse plastic ribs with the parallel longitudinal shafts.    The storage battery has an electric collecting portion having superior collecting capacity.
The method comprises preparing an electrode frame member comprising a conductive core with a conductive terminal and an insulating frame of alkali-resistant synthetic resin which supports the core applying a zinc anode mixt. to the core; and press-moulding the zinc anode mixt. into a zinc anode; the insulating frame serving as a guide for press moulding.    Zinc anode with uniform thickness are obtd. The generation of zinc dendrite during discharging can be prevented. The conductive core consists of punched metal sheet or metallic net. The anode mixt. consists of zinc oxide powder, bismuth oxide, zinc powder, calcium oxide and PTFE.
Process comprises (a) forming a grid member made of Pb (alloy) comprising a frame member larger than the desired final grid member and a part of supporting member for active material; (b) making the grid member and a supporting member of synthetic resin for active material in a body; and (c) cutting the resulting grid into a desired size.    The supporting member made of Pb (alloy) for active material is prevented from being deformed or cut by the heat treatment during the formation of the supporting member made of synthetic resin.
A suitable amt. of short fibres is mixed into an aq. soln. of PVA and CMC to give a binder soln. having high tackiness, and then the binder soln. is coated on a porous substrate for paste filling. The resulting substrate is dried and then coated with a paste-like active material contg. binder soln., Ni powder, and the same short fibres.    Suitable fibres (e.g. 1.0-10 mm. in length) include alkali resistant synthetic fibres, e.g. PVC, polyethylene, polypropylene, etc., regenerated cellulose, etc.
The electrode comprises (a) a porous layer contg. C and nonpolar resin, pref. PTFE and (b) an electrically conductive lattice work collector, having its surface covered with a conductive resin layer, which is either an electrically conductive resin or a nonconductive resin, (pref. an epoxy resin, polyurethane, polyvinyl chloride, chlorinated rubber or chlorinated polyethylene) contg. electrically conductive particles.    The electrodes are useful in fuel cells having alkaline or acid electrolyte. Collector corrosion is reduced without loss of collector effect and with flow through collector meshes practically unaffected. Exemplary electrodes exhibited a rate of increase of internal resistance, of 0.2 OMEGA cm2/1000 hr., while a similar electrode not having a collector covering layer exhibited a rate of increase of 0.4 OMEGA cm2/1000 hr.
A battery canister, e.g. for a shore light or river buoy, comprises two sets of dry cell batteries each in a conductive tray with the negatives connected in parallel by the tray base, the two sets being in electrical connection by pressure contact and being located in and insulated from a sealed casing.    The base of 1 tray is connected to a negative terminal on the casing and the positive terminals of one or both sets to a casing positive terminal. The batteries are pref. insulated from the casing by a polyurethane foam layer. There is pref. a stack of six trays each holding 30 F size 1.5V batteries, and the positive terminals of each set contacting the tray above. The tray stakc may be contained in a plastic bag and the foam insulation sprayed into the canister around the bag. The arrangement minimises the number of soldering points.
The cell has (a) a negative metal electrode; (b) a non-aq. electrolyte; and (c) a positive metal oxide electrode in which the electrochemically reducible cpd. is CrOx (where x=2-2.9 and pref. 2.4-2.6). The CrOx may be mixed with another oxide with similar oxidn. potential, esp. MnO2.    Electrolyte (b) is pref. a ca. 1 molar soln. of MBF4; MC104; or MM'F6; where M is Li, Na, or K, and M' is P, As or Sb; the solvent is a mixt. of propylene carbonate (PPC) and dimethoxy-ethane (DME); and the pref. solutes are LiClO4 or LiAsF6. Electrode (a) is pref. Li; and the positive electrode mass, i.e. the CrOx, may be mixed with (by wt.) 0.5% soot and 0.5% binder, esp. PTFE.    The cell has high energy density and long shelf life.
The scrap is first crushed, and then sieved to obtain a coarse fraction which is sepd. by flotation to form heavy materials and light materials. The fines obtd. from the sieve are suspended in circulating water and fed through a hydrocyclone to obtain heavy materials and light materials.    The sieve pref. produces fines of 0/8 mm, esp. 0/5 and 0/6 mm; and the hydrocyclone pref. has an effective washability adjusted for sepn. at 1.5-1.8, esp. 1.6-1.7 kp/dm3. After leaving the hydrocyclone, the materials pref. pass through dewatering sieves to recover water, part of which goes to a concentrator or evaporator before being re-used to form the aq. suspension fed through the hydrocyclone.    About 40% of the world prodn. of Pb is employed in accumulators so the recovery of Pb from scrap accumulators is very important. The invention provides various improvements over previous methods and is cheaper.
Fuel cell using a fuel soluble in the electrolyte and a positive electrode (anode) with one main surface in contact with a gas contg. O2 and the other main surface opposite a negative electrode (cathode), has a solid film conducting oxygen and/or hydronium ions on the other main surface of the anode. this film pref. consists of an organic high polymer (I) contg. protonophilic gps. or a film (II) with a H-bonding structure with a large no. of defects.    The anolyte does not leak and its compsn. is very simple. Since the film is impermeable to water mols., the water produced in the electromotive reaction is given off to the air side, so that concn. of the anolyte is not reduced, whilst the extremely slow wetting of the air electrode extends the cell life. The cell can be mass produced easily and the efficiency is great, since the air and anolyte are not in direct contact, preventing non-electrochemical oxidn.    Pref. the electrolyte is an anolyte contg. MeOH, an acid and water. Pref. the cathode is a platinised C plate and the anode a consolidated composite mixt. of PTFE and a Pt catalyst.
Electric current is generated by oxidising H2, hydrocarbon or other fuel in a fuel cell in contact with water as electrolyte at pH 5-10 (6-10), and an anode for oxidising the fuel contg. at least one lower sulphide of a transition metal at the anode surface as electrocatalyst for the oxidn., the sulphide being present in sufficient amt. and being inert to (electro) chemical attack under the conditions of operating the cell. The anodes and cells operate at low cost and excellent performance compared with prior art Pt (alloy) catalysed propane fuelled cells which tended to suffer front intermittent overvoltage build up. Steady current densities of 25 mA/cm2 can be achieved at 250 mV overvoltages. The catalytic activity of the sulphides is superior to that of Pt. CO2 produced is more readily soluble in near neutral electrolyte than in stronger acids of prior art.
Microporous film or sheet prodn. involves mixing a dry fluorocarbon polymer (I)(PTFE) powder with a particulate pore-forming additive (II), adding a (nonionic)organic F-contg. surfactive lubricant (III) and mixing uniformly, then making into a film, passing through rollers several times until the required thickness is obtd., heating to expel volatiles, sintering (I), cooling and removing (II).    The process can be used to produce microporous films, plates and membranes, esp. for use as separators for alkali chloride cells (claimed) and fuel cells. These membrane have a low electrical resistivity and a porosity of &gt;70% (&gt;80%).
Electrochemical cell has an electrolyte, an electrode contiguous with the electrolyte and a plate structure defining a set of flow passages in a flow communication with the electrolyte, and a second set of flow passages in flow isolation relative the electrolyte, the second set of passages being bounded by a surface contiguous with the electrode. Used in a fuel cell in which reactant or prod. gas is conducted to or from the cells. Second set of passages are used for conveying process gas which might contaminate electrolyte if it was allowed to contact the electrode. The construction successfully isolates the gas in those channels from the electrode and electrolyte. The passages are formed by corrugated sheet.
Fluorine-contg. cation exchange membrane with good electrochemical and mechanical props. comprises a bridged copolymer of 0.1-10 mole% of an I-cont. vinyl ether of the formula I(CF2)pO(CF2CF2O)q(CF(CF3)CF2O)rCF=CF2 (where p is 2-9, q is 0-5, and r is 0-5), a fluorinated olefin of the formula CF2=CZZ' (where Z and Z' are F, Cl, H, or -CF3), and a fluorine-contg. monomer with ion exchange groups or functional groups convertible into ion exchange groups of the formula CF2=CX ( OCF2CFY)-(O)m (CFY') nA (where X is F or -CF3, Y and Y1 are F or a 1-10C perfluoroalkyl group, A is an ion exchange grp, e.g., -SO3H, -COOH, -PO2H2, -phi OH (phi is allyl group), -C(CF3)2OH, or group convertible into these ion exchange groups, l is 0-3, m is 0 or 1, and n is 0-12).    The fluorine-contg. cation exchange membrane has good electrochemical and mechanical props. as well as high dimensional stability, and can be used as a diaphragm not only for alkali chloride electrolysis but also for electrolytic reduction, fuel cell, or diffusion dialysis.
An oxygen-hydrogen fuel cell comprises a pair of gas diffusion electrodes, a solid electrolyte layer arranged there between essentially of proton-conductive iso-poly-acid or salt thereof (e.g. tungstophosphoric acid or molybdophosphoric acid or salt), and a pair of porous reinforcing plates of sintered metal or foamed metal arranged on the gas diffusion surfaces of the electrodes. A solid electrolyte such as tungstophosphoric acid or molybodphosphoric acid has high proton conductivity at room temp. and is used in a fuel cell in place of a conventional liquid electrolyte. However, such as iso-poly-acid or salt thereof is a powder-like hydrate and has high solubility in water. Thus, such a solid electrolyte reacts with water produced by a discharge of a cell, which causes expansion or shrinkage of the electrolyte and causes deformation or cracking of the gas diffusion electrodes in the vicinity of the electrolyte. The porous reinforcing plates (e.g. of sintered or foamed nickel plates) serve to prevent the deformation of the gas diffusion electrodes to increase operating life of the cell.
A fuel cell comprises a pair of gas diffusion electrodes, a matrix disposed between the gas diffusion electrodes and contg. a phosphoric acid electrolyte, and the matrix produced by mixing Zr oxide and heteropolyacid, e.g. phosphotungstic acid or phosphomolybdic acid or salt thereof.    The matrix has the improved ion conductivity, phosphoric acid-holding properties. Drying of the matrix is prevented.
Fuel cell comprises a pair of gas diffusion electrodes, a main matrix between the gas diffusion electrodes and holding a phosphoric acid electrolyte, and auxiliary matrix layers each contg. heteropolyacid and disposed between the main matrix and the gas diffusion electrode. The auxiliary matrix is produced by mixing a fluorocarbon resin dispersion, conc. phosphoric acid and heteropolyacid, e.g. phosphomolybdic acid or phosphotungstic acid.
In a cell with a halogen positive electrode and a halogen- contg. electrolyte, the halogen is stored in liq. phase externally to the cell and electrolyte is circulated between the store and the cell. Used esp. in Zn-Br2 cells were Br2 is stored as polybromide oils. Maintaining halogen (Br2) store external to the cell results in higher coulombic efficiencies (typically 85%) and higher overall cell efficiencies (typically 70%)
A shallow pn junction is formed in the front surface of a Si substrate. An eutectic liq. layer of Si and a p- or n-type impurity is formed on the back surface of the substrate. A high-impurity concn. Si layer of the same conductivity type as that of the substrate is formed on the back surface of the substrate by deposition of Si form the eutectic liq. layer. A metal solidified layer is simultaneously formed on the high-impurity concn. Si layer. It is possible to simplify the steps of prodn. of the cell and to reduce the cost.
An appts. for eroding material from a compact mass in corporates a head which can rotate about an axis and move along the axis, and which carries knives having teeth such that for each knife two neighbouring teeth are sepd. from one another and the attacking edges of the teeth and their virtual extensions form a continuous line. The teeth are capable of hollowing furrows in the material being eroded. The hollow corresp. to each tooth has a part in common with a hollow corresp. to a tooth of a neighbouring knife. The device can be used to erode a feed mass so as to introduce particles into a liq. used in a chemical or electro-chemical reactor. The mass contains prim. particles and a small quantity of a compacting liq. The device allows that mass to be dissociated into sec. particles which can be entrained by a carrier liq. into a reactor liq. The device allows the proportion of particles of e.g. zinc in the electrolyte to be kept within precise limits e.g. plus-or-minus 1% of the mean concn. The cost of energy is small. The erosion is more regular than in existing appts., and the risk of blockage is eliminated.
A sealed nickel-hydrogen wet battery contg. positive and negative electrodes and an additional electrode catalytically active in relation to the ionisation reaction of oxygen and hydrogen is claimed. For more effective absorption of the OH mix in pole reversal, the ratio of the surface area of the additional electrode to the total surface area of the negative electrodes is 0.066-0.20. This ratio guarantees explosion-proof conditions for particular current and pressure. The claimed area ratio guarantees that the battery is explosion-proof in the event of pole reversal for a discharge current up to 0.5C (capacitance) when the pressure of the OH-mix is stabilised at 7 atm. This maximum discharge current is proportional to the minimum H pressure and the surface area of the negative electrodes.
A composite ion exchange membrane suitable for use as fuel element etc., comprises an ion exchange membrane, and a thin electron conducting layer provided thereon of pref. thickness 0.1-10 (0.5-7) mu m, composed of substance having specific resistivity &lt;103, pref. &lt;102 esp. 10 ohm. cm, selected from the group consisting of metals, carbon, metal oxides, metal sulphides and water-insol. halides of elements. of Gp. I(b).
A redox cell system using anode and cathode fluids sepd. by an ion exchange membrane through which H+ and Cl-ions are exchanged, also includes a rebalancing cell with anode and cathode compartments sepd. by a second ion exchange membrane. An inert electrode is placed in each compartment of the rebalancing cell and part of the redox cell cathode fluid is directed through the cathode compartment; H2 is fed to the anode compartment.    Rebalancing cell maintains equal electrical charge in the redox cell cathode and anode fluids, while at the same time supplying power output.
Fuel cell, consisting of a matrix layer chemically and physically absorbing the electrolyte and arranged between a porous anode and a porous cathode, uses polyphosphoric acid as electrolyte, and at least one of the electrodes forms an electrolyte support. The matrix layer is made of polymer fibres bonded with a phenolic resin based binders. The pore size is 0.1-0.3 mu.    ADVANTAGES -   The cell has improved long term stability, a remarkable gas tightness and increased power.
The caulk is prepd. by (1) mixing a stable aq. dispersion of fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) and a stable aq. dispersion of PTFE, (2) stirring into the dispersion an amt. of particulate graphite sufficient to cause flocculation of all the FEP and PTFE solids and the graphite; (3) drying the floc by heating below the m. pt. of FEP, and (4) heating the dried floc to 560-700 degrees F.    The solids contents of the flox comprises 50-70 wt. % of FEP and PTFE and 30-50 wt. % graphite, the ratio of FEP to PTFE being 3:1 to 1:10. The chaulk has a coefft. of thermal conductivity of 0.6 BTU/ft. -hr. degrees F, and when immersed in a bath of 400 degrees F 105% concn. phosphoric acid for 65 hrs., it absorbs is not &gt;3% of its own wt. in acid.
In a process for decarbonating alkaline electrolyte contained in a fuel cell which includes a fixer for carbonate ion formed during the electrochemical process. The fixer comprises Li ions dissolved in the electrolyte and the electrolyte also includes a pH buffer and a neutral salt. The cells operates in two distinct, consecutive steps, a power production step and a decarbonation step.    The presence of Li ions gives rise to a reaction with the carbonate ions formed giving Li2CO3 which pptes in the vicinity of the anode. The alkaline electrolyte pref. includes Li ions. A claimed electrolyte compsn. comprises 20-66 (36) g/l LiOH, 5-20 (15)g/l LiBO2, 5-25 (20) lithium citrate, 5-400 (300) lithium acetate, balance water. At the end of the power production step, the electrolyte may be transferred outside the cell.
Metal complexes of poly(dimethylenephthalocyanine) used as catalysts for cathodic reduction of oxygen of a fuel element have formula (I), where M is Co, Ni, Cu or Zn. and mol. wt. is 8300-15750.    Cpd. (I) are obtdl by heating the 3,3',4,4'-tetracarboxylic acid of diphenylmethane with are a metal salt in the presence of an acidic catalyst such as boric acid. Complexes of Ni and Cu have very little activity to cathodic reduction of oxygen in alkaline soln. but the Co complex increases the rate of reduction 2 times.
Electrolysis is conducted in an electrolysis cell having a cathode and an anode having a valve metal base, with the breakdown voltage at the valve metal anode is maintained 2V (NHE).    The breakdown voltage is maintained by (i) using as valve metal base Ti Alloyed with sufficient Ta, Nb, Hf, V or Zn; (ii) maintaining sufficient sol. salt of Gp. II, IIIA, IVA, VA, VB, VIIB or VIIIB metal in electrolyte; (iii) maintaining an effective amt. sulphate and/or nitrate ions in the electrolyte or (iv) using a valve metal base of uncoated commercially pure Ta having breakdown voltage in electrolyte 2V(NHE) and steady state anodic current density 350A/m2.    The electrolysis conditions provide an anode breakdown voltage sufficiently above Br discharge potential for satisfactory commercial use. Method is also applicable to aq. bromide solns. in fuel cells, storage batteries, metal electrowinning processes etc.
Electrochemical system using Br2, Cl2 and/or I2 as electrochemically active agent is improved by adding to the electrolyte 1 halogen-complexing additive (I). The additive, when complexed with halogen, is kept at &gt;30 degrees C to prevent crystallisation of the complex and to keep it in the cells as an insoluble liq. (I) are homo-tetra-(1-7C)alkyl ammonium halides.    Used in batteries a fuel cells. (I) gives increased halogen-complexing ability (without spontaneous dehalogenation); better shelf life and capacity, and overcomes the need for a depolariser or other additives.
Method of improving a catalyst of Pt crystallites supported on carbon consists of depositing porous carbon on and around the Pt crystallites. The carbon is deposited by heating the catalyst in the presence of a carbon cpd. in the vapour (gas) phase, to decompose the cpd. and form porous carbon.    The carbon on and around the Pt crystallites suppresses the recrystallisation and grain growth of the particles of Pt when the catalyst is heated above 100 degrees C, i.e. when used in fuel cells. Hence, loss of specific surface is avoided.
The device comprises an n-type semiconductor electrode, an oxygen gas diffusion electrode, a hydrogen electrode which is made of a hydrogen-occluding metal and undergoes switch over connection to the n-type semiconductor electrode, an oxygen gas diffusion electrode, and an electrolyte. Light is irradiated to the n-type semiconductor electrode. Hydrogen produced by water dissolution due to the optical excitation of the semiconductor electrode is occluded by the hydrogen electrode. The hydrogen electrode is connected with the oxygen gas diffusion electrode under darkness to obtain an electrical output.    The battery is simple and has extremely high industrial value.
Excess water drainage system for hydrogen-oxygen fuel batteries is separate from the electrolyte circulation system and comprises evaporator (electrodes), condenser and condensole collector with lateral drainage tube.    In order to maintain a constant level and concentration of electrolyte automatically, the condensate collection vessel is provided with a tube connecting to it to the electrolyte circulation system. The tube is placed below the level of excess water drainage tube.
Solar energy panel comprises a top transparent plate with a series of photoelectric cells disposed in a plane below and spaced from the plate. Heat generated by the cells is partly absorbed in a thermopile arranged below them and the remainder absorbed by a heat sink plate beneath the thermopile. A liq. conduit system is in heat exchange relationship with the plate. A blackened support plate is provided for the cells above the thermopile for insulating the cells from it.    The panel can extract -76% of the solar energy incident on it.
Each laminate consists of an ion exchange membrane provided on one side with a catalytic fuel electrode (I) to which a fuel is fed; on the other side of the membrane is a catalytic O2 electrode (II) to which a gas contg. O2 is fed, and the membrane includes an electrolytic element.    The laminates are sepd. from each other in the stack by bipolar plates in contact with the electrodes, i.e. one side of the plate is in contact with electrode (I), the other side being in contact with an electrode (II). Each plate contains two rows of channels at 90 degrees to each other; one channels feed fuel gas to electrode (I), and the other channels feed gas contg. O2 to electrode (II) in each laminate.    Membrane is pref. a perfluorosulphonic acid membrane made of, or contg. Nafion (RTM). Plates pref. have hydrophilic surfaces obtd. via a colloidal silica sol. and the plates are pref. made of graphite.
Filter usable for fuel cells and producing high purity hydrogen, is made of Pd (alloy) foil of thickness 0.5-17 mu evaporated onto a glass substrate and sepd. from it, utilising its poor contact property with the foil. The foil is permeable to H2.
A mechanism feeds the electrolytic soln in the fuel cell using an electrolyte feed pump connected to a liquid electrolyte tank, and feeds combustible gas such as H2 from a fuel feed pipe and an oxidising agent such as O2 from an oxidant feed pipe in the fuel cell to generate electric energy having specified voltage.    The used fuel is exhausted from a fuel outlet pipe and the used oxidant is exhausted from an oxidant outlet pipe. The leakage combustible gas in the fuel cell is sepd. in the liquid electrolytic tank or a separator of gas - liquid and it is introduced into a reactor using a sintered filter to prevent explosion, which consists of glass or ceramic material. The reactor contains a catalyst system of alumina carrier and Pd or Pt and the leakage combustible gas in the reactor is converted into water or CO2.    The mechanism converts the combustible leakage gas into an inactive gas and it is discharged in atmos.