The method comprises lowering a welding head assembly (B) is lowered over the upper portion of the jar.    The sides of the jar are clamped by presser feet (90C,90D) and presser feet (90A,90B).    The cover (100) is raised with the welding head assembly and a heating assembly (18) is pivoted into position so that a welding/heating blade is positioned between the bottom of the cover and the top of the jar (98), coming into melting contact with the cover and the top of the jar.    The heating assembly is then pivoted away and the welding head assembly is moved to a position where the presser foot is positioned opposite the interface between the lid and the jar to flatten the bead created by the heater blade.    USE -   Used for welding plastic battery jar covers to plastic battery jars.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduced tendency to leak.
The solar cell array comprises multiple solar cells electrically interconnected by at least one conductive metal strip and a silver-based, low-temp. bonding material between the conductive metal strip and at least one electrode of the solar cells.    Also claimed are: (i) a process for interconnecting multiple thin solar cells, each having a positive and negative electrode, comprising: (a) providing multiple metal strips; (b) applying a Pb-Sn solder cream bonding material between the conductive metal strips and the electrodes; and (c) securing the conductive metal strips to the electrodes of the solar cells to produce electrical interconnects between them by applying a temp. sufficient to melt the solder cream but not greater than 190C, followed by cooling; and (ii) a process for interconnecting multiple thin solar cells, each having a positive and negative electrode, comprising: (a) as above; (b) applying a metal-based material comprising a silver-silicone paste between the conductive metal strips and the electrodes; and (c) securing the conductive metal strips to the electrodes of the solar cells to produce electrical interconnects between them at room temp., followed by room temp. curing to harden the silver-silicone paste.    USE -   The arrays may be used in spacecraft and in applications such as the 'Raptor Pathfinder' (RTM) solar electric aircraft, which has a planned flight endurance of months at high altitude.    ADVANTAGE -   The solar cells are interconnected using either a conductive silver-silicone paste or a conductive Pb-Sn no-clean fluxless solar cream and breakage, partic. of thin cells, due to the thermal and mechanical stresses of conventional soldering, and undesired residue on the active surfaces of the cells, are both eliminated. There is no degradation of the interconnects under high current testing and the contact resistance is very low.
A resin compsn. (I) comprises:    (A) an ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer-saponified substance (EVAc) which has an ethylene content of 30-50 mol.% and a saponification degree of vinyl acetate of more than 95 mol.%;    (B) a four-component copolymer which comprises polyamide (PA) 6, PA 66, PA 610, and PA 612 and a content of PA 6 and PA 66 of 5-80 wt. % w.r.t the four components; and    (C) an ethylene-acrylate-maleic anhydride terpolymer.    The vol. ratio of (A)/(B)/(C) is 60-90/5-35/5-35%.    Also claimed are:    (i) a diaphragm prepd. from (I), and    (ii) an accumulator prepd. by the use of the diaphragm.    USE -   (I) is used for diaphragms and accumulators.    ADVANTAGE -   (I) has high gas barrier properties and resistance to flexural fatigue.
In a battery comprising a composite positive electrode, an electrolyte, and a composite negative electrode or a negative electrode formed of, principally, alkali metal, the electrolyte consisting of an ion conductive high-molecular wt. cpd. included in molten ionic cpds., and the composite positive electrode and the composite negative electrode having the ion conductive high-molecular wt. cpd. as the component: (a) a layer having electron conductivity is provided between one of the positive collector or the negative collector and the composite positive electrode or the composite negative electrode or the negative electrode including the alkali metal; and (b) the layer having the electron conductivity is formed of electron conductive particles and a binder of polymer having an acid amide bond and an imide group on the main chain.    ADVANTAGE -   The adhesion between the positive electrode and the positive collector and between the negative electrode and the negative collector becomes higher, so the internal resistance of the battery can be reduced. Since there is no fear of liquid leakage toward the outside, long term reliability can be achieved and the safety is increased.
Cooler assembly (2) used in fuel cell stack has tubular conduit (18) contg. a flowing stream of coolant fluid and a plate (20) formed from a graphite flake and polymer binder mixt.surrounding the conduit.    USE -   The cooler assembly is used in a phosphoric acid fuel cell stack.    ADVANTAGE -   The coolant plate has enhanced heat transfer characteristics, is non-porous, and is resistant to thermally-induced stresses i.e. it is not impaired by thermal expansion and contraction of stack components. It resists degradation and maintains optimum operating characteristics during extended stack operation.
A porous biaxially oriented film comprises a copolymer of ethylene and a 4-8 C -olefin. The copolymer has 1.0-7.5 comonomer residues per 1000 C atoms and has an intrinsic viscosity of 3.5-10.0 dl/g. The film has a porous or microporous structure in which microfibrils of the copolymer are uniformly dispersed. The film pref. loses its air permeability due to loss of porosity when cooled to room temp. after heat treatment at 160 C but still retains the structure based on the microfibrils. The film breaks up at a temp. of not less than 170 C, after having lost its gas permeability.    USE -   The film is used as a battery separator and has increased resistance at high temp., thus inhibiting overheating when an abnormal current flows from the battery due to, e.g. short circuit.    ADVANTAGE -   The film loses its gas permeability at a temp. of 150 C or below, cf. 180 C for known battery separators. The film has a tensile strength of at least 900 kg/cm2 in all directions and a gas permeability of 50-1000 s/100 cm3.
Mechanically rechargeable consumer battery has: a replaceable Zn anode; a housing contg. the anode with a sealable aperture for removing and replacing the anode; a cathode of MnO2, Ni(OH)2, Ag2O or an air reduction type; an electrode separator; and a non-spillable electrolyte. Pref. the aperture is large enough to permit removal and replacement of the anode and the cathode.    USE -   As a consumer battery ranging in size from AAA to D, pref. at least as large as C (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   High energy density battery can be conveniently and repeatedly recharged by replacing electrode(s).
A new adhesive comprises a copolymer of vinylpyridines and a (meth)acrylate compound having hydroxyl gp. as binder The copolymer is of vinyl pyridines of formula (1) (where R1 = H, alkyl gp., or halogen R2 = H or alkyl gp.), and a (meth)acrylate compound having hydroxyl gp. of formula (2), (where R3 = H or CH3 ; R4= 2-4C hydrocarbon residue).    USE -   The adhesive is used as the binder in a lithium battery.    ADVANTAGE -   The adhesive has excellent solvent resistance, adhesion and flexibility.
Battery for memory back-up with shut-down property, has a composite positive electrode, an electrolyte, and a composite negative electrode or a negative electrode comprising mainly an alkaline metal.     The electrolyte consists of an ion conductive high molecular wt. cpd. contg. one dissolved ionic cpd.. The composite positive electrode and the composite negative electrode have the ion conductive high molecular wt. cpd. as a constituent material. The ion conductive high molecular wt. cpd. consists of one of (a) an organic cpd. of formula R1 -(CH2 CH2 O)m -(CH2 CH(R2 )O)n -C(O)-C(R3 )=CH2 (1) and/or formula CH2 =C(R4 )-C(O)-(CH2 CH2 O)s -(CH2 CH(R5 )O)t -C(O)-C(R6 )=CH2 (2) and/or formula (3) (where R1 , R2 , and R3 = H, or 1C or more lower alkyl gps.; m 1; n 0; n/m = 0-5. R4 , R5 and R6 = H, or 1C or more lower alkyl gps.; x 3; t 0; t/s = 0-5. R7 and R8= H, or 1C or more-lower alkyl gps.; p1 3; p2 3; p3 3; q1 0; q2 0; q3 0; q2/p1 = 0-5; q2/p2 = 0-5; q3/p3 = 0-5; p1+q1 10; p2+q2 10; p3+q3 10); (b) an ionic cpd.; (c) an organic cpd. dissolving the ionic cpd.; (d) polyolefin powder; or (e) an inorganic cpd. having a hydrophobic surface.    USE -   The battery finds its application in memory backup.    ADVANTAGE -   The battery has a shutdown property (interrupting an electric current to avoid fire, bursting) for assuring battery safety, ion conductivity, and mechanical properties. The resulting battery has no electrolyte leakage, providing continuous reliability, high safety on unusual electric current, high performance, high-energy density.
The alkaline storage battery has a positive and negative elecctrode with separator between them. The separator consists of a divided type compound fibre of polyolefin system made up of ethylene vinyl alcoholic copolymer and polyolefin polymer. The non-woven fabrics from which the divided type compound fibre 80- 100 percent is made as separator and is fiberized by 0.5 deniers or less.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides superb polyolefin system separator in oxidation resistance during high temperature. Prolongs lifetime of battery. Provides high industrial value.
An electrolyte for use in electrochemical cells comprises at least one positively charged ionic species dissolved in a macromolecular material (I). (I) is a branched or dendritic oligomer or a (co)polymer with a (non)polymeric core and at least 3 linear or branched polymeric arms attached to the core. The ratio of the mean Mw of the arms to that of the cores is at least 1 and the no. of core repeat units per branch point on the core is less than 25.    Also claimed is a macromolecular material as described above. Furthermore the material may be crosslinked or incorporated into extended polymer structures as a copolymer. The core and arms are aliphatic and the arms have at least one polar entity capable of complexing or solvating the ionic species.    USE -   (I) is used in polymer electrolyte cells and other electrochemical devices e.g. energy storage devices (batteries, capacitors, etc.), ion sensors and display devices.    ADVANTAGE -   Electrolytes formulated using (I) have improved chemical and thermal stability, and reduced volatility. They are amorphous at room temp. and have higher room temp. ionic conductivity. Conductivity of (I) is good.
The plastic battery housing (10) having substantially flat top (12) and bottom (14) walls and curved side portions (16) to define an oval shaped cross-section. Arcuate indentations (24) define cavities into which individual battery cells may be positioned. The housing (10) is formed by extrusion process, the pref. material being a polycarbonate, PVC, or ABS resin having a wall thickness of &lt; 0.7mm. possibly as little as 0.5mm. The ends of the housing (10) are closed by front and rear caps. Terminal cap (32) is provided with a negative terminal (32a) and a positive terminal (32b) in electrical contact with the batteries. Additional terminals (40) may be provided for external monitoring if nickel/metal hydride cells are used. The rear cap (34) may have one or more vent (34a) holes for venting any gas that may be developed. Said caps maybe fixed to the housing by ultrasonic sealing, laser welding, adhesive, or by crimping the edges of the housing.    USE -   To provide a compact housing for electrochemical cells to form a power source for a variety of applications.    ADVANTAGE -   Cheap, lightweight compact battery housing that can be easily produced in any desirable shape to suit the device for which it is intended.
A solid electrolyte polymer precursor comprises a vinylsulphonate-derivatised cpd. composed of poly(oxyalkylene) units of formula -(CH2 CHR1 O)n - (I) and/or blocks of polyester units of formula -(R2 OC(O)R3 C(O)O)m - (II) linked by urethane units of formula -C(O)HR4 NHC(O)O- (III) (where n, m = integers of 1-50; R1 = H or 1-3C alkyl; R2 = 1-12C (oxy)hydrocarbylene gp.; and R3 , R4= 1-12C hydrocarbylene gps.).     Also claimed are (1) a solid electrolyte polymer precursor of formula Vk -Y-R2 -k (IV) (where k = 1 or 2; R = H or 1-6C alkyl; V = gp. of formula CH2 =C(R5 )S(O2 )-; Y = gp. of formula -O(Zn D)q Zn -; Zn = gp. of formula -(CH2 CHR1 O)n - or -(R2 OC(O)R3 C(I)I)n -; D = gp. of formula -C(O)NHR4 NHC(O)O-; R1 -R4 ,n = as above; R5= H or 1-7C hydrocarbyl gp.; and q = integer of 1-100); (2) a solid electrolyte comprising a solid polymer matrix which is obtd. by curing the polymer precursor, a solvent and an inorganic ion salt; (3) an electrochemical cell comprising an anode and a cathode with the above solid electrolyte between them; and (4) a battery comprising at least 2 cells as above.    ADVANTAGE -   The precursor gives mechanical strength to the electrolyte without loss of ionic conductivity.
A solid polymeric electrolyte comprises a compatible organophosphate polymer having a molecular wt. in the range of 1000-80000. Also claimed is a electrochemical cell comprising an organophosphate polymer and a battery comprising at least two cells.    The organophosphate polymer contains the repeating unit of formula (I) where Z is R', OR' or NR2', R' is a hydrocarbyl or oxyhydrocarbyl gp. of 1-20C, R is hydrocarbylene or oxyhydrocarbylene of 1-20C and n is 10-500. The -ORO- is derived from a hydroxy terminated cpd. selected from HO-(-R'OC(O)R"C(O)O-)mH, HO(-CH2CHR'O-)mH, HO(C(O)OR"O)mH and HOROH where R' is a hydrocarbyl or oxyhydrocarbyl gp. of 1-20C, R and R" are independently selected hydrocarbylene or oxyhydrocarbylene gps. of 1-20C and m is 1-50. The organophosphate is the copolymer of a dichlorophosphate and hydroxy terminated polyesters or a dichlorophosphate and hydroxy-terminated polycarbonate. The organophosphate is the copolymer of a dichlorophosphate and poly(oxyalkylene) glycol. n is an integer between 10 and 100. The solid polymeric electrolyte also comprises an inorganic ion salt and a compatible electrolyte solvent.    USE -   The polymers for solid polymeric electrolytes can be used in solid electrochemical cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The phosphate based materials are single phase and solid polymeric electrolytes.
A sealed, rechargeable or secondary zinc battery comprises: (a) at least one Zn negative electrode comprising: (i) a Zn active material; (ii) 15-40 wt.% of Ca(OH)2; and (iii) 5-20 wt.% of a conductive matrix including a metallic oxide that is more electropositive than Zn comprising PbO, Bi2O3, CdO, Ga2O3 or Tl2O3; (b) an electrolyte contg. 5-20 wt.% of an electrolyte constituent; (c) at least one positive electrode; and (d) a container in which (a)-(b) are disposed. The Zn negative electrode further includes a porous hydrophobic element, which is sandwiched between first and second electrode assemblies comprising: (I) part of the Zn active material, Ca(OH)2 and metallic oxide; (II) a current collector with a first face abutting the active element; and (III) a gas recombination catalytic element contg. a metal oxide that is more electropositive than Zn and has an (electro)chemical affinity for oxygen, and which is sandwiched between the second face of the current collector and the porous hydrophobic element.    Also claimed are: (1) A battery as above in which the Zn negative electrode includes a Zn-active material, Ca(OH)2 and a conductive matrix that includes a metallic oxide that is more electropositive than Zn; (2) An apparatus comprising at least one Zn negative electrode as (I) above and at least one positive electrode; (3) An apparatus as (1) but without the electrolyte; and (4) An apparatus comprising the Zn negative electrode of (1) above.    ADVANTAGE -   The battery experiences less change in the electrode shape, it has reduced solubility of the Zn electrode and an increased cycle life. Improved gas recombination provided by the new design of Zn negative electrode allows the battery to be sealed (claimed) and maintenance-free.
The catalyser layer mfg method involves mixing of carbon powder, an inorganic metal oxide and a poly:tetra fluoro ethylene resin. An alcohol is added to this mixture and is kneaded. The particle diameter after kneading is 2,000-10,000 micrometers. The kneaded dough is dried to obtain particle diameter between 300- 1200 micrometer.    Alcohol, solvent naphtha and liquefied lubrication agent are also added and kneaded to the pulverization object. After kneading the pulverized object is preserved at 30-50 degree centigrade for 3-20 hrs. After preservation the dough is rolled into a sheet by passing it under rollers whose surface temperature is maintained at 30-60 degree centigrade.    ADVANTAGE -   Increases adhesion between particles due to addition of PTFE resin. Improves mechanical intensity.
The non-aqueous electrolyte type secondary battery consists a lower electrode layer on a collector object. The electrode agent comprises an electrode active material and a binder. The binder is made of a co-polymer of vinylidene fluoride along with the monomer with a side chain.    The mole ratio of the monomer with that of the co-polymer is in range of 0.001-.05 moles. The amount of co-polymer in the binder is in the range of 50,000-200,000. The monomer with the side chain comprises a styrene vinylacetate, propylene and isoprene.    ADVANTAGE -   Enlarges charging and discharging load. Inhibits crystallization of co-polymer.
Rechargeable electrochemical generator comprises a cathode, an anode contg. a carbonaceous material having a deg. of crystallinity of more than 0.8, and an electrolyte contg. a lithium salt and a mixt. of at least two aprotic, organic solvents, where the first has a high dielectric constant and the second has a low viscosity, and also a soluble cpd. capable of reducing on the anode to a potential of more than 1V w.r.t. the lithium to form a passivation layer.    ADVANTAGE -   The mass energy and vol. are increased and remain stable during use and the removal of carbon from the anode is minimised, cf. prior art generators.
A nickel hydrogen secondary battery comprising a case containing (a) paste-type positive electrode containing a nickel oxide and a polymeric binder; (b) paste-type negative electrode containing a hydrogen absorbing alloy and a polymeric binder; (c) separator between the electrodes formed of a sheet material containing polyolefin-based synthetic resin fibres and having a hydrophilic first surface and hydrophobic and hydrophilic second surface facing the negative electrode.    Also claimed is a method for mfg. the battery by embossing a first surface of the polyolefin sheet and dipping it into a solution containing a vinyl monomer having a hydrophilic group so as to coat all surfaces except for the embossed region, followed by irradiating with an energy beam to graft polymerise the vinyl to the sheet.    ADVANTAGE -   Improved self-discharge properties and long life in high temp. storage, and inhibition of pressure increase during over-charging.
A light-transmissive resin-sealed semiconductor comprises a photoelectric transducer with an incident light-side surface covering comprising a cross-linked multi-component copolymer comprising mainly vinylidene fluoride (VDF) and hexafluoropropylene (HFP).    Processes for producing the device are also claimed .    USE -   In the prodn. of (flexible) solar cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The copolymer used a filler layer covering the device provides excellent weather and heat resistance and fire retardancy, and provides flexibility for protection of the device and excellent adhesion between the device and the outermost surface covering layer.
The solar cell module includes a photovoltaic element, a transparent resin filler layer, a transparent surface layer and a reinforcing member. The reinforcing member is positioned on the rear of the element. The surface layer includes a film composed of a fluororesin which has a high fluorine content. The resin contains an ultraviolet absorber.    The surface protective layer has a light transmittance of 0.8 or less in a relative value to a resin containing no ultraviolet absorber. The film has a deformation temperature of 70 degrees C or above at a pressure of 4.6 kg/cm squared.    ADVANTAGE -   Improved ultraviolet screening due to coating. Weather resistant. Reduced degradation due to light. Efficient conversion.
The module includes an electroconductive substrate and a photoactive semiconductor layer which acts as a photovoltaic element with a transparent surface coating on the light introducing side. The coating layer contains alkylated tertiary amine compound and also includes a filler and an outermost layer.    The surface layer is formed of a fluororesin and contains an inorganic or polymeric ultraviolet light absorber. The filler is made from an ethylene type copolymer. The photovoltaic element has a shunt resistance between 2000 and 200000 Ohms.cm2.    ADVANTAGE -   Has high weatherability and high heat resistance. Protected from external impact. Clean due to avoiding use of fossil fuel. Safe. Easy to handle. Improved conversion efficiency.
Transparent resin sealed semiconductor is sealed at a light-incident face of a photoelectric transducer with a resin layer of a copolymer of ethylene and an unsatd. fatty acid ester. A pref. transducer has a conductive substrate, active layer pref. amorphous Si, and a transparent electrode.    USE -   Esp. with a solar cell (module).    ADVANTAGE -   Resin has high heat resistance and low hygroscopicity and does not liberate free acids or deform at high temp.
An electrochemical cell comprising anode and cathode electrodes and an operatively associated electrolyte has an improvement comprising a covering at one or more interfaces of the electrodes and the electrolyte. The covering comprises a non-fabric, continuous film of anode ion-permeable substrate material having a uniform unit wt. and perforated with a pattern of openings. Each opening has a shape suitable for providing anode ion flow through it. The substrate material is uniformly coated with an organic electron donor material.    Also claimed are: (1) the above improvement applied to an alkali metal-halogen electrochemical cell; (2) the above improvement applied to the anode of an alkali metal-halogen electrochemical cell; (3) the above improvement applied to the anode of a lithium-halogen electrochemical cell; (4) an anode for an alkali metal-halogen electrochemical cell; (5) the above improvement applied to the anode of an alkali metal-oxyhalide electrochemical cell; (6) the above improvement applied to the anode of a lithium-halogen electrochemical cell; and (7) an anode for an alkali metal-oxyhalide electrochemical cell as (6) above.    USE -   The improvement is used in high energy density, alkali metal-halogen and alkali metal-oxyhalide cells (both claimed) of the type used in small-size electronic devices to prevent passivation, which gives rise to voltage delay after storage at elevated temps.    ADVANTAGE -   The coating is flexible and has good adhesion to the surface of the metal anode. It can be applied equally well to smooth, flat surfaces and irregular surfaces. It is convenient, effective, economical to use and readily adapted to current mfg. techniques.
The thermoelectric cell consists of a metal receptacle (10) with lithium negative electrode. An electric power generation part (10) is formed inside the receptacle. A heat insulating layer (9) is employed to heat the generation part warm. An ignition implement base (3) is sealed in the metal part suitably so that it lightens an ignition fluid (4). The base is fixed by a lid heat insulation part (2). The base is surrounded by an impulse absorption material (5). The base is resin moulded using the impulse power.    ADVANTAGE -   Cancels destroying of ignition fuel. Performs bearing upto 000G, in shock resistance. Supplies power to external circuit efficiently.
The catalyser layer mfg method involves mixing of carbon powder, an inorganic metal oxide and a polytetrafluoroethylene resin. To this mixture, a poly acrylic acid or its salt, a polyacrylic acid ester, a methyl cellulose and a carboxy methyl cellulose is added as a solution. This mixture is kneaded thoroughly by adding alcohol to the mixture, to form a sheet like catalyser layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Increases bonding between composition particles of catalyser layer. Increases discharge characteristics of battery. Suppresses water repellence characteristic of catalyser layer.
The positive electrode (2) for lithium ion solid state electrolyte battery contains a positive electrode active material and an electrically conductive material along with ion conductive macromolecular electrolyte material. The diameter of the electrically conductive material is in the range of 0.08 - 10mm.    ADVANTAGE -   Increases active material filling density per composition of positive electrode. Improves positive electrode utilisation factor. Maintains higher energy density. Decreases expansion of electrode due to addition of carbon fibre which has sufficient flexibility. Improves charging and discharging characteristics.
The secondary battery consists of positive and negative electrodes isolated by a separator. The negative electrode consists of a conductive substrate into which negative electrode active material along with a macromolecular binder is filled up. Polytetra fluoroethylene contained in a binder and some in the range of 200000-1000000 molecules on an average are present in the binder.    ADVANTAGE -   Controls rise in inner pressure during over charging. Simplifies mfg process.
The mfg method involves melting of an organic disulphide compound along with its derivative. Polyaniline is added to this molten compound and a uniform mixture is obtained. A metal oxide is distributed in this mixture. The mixture is thus solidified by removing a portion or the whole of the derivative of the disulphide compound.    ADVANTAGE -   Minimises polarization of compound mixture. Enables operativity at large current value.
An alkaline battery has a gel type negative electrode comprising a zinc alloy powder, a gelling agent and an alkaline electrolyte. The gelling agent comprises a combination of (I) a crosslinked polyacrylate water-absorbing polymer having a dispersion viscosity as a 0.5 wt.% aq. soln. at 25C of at least 15000 cps and a particle size of 0.1-0.9 mm., (b) a branched polyacrylic acid or salt thereof having a dispersion viscosity as a 0.5 wt.% aqs. soln. at 25C of at least 15000 cps and a particle size of 0.1 mm or less, and (c) a granular crosslinked and branched polyacrylic acid or salt thereof having a dispersion viscosity as a 0.5 wt.% aq. soln. at 25C of at least 15000 cps and a particle size of 0.1-0.9 mm.    ADV&gt;    USE/ADVANTAGE -   The alkaline battery is used for heavy duty purposes and can withstand strong vibration and shock applied for a long period while the battery is being discharged.
Cathode for a molten carbonate fuel cell comprises lithiated nickel oxide and is prepd. by (a) mixing nickel powder, lithium carbonate, an organic binding agent and a low boiling (50-100 C) organic solvent, (b) evaporating the solvent, (c) introducing the mixt. into the molten carbonate fuel cell and (d) heating the cell to its working temp. The cell has a matrix of ceramic material prepd. with an organic binding agent. The organic binding agent mixed with the nickel and lithium carbonate is the same as that used for the matrix. Also claimed is the method for mixing the same components.    USE -   The cell is used as a fuel cell.    ADVANTAGE -   Evapn. of the solvent combined with heating in the cell saves time and energy in preparing the lithiated nickel oxide.
Solar energy non-evacuated CPC type collector for heating fluids up to 120C comprises a rectangular box (1) of smaller height than the width and length. The top (2) is formed of a transparent sheet whose frame is formed by a rigid profile sealed by a gasket of resilient material. Inside the box is a plate (7) of rigid insulating material, pref. of polyurethane, contacting the inside of the bottom of the box, the bottom pref. being of PVC. The top surface of the material is covered by a reflecting material (7) having several troughs (8, 8') between two parallel planes spread apart by a distance of H or H' with the lower plane contained in the plate. The upper plane is defined by lines that form the top of the troughs, and the shape is such that the left part is a mirror image of the right part and the left part goes through one or more arcs or parabola and of circumference followed by an arc of circumference.    ADVANTAGE -   Losses by convection are reduced.
The metal body comprises: (a) at least one vapour-deposited treatment layer overlying and adhered to at least one side of the metal body; and (b) a layer of adhesion-promoting material suitable for enhancing adhesion between the body and another substrate, overlying and adhered to at least one treatment layer; provided that when two treatment layers are deposited on one side of the body and the first layer is vapour-deposited Zn, the second layer is not vapour-deposited silica or alumina.    Also claimed are: (i) electro-deposited or wrought Cu foils; (ii) a metal body having at least one side which has been chemically or physically treated to etch the side or to deposit a metal coating electrochemically; (iii) a laminate; (iv) an etched laminate; and (v) a multi-layer etched laminate.    USE -   The metal bodies, e.g. Cu foils are useful in the mfr. of e.g. batteries, EMI/RFI shielding gaskets and panels, and printed circuit boards (PCBs) used as substrate in the mfr. of electronic devices, e.g. radios, televisions and computers. The treated Cu foils are useful for the prodn. of PCBs by lamination of prepreg and foil webs.    ADVANTAGE -   Metallic bodies are obtd. which maintain, e.g. a bright Cu tone during long storage and throughout lamination under heat and pressure, while retaining solderability and/or solder wettability. Because improved adhesion, which does not rely on surface roughening of the metal foil (claimed), is obtd., problems of poor PCB performance resulting from surface roughening procedures used in prior art to enhance adhesion can be avoided. PCBs prepd. using the above Cu foils allow for hotter and faster processing, give enhanced oxidn. resistance and acid undercutting resistance and more than double initial peel strength.
Multi-terminal electronic device is mfd. by: using a substrate of a low temp substrate not capable of withstanding temps higher than 180-200 C for processing periods above 105 nsec; depositing a thin film of amorphous semiconductor on the substrate; and applying pulse(s) from a high energy source onto the thin film to change its crystallinity without subjecting the substrate to the above conditions. The substrate is pref. polyether-sulphone, ethylene-chlorotrifluoro-ethylene, ethylene-tetrafluoro-ethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, PTFE, fluorinated ethylene-propylene or high density polyethylene. The thin film semiconductor is pref. amorphous Si.    USE -   Esp. in mfr. of solar cells (claimed) and also in mfr. of TFTs.    ADVANTAGE -   Use of low-temp. plastic substrates allows low-cost, lightweight devices to be mfd.
Absorption agent for aq. acids or lyes comprises weakly crosslinked polycationic homo- or co-polymers of quaternary, monoethylenically unsatd. carboxylic acid derivs. of formula:    (CH2=C(R1)-CO-X-(CH2)n-C(R2R3)-CH2-N+(R4R5R6)Y (I)    In formula (I), R1 = H or Me; R2, R3 = H or 1-4C alkyl; R4, R5, R6 = 1-4C alkyl; n = 0 or 1; X = O or NH; and Y = an anionic acid residue such as monoalkyl sulphate, hydrogen sulphate or chloride.    The copolymers may comprise up to 70 wt.% of nonionic monomers of formula    CH2=C(R1)Z (II) and/or    CH2=C(R1)COX(CH2)nC(R2R3)CH2N(R4R6) (III)    based on the total amt. of monomers (I), (II) and (III). The polymers are prepd. in aq. soln. by chemical catalysis with radical formers or with UV light. The absorption agent has a grain size of spectrum. 50-5000 (esp. 100-2000) microns. Additional conventional, porous, organic and/or inorganic materials and.or fibres may be mixed with the polymer product.    In formulae (II) and (III), R1 - R6 are as described above; X = as described above; and Z = CON(R1R2), COO(CH2)nC(R2R3)CH2OH or CN.    USE -   The absorption agents may be used to take up, e.g. sodium lyes, potassium lyes, ammonium chloride solns., amine solns., H2SO4, HCl, HNO3, H3PO4, acetic acid, acrylic acid, crotonic acid or alkyl-sulphonic acids. Due to their ability to absorb sulphuric acid, they may be used in lead accumulators.    ADVANTAGE -   The agents are capable of absorbing several times their own wt. of strong acids or bases.
Photovoltaic devices are mfd. by: interconnecting an array of solar cells; placing the array on a transparent plastic sheet and thermally bonding it to the sheet without curing the sheet and at a sub-atmos. pressure; cooling and transporting (shipping) to a mfg. facility; placing the resulting subassembly on a substrate or superstrate support; and curing the plastic sheet while bonding it to the support.    Pref. plastic sheet is ethylene vinyl acetate, polyvinyl butyral, PMMA, ethylene methacrylic acid or silicone rubber. Thermal bonding is carried out at 90-120 deg. C and the curing is carried out at 135-140 deg. C. The sheet may be coated with a moisture resistant layer, pref. PVF or PE. The support is made of Al, Nb, Ti, Cr, Bi, Sb, Fe or steel. The solar cells are poly or mono-Si devices or may be amorphous Si junction devices with an i-layer of Si:H, Si:C or Si:H:C. The mfg. facility is a glass plant with the support made of glass; or an automobile plant with the support formed of curved glass.    USE -   Esp. as a solar panel for vehicles, buildings etc.    ADVANTAGE -   High quality array is mfd. in a low-cost and efficient manner.
An electrolyte for an electrolytic cell comprises: a solid matrix-forming monomer; a salt; a solvent; a viscosifier; and a flame retardant. Also claimed are (i) a solid, single-phase, solvent-contg. electrolyte comprising: a solid polymeric matrix; a salt; a solvent; a viscosifier agent; and a flame retardant; (ii) an electrolytic cell comprising the solid, solvent-contg. electrolyte; (iii) a process for preparing the solid electrolytes by (polymerising the monomer), dissolving the polymer in a volatile solvent, adding the other components, removing the solvent and during; and (iv) a porous for preparing an electrolytic cell by interposing the first claimed compsn. above between a cathode and anode and curing to provide a solid electrolyte bonded to the surfaces of both electrodes.    USE -   In the prodn. of solids batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   The fire resistance of the solid electrolyte is improved without degradation of the cell performance; dissolution of the electrolyte salt is enhanced, battery recharging is improved, the number of charge/discharge cycles is increased, and corrosion of the anode/cathode is reduced.
The solar battery consists of flexible solar cell (11). A pair of protection films (12,13) are provided at the surface and rear sides of the solar cell, respectively. The protection film has winding along axial direction. It also consists of domains (14,15) where bending of solar cell is facilitated easily, at the time of winding.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides winding in solar battery. Enables easy bending of cell.
Method involves formation of semiconductor layer and transparent electroconductive layer on conductive substance. Both sides of the module are covered by resin film layer and filler. This coating is applied by 2-stage rolling using rubber rollers (111, 121). The surface covering material and the back side covering material are drawn from respective take up reels.    The gap between 1st set-up rubber rollers at the entrance is 50-100 % of the solar battery module. The circumferential speed of heating of the 2nd stage rollers is made quicker than the speed of heating of the 1st stage.    ADVANTAGE -   Realises solar battery without poor adhesion of covering surface material. Improves productivity and stability and stability.
The casing(1) is made from a polyurethane foam insulating material, and has a cover(2) also made from an insulating material which is fixed to the casing by two clips(3). The cover is fitted with two thermoplastic material plugs(4) which have holes in them to permit passage of the battery connections. The protective casing is place in a metal frame which can be fixed to the chassis of a vehicle.    USE/ADVANTAGES -   Designed to prevent protect batteries against temperature variations, cold, heat and humidity.
A system for heating a domestic water supply and a separate recirculating heating system comprises a storage tank (14) for the supply and with a heat source, and a pipe (32) forming part of the system and located within the tank. The pipe has a metal inner and non-metallic outer wall and is sealed (28, 28) to th tank.    Pref. the inner wall is of Al, Cu, stainless steel or carbon steel, and the outer wall is of polyethylene, high-density polyethylene or polypropylene. A nylon monofilament is located between inner and outer walls to form a drainage path for any water which may leak through the outer wall.    ADVANTAGE -   Is compact, inexpensive and efficient, providing both hot portable and space-heating water with no danger of mixing.
In the production of silicone wafers for use in solar panels, a big silicone block (about 100 kg) is glued to a glass or a ceramic substrate by means of an epoxy resin to support the subsequent cutting process. The silicone block is cut into smaller blocks and then into wafers by means of wires coated with an oil, such as a mineral oil or another synthetic or natural oil, and a cutting aid such as silicon carbide. The size of the silicone wafers is about 10 cm x 10 cm x 200 micron. The silicone wafers are efficiently unglued from the substrate and degreased by contacting them with a solvent system containing a major amount of a propylene glycol monoether, a minor amount of water and, optionally, a propylene glycol diether.    USE -   In solar panels.
A device for converting solar radiation into another form of energy comprises at least one converter for converting solar energy into another form of energy, e.g. electrical energy, and a light-transmitting cover for protecting the converter against external influences having at least one layer made form acrylic or fluorinated plastics.    ADVANTAGE -   The plastics protective covers are cheaper to make than the glass covers used previously and do not exhibit the strong absorption in certain regions of the solar spectrum that occurs with glass, so that cells with plastics covers show higher conversion yields. The plastics covers have very good transmission properties w.r.t. incident sunlight, very good UV resistance and excellent resistance to weathering.
The non-aq. electrolyte secondary battery has a number of plates (4) inside a battery case (1). The battery case is sealed with a sealing board (2) and insulated at the top. The battery is provided with a positive electrode which is made of lithium oxide and a negative electrode made of carbon material which carry out occlusion and discharge of lithium ion.    The battery is then filled with an organic non-aq. electrolyte. A mixt. of organic solvent and solid state macromolecule electrolyte is applied at the end of the negative electrode. The gas generated inside the carbon material during charging time is controlled by the transmission of lithium ion.    ADVANTAGE -   Controls gas generation during charging of battery. Prevents leakage of electrolyte and reduction in cycle lifetime. Enables to achieve high energy density and high capacitance.
The fuel recycling method uses an executor (13), driven by exhaust hydrogen gas from solid-state macromolecule electrolytic fuel battery (12). A reformer (11) is supplied with hydrogen gas to perform dehydrogenation reaction. The hydrogen gas is supplied to the executor through the recycling pipe (14) from the reformer. The executor supplies the same H2gas to the reformer, thereby recycling the hydrogen.    ADVANTAGE -    Operates without introduction of vapour. Recycles H2gas efficiently using simple procedure.
The solid-state macromolecular type fuel battery has a pair of frames (100) facing each other with projections (132) set-up at the circumference of a department (122). Fuel poles (120,130) are installed at the electric power generation hole (110). The fuel hole is projected slightly to support an electrolyte film (20) inside a department (112).    An ultrasonic vibration is passed through one of the frames which fuses the electrolyte film with the frame so that it appears as a single part (115,125) at the middle portion and the frame end respectively. A sealing is provided on the other side of the electrolyte film to prevent gas leakage from the battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents fuel gas from leakage. Improves efficiency and operativity.
A reflux liq. is contacted with a zeolite layer while refluxing a non-aq. electrolyte soln. of which the organic solvent is dissolved in the electrolyte.    USE -   The method is suitable for dehydration treatment on non-aq. electrolyte for Li-battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Removes water in the electrolyte effectively in a short time. No cation in the zeolite is eluted.
Height controlling foot tools are attached to a stage. The stage and a polyethylene tank for gasoline are connected by an attachment vinyl hose. A connecting hose band and a cap for closing a hollow shaft are attached to the hose. A rubber band which presses the stage and the polyethylene tank is also provided.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides a solar power heater which is easily assembled for a low cost.
Coating an ion-contg. polymer onto a selected substrate comprises (a) contacting the substrate with a colloidal dispersion or soln. of the polymer; and (b) contacting the dispersion or soln.-wetted the substrate, without an intermediate drying step, with a soln. of a salt or of a strongly ionising acid at sufficient concn. to cause an adherent coating of the polymer to form on the substrate.    USE -   The ionomeric coating is useful as a transition surface between the materials whose surfaces would otherwise form a high energy interface, e.g. as an alternative to corona discharge or corrosive chemical treatment and partic. for coating PTFE fibres and/or powders to make them water-wettable for use in non-asbestos diaphragms for chlor-alkali cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The converse coatings are thin, of uniform thickness and durable enough to be rinsed in water but removable by mechanical abrasion.
An additive limiting corrosion of the cathode collector in an electrochemical cell where the electrolyte is an ionic cpd. in soln. in an aprotic solvent is a salt of formula (1/mM)+X-. (1/mM)+ = a cation comprising a proton, a cation of an alkali(ne earth) metal, a transition metal, Zn, Cd, Hg or a rare earth, or an organic cation NuR'+; Nu = NH4, an alkyl amine, a pyridine, an imidazole, an amidine, a guanidine, an alkaloid, a diazonium, or a phosphonium, sulphonium or oxonium ion; R' = H, 1-20C (oxa)alkyl or 6-30C aryl; X- = anion with delocalised charge, contg. F bonded to heteroatom.    USE -   Li generators with Al cathode are claimed.
Carbon paper consists of carbon fibre, and has thickness of 0.05-1.0 mm, porosity of 70-90 %, average pore size of 10-30 micron m, pore vol. of 2.0-4.0 cc/g and specific resistance of up to 0.1 ohm cm.    USE -   Suitable for a fuel cell, esp. a small fuel cell used in an automobile etc.    ADVANTAGE -   A thin carbon paper having excellent electric cell property can be obtd.
The mfg method uses a positive electrode board (1) which forms the positive electrode active material layer (2). The active material layer consists of a gel film on a positive electrode collector. A negative electrode active material (4) consists of lithium and is energized as on opposite pole. The macromolecule solid state electrolyte layer (5) is provided inbetween positive and negative active material layers.     The positive electrode active material layer is electrochemically converted to a discharge product. The discharge product which is Lix V2 O5 and nH2O goes to the positive electrode active material which is nearer to positive electrode collector object.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents capacitance reduction in initial state of charging and discharging. Passes higher current since positive electrode active material layer returns electrochemically.
The air tight type storage battery consists of a battery jar (1) which accommodates number of positive and negative plate groups (4,6) with a separator (5) inbetween. The upper end of the plates are in contact with a cell room (3) and have larger dimension than that of the plates in the lower end.    The total thickness of the plate group in the upper end (D1) is greater than that of (D2). These upper and lower end plate groups of varying dimension are made to contact each other.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents deterioration of local active materials are due to heterogeneity of plate group pressure application. Increases discharge capacitance. Simplifies plate group mfg.
The space pumping reflective mirror is built on a lightweight frame (1) which has a concave shape and it is made of plastic or light alloy. Using an adhesive agent (3), the thin film reflective material is pasted. The thin film is made of aluminium and plastic with a silver coating. The frame and the reflective mirror is shaped to a predetermined contour. It is then cut and bonded to the rocket at predetermined location.    ADVANTAGE -   Promotes compactness. Increases rigidity. Prevents generation of problems during launch.
Radiation-crosslinked polymer systems with reversible temp.-dependent radiation transmission are claimed (I). Also claimed is a process for the prodn. of (I), by converting the polymer into the form required for the application concerned and then subjecting it to irradiation.    USE -   Used for the reversible temp.-dependent control of radiation transmission in glazing systems and solar energy devices (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   Provides crosslinked polymer systems with reversible temp.-dependent transmission properties, variability of processing, short switching times and low creep, without the disadvantages of chemically-crosslinked systems (poor reversibility, short working time, limited choice of polymer types).
A process for the reprocessing of used lead accumulators, with recovery of Pb and polyolefins, comprises (a) pulverising in a hammer mill, (b) separating the accumulator paste by wet sieving, separating a coarse fraction by dry sieving and returning this to the hammer mill, (c) removing ferromagnetic metal particles by magnetic sepn., (d) removing polyolefin particles by density sepn., (e) removing lead by up-current classification, (f) separating by one or more sieving stages into at least 2 fractions of Pb-contg. plastic residues, (g) separating metal, (h) removing PVC particles by separate air classification and (i) reducing the particles to a definite particle size in a cutting mill, and separating into Pb and plastic by subsequent air classification.    USE -   Used for reprocessing used lead accumulators to recover lead and polyolefins.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables the recycling of lead accumulators with removal of PVC (a potential source of corrosion, dioxin formation and catalyst poisoning).
Prodn. of chlorine comprises: an ion conductor provided with a catalytic electrode; a hydrogen receptor contacting to one side of the conductor; and HCl contacting on the other side of the conductor.    USE -   Application of fuel cell.    ADVANTAGE -    Cl2is produced from HCl under mild conditions without yielding by-products. The reaction energy can be brought outside in a form of electric energy, as needed.
The fuel cell comprises a cathode catalytic reaction layer (14) which contains carbon particles and platinum between an electrolyte film (10) and a cathode (30). A fire resistant layer (16) consisting of just carbon, covers both sides of the catalytic layer, and the carbon particles are kept intact without any clearance.    If oxygen mixes with hydrogen, combustion of hydrogen takes place due to the catalytic reaction with platinum. The heat that is generated on the peripheral edge of the cathode side catalytic layer is dissipated by each of the carbon particles of the resistant layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Improved durability of electrolyte film.
Electrode plate for liquid crystals comprises a base film for the liquid crystal contg. an aromatic polyester or a polycarbonate having a bisphenol component comprising at least one of the components: 1,1-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-alkylcycloalkane, 1,1-bis(3-substd.-4-hydroxyphenyl)-alkylcycloalkane, 1,1-bis(3,5-substd.-4-hydroxyphenyl)alkylcycloalkane, and a transparent electrode for liquid crystals fixed to at least one surface of the above base film.    USE -   The electrode plate is used as a transparent plastic electrode plate for liquid crystal display used in miniaturised electric and electronic appts..    ADVANTAGE -   This plate has high heat resistance and reduced retardation and thermal change.
NOVELTY - The module has a thin layer (13) of silicon oxide being positioned on a resin fluoride film (14). This fluoride film covers the light incidence surface of a solar battery cell. The battery cell comprises a photoelectric transducer (10) which is made up of a semiconductor layer and a transparent electric conduction layer.    ADVANTAGE - ADVANTAGE Prevents moisture absorption by module from atmos. and maintains transparency factor of module.
The lead storage battery has a battery jar (8) made up of polypropylene resin. The battery jar contains either single cell room or multiple cell rooms. A plate group (1) having a negative electrode board (2), a separator (3) and a positive electrode board (4) are adjoined by an ear part (5) on its upper portion.    A lid covers the opening part of the battery jar. A rectangular parallelepiped strap (6) connects the ear part to the upper part of the plate group. A polypropylene resin lump (10) fixes the plate group and the strap between the battery jar walls. Both ends of the resin lump are attached to the inner wall (11) of the battery jar which is perpendicular to the strap.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents vibration of plate even when intense vibration is given to battery. Prevents fracturing of plate ear part and strap fracture by metal fatigue.
The mfg method involves adding fluorine resin powder to a mixture of activated carbon manganese oxide, using carbon black as a binder. The activated carbon is composed of particles with diameter of about 10 - 40 micrometers and has specific surface area.    Ethyl alcohol is then added followed by kneading process. The air pole catalyser layer of predetermined thickness in the form of sheath is obtained by passing kneaded mixture between two rollers pre-heated at a temperature ranging between 30 - 80 deg. C.    ADVANTAGE -   Excels in catalyser ability. Realizes air cell with excellent discharge performance.
A laser beam method of furnishing a substrate (1) with a patterned electrode film (5) comprises forming a stack by providing a layer of assistant material (3) and an overlaying layer of electrode material (5). The stack is locally laser-irradiated in a desired pattern to heat the assistant material to decomposition, when the locally overlying material is caused to detach.    Also claimed are: (i) a substrate furnished with a patterned film of electrode by the method above, and (ii) a liq. crystal display device comprising a substrate as above.    USE -   For forming patterned electrode film for L.C. and E.L. displays and solar panels.    ADVANTAGE -   A relatively low laser fluence is needed, etching definition is high, and there is a low risk of deposition of debris.
An improvement in a photovoltaic module of the type having an array of electrically interconnected photovoltaic cells (46) disposed between first and second sheets of supporting material (42,50) and encapsulated by a light-transmitting material. At least the first sheet consists of a light transparent material.    The improvement is that the light-transmitting material is an ionomer modified by addition of 0.3 to 2.0 wt. % of a UV absorber and 0.3 to 2.0 wt. % of a UV stabiliser.    Also claimed is a method of manufacturing a photovoltaic module.    USE -   The encapsulation of a multi-cell array of photovoltaic solar cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The encapsulant is less expensive and has a greater resistance to discolouration under intense sunlight thereby giving a module capable of an increased working life without any substantial loss of power.
An improvement in a photovoltaic module of the type having an array of electrically interconnected photovoltaic cells (46) disposed between first and second sheets of supporting material (42,50) and encapsulated by a light-transmitting material. At least the first sheet consists of a light transparent material. The improvement being that the light-transmitting material is an ionomer.    Also claimed is a method of manufacturing a photovoltaic module.    USE -   The encapsulation of a multi-cell array of photovoltaic solar cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The encapsulation provides an improved photovoltaic solar cell module capable of an increased working life without any substantial loss of power.
The macro molecule solid state electrolyte secondary battery has a positive electrode collector object (1). The first active material layer (2a) with least macro molecule solid state electrolyte is formed on the collector object. Then the second active material layer (2b) with higher electrolyte content is formed on the first layer. Finally, the third active material layer (2c) with still higher electrolyte content is formed on the second layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces density. Simplifies negative electrode active material ion diffusion into positive electrode active material layer. Raises battery capacity.
The collector plate has a structure constituted by spherical particles intermingled with carbon black setting thermoplastic resin or an elastomer. The vol. resistivity of the material is below 10 power (-2) ohms.cm. The ratio of the vol. resistivity along XY and Z directions is three or less.    ADVANTAGE -   The plate does not require machine processing. Cooling path contg. water and oxygen is eliminated. It is possible to shape the collector plate by injection moulding.
A set of plates for a lead-acid accumulator includes positive (8) and negative plates (9) separated by a layer (1) folded in zigzag fashion. The whole set is compressed together. On the end plates of the set, the separator wraps around by 10 to 30 %, but preferably 15%. This amounts to about 20 mm. The depth of this overlap is at least twice the plate thickness.    Suitable material for the separator is polythene. The compression is done during manufacture by rollers.    ADVANTAGE -   Allows automated battery mfr. on a production line.
Temp.-sensitive thermal insulator for batteries is obtd.from barrier film and has an expandable chamber(s) contg. a fluid having a vaporisation temp. of 90-200 F. The insulator has a first volume above the vaporisation temp. which is greater than a second volume of the insulator below the vaporisation temp. Also claimed is a lead-acid SLI battery comprising a container having the above insulator secured over at least a portion of the outer surfaces of the container walls. Pref. the insulator covers the outer surfaces and is mounted to the battery by double-sided tape.    USE -   The insulators are particularly for batteries which have a temp. dependent thermal conductivity. They can be used to fabricate air deflectors which deflect hot air only at higher temps.    ADVANTAGE -   The batteries are protected against higher ambient temps. but can be more rapidly warmed at lower ambient temps. The insulator is mfd. and installed more easily.
The fabric is (F) a high elastic woven fabric comprising (F1) a carbon fibre of dia. of single fibre of less than 8 m, (F) is woven by using carbon fibre two of tensing elasticity more than 60 t/m2and rate of opening of weave pattern less than 10 %. Also claimed is (P) a prepreg. prepd. by impregnating (F) with a thermosetting resin. Also claimed is a solar cell panel prepd. by orienting solar cells onto base material of reinforced carbon fibre prepd. by moulding and curing (P).    USE -   The high elastic woven fabric is used for e.g. aerospace applications.    ADVANTAGE -   The fabric is thin, lightweight and has high strength.
The lead storage battery glass fibre is a composite product. The binder solution sprayed on the glass fibre permeates into glass fibre material. Then, the glass fibre is heated and the binder solution is hardened. The glass fibre is then processed to obtain required size. The binder solution is made from an organic compound and a solvent containing silica as main ingredient.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents corrosion of collector object. Strengthens glass fiber coupling. Prolongs life of lead storage battery.
A solid, single-phase electrolyte which comprises a solid polymer matrix and an ionically conducting amt. of an organometallic ion salt having the formula Mc(ARn) where M is a metal ion selected from Li, Na, K, Mg A = metal ion selected from Al, Ti and B and R - 1-6C alkyl, unsubstituted/substd. aromatic with 6-11C, mono or dialkyl amine will 1-8C and a cyclic or linear ether with the formula O(R1O)p where R1 is a 1-6C alkyl and c is 1 or 2 and n = 1-6.    Also claimed is an electrolyte cell and a method for enhancing the ion conductance of an electrolytic cell.    USE -   A solid electrolyte can be used to produce conductivity.    ADVANTAGE -   The anion portion of the ion salt is an organometallic structure which is capable of enhancing the ion conduction of the electrolytic cells incorporating the solid electrolyte.
A battery comprises electrochemical bi-fold cells each comprising a layer of anode material, a layer of cathode material separated from the mode layer by an interposing solid electrolyte layer, forming a cell laminate with the electrolyte layer and the anode layer, and the cell laminate being folded at a fold and a cathode current collector strip and a resistive adhesive polymer layer attaching the cathode current collector strip at a contact area to each of the bi-fold cells of the hold and a resistive adhesive layer which has a resistivity within a predetermined range.    ADVANTAGE -   The amt. of current that will flow through the battery in the event of a short circuit either external or internal to the battery is limited.
Electrochemical appts. for energy storage and/or power delivery comprising (a) means for maintaining and circulating electrolyte flows in a fully liq. system in which the active constituents are fully soluble in a single cell or in an array of repeating cell structures, each with +ve chamber contg. inert+ve electrodes and -ve chamber contg. an inert-ve electrode sepd. by an ion exchange membrane the electrolyte circulating in the -ve chambers during power deliver contg. a sulphide and a liq. oxidising agent circulating in the +ve chambers; (b) means for restoring or replenishing the electrolytes by circulating to a storage means to extend the power delivery over a longer cycle; (c) a pH compensation cell to compensate for changes in pH and/or changes in hydroxyl ions which is adapted to reduce the availability of polysulphides at the surface promoting electrolysis of water; (d) means for passing -ve electrolyte through the pH compensation cell; (e) means for driving an electric current through the-ve electrolyte in the pH compensation cell generating OH- ions.    Also claimed is the process using the appts.    USE -   Electrochemical energy storage cells.    ADVANTAGE -   Full power at low state of charge at sufficient power density for practical use.
The array consists of many solar battery modules arranged in the form of an array. A solar battery module has an upper end threshold part and a lower end suspending part. Each end has a connection part. The solar battery modules are positioned adjoining each other and are connected to the connection part.    The suspending part is covered by a covering board. The covering board is made up of a non-flammable material such as steel or an aluminium plate. The right and left adjacent sides of the battery module is also covered by the non-flammable covering sheet. The covering sheets made of non-flammable material is also replaced by a EVA resin which acts as a flame prevention.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents spreading of fire from one module to another module.
The solar batter module encloses a solar battery embedded by a filling material on the reverse side of a reinforcing material (101). The back side of the reinforcing material in contact with the filling material is coated with epoxy resin paint.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces possibility of generation of air packets in filling material. Prevents peeling off filling material. Increases reliability of solar battery. Eliminates invasion of moisture to back side of reinforcing material.
The fuel battery system comprises a fuel battery (3) which uses solid state macromolecular film as an electrolyte film. Heat is exchanged between the air supplied to and air discharged from the fuel batter. The air is humidified. A reproduction heat exchanger (10) supplies pure water for air humidification.    ADVANTAGE -   Realises efficient air humidification and improves energy efficiency and system performance.
Electrical energy storage device comprises two substrates (24) each with a thin-film metal (oxide) electrode layer (12,14), non-conductive spacer particles (16) between the electrodes such that inter-electrode spacing is less than 20 m and the spacers cover less than 10% of electrodes area, an electrolyte in the space, and seals (22) to seal the space. The electrodes have a thickness of less than 10000 and may be of the same or different materials.    ADVANTAGE -   The device acts as a cell or capacitor but stores much larger amts. of energy in a smaller package which can be mfd. at reasonable cost.
The photovoltaic roofing member comprises: (a) a roofing strip having a length Ls and a width Ws and including an overlap portion of length Lo equal to Ls and width Wo less than Ws, from which depend tab portions which are defined by one or more notches cut part-way through the strip width and which have length Lt less than Ls and width Wt less than Ws such that Wt + Wo = Ws; (b) photovoltaic devices affixed to corresp. tabs; (c) an interconnection system for establishing electrical communication between the devices; and (d) positive and negative electrical terminals on the bottom surface of the roofing member and in electrical communication with the devices.    Also claimed is a similar photovoltaic roofing member in which at least one of the notches is a tapered notch of variable width.    ADVANTAGE -   The roofing member is simple to install, provides efficient conversion of light to electricity, can be used in combination with standard shingle stock, makes efficient use of roof space for generating electricity and is unobtrusive in use.
A fuel cell system comprises (a) hydrocarbon fuel and water supplies; (b) a steam-fuel catalytic reformer which receives the supplied fuel and water and which delivers reformed H2 and CO2 gas; (c) a gas separator for separating the H2 and CO2 for separate delivery; (d) a hydrogen fuel cell including a microporous catalysed carbonised aerogel anode fed with the separated H2, a microporous catalysed carbonised aerogel cathode fed with O2 from ambient air, and an acid electrolyte cation filled silica hydrogel separator between the anode and cathode; and (e) an external circuit connected with and between the anode and cathode.    Also claimed is a similar fuel cell system which omits the reformer and gas separator and which has a H2 gas supply an anode and cathode of microporous reticulated carbon formed by thermal redn. of organic aerogels infused with a noble metal salt.    USE -   For electric vehicles.    ADVANTAGE -   The fuel cell system can use air as the oxidant feedstock and gasoline, methanol, ethanol and/or alcohol as the feedstock for H2 prodn., and has high surface area catalysed carbon electrodes capable of high temp. operation.
Coating comprises: (a) partitioning a container contg. a raw material monomer-contg. electrolyte into two areas by an ion-conductive separator; (b) positioning a pair of DC voltage-applied electrodes in the two areas (one electrode per area); (c) filling conductive particulates in one area; (d) carrying an electric current across the electrodes while stirring the particulates; (e) forming a conductive polymer film on the surfaces of the particulates on electrolytic polymerisation reaction.    Also claimed is equipment having: (a) a container for contg. a raw material monomer-contg. electrolyte; (b) an ion-conductive separator for partitioning the container into two areas; (c) a pair of electrodes; and (d) a stirring means for stirring conductive particulates and for evenly keeping the particulates contact with the electrodes.    USE -   Used for forming a conductive polymer film on the surfaces of the conductive particulates for a negative electrode material for a lithium sec. battery.    ADVANTAGE -   A thin conductive polymer film is uniformly formed on the surfaces of the conductive particulates. The use of the film for a negative electrode material for a lithium storage battery prevents carbonaceous particulates from being directly kept into contact with the electrolyte. The thin conductive polymer film reduces the vol. of the polymer film per the entire negative electrode. The result enables a battery having high vol. energy density.
A self-deploying helical structure comprises resilient helical strips (44) with a top and bottom ring (46,48) attached to opposite ends of each strip. There is pref. at least one intermediate ring (50) attached to the strips, and the structure is rolled into a coil. The strips are pref. made of S-glass/PEEK and a conductive copper layer (54) is bonded to one or more strips, each strip having a reflective part.    USE -   E.g. for space applications.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides a reliably self-deploying antenna using energy stored when the structure is collapsed.
Process for preparing an electrolyte film for lithium/polymeric electrolyte batteries, by extrusion for a polymer and a Li salt suitable for use in such electrolytes in the presence of ultrafine metal oxide powders with a particle size of 7-40 nm, which inhibit the formation of solid clumps in the powder mixt. to be extruded and thus facilitates the introduction of the mixt. into the extruder.    USE -   For prodn. of extruded polymeric electrolyte films for Li batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   The fine oxide powder inhibits the formation of solid clumps in the mixt., facilitates the feed of the mix into the extruder and gives very homogeneous extruded electrolyte films.
The sealing method positions a glass (10), an amorphous solar battery (11), an ethylene acetate vinyl copolymer layer (12), a back cover (13) sequentially. A vacuum bag or a vacuumised crimp roll accommodates the entire arrangement.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces usage of expensive vacuum lamination. Enables rapid production.
The solar aided hybrid power generation system furnished with a battery which uses an electrolyte that is either an ion conductivity polymer or heat semiconductor polymer. The negative electrodes is any one of aluminium, copper, zinc or iron and the positive electrode is made up of carbon graphite or copper immersed in the electrolyte.    There is a solar heating arrangement which heats the electrolyte and the air pump which sends in air and supplies oxygen to the electrolyte and churning device to agitate the electrolyte. There is a calculation and control equipment which controls the temperature and oxygen content depending on the detection values given by an oxygen sensor (19).    ADVANTAGE -   Eliminates noise and vibration. Eliminates generation of exhaust gas. Prevents energy using chemical reaction. Enables power generation to required amount, even if it is small. Improves conversion efficiency, because both solar light and heat are used. Enables use at night time also, by storing power generation during day time.
The lithium cell uses a macromolecule solid state electrolyte layer (5) which consists of a high molecular cpd. The high molecular compound is glass fibre (7) comprising 25-50 weight percentage of the total weight. The mean dia and length of the fibre are 10 microns or less and 100 microns or less respectively.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids generation of short circuit between plates. Prevents capacitive redn. during charging and discharging. Protracts lifetime of battery.
The header has a metal mould (5) in which a minute resin powder (2) is filled. The metal mould is connected to a main part (4). The minute resin powder is filled with 3 - 15 mm thick grade material. Each unit cell of the main part has a fuel pole, an air pole and an electrolyte matrix.    The fuel gas and oxidizer gas are separately supplied to each unit cell. A control mechanism (3) pushes the resin powder against a multilayer body (1). The metal mould is heated and rotated along a multiple axial part, using a rotational shaping appts (6). The mould is then gradually cooled and slowly rotated.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves corrosion resistance, electric insulation, sealing nature, operativity and intensity.
The method involves using a resin layer on battery plates. A paste of active material (11) is made using an electrolyte and a core of the paste applied on the battery plates. The active material powder is mixed with a thermoplastic resin powder (2) of the smaller particle diameter and a deposited on the plate.    The plate is heated to a temperature higher than the maximum operation temperature of the battery. The resin particles melt and diffuse through the force between the active layer particles and form a thin film on the battery plate.    ADVANTAGE -   Prolongs life time of battery. Enhances bonding strength between active layer and battery plates.
The lead storage battery has a strap (1) to which a number of plate ear parts (2) are welded through welding parts (3). The junction part of the plate ear part and strap is covered with an acid resistant composition such as a thermo plastic elastomer and an epoxy resin layer (4).    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents advance of etching to junction part by adhesion of electrolyte and oxygen gas.
The electronic battery is provided with internal positive and negative collector objects (20, 23) connected to a positive electrode active material. The active material has a bottom metallic layer, which is placed between the positive and negative collector object.    A plate shaped armour object is connected to a negative electrode active material on which a resin film is formed. A terminal part (10) is connected to the inner side of the armour object. The circumference of the armour object is covered with an airtight sealing insulator material (21).    USE/ADVANTAGE -   In e.g. power supply, portable electronic equipment. Improves durability, reliability and airtight nature. Reduces size, shape and weight. Avoids deformation of armour object. Prevents peeling of active material from bending part. Prevents short circuitry in bending part. Avoids damages and accidents caused by overcurrent.
A square or circular shaped notch part at four peripheral corners of a single pair of rectangular sheets like a metal terminal assembly is provided. A similar type of metal terminal assembly with different dimensions from the previous one and a pair of cyclic insulation members are prepd.. The members consist of an adhesive polyolefin system resin which is then sealed on to the metal by heat treatment. Thermocompression bonding of the cyclic insulation member on the periphery of the metal terminal assembly is carried out. The opposite arrangement of cyclic insulation member carries out thermocompression bonding to a single pair of metal terminal assembly. The spatial section is formed due to the generation of electric power element of the layer, then heat sealing is performed in the peripheral termination of the single pair of the metal terminal assemblies.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids short circuits during mfr.. Reduces defects and improves yield.
In a battery with an aq. alkaline electrolyte, one or more nickel hydroxide-contg. cathodes and an oxygen recombination system including at least one recombination electrode with (partially) hydrophobic large surface area opposite faces, of which the first face is joined to the anode(s), the novelty is that the recombination electrode is associated with a structure providing a thin incompressible space in contact with its second face to allow oxygen access throughout the battery service life.    ADVANTAGE -   The battery (esp. storage battery) has high energy density, operates at low pressure, is maintenance-free and maintains its performance throughout its service life.
A label for a battery has a plastic, stretchable or heat shrinkable support layer (1), a layer of non-electrically conductive or dielectric mineral particles (4) and a layer (3) to stick and anchor the particles to the support.    The label is made by depositing the adhesive layer (3) on the support (1) then applying the particle layer (4).    No conductive material partic. metallic material is used .    USE -   Labelling of batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   Eliminating metallisation reduces cost, removes risk of electrical leakage or short circuits.
The solar cell module (101) comprises a surface cover member e.g. a waterproof transparent film (108) e.g. of polyethylene tetrafluoroethylene, polyethylene trifluoride, polyvinyl trifluoride etc. over a flexible solar cell e.g. a non single crystal semiconductor e.g. amorphous silicon formed on a stainless steel substrate, a lamination having a back reinforcement member (109) e.g. a zinc coated steel plate and a filler e.g. of silicon resin, butyryl resin, acrylic resin etc. are larger than the solar cell and is superposed on the non light receiving side of the solar cell with an opening corresponding to a pierced portion for accommodating a fixing means of the solar cell module.    USE -   Passive conversion of solar energy to electrical energy.    ADVANTAGE -   Can be nailed to existing roof, stable over 20 years.
An electrolytic cell (10) comprises an anode (12) having an interface, a cathode (14) and an electrolyte (16). A surface layer (18) is applied to the interface of the anode (12). The surface layer (18) has means for enabling transfer of ions from the anode (12) to the electrolyte (16) and back into contact with the anode. The surface layer (18) becomes electronically conductive upon formation of dendritic growth on the interface.    USE -   Used in a rechargeable battery. The electronic conductivity suppresses the dendritic growth, resulting in a substantially uniform distribution of metal ions back onto the anode during electrodeposition.    ADVANTAGE -   The suppression of dendritic growth substantially increases the cycle life of the cell (10).
The battery consists of a positive electrode active material layer (2) and a negative electrode active material layer (4) between which an electrolyte (5) is interposed. Methoxy ethylene is used as an electrolyte in which LiBX4, where X is halogen, is a support salt like LiBF4, which contains 2-15 percentage of the total weight.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids generation of dendrite. Inhibits rapid capacitive during charging and discharging. Protracts life of battery.
Additive for a polymer comprises a SIS or SBS type block elastomer copolymer and a mixt. of an aliphatic ether type plasticiser of polyethylene oxide derived from cetyl, stearyl or isohexadecyl alcohol.    USE -   Used for making electrolytes for Li-polymer electrolyte cells.
In a high capacity primary or secondary cell, the active material of at least one of the electrodes is selected from transition metal oxides or their (partially) lithiated forms, such as TiO2, Nb2O5, HfO2, MnO2, LiyNiO2, LiyCo2, Ldy(NiCo)O2, or LiyMn2O4, in the form of electrically interconnected nanocrystalline particles of 1-250 nm. size. Pref. the particles are mixed with graphite and a binder, e.g. ethylene-propylene-diene monomer or PTFE, and compressed to form the electrode.    ADVANTAGE -   The cell has high energy storage capacity.
Plane solar collector in a thermally isolated casing (1,19) with a radiation permeable top plate (2,22) uses a heat carrier fluid of two or more components of differing b.pts. which can be vaporised at the operating temp.. An auxiliary gas is used, and the heat carrier fluid of a high proportion of lower boiling component, flows as a thin film along the underside of the top plate (2,22) which has a thin fibrous or porous coating. The carrier fluid is stored in a collecting vessel (18) at the lower end of the top plate, and is pushed from here by pressure fluctuations into a collecting vessel (10) through a pipeline (16) and a valve (11), and then through a valve (9) into a relatively loose porous or fibrous layer (6,27) which has a more tightly packed porous or fibrous layer (5,24) above it. The layer has thermally isolating elements, e.g. hexagonal or quadratic honeycombs (4,21) which can be made from polycarbonate; these elements have gas flow openings (20) on their lower ends and a thin fibrous or porous coating, enabling the carrier fluids to rise by capillary action. The vaporised components of the carrier fluids flow to the lower end of the collector and behind the porous or fibrous layers (5,24) and (6,27), giving up heat. The less volatile components condense and are taken up by these layers, the remaining vapour components evolve heat in an external heat exchanger (14), with a non-return valve (13) on the outlet, at a desired temp.. A mixt. of gaseous and liq. components of the carrier fluid is fed in a coiled pipe (12,23) behind the layers and collected in a vessel (8), partially filled with auxiliary gas, from where it flows through a non-return valve (7) on the underside of the top plate.    USE -   Used as a heat pump to remove heat from the surroundings.    ADVANTAGE -   The collector reduces the emission of heat to the surroundings by use of a transparent insulating material and a counter-current multicomponent heat carrier fluid.
A luminescent solar concentrator comprises a glass or plastic plate (10A) doped with a photoluminescent material, and incorporating an optical fibre (20) having two ends and a core of laser material. When exposed to sunlight, the concentrator generates luminescence light from the luminescent material, the luminescence including wavelengths within at least one absorption band of the laser material, generating optical radiation within at least one laser band for the laser material. At least part of the generated optical radiation is transmitted to at least one end of the fibre. An energy conversion means at one of the fibre ends converts the optical radiation to useful energy.    USE -   For generating electrical power from solar energy.    ADVANTAGE -   The energy loss by reabsorption is greatly minimised by the use of photoluminescent materials which are also efficient laser materials.
A converging material is obtd. by dispersing transparent material (B) in transparent material (A) having properties satisfying equation (I)     mod(nda -ndb) 0.03 (I).     nda = refraction factor of the material (A) to d-ray; and ndb= refraction factor of the material (B) to d-ray.    USE -   For injecting high density sun beams into solar batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   The converging material has high converging properties independently of angles of incidence.
The fuel battery consists of unit cell provided with an electrolyte layer. The impregnation of the electrolyte into a matrix is performed. One pair of anode and cathode electrodes are arranged in the electrolyte. A separator board separates each concerned unit cell. Multiple cooling boards are layered to form a multilayer body (1). A gas manifold for reaction gas supply and discharge is arranged on the side of the multilayer. A sealing material seals the multilayer body and gas manifold. A part of a fluorine rubber (3) of one sheet, a fibre like fluorine resin (4), a fluorine resin board (5) with a known shape hole, a fluorine resin tape (6) and a slating material of sand like particle are combined and formed between the multilayer and a flange (2).    ADVANTAGE -   Performs sufficient gas sealing. Improves reliability and endurance of sealing part. Provides inexpensive fuel battery with easy attachment production.
The manufacturing method uses a solvent into which a mixed solution comprising molten conductive macromolecular substance, is dissolved. Due to this dissolution, a liquid membrane is formed. Then heating, drying of the liquid membrane is carried out to effect removal of solvent from it. Usually poly aniline or its derivative is used as conductive macromolecular substrate, and it is doped with aromatic sulphonic-acid ester.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   In e.g. cordless telephones and other house hold appliances. Facilitates usage in small and bigger capacity battery. Raises production efficiency. Reduces size of battery. Shortens manufacturing time.
A rechargeable photoelectrochemical cell comprises a photoanode of at least one metallic oxide semiconductor on a conductive substrate, a counterelectrode and an electrolyte between these electrodes. At least one of the electrodes is transparent or translucent. The electrolyte comprises a redox system composed of a mixt. of at least one electrochemically active salt and at least one mol. capable of forming a redox system with the anion or cation of the salt. The system is in the liq. state at ambient temp. and/or in soln. in at least one electrochemically inactive salt having a m.pt. less than ambient temp.    Also claimed is the electrolyte compsn. for such a cell.    ADVANTAGE -   The electrolyte has a very low vapour pressure hence there is a low rate of evapn. and no risk of loss of performance due to precipitation of crystalline salt(s). The amt. of solvent used is much lower than in previous compsns. giving improved stability.
A current carrier for a bipolar non-flow zinc halide storage battery, unable to transmit ions and halogens comprises a pair of plastic foil sheets sandwiching an electrically conductive layer.    Also claimed are: (1) a bipolar non-flow zinc halide storage battery contg. the above current carrier; and (2) prepn. of the above current carrier comprising pressing the foil sheets together to sandwich the electrically conductive layer.    The electrically conductive layer is selected from carbon fibre paper, carbon felt, carbon cloth, carbon paper and carbon fibres, where the carbon is in all forms and is e.g. graphitic, amorphous, microcrystalline, diamond or fullerene. It is 10-10000 m thick. The plastic foil sheet comprises polyethylene (HDPE and LDPE), polypropylene, polyvinylacetate, PVC and/or chlorinated polyethylene or copolymers thereof.    ADVANTAGE -   The carrier provides maximum electrical conductivity, minimum thickness (only few 100 thick) and cost, and has a low reactivity towards halogen, i.e. it does not transmit halogen or other ions. The polymer matrix can be prepd. in a cell in situ.
Solid electrolyte for rechargeable lithium intercalation battery cell comprising a dissociable lithium salt dispersed in a polymeric matrix is claimed. The electrolyte comprises a self-supporting film of a copolymer of vinylidene fluoride and hexafluoropropane which has been crosslinked in the presence of an extractable plasticiser and a crosslinking agent. The crosslinking agent is selected from acrylate ester, di- or tri-allyl ester and a di or tri-glycidyl ether. 20-70 wt.% of a soln. of at least one lithium salt in organic solvent is dispersed in the film.    Also claimed is a rechargeable lithium intercalation battery cell comprising positive and negative electrodes with electrolyte above.    Further claimed is a separator membrane comprising the self-supporting film above.    Further claimed is a rechargeable battery cell assembly inducing the separator above between the electrodes.    ADVANTAGE -   The electrolyte is strong and flexible, can be mfd. economically and easily, and functions over a good temp. range. The crosslinked material has limited flow capability at raise temp. improving cell capability and decreasing tendency to short circuit of high temp. while preserving high ionic conductivity.
Solid state electrochemical cell includes Li anode, poly(3-methylthiophene) as solid polymer cathode and (PEO)20 (LiCF3 SO3 )1 (LiN(CF3 SO2)) as solid polymer electrolyte, where PEO is polyethylene oxide.     The following cells are claimed: (a) as above but with poly(3-methylthiophene)-BF4 as cathode; (b) as above but with (PEO)20 (LiCF3 SO3 )1 (LiN(CF3 SO2 )2 )1 as electrolyte and poly(3-methylthiophene)-CF3 SO3 as cathode; and (c) as for (b) except for poly(3-methylthiophene)-N(CF3 SO2 )2as cathode.    USE -   Used as a primary cell or rechargeable cell.    ADVANTAGE -   Cells have no loss in capacity over many cycles. The cell contains no liq. component that can cause corrosion of the anode. Any geometric form is possible and the battery packages can be sealed in metallised plastic films, thus reducing packaging wt. c.f. prior art metal cans.
A valve-regulated lead-acid battery comprises an electrolyte including sulphuric acid within a battery jar (4), a positive plate including collector filled with positive active material (1), and a negative plate (2) with collector and negative active material including a conductive additive. A theoretical capacity of the negative material is less than that of the positive, and the negative active material contains 0.5-7.5 wt.% of conductive additive.    USE -   As valve-regulated lead-acid batteries for electric vehicles.    ADVANTAGE -   Battery wt. is decreased, specific energy and power are enhanced, and life performance is increased.
The mfg. method forms multiple solar battery submodules (2) side by side. A strip shaped extraction electrode and an insulated substrate are formed on either side of the sub-modules. A conductive film (6) is connected electrically with the extraction electrodes. A conductive projection (7) is soldered on either side of the conduction film. The sub-module and projection substrate are sealed by an adhesive resin (4).    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces mfg. cost. Avoids complicated wiring processes. Generates high output.
The method involves formation of a gas diffusion electrode with a reaction layer and a gas diffusion layer on either side of a macromolecule solid state electrolyte film. A solution consisting of a mixture of the electrolyte and a particle of main ingredient of the gas diffusion electrode is applied to the pair of electrode and is hot pressed to provide contact between them.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   In e.g. electrolysis device, power supply of building and factory. Provides large contact area of electrolyte and electrode. Avoids limitations in use of particular kind of electrode. Provides contact with good electrolyte and electrode.
The electrolyte battery includes a negative electrode which is fabricated by heating a resin board contg. aromatic system polymer, at 650 deg centigrade. The atomic ratio of hydrogen and carbon atoms present in the substrate is in the range of 0.05 - 0.5. The atomic ratio of fluorine and carbon atoms is between 0.75 - 1.5.    X-ray diffraction measurement is performed on the negative electrode material. The strength ratio between the first and second peak in the diffraction grating is 0.3 or less where the diffraction angle for the first peak lies in the range of 17.5 - 18.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves battery capacity and charge-discharge cycle characteristics. Reduces weight of battery. Increases energy density.
The structure is constituted by a solar circuit which is covered with a reinforced glass (1) The solar cell is positioned on EVA copolymer layer (6). The EVA layer is mounted on a pair of macromolecular resin layers (3) which are separated by a barrier layer (4) made up of polyisobutylene resin system.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces cost and size of module. Raises operational reliability of module.
The process comprises use of a box-type case (1) in which multiple unit cells (2) are positioned parallel to each other. A set of battery safety elements (6-8), e.g.a fuse, are mounted along the sides which connect the unit cells electrically.    The unit cells are linked to a fixing unit (3) made up of a specific resin layer which is mounted the over the case. The unit cells are fixed to the inner surface of a case by using a liq. epoxy resin system which hardens to generate a rigid structure due to the presence of a hardening catalyser.    ADVANTAGE -   Rattling of unit cell gps. is avoided. The breakage of battery cases under severe stress conditions is prevented.
Extruding plastic plate (10) with a finely textured surface (8) uses a co-extrusion plant (1,2) and a three-roll polishing stack (4,5,4'), one roll (5) of which has a textured surface (7). The coextruded plate consists of a high viscosity polymer forming a base onto which a lower viscosity polymer is extruded. A Fresnel lens mfd. by the process is claimed as is the use of the plastic plate (10) with a linear Fresnel lens surface structure (8) as a light collector in a solar heat panel. Also claimed is a solar heat panel including a tube for the heat transfer fluid and the claimed lens which directs the light onto the tube.    USE -   The process produces an optically clear plastic plate with a Fresnel lens surface profile, esp. for use in solar heat collectors (Claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   The textured surface perfectly replicates the Fresnel pattern on the plastic plate.
Additives allowing the extrusion of polymers that can be used for he fabrication of electrolytes for lithium/polymeric electrolyte batteries, comprises a mixt. of (a) elastomeric block copolymers of the SIS or SBS type and (b) a plasticiser chosen from fatty ethers of polyethylene oxides derived from cetyl alcohol, stearyl alcohol, oleyl alcohol or isohexadecyl alcohol.    ADVANTAGE -   The additive compsns. allow polymers used for the mfr. of solid polymeric electrolytes for lithium batteries, esp. polyethylene oxides, to be extruded as thin films of the thickness required to be useful as electrolyte in lithium cells (less than 30 mm.).
The single phase, solid, solvent contg. electrolyte comprises: (a) a solid polymeric matrix; (b) an inorganic ion salt; and (c) a solvent. The solid matrix is obtd. by (co)polymerising an organic monomer of formula (I). In (I): X and Y = O, S, NH and NR; R = 1-6C alkyl; and n = 3-18.    Also claimed are: (A) an electrolytic cell; and (B) another single phase, solid, solvent contg. electrolyte.    USE -   The solid, solvent contg. electrolyte is used for electrolytic cells having improved safety features.    ADVANTAGE -   The conductivity of the electrolyte is increased. An electrolytic environment in which the inorganic ion salt is more soluble is provided so more of the salt can be incorporated thus increasing conductivity. The solid polymeric matrix has a better swellability and flexibility so the cell can function properly.
A water-activated deferred-action battery having a housing contg. cell(s), comprising: (a) anode(s) selected from Mg, Al, Zn, or alloys; (b) a cathode comprising: a skeletal frame including conductive metal having some of its surface area as open spaces; and a heat pressed, rigid, static bed of active cathode material encompassing the skeletal frame, comprising CuCl, S and C and a water-ionisable salt having water solubility at least 2 g/l compacted and fused to itself and the skeletal frame, to form a heat fused, conductive electrochemically active material; (c) cavity(s) separating the cathode and anode(s) and (d) aperture(s) leading to the cavity(s) for the ingress of an electrolyte forming aq. liqs. Also claimed is method for producing a cathode for a water-activated, deferred-action battery, by (a) forming from an electrically conductive metal, a skeletal frame having open spaces; (b) preparing a cathode mix comprising CuCl, S and C and a water-ionisable salt having water solubility at least 2g/l; (c) heating and stirring the mixt. at a temp. effective to melt the S; (d) cooling and chopping the mixt. into particulate form; (e) introducing the skeletal frame surrounded by the chopped mixt. into a compaction die; (f) heating the die to 140-170C; and (g) compacting the heated mixt. under pressure in the die, fusing the particles to each other and the skeletal frame to form a conductive electrochemically active, fused, rigid static bed of active cathode material encompassing the skeletal frame.    USE -   The battery is useful for operating an emergency signal, e.g. on a life jacket.    ADVANTAGE -   The cell has a higher operating voltage giving a higher light intensity, increased shelf life and improved battery performance. It can be used in seawater or freshwater.
The battery uses a flexible film substrate in which an amorphous silicon thin film is set up as a photovoltaic element. The thermal expansion coefficients of this substrate are 10x10- 6 or less and -2x10-6 or more. A coloration of the substrate is carried out by coating it with dye or paints with 0.5wt% which is composed of para system aromatic polyamide film.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids embrittlement. Reduces cost. Secures stabilisation over long period of time. Provides good performance. Enables using outdoor environment. Surpass flexibility.
The solar battery is furnished with a transparent insulated substrate (1). A first insulated layer (2) is layered over the substrate. This is followed by the deposition of two or more solar battery substrates (3) over the insulated layer. Each solar battery substrate is covered by a second insulated layer (4) which have an inductive insulation films (8) over them. A third insulator layer (9) surmounted by a metal board is layered on each of these insulated films.    ADVANTAGE -   Secures good insulation nature. Inhibits tracking of solar battery substrates. Reduces thickness of insulated layer.
The insulated ring (1) consists of a main part (5) shaped like an annular ring with a width `W1' and thickness `T1' . A number of slots (3) are formed across the rings cross-section. Each of these slots have a predetermined pitch of `L1'. The pitch of slots is made lesser than half the width of the main part. And the depth of the slots are made 2-15% the thickness of the main part.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids reduction in productivity. Eliminates using of ring.
A bipolar battery (11) has a single battery stack assembly (48). The stack is clamped together by calibrated springs (44) acting on end plate collectors (40,42). A uniform and constant pressure is exerted between the bipolar plate (20) and the separator (30) which comprise each bipolar battery cell (58).    The assembly is contained in a sealed assembly (50) comprising insulation (54) with a case seal (46) under a flange (43) crimped over the end plate (40).    USE/ADVANTAGE -   The insulation minimises temp. gradients in the stack, spring pressure dramatically increases battery life and the sealed case provides confinement of gases and vapours emitted by all cells.
Oligo(-propiolactone) macromer of formula (1) is new:     CH2 =CR-CO-O-(CH2 CH2 -CO-O)n-X (1)    X = Li, Na, K, methyl, ethyl or allyl; n = average repeating number of -propiolactone unit; 1n25; R = H or methyl.    USE -   One or more species of polymers of the cpd. (1), or a polymer of one or more species of the cpd. (1), used as a principal component, which is allowed to co-exist with an ion-dissociative supporting electrolyte to provide a non-protonic electrolyte (claimed). Non-protonic electro-chemical battery, in which the electrolyte is used (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   By dissolving a salt in acryl polymer having the novel oligo(-propiolactone) gp., a polymerised solid electrolyte having oxidn.-resistance, in which ion conductance is remarkably heightened. Therefore, the acryl polymer having the oligo(-propiolactone) gp. or a mixt. thereof can be used in a broad field covering electric, electronic and chemical industries as well as in medical therapeutics.
The secondary battery uses dehydrated fluorine polyimide resin as a binder. To this resin, 0.5 - 5% by weight of carbon powder and water is added and kneaded well. The carbon powder discharges positive lithium ions by occlusion discharge.    A paste is formed as a result of kneading and this is applied on a negative electrode. The paste later on gets solidified and dried.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides good cycle characteristic. Simplifies manufacturing process of negative electrodes. Avoids need of heat treatment.
The retainer is formed from a synthetic fibre. This special synthetic fibre is formed by blending porous polyethylene fibres (2) and porous glass fibres together. The polyethylene fibre is equipped with multiple detailed holes (1). The degree of the pores in the polyethylene fibre is made 30-45% the total area of fibre.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For use in portable power supply units e.g. in cars. Raises intensity. Avoids loss in density of electrolytic liquid at time of charging. Improves life span, without spoiling assembly nature. Lowers cost.
The fuel cell comprises an accumulation object (2) within which unit fuel cells (3) are arranged. The stack is composed of a pair of boards (21A,21B). The fuel cell has three coolant flow paths which allow flow of a coolant (5). The flow of coolant is at right angles to the flow path of reaction gas. Three unit radiators (23a-23c) are set up along each of the coolant flow paths.    In the two boards inflow and outflow mouths (93a,93b) are set up for inflow and discharge of the coolant. The coolants (5a-5c) that flow each of the coolant supply pipes differ in their temperatures.    ADVANTAGE -   Obtains desired temperature distribution. Stablizes battery performance over long period.
The prodn. involves adding sulphuric acid salt and an alkaline metal to a lead powder. The alkali content of the alkaline metal ranges from 0.05-5%. The lead power is made up of fine particles of size varying from 1-20 microns.    The lead power is kneaded with the acid, metal and a paste is formed. The battery consists of a pair of electrodes. To the positive electrode, this paste which is an active material is applied on its peripheral surface.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides good lead battery with high capacitance and endurance. Improves endurance.
The proposed battery comprises cathode, zinc anode, and between them a separator and electrolyte. The separator consists of a fibrous material based first layer (30) and a microporous second layer (32) both being impregnated by the electrolyte. The second layer (32) is impermeable to the solid particles in the cell. The microporous second layer (32) (which could be cellophane) surrounds the first layer (30) and is arranged across the path of solid particles in all directions.    USE -   Used as power supply.    ADVANTAGE -   Longer life is claimed.
Copolymers of ethylene oxide and/or propylene oxide and a substd. oxirane of formula (I) (in which the chain consists of units -CH2-CH2-O and/or units -CH2-CH(CH3)-O- and units -CH2-CHR1-O- in which R1 (same or different in each unit) = a radical CH(R3)=(C(R2)-X-O-(CH2)n- where R2 = CH3 or H, R3 = H, F, C6H5 or C6H5-CH=CH, X = an electron attracting gp. and n = 0-4).    USE -   For prepn. of solid electrolytes for batteries functioning with alkali metals e.g. Li or Na; also in prodn. of ionically conductive membranes for use in electrochromic devices, light modulating systems, etc..    ADVANTAGE -   The copolymers are crosslinkable by radical means and give solid electrolytes having good mechanical properties, good cationic conductivity and good chemical compatibility with the electrodes of batteries functioning with alkali metals.
Copolymers having in the chain units of ethylene oxide, units -O-CH2-CHR- in which R (same or different from one unit to another) is a substituent comprising a reactive function that is crosslinkable by radical means, and opt. units -O-CH2-CHR'- in which R' (same or different from one unit to another) is a substituent having no reactive function that is crosslinkable by radical means, having an excellent index of polymolecularity I = Mw/Mn and a statistical distribution of the different monomer units.    USE -   The copolymers are useful for prepn. of solid electrolytes for batteries functioning with alkali metals such as Li or Na.    ADVANTAGE -   The copolymers give solid electrolytes having good mechanical properties, good cationic conductivity and good chemical compatibility with the electrodes of batteries functioning with alkali metals.
A solid electrolyte comprises (a) a solid polymeric matrix comprising a polymerised polysiloxane acrylate, (b) an electrolyte solvent and (c) an inorganic ion salt.    Also claimed are (i) an electrochemical cell comprising (a) an anode cpd. composed of a compatible cathodic material, (b) a cathode composed of compatible cathodic material, and (c) the above solid electrolyte interposed between the anode and the cathode; (ii) a battery comprising the above electrochemical cells; and (iii) the mfr. of a solid electrolyte comprising (a) forming a mixt. of compatible electrolyte solvent, inorganic ion salt, and polysiloxane acrylate, and (b) exposing the mixt. to actinic radiation.    USE -   The electrolyte is used in secondary batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   The battery has a longer life.
Battery has a body (350) with at least one anode and at least one cathode layer with terminals connected to them, the cathode terminal (301) being located at one corner of the body of the battery and the anode terminal (303) at the diagonally opposite corner. The battery is in the shape of a rectangular polyhedron with two main faces, the cathode terminal being located at, on or adjacent to one of the main faces and the anode terminal at, on or adjacent to the other. Each terminal is in the form of three plates, positioned so that the cathode and anode layers make electrical contact with the third plate in each group. The battery also has at least one layer of Mylar (RTM) between at least a portion of its anode layer and a portion of its cathode layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Greater storage capacity and energy density and reduced risk of short-circuiting.
An electrochemical device for the prodn. of electrical energy comprises (a) a case contg. (b) a primary Faradaic component comprising an active metal anode and a cathodic material, (c) an electrochemical capacitor component comprising first and second layers of conductive carbon separated by an electrolyte layer, and (d) means for operatively combining the capacitor and the primary Faradaic component to charge the capacitor component from the Faradaic component and to maintain the capacitor component in a charged state by contacting the layer contg. the active metal anode with the first layer of conductive carbon and contacting a layer contg. the cathode material with the second layer of conductive carbon or by combining active metal anode in powder form with the conductive carbon in the first conductive layer and by combining the cathode material with the conductive carbon ion the second conductive layer.    Also claimed is an electrochemical device for the prepn. of electrical energy contg. a plurality of Faradaic components and a plurality of electrochemical capacitor components.    USE -   The electrochemical device may be used in pulsed discharge applications and partic. as an implantable medical device.    ADVANTAGE -   The device has a long useful life.
A transparent oxide of Zn(Ga(1-x) Alx )2 O4(0.05 X 0.8) which is a solid solution with a spinel crystal structure is new. Also claimed is a transparent conductive oxide, which consists of the above transparent oxide into which charge carriers are injected.    USE -   The transparent conductive oxides obtained can be used in liq. crystal displays and electrodes of solar cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The oxides obtained have good transparency and conductivity.
A cathode for an electrolytic cell comprises:    (a) a solid matrix forming monomer;    (b) a cathodic material;    (c) an electroconductive material comprising a conducting polymer;    (d) a solvent; and    (e) a viscosifier.    Also claimed are:    (1) a solid cathode comprising a cured reaction prod. of the above compsn.; and    (2) an electrolytic ell comprising: (i) an anode contg. anodic material; (ii) a cathode comprising the above; and (iii) a solid, solvent-contg. electrolyte interposed between (i) and (ii).    USE -   The cathode is used in "solid batteries" contg. a solid electrolyte.    ADVANTAGE -   The cathode contains a conductive polymer as a replacement for carbon and has improved conductivity. Cell mfr. is improved because the electrode material is lightweight and readily cast into a film, which improves the mechanical properties of the cell, and laminate construction is improved through improved adherence.
The device contains parabolocylindric concentrator of solar radiation (1), vacuum thermal receiver (2) contg. transparent cylinder (3) with central tube (4) filled with heat-carrier (5) contg. absorbent dye (6). The heat-carrier is high-temp. silico-organic liquid, and absorber is diphthalocyanine of rare-earth element as e.g. terbium, neodium, lutecium, soluble in the silico-organic liquid and spectrally stable. The silico-organic liquid can be oligomethylsiloxane. The concn. of absorber in heat-carrier is in the range 5.10-6 -2.10-4g.mol/l.    USE -   In solar technology, in solar devices for conversion of solar energy to mechanical and electrical forms, in particular for combined electrical and thermal energy.    ADVANTAGE -   Increased efficiency due to possible operation at temp. 400-450 deg. C.
The panel contains:    (a) heat-exchanger (1),    (b) transparent cover (2) made of e.g. glass or polymethylmethacrylate, and    (c) thermo-accumulating layers (3, 4).    The exterior layer is in the form of support and has thermal conductivity lower than that of the inner layer.    The compsn. for exterior layer contains in wt.%:    (a) 10-25 epoxide resin;    (b) 10-30 polyethyleneglycol;    (c) 5-10 pearlite; and    (d) the rest bore-coal wax; and    the inner layer contains in wt.%:    (a) 10-20 epoxide resin,    (b) 20-35 polyethyleneglycol;    (c) 10-15 aluminium powder; and    (d) the rest bore-coal wax.    The thermal conductivity of exterior layer is 0.2 W/(m.K), and of the inner layer 0.8-1.2 W/(m.K.).    USE -   In solar technology, in devices with utilisation of heat accumulated in thermally capacitative masses in particular with solid-liquid phase transition.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplified construction and increased thermal capacity.
The collector has a housing (1) made of porous polymer material, channels (6) for the heat carrier and two layers (2,5) of transparent material. The upper layer (2) is made as a lid rigidly connected to the housing walls. The polymer material porosity increases in the direction from the housing outer to the inner surface. The housing inner surface on the base side has baffles (4). The lower insulation layer is rigidly connected to the baffles forming the heat carrier channels. The polymer material is black and its porosity increases in the direction from inner to outer surface forming the largest porosity in the housing elements middle. The porous material largest porosity is 0.15-0.20 the solid material porosity. The lower layer (5) is corrugated and arch shaped. The arches bases are rigidly connected to the baffles and latter have a trapezium cross section.    USE -   The solar energy conversion to heat energy for heat and hot water supply systems.    ADVANTAGE -   The construction is simplified, material consumption is reduced and reliability is increased.
Sealing sheet (10) consists of an adhesive resin layer (14) layered on a rubber sheet (12). The rubber sheet is made up of butyl rubber and the resin layer is made up of polyisobutylene based resin. The sealing sheet is sealed on the rear surface of a solar cell.    ADVANTAGE -   Ensures highly reliable and productive solar battery. Reduces cost.
The air-pole consists of manganese oxide contg more than 80% of Mn508, activated carbon, fluororesin binder, and conductive material.    The battery using this air-pole is also claimed.    ADVANTAGE -   High efficiency discharge is performed by the battery using the air-pole.
The manufacturing method forms a battery that uses a gel like negative electrode (2). This negative electrode consists of a gelling agent and zinc alloy powder, which does not contain mercury. An alkaline electrolyte is used in the battery. A water absorbing type polyethylene oxide is diluted with water. This is then added to alkyl fluoride compound and used as surface active agent of the negative electrode. The content of the surface active agent in the negative electrode is 4-8 ppm to the weight of zinc alloy powder.    ADVANTAGE -   Raises anticorrosion nature. Improves discharge characteristics and leak proof nature.
A crown type polymer is prepared by (a) reacting the oligomers having (i) terminal radical group(s) contg. linear ether group(s) at the side of the skeleton and (ii) radical group(s) at both ends of the skeleton to give pre-polymers and (b) reacting the same or different pre-polymers.    Also claimed is an electrolyte obtd. from the crown-type polymer.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   The polymer is adapted for cell materials or various electrochemical device materials. The polymer is obtd. efficiently from the oligomer.
The fabrication process commences by extrusion of an electrolyte film on a polymeric ionic conductor base, and electrode films on either side of the electrolyte film. The electrolyte and electrode films are extruded simultaneously. The electrodes are accessible from the principal face of the extruded film.    The extruded strip is then rolled into a shape that allows access to both surfaces. Anode and cathode contacts are made to the electrodes on the two faces. The faces are then metallised.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For rechargeable battery. Electrochemical cell formed of polymeric ionic conductor electrolyte. Allows fabrication on industrial scale of polymeric electrolyte cells.
Capped polyesters or poly(alkylene glycols) of formula (I) are claimed, as are also (i) solid polymeric electrolytes obtd. by polymerising precursor (I); and (ii) electrochemical cells (and batteries) having the single-phase, solid solvent-contg. polymeric electrolyte of (i) interposed between a cathode and an anode A-(Z.X.R2)m (I) Z = -(CH2CHR1O)n or (R5OC(O)R6C(O)O)n R1 = H or 1-3C alkyl; A = 1-30C hydrocarbyl, 2-10C compatible ethylenically unsatd. gp. or glycidyl; n = 2-50; R2 = as for A but excluding glycidyl; X = -C(O)O-, -P(=O)(OR4)O-, -P(=O)(R4)O-, -S(O2)O- or -Si(R3)(R4)O-; R3 and R4 = 1-7C (oxy)hydrocarbyl; R5 = 1-12C (oxy)hydrocarbylene; R6 = 1-12C hydrocarbylene; and m = 1-50.    ADVANTAGE -   (I) have crosslinking and/or capping gps. which provide the properties required by solid polymeric electrolytes while alleviating the problems of brittleness and/or anode-reactivity associated with prior-art materials.
The secondary battery includes a negative electrode composed of carbon material. Doping or non-doping of lithium is done accordingly. A positive electrode comprises cpd. oxide of lithium and transition metal. A non-aqueous electrolyte with non-aqueous solvent is provided. A rectangular receptacle (3) accommodates the positive, negative electrodes and the non-aqueous electrolyte. The receptacle has resin compsn. of polyethylene or polypropylene. An opening part (3a) is provided on the upper part of the receptacle. An electrode part is arranged at the opening part through the polyethylene sheet. The electrolyte is poured into the opening part so as to immerse the electrode part. An upper lid part (2) is fixed at the opening part, using ultrasonic waves or thermo compression bonding. An inorganic filler composed of inorganic powder has higher degree of heat conduction when compared to that of resin composition of receptacle.    ADVANTAGE -   The process reduces mfr. cost; the battery surpasses in conductivity and heat dissipation nature; minimises internal electrical resistance; and enables production of battery to desired shape, correctly and easily.
Complex solid electrolyte comprises an inorganic salt, a cyclic carbonate ester-based organic solvent and a block-graft copolymer (degree of polymerisation at least 310) comprising a block chain A (degree of polymerisation at least 10) of a repeat unit of formula (1) and a block chain B (degree of polymerisation at least 300) of a repeat unit of formula (2), wherein ratio of blocks A/B is 1/30-30/1. In (1), R1= H, methyl or ethyl; R2= H or methyl; R3=alkyl, aryl, acyl, silyl or cyanoalkyl; n= 1-100. No ave mol wt of the graft chain of formula (2) = 45.4,400. In (2), R1= H, methyl or ethyl; M= -CH-CH2, -C(CH3)=CH2, -COOCH3 or -COOOC2H5, phenyl or substd phenyl. The cyclic carbonate ester-based solvent is ethylenecarbonate, propylenecarbonate, -butyrolactone or 2-methyl--butyrolactone.    USE -   Used in primary and secondary cells and electrochromic display elements.    ADVANTAGE -   Product can hold a large amt of non-aqueous electrolyte. It excels in Tg and mechanical strength. Product enables to prepared a thin and compact cell.
The thin film contains at least one of silicon nitride, silicon oxide or polyimide, and has through holes. A purple film contg. protein bacteriorhodopsin is placed at one opening of each hole.    Also claimed is the prodn. of the thin film by adsorbing the purple film by cataphoresis to one opening of each hole of the thin film in a soln. suspending the purple film.    USE -   The thin film converts light energy into electrical energy.    ADVANTAGE -   The amt. of hydrogen ions passing through the holes in the thin film is increased. The bacteriorhodopsin immobilised on the thin film increases the supply amt. of the hydrogen ion or the releasing amt. of the hydrogen ion to water around the hydrogen ion. The resulting bacteriorhodopsin does not depress a light hydrogen ion pump function to allow high efficiency of a light electrochemical energy converting device. The thin film has a thick support and toughness for immobilising the bacteriorhodopsin with sufficient contact to water retained.
The structure of a battery pack is formed by a resin case. A battery group (6) which is connected electrically is placed inside the resin case. The resin case is divided into two resin case half parts (7). A projection and a recess for press-fitting the resin case are placed symmetrically about a main line of resin case. The two resin case half parts are made of same material are made into a same shape.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces component cost. Reduces development expense of battery. Simplifies structure.
A gas-liq. permeable porous electrode comprises a non-uniform electrode layer supported on at least one side of a substrate and comprising a region near a bulk gas inlet having a different amt. of a component per unit area than a region remote from this area. When the component is an electrocatalyst the amt. of component is not increased between a gas inlet and outlet.    Also claimed is a membrane electrode assembly where at least one of the electrodes is as above.    Further claimed is a fuel cell comprising the electrode above.    Also claimed is a process for the prodn. of an electrode as above comprising prepn. of components and solvent into paste which is transferred on to the substrate to form the non-uniform electrode above.    USE -   For solid polymer fuel cells, metal-air batteries, ozone-generating cathodes, and gas sensors.    ADVANTAGE -   Electrochemical performance is improved (Fig.) using the same total electrocatalyst loading.
A method for crosslinking a crosslinkable material consisting of a poly-organo-phosphazene (POP) contg. an alkyl C-H bond comprises exposing the material to sufficient UV radiation to crosslink the POP.    Also claimed is the above method applied to crosslinking a material consisting of an electrolyte and a POP as above. The electrolyte is a lithium salt.    The UV exposure takes place in the presence of a photoinitiator, pref. benzophenone.    Pref. polyphosphazenes are cpds. of formula (I), where R and R1 = -OCH2CH2OCH2CH2CH3; -OC6H4OCH2CH2OCH2CH2OCH3; - C6H4(CH2)mCH3 or -NHCH2CH2OCH2CH2OCH3; and m = 1-4. Poly(bis(2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy)phosphazene) (MEEP) is preferred.    USE -   The method is used partic. to crosslink polymers used in ionically conducting solids, which are used in solid-state electrochemical devices, e.g. solid electrolyte for lithium batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   POP polymers provide ionic conductivities at ambient temp. of 2-3 orders of magnitude higher than those of poly(ethylene oxide)-based systems. Crosslinking provides such polymers with dimensional stability.
A novel solar module has a semi-transparent active layer (3), an opt. transparent rear electrode (4) of thin conductive oxide and a reflector layer (5) which contains a white pigment and which is positioned behind the rear electrode (4). Pref. the pigment is barium sulphate, titanium oxide or zinc sulphide, pref. 'Lithopone' (RTM, mixt. of barium sulphate and zinc sulphide) or esp. rutile titanium oxide. Pref. the reflector layer (5) is a white pigment-contg. (pref. epoxy) lacquer layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Better utilisation of non-absorbed light and thus increased power are achieved even with semi-transparent thin film solar cells and modules.
Mercury-free pasted paper is made up by coating paste onto K8 cable paper and the paste is prepd. by proportionally mixing more kinds of macromolecular materials and corrosion inhibitor together.    ADVANTAGE -   The cell made of the paper has performance comparable with that of mercury cell, but eliminates mercury damage to human kind and environment.
Phosphate type fuel battery contains at least 10-15 wt.% of C-60.    ADVANTAGE -   The initial activity and life of battery is improved better than battery using Pt and Pt alloy catalyser.    In an example, 10g of C, contg. 10-15 wt.% of C-60, was dispersed in 200ml of water, and added with 6g of PTFE and 50ml of 2-propanol, and obtd. precipitate was dried, and aimed cell was obtd..
The coin cell battery comprises a cathode, an anode, a separator and an electrolyte housed in a case and cap container. The case and cap pieces comprising the container prior to assembly are concave shaped towards one another. The case and cap pieces comprising the container apply a preloading pressure to the electrode stack comprising the cathode, anode, and separator after assembly.    The faces of the case and cap of the assembled battery are flat. The preloading pressure is in the range from greater than zero to less than about 40 psi.    ADVANTAGE -   Is effective in counteracting increase in internal pressure of battery during operation. Is effective in arresting an increase in battery thickness after assembly in certain lithium coin cell batteries.
A conductor paste for solar cell external electrodes contains 100 pts. wt. of (a) a Cu alloy powder of formula AgxCu1-x with its particle surface having a higher silver concn. than its average concn. and having an area near the particle surface where the silver concn. increases towards the surface; 0.1-30 pts. wt. of (b) a phenolic resin; and 0.01-30 pts. wt. (c) a copper oxide remover. x = 0.01-0.4. Also claimed is a solar cell external electrode obtd. by printing the paste on a baseplate of at least one of indium oxide or indium-tin oxide, and curing.    ADVANTAGE -   The conductor paste provides an excellent electrically conductive protective coating of soldered electrodes.
The device makes use of polyethylene glycol solution (12) as an electrolyte, which is poured into a reservoir (11). The salts such as lithium chloride and electron capture agents such as aromatic compound are added to the electrolyte. This provides ion conductivity to the electrolyte. A plate like positive electrode (13) made up of graphite and plate like negative electrode made up of copper, are dipped into the electrolyte. These two electrodes counter each other parallelly. The reservoir is heated to a temperature of about 100 deg centigrade from outside.    ADVANTAGE -   The device converts heat energy of lower temp. into electrical energy efficiently; saves energy; contributes to environmental protection; provides safety to human beings; raises power generation as reaction is promoted due to addn. of salts; and curtails cost of device, due to availability of cheap raw materials.
A polymer electrolyte comprises: (a) 10-95 mol.% of a polar polymer matrix; (b) 2-50 mol.% of a dissociable salt; and (c) 10-90 mol.% of a polyether oligomer of formula (I);    (I) X-R1-(-O-R1-)n-X    X = F, Cl or Br; R1 = up to 12C aliphatic; and n = less than 250.    USE -   The electrolyte is used in thin-film batteries for e.g. smart cards, calculators, portable computers, electrical appliances, IC chips, solar energy batteries, and also for monitors, sensors, and electrochemistry and photochemistry applications.    ADVANTAGE -   The electrolyte has good room temp. ionic conductivity. It is chemically stable and will not react with electrodes made of alkali metal or an inorganic cpd. thus maintaining good conductivity. It contains no volatile components could be lost during use, which could cause a change in conductivity. The material is easily formed into a film with good conductivity, and it is prepd. simply from cheap starting materials.
A porphyrin-substd. melamine deriv. of formula (I) is new. In formula (I), X = gp. of formula (A); R1, R2, R4, R5 = H, lower alkyl or aryl; R3, R6 = H or aryl; R7 = functional gp. capable of bonding to an amino gp.; and M = 2H or divalent metal.    Also claimed are: (i) porphyrin-substd. melamine deriv. polymers; and (ii) a mfg. method for the polymer.    A cpd. of formula H2N-X (II) and cyanuric chloride are reacted, the obtd. reaction prod. of formula (III) and triethylaminosilane are reacted, and then the reaction prod. is hydrolysed to give (I).    USE -   (I) and their polymers are useful for optical energy transmission and conversion devices and solar cells with improved efficiency.    ADVANTAGE -   (I) can form porphyrin-substd. melamine deriv. polymers in which porphyrin mols. are arranged in a planar manner regularly, and thus thin films of porphyrin.
Polycrystalline silicon films formed on flexible substrates are new.    Also claimed are polycrystalline silicon films formed on plastic substrates and polycrystalline silicon films formed on substrates with melting points of up to 290 deg.C.    The prepn. of a polycrystalline silicon film is also claimed, in which a gas mixt. contg. silicon hydride gas is plasma-decomposed with ultrasonic waves with a frequency of at least 30, pref. 55, MHz and up to 300, pref. 200, MHz to form a polycrystalline silicon film.    The polycrystalline silicon film is pref. formed on a substrate kept at a temp. of up to 290 deg.C.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   The polycrystalline silicon films obtd. can be used in solar cells and thin-film transistors. Solar cells and thin-film transistors can be produced at low costs.
Fabricating a modular, recombinant lead acid battery comprises: providing a plurality of thermoplastic frames, including 2 frames which support electrochemically active plates, the frames being adapted to be stacked and welded together such that the plates are spaced apart from each other a predetermined distance; providing one or more separators, the separators having an uncompressed state, in which uncompressed state they have a thickness equal to or greater than the predetermined distance between plates, and a compressed state, the separators being provided in their compressed state; successively stacking the frames and separators such that a separator is disposed between adjacent plates in its compressed state; successively vibration welding the frames together while the separator is in its compressed state; the separator having a predetermined thickness in its compressed state effective to reduce abrasion of the separators by the plates during vibration welding and tending to assume its uncompressed state in the presence of an electrolyte such that the separator contacts the plates.    USE -   For fabricating modular lead acid storage batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   Use of vibrational welding provides reliable, faster and more economical fabrication separator damage during fabrication is avoided.
The method involves dissolving ions of other metals from the group consisting of one metal selected from Zn, Cd, Mg, Ca, Mn, Co, Cu and Al. The elution process is carried out using an alkaline aqueous solution. The weight of the metal ions remaining in the nickel hydroxide after the elution process is 5 percent less of the weight of the nickel hydroxide.    The conductive material is a material selected from a group of nickel powder, cobalt powder and cobalt oxide powder. The current collector is a spongy expanded nickel. A PTFE binder and an aq. soln. of CMC as thickener are used with Ni hydroxide and conductive material to form the active material paste.    ADVANTAGE -   Restrains deformation of expansion of the nickel electrode and lowers the discharge capacity of the battery despite repeated charge and discharge of the battery.
The structure of a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery consists of a negative electrode (5), a positive electrode (7) and a non-aqueous electrolyte (1). The negative electrode is constituted by using a light metal or its alloy as active material. The positive electrode is made up of a compound oxide of manganese and other metals. The non-aqueous electrolyte is formed by dissolving the electrolyte in a non-aqueous solvent.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves efficiency of lithium negative electrode during charging and discharging. Possesses high charging and discharging cycle life time. Improves storage characteristic. Reduces self discharge due to decomposition of electrolyte.
Process applies a soln. of non-crystallised vanadium pentoxide over a electrode collector object (1). The resultant positive electrode active material layer (2) is dried through a molecular solid electrolyte layer (5) to the anode active material layer. This constitutes a lithium cell.     Discharge is carried out compulsorily until V2 O5 and H2 O in the positive electrode active material layer becomes Lix V2 O5 and H2O (where x varies in the range of 1.5 to 3.0).    ADVANTAGE -   Inhibits large stress generation. Prevents initial capacity reduction.
The process comprises layering of a sheet-like gas diffusion layer through heat crimping, over a gas diffusion electrode. The diffusion layer comprises water repellent carbon black fibres into which ethylene fluoride is allowed to permeate. The reaction layer formed on top of the diffusion layer usually comprises ethylene fluoride. In an alternate process, instead of heat crimping, the reaction material slurry is applied on the surface of the electrode and on drying, it forms the sheet-like gas diffusion layer.    ADVANTAGE -   The gas diffusion nature is improved. The performance aspect of fuel cells is increased.
The process arranges a compsn. of anode (2), a separator (1) and a cathode active material (3) between two sheet like terminal assemblies (5,6). A sealing material (4) which consists of a modified polyethylene is then interposed between the circumference parts of the terminal assemblies. By applying an electron beam, heat fusion of the sealing material is carried out with the terminal assemblies.    ADVANTAGE -   Has excellent heat proof nature. Improves reliability of battery.
Bispyrrolylazophenylene (BPAP) cpds of formula (I) are new. R=H, alkyl, aralkyl, aryl, acyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkylsulphonyl or arylsulphonyl; R1, R2= H, 1-20C alkyl or phenyl.    USE -   BPAP cpds are useful as intermediates for the mfr. of agrochemicals, pharmaceuticals and dyes, as colouring agents, photoconductive agents, electroluminescent materials and diazonium salts.    ADVANTAGE -   The cpds. provide new conductive high molecules by electrolytic polymerisation or chemical polymerisation. BPAP cpds are produced in high yields. Poly(BPAP) cpds. (III) and (IV) have electrochemical activity, high stability and provide batteries having small wt and good properties.
The complex comprises manganese complex oxide contg. lithium having spinel type crystal structure prepd. as follows; Manganese dioxide, in which Mn and Mn02 are contained at the content ratio of at least 1.53, is mixed with lithium cpd. (Li2 C03 , LiN03, LiOH, and the others), then the mixt. is heat-treated at least 500 deg.C to synthesise the manganese complex oxide contg. lithium.    USE -   The manganese complex oxide contg. lithium is used for anode active substance for the secondary cell.    ADVANTAGE -   Secondary cell having improved cycle life and capacity (energy density) can be cost savingly obtd.     In an example MnC03 of 0.008 mm in average particle size was prepd. with MnS04 and (NH4)2 C03 . The prepd. MnC03 was added into NaOH aq. soln. blowing N2 gas into the soln. to prepare Mn(OH)2. 300 g of dried Mn(OH)2 and 3L of distilled water were put in a reaction vessel, then 300 L/hr. of air and 60L/hr. of C12 gas were introduced into the vessel and stirred at 50 deg.C for 5 hrs. Reaction prod. was dried. 300 g of the dried product was mixed with 900 cc of 3 M/L HN03 , then stirred at 90 deg.C for 1 hr. to prepare Mn02 . 300g of Mn02 and 180 g of Mn(NO3 )2 were put in 0.5M/L HN03 soln. and stirred at 80 deg.C, and 72 g of NaC103 was added, and made to react at 80 deg.C for 3 hrs. to obtain refined Mn02 . The refined Mn02 was mixed with Li2 C03 at the mol ratio of 1:0.25. The mixture was heat-treated at 750 deg.C for 48 hrs. in the air to prepare LiMn2 04 . The LiMn2 04, acetylene black, graphite, poly-vinylidene fluoride, and N-methyl-20 pyrrolidone were mixed to prepare paste. The paste was applied on Al foil to prepare the anode of the secondary cell.
The storage battery mfg. method includes the steps of moulding plastic to integrally preform the bottom and side walls and partitions to have hermetically sealed surfaces and junctures. The bottom wall forms a floor in each cell having upwardly projecting ridges with upper edges below the fill level to define positive and negative wells extending to the adjacent partitions in alignment with the negative and positive wells, respectively, of the adjacent cells. An inter-cell connector is placed across each partition below the fill level to be held by the case in position to extend from one well of a middle cell to an adjacent well in the adjacent cell.    Molten lead is then poured into each well, the lead in each well of each middle cell engaging one of the inter-cell connectors.    A cell group of positive and negative plates is inserted into each cell, the positive and negative plates having lower portions immersed in the molten lead in the positive and negative wells, respectively, before hardening. The container is then closed by sealing a top wall to the side walls, whereby the cells are completely sealed from one another at positions below the fill level and the inter-cell connectors each electrically connect the lead in one well of a middle cell to the lead of the well of opposite polarity of the adjacent cell.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduced occurrence of explosions, reduced amount of lead used, shortened electrical path, reduced weight, improved cold-cranking amperage as needed in certain applications.
The array comprises individual solar cells (5) supported on a resin film (1). The resin film is vacuum formed by means of shaping die to have recesses appropriately shaped and located to house individual cells. A cementing layer (4) secures the cell array to support body (3) and provision for wiring to link cells exists.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents damage to individual solar cells. Enhances structural integrity of cell array. Improves layout appearance.
The method uses a single crystal silicon film (1) having multiple grooves (10) on it. The thin film is an etch pit (10) formed at low temperature, using sputtering method. The etching is performed by using an agent containing 30% by weight pottasium hydroxide (KOH) solution. A master substrate (3) is created using spin coat method by processing the top and valley parts of the grooves transforming them into curved surfaces. This is done by a stamper which transforms the groove and carries out hot processing of them onto a polymide film. This results in the formation of an amorphous macromolecule silicon layer over the substrate.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves efficiency of photoelectric converter. Provides film coating having very good characteristics. Eliminates film defects.
Solid electrolyte consists of high polymer medium, and at least two supporting electrolytes having the same cation and dissolved in the high polymer medium.    The supporting electrolyte is pref. e.g. LiClO4, LiCF3SO3, LiN(CF3SO2)2, LiI, LiPF6, LiBF4 or LiAsF6. The high polymer medium is e.g. PEOa:(xEC:yPC)b (where, PEO is polyethylene oxide, EC is ethylene carbonate, PC is propylene carbonate, and a,b,x and y is mole quantity). The combination of the supporting electrolyte is e.g. LiCF3SO3 and LiI, LiPF6 and LiClO4, and LiI and LiClO4 etc.    USE -   For electrochemical device e.g. Li electric cell etc. The high polymer solid electrolyte shows a high electroconductivity at low temp.
The control element (11) consists of a metal layer (12) and a polymer PTC control element (13). When the temp. of a battery increases, the resistance value of this polymer layer and the metal layer also increases. The control element has an insulated layer (14) formed in a position so as to cover the polymer element at least in its edge part (15).    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids occurrence of ignition. Provides safe battery. Inhibits deposition of black fine particle on edge part.
The fuel battery uses a cell (1) fitted with a set of assembling elements (2,2A,2B,2C), a horizontal reinforcing frame (3) and a pair of separators (8A,8B). The reinforcing frame has a lining of polyethylene membrane (7C) along the internal boundary which provides airtight sealing.    A fuel battery cell (7) placed inside the assembly generates the DC power by using either the fuel gas or an oxidizing agent. The electrodes are adhered to the electrolyte layer firmly. The separators have grooves through which gaseous fuel passes and contacts the electrolyte layer along the circumference.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves mechanical stability and reliability. Reduces area of electrolyte layer thus reducing manufacturing cost.
The alkaline secondary cell uses a positive electrode active material which is a blend of nickel based salts mainly nickel hydroxide. It is deposited over a metallic current collector strip. Into this salt slurry is added PTFE powder of molecular weight less than 3106, prior to deposition. After blending by churning of this mixture, a controlled viscosity active material slurry is obtained that is made use of in further downstream operations.    ADVANTAGE -   Permits uniform filling/positioning of active material on current collector strip with PTFE serving as good binder.
The zinc alkaline cell comprises positive and negative electrodes (1,2) with a separator in between. The negative electrode consists of zinc powder loaded into the alkali electrolyte using as gellants a polymeric carboxylic acid/salt and an additional carboxylic acid/salt. The polymeric gellant has a particle size of 100- 900 microns and 0.5% soln. viscosity of 15 c.p. or more at 25 deg.C. The other gellant has a particle size of 100 microns or less.    ADVANTAGE -   Withstands vibration/shock/impact during discharge over longer periods.
The lead storage battery is equipped with an isolation object (3) which interposes between a positive electrode board (1) and a negative electrode board (2). A surface layer (4) covers the isolation object. The surface layer has acid resistance and oxidation resistance. The isolation object is constituted by an inner layer (5) which is subjected to volume expansion. This inner layer absorbs an electrolyte. A suction member performs suction of impure metal when required.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves cycle life time performance.
A polymeric compsn. contains a polymer of formula (I):    where m = integer greater than 0; at least one of n, p, q = integer greater than 0; A1, A2, A3 = alkyl, halogen, CyF2y+1, O-R, CF=CF2, CN, NO2, OH; y = integer greater than 0; R = perfluoroalkyl or aryl; X = SO3H, PO3H2, CH2PO3H2, COOH, OSO3H, OPO3H2, OArSO3H NR3+, CH2NR3+; and Ar = aromatic gp.    USE -   The polymeric compsn. is used as an ion exchange membrane in an electrochemical fuel cell (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   The membranes are produced in high yield and are low cost with good chemical and mechanical properties such as high heat stability, chemical resistance and tensile strength.
The lithium secondary battery consists of a positive electrode (1), a negative electrode (4) with a separator (3) inbetween in a case (2). The negative electrode active material contains lithium. The positive electrode active material consists of an organic disulphide compound and pi electronic conjugate conductivity macromolecule. To the mixed organic solvent i.e ethylene carbonate and a dimethyl carbonate, a lithium salt is fused constituting the electrolyte.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents deterioration of discharge capacitance even during over charge.
The program control device (A) consists of two metallic lead extraction parts (3) with a program control element (1) covered by metal boards (2) inbetween. The whole surface is covered by a heat resistant insulating resin (4).    ADVANTAGE -   Improves heat resistant characteristics of device; and provides safety and good reliability of battery for long period of time.
The battery uses heat contractile armour label. Positive electrode, negative electrode and separator are provided. Base material (1) of the armour label is made up of polyethylene with a thickness of 60-80 micrometers.    ADVANTAGE -   Aims at cheapness and solves problems arising due to environmental hazards.
Prepn. of the solid electrolyte comprises keeping the solid electrolyte of a polar polymer and ion dissociating metal salt in contact with the vapour of a polar organic solvent providing a plasticiser function to obtain 1-30 pts.wt. of the polar organic solvent in 100 pts.wt. of the solid electrolyte in the polymer.    The polar macromolecule comprises polyethylene oxide or polypropylene oxide. The polar organic solvent comprises acetonitrile, 1,2-dimethoxymethane, tetrahydrofuran, propylene carbonate, methyl formate, or diethyl carbonate. The ion dissociating metal salt comprises alkaline metal salt.    ADVANTAGE -   The content of the polar organic solvent is readily adjusted. The solid electrolyte has enhanced and balanced ion conductivity and mechanical strength. The method enhances its prepn. efficiency.
A solar heat collector with a flat construction comprises an insulated housing (1) with a cover plate (2) through which radiation passes. The collector utilises two heat transfer fluids, each with a different b.pt. The lower b.pt. fluid flows through a thin porous or fibrous material on the underside of the cover plate (2) and the high b.pt. fluid flows through a similar layer (6) on the collector base. A denser fibrous or porous layer (5) lies on top of the lower layer (6) and is covered by a heat insulating polygonal or square honeycomb structure (4) made of e.g. polycarbonate.    USE -   Used for collection of solar heat for subsequent heating of water.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces heat loss to the atmosphere from the collector surfaces and therefore increases efficiency.
Battery leakage detector has electrically conductive liq. in a cell (4a,4b) inside a housing. Also within the housing is an absorbent (20a,20b,20c) which is electrically non-conductive when dry and conductive when wet. An electric circuit has spaced apart contacts (44) within the absorbent which are connected when the absorbent is wet.    USE -   Electrolyte leakage detector for metal-air batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   Detector absorbs leakage and detects leakage which is not adjacent contacts.
Amorphous Si film is deposited on a substrate of m.pt. below 290 deg.C, and has bright conductivity of more than 5 x 10 power (-6) S/cm. The mfg. process uses plasma decomposition of Si-H gas by VHF of frequency of 30-300 MHz.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Used e.g. for cheap solar cells. The high quality amorphous Si is formed on low m.pt. material.    In an example, the Si film was formed on polyimide film of 150 deg.C, using plasma CVD equipment, having 400 cm2 electrode area, 30 mm. electrode distance, under pressure of 0.3 Torr, and by SiH4 and H2 flow rate of 25 and 125 sccm respectively, and by VHF frequency of 130 MHz.
The manufacturing method involves formation of back electrodes (9) on an insulating resin (2). A thin film semiconductor (13) which performs as a photoelectric transducer is provided. The method uses a photoelectric conversion part comprising a transparent electrode (15) and opening parts provided at the insulated resin. Electrical connection is enabled through these parts using leads.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For use as small power supplies. Avoids degradation in external appearance. Provides apparatus of flexibility. Eliminates any complications in process.
Tensile strength of porous film materials is increased by using a compsn. consisting of the following ingredients (wt.%): polyethylene (7.96-13.46); perchlorovinyl resin (0.3-0.5); xylene (47.42-50.46); butyl Cellosolve (RTM) (38.80-41.28).    USE -   As a material for ultrafiltration processes and storage battery mfr.    ADVANTAGE -   Tensile strength of up to 2.6 MPa can be achieved.
A method of forming a pair of mutually isolated photovoltaic cells on a bulk semiconductor substrate (4) having a pn junction (8) at its front side (6), comprises forming substrate contacts to cell area and forming a trench partly into the substrate between solar cell areas. The trench is filled with an adhering insulating filler (16), a second trench formed into the substrate from the opposite side (32) to form an insulating continuum between cells, and front contacts formed to the cell areas (22).    Also claimed is a method as above of forming a photovoltaic cell array comprising forming wide shallow trenches from the front of the substrate and narrow and deeper inner trenches from these, filling the inner trenches, forming contacts, and forming a pattern of back trenches extending to the filled trenches to isolate adjacent cells.    Further claimed is a photovoltaic cell array formed as above.    Also claimed is an array as above having a trench network through the substrate filled to half the thickness with filler to maintain mechanical integrity.    Further claimed is an array as above having the wider and narrower trenches as above.    Also claimed is a monolithic photovoltaic structure as above having front and back contacts, shaped trenches, and with the resistance of the bulk semiconductor between the back contact lead and electrode being low enough to give a contact path, and with the cells being connected in series.    USE -   For solar cell arrays, power converter from fibre optic systems, and on/off switches.    ADVANTAGE -   The need for a semi-insulating substrate is eliminated, high mechanical strength is achieved, and the size and cost of the array are reduced.
Method for fabricating an interconnected array of semiconductor devices comprises (a) slitting a substrate which carries a semiconductor layer between conductive layers so as to form individual semiconductor devices in an array; (b) the separate strips parallel to the web length are sepd. by a curved spreader roller to create a gap between the strips; (c) the strips are then laminated to an insulating sheet using an adhesive coating and laminating rollers; and (d) a conductive layer placed between the insulating layers is inserted between sections in contact with the lower conductive layer of one section, and then connected to the top conductive layer of the adjoining sheet to form a series interconnection.    USE -   Making economical serially interconnected arrays of photovoltaic devices.    ADVANTAGE -   Photovoltaic devices are made by slitting a flexible substrate web, which may be electrically conducting, along its length, and interconnecting the resultant portions.
The system comprises    (a) a water container (2) with its top opening covered by    (b) a solar collector unit in the shape of a dome (1) with holes containing a series of solar collecting lenses (11) facing in all directions.    The container has a hollow airtight wall which is filled with polyurethane foam and helium to insulate it. The lenses are fitted into the dome holes by threaded couplings, and the dome can fit onto the container by means of a threaded or hinged joint.    The water container also has a heater (27), an inlet valve (24) and level sensors (25, 26) connected to an electrical system with a timer (3). The water fed in through the valve passes through a hollow curved pan (23) which receives the solar energy through the lenses.    USE -   Useful for heating water.    ADVANTAGE -   Higher efficiency by enabling sunlight to be collected from all directions.
Photovoltaic cell with controllable semiconductor properties has semiconducting multilayer or gradient coatings of metal oxide (I) on electroconductive substrate. (I) comprises oxide(s) of Ti, Zr, Sn, Pb, Al, Zn, Cd, In, V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, W, Ca, Sr, Ba, Fe, Ru, Os, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Df, Eu, Dy and/or Yb. In the case of mix oxides or oxide mixts., a component present in a concn. less than 1 mole-% is regarded as dopant.    USE -   The cell is used for generating electrical energy from light, esp. as solar cell (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   Oxide coatings can be produced on suitable substrates (opt. electroconductive and/or optically transparent) to give an optimum match of their chemical, structural and morphological parameters to the desired function, with exact reproducibility.
This procedure concerns the bonding of Cdx Hg1-x Te plates to sapphire substrates, and involves applying a photohardenable compsn. (based on bisphenol-epoxy resin and a sulphonium deriv. of hexafluorophosphate as the photoinitiator) to the surfaces being bonded. The said surfaces are then brought into contact, and are exposed to radiation through the substrate. This procedure is novel in that the photohardenable compsn. contains 5-10 pts. wt. of the sulphonium deriv. of hexafluorophosphate per 100 pts. wt. of the said epoxydiene resin. The laser radiation is in the u.v. range and has a power rating of 105 -107W/sq.cm.    USE -   Is used in the mfr. of photoelectric semiconductor receivers.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids the formation of adhesive discharges in solidified form.
The processing device has a compression and displacement mechanism in the form of a plunger consisting of an external vessel (9) and an internal piston (10). These are co=axial and can move relative to each other. Their surfaces come into contact at the end positions. The contact surfaces (11) in the front part of the vessel and piston are spherical. The rear contact surfaces are in the form of annular vertical projections (12,13). The plunger can act with the walls of the working cylinder (1) in the zone of the loading port (2).    USE -   For recycling scrap batteries and large plastic components of vehicles.    ADVANTAGE -   More efficient use of space in working cylinder. Less energy required.
The structure is obtd. by using a rectangular substrate whose edges supporting a solar cell (1) are arranged mutually. The solar cell is placed over a surface protection board (2). On the upper surface at one end and on the lower surface at the other end of the board (2) two polar side fastener tapes (61,62) are provided. Lead wires (5) are provided between ends of solar cell and fastener tapes. The connection is accomplished by using conductive coupling. A binding resin (3) and a protective layer (4) are formed over the solar cell.    ADVANTAGE -   The installation process is simple. Easy exchange process of broken module is enabled.
The manufacturing method uses a battery jar (6) with wall part (6a) and inner wall face (6b). The battery jar encloses a cell chamber (7). A plate group (5) is pressurised into the cell chamber. On both sides of the plate group, retainers (1a,1b) are provided. The plate group is located in the base wall side (6c) protection sheet (8) made of PET, to establish contact with wall parts and inner wall face of jar.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents breakage of retainer effectively. Enables smooth pressurisation plate group into cell chamber.
The photoelectric conversion device includes a photoelectric conversion element (101). The photoelectric conversion element includes a substrate, a photoelectric conversion layer with at least a pair of electrodes on the substrate, a transparent resin layer (102) and a transparent surface layer (103). The transparent resin layer comprises a fluorine-containing polymer resin and is disposed between the photoelectric conversion element and the transparent surface layer. The fluorine-containing polymer resin has a fluorine content of 20 wt.% to 40 wt.% and is crosslinked with peroxide.    ADVANTAGE -   Has improved surface protective member which maintains photoelectric conversion element in desirable state, without deterioration due to moisture invasion even upon repeated use over long time.
A multilayered electrolyte (56), for use in an electrochemical cell, comprises: (a) a primary electrolyte layer (58) comprising a polymer substrate impregnated with an active ingredient; and (b) a secondary electrolyte (60a, 60b), disposed on the side(s) of the primary electrolyte layer (58), fabricated of a material different to that of the primary electrolyte.    Also claimed is a lithium polymer electrochemical cell comprising: (i) a lithium contg. negative electrode (52); (ii) a positive electrode (54) fabricated of a material having high electrode potential versus lithium; and (iii) a multilayered electrolyte, as above, disposed between the positive and negative electrodes.    USE -   The electrolyte is used in rechargeable electrochemical battery cells for applications such as radio communication, satellites, portable computers, electric vehicles, etc.    ADVANTAGE -   The electrolyte has enhanced conductivity, yet reduces the occurrence of deleterious reactions taking place at the negative and positive electrode/electrolyte interfaces.
Prodn. of flexible amorphous silicon solar cell includes: 1. coating polyimide (PI) varnish on the glass substrate; 2. imidising the varnish under heating conditions 100C, 30 min.; 200C, 30 min.; 300C, 30 min.; 350C, one hour; 3. evaporating one metal film on the PI and patterning it; 4. evaporating amorphous silicon film on the PI and patterning it; 5. evaporating one light-transmissible conductive film on the amorphous silicon and patterning it; 6. coating one protective film on the light-transmissible conductive film; 7. separating the PI film and the glass substrate; 8. coating one protective film on the back of PI film.
The heat energy to electrical energy conversion device consists of a receptacle (10) filled with triethylene glycol (11). The salts having good ion conductivity are added to triethylene glycol. Two or more sets of positive electrodes (12) and negative electrodes (13) are arranged by turns inside triethylene glycol. The positive electrode is made up of graphite mixture and the negative electrode is made up of metals such as iron, copper and zinc. The triethylene glycol is heated by blowing air through air hose (18). The metal of the negative electrode is burnt with oxygen in air and electricity is generated.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For use in converting heat energy into electrical energy. Provides efficient conversion. Generates electricity even in absence of light. Obtains sufficient energy saving. Reduces cost and improves safety.
The manufacturing method involves formation of a first adhesive agent layer (3) on the film pack battery jar (1). This adhesive agent contains thermoplastic resin composition and has great affinity to peeling paper.    The second adhesive agent layer (4) is deposited on the junction face (2a) of a plate (2). Mutual diffusion of the two adhesive agents at the junction part (5) results in the formation of adhesive agent polymerisation layers in piles. The thermoplastic resin contained in the first adhesive agent softens the junction layer. The heat hardening of the adhesive agent polymerisation layer is then carried out.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides large junction intensity between plate and film pack battery jar. Prevents peeling of adhesive agent layer.
Electric current producing cell comprises: (a) an anode; (b) a composite cathode contg.: (i) poly(carbon disulphide) (PCDS) as a cathode active material; (ii) a p-doped conjugated polymer, which enhances the cell voltage against the anode and provides transport of electrons; and (iii) an electrolyte for the transport of ions; and (c) an electrolyte, which is chemically inert w.r.t. the anode and the cathode, and which permits the transport of ions between the anode and the cathode. Also claimed are (1) a method of forming a composite cathode comprising coating an electrically conductive cathode substrate with a mixt. comprising effective amts. of PCDS, a p-doped conjugated polymer and a polymer electrolyte; and (2) a method of forming a solid-state rechargeable battery.    USE -   The cells are used in high performance, rechargeable batteries for portable communications equipment, consumer electronics, portable computers and electric vehicles.    ADVANTAGE -   The new cathode material is inexpensive, has a high storage capacity, a high discharge rate and a long cycle life at ambient temps.. It has a specific energy in excess of 1,000 Wh/kg. It does not undergo de-polymerisation to form soluble species upon reduction, preventing contamination of the bulk electrolyte. Using a p-doped conjugated polymer provides a higher cell voltage than can be provided using conductive carbon, and it has better miscibility with the polymer electrolyte and the cathode-active material, producing high electrical conductivity and low resistance losses in the cell.
Electrochemical cell comprising as (a) at least part of an anode hi-transition metal oxide or sulphide with a (B2)X4n- spinel type framework structure of an A(B2)X4 spinel where A and B are metal cations from Li, Ti, V, Mn, Fe and Co and X is oxygen or sulphur and n- refers to the overall charge of the (B2)X4 unit. The transition metal cation o which in its fully discharge state has a mean oxidation state greater than +3 for Ti, +3 for V, +3,5 for Mn, + 2 for Fe, and +2 for Co. (b) at least part of a cathode a Li metal anode or sulphide; (c) an electrically insulating Li containing liquid or polymeric electronically conductive electrolyte between the anode and cathode so that on discharging the cell Li ions are extracted from the spinel of the anode with the oxidation sate of the metal ions of the anode increasing while a concomitant insertion of Li ions into the cathode takes place with the oxidation state decreasing.    USE -   Electrochemical cells    ADVANTAGE -   Cells contain no metallic lithium making item safer.
A battery has container with at least one cell. Each cell has an anti-vibration plaque (70) between it and the container. The plaque has a planar base (75) with at least one elongate flexible rib (71-74) extending at an acute angle from the base.    USE -   Batteries partic for off-road vehicles or marine vessels.    ADVANTAGE -   Improved durability of battery when subject to vibration.
The lithium cell comprises a composite made of porous matrix in which Li contained inorganic acid salt solid electrolyte is electrochemically deposited, for use as the solid electrolyte partition to be placed between the anode and the cathode.    The Li contained inorganic acid salt comprises lithium phosphate. The porous matrix comprises alumina. The humidity sensor comprises the composite used for the humidity sensing device of which resistance is changed according to humidity.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   The functional composite material for the Li cell is used for the solid electrolyte partition in the cell. The composite can be used for a humidity sensor. The Li contained inorganic acid salt solid electrolyte composite having higher electric conductivity, mechanical strength, and durability can be obtd. Using the composite as the solid electrolyte partition, lithium cell having improved capability can be obtd.    In an example, gamma-Al2O3 was put in 5% PVA aq. soln. The material was uniaxially formed at 200 kg/cm2 into pellets. The pellets were heated at temp. elevating rate of 5 deg.C/min. up to 1100 deg.C, then heated at 1100 deg.C for 2 hrs., then temp. was lowered to room temp. to prepare alpha-Al2O3 sintered pellets. The prepd. pellets was fixed on the interface wall of the two reaction baths, as shown in Fig. 1. 0.3 M lithium hydroxide aq. soln. was put in the bath (3), and 0.1 M ammonium dihydrogenphosphate aq. soln. was put in the other bath (4), then voltage at 1 V was applied for 1 week. Li3PO4 was deposited in the pores of the pellets (9) to prepare the lithium phosphate composite.
(JP6349495-A)      NOVELTY - A non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery comprises an anode, negative electrode and a non-aqueous electrolyte. The anode has a mixture of positive electrode active material and 1-15 weight% (wt.%) of a positive electrode binder. The binder is cross-linked N-methoxy methylated nylon.    USE -   For portable and cordless electronic devices.    ADVANTAGE -   The non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery has excellent cycle characteristic.
An electrochemical cell with polymeric solid electrolyte has a core with a periphery, consisting of at least one strip membrane (5) contg. 2-10000 individual cell faces (6, 12, 13, 14) connected in series, each of which comprises a membrane (1) made of polymeric solid electrolyte (I) coated on both sides with an electrode layer (10).    USE -   E.g. as a fuel cell for traction applications.    ADVANTAGE -   Simpler and less expensive structure than prior-art cells, and a more reliable method of operation.
A solar cell module wherein at least the light receiving surface of the photovoltaic element is coated with a filler contg. a vinyl fluoride copolymer and acrylic resin.    USE -   This solar cell module can be used outdoors for a prolonged period.    ADVANTAGE -   This module has excellent weatherability, heat-resistance, scratch-resistance and adhesivity to the photovoltaic element. It can maintain a desired photoelectric conversion for a prolonged period by minimising deterioration caused by moisture permeation.
A soln. of an electrolyte comprising a polymer-salt complex in a solvent (I) for the complex is prepared from a soln. of the polymer in a synthesis solvent (II) which is not a solvent for the complex by adding a solvent (I) for the complex and non-solvent (III) to the polymer soln. under conditions producing an upper phase which is rich in solvent (I) and contains all the polymer.    The salt has the formula M+X- where M+ is an alkali metal or ammonium cation and X- is the anion of a strong acid. The polymer is derived from at least one monomer comprising at least one heteroatom which is capable of forming donor-receptor bonds with the cation M+. The upper phase rich in (III) is separated from the lower phase rich in (I) and the salt is added to the lower phase.    USE -   The polymer-salt complex soln. produced is used as electrolyte in lithium-polymer batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   The polymer can be carried out in relatively non-polar solvent (II), and this solvent can be replaced by the polar solvent (I) for the polymer salt complex without the need for ppting, drying and re-dissolving the polymer.
The lithium secondary cell comprises a positive and a negative electrode with a separator soaked in electrolyte. The electrolyte consists of a solvent blend in which is dissolved a lithium salt. In a discharge/charge cycle the lithium ions are respectively released/absorbed through the electrolyte. The positive electrode provides the matching reduction/oxidation.    The solvent blend proper consists of alkylene carbonate characterised by the formula CxH2x+1(OCH2CH2)z OCyH2y+1 where x, y, z take on integer values. x,y:1-4, z:2-4.    ADVANTAGE -   Offers higher energy density, good cycling characteristics and longer life.
In a non-aq. secondary battery having a non-aq. electrolyte, an anode composed of metal material contg. Li as the major component or carbon material having property to be doped or dedoped with Li, and an anode composed of complex oxide of Li and transition metal. The non-aq. electrolyte contains metal ion or metal complex having redox potential in range of 3.8-4.8 to the Li potential.    The metal complex is e.g. polypyridine complex having a complex centre metal selected from Fe or Ru etc., and the concentration of the complex in the electrolyte is pref. at least 1 x 10 power -3 mol/l. The metal ion in the electrolyte is e.g. Ce ion.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Overvoltage of the battery can be effectively prevented, and a battery having a high energy density can be produced economically.
The air tight alkaline storage cell has a positive nickel electrode in air tight package. The alkaline density of the electrolyte solution which has the nickel electrode is made higher than the alkaline density of the solution in separator.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For use in nickel-cadmium battery and nickel- hydrogen battery. Prevents drying of separator by absorption of electrolyte accompanied by expansion of nickel electrode. Gives long life to battery.
The solid polymeric electrolyte layer (3) has a catalyst coating on both of its faces and possesses hydrogen ion conductivity. Over either side of the electrolyte layer are positioned, in matrix format, a positive electrode (1) and a negative electrode (2,) each electrode being isolated by an insulation seal. A Terminal assembly (5) and collection object (6) serve as interconnectors of individual cells stationed on separate electrolyte layers. Oxygen and hydrogen are orthogonally accessed to the electrodes through electrolyte layers.    ADVANTAGE -   Serial interconnection of individual cells are permitted, thereby making available larger operational voltages. No humidification of fuel gas is necessary.
The humidification method requires a flow control system for cooling water supply. An anode (33) and a cathode (35) are separated by an electrolyte (34) of the fuel cell. A fuel supply manifold (32) is formed around the circumferential face of the anode. An oxidising agent supply manifold (36) is formed along the circumferential face of the cathode.    On both sides of the electrode the junction face is coated with a thin macromolecular film. The electrodes surfaces are made of porous material. A slot (39) for cooling water flow path is provided through the cooling water manifold formed on the external boundary face of the fuel supply flow board. The cooling water steps through the porous electrode surface material and humidifies the macromolecular film.    ADVANTAGE -   Uses heat energy absorbed by cooling water humidification thereby eliminating separate heater and humidification apparatus. Miniaturises whole apparatus.
The cell (1) consists of a fuel electrode (2A) and an oxidising agent electrode (2B) on either side of an electrolyte layer (7C). The electrolyte is made out of a polymeric membrane that has hydrogen ion conductivity. The electrodes are arranged in a rectangular shape, with the corners (74) rounded off to radius R. The electrolyte membrane extends over the electrode perimeter uniformly by a width W.    ADVANTAGE -   The stress concn. is reduces at the corners of the electrode over electrolyte membrane thereby helping to reduce damage to the electrolyte membrane.
The gas separator separates a fuel gas and an oxidising agent gas. The porous grooving separator (20) consists of two or more gas flow path slots (21) on one side which is made up of a porous material. The porous grooving separator is fixed by applying pressure. A separator support board (30) is provided with a flow path connecting the gas flow path slot which supplies or discharges gas.    The gas flow path slot side of the porous grooving separator is hidden.The separator covering board (40) consists of an opening part (41) which exposes the concerned gas flow path slot. The separator support board is furnished with two or more cooling water flow path slots (51) and is fixed to a cooling separator substrate (50) by applying pressure.The cooling effect is provided by a combination of the porous grooving separator and the cooling separator substrate.    ADVANTAGE -   Realises cost effective manufacturing method. Provides compact product. Prevents damage to electrode junction.
A solid electrolyte is formed by complexing solid or semisolid polymer of formula (I) and an inorganic salt opt. together with an organic solvent having compatibility with such an inorganic salt. (R1 and R2 = H or an alkyl gp. and n = at least 100 and pref. - at least 1000.)    The solid or semisolid polymer is prepd. by radical polymerisation or addition polymerisation of vinylylene carbonate or its deriv. The inorganic salt is e.g., LiClO4, LiBF4, LiAsF6, LiCF3SO3, LiAlCl6, NaBr, NaSCN, NaClO4, KSCN or KClO4. It is blended opt. opt. with a minor amount of an organic compatible solvent (e.g., ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, gammabutyl lactone, THF, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, 1,2- dimethoxyethane, 1,3-dioxolane or sulpholane) for providing flexibility to the solid electrolyte to enhance the mechanical strength.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   The solid electrolyte has high electroconductivity to provide an electric cell having high discharge performance.
The process provides a positive electrode material layer (2) and a negative electrode material layer (4) sandwiching a solid state electrolyte (3). The porous positive electrode material is formed by compressing a mixture of a binder and positive electrode material powder.    ADVANTAGE -   Raises ion conductivity without reducing intensity of electrolyte layer. Increases reaction area of battery greatly.
A solar cell module is sealed at its incident side of an optically electromotive element with transparent organic polymer layer where at least one layer is cross-linked by irradiating electronic radiation.    Pref. the optically electromotive element comprises a conductive base board (e.g., plastic or ceramic board coated with a metallic layer), a rear reflective layer (e.g., metallic layer or metal oxide layer), an optically active semiconductor layer (e.g., polycrystalline silicone of pn type, amorphous silicone of pin type, CuInSe, CuInS, CdS/Cu2S, etc.), a transparent conductive layer (e.g., In2O3, SnO2, In2O3/SnO2, etc.) and a corrector electrode (e.g. grid of Ti, Cr, Mo, W, Al, Ag, Cu or Sn).    ADVANTAGE -   The sealed transparent polymer resin layer(s) is cross-linked rapidly by irradiating electronic radiation to provide a surface-coated layer having high heat and weathering resistance.
The device consists of an X-ray generating means (21). The X-rays generated are irradiated on a battery (20). The scanned X-ray is detected by an X-ray detector (23). The active material distribution in the battery is obtd. from the detection result. The X-ray generating means and X-ray detector are controlled by a control device (24). The detected signal from the X-ray detector is input into an image reproduction apparatus (25) which reproduces the tomogram for the battery. The quality of the battery is judged from the active material distribution by a judgment apparatus (26).    ADVANTAGE -   Obtains active material distribution of battery with disassembling battery. Distinguishes defective battery from good battery. Estimates battery characteristics such as charging and discharging characteristics.
The solid state macro-molecule electrolyte type fuel cell generates DC power in response to the supply of fuel gas and oxidising agent. The cell is provided with a separator (1). length dimension is A. The separator has gas circulation slots (51) for supplying the fuel gas or oxidising agent. The total length of the arranged slots (B) and length dimension of separator (A) are connected by the relation A=1.5B, thereby resulting in doubling the fluid resistance value. The electrolyte layer is formed by a solid state macro molecule electrolyte film sticking firmly to the fuel cell.    ADVANTAGE -   Eliminates presence of water in gas circulation slot by discharging it through increased pressure difference. Ensures stable operation.
The electrical setting unit (1) for solid state polymer electrolyte type fuel cell (2) consists of an oxidising gas supply system which is composed of an air compressor (42), humidification equipment (43) and a cooler (44). The air (41A) from a source (41) is supplied to the humidification equipment and humidified by cooling water (51A). The air is pressurised in air compressor and cooled by cooler to operation temperature of fuel cell and supplied to an oxidising agent electrode (22) of the cell. The fuel cell generates the DC power in response to supply of fuel gas and oxidising agent gas.    ADVANTAGE -   High electrical characteristics.
The fuel cell (7) with solid polymeric electrolyte layer (7C) has its electrodes (7A, 7B) positioned on either side of the electrolyte layer. Additionally separators (6A, 6B) serve as current collectors also providing gaseous flow paths through groove/land combinations (6Aa, 6Ba, 62A, 62B). Further, space holders (2A, 2B) that are each thicker than the electrodes by 0.05 mm help in sealing the construction effectively, thereby reducing the free floating deflection of electrolyte film under differential pressure.    ADVANTAGE -   Enhances electrolyte film life by minimising creep induced stresses under differential pressure.
The fuel battery comprised of multiple cells (1) that generate DC power in response to the supply of fuel and oxidising gases. The fuel cells equipped with two separator (2A, 2B), which have two or more circulation slots (61A, 61B) for circulation of fuel gas or oxidising gas. The electrolyte layer for the cell is the solid state macromolecular electrolyte film. The two main fields of the electrolyte layer has in each an electrode stuck to it. The fuel cell has convex shaped portions (62A, 62B) interposed between two concave shaped slots. The partitions of one separator mutually counters the concave slots of the separator.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces stress applied to electrolyte film. Reduces degree of generation of breakage of electrolyte film by pressure difference of fuel gas and oxidising gas is provided.
The battery is formed from a positive electrode (1) and a negative electrode (2) having a separator (3) between them. The negative electrode consists of an alkali metal-contg. cpd.. An electrolyte (4) used as an organic electrolyte consists of organic metal salt. The calculated HOMO energy of the organic metal salt is lower than the HOMO energy of the organic metal salt having same number of carbons as the alkyl gp. of normal chain.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides stability under high voltage.
A battery pack for an electric vehicle comprises individual batteries ganged together and nesting in an underlying support tray (8) having intersecting upstanding walls (16) and battery receiving defining pockets (20), interlock means engaging the ends of the batteries for preventing relative movement therebetween, a perimetrical flange (26) on the tray extending outboard of the walls, a housing (10) with a ceiling, side walls and a peripheral flange overlying the peripheral flange of the tray enclosing the battery pack to form a rigid structure immobilizing the batteries.    USE -   Housing batteries of an electric vehicle.    ADVANTAGE -   Seals and supports the batteries.
A power source comprises an electrolyte contg. a parent benzene ring with bonds outside the parent benzene ring to R1, R2, R3, R4, R5 and R6 which are chosen from H, SO3H, SO3X, R'H, R'SO3H, R'SO3X, PO3H, PO3X, R'PO3H or R'PO3X, where X is a cation and R' is an aliphatic chain or an aromatic ring or a mixt..    Also claimed is a method of providing power using the above electrolyte.    USE -   The electrolytes are useful in many electrochemical power systems including aq. alkaline and alkaline earth systems, opt. including solid electrolytes or gels, acid-based power supplies e.g. Pb/acid batteries, and double layer, ultra-, super- or pseudo-capacitors (claimed) including prim. and sec. systems e.g. Ni/Cd, Ni/Zn, Ag/Zn, Ni/Fe, NiH2, Ni/metal hydride and metal/air batteries in addn. to replacement of aq. carbonate electrolytes in fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -   Improved performance, partic. in capacity, cycle life and self-discharge rate characteristics, is obtd. with the electrolytes. Good thermal stability, good ionic conductivity and a wide electrochemical window in aq. solvent systems are also obtd. with properties comparable to KOH solns. and other common electrolytes but without being highly corrosive.
Mfr. of photoelectric conversion element for solar batteries involves the formation of a thin coating on a glass substrate (5) using vinylidene-acetate vinyl cyanide copolymer and N-dimethyl amino phenyl methane. An organic semiconductor layer (1) of two microns thickness is formed. This organic layer is heated at 80 deg.C on a hot plate for one hour. This provides spontaneous polarisation resulting in corona electrification. When this layer starts cooling, metal is deposited on the semiconductor layer and an electrode layer (2) is formed.    ADVANTAGE -   Facilitates production of photoelectric conversion element with enhanced efficiency. Enables spontaneous polarisation.
Peeling of a lithium/polymer electrolyte battery (LPB) electrolyte from its coating substrate or protective film is carried out while introducing a peeling aid, comprising one or more non-polar solvents based on 5-15C (cyclo)-aliphatic hydrocarbons, pref. heptane or cycloheptane. Pref. the electrolyte is an amorphous electrolyte contg. amorphous copolymers or terpolymers, which are opt. cross-linkable, and opt. contg. highly plasticising Li salts.    USE -   Prior to lamination of the electrolyte to a positive electrode in the mfr. of lithium/polymer electrolyte batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   The peeling aid allows easy and fast peeling.
Assemblies comprising an article and a polyimide film joined via a polyimide adhesive are prevented from dimensional change, delamination and debonding by using a polyimide film which has had its coefft. of thermal expansion (CTE) reduced by 6-18 ppm/C. The film is obtd. from a low CTE polyamic acid soln. obtd. by adding TbCl3 , DyCl3 , ErCl3 , Al acetylacetonate, HoCl3 or Er2 S3to an aromatic diamine/aromatic dianhydride reaction prod. in a solvent.    USE -   The article is a solar concentrator, antenna, solar cell array, second surface mirror, precision solar reflector (esp. pref.) or electronic circuit board (all claimed).
The adhesive sheet for a solar battery comprises an ethylene copolymer contg. alkyl-3,3-di(tert-butylperoxy) butyrate. The solar-cell modular unit has an adhesive layer composed of an ethylene copolymer crosslinked with alkyl-3,3-di(tert-butylperoxy) butyrate.    The ethylene copolymer pref. has at least 90% light transmittance and 3-12 MPa elastic modulus and is a copolymer of ethylene and vinyl acetate or an unsaturated fatty acid ester, contg. 60-80 wt.% ethylene. 100 wt.% of the ethylene copolymer can be crosslinked with 0.1-5 wt.% of alkyl-3,3-di(tert-butylperoxy) butyrate, e.g. methyl-3,3-di(tert-butylperoxy) butyrate, e.g. methyl-3,3-di(tert-butylperoxy) butyrate or ethyl-3,3-di(tert-butylperoxy) butyrate. The adhesive sheet pref. contains an antioxidant or UV absorber.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   High yellowing resistance. The solar-cell modular unit has high durability.
Film is prepd. by laminating at least two layers to one or the opposite sides of a base. The first layer formed on the base is made from a composite polymer contg. as a major constituent an inorganic material, obtd. by the hydrolysation and polycondensation of a compsn. by the sol - gel method. The compsn. for the first layer contains at last two kinds of metal alkoxides including magnesium alkoxide, an alkoxysilane, and a silane coupling agent. The second layer formed on the surface of the first layer is made from a composite polymer contg. as a major constituent an inorganic material, obtd. by the hydrolysis and polycondensation of a compsn. by the sol - gel method. The compsn. for the second layer contains a metal alkoxide and a silane coupling agent.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   The laminate film is useful for surface protection of electrophotographic photoreceptors and is useful for optical lenses, cover glass for instruments, solar heat collecting sheets, reflection-preventing coat materials, etc. and has good high light transmission, low reflectivity, high surface hardness, high mechanical strength, resistance to water and UV, etc.
The cell contains a polymer electrolyte (2) surrounded by a hydrogen anode layer (4a) and an air cathode layer (4b). The hydrogen pole diffusion layer (3A) and an air pole diffusion layer (3B) are in contact with hydrogen anode and oxygen cathode layers respectively. A hydrophilic porous gas separator layer (1) consisting of an air pole side layer (1a) and hydrogen pole side layer (1b) are located on the sides of the diffusion layers. The pole side layers have convex shaped parts (9A,9B) in contact with diffusion layers between which are located hydrogen flow path (7) and air flow path (8). The junction layer (5) between gas separators carries the cooling water (6) used to humidify the fuel gases.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables uniform hydrogen and air flow due to the prevention of a gas-liquid multiphase. Maintains generation of electric power since electrolyte film is maintained in a moist state.
The solid polymer electrolyte which is used in fuel cells is a polymeric multilayer film. Electrodes attached to this on either side together constitute the fuel cell. The polymeric film has with it perfluorocarbon as the complexing agent. A minimum of three layers of film are employed.    ADVANTAGE -   Achieves low internal electrical resistance leading to higher electrical efficiency.
The solid polymer electrolyte type fuel cell consists of multilayered body of perfluoro carbon polymer film which contains a sulphonic acid group. The solid electrolyte which is the positive ion exchange film is arranged in the manner which makes the wetting rate of layers near the positive electrode face higher than those near the negative electrode face.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves efficiency.
The bipolar board uses a conductive resin board (3) composed of a vinyl resin matrix (1) dispersed with carbon material (2). The vol. resistivity of the resin board with carbon is 5X10power-3 ohms.cm. This parameter is increased slightly if the board is filled with graphite or carbon black to 2X10power-1 ohm.cm.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Used in Zn-halogen sec. battery with reduced cost. Enables decrease in resistance of the resin board by combining it with carbon fibre base fabric. Provides high conductance. Avoids entry of electrolytes e.g. chloride soln. into the board by using acid-proof vinyl resin matrix.
The matrix type lead storage cell consists of a lead alloy sheet (2) on which a punching machining or expand machining is carried out. Multiple acid proof resin compositions are prepared inside the lead alloy sheet in a matrix form. The cross piece sections of the lead alloy in the matrix are cut off by multiple domains of acid proof resin composition.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves mechanical intensity and productivity. Provides light weight and industrial value.
The cell has a hydrogen occlusion alloy electrode as a negative electrode. The electrode is prepd. using a slurry of hydrogen occlusion alloy powder (1) which is applied on a punching metal sheet (2). The sheet is dried and a rolling process is performed to form the electrode. The slurry is made by mixing 0.5-3.0 pts.wt. methyl cellulose and 0.5-1.5 pts.wt. polyethylene oxide to 100 pts.wt. ion-exchange process water.    ADVANTAGE -   An occlusion alloy electrode is provided with uniform density. The reliability of the electrode is increased.
Prodn. of solid electrolyte comprises: (a) solvating a solid matrix-forming monomer or its partial polymer in a solvent comprising at least one low-b.pt solvent of b.pt. not greater than 100C and which is capable of solvating an electrolytic salt; (b) coating the solvated monomer or partial polymer onto an electrode to form a layer of the electrolyte precursor; (c) covering the precursor with a protective sheet which is impervious to the solvent but allow the passage of radiation that cures the uncured electrolyte; and (d) curing the electrolyte precursor by passing radiation through the sheet layer. Also claimed is a covered, solid electrolyte precursor soln. comprising: (A) a layer of electrolyte precursor soln. as above over an electrode; and (B) a protective sheet as above covering its surface.    USE -   The electrolyte is used in solid-state batteries and capacitors.    ADVANTAGE -   The mixed "dual-use" solvent is effective during mfr. of the electrolyte to prevent undesired evaporation of the matrix-forming component, but it has no adverse effect on the low temp. performance of the battery or capacitor e.g, by becoming viscous and interfering with the distribution of the ionically conductive phase.
The electrolyte is a solid, single phase, solvent containing an electrolyte. The solid is a polymeric matrix. The solvent is a mixture of approximately 10:1 to 1:4 weight for weight of an organic carbonate and a glyme and an ion salt derivative. The latter is ionically conducting, selected from alkylene glycol (ether) and sulfonate salt derivatives and mixtures.    An electrolytic cell may comprise an anode and cathode of compatible materials, with a solid electrolyte between, as described previously. Formulae are stated. The organic carbonate may be a cyclic or linear aliphatic carbonate. The glyme may be triglyme, with its ratio to organic carbonate being about 4 to 1. The ion salt derivative may include lithium.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   "Solid batteries" with reduced inorganic ion salts, impurities and manufacturing costs. Improved capacity.
An electrolyte for an electrolytic cell comprises: (a) a solid matrix-forming polymer; (b) a salt; (c) a solvent; and (d) a viscosifying agent contg. a latent reactive gp.    Also claimed are: (1) a solid electrolyte which is the cured prod. of the above compsn. in which (d) is covalently bonded to the other components; (2) a solid, single-phase, solvent-contg. electrolyte comprising (a) a solid polymeric matrix plus (b)-(d) above in which (d) is covalently bonded to the other components; (3) an electrolytic cell comprising an anode contg. a composite anode material; a cathode contg. a compatible cathodic material and electrolyte (2) between them; (4) a process for preparing a solid electrolyte for an electrolytic cell comprising providing the above compsn. and curing the compsn. so as to activate the latent reactive gp. and covalently bond (d) to the other components to form a solid electrolyte; (5) a second prepn. for a solid electrolyte (detailed below); (6) an electrolytic cell prepn. by providing a cathode, coating it with the above compsn., curing the compsn. to bond the electrolyte covalently to the surface of the cathode and laminating an anode; (7) a variation of process (6) in which the electrolyte is applied to the anode and the cathode is laminated; and (8) an electrolytic cell prepn. in which the electrolyte is placed between the cathode and anode and cured to bond it covalently to the surfaces of both electrodes.    USE -   The curable compsn. provides a solid, solvent-contg. electrolyte for batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   The compsn. contains a viscosifying agent that is covalently bonded to other components which improves mechanical properties of the cured compsn. and enhances adhesion to the cathode and/or anode layer. This enhanced adhesion also improves the mechanical properties of the battery. Battery mfr. procedures are improved through improved lamination adherence.
The photoelectric module, for the conversion of solar energy into electricity, is produced from a modular stack (2) with the solar cell system (24), the encapsulating materials (25,25') and the separating films (26,26'). The stack is placed on a carrier plate at a temp. below the softening temp. for ther plastics sealing layers (30,30') in the encapsulating materials (25,25'), for transfer to a loading station. The modular stack (2) is moved to a vacuum laminator, which is sealed and evacuated, for a heated plate to bear down on the stack, against the carrier plate, heated to the softening temp. of the plastics sealing layers (30,30'). The vacuum laminator internal pressure is raised, without back cooling, and the bonded material is transferred to a hardening kiln to harden the sealing layers (30,30') into a laminate, followed by cooling and removal. The stages are effected simultaneously and in parallel, in a cycled operation.    ADVANTAGE -   The system gives solar cell prodn. with reduced energy consumption and in shorter mfg. times.
The module of a solar battery consists of an optoelectrical element (103) whose light receiving faces are covered by transparent organic macromolecular layer (102) and the fluoride object polymer layer (107). A transparent moisture prevention film (106) which is constituted by a macromolecular film (104) and a transparent inorganic insulating thin film (105) are inserted on the upper portion of the transparent organic macromolecular layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides damp proof functioning of battery. Stabilises performance of battery during long operational periods. Prevents damage of optical emf element. Generates abrasion proof solar battery.
The upper electrode (106) is configured as a part of the optical electromotive force element main part (100). The electrode is constituted from a compsn. of conductive filler mixed with organic macromolecule resin binder. A conductive coating material that contains two or more kinds of resin hardeners which differ in hardening temp. is formed. The transparent upper electrode is layered with this conductive coating material and the coated portion constitutes the first electrode (107). A second electrode (108) of lower resistance is prepd. on top of the first electrode.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For use in solar batteries, EL display devices and LCD devices. The electrode resistance is reduced. The adhesion nature of electrode and reliability are improved. The performance characteristics are raised. Short circuiting and shunting of electrode are prevented and device lifetime is prolonged.
The solar battery manufacturing method involves deposition of PIN type semiconductor layer constituted by a P type, I type and N type layers (103 - 105). The transparent electrode layer (106) is formed at the light incident side of this semiconductor layer. On the transparent electrode is formed the multiple electric conductive layer. Each conductive layer is formed by hardening after layering the conductive paste along with a macromolecular binder. Thus the layer type grid electrode is formed one by one. The hardening of the macromolecular resin binder is performed before the gel formation point is attained. The electrically conductive layer is installed by adding a conductive paste.    ADVANTAGE -   Controls density of binder of each conductor paste. Provides highly reliable and endurable battery. Prevents short circuit of battery. Improves yield and prevents corrosion of metal electrode.
The battery consists of a positive electrode (7), a negative electrode (10) and an electrolyte. The positive electrode is made up of a conductive macromolecular film. A collector object substrate (8) of negative electrode which is embedded in it is made up of hard material contg. another conductive macromolecular film. The portion of collector object substrate surrounding the negative electrode acts as a frame which is covered with sealing material so that the electrolyte is not placed directly in contact with this frame.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For use as a sheet-like lithium sec. battery. The reliability of the battery unit is improved. The charging capacity of battery is increased. The miniaturisation of battery    is enabled.
The battery is formed by mixing cobalt oxide powder with high density nickel hydroxide powder to obtain a solution containing zinc and cobalt. A viscous agent is added to make a paste which is applied on a porous substrate of nickel fibre, pressed and then dried. The cathode is obtained using MmNi5 (5-a) Xawhere Mm is a mixture of rare earth elements, X being Al,Ca or Mn and a2.0. This is filled in the nickel fibre porous body substrate and pressed and then dried after liquefying and thus obtaining a paste by adding viscous polyvinyl alcohol etc.    ADVANTAGE -   Increased charging capacity and charge efficiency.
Galvanic cells comprise: a positive electrode; a negative electrode made of an alkali metal or an alkali metal cpd.; and an organic electrolytic soln. contg. an electrolyte (I) which is an organic metal salt comprising a Group IIIb-Vb atom forming an anion centre to which an electron-attracting organic gp. is bonded through an O atom. Also claimed is a cell as above in which the electrolyte (II) is a organic metal salt comprising a counter cation and an atom forming an anion centre, where the molar ratio of the counter cation to the anion centre atom is more than 1.    ADVANTAGE -   The cells have better storage stability than similar cells in which the electrolyte is LiB(Ph)4 or LiBF4.
A solar cell module comprises a solar cell encapsulated through a filler between a surface protective layer and a back face protective layer. The surface protective layer is welded with the back face protective layer by way of heat fusion to provide a heat fused portion at at least a side end portion of the solar cell module.    USE -   For power generation.    ADVANTAGE -   Excellent moisture resistance; reliable and stable operation over long periods even in adverse conditions of temp. and humidity.
Epoxy resin compsns. comprise (a) tetramethyl dihydroxy biphenyl glycidyl ether epoxy resin and (b) organopolysiloxane. The epoxy resin includes bisphenol type resin, novolak type epoxy resin, glycidyl epoxy resin or other epoxy resin, all having tetramethyl dihydroxy biphenyl glycidyl ether units. The cpd. (b) includes silicone rubber or silicone oil. The epoxy resin compsn. may contain fillers, curing agents or curing accelerators e.g. tert amines or P cpds. The curing agent includes phenol resin, melamine resin, acryl resin, isocyanates, amines, acid anhydrides or Lewis acid complexes. The filler includes talc, clay, silica, CaCO3, Al(OH)3, glass powder, ceramic powder or asbestos.    An element is sealed with the resin compsn. by a compressive- or injection moulding method.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Used for potting or sealing material for electrical parts or semi-conductors. The cured material has reduced cracking.    In an example, 5 pts.wt. of 3,3,5,5-tetramethyl-4,4-dihydroxy biphenyl glycidyl ether epoxy resin, 2 pts.wt. of phenol novolak 1 pt.wt. of silicone rubber, 0.5 pt.wt. of triphenylphosphine, 1 pt.wt. of carbon black, 89.5 pts.wt. of fused silica and 1 pt.wt. of carnauba wax were mixed. An element was sealed with the epoxy resin by heating the mixt. at 175 deg.C, 50 kg/cm2 for 3 mins. by a transfer moulding method. The sealed material has good resistance to cracking.
Device comprises conductive electrodes and high polymer film formed among the conductive electrodes. The high polymer film comprises plant tissue or extract obtd. from the plant tissue, which is dispersed or dissolved in the film.    The high polymer film pref. comprises base material, plasticiser, and additive. The base material comprises PVC or silicone rubber. The plasticiser comprises dioctyl adipate (DOA), tri(2-ethylhexyl)trimellitate (TOTM), or 3,3',4,4-benzophenone tetracarboxylic acid tetra-1-undecyl ester (BTCU). The additive comprises K tetraphenylborate or Na tetraphenylborate. The electrochemical device comprises liq. film type high polymer or conductive high polymer prepd. by dissolving the high polymer film uniformly in volatile solvent. The plant tissue or extract obtd. from the plant tissue contains chloroplast or chlorophyll or cell membrane. The device comprises at least one ITO electrode formed on a transparent glass substrate, and the high polymer film and the other conductive electrodes, laminated on the ITO electrode.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   The electrochemical device is used for taking potential or electric current generated in the high polymer film out of it. Solar cell having improved efficiency and ion sensor having improved selectivity may be economically obtd.
The fuel battery consists of cells. Each cell has a matrix layer (10) impregnated between the anode (8) and cathode (9) electrodes. The circulating reaction gas is allowed to flow through the slots (11,12) found at the back of each electrode. These slots are formed by a water repellent process to prevent electric corrosion at the inlets. A fuel gas is supplied to the anode electrode. An oxidising agent gas is supplied to the cathode electrode. The battery consists of two or more such cells.    ADVANTAGE -   Minimises effect on environment with respect to noise and exhaust gas pollution. Improves efficiency. Prevents electric corrosion. Facilitates long life and safe operation of device. Lowers vibrations.
The composition of battery pack uses an array of three or more cylindrical batteries (1) which are connected in series by connection pieces (2). An insulation sheet (3) is installed between the connection pieces in order to avoid short circuit. One end of the insulation sheet is covered with a resin coat (4) by heat fusion, resulting in an insulation sheet with resin coat (14).    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For use in OA apparatus and communication apparatus. Prevents short circuit in batteries. Eliminates external effects such as vibration in pulse etc.
Insulative rubber hose comprises a carbon black compounded ethylene propylene rubber-made main body of hose contg. an insulative flaky reinforcing filler, thereby reducing the carbon black content.    USE -   For Pb batteries of cars.
The solid state image pick-up element has a substrate (1) in which an aluminium electrode (10) is installed. The substrate receives an overcoat of flattening layer (12). Over this arc photographically formed rectangle patterns (13) that are converted to micro lenses (14) through a heat flow. Over the entire surface, enveloping micro lenses is given a coat spin on glass (15) which is etched subsequently to form pad window (17). These windows are patterned to form resist patterns (16,16A).    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces distortions in micro lens patterns since pad window generation is independently carried out. Prevents mixing of resist and micro lens due to interposing of glass layer between the two. Improves micro lens optical performance since profile contamination of micro lenses is eliminated.
The organic electrolyte battery uses a specific lithium salt which is dissolved in the mixed solvent of high relative permittivity and low viscosity and used as electrolyte (4). The heat of dissolution is 40KJ/mol. The special feature of the organic battery is setting the density of lithium salt in the electrolyte as the point of fine minute resolution heat of the lithium salt in the solvent mixture or the density nearest to this.    ADVANTAGE -   Excels in low temperature pile load discharge characteristics.
The organic electrolyte battery uses a specific lithium salt which is dissolved in the mixed solvent containing solvent of high relative permittivity and the solvent of low viscosity and used as electrolyte (4). The heat of dissolution is 40KJ/mol. The carbon dioxide gas is mixed in the electrolyte.    ADVANTAGE -   Excels in low temperature pile load discharge characteristics. Provides organic electrolyte battery with high make voltage.
The structure of the battery is formed by a sheet-like positive electrode terminal assembly (1) which carries a positive electrode (3). A negative electrode (3) is supported by a sheet-like negative electrode terminal assembly (2). The positive and negative electrodes are sepd. by a separator (5). A cementing layer (6) made up of a sealing material (6'') and a metal Al foil (6') is applied on both sides of positive and negative electrode terminal assembly.    ADVANTAGE -   Flexibility is improved. The formation of wrinkles and curvature is avoided, giving a good external appearance.
The solar cell module includes a photovoltaic element with a photoactive semiconductor layer as a photoelectric converter. Trifluorochloroethylene-vinyl copolymer at an outmost surface the layer covers material at a light entrance side. The layer may be a non-monocrystalline semiconductor film of amorphous silicon. The surface covering material is the copolymer laminated on a hard film and adhered with a filler.    The hard film is a resinous material with a thermal deformation temperature of 70 degrees C or higher. The hard film is acrylic, polycarbonate, or polyester resin. The filler is fluorinated resin. The copolymer has a pencil surface hardness within a range of 2H to 4H.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For clean energy production. Has surface covering material to minimise deterioration of performance and improve safety. Stable. Scratch resistant. Weather proof. Flame retarding.
The energy storage device comprises an anode including one species selected from the group consisting of Group Ia elements. An electrolyte is in contact with the anode, the electrolyte being capable of transporting the species through the electrolyte. A cathode is in electrical contact with the electrolyte, the cathode comprising a layered crystalline material of the formula GxMeyChz, where G is at least one guest element selected from the group consisting of Group Ia elements and 0.0 is less than or equal to x is less than or equal to 10. Me is selected from the group consisting of Bi and Sb and y = 1,2. Ch is a chalcogen element selected from the group consisting of S, Se and Te, and z = 1,2,3.    The material has a sufficiently low defect density and appropriate impurity distribution, together sufficient to permit intercalation of at least 3 moles of lithium within van der Waals channels per one mole of the material without significant distortion of the lattice, the material further characterised in that delta G is independent of the lithium intercalation concentration.    ADVANTAGE -   Performance is constant over time.
A photovoltaic system has solar cells in a casing with a light transmitting front panel for sunlight to reach the cells and a rear panel. The rear panel acts as a greenhouse and has a double wall with a light transmitting cover (20). Its inner wall (24) is a heat transmitter and its outer wall (22) has a dark-coloured side facing the cover. Pref. the casing is of polycarbonate, polyfluoropolymer or polyvinyl fluoride darkened by black metallic foils or paint and with glass panels for light transmission. Also claimed is a method of using solar heating to remove snow, ice, etc. from a photovoltaic system.    USE -   Photovoltaic systems for use at remote locations in cold climates.    ADVANTAGE -   Uses solar radiation to automatically keep system free of snow, frost or ice.
An adhesive sheet for fixing solar battery elements in mfg. process of solar battery modules obtd. by using a crosslinkable compsn. (A) of ethylene/(meth)acrylate copolymer( (B) contg. 15-32 wt. % of (meth)acrylate(s) (C). A solar battery module contg. the above-mentioned adhesive sheet layer is also claimed.    Examples of (C) are 1-10(2-8)C alkyl (meth)acrylates. (B) has pref. a melt flow rate (190 deg. C, 2160 g) of 1-100(5-50) g/10 min. (A) consists of (B), crosslinking agent (A1) and opt. auxiliary crosslinking agent (A2). Examples of (A1) are organic peroxides having a decomposition temp. of 90-180(120-160 deg. C). Examples of (A2) are triallyl cyanurate, triallyl isocyanurate, dimethacrylate of EG, trimethacrylate of trimethylol propane, divinylbenzene and diallyl phthalate.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Suitable for fixing solar battery elements in mfg. process of solar battery modules. It has excellent transparency, resistance to weathering and moisture absorption. A special water shielding treatment, e.g. by means of silicone sealant can be saved by the use of this adhesive sheet.
A laminated electrolyte reservoir plate comprises a mixt. of graphite powder, reinforcing fibres, cellulosic fibres and thermosetting resin formed into a planar sheet. As shown in the figure, the sheet is cut into multiple main sheets (4), each with four edges (10A-10D) and multiple edge strips (6). The edge strips are laid up along the perimeter of the main sheets, parallel to opposite edges (10A and 10C), and the whole is laminated together, carbonised and graphitised.    USE -   The electrolyte reservoir plates are used in fuel cells, partic. acid fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The plate is prepared by a papermaking process, which is more efficient than a dry-laid process, and the reservoir formed has improved structural integrity and gas edge barriers. Impregnation of the edge seals with hydrophilic ink or a similar material is not required.
The process includes the polymerisation of pyrrole and N-methylpyrrole in equilibrium dialysis through semipermeable polymeric membrane in counterflow and with an acidifier. The acidifier is persulphate of an alkaline metal or ammonium, salts of iron (III), or potassium ferrocyanate. The concn. of acidifying agent is 5-15% and the reaction time is 24 hours. Obtd. polymeric foils have electroconductivity 2-40 S/cm (contg. polypyrrole) and (4-20).10-3S/cm (contg. poly-N-methylpyrrole).    USE -   In polymer chemistry, in methods for obtaining electroconducting polymeric foils useful in electronics, in particular in battery (accumulator) technology.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplified process of obtaining foils of large surface area (limited only by the dimensions of dialysis provision).
The battery consists of a positive electrode (1) and a negative electrode (2). Electrical isolation between the two electrodes is provided by means of a separator (3). Leak proof nature of the battery is obtained by use of electrolyte that impregnates an organic substance. The electrolyte is a monomer dissolved in LiPF6 which acts as a polymerization catalyst. This mixture is added to an organic substance at normal temperatures. Polymerization is initiated by supplying heat gradually to the mixture. As a result the electrolytic mixture undergoes hardening and monomers get converted into polymers.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For use in batteries that contain solid electrolytes for battery drive. Excels in high rate of charge- discharge cycle characteristics. Prevents leakage of electrolyte.
The non drainage texture electrolyte battery (BA1) consists of a polymerised monomer. The monomer is added as polymerisation catalyst in LiPF6 at a lower temperature than natural ignition temperature. The battery temperature rises unusually and it is hard to start burning. LiPF6 is made a solvent at high temperature.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves safety and reliability. Provides good characteristic effect.
The solid electrolyte lithium secondary cell has an anode (2) of interposed type which hosts alkaline metallic ions within its lattice. The cathode (1) consists of a mixture of an organic polymer binder, lithium metal/alloy powder and carbon powder, with specific surface area less than 100m2/g. These electrodes are separated by separator (3) and housed in side cases (4,5) that serve as terminals. Gasket (6) serves as a seal and insulator maintains electrical conductivity during charge/discharge when volume changes occur within the electrode along with metal particle modification allows for 10-20% clearance by volume within the cell.    ADVANTAGE -   Long operational life.
(JP6267564-A)   NOVELTY - An oxidizing-agent supplying-flow board (40) comprises an oxidizing-agent flow path (39) whose width is decreased gradually along down-stream flow-path region, to emit water content produced by reaction of fuel and oxidizing agent, from cathode pole at favorable flow rate.    USE - Solid-polymer-electrolyte fuel cell (SPFC).    ADVANTAGE - Stable cell reaction is maintained.    DESCRIPTION OF DRAWING(S) - The figure shows the front and side views of the solid-polymer-electrolyte fuel cell. (Drawing includes non-English language text).    electrolyte (32)    catalyst electrodes (33,34)    carbon electrodes (35,38)    oxidizing-agent flow path (39)    oxidizing-agent supplying-flow board (40)
The substrate is placed on a substrate holder (4) and the first deposition material is placed in a deposition source (2,3). The second deposition material is placed in an external vessel (6) and air is evacuated from a vacuum deposition vessel and an external chamber. The first and second material is vapourised and the vapours of the second material are introduced, via an inlet pipe (7), to the vicinity of the substrate holder. Chemical bonding occurs between the first and second materials and the substrate.    Also claimed is a process, as above, but where the second material is sulphur and the film produced is a sulphide film.    USE -   Used in the prodn. of sulphide films for use in light emitting elements, photo sensors, solar cells and thin film transistors. The process can also be used for other films which have a low probability of adhesion to the substrate, such as phosphorus (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   The process gives increased adhesion of the sulphur to the substrate and increases the sulphur efficiency of the process. The film formed has good reproducibility of thickness ( 12% of target thickness), and has favourable luminance-voltage characteristics in comparison with films produced by conventional means. The elemental sulphur in the external vessel requires replacing only one in eight times as compared with the conventional process.
The solar cell array comprises multiple solar cells electrically interconnected by at least one conductive metal strip and a silver-based, low-temp. bonding material between the conductive metal strip and at least one electrode of the solar cells.    Also claimed are: (i) a process for interconnecting multiple thin solar cells, each having a positive and negative electrode, comprising: (a) providing multiple metal strips; (b) applying a Pb-Sn solder cream bonding material between the conductive metal strips and the electrodes; and (c) securing the conductive metal strips to the electrodes of the solar cells to produce electrical interconnects between them by applying a temp. sufficient to melt the solder cream but not greater than 190C, followed by cooling; and (ii) a process for interconnecting multiple thin solar cells, each having a positive and negative electrode, comprising: (a) as above; (b) applying a metal-based material comprising a silver-silicone paste between the conductive metal strips and the electrodes; and (c) securing the conductive metal strips to the electrodes of the solar cells to produce electrical interconnects between them at room temp., followed by room temp. curing to harden the silver-silicone paste.    USE -   The arrays may be used in spacecraft and in applications such as the 'Raptor Pathfinder' (RTM) solar electric aircraft, which has a planned flight endurance of months at high altitude.    ADVANTAGE -   The solar cells are interconnected using either a conductive silver-silicone paste or a conductive Pb-Sn no-clean fluxless solar cream and breakage, partic. of thin cells, due to the thermal and mechanical stresses of conventional soldering, and undesired residue on the active surfaces of the cells, are both eliminated. There is no degradation of the interconnects under high current testing and the contact resistance is very low.
Operation of electro-chemical generator comprises regulation of the concn. of the electrolyte according to the change of its vol. between levels by setting a determined concn. of electrolyte during operation on AC load by regulating concn. of alkali in electrolyte.    USE -   Used for the electro-chemical generation of current.    ADVANTAGE -   The useful energy during the life of generator is increased and the use of reagents is improved.
Mfr. of the sintered ITO body comprises converting part of the oxygen in the air of firing atmos. to ozone, and firing in an atmos. which contains 100-20000 ppm ozone.    USE -   Used for transparent conductive film of solar batteries and crystal displays.
Porosity of the sintering member in length direction is controlled by controlling temp. of ceramic moulding member in its length direction.    USE -   Distribution of porosities of the member can be controlled.
The mfg method uses a soda lime glass substrate (10) on the lower side of which a transparent electric conduction film of ZnO:Al film (20) is formed. A n-type window layer of CdS film (30) is formed by using solution growing up method ZnO:Al film.    A p-type light absorption layer of a CIS film (40) is formed on window layer by vacuum deposition method at group plate temperature of 450 deg centigrade. A back side electrode of Au film (50) is formed on light absorption layer. The diffusion of CIS layer and the composition component of window layer, produced in deposition process of CIS layer are controlled.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides high conversion efficiency. Obtains high quality CIS crystal.
The polycrystalline silicon device consists of a substrate (1) which is of material, different from a silicon crystal. A polycrystalline silicon (4) is deposited on the substrate through an amorphous silicon layer (3) which exists between substrate and polycrystalline silicon layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves photoelectric conversion efficiency. Eliminates defect of polycrystalline silicon. Reduces stress distortion produced due to difference in thermal expansion of coefficients of layers while cooling. Reduces mfg cost.
The polycrystalline silicon device consists of a substrate (1) which is of material, different from a silicon crystal. A polycrystalline silicon (4) is deposited on the substrate through ZnO layer (3), which exists between substrate and polycrystalline silicon layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves photoelectric conversion efficiency. Eliminates defect of polycrystalline silicon. Reduces stress distortion produced due to difference in thermal expansion coefficients of layers while cooling. Reduces mfg cost.
The heating device is applicable to a fuel battery (1), through its anode side exit (3). The unreacted hydrogen gas is supplied to a hydrogen hydrogen occlusion tank to an exhaust gas supply part (20b). The stored hydrogen in the tank is supplied to a combustion burner (8) through a hydrogen gas supplying path (20c) to ignite it.    ADVANTAGE -   Raises load current of battery. Improves efficiency of fuel battery system. Reduces discharge of exhaust gas to outside. Excels in economical efficiency. Does not burn methanol thereby prevents environmental pollution.
The fuel pole (10) for fuel battery has a first and second porous sintering layers (11,12) formed one above the other. The nickel powder is contained in the porous sintering layer and the oxide fine particles are distributed along with nickel powder to reinforce the sintering layer. The first and second porous sintering layer touches the electrolyte layer and the reaction gas respectively.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves prolonged stability of battery characteristics. Improves maintenance nature of electrolyte. Secures reaction gas flow path.
The nickel substrate used is doped with oxides of metals of the lanthanide gp. in amount of 0.1-10%. The process consists of (a) intimately mixing the lanthanide with nickel powder of 1-10 micron size using an aq. soln. of the lanthanide salt; (b) evaporating the dryness, pref. in vacuum; (c) heating in inert atmos. to the decompsn. temp. of the salt hydrate, to eliminate the water of hydration; (d) heating in inert atmos. to decompose the salt; (e) changing to a reducing atmos., pref. equimol. hydrogen and nitrogen, maintaining a temp. sufficient to reduce any nickel oxide which has formed; (f) cooling in reducing atmos. The cathode is made by sintering the doped nickel powders.    ADVANTAGE -   Resistance of the cathodes to corrosion is improved.
Cooler assembly (2) used in fuel cell stack has tubular conduit (18) contg. a flowing stream of coolant fluid and a plate (20) formed from a graphite flake and polymer binder mixt.surrounding the conduit.    USE -   The cooler assembly is used in a phosphoric acid fuel cell stack.    ADVANTAGE -   The coolant plate has enhanced heat transfer characteristics, is non-porous, and is resistant to thermally-induced stresses i.e. it is not impaired by thermal expansion and contraction of stack components. It resists degradation and maintains optimum operating characteristics during extended stack operation.
A thin film of ABC2 chalcopyrite (A = Cu or Ag, B = In, Ga or Al and C = S, Se or Te) is formed by: forming a thin layer of ABC where A is in stoichiometric excess over ABC2; exposing to a gas contg. B and C, or A, B and C with B in excess; and monitoring a property of the film which displays a satd. value when ABC2 is formed. The property monitored is electrical resistance, intensity of reflected light, or intensity of transmitted IR.    The appts. is also claimed and comprises a heated substrate holder; means for supplying A, B and C source gases; and means for monitoring the physical property of the film during the deposition process.    USE -   In prodn. of e.g. thin-film solar cells etc.    ADVANTAGE -   Method has good throughput and reproducibility and is generally superior to prior art bilayer processes.
The surface of the melted Si surface is scanned by the plasma current, and B is removed by steam plasma jet.    ADVANTAGE -   B is effectively removed from B containing Si to improve Si content to the level of which is suitable for manufacturing of solar battery.
In the improvement of purity of hydrogen, &gt;1 hydrogen recovery container (CH1, CH2) which is connected in series to a hydrogen-utilising apparatus and contains a hydrogen-absorbing alloy which stores hydrogen in the form of a hydride is used. After hydrogen gas from the hydrogen-utilising apparatus is absorbed in one of the hydrogen recovery containers (CH1), hydrogen gas absorbed in CH1 is released. At the beginning of hydrogen release from CH1, hydrogen gas containing impure gases is led to the other hydrogen recovery container (CH2) and absorbed. Hydrogen gas released from CH1 is circulated in the hydrogen-utilising apparatus, and absorption and release of hydrogen gas is repeated several times at CH1. The hydrogen gas absorbed in CH2 is released, and, at the beginning of hydrogen release from CH2, hydrogen containing impure gases is released to outside. Hydrogen gas released from CH2 is circulated in the hydrogen-utilising apparatus.    ADVANTAGE -   The rate of hydrogen recovery is improved even when the amount of hydrogen treated is decreased.
Reformer comprises combustion appts. (7) of fuel gas, combustion space (8) provided at the flame release direction of the combustion appts., cylindrical radiation tube (21) placed around the combustion space and triple tube placed at the outside of radiation tube concentrically. The inner tube of triple tube and the end of combustion space side of its outer tube are connected with an end cap. The first ring-shaped space is formed between the inner tube and middle tube of triple tube to place catalyst and the second ring-shaped space is formed between the middle tube and outer tube and connected to the first ring-shaped space at the end cap connection part to form a reaction tube (3) by the first and second ring-shaped spaces. The third ring-shaped space connected to the combustion space is formed between the radiation tube and reaction tube.    USE -   To produce hydrogen-enriched gas used as fuel gas of fuel cells by adding steam to hydrocarbons.    ADVANTAGE -   To miniaturise the reformers to produce hydrogen-enriched gas.
In the operation of heat-exchanger type reformers for fuel cells, thermal energy for reforming reactions is fed from heat-supplying units, diluting air which is not used in the combustion at the heat-supplying units is introduced to the reformers together with gases for combustion fed from the heat-supplying units.    ADVANTAGE -   The heat-supplying units can be operated in atmosphere with the air ratios specified in the plan regardless of the load on the fuel cells and the bleeding of excess fuels can be made less or unnecessary.
Start-up of heat-exchanger type reformers of fuel cells with heat-supplying appts. to feed gases for heating and combustion is claimed, in that air ratios higher than those at normal operations are employed in the heat-supplying appts. at the initial stage of the start-up process.    USE -   Used to rapidly heat heat-exchanger type reformers to given temps. in the start-up process.    ADVANTAGE -   The catalyst tubes and input and output systems of reformers can be quickly heated.
Reformer which reform raw material gases by catalytic reactions between the raw material gases and reforming catalysts comprises raw material gas supply branch lines for feeding raw material gases to the reformers and are placed on both sides of the reformer and reformed gas discharge branch lines which are placed on both sides of the reformers and join the reformed gas discharge lines for discharging the reformed gases. One of the raw material gas supply branch lines and one of the reformed gas discharge branch lines are selected and the directions of the gas flows in the reformers are switched to reverse according to the oxidation reduction state of the reforming catalysts.    ADVANTAGE -   The reforming catalysts are efficiently reduced prior to reforming operations.
Fuel reformers in which raw material gases to be reformed are passed through heated catalyst beds and steam-reformed, are effected by having porous silicon carbide heating units with a three-dimensional network structure on which catalysts are supported used as the catalyst beds.    USE -   The fuel reformers can be used in fuel cells to steam-reform raw materials such as methane and methyl alcohol and to convert them to hydrogen.    ADVANTAGE -   The catalyst beds are heated rapidly and uniformly and the reforming efficiency is improved.
The method includes fusing a target and vapour depositing a semiconductor thin film on a substrate by irradiation of laser on the fused target.    USE -   For prodn. of solar cell.    ADVANTAGE -   Semiconductor film prepd. by the method had high quality, since discharge of fine particle from target is prevented by the method.
The catalyser holder has a desulphurisation device which desulphurises original fuel containing carbon hydrogen system. A reaction pipe containing catalyser layer is heated with a heat medium object. A fuel modifier changes steam of original fuel into gas which is rich in hydrogen. A carbon-monoxide transformer transforms carbon-monoxide contained by the gas and is supplied to a fuel battery. The catalyser holder maintains the nature of the catalytic action of catalyser in the reaction pipe of the fuel battery. A recycling system supplies a part of the quality gas from the carbon-monoxide transformer to desulphurisation device, through an additional rates of flow control valve.    An entrance temperature detector detects the temperature of the catalyser layer at the entrance of the reaction pipe. A second temperature detector provided near the entrance detects catalyser layer temperature at predetermined position. A temperature difference calculator computes the temperature difference of both the temperature detectors. A controller controls flow valve of recycling system to secure minimum rates of flow of quality gas required for additional desulphurisation.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents carbon deposition. Maintains nature of catalytic action effectively. Supplies good quality gas to fuel battery for long time.
The fuel cell consists of a matrix to maintain an electrolyte. The matrix is sandwiched on either sides by a fuel electrode and an oxidizing electrode. The two electrodes are made of an electrode catalyser layer and gas transparency type base material.    A number of reaction supply slots are formed between multiple ribs set upon the anti catalyser layer side of the fuel electrode. A gas transparency reduction prevention material is set up in each rib part. The prevention absorbs electrolyte through the catalyser layer and prevention reduction in gas transparency.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents troubles due to setting out of reaction gases. Enables collection of oozed out electrolyte. Prevents reduction in power generation performance. Improves long term stability of battery performance.
The phosphorous acid type fuel battery has an anode (2) and a cathode (3) to which a fuel and an oxidising agent are respectively supplied. An electrochemical reaction takes place between the fuel and the oxidising agent, resulting in generation of electricity. Two inert gas supply lines (20,22) are respectively connected to the inlet of the anode and the cathode. Two inert gas supply valves (21,23) control the corresponding inert gas supply lines. The discharged substance from the outlet of the anode is supplied to the inlet of the cathode. A change valve (25) controls the amount of inert gas supplied to the anode and the cathode.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces catalyst deterioration to minimum. Increases life span of battery. Improves battery characteristics. Avoids use of N2 gas.
A hard solder for high-temp. soldered joints between materials with resistance to high temps., esp. Cr and its alloys, consists of: (a) 40-70 wt.% Cr; (b) up to 2 wt.% of one or more of V, Nb, Ta, Ti, Zr and Hf; (c) up to 2 wt.% of one or more of Y and rare earths as the metal or metal oxide; and (d) balance as Ni.    Process for the mfr. of the solder is also claimed.    USE -   Useful for joining materials with resistance to high-temps. in partic., suitable for soldering parts in solid electrolyte, high-temp. fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The inverted soldered joint may be exposed to operational temps. or up to 1300C. The solder has excellent wetting properties without the need for B and/or Si components.
Copolymers of tetrafluoroethylene and a monomer of formula (I) are new.    In (I), X = C; CH or N; Z = a Gp. I element; Ca; Mg; Sr or Ba; Rf = comprises a perfluoroalkylene gp. contg. one or more ether and/or sulphonyl gps. Rf, Y = CnF2n+1; n = 0 or 1-10; and m = 0 or 1.    Also claimed are: (1) a copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and a monomer of formula CF3=CFC(K)(SO2CF3)2 (V):    (2) a copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and a monomer of formula (VI):    (3) a membrane comprising a polymer made from a monomer of formula (I) above;    (4) a copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and a monomer of formula (I) above in which n = 0 or an integer greater than 0; and    (5) a membrane comprising a polymer made from a monomer of formula (I) above in which n = 0 or an integer greater than 0.    USE -   The copolymer is used to make membranes (claimed) for electrolytic fuel cells that are permeable to one type of ion but impermeable to the other; as a solid polymer electrolyte and in other applications that currently use Nafion (RTM) and Dow 560 (RTM) membranes. It could also be used to recycle pollutants in the plating industry.    ADVANTAGE -   The copolymers provide all the desired characteristics of Nafion (RTM) polymer and in addition have higher chemical stabilities and physical flexibilities.
In the method of obtaining reformed gases for fuel cells contg. hydrogen and carbon monoxide by supplying natural gas and steam to a reformer with bayonet-type duplex tubes of catalysts, a heat transfer accelerator device (A) which surrounds the catalyst tubes is placed outside the middle part of the catalyst tubes, a sleeve which surrounds the catalyst tubes and a heat transfer accelerator device (B) which is placed between the sleeve and the catalyst tubes are placed outside the bases of the catalyst tubes, and a combustion gas for heating which is introduced to the shell side is allowed to pass through the space between the sleeve and the catalyst tubes.    ADVANTAGE -   The flow of combustion gas on the shell side is uniformalised and the catalyst tubes are heated uniformly. Since the combustion gas flows at a high velocity near the bases of the catalyst tubes, the heat transfer efficiency at the bases of the catalyst tubes is improved.
Heat exchanger type reformer having bayonnette type catalyst tubes for fuel cells comprises first and second tube plates (15,18) placed in a shell body (1) to divide the inside of shell body into a combusting gas chamber (10), process feed chamber (3) and reformed gas chamber (19). The first tube plate divides the combusting gas chamber and process feed chamber and second tube plate capable of detaching divides the process feed chamber and reformed gas chamber. The outer tubes (5) of catalyst tubes are fixed to the first tube plate at their base parts, the weights of inner tubes (4) of catalyst tubes are supported by the first tube plate and the base parts of inner tubes and the second tube plate are joined by seal welding through bellows (21).    USE -   Used as reformers of fuel cells with easy injection of catalyst.    ADVANTAGE -   Because of manifold is unnecessary, the structure is simple even when number of catalyst tubes is increased and process feed does not leak to reformed gas since a flange is not provided.
Catalysts for oxidising reformed gases are characterised by consisting of catalysts loaded on supports which have pores on a molecular-size level. Also claimed is oxidation of carbon monoxide contained in reformed gases, in which a reformed gas containing mainly hydrogen and a small amount of carbon monoxide is brought into contact with a catalyst for oxidising reformed gases consisting of a catalyst loaded on a support which has pores on a molecular-size level while oxygen gas is being sent to the reformed gas, so as to oxidise selectively the carbon monoxide.    USE -   The catalysts obtained can be used to oxidise carbon monoxides contained in reformed gases which are used as fuels for fuel cells and mainly contain hydrogen.    ADVANTAGE -   Carbon monoxide contained in reformed gases in a small amount can be oxidised selectively. Poisoning of electrode catalysts can be prevented.
The precious metal-type catalyst carried by a carrier is dispersed in a hot water to form a slurry. A plating soln. with pH 10.5-13.0 made of mixt. of a heavy metals salt, chelate and a redn. agent, is charged into the slurry for plating the heavy metals onto the catalyst, washed, dried and heated in a required atmos. for alloying the components.    USE -   Used for the prepn. of the catalyst at a fuel cell.    ADVANTAGE -   The process improves the carrying rate of the heavy metals by easy control of the alloy compsn..
The mfg method uses an insulation substrate (1) which consists of the macro-molecule material. A rough structure is formed on the surface of the substrate. An electrode layer (2) is formed on the substrate after shaping the rough structure of the substrate using plasma processing method. The shaping of the concavo-convex structure is controlled by changing the conditions of the plasma processing. A photoelectric conversion layer (4) is formed on the electrode layer, whose surface is in the shape of concavo-convex.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves conversion efficiency. Reduces mfg. cost. Improves reliability of solar battery. Obtains high performance solar battery. Makes reinforcement of adhesion to insulated substrate easily.
The fuel gas supply makes the fuel to flow out from a pipe (1) of modifier in battery for generating power. The fuel gas is obtained by burning a liquid fuel. The burning process of the liquid fuel is carried out in the pipe by heating the pipe to a predetermined temperature. The temperature is maintained at the pipe until all the liquid fuel gets evaporated. The temperature is maintained by a heater wire (2) and a control device (7).    The heater is twisted around the outer circumference of the pipe. A temperature detector (6) is placed at the outer surface of the pipe. The predetermined temperature at which the fuel gas is extracted from the fuel is set previously in the detector. The control device (7) controls the heating process by controlling an ON/OFF switch of the heater element according to the output of the temperature detector.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents liquefaction of fuel gas even when aperture area of flow control valve is increased.
The fuel battery consists of multiple cells. The carbonic acid salt matrix is sandwiched between the anode and the cathode in cell. A separator is provided to form the flow path to the fuel gas and the oxidising agent gas. The separator separates the fuel gas and the oxidising agent gas from the anode and the cathode respectively.    An edge spring is employed which pushes the marginal part of the ceramic plate of separator against the cell, outside the separator to maintain the air resistance of the gas.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces mfg cost. Prevents breakage of edge spring. Raises performance. Maintains contact between edge spring and ceramic board.
The fuel battery consists of a cell (C) comprising a oxygen pole (2) and a fuel pole (3). An electrolyte layer (1) is formed inbetween oxygen and fuel poles. The solid state electrolyte layer is made up of ZrO2 . The fuel pole consists of Ni and cermet ZrO2. A separator (4) is layered on the cell which consists of board parts (4a) and striped projections (4b). A slot like gas flow path is formed in the cell between oxygen pole and the conductive separator. The cell is positioned by means of a couple of long scale like first partition material (6) from its top side. A pair of second partition material (7) is placed below the cell. Four columns (8) connects the first partition material and the second partition material at four corners of the edge of the cell. The cell accumulation group (NC) is formed by stacking multiple such cells.    Number of main part (8a) is formed in the column and located inside it. Connecting part (S) which is metalled in the cell is connected with main part of columns which are installed around it. One pair of separating plate (10) is installed inbetween each group of cell in the accumulated groups. The column is connected with the separating plate by inserting a splicer (9) in holes (10A) of plate and press fit hole (H) in the column. The reaction gas is supplied through gas supply path (Kf) and discharged through discharged path (Hf).    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces size of battery. Decreases dimensional variations of the parts. Prevents breakage of cells. Simplifies sealing composition.
The fuel battery consists of a rectangular shape cell (C) provided with a fuel pole (3) and oxygen pole (2). A solid state electrolyte layer (1) consists of ZrO2 and oxygen pole made of LaMnO3 . The fuel pole is made of nickel and ZrO2. A conductive separator (4) with number of convex line part and stripe shaped projection is installed between each single cell. A first partition material is placed on the cell and the upper surface of the lamination of first partition material is sealed along the longitudinal direction. The sealing material used are glass or ceramic system with high temperature heat proof. The corners of the cell are covered by the second partition material (7).    The cell accumulation group (NC) has number of cell which are laminated to form the battery. The first partition material present at both ends of the battery are inserted into recess (7a) at second partition material. Columns (8) are installed at four angular corners of cell accumulation group which has insulating remark surface (8A). The second partition material is in contact with an insulating surface. The battery is provided with gas supply path (Kf) and gas discharge path (Hf). Flow path (11) is made to contact part (8B) of column and forms a plane like connection surface. The gas flows inbetween fuel pole and conductive separator.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids clearance generation. Prevents gas leakage.
The fuel battery consists of a receptacle (10) which is split into housing (200) and lid (100). Inside the receptacle, the battery cells are layered as multilayer body. The housing and lid portion are connected in the stacked direction of multilayer body. Fuel gas is supplied to the multilayer body equally at three surfaces.    A sealing member seals the leakage of fuel gas from the lid, housing and manifold. Above the housing, the lid is attached. The fuel supply and exit paths are connected with the multilayer body. Along the width direction, a pressure applying mechanism (300), a pressure applying stick (320) and a pressure controlling nut are provided.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents leakage of gas by sealing member. Reduces internal resistance of battery due to stacked multilayer body. Enables to locate cell inside housing. Prevents mixing of gas.
The fuel battery consists of a cell (1) furnished with a fuel electrode and an oxidising agent electrode. An electrolyte matrix is sandwiched inbetween the two electrodes. A separator is placed inbetween each single cell. A reaction gas flow path supplies reaction gas to each electrode through the semiblock (9) installed at its bottom. A coolant is supplied through the main coolant entrance pipe (6) and flows through the cooling pipes (5).    A cooling substrate (4) of the cooling board cools the semi block in a vertical direction. At the opposite side of main coolant entrance pipe, the coolant exit pipe (7) is connected. Fins (8) are setup at the down streamside portion of coolant pipe on the exit side of reaction gas flow path. The coolant pipe is made to intersect the discharge flow path of reaction gas.    ADVANTAGE -   Stabilises operation for long period. Prevents wastage of phosphorous acid vapours by condensing it in cooling pipes.
The device has a cell which forms cell multilayer body. A gas separation board is placed inbetween each unit cell. A cooling board and a collector board are placed at the top of the cell and gas manifolds (5). Temperature detectors (7a-7c) are provided to detect the temperature of the cell. Fuel gas is supplied into the battery through a path (21) and a fuel gas regulating valve (9) controls the flow of fuel gas. An oxidising agent gas supply path (22) supplies oxidising gas into the battery and the flow is controlled by means of a regulating valve.    An inert gas is passed into the battery through the inert gas supply part (24) and a coolant through the passage (23). The coolant flow is controlled by means of a coolant flow regulating valve (11). A controller (8) is connected to the temperature detector which measures the temperature of battery and compares with that of set temperature. According to the difference in temperature measured, the rate of flow of fuel gas, oxidising agent gas and coolant are regulated.    ADVANTAGE -   Increases efficiency of battery. Avoids deterioration of battery by detecting abnormal rise in battery.
The fuel battery (1) is connected with an ammeter (4) which detects the output current from the battery. A flow meter (3) detects the amount of gas flow into the cathode, is also connected with the battery. The pressure difference between the electrodes is detected by a pressure difference meter (6). The pressure difference control valve (8) controls the pressure difference between the electrodes.    Based on the pressure difference valve detected by the pressure difference detector a control part (7) controls the opening of the pressure difference control valve. Based on a detected output current valve and rate of flow of control part a control constant setting part (5). Initiates the calculating part (PI) for the constant pressure control valve part.    ADVANTAGE -   Controls pressure effectively by control device even when gas flow and load valves are changed.
The fuel battery is provided with a separator (1) inbetween a cathode base material (6) and a anode base material (3). An anode catalyser layer (4) and a cathode catalyser layer (7) are layered above the anode and cathode base material. An electrolyte layer (8) is placed above the catalyser layer. The anode base material is provided with slots for fuel gas flow and slots in the cathode base material is provided for flow of air.    The air and fuel gas passed into the battery flows on opposite sides of the separator. Fuel gas entrance (9) and an exit (10) are set up at both ends of the separator. Air entrance (11) and exit (12) are also set up on both ends of the separator. The fuel gas flow and air flow are independent and parallel to each other. The fuel path which is adjoined reverses the fuel flow path and forms a counter head flow.    ADVANTAGE -   Stabilises operation of battery. Eliminates temp. rise due to local current density in electrode surface.
The fuel cell is provided with an anode (2) and a cathode (4). An electrolyte board (3) is placed inbetween the two electrodes. A separator (1) is placed at top and bottom portion of the unit cell. Fuel gas (7) is supplied through the fuel gas flow path (5). An oxidising agent gas (8) is supplied through the oxidising gas flow path. A rate of flow of regulating valve controls the flow rate by controlling the valve according to the temperature developed inside the battery.    The flow regulating valve is installed in both slots (50, 60). The regulating valve arranged in the fuel gas flow path closes the valve, when temperature rises to an abnormal value and flows in slot (50). Similarly, the flow regulating valve (69) installed in the oxidising agent gas flow path opens the valve for full flow, when temperature increases to an abnormal value. The oxidising agent gas flows into slot (60).    ADVANTAGE -   Maintains homogeneity in temperature distribution. Equalises current density distribution and temperature distribution. Controls thermal expansion of cell. Decreases corrosion of cell member. Decreases evaporation of electrolyte.
The cell has electrodes (40) with an electrolyte film (30) sandwiched in between them. Another electrolyte film (150) which is of equal thickness to that of the 1st electrolyte film is supported in a spacer (60) which is installed in a frame (100) to form a cell (20). The cells are arranged alternatively and a separator (200) is placed in between each cell to form the whole fuel battery module (10). An elastic adhesive agent (420) is applied to the separator so that it is fused with the collector pole (50) and seals fuel gas path. At one of its edges, an oxidizing gas flow path (12A), fuel gas flow path (12B) and cooling medium flow path (14B) are formed. Two separators are arranged on either side and the frame in bonded with the elastic adhesive agent to make internal resistance of cell to a predetermined value.    ADVANTAGE -   Standardizes performance of battery. Prevents leakage from battery. Eases attachment of cell. Reduces cost involved. Eases mfr. and check for abnormal performance.
The mfg method involves impregnating a porous material on a composite material slurry (1) of a solid state electrolytic film. A collector green frame object (2) is formed on the slurry. An electrolytic film green object is formed on one side of the slurry. A baking object (4) is provided with a natural part (5) and is baked to form a solid state electrolytic film (9), on which a porous part (6) is layered. The porous part is attached to the slurry. An electrode film (10) is formed on the solid state electrolytic film and acts as a collector. A pair of main electrode films (10) are formed on the side surfaces of the solid state electrolytic film.    ADVANTAGE -   Gives high yield. Reduces mfg cost. Secures intensity of baking object.
Modified polymeric cation exchange membrane for an electrochemical cell comprises an ionic Ag, W and/or Mo salt deposited within a polymer matrix, the salt being insoluble in the electrolytes contacting either side of the membrane in use. Also claimed are (i) an electrochemical appts. comprising cell(s) contg. the membrane(s); and (ii) a method of preparing the membrane by contacting a cation exchange membrane with an aq. soln. of the salt(s) and then converting the salt(s) into insoluble salt(s).    USE -   Used in chlor-alkali cells, fuel cells, and energy storage/power delivery devices.    ADVANTAGE -   The membranes combine low resistivity with high permselectivity.
A film contg. elements of gp. IB, IIIB and VIB is plated on surface of electric conductive film of a substrate and (b) the film is converted to an alloy film of gp. IB-IIIB-VIB by heat treatment. The film is prepd. by forming a layer contg. gp. IB an IIIB elements on the substrate, laminating a powder layer of gp. VIB element on it and then heat treating in an atmos. contg. no gp. VIB element or its cpd. gases.    USE -   Suitable for prodn. of cpd. semiconductor solar cell.    ADVANTAGE -   The method needs no poisonous gas.
Film contg. elements of gp. 1B, 3B and 6B is plated on surface of electroconductive film of a substrate. The film is converted to an alloy film of gp. 1B-3B-6B by heat treatment. Water and gas contained in the film are removed before the heat treatment.    USE -   The method is suitable for prodn. of cpd. semiconductor solar cells.    ADVANTAGE -   Improved prodn. yield and cost, since no exfoliation of the alloy film occurs.
A Si-Ge film is formed on a substrate having 290 C m.pt. and has 1 x 10-7 S/cm light electric conductivity.    USE -   The film is suitable for low cost and light weight solar cell.    ADVANTAGE -   The film can be used on substrate made of plastic material having lower heat resistance.
This manifold support structure supplies fuel and oxidising agent to a square shaped solid state electrolyte type fuel battery (1). Multiple manifold such as a fuel entrance manifold (2). A fuel exit manifold (3), an oxidising agent entrance manifold (4) and an oxidising agent emit manifold (5) are provided at the four sides of the battery respectively.    The multiple support members (9) are installed on the manifold respectively. Four sets of bolts (7) each with a pair of compressing springs and nuts (6,8) are employed to adjoin the desired termination of the support member respectively. The load extension power to the support member increases its bearing force on the manifolds. The bearing force is regulated by changing the amount of displacement of the spring using the nut.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves gas sealing performance. Regulates bearing force on multiple manifolds easily.
Spherical alumina support is immersed in Zr salt soln. thermally treated to form zirconia layer (thickness 1 /5 -1 /10 times as large as support dia.), coated with Ru as metal catalyst, filled in reactor tube and contacted with HC contg. source gas and water vapour under heat to produce H2for fuel cell.    ADVANTAGE -   Reforming catalyst with durability against heat cycle is obtd. by the method.
The solar battery has an n-type single crystal silicon substrate (1). A pico+ amorphous silicon layer (2) is formed on the light incident side of the silicon substrate. A PN junction is formed between the silicon substrate and the amorphous silicon layer. A silicon oxide barrier layer (5) of thickness 1 nm is formed on the side of the silicon substrate opposite to the light incident side. An N-type dopant with a selective transportation function is added to the barrier layer. A rear side electrode (6) is connected to the back of the barrier layer. The energy difference between the silicon substrate and the barrier layer varies based on the type of the insulated material.    ADVANTAGE -   Conversion efficiency is improved. Hole diffusion is sharply controlled. Maintenance is simplified.
The solar battery consists of a p-type single crystal Si substrate (1). At a light incidence side of the substrate an N+ amorphous Si layer (2) is formed, resulting in the formation of a p-n junction. On the other side of the substrate a p-type barrier layer (5) is formed that contains SiOx(x = 0.5) with larger band than Si.    A back side electrode (6) is formed on the back side of the barrier layer. The energy between the substrate and barrier layer carriers depends on the kind of semiconductor material applied to the barrier layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves photoelectric conversion efficiency. The diffusion of a small number of carriers by the side of the back side electrode can be controlled. Provides simple mfg. process.
Mfr. comprises placing a solid state electrolyte film (2) between the fuel and air poles (1,3) of a battery to form electric power generating part (4). An interconnector (5) is arranged on both sides of electric power generating part. Glass sealing material in the form of sheets (8) are interposed by heat dissolving process between the interconnector and the electric power generating part. The cooling process is carried out to join electric power generating part and interconnector.    ADVANTAGE -   Curtails need to use fire resistant material thereby reducing burden. Increases reliability of battery. Reduces mfg. cost. Improves yield.
The carbonic acid battery system comprises an anode (6a) and a cathode (6b) which are connected to a heat exchanger (20). The heat exchanger is in turn connected to a catalyst combustion device (19) and a boiler (16). The battery system has a fuel line with exhaust gas combustion device to supply fuel gas to generate electric power. The exhaust combustion device is connected to a CO2 recycling line. While operating, if a temp. drop is noted, the power generation is stopped and the temp. of the catalyst is changed using a modifier. Fuel gas is supplied to exhaust gas combustion device to regenerate electrical power and a temp. rise is between 400-650 C.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies operation. Improves operativity. Reduces size of battery. Reduces mfg. cost.
The battery comprises an anode pole (2) and a cathode pole (5). Hydrogen gas (4) is generated by a modifier (11) and passed to the anode pole through a fuel supply line (3). The cathode pole is equipped with an air supply line (21) and connected to a cathode gas supply line (6) and the modifier. A fuel battery (1) is furnished with a cathode exhaust gas circulation line (23).    The circulation line is connected at both the entrance and the exit side of the cathode pole and recirculates a part (16a) of a cathode exhaust gas (16). A circulation blower (22) is connected to the circulation line to supply the cathode gas. The temp. of the cathode gas, cathode exhaust gas, circulation line and air supply line, supplied to the fuel battery, is controlled using a water spray device (33).    ADVANTAGE -   The temp. difference between cathode pole entrance and exit is controlled. The power generation of the battery is increased. The power consumption of circulation blower is reduced.
The fuel battery consists of a cooling board (51) which is arranged in the form of a stack. A cathode and an anode electrode are connected on either side of an electrolyte film membrane. A hollow path (69) which comprises either an oxygen gas supply pipe (35) or a hydrogen gas supply pipe (45) is installed in the cooling board. The hollow path processes a porous resin film which is supported by a support film. The speed of water flowing through the porous film is greater than the flowing speed of gas. The cooling of oxygen gas and hydrogen gas is carried out by supplying water within the cooling board.    ADVANTAGE -   The device is compact. The breakdown voltage of the transparent film is raised.
Solar cell comprises: p-type semiconductor substrate (1); n-type layer (2a) on one surface; p+ type layer (7) on the opposite surface; and an n-type layer (2b) on the side surface and having a lower impurity concn. than the other n-type layer (2a), and pref. having a sheet resistance 70-300 ohm/sq.. The layer pref. extends to an edge (2c) of the p+ type layer (7).    Prodn. of the solar cell involves: applying an n-type dopant to a first surface of a p-type substrate; heating to form n-type layers (2a, b, c) by thermal diffusion; applying an Al paste to the second surface; and heating to form a p-type layer (7) and an Al electrode (6). A mask is applied to the edge of the second surface during application of the dopant as that the n-type layer formed beneath the mask has a reduced thickness and impurity concn..    A preferred dopant source is a soln. contg. P in an amt. 1.04-0.63 gram atoms per mol. of TiO2, so that the n+ type layer (2a) and a TiO2 anti-reflection film (3) are formed by the heat treatment. O2 may also be present to form a substrate oxide passivation film.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduction in output of the entire module is avoided when the cell is locally shadowed. Excessive heating and short circuit breakdown are also avoided in a shadowed cell. The cell can be mfd. by a low-cost, simple method in which resist patterning and etching steps of conventional methods are omitted.
A light-transmissive resin-sealed semiconductor comprises a photoelectric transducer with an incident light-side surface covering comprising a cross-linked multi-component copolymer comprising mainly vinylidene fluoride (VDF) and hexafluoropropylene (HFP).    Processes for producing the device are also claimed .    USE -   In the prodn. of (flexible) solar cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The copolymer used a filler layer covering the device provides excellent weather and heat resistance and fire retardancy, and provides flexibility for protection of the device and excellent adhesion between the device and the outermost surface covering layer.
The solar cell module includes a photovoltaic element, a transparent resin filler layer, a transparent surface layer and a reinforcing member. The reinforcing member is positioned on the rear of the element. The surface layer includes a film composed of a fluororesin which has a high fluorine content. The resin contains an ultraviolet absorber.    The surface protective layer has a light transmittance of 0.8 or less in a relative value to a resin containing no ultraviolet absorber. The film has a deformation temperature of 70 degrees C or above at a pressure of 4.6 kg/cm squared.    ADVANTAGE -   Improved ultraviolet screening due to coating. Weather resistant. Reduced degradation due to light. Efficient conversion.
The module includes an electroconductive substrate and a photoactive semiconductor layer which acts as a photovoltaic element with a transparent surface coating on the light introducing side. The coating layer contains alkylated tertiary amine compound and also includes a filler and an outermost layer.    The surface layer is formed of a fluororesin and contains an inorganic or polymeric ultraviolet light absorber. The filler is made from an ethylene type copolymer. The photovoltaic element has a shunt resistance between 2000 and 200000 Ohms.cm2.    ADVANTAGE -   Has high weatherability and high heat resistance. Protected from external impact. Clean due to avoiding use of fossil fuel. Safe. Easy to handle. Improved conversion efficiency.
Transparent resin sealed semiconductor is sealed at a light-incident face of a photoelectric transducer with a resin layer of a copolymer of ethylene and an unsatd. fatty acid ester. A pref. transducer has a conductive substrate, active layer pref. amorphous Si, and a transparent electrode.    USE -   Esp. with a solar cell (module).    ADVANTAGE -   Resin has high heat resistance and low hygroscopicity and does not liberate free acids or deform at high temp.
Solar module comprises: (a) an Al substrate (1); (b) an electrically insulating oxide layer (2); (c) a back electrode layer (3, 5, 6); (d) an active semiconductor layer (7) having a diode structure; and (e) a front electrode (8) made of a transparent conducting oxide (TCO). The module is structured into integrated single solar cells connected in series and is made as a facade element.    Also claimed is a process for producing electrode surfaces (6) electrically sepd. from each other on an electrically conducting substrate (1).    USE -   As a thin layer solar module.
2,3-Dicyanobenzofuro(2,3-b)pyrazine derivs. of formula (1) are new: Y, Z = H, lower alkyl, lower alkoxyl, di(lower alkyl)amino; but at least one of Y and Z is di(lower alkyl)amino gp. Also claimed are two methods for preparing the above derivs. of formula (1).    USE -   (1) are used as fluorescent elements, luminescent elements, and display elements for various uses e.g. solar cells detectors, display devices, signal instruments, etc.    ADVANTAGE -   (1) have strong fluorescence character.
Purificn. of silicon comprises (a) preparing molten hypereutectic aluminium-silicon alloy contg. 15-65 wt.% silicon using silicon with a purity of at least 96 wt.% up to 99.9 wt.% and aluminium with a purity of at least 99.9 wt.% and aluminium with a purity of at least 99.9 wt.%, (b) crystallising silicon primary crystals by cooling the molten hypereutectic aluminium-silicon alloy from a temp arbitrarily chosen from the temp. exceeding the liquidus temp. corresp. to the concn. of the silicon contained to a temp. from below the liquidus temp. corresp. to the concn. of the silicon contained via the eutectic temp and sepg. the crystallised silicon primary crystals from the molten hypereutectic aluminium-silicon alloy, (c) melting tin with a purity of at least 99.99 wt.% process (b) in the molten tin to obtain molten hyper-eutectic tin-silicon alloy, and (d) cooling the molten hypereutectic tin-silicon alloy to obtain crystallised purified silicon.    USE -   The purified silicon obtained can be used for solar cells.    ADVANTAGE -   High purity silicon can be obtd.
Pt supporting catalyst is dispersed in an SnCl2-contg. soln., converted to alkali atmos. to form Sn(OH)2, heated to 80-100C to form Sn oxide and thermally treated at 300-1000C in H2-contg. redn. atmos. to form anode electrocatalyst ( of dia. 10-60 ) contg. 1-60 atom% Sn and at least one of Pt. Pd and Ru, pref. 99-40 atom% Pt or contg. 8-48 atom% Sn and 52-98 atom% Pt as Pt3Sn phase.    ADVANTAGE -   An active and stable electocatalyst for a fuel cell is obtd..
The optical microwave unit consists of a cavity (1) in which the rubidium lamp (2) is enclosed. A pair of microwave antennae (5) are positioned within the cavity. A microwave strip line is formed in one of the antenna positioned in one of the cavities.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves operational reliability of devices and S/N ratio of solar battery.
The sec. battery is provided with a stainless steel electrode (5) and a lithium negative electrode (2), arranged one above the other. A solvent layer (3) is provided over the negative electrode.     A stratified semiconductor layer (1) made of ZrSe2is placed above the solvent layer. The power generation parts are stacked inside the transparent insulator (6) of the battery. The negative electrode and the stratified semiconductor layer form a P-N junction.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides opto-electronic device which conserves power.
The aluminium-chlorine fuel battery has a graphite electrode (2) in the shape of tube. An aluminium electrode (5) is placed and connected with a nozzle underneath to supply argon gas (9). The electrodes and the electrolyte are provided in a receptacle (3) which is enclosed in an electric furnace (6).    The electrolyte used in the battery is a molten mixture of sodium chloride and magnesium chloride. The molten Al electrode is agitated by passing chlorine gas through the graphite tube, and passing alternating magnetic field, during generation of electric power.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents reduction of electric power generation due to formation of oxide layer over Al electrode. Produces stabilized power for long time.
The solid-state electrolyte type fuel battery consists of a plate for gas supply. An anode (2) and cathode (3) are provided with a passage for supplying the reaction gas inside the battery. The electrodes are placed opposing each other and separated by an electrolyte film. The electrolyte film is formed by an ion exchange resin (1).    A water supply plate (4) is arranged above the gas supply plates on the outer side. The water supply plate has a water supply passage (6) arranged linearly on both the sides. The water supply plate provides water flow between water channels.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables effective maintenance of moist state. Provides desired output voltage. Provides compact and highly efficient battery.
The gas separator (1) is equipped with larger number of supply slots (5). The supply slot is used to supply cooling water, fuel gas and gaseous oxidizing agents. To the opposite side of the supply holes, discharge holes for fuel gas and oxidizing agent gas are provided to discharge the gases.    The flow path is provided by the supply headers (4) between the supply holes. The flow path extends to the supply slots from the supply holes and finally results in the discharge holes.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves electrical characteristics of the battery.
The power generating device is constituted by a fuel battery (1) which is made up of multiple unit cells. A fuel pole (1f) of the battery is linked to a fuel system (2) which comprises a fuel modifier (4). The fuel modifier supplies rich fuel gas to the battery. An air pole (1A) of the battery is linked to a reaction air supply system (6) which includes an Ar blower (7). The Ar gas functions as an oxidising agent for the fuel battery. A portion of the exhaust gas output from the fuel modifier having a low oxygen density is mixed with the air supplied by the air supply system after being liberated from an adjustment unit (11). This mixed air (11G) is fed to the air pole of the battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Overcomes oxygen shortage during high load operation. Enhances durability of battery.
A solar cell having at least three layers of alternate polarity material defining p-n junctions between each pair of alternate layers, at least three layers having a max. dopant concn. above 1017 atoms cm-3 and at least three layers having a thickness which is not substantially greater than a minority carrier diffusion length for the dopant concn. of the material in the respective layer. Also claimed is a method of forming a thin film solar cell comprising the steps of:- 1) forming onto a substrate a series of alternatively doped thin layers of semiconductor material to form a series of rectifying junctions therebetween the max. dopant concn. of at least 3 layers being greater than 1017 atoms cm-3, and each layer having thickness not substantially greater than the minority carrier diffusion length of the respective doped material, 2) forming sequentially at least two sets of grooves in the series of layers to expose some or all of the doped layers, 3) forming in at least one of the grooves a p-type surface region over the entire surface of the groove or grooves, 4) forming in at least one other of the grooves an n-type surface region over the entire surface of the respective groove or grooves, 5) forming a metal contact in each of the grooves respectively to make contact with the p-type and n-type surface regions.    ADVANTAGE -   Low cost cells are produced from low quality material by employing very high doping levels.
Molten carbonate fuel cell cathode is obtd. by in situ oxidn. of a green structure of a particulate conductive metal and a fibrous conductive metal matrix. The matrix is pref. formed of loose fibres, a mat, screen or expanded metal, and is pref. formed of Ni, Co, Ag, Cu, Fe or Al which is stable in a molten carbonate environment.    Molten carbonate fuel cell or any fuel cell contg. the cathode is claimed.    In an example, a nickel fibre mat ('Fibrex') is impregnated on both sides with a nickel powder slurry and dried to form a green cathode structure of 84% porosity, fibre/powder ratio 39/61 and thickness 30 mils. The green structure is converted in situ to an oxide cathode in a molten carbonate fuel cell operating at 600-700C.    ADVANTAGE -   The fibrous matrix provides the cathode with good mechanical strength at fuel cell operating temps. (claimed).
Multi-terminal electronic device is mfd. by: using a substrate of a low temp substrate not capable of withstanding temps higher than 180-200 C for processing periods above 105 nsec; depositing a thin film of amorphous semiconductor on the substrate; and applying pulse(s) from a high energy source onto the thin film to change its crystallinity without subjecting the substrate to the above conditions. The substrate is pref. polyether-sulphone, ethylene-chlorotrifluoro-ethylene, ethylene-tetrafluoro-ethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, PTFE, fluorinated ethylene-propylene or high density polyethylene. The thin film semiconductor is pref. amorphous Si.    USE -   Esp. in mfr. of solar cells (claimed) and also in mfr. of TFTs.    ADVANTAGE -   Use of low-temp. plastic substrates allows low-cost, lightweight devices to be mfd.
The multilayer film formation method involves formation of a transparent conduction film (252) on a transparent substrate (251) made of glass. A first P type semiconductor layer (253) is formed such that its maximum dense surface is arranged perpendicular in the direction of light incident path. The first semiconductor layer is made as a thin layer with increased transparency.    An intrinsic semiconductor layer (255) made of an amorphous substance, is connected with the first semiconductor layer. A second N type semiconductor layer (254) which is made of crystal or amorphous substance is layered adjacent to the intrinsic semiconductor. A back side electrode (256) is connected with the second semiconductor layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves electronic mobility thereby improving electric character. Reduces resistance value. Improves optical absorption. Obtains ohmic junction of low resistance. Reduces thickness of semiconductor film thereby reducing mfg cost.
The solar battery consists of a transparent electrode substrate (1) on which electron donating type organic matter layer (3) is deposited. This layer consists of organic paint which appear in the shape of crystalline particles are mixed with a resin binder. This layer is optically active in nature. A transparent electrode (2) is inserted between the transparent electrode substrate and the organic donor. The vacuum deposition of an electron accepting type organic layer (4) performed above the organic donor layer and a metal back electrode is formed as the top most layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Obtains efficient organic hetero p-n junction type organic solar battery economically.
The cadmium sulphide film is formed on a substrate (1). The substrate is located on a substrate holder (4) fixed in the lower portion of a processing chamber filled with reaction solution (S). The circulation tank (2) maintained at a constant temperature circulates the reaction solution to the processing chamber. A heater (5) is provided in the interior of the substrate holder isolated from the reaction solution. The heater heats the substrate to predetermined temperature.    ADVANTAGE -   Eliminates frequent cleaning of circulation or exchange of reaction solution. Forms film continuously. Reduces cost.
The carbonic acid salt type fuel battery includes an anode (11) and a cathode (12). A separator (14) and an electrolyte board (13) are arranged alternatively inbetween the electrodes. The electrolyte board is furnished with a porous object. Mixed alkali carbonic acid salt is used as electrolyte and potassium compound oxide as porous object.    ADVANTAGE -   Increases self life of battery. Controls increase in internal resistance of battery. Increases power generation. Reduces outflow of electrolyte from electrolyte board.
The mfg method involves formation of a nickel oxide fuel electrode (32) above a pipe (31). The pipe is made of a cpd. contg. Ca and Zr. An air electrode (34) is installed above the solid state electrolyte (33) which consists of a cpd. contg. yttria and zirconia. The solid state electrolyte consists of rough grains over its surface. The air electrode is formed by giving high temp. heat treatment to obtain a cobalt cpd. oxide.    ADVANTAGE -   Increases adhesion between boundary face of solid state electrolyte and air electrode. Prevents any damage to battery during power generation.
The hybrid power supply consists of a fuel battery system (13) and a secondary battery. The fuel battery supplies required power to the secondary battery to run the motor of the vehicle. Remaining amount power calculating device (4) detects the remaining charging amount for secondary battery. The fuel battery charges the secondary battery according to the remaining charging amount. A control device controls the output from the fuel battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves efficiency by 30 to 40%.
CO2 is removed from the air inflow to a metal-air battery or fuel cell by providing a container (20) contg. CO2-absorbent (22) with an inlet and outlet in the gas flowpath, the container being periodically removed to regenerate the absorbent by removing Gp 1a metal carbonate. Pref. the absorbent is a granular Gp 1a metal hydroxide (hydrate) and regeneration comprises: removing the spent absorbent and comminuting it; thermally decomposing; hydrolysing with water to reform hydroxide; crystallising out and drying; comminuting; classifying; and repacking. Scrubber system is claimed comprising a number of absorbent containers in series, each individually removeable.    ADVANTAGE -   Method and system maximise the effective life and utilisation of the CO2-absorbent. (claimed).
The generation of electricity from regenerative biomass from plants, esp. from perennial plants forming C4 cpds. during photosynthesis, comprises prodn. of biomass in a prodn. module (1); gasification to a crude gas contg. H2 in a reformer module (2); formation of a pure fuel gas with a high H2 fraction from the crude gas in a treatment module (4); and electricity generation from the fuel gas in a current module (5). The process comprises: (a) producing biomass contg. little S and Cl from the plants by a suitable composting method in module (1); (b) operating the reformer module (2) using allothermal reformer(s) (3) with steam as gasifying agent; and (c) controlling the dwell of the biomass and/or crude gas and the pressure and temp. in the reformer such that alkali cpds. in the biomass are removed from the reformer with the ash and the tar formed as intermediate is gasified mainly to C oxides and H2; (d) producing fuel gas contg less than 1% C oxides in the treatment module (4); and (e) converting the fuel gas to current in the current module (5) in PEM (proton exchange membrane and/or polymer-electrolyte membrane) fuel cell(s) (6), in which the operating temp. and the H2 content and pressure of the fuel gas are balanced to give a high power density. Also claimed is the appts. used in 2 variants of this process.    ADVANTAGE -   The process improves the energy content of the biomass and operates reliably for long periods.
The stability of amorphous Si devices is improved by forming the Si by PECVD at 80-250C and pressure at least 0.5 torr.    Also claimed is a process for substantially preventing light induced degradation of a solar cell after exposure to light.    Also claimed is a process for the prodn. of a solar cell with an open circuit voltage greater than 0.9 V and a fill factor greater than 0.7.    Also claimed is a process for the fabrication of a solar cell.    Also claimed is a solar cell with a region comprising amorphous silicon and having an open circuit voltage greater than 0.9 V and a fill factor greater than 0.7.    Also claimed is a solar cell comprising a rapidly light-saturatable amorphous silicon-contg. region.    USE -   Used esp. in the mfr. of photovoltaic devices, solar cells, panels and roofs and glass panes with an amorphous Si reflective coating, in which the increased stability reduces light-induced degradation (claimed). Also used in TFTs, semiconductors, diodes, televisions, computer displays, matrix address arrays, image sensors, LCDs, X-ray imagers, photo-receptors, photocopiers, optical scanners facsimile machines, laser printers, optical detectors and photodetectors in which the increased stability reduces current-induced degradation (claimed).
A system equipped with a reformer (A) and a convertor (B). (B) is installed so as to cover the outer surface of (A).    USE -   Used for producing fuel gas for fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The system is able to decrease heat loss.
The conductive ceramics contain metal oxide formula: La(x)-AM(y)-Cr(z)-BM(u), where AM is at least one of La, Cr, alkaline earth metal, BM is at least one of Groups IIIb, IVb, and VIa (except Cr), u/(x + y + z) is 0.0001-0.2, and y/(x + y + z) is 0.01-0.2.    ADVANTAGE -   Sinterability of LaCrO3 type compound is improved, providing temperature electroconductivity. Firing at temp. lower than 1600C becomes possible.
The conductive ceramics contain metal oxide La(x)-AM(y)-Cr(z)-BM(u)-CM(v), where AM is at least one of Ca, Sr, Ba, La, BM is at least one of IIIa (except La), Va gp. elements, and CM is at least one of Mg, Ni, Mn, Fe, Co, and u/(x + y + z + v) is 0.001-0.2, y/(x + y) is 0-0.4,. and v/(z + v) is 0-0.3.    USE -   Used esp. in cell separators, gas diffusers and interconnectors.    ADVANTAGE -    The sinterability of LaCrO3type cpd. is improved without depressing high temp. electroconductivity. Firing at low temp. becomes possible.
A heat insulating compsn. has 5-50 wt. % inorganic ceramic fibre, 50-95 wt. % inorganic powder, and 3-10 wt. % elastic organic substance, and 0.35-0.45 g/cm3bulk density.    USE -   For fuel cell.
Fuel cell system comprises a fuel cell having a hydrogen electrode and oxygen electrode, vaporiser to vaporise fuel gas, and reformer having a burner to heat the vaporiser and catalyst layer using liq. fuel and hydrogen electrode exhaust gas and catalyst layer to reform vaporised fuel gas, and the burner comprises a burner body to vaporise methanol supplied as liq. fuel, wing for dispersing methanol, heater and hydrogen electrode exhaust gas passage placed above the burner body to supply exhaust gas of hydrogen electrode. Vaporised methanol is combusted by the first air supplied from the outside to the inside of burner body and remaining methanol and hydrogen electrode exhaust gas are combusted by the second air supplied at the upper part of burner body.    USE -   Used to improve burners used in reformers of fuel cell system.    ADVANTAGE -   To combust liq. fuel nearly completely to discharge clean exhaust gas from the fuel cell system.
The solar battery installation member has solar panel (1) which is fixed to solar battery (2) and it is supported by a support member (4). The support member is attached with a hub board (11) on the roof part by means of an attachment member (5). A reinforcement member (12) is made to penetrate the hub board. The attachment is fixed with the support member and cylinder.    ADVANTAGE -   Regulates installation angle easily. Attaches solar battery firmly and safely with panel even when intensity of hub board is low.
The solar battery consists of flexible solar cell (11). A pair of protection films (12,13) are provided at the surface and rear sides of the solar cell, respectively. The protection film has winding along axial direction. It also consists of domains (14,15) where bending of solar cell is facilitated easily, at the time of winding.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides winding in solar battery. Enables easy bending of cell.
The solar battery has a reflection prevention film (5) over a light receiving surface (2a). The reflection prevention film is made of two layers SiON layer (4) and TiO2 layer (3). The light receiving surface is formed over a semiconductor layer (2). The refractive index of the semiconductor layer is set to 3.5. The refractive index of TiO2 varies from 3.3-2.4 in the thickness direction. Similarly the refractive index of SiON changes from 2.3-1.4. The refractive index of the light incidence surface of refraction prevention layer is in the range of 1.3-1.6. Hence the refractive index of boundary face between reflection prevention film and semiconductor layer is reduced to 0.5. Now the light receiving element is the boundary of the reflection prevention layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves conversion efficiency. Improves light receiving surface of battery. Reduces reflection in high wavelength region sharply.
Method involves formation of semiconductor layer and transparent electroconductive layer on conductive substance. Both sides of the module are covered by resin film layer and filler. This coating is applied by 2-stage rolling using rubber rollers (111, 121). The surface covering material and the back side covering material are drawn from respective take up reels.    The gap between 1st set-up rubber rollers at the entrance is 50-100 % of the solar battery module. The circumferential speed of heating of the 2nd stage rollers is made quicker than the speed of heating of the 1st stage.    ADVANTAGE -   Realises solar battery without poor adhesion of covering surface material. Improves productivity and stability and stability.
Assembling a composite active electrolyte-matrix tape in situ in a fuel cell comprises: (a) placing a single composite active electrolyte-matrix tape having ca. 45-85 vol.% active electrolyte within and upon it ca. 15-5 vol.% matrix particles and having about 30-70 vol.% active electrolyte and matrix and about 30-70 vol.% void space into a fuel cell; (b) applying a compactive force to the fuel cell; and (c) heating the fuel cell to ca. 550-750C, forming a single composite active electrolyte-matrix tape having about 45-85 vol.% active electrolyte distributed within and upon about 15-55 vol.% matrix particles and having about 30-70 vol.% active electrolyte and matrix and about 0-20 vol.% void space.    Also claimed is a process for assembling fuel cells comprising: (i) placing an anode tape adjacent one side of at least one composite active electrolyte-matrix tape of the compsn. in (a) above and of about 15-50 mils in thickness; (ii) placing a cathode tape adjacent the opposite side of the composite active electrolyte-matrix tape(s); (iii) applying a compaction force to the fuel cell; and (iv) heating the fuel cell to ca. 550-750C, forming a composite active electrolyte-matrix tape with ca. 0-20 vol.% void space.    ADVANTAGE -   As the composite tape serves as the source for most or all of the electrolyte required by the cell package, fuel cells can be produced without the need for further loading with active electrolyte after assembly. The fuel cell is less likely to crack or fracture as the electrolyte matrix is mechanically supported by the cathode.
The fuel recycling method uses an executor (13), driven by exhaust hydrogen gas from solid-state macromolecule electrolytic fuel battery (12). A reformer (11) is supplied with hydrogen gas to perform dehydrogenation reaction. The hydrogen gas is supplied to the executor through the recycling pipe (14) from the reformer. The executor supplies the same H2gas to the reformer, thereby recycling the hydrogen.    ADVANTAGE -    Operates without introduction of vapour. Recycles H2gas efficiently using simple procedure.
The recycling system (1) includes an isolation film type reformer (3) and a combustion system (5) connected to each other and to a fuel battery through a catalyst layer (4). All other units of recycling system are connected to the combustion system. The reformer is connected to the hydrogen entrance of the fuel battery. The hydrogen exhaust gas from the fuel battery is supplied to recycling system of reformer for recycling.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves efficiency of system.
The solid-state electrolyte fuel battery has a cylindrical support pipe (1). The air pole (2) and the fuel pole (4) are formed around the circumference of the support pipe separated by a solid state electrolyte layer (3). The chief ingredients of the support pipe are MgO and alumina. The proportion of alumina is 15-50 mols percentage. These two compounds constitute a porous ceramic material. The blow holes in this ceramic materials have a gas transparency of 20-40 percent.    ADVANTAGE -   Promotes low temperature baking. Reduces material cost. Improves yield and mass production nature
The fuel battery consists of a unit cell which comprises a pair of anode (8) and cathode (9). An electrolyte layer is impregnated inbetween the anode and the cathode. A separator board (33) is inserted inbetween each unit cell. Two or more cooling boards are formed on the top portion and a multilayer body is formed. The battery consists of a gas manifold for supply and discharge of reaction gas in the multilayer body. The main part of the fuel battery has a pressure receptacle to store purge gas.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents etching of corner parts by purge gas as insulation is provided. Enables reuse of exhaust gas as purge gas. Reduces operating cost.
The mfg method involves forming an interconnector (22) which connects the cells electrically. A pipe (21) subjected to metallization, is provided on which the interconnector is installed. On the same pipe, a fuel pole (23) and electrolyte (24) are provided.    Film formation on the fuel pole and the electrolyte part, is carried out. Finally, heat treatment of the above arrangement, is carried out.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces number of steps involved in process.
Highly fluorinated ion exchanger resin membrane is reinforced with a fabric composed of two layers woven, seamed or knitted together of 1st layer fabric of yarns as PTFE, resistant to Cl2, NaClO3 and conc. aq. NaOH at 1100 C with a size of 40-600 denier and an aspect ratio of 2-20 embedded in the membrane and 2nd layer fabric woven more densely of above yarns with greater denier contg. 1-10 times of sacrificial yarns, i.e. cotton, flax, etc., not completely embedded in the membrane. Also claimed is a modified electrolysis of alkali metal halides using the barrier of above membrane.    USE -   As barrier in electrolysis of alkali metal halides.    ADVANTAGE -   The membrane shows dimensional stability and long life on usage in electrolysis or fuel cells.
Fuel reformer to convert liq. fuel consisting of reforming feed material, e.g. methanol, and water to hydrogen-enriched reformed gas by steam reforming comprises a combusting part (1) to generate heat source gas, vaporisation part (2) to vaporise the liq. fuel to produce reforming feed gas, reforming part (6) to convert the reforming feed gas to reformed gas, the first transformation part (3) to reduce carbon monoxide in the reformed gas by using transformation catalyst and second transformation part (7) to reduce carbon monoxide in the reformed gas from the first transformation part by using carbon monoxide selective oxidn. catalyst. Each part is a laminated body consisting of a heating layer to flow heat source gas and layer to treat feed. However, the vaporisation part and first transformation part (5) are combined to form a vaporisation and transformation part (5) to use a heating layer (20) commonly and the second transformation part is equipped with a cooling layer (71) to maintain a temp. of catalyst under 100 C.    USE -   Used to reform fossil fuel, e.g. methanol, LNG, to hydrogen enriched reformed gas used as fuel of fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The concn. of carbon monoxide is significantly reduced to eliminate a bad effect to fuel cells and small sized fuel reformers can be provided.
In the prodn. of a coating, a sol of Si alkoxide R1 x Si(OR2 )4-x (where R1 and R2 are alkyl gps. Cn H2n+1 , and x = 0-4) is coated on a substrate (7), and fluorine gas excited plasma, generated by glow discharging under a pressure of 110-4- 100 Torr, is irradiated onto the coating, so that the alkyl gps. of the Si alkoxide are fluorinated.    USE -   For forming a hydrophobic hard coating on a metal, glass or plastics substrate for solar cells, mirrors, metal piping, cooking tools, etc..    ADVANTAGE -   A water-repellent hard coating can be formed in a simple and cost-effective manner.
Solar cell has a metal layer, metal oxide, polycrystalline semiconductor layers built successively on a substrate. Also claimed is a method of making the solar cell by depositing the layers in sequence followed by a cap layer and fusing the semiconductor layer by heating from above the cap layer to form a polycrystalline layer end then removing the cap layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Cheap solar cells with large crystal semiconductor for good energy conversion.
Thin layer solar cell has at least one series of p-, un(i)- and n-doped layers, a TCO (transparent conductive oxide) layer adjacent to the first p-doped layer and an esp. metallic contact layer bonded to the last n-doped layer. The novel features are that (a) an n-doped intermediate layer is provided between the TCO layer and the p-doped layer adjacent to this; and (b) at least the intermediate layer or the adjacent p-doped layer is microcrystalline.    Pref. the n-doped intermediate layer consists of monocrystalline SiC or SiO. The sum of the thicknesses of the intermediate layer and the p-doped layer bonded to this does not exceed the thickness of an optimised p-layer on the same TCO layer. The TCO layer consists of ZnO or Tio2 and forms the substrate for the layers forming the solar cell.    ADVANTAGE -   The solar cell has lower TCO-p-contact resistance than usual and hence higher filling factor (FF) or o.c. voltage (Voc) and favourable efficiency (y), esp. if ZnO or TiO23 is used as TCO.
A catalyst layer is placed inside an inner pipe. Two outer annular pipes are provided. A mixt. of steam and hydrocarbon gas is circulated. A net-like object is a source of radiation heat transfer is placed between the pipes.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Used in steam reforming of hydrocarbon gas. Heat-transfer efficiency is improved resulting in decreased prodn. costs.
The cpd. semiconductor type solar battery (1) includes an n-type GaAs substrate (2). An n-type AlGaAs layer (3), an n-type AlGaAs layer (4), a p-type AlGaAs layer (5) and a p-type AlGaAs layer (6), formed on the substrate sequentially. Then, a window layer (7) and an optical reflection prevention film (8), are grown on the topmost layer of the multilayer body on the substrate.     An n-type electrode (10) is installed under the surface of the substrate. A p-type electrode (9) is formed on the reflection prevention film. By subsequent layering of semiconductor layers, pn junctions are formed. The carrier density of the AlGaAs layers, lies in the range of 1x101 3 - 5x101 8/cm3.    ADVANTAGE -   Attains high conversion efficiency and extends lifetime of electrons and holes.
The stacked type fuel battery has a cell (1) in which a cathode (4) and an anode (3) are provided. An electrolyte matrix is sandwiched between the cathode and anode of the cell. A separator (5) is inserted between the electrode plates. The battery has an internal manifold which has a hole through to carry both supply and exhaust gas.    The supply gas penetrates the multilayered battery and sets up at the circumference part of each separator. The separator supplies fuel gas to anode and oxidising agent gas to the cathode. A board like structure bounds a portion (24) of manifold and electromotive portion (23) of cell tightly. The board is hidden under lower bundle.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves adhesion of electromotive portion. Reduces contact resistance. Improves performance of battery.
The fuel battery insulation device covers the connection part of a fuel gas discharge side piping and an oxidising agent gas supply piping with an insulated flange (4). A pair of slots (5a) are formed in the internal surface of the insulated flange. In these recess part, projections (5b) are formed thereby constituting a concavo convex part (5). The thickness of insulated flange is decreased and it is bound tightly.    ADVANTAGE -   Increases insulation performance of battery.
The mfg method layers cells in stacked form to produce a multilayer body of fuel battery. A pipe is connected to a fuel battery to form the circulation flow path for cooling medium. A pump (60) is used to drive and circulate the sol solution to carry out hydrolysis of Si4in the circulation flow path. The sol solution is made to adhere inside the circulation flow path. After the adherence inside the circulation flow path, solution dry hardening of sol solution is done by passing hydrogen gas at temperature of 150 deg C. As a result a high insulating quality coating is performed. Thus the coating formation is carried out inside the cooling medium circulation flow path.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents mixing of impurities with cooling mediums and hence prevents short circuit. Increases durability of coating. Offers easy mfg.
The fuel battery consists of a multilayered body composed of multiple unit cells. Each unit cell is equipped with fuel and air electrodes. An electrolyte layer is supported by the fuel and air electrodes in each unit cell. The exposed edges of the two electrodes are layered with a couple of reaction gas passages (5).    The reaction gas passage is composed of an electrode catalyser layer (8) and an electrode base material (9). Steam that is allowed to pass through the reaction gas passage is condensed to form liq. droplets (10). A liq. drop sensor (11) installed at an entrance (6) of the reaction gas passage, to sense the existence of the droplets. The sensor is composed of a platinum thin line (12) covered with an insulating material (13).    ADVANTAGE -   Detects obstruction in gas passage at early stage itself and facilitates its removal.
Perylenecarbamide, quinacridone, isoindoline, indigoid, azo, benzodipyrrolone, benzodifuranone, furanofuran, pyrrolo(2,5-b)pyrrole and bianthraquinone chromophore cpds (I) contg gp(s). of formula (II) are new.    In (II): A = N-CN in at least one case, otherwise O; X = -N(R)-, -O- or -S-; R =H; 1-18C alkyl; phenyl opt. substd by halogen or 1-4C alkyl, benzyl or phenethyl; and m, n = 0 or 1.    Also claimed is high mol. organic material contg (I).    USE -   (I) are used as polymer-soluble dyes for e.g. polystyrene, polyamides, ABS and esp. linear polyesters or pigment for other materials, e.g. natural resins, drying oils, rubber, casein, chloro-rubber, oil-modified alkyd resins, viscose, cellulose ethers or esters and esp. synthetic thermosetting and thermoplastic resins such as polyolefins and (co)polymers of vinyl chloride, vinyl acetate, styrene, acrylonitrile, (meth)acrylic esters and/or butadiene esp. EVA, including fibres, lacquers or printing inks. (I) are also useful as electro- and magnetrographic toners, in inks, esp. for ink jet and security printing, in solar energy collectors and laser systems, as organic photoconductors for copiers and laser printers and as active components of electroluminescent units.    ADVANTAGE -   (I) have unexpectedly high solid state fluorescence. They can be prepd. by converting a wide range of mainly readily available, high-grade pigments contg. oxo gp(s). into the corresp. cyan-imino derivs. which causes an interesting bathochromic shift.
In layer formation on a substrate by flowing a liq. contg. the layer-forming material over the substrate surface, a conc. drop of layer-forming material is produced perpendicular to the liq. flow direction such that the layer-forming material concn. is maximised at one side of the liq., pref. at the substrate-side of the liq..    Also claimed is an appts. for carrying out the above process.    USE -   Used esp. for prodn. of single crystal and polycrystalline thin layers on single crystal, polycrystalline, amorphous or other substrates of the same of different material, e.g. in thin film solar cell mfr..    ADVANTAGE -   Improved growth conditions are provided for formation of a crystalline layer on a substrate.
CO is removed from a methanol/water vapour reforming process gas by selective contact induced carbonisation. The CO is converted into C and CO2via the Boudouard Equilibrium. Also claimed is a suitable apparatus which has, in addition to the reforming reactor (1) at least 2 carbonisation reactors (2,3). Whilst one reactor is removing CO, the other which is in parallel, is disconnected, the catalyst being regenerated by removing carbon from it.    USE -    To remove the CO impurity from H2 produced by the CH3 OH/H2O reforming process.    ADVANTAGE -    Removal of CO impurities makes the H2suitable for feeding to the anode of a PEM fuel cell that could be used to power a vehicle.
A body for use in a cell producing a fluid prod. from a fluid feed is obtd. by tape casting a particulate ceramic slurry. A disc is cut from the tape and radially extending ribs formed in it by embossing before it is fired.    USE -   Used fuel cells and fluid sepn. cells.    ADVANTAGE -   Intricate pattern of ribs and bosses can be created giving increased gas surface contact area and improved cell efficiency. Configuration permits use of tape casting rather than slip casting with prodn. of thin lightweight bodies reducing overall cell wt..
Prodn. of the thin film of the chalcopyrite cpd. CuInSe2, comprises: (a) providing raw materials of Cu, In, Se in a closed container having injection nozzles, respectively; (b) injecting each material from the respective nozzles in vacuum; (c) forming a lump atomic group in which the atmos of the raw materials are gently bound by supercooling action owing to adiabatic expansion in the vacuum; (d) ionising the lump atomic group for acceleration; (e) coating a CuInSe2 film on a substrate.    Also claimed is that the solar battery has a thin film of CuInSe2 on a substrate formed by the above mentioned method.    USE -   The method produces the thin film of the chalcopyrite cpd. used for the solar battery.    ADVANTAGE -   The method allows low-temp. film coating, ionisation provides the film with high adhesion. The method readily produces the thin film having good crystallinity and high adhesion. The resulting solar battery has high efficiency.
A double structured carrying pipe comprising an inner and an outer cylinder sections at its tip is inserted in a silicon powder layer housed in a closed container. A carrier gas is filled between the inner cylinder section and outer cylinder section. The silicon powder is introduced in high-temp. plasma while upwardly spraying the silicon powder by its wind pressure through the carrying pipe. The melted substance of the silicon powder is coated on a base material to form a polycrystal silicon film. The inner wall of the container, the inner wall of the inner cylinder section and the outer wall of the outer cylinder section at the carrying pipe are covered with a silicon-nitrogen-oxygen-based or silicon-nitrogen-oxygen-carbon-based ceramic film consisting of a coating compsn. comprising mainly modified polysilazane.    USE -   Used for a solar battery.    ADVANTAGE -   There is no possibility of scraping the inner wall of the container, the inner wall of the inner cylinder section, and the outer wall of the outer cylinder section by silicon raw material powder having sharp angles. The result prevents the entry of the impurities of the silicon raw material powder into the high-temp. plasma.
A fuel reformer has a reforming tubular section and a burner. The reforming tubular section consists of a centre cylinder, inner and outer walls placed concentrically inside and outside the centre cylinder with spaces between the walls and the centre cylinder, a bottom plate that is joined to the bottom ends of the inner and outer walls with a space between the bottom plate and the bottom end of the centre cylinder to close the reforming tubular section at the bottom, an inner catalyst layer formed by packing space between the centre cylinder and the inner wall with a granular reforming catalyst, and outer catalyst layer formed by packing the space between the centre cylinder and the outer wall with a granular reforming catalyst. The burner is placed inside the reforming tubular section to supply heating medium for heating the inner and outer catalyst layers along the surfaces of the inner wall, bottom plate, and outer wall. A hydrocarbon fuel is steam-reformed into H2-rich reformed gas through inner and outer catalyst layers heated with the heating medium. The reforming tubular section has, around the circumference of the inner wall, more than one groove that has a depth from the inner wall to the centre cylinder and runs in the lengthwise direction of the heating medium movement.    USE -   The fuel reformers can be used to reform hydrocarbon fuels into H2-rich reformed gases which can be supplied to fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -   Capacity of the heating media to heat the catalyst layers is improved.
The multilayer silicon film is formed on a base material. The plasma is generated by SiHx Cl4-xtype gas with hydrogen content. The plasma is excited by electron cyclotron resonance. The base material is continuously flushed with chlorosilane compound while the substrate is heated.    During the execution of the above referred silicon deposition process, at least one of the following parameters is changed: base material surface temperature, electromagnetic wave intensity, distance between plasma domain and surface of base material.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces defect in silicon film. Improves production efficiency. Enlarges optical bandwidth.
Fuel cell stack comprises: (a) solid oxide electrolyte members with anode and cathode on opposite surfaces defining anode and cathode chambers; (b) H2 supply passage to the anode chambers, the passages contg. a catalyst for steam reforming hydrocarbon fuel to H2, heat being supplied to the steam reforming reaction from the fuel cells; (c) oxidant supply to the cathode chambers; (d) an adiabatic prereformer for converting heavier hydrocarbons to CH4, H2 and COx for supply to the fuel gas passages; and (e) a hydrocarbon supply to the prereformer.    ADVANTAGE -   Fuel cell stack design facilitates indirect internal reforming.
Prodn. of chlorine comprises: an ion conductor provided with a catalytic electrode; a hydrogen receptor contacting to one side of the conductor; and HCl contacting on the other side of the conductor.    USE -   Application of fuel cell.    ADVANTAGE -    Cl2is produced from HCl under mild conditions without yielding by-products. The reaction energy can be brought outside in a form of electric energy, as needed.
Amorphous or microcrystal thin film consisting of structuring elements of chalcopyrite structured semiconductor, is deposited on prescribed area on a substrate at a temp. such that elements on the substrate are not re-evaporated, with a sputtering method, in which chalcopyrite cpd. semiconductor is a target. Then, the deposited thin film is heat-treated.    USE -   The chalcopyrite structured semiconductor thin film is used for highly efficient thin film solar battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Chalcopyrite structured semiconductor thin film having required electrical property can be produced. Devices using the thin film can have high performance, e.g. a solar battery can have high efficiency.
A substrate is heated from at least 400 C to at least 500 C for at least 20 mins.. Then, chalcopyrite structured semiconductor thin film consisting of gp. I, III and VI elements is deposited on the heated substrate.    USE -   The chalcopyrite structure semiconductor thin film is used for a thin film solar battery, etc..    ADVANTAGE -   The obtd. chalcopyrite thin film has high adhesion to the lower position electrode with no damage to the substrate. A solar battery using chalcopyrite thin film has high efficiency.
Prepn. cpds. comprises a pressing and forming powder mixts. of chalcogenide binary gp. 1B-6B cpds. powders and 3B-6B gp. cpd. powders, a sintering the formed prods. to obtain 1-3-6, gp. cpds. and crushing the sintered prods. making pastes from them, applying the pastes on substrates, and sintering.    Also claimed is an alternative preparation, in which pastes made from mixts. of chalocogenide binary cpds., 1B-6B gps. cpd. powders and 3B-6B gp. cpd. powders, are applied on substrates and sintered.    USE -   The films of 1B-3B-6B gp. cpds. obtd can be used in photo-absorbing layers of solar cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The films of 1B-3B-6B gp. compounds can be sintered at high temps. and therefore they are highly oriented.
A fuel reformer consists of a case with an air intake port at one end and a heat exchanger connected to the other end, a fuel injection nozzle, glow plug, air supply tube, fuel gas supply tube, and catalyst bed set on the case in this order downstream. Also present is a coil for vaporising the fuel, wound around the catalyst bed and connected to the fuel gas supply tube, an electric heater to heat the air from the heat exchanger to the air supply tube, exchange valves which allow the selective supply of the fuel to the fuel injection nozzle, coil for vaporising the fuel and means for burning completely and reacting the fuel from the fuel injection nozzle and oxidising partially the fuel from the coil for vaporising.    USE -    The fuel reformers can be used in appts. for synthesising raw material H2 for ammonia synthesis, ammonia denitrification, and H2producing appts. for fuel cell automobiles.    ADVANTAGE -    The yield of H2can be improved and the prodn. of soot is inhibited.
In a layered chalcopyrite thin film consisting of a substrate board and an ABC2 type chalcopyrite thin film (where A is Cu or Ag, B is In or Ga, C is S, Se or Te) formed on the substrate board, the improvement is that the outermost surface of the film consists of a B-rich ABC2type chalcopyrite layer.    USE -   Suitable for photo-electric conversion devices such as thin film type solar cells. etc.. The thin film is suitable for a buffer layer for prodn. of a hetero-junction device such as a solar cell, etc..    ADVANTAGE -   Layered chalcopyrite thin film can be produced with a high reproducibility in a simple process without controlling supply quantities of the A element and B element during prodn..
The solar battery has a multilayer structure. The optical absorption layer (6) is formed from a chalcopyrite structure semiconductor thin film. It is deposited on a I-III-VI element compound thin film (5). The ratio of group I element to group III element in this compound thin film is 0.5 or less and is supported by a window layer (4), transparent insulated film (3), transparent conductive material thin film (2) and a transparent substrate.    ADVANTAGE -   Increases energy conversion efficiency. Improves flatness of optical absorption layer.
The solar battery mfg method has a multilayer structure. The optical absorption layer (2) of the solar battery consists of P type semiconductor layer, the N type window layer (3) of CdX-MgX solid solution and transparent electric conduction layer (4) formed sequentially on electrode layer supported by a metal substrate (1). The above referred transparent electric conduction layer has a laminated structure.    ADVANTAGE -   Realizes solar battery with high conversion efficiency. Reduces cost. Realizes solar battery in thin film shape.
In prepn. of the solid electrolyte type fuel cell, fuel gas and oxidant gas feeding substrates are respectively placed on both principal surfaces of a single cell. The fuel gas feeding substrate is formed with ceramic porous body treated by coating with Ni metal.    ADVANTAGE -   A fuel gas feeding substrate having improved mechanical strength can be prepd.
The solar battery module consists of a glass front cover (11). A single crystal Si cell (14) is interposed between a pair of sealing material sheets (18) and positioned below the front cover. A back cover (12) made up of Al foil is installed below the cell arrangement consisting of optical conversion cpds. which converts incident optical radiation of short into long wavelengths after the absorption process.    ADVANTAGE -   Performs efficient conversion of optical radiations into electrical energy.
The fuel cell consists of stacked layers of unit fuel cells (3,3') which are separated by a separator (5). An electrolyte and pair of electrode layers are inserted between the unit fuel cell layers.    A manifold domain is connected to a fuel system gas-flow path and an oxidising agent system gas-flow path via a hole (8). The hole penetrates in the thickness direction of the separator. The manifold domain contains two or more ring-like members and a manifold ring (6) which are electrically insulated.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents damage as a result of thermal stress induced in the manifold domain. Increased productivity and improved reliability.
The fuel cell has two layers of solid state electrolytes whose chemical equivalence are different. On both sides of a solid state electrolyte, a cascading screen (1) is installed with a pair of precious metals (2,3) positioned over it. The contacting surface of the first precious metal has lesser ionization power and is connected with a cathode, while the other precious metal has a larger ionization tendency and is connected with a anode terminal. This battery converts the energy obtained during ozone decomposition, into an electrical energy.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables efficient generation of electrical energy.
The fuel cell consists of an anode (11) and a cathode (12). These electrodes are supported by an electrolyte board (13) and a metal foil (16). The electrolyte board comprises a porous body including a holding material and a reinforcing material and the electrolyte, impregnated into this board, is a mixture of alkali carbonate salts. An electrode reaction part (131) and a wet sealing part (132) are formed, on the electrolyte board, and a gas passage unit is connected to the rear side of the electrode board.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents crack generation in wet sealing part of electrolyte board. Enhances durability.
The molten carbonic acid salt type fuel cell consists of a fuel pole (1-2) that contacts an electrolyte layer (1-1). An oxidizing agent pole (1-3) contacts the electrolyte layer from the other side. These two layers are so arranged that the porous material are in contact with the electrolyte layer.    The mean hole diameter of the composition particle is equal to the mean hole diameter of the electrolyte binding material. Gas channels (1-4,1-5) positioned on the exposed portion of pole serve as a gas supply path.    ADVANTAGE -   Maintains stable cell voltage and high current load.
A low cost, good performance photovoltaic cell has a thin film structure formed by a support of e.g. glass bearing a SnO2 layer applied by e.g. spray deposition and then a CuInSe2 or Cu(IN,Ga)Se2 layer of a few microns thickness applied by short distance chemical transport using iodine, the photovoltaic effect created having positive polarity at the SnO2side.    USE -   Esp. as a solar cell.    ADVANTAGE -    The cell is simple and inexpensive to mfr., has a photovoltage of more than 350 mV and a photocurrent of more than 30 mA/sq.cm. and, since the positive polarity is at the SnO2 side, its performance can be increased by (Cd,Zn)S deposition on the CuInSe2 or Cu(In,Ga)Se2.
The process comprises: (a) chemically surface-treating a graphitic member to be hydrophilic, mechanically strong and electrically conductive, by high-temp. deposition of a carbonaceous layer on the surface structure of the fibrous graphitic member by deposition of carbon black derived from a material selected from liq. hydrocarbons, alcohols and gaseous hydrocarbons at a temp. above 800C in an inert atmos. or a sub-stoichiometric-oxygen-contg. atmos.; and (b) forming oxygen-distribution passages in the graphitic member. The hydrophilic treatment is effective for transport of water through the graphitic oxygen-distribution member away from a cathode to which the oxygen distribution member is adjacent in the fuel cell.    Also claimed is an oxygen-distribution member for an ion-exchange membrane electrolyte, water-producing, fuel cell, whereby the oxygen-distribution member is the prod. of the above process.    Also claimed is a process for producing the oxygen-distribution member.    USE -   Used in an ion exchange membrane electrolyte, water producing fuel cell.
Prodn. of highly pure silicon comprises: (a) deboronation, comprising melting and mixing crude silicon and calcium silicate at a temp. of at least the m.pt. of calcium silicate and moving boron in the silicon to a calcium silicate slug; (b) leaving the mixed soln. of (a) in an inactive gas atmos., sepg. to a lower layer of calcium silicate slug layer and an upper layer of molten silicon layer and altering the temp. be in the range of the m.pt. of crude silicon to the m.pt. of calcium silicate to solidify the calcium silicate slug and keep silicon in the melting state; (c) digesting cooling body in the molten silicon, crystallising and adhering highly pure silicon on the surface of the cooling body and taking out the crystallised silicon lump from the cooling body; and (d) melting highly pure silicon from (c) again, treating the molten silicon in vacuum and evaporating and removing phosphorus in the silicon.    ADVANTAGE -   High pure silicon for a solar cell can be produced cheaply and efficiently in a shorter time.
Silicon ingot moulding mould has a lining of yttrium oxide, esp. a 0.1-0.5 mm thick lining of yttrium oxide particles of 0.8-15 microns dia..     Also claimed is a moulding having a lining consisting of an undercoating of SiO2 powder, an intermediate coating of a mixt. of SiO2 and Si3 N4 powder, and a top coating of Si3 N4powder.    The base of the mould is made of graphite.     A slurry contg. Y2 O3powder of 0.8 micron average dia. and 4% of polyvinyl alcohol was coated on the inside face of a graphite mould. The coating was dried at 80-120C. The mould was placed in a furnace with Ar gas atmos. and 15 kg of silicon were put in the mould. The silicon was fused at 1500C, left for 1 hr., and then solidified at a rate of 0.8 mm/min..    USE -   For producing solar cells.    ADVANTAGE -   A silicon ingot free of release material and other impurities can be obtd..
In a fluidised bed reforming oven (1), a hydrocarbon fuel such as town gas and steam are supplied to reforming pipes (10) which are installed horizontally in a fluidised chamber (2) and filled with a reforming catalyst (30) so that the hydrocarbon fuel is converted into a gas contg. hydrogen as the principal component. The reforming pipes (10) are supported by oven walls (5) at both end parts; and the bent pipes (12,15) of the reforming pipes (10) and a reforming gas header part (20) are installed in the oven walls (5) of the casing of the reforming oven body.    USE -   As a hydrogen gas-generating device for a fuel cell power generating plant, etc..    ADVANTAGE -   The reforming oven is compact. Heat radiation of the reforming pipes can be reduced and thermal stress can be mitigated, resulting in an increase in durability.
The solar panel has a rear side panel (2) linked to a transparent panel (1) through a transparent filter and a solar battery. The in between spaces is then sealed with a pair of weather resistant type sealing material (20,21).    ADVANTAGE -   Provides humidity resistant type solar panel.
NOVELTY - The module has a thin layer (13) of silicon oxide being positioned on a resin fluoride film (14). This fluoride film covers the light incidence surface of a solar battery cell. The battery cell comprises a photoelectric transducer (10) which is made up of a semiconductor layer and a transparent electric conduction layer.    ADVANTAGE - ADVANTAGE Prevents moisture absorption by module from atmos. and maintains transparency factor of module.
The solar battery carries out rear sealing of the solar cell with transparent resin (3). The cell has a transparent resin films (4) over the light receiving surface. A reinforced board (5) made of metal is connected on the back side of the light receiving surface is of rectangular shape. The reinforced board with supports at the back part is bent over the adjacent parts and welded at the edges.    ADVANTAGE -   Forms solar battery module with sufficient structure intensity. Avoids crack generation to film, module while bending. Secures sufficient structure intensity module. Avoids complicated work of attaching frame material.
The solar battery module has multiple top cells (1) and multiple bottom cells (2). The multilayered top cell is installed on the upper surface of the bottom cell. The polar output terminal is used common for both the cells. The solar battery module includes multiple solar batteries connected and having three output terminals. The bottoms cells are connected in series and alternate top cells are connected. Therefore multilayered stacked bottom solar batteries are formed.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves photoelectric conversion efficiency.
The solar battery module constitutes an amorphous Si solar cell (1) covered with a thermal insulation material. The insulation is not provided over the light receiving surface of the cell. An IR ray is absorbed by a selective target region during operation and the heat generated due to this absorption is radiated out using the insulation material.    ADVANTAGE -   Dissipates heat effectively allowing usage for long periods. Performs effective annealing process and prevents optical degradation of module.
The mfg. method involves the formation of a semiconductor thin film on a substrate (3) loaded in a special processing chamber (1). A permanent or electromagnet is located in the vicinity of the substrate to generate a magnetic field all over the substrate almost parallel to the substrate surface. A plasma of the material gas is generated in the chamber and the semiconductor thin film is deposited on the substrate.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves conversion efficiency.
The fuel battery system is constituted by a substrate which is etched to generate a gas flow path (2) and a set of electric power generation cells (5). The pair of micro sensors (3) and a control parts (4) are positioned on the gas flow path. A reaction medium (6) is positioned in each of the power generation cells to which a gas flow path is connected. Thus, the flow of hydrogen and gas is controlled by a control parts.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   In e.g. medical treatment. Enables efficient supply of energy.
The fuel battery has an anode and a cathode. Reduction nature gas is supplied as a fuel to the anode and an oxidizing agent is supplied to the cathode. An electrolyte object containing melted carboxylic acid salt as the electrolyte is provided between anode and cathode terminals. The connection between the terminals conducts electricity.    A bipolar board having anode and cathode terminals form a path for the flow of gas. The cathode is made of cathode material particle (2) and nickel oxide (1) whose particles diameters are 5 micrometers or less and 30-200 micrometers respectively.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves compression tolerance. Controls increase in contact resistance due to thickness reduction. Obtains stable performance for long period. Reduces mfg cost.
An improvement in a photovoltaic module of the type having an array of electrically interconnected photovoltaic cells (46) disposed between first and second sheets of supporting material (42,50) and encapsulated by a light-transmitting material. At least the first sheet consists of a light transparent material.    The improvement is that the light-transmitting material is an ionomer modified by addition of 0.3 to 2.0 wt. % of a UV absorber and 0.3 to 2.0 wt. % of a UV stabiliser.    Also claimed is a method of manufacturing a photovoltaic module.    USE -   The encapsulation of a multi-cell array of photovoltaic solar cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The encapsulant is less expensive and has a greater resistance to discolouration under intense sunlight thereby giving a module capable of an increased working life without any substantial loss of power.
An improvement in a photovoltaic module of the type having an array of electrically interconnected photovoltaic cells (46) disposed between first and second sheets of supporting material (42,50) and encapsulated by a light-transmitting material. At least the first sheet consists of a light transparent material. The improvement being that the light-transmitting material is an ionomer.    Also claimed is a method of manufacturing a photovoltaic module.    USE -   The encapsulation of a multi-cell array of photovoltaic solar cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The encapsulation provides an improved photovoltaic solar cell module capable of an increased working life without any substantial loss of power.
The appts. comprises a heat recovery part having an exclusive cooler to recover heat from a gas prod. in a gasifier to gasify a combustible component of a solid dust coal.    USE -   In mfr. of fuel gases for fuel cells.
A gasket is obtd. by moulding a mixt. composed of 1-12 wt.% of an organic binder, 5-40 wt.% of an inorganic filler, 5-40 wt.% of an inorganic fibre and 40-80 wt.% of a solidifying and sintering inorganic filler into a sheet.    USE -   In electric equipments, e.g. fuel cells, and joints of pipes for high temp. fluids.    ADVANTAGE -   The gasket has a high sealing property at high temp. use.
Casting of silicon comprises: (a) placing a conductive bottomless crucible in an induction coil, where, in the crucible, at least part of its axial direction is split in the peripheral direction; (b) dissolving raw material silicon to be provided in the crucible with no silicon contacted the inner wall of the crucible by electromagnetic induction, and (c) gradually pulling down retaining the silicon in a layered shape on the molten metal in the crucible.    USE -   The method casts the silicon used for producing a polycrystal coagulated ingot for a solar battery.    ADVANTAGE -   The method dramatically increases dissolution power efficiency without decreasing crystal quality. The result saves power consumption and reduces casting costs.
A sintered conductive ceramic body has formula of La1-x Srx MnO3(where x = 0.05 - 0.5), and 10-50 microns mean particle dia..    USE -   For solid electrolytic type fuel battery.
Mfr. of sintered lanthanum chromite ceramic body includes heating a sintered lanthanum chromite ceramic body having perovskite structure, in reducing atmosphere at such temp. and oxygen partial pressure that the volume of the sintered body at room temp. expands to 0.3% or lower.    USE -   For solid electrolyte type fuel battery, and MHD power generation.
Preparation of layered silicon consisting of a substrate and a polycrystalline silicon film formed on the substrate, comprises feeding a silicon raw material into high-temp. plasma to melt or decompose the raw material, feeding the molten or decomposed raw material onto a substrate heated to a temp. just below the melting point of silicon to form a polycrystalline silicon film, cooling rapidly the polycrystalline silicon film to 900-1000 C to produce lattice defects including twin crystals within the film, and keeping the polycrystalline silicon film at 900-1000 C to reduce the lattice defects except the twin crystals formed within the film.    USE -   The layered silicon obtained can be used in solar cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The stresses in polycrystalline silicon films during the film formation can be reduced and the densities of electrically active defects can be decreased. Consequently, thin silicon films with improved semiconductor characteristics can be produced easily at low costs in large quantities.
Prodn. of the solar battery absorbing layer comprises (a) using a copper selenide electrodeposition bath in which indium fine powder is dispersed and suspended; (b) forming a copper selenide electrodeposition layer contg. dispersed indium fine powder on a conductive substrate; (c) applying heat treatment to the electrodeposition layer to transform the electrodeposition layer into a copper-indium-selenium ternary alloy layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Dispersion electrodeposition method has easy operation condition control. Heat treatment transforms the electrodeposition layer into a copper-indium-selenium ternary alloy solar cell absorbing layer having superior crystallinity.
The normal pressure type fuel battery has a pair of porous electrodes arranged on both sides of electrolyte layer which make the electrolyte impregnatable. Two or more cooling boards are layered to form a square shaped multilayer body (1) for coolant supply and discharge.    A reaction gas manifold is arranged on the multilayer body side with its corner part made to exposed. A reaction gas pipe (5) is formed by the side of the multilayer body. The multilayer body is then covered by fluorine resin film possessing heat proof and phosphorous acid proof nature.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   In e.g. battery which does not require forced ventilation. Reduces gas leak. Offers safety and reliability.
The battery consists of several stacks (1-6). Each stack has a positive electrode chamber and a negative electrode chamber separated by a diaphragm. A pump circulates the electrolyte around the electrodes. The output of each battery stack is connected in series. An automatic control valve is provided at the entrance of each pipe that leads the electrolyte to the stack. The output terminal voltage is controlled by changing the state of the cable run switches (1f-6f) connected to the stacks.    ADVANTAGE -   Maintains high level current efficiency. Reduces pump power consumption. Increases battery utilisation efficiency.
The fuel cell is equipped with the H2 reservoir packed with the H2 absorbing alloy, which stores H2 during operation, and discharges H2 at start, and H2 is added to hydrocarbon fuel to achieve hydrogenation and desulfurisation.    ADVANTAGE -   The deterioration of the CO conversion catalyser is prevented, even by repeating start and stop, and the stable operation for long period is achieved by the process of this invention.
The fuel battery (50) consists of a water cooling system (L30) and a humidification drainage texture system (L40). An occlusion alloy tank (51) supplies hydrogen gas which is cooled by the water cooling system. The humidification drainage texture humidifies the fuel gas supplied to the battery through a connection.    ADVANTAGE -   Suits for any application environment.
The fuel battery uses a corrugated board (1) as a separator. One surface of the board serves as a cathode while the surface of another board beneath it serves as the anode. The boards are arranged such that the perforation section of one board provides immediate separation of anode and cathode. The perforated region constituted by corrugated board and the anode serve as anode gas flow path. The spatial region in the collector board above corrugated board serve as cathode gas flow path.    ADVANTAGE -   Increases gas flow path area. Reduces pressure loss at cathode side. Prevents destruction of gas sealing part or electrolyte board.
The fuel battery has an electrolyte layer which is impregnated with an electrolyte. A number of cells with a pair of electrodes and gas flow paths are layered to form a square pole like cell stack. A manifold supply part (7) for supply and discharge of reaction gas, is arranged by the side of the cell stack. The fuel battery has a cooling board with embedded heat transfer pipes for the circulation of cold water. A connection slot carries out connection of gas flow paths at its centre.    ADVANTAGE -   Performs uniform distribution of gas. Improves battery characteristics. Avoids need for increasing gas pressure.
The fuel battery separator has a concavo convex part provided along two sides except on the peripheral part of the centre plate (18) and electrode reaction part (19) formed inside. A pair of mask boards surround the electrode reaction part (19). The support structures (25,26) are provided along the periphery so that the thickness of the mask boards (16,17) and the electrode are made equal.    The support structure (25) consists of a porous metallic board (23) with a higher compression load and a flow path member (24). The other support structure (26) is constituted by metallic porous board constituted by the same material as electrode.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces cost and electrode thickness. Maintains performance over long period of time. Holds electrode bundle in stable state.
The spillover-type battery comprises: (a) a generator element consisting of a catalyst layer formed by fixing a Pt gp. colloid on a metal plate, a powdery activated carbon applied on the catalyst layer and another metal plate clad on the activated carbon; (b) a closed vessel in which the generator element is placed; (c) a H2gas contained in the closed vessel; and (d) wiring for extracting a current connected to the metal plates.    USE -   Used, e.g., as captive power generators and electric vehicles.    ADVANTAGE -   The battery is maintenance-free, compact, light and free from environmental pollution causes and mass-produced at a low cost.
Thin film semiconductor device is mfd. by: depositing a layer of (In, Ga)x (S, Se)y on a substrate; and adding Cu+(S,Se) or Cux (S,Se) to form a slightly Cu-lean film of Cu(In, Ga)(SmSe)2 in which the ratio of Cu/(In, Ga) m= 0.8-0.99.    USE -   As eg. the absorber layer in a solar cell.    ADVANTAGE -   High quality Cu(In, Ga)(S,Se)2 films are formed consistently and predictably without need for precise control of the Cu/(In,Ga) ratio.
The fabric is (F) a high elastic woven fabric comprising (F1) a carbon fibre of dia. of single fibre of less than 8 m, (F) is woven by using carbon fibre two of tensing elasticity more than 60 t/m2and rate of opening of weave pattern less than 10 %. Also claimed is (P) a prepreg. prepd. by impregnating (F) with a thermosetting resin. Also claimed is a solar cell panel prepd. by orienting solar cells onto base material of reinforced carbon fibre prepd. by moulding and curing (P).    USE -   The high elastic woven fabric is used for e.g. aerospace applications.    ADVANTAGE -   The fabric is thin, lightweight and has high strength.
CVD process comprises deforming an arc discharge plasma flow into a sheet shape, guiding it to a film forming stage, introducing a gaseous material in this flow to decompose the material and forming a film on a substrate.    USE -   For making amorphous Si films for solar cells.
The laminate (A) is made from a base material (B), a light reflective layer (C) developed on (B), and a polycrystalline silicon membrane (D) developed on (C).     Also claimed is a laminate (E) made from (A), a SiC (F) membrane, and a SiCx(G) membrane (where 0 &lt; x &lt; 1), in which (F) and (G) are sandwiched between (C) and (D). (G) contains an n-type or p-type dopant.    USE -   Used for producing laminates of silicon membrane, e.g. solar cell.    ADVANTAGE -   The silicon laminate has a high photoelectric efficiency owing to multiple reflection inside the laminate and has high purity ensured by the existence of SiC. The laminate can be used as a BSF-type solar cell.
A polycrystalline silicon membrane is developed on a carbonaceous base material or a thermally resistant base material on which a carbonaceous coating layer has been developed which is thermally processed at a temp. lower than silicon's melting temp. to develop SiC layer at the interface between silicon and carbonaceous base material.    USE -   Used for producing polycrystalline silicon membrane laminate.    ADVANTAGE -   Polycrystalline silicon membrane can be developed with large crystal and smaller thickness than conventional prods. Diffusion of impurities is prevented into silicon membrane.
Raw material contg. silicon atoms is melted or decomposed with plasma, then the melted (A) or the decomposed (B) is supplied to the surface of base material (C) which is heated above the m.pt. or decomposition temp. of the raw material to form laminated polycrystalline silicone membranes. (C) is rotated around an axis which is installed perpendicular to it, and (A) or (B) is cooled while rotating the axis.    USE -   Used for producing laminating polycrystalline silicon membrane for solar cell.    ADVANTAGE -   The membrane produced has high crystallinity owing to the high temp. base material and a plane membrane is formed due to the rotation of base material.
The CO removing appts. (5) consists of a laminated catalyst assembly (58) of catalyst layers (56) and cooling layers (57) joined to a catalyst packed assembly (59) by a mesh board (53).    ADVANTAGE -   The temp. of the selective oxidising catalyst is kept constant to the active temp. range reducing CO content to the level of not poisoning the electrode catalyst of the fuel cell.
The mfg method involves usage of Si atoms. The gas material rate of flow ratio is changed during plasma CVD to vary the optical forbidden gap width. The rate of flow of the gas material is changed on a continuous basis. The rate of dilution of the material gas is made small in the region where the optical forbidden gap width is wide.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces dangling bond defect density by 50%. Improves carrier gas flow performance. Realizes wide range of end products such as solar battery, white light emitting device etc.
The mfg method involves formation of a polycrystal silicon substrate (11). Zigzag type profile consisting of ordered depressions and projections is formed on the light incidence surface of the silicon substrate. The depressions (12) are formed in regions corresponding to the surface which does not receive light. The electrode formation regions (19,17) are made flat.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces reflection at light incidence surface. Reduces cost. Increases efficiency of solar battery. Promotes mass production nature by free choice of profile.
The mfg method involves applying a semiconductor layer on a plastic conductive support film. The mean diameter of semiconductor particles lies in the range of 0.1-0.3 microns. The particles are distributed in a solvent whose boiling point is 50- 300 deg centigrade and dried. A pair of layers, a transparent electrode layer and a protection layer are formed on the plastic support film.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves photoelectric conversion efficiency. Increases mfg efficiency.
The mfg method of solar battery with thickness of 150 micrometer or less involves formation of a PN junction (1,2), a reflection prevention film (4) and a surface electrode (5) on a silicon support substrate (8). Then, the backside of the substrate is partially etched and a part of active layer is exposed. Then, hydrogen is injected at a low velocity of 0.5-5 KeV to this exposed active layer and hydrogen passivation is performed. Then, another electrode (6) is formed to the hydrogen injected side.    ADVANTAGE -   Results in efficient solar battery with high energy conversion efficiency. Avoids passivation of electrode at backside of substrate since passivation is performed before formation of electrode. Results in homogeneous passivation with consistent performance.
The battery (100) consists of a cascade screen structure formed on a conductive substrate (101). This structure is formed by employing glow discharge decomposing method. The cascade structure is composed of multiple P type semiconductor layers. The number of such layers is restricted by a number n where n lies in the range 6-24.    The p type semiconductor layer is made of either one of the following materials. The options are p type amorphous silicon hydride film or a p type amorphous hydrogen carbide film. At the time of silicon hydride film formation of rate of flow for hydrogen and halogenated silicon materials are restricted at 1-20 SCCMs and 1SCCMs respectively.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves photoelectric conversion efficiency. Contributes industrial use value especially in energy tapping industry. Maintains high curvilinear factor. Increases initial open end voltage.
The fuel battery consists of a carbon monoxide transformer having concentric cylinders with cylindrical inner wall (16a) and a cylindrical outer wall (16b). A catalyzer layer (11) is filled in a gap between the inner cylinder and the outer cylinder. Desulfruzation device (17) which removes sulphur is provided in the inner side of the inner cylinder.    The desulfurzing device consists of an exit pipe (24). A pair of heating elements (14a, 14b) are installed to heat the catalysing layer in the inner side of inner cylinder and the outer side of outer cylinder. A thermally insulated material (15) is provided to keep the carbon monoixde transformer warm.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces amount of heat dissipation due to thermally insulated material. Improves thermal efficiency. Provides uniform heating of catalysing layer. Provides quick raise of temperature and starts in short time. Reduces equipment size.
The method applicable for a fuel battery (38) uses a sealing unit (39) in the battery. The battery consists of a fuel pole (40A) and an oxygen pole (40B). The gas with impurities is derived from the sealing unit and is sent to a catalyzer reaction appts (72) through a circulating passage (66). A catalyzer reaction appts removes impurities and supply nitrogen to an isolation appts (74).    The isolation appts refines and isolates nitrogen from remaining air and sends pure nitrogen gas again to the battery sealing unit. Heat from exhaust compression gas and circulated gas is exchanged by a means of heat exchanger (17).    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces cost due to reuse of nitrogen gas. Increases amount of nitrogen gas due to isolation of extra nitrogen from air by means of isolating appts. Avoids special heating unit due to provision of heat exchanger which heats nitrogen.
The fuel battery (38) consists of a pair of poles, a fuel pole (40A) and an oxygen pole (40B). Fuel is introduced through the fuel pole and oxygen through the oxygen pole. Air is first introduced into an oxygen isolating appts (70) which isolates oxygen from air and which is then introduced into the oxygen pole. The rest of the air is introduced into a nitrogen gas isolating appts (74) which isolates nitrogen and sends it to a sealing unit (39) of battery through a passage (72).    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces requirement of nitrogen from external supply since it is isolated and purified inside battery. Increases rate of recovery of nitrogen due to more density of nitrogen than air. Reduces cost. Improves efficiency of battery. Reduces oxygen requirement.
The equipment consists of a liquid nitrogen tank (4a) and a PSA type nitrogen gas generator (12). The nitrogen generator refines, isolates and supplies nitrogen gas for sealing the pressure receptacle of fuel battery through a supply line (5). From the suction tower (14) oxygen is supplied to the burner (2a) through oxygen supply line (18) to assist combustion.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces size of liquid nitrogen tank by 1/5 of original size. Reduces cost due to reduction of supply level of liquid nitrogen. Improves reliability since continuous supply of nitrogen is provided by generator even if there is fluctuations in generator. Improves combustion since oxygen from generator is used for combustion.
The collector plate (5) for a carbonic acid salt type fuel battery has a nickel oxide covering layer. The collector plate collects the oxidising agent. An electrolytic plate (1) made of stainless steel or iron is immersed in the lithium carbonic acid electrolyte. At the time of operation of the battery, lithium doping is carried out on the nickel oxide layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves electrical conductivity and corrosion resistance. Improves performance and life-time.
The fuel battery consists of an anode (1) with a catalyzer (4) and a non-catalyzer (10). A sealing (8) is provided over the anode non-catalyzer part. A electrode (2) with a catalyzer (5) and a non-catalyzer (11) is also provided. A fuel slot (6) is formed near the anode and an air slot (7) near the cathode.    The width of the fuel slot is made larger then the width of the air slot. The air slot supplies agent to the fuel slot which supplies fuel to the anode and the cathode.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents leakage of reaction gas due to edge sealing to catalyzer and non-catalyzer. Prevents electro chemical corrosion generation.
The fuel battery consists of an electrode (2) with three elements, an electrolyte matrix (3), a fuel part (4) and an oxygen part (5). A composite separator (6) with a pair of porous layers (8, 9) and a precise layer (7) in between them is provided. The composite separator is of rectangular shape with length-width ratio of 1.4 to 3.0. Fuel flow slots (10) are provided in the lengthwise direction and oxidising agent flow slots (11) in the width direction. A cooling plate (13) with a cooler (14) is installed below the battery to dissipate heat loss by the battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids mistake in layering fuel and oxidising agent from paths during prodn.. Equalises fuel gas pressure loss and oxidising agent pressure loss due to provision of slots. Avoids cross-overs of fuel and oxidising agent. Cools oxidising agent effectively and reduces amt. of phosphorous acid flowing out. Reduces highest temp. and corrosion effect.
The electrode plates for phosphorus acid type battery which are anode plate (8) and cathode plate (9) are of square in shape. The anode plate at its pair of corners (8a, 8b) diagonally opposite to each other, are chamfered at an angle of 30 degree to vertical. The cathode plate at another pair of corners (9a, 9b) diagonally opposite to each other are also chamfered to an angle of 30 degrees to vertical. But the anode and cathode plates are different in shape.    The anode, cathode and phosphorus acid which is electrolyte forms as a unit cell. Then, a cooling plate is installed and a main fold to supply and discharge fuel and oxygen are also installed. The electrode plate, main fold and a battery main unit are sealed by a sealing material.    ADVANTAGE -   Eases recognition of anode and cathode plates. Improves productivity. Improves reliability of battery.
Solar cell comprises a transparent substrate on which a conductive layer of e.g. In-Sn oxide is formed, followed by a semiconductor layer of polycrystalline Si with perpendicular grain boundaries and p or n doping. Contacts on this layer are located at boundary positions with an insulator layer, implanted with positive or negative charges.    ADVANTAGE -   Easy to mfr., utilises semiconductor layer completely for generating photocurrent.
The fuel cell comprises: a module (10) for contg. components of the cell, and for attaching fuel cell component to, and a number of fuel cell stacks (12) in the housing, comprising interconnectors alternatively sandwiched between electrolyte plates. The plates have a fuel face with a cathode associated with it, and an air face with an anode near it. Interconnectors are planar and grooved and have a first surface with tunnel flow channels sealed to it and in fluid communication with the fuel face of an adjacent electrolyte. The interconnector second face has air flow channels transverse to the fuel flow channels. A number of hollow manifold (24) frames join the sealing the fuel cell stacks into columns, channelling fuel flow through the fuel cell stacks in a column with air flow channels through the fuel cell stack. A central air plenum (28) comprises the space between the columns in fluid communication with air flow channels. The plenum has two walls comprised of spaced columns and the walls of plenum plates (32) between and sealed to the columns. The plenum has open and sealed ends, receiving air through the open end. A fuel intake (48) is associated with the housing supplying fuel gas to the fuel flow channels in the columns and an air intake (38) is associated with the housing for supplying air to the open end of the air plenum. Also claimed is a fuel cell module with multiple spaced apart columns.    USE -   Used to produce solid oxide fuel cell systems converting reactant gas to electrical energy.
An alloy is deposited on a substrate by (a) positioning a substrate in a deposition chamber, (b) independently controlling a first sputtering source to establish a first, copper flux in the deposition chamber, (c) independently regulating a second sputtering source to establish a second flux, of indium, in the deposition chamber, and (d) providing an evaporation source to establish a supersatd. Se flux in the deposition chamber; the Se flux is 2-3 times greater than the summation of the Cu and in fluxes. The three fluxes afford an alloy layer on the substrate contg. predetermined amts. of Cu, In and Se.    USE -   The deposited alloy films are used to mfr. photovoltaic solar cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The degree of control over the Cu and In fluxes enables alloy deposits with particular properties to be deposited. Uniform deposition is achieved over large areas without use of highly toxic cpds. such as H2Se, with linear control over the deposition rate of the sputtered materials. The deposited coating may have a graded Cu-in compsn.. The process is suitable for ion-assisted deposition.
The array consists of many solar battery modules arranged in the form of an array. A solar battery module has an upper end threshold part and a lower end suspending part. Each end has a connection part. The solar battery modules are positioned adjoining each other and are connected to the connection part.    The suspending part is covered by a covering board. The covering board is made up of a non-flammable material such as steel or an aluminium plate. The right and left adjacent sides of the battery module is also covered by the non-flammable covering sheet. The covering sheets made of non-flammable material is also replaced by a EVA resin which acts as a flame prevention.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents spreading of fire from one module to another module.
The solar batter module encloses a solar battery embedded by a filling material on the reverse side of a reinforcing material (101). The back side of the reinforcing material in contact with the filling material is coated with epoxy resin paint.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces possibility of generation of air packets in filling material. Prevents peeling off filling material. Increases reliability of solar battery. Eliminates invasion of moisture to back side of reinforcing material.
The mfg. method forms a solar battery on a silicon substrate. The relevant material solution is applied on the surface of the silicon substrate. Then the substrate is loaded on a conveyor belt (13) and passed through a heat diffusion chamber (12). In the heat diffusion room, the heat diffusion atmosphere gas is sprayed on the reverse side of the silicon substrate.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces number of processing steps. Reduces cost.
The transducer has a multilayer structure. On one side, a first electrically conductive glass layer (32) is formed. A lead wire (41) is connected to the conductive glass layer. A colouring matter carrying semiconductor layer (33) is formed adjacent to the first electrically conductive glass layer (32). The other side of the colouring matter carrying semiconductor layer is given a rough surface finish.    An electronic movement layer (34) with one surface having rough surface finish is provided adjacent to colouring matter carrying semiconductor layer with both rough surfaces matched to each other. A platinum layer (36) is formed adjacent to electronic movement layer. A second electrically conductive glass layer (37) is formed adjacent to the platinum layer. A lead wire (42) is connected to the second electrically conductive glass layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves opto electric conversion efficiency. Reduces cost. Improves device endurance.
The fuel battery consists of two electrodes and a suitable arrangement to handle chemicals. From a hydrogen tank, hydrogen is supplied to the negative electrode of the battery. A halogenated hydrocarbon is supplied to the positive electrode. The chemical energy is converted into electrical energy.    ADVANTAGE -   Generates power with high efficiency. Converts halogenated hydrocarbons to useful products. Replaces chlorofluorocarbons.
The mfg. method involves the first step in which an electrode is produced consisting of an electrode catalyser layer (2a). The second step involves trickling an ion-exchange liquid onto a substrate, thereby forming an ion-exchange type thin film (1a).    The third step unifies the electrode catalyser layer and the ion- exchange type thin film in producing a substrate-ion-exchange type thin film electrode junction object. The fourth step involves peeling the substrate from the junction object.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces reduction in ion conduction resistance, contact resistance and battery voltage. Attains stability. Provides object with few dimension changes.
The fuel battery system comprises a fuel battery (3) which uses solid state macromolecular film as an electrolyte film. Heat is exchanged between the air supplied to and air discharged from the fuel batter. The air is humidified. A reproduction heat exchanger (10) supplies pure water for air humidification.    ADVANTAGE -   Realises efficient air humidification and improves energy efficiency and system performance.
Power management appts. has a converter of electrical input producing one or more storable chemical cpds., means for storing the, or each cpd., and a reconverter for all, or each of the cpds. for reproducing electricity and, optionally, also producing heat, the appts. including means for controlling the level of reconversion.    USE -   Appts. can be used in association with a conventional large scale power system including an electricity grid and possibly an associated pipe grid. It is partic. to facilitate the operation and management of a combined heat-power system.    ADVANTAGE -   Appts. can provide CO2-free electricity at the point of use and a means of distributed energy storage and load management within the electricity distribution system. It can operate at low temp. and achieve good end use electricity-generation efficiencies, e.g. 88 percent, and provide an environmentally clean, high value fuel for combustion if desired.
Prodn. of a polycrystalline Si layer (8,10) on an amorphous substrate (5) comprises: (a) depositing a 1st thin Si layer (6) in the gas phase onto the substrate (5); (b) recrystallising the 1st Si layer (6) by zone melting with a linear melting zone (7) to a thin Si nucleating layer (8); and (c) growing the polycrystalline Si layer (10) on the nucleating layer (8) using liq. or gas phase epitaxial process.    USE -   By using the graphite substrate as back contact, the polycrystalline layer can be made into solar cell.    ADVANTAGE -   The polycrystalline layer is reinforced until it reaches the desired thickness.
A semiconductor solar cell comprises an elongated substrate (10) having a curved surface coated with at least two semiconductor layers (30,40) with a conductive layer (20) between the substrate and the first semiconductor layer and a second conductive layer (50) on the second semiconductor layer. The semiconductor layers are selectively positioned about the substrate to form arcuate segments.    Also claimed is a solar cell module as above in which the cell above is fixed to a superstrate, a metallisation layer applied to cell and superstrate and selectively removed to form conduction paths, and electrical pads are connected to these paths.    USE -   For solar cells and solar cell arrays.    ADVANTAGE -   Material use and cost are reduced. Mfr. is simple, resistance losses and grid obscuration are reduced, and efficiency is high.
A fuel cell system comprises (a) hydrocarbon fuel and water supplies; (b) a steam-fuel catalytic reformer which receives the supplied fuel and water and which delivers reformed H2 and CO2 gas; (c) a gas separator for separating the H2 and CO2 for separate delivery; (d) a hydrogen fuel cell including a microporous catalysed carbonised aerogel anode fed with the separated H2, a microporous catalysed carbonised aerogel cathode fed with O2 from ambient air, and an acid electrolyte cation filled silica hydrogel separator between the anode and cathode; and (e) an external circuit connected with and between the anode and cathode.    Also claimed is a similar fuel cell system which omits the reformer and gas separator and which has a H2 gas supply an anode and cathode of microporous reticulated carbon formed by thermal redn. of organic aerogels infused with a noble metal salt.    USE -   For electric vehicles.    ADVANTAGE -   The fuel cell system can use air as the oxidant feedstock and gasoline, methanol, ethanol and/or alcohol as the feedstock for H2 prodn., and has high surface area catalysed carbon electrodes capable of high temp. operation.
Operating of electrochemical generators includes periodic increase of concn. of alkaline electrolyte and regulation of concn. according to vol. change of electrolyte between upper and lower levels. The concn. is increased during redn. of voltage of a generator to a set permitted limit during increase of vol. of electrolyte.    USE -   Operating of electro-chemical generator with metal-ceramic electrodes having hydrophobised active layers.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplified use and better working characteristics.
Operating of electrochemical generators includes filling by alkaline electrolyte and regulation of its concn.. The initial concn. is selected according to the assigned working life of the generator and the concn. is periodically increased during use.    USE -   Operating of electrochemical generators with metal-ceramic electrodes having hydrophobised active layer and alkaline electrolyte.    ADVANTAGE -   Better stability of voltage and increased use factor of electrolyte.
Mfr. of inverse photoconverter includes application of contact to cleaned silicon plate, growing of tunnel-thin dielectric, forming of contact comb and application of dielectric film by thermic application of silicon monoxide in ammonia atmos. during set pressure and substrate temp. of 0-170C.    USE -   Prodn. of semiconducting instruments, i.e. solar elements.    ADVANTAGE -   Better effectiveness.
A solar cell having an active layer consisting of GaAs on a Si substrate comprises: a plurality of island-shaped buffer layers formed in one element region by dividing the GaAs buffer layer, to which an impurity of a first conductivity type of high concn. is applied and which is formed on a first main surface of the first conductivity type Si substrate, by checkered mesa grooves; active layers comprising a first conductivity type GaAs layer and a second conductivity type GaAs layer which are sequentially formed on each island-shaped buffer layer.    At least one second conductivity type collecting electrode connected to the common electrode is connected to the second conductivity type GaAs layer in each island.    Auxiliary layer (10) comprising a material having a thermal expansion coefft. smaller than that of Si, e.g. BN, is formed on the second main surface (1b) of n type Si substrate (1) of a (100) surface whose surface orientation is inclined by 2 in the (111) direction, at a room temp.. When the wafer is heated to 700C for GaAs formation, the Si substrate is warped into a convex shape. In this state, the n type GaAs layer (2) and the p type GaAs layer (3) are formed by MOCVD method. When the wafer is taken out of the crystal growing appts. at room temp., an epitaxial wafer which is not warped and has no residual stress in the GaAs layer can be provided.    USE -   GaAs solar cell on a Si substrate.    ADVANTAGE -   The occurrence of surface cracks on the substrate is reduced or prevented; even if cracks occur their effect is reduced.
Direct energy conversion device has a pair of carbon aerogel electrodes loaded with a noble metal catalyst.    Also claimed is a carbon aerogel electrode for use in a direct energy conversion device having a density of 0.3-1.2 g/cc, a surface area of 400-1200 m2/g and loaded with a noble metal catalyst.    Further claimed is an improved fuel cell including: (a) a pair of carbon aerogel electrodes; (b) a separator positioned intermediate the electrodes; (c) a pair of current collector plates positioned adjacent the electrodes; and (d) a pair of gas manifolds positioned adjacent the current collector plates. The electrodes and the separator are located within a housing.    USE -   In a fuel cell, esp. an H3PO4 fuel cell (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   Electrodes combine electrical conductivity with very high surface area.
Process for making thin-film semiconductor devices comprises depositing thin-film precursors of Cu and (In,Ga) on a substrate (12) in a Cu-rich ratio with Cu:(In,Ga) being greater than 1:1, and annealing in the presence of Se at 400-500 deg.C to form a thin-film Cu(In,Ga)Se2(16)-CuxSe (18) phase-sepd. mixt. This is exposed to (In,Ga) and Se vapour (22,24,26) to deposit these while raising the temp. to a higher recrystallisation temp. of 500-600 deg.C., and held to form a Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin film having a Cu-poor ratio of Cu:(In,Ga) being less than 1:1.    USE -   For photovoltaic and solar cell absorber applications.    ADVANTAGE -   Produces a higher quality thin film, which is consistent and homogeneous, does not need further smoothing, can be scaled up to large areas, and is cost-effective.
The sealing method positions a glass (10), an amorphous solar battery (11), an ethylene acetate vinyl copolymer layer (12), a back cover (13) sequentially. A vacuum bag or a vacuumised crimp roll accommodates the entire arrangement.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces usage of expensive vacuum lamination. Enables rapid production.
The solar aided hybrid power generation system furnished with a battery which uses an electrolyte that is either an ion conductivity polymer or heat semiconductor polymer. The negative electrodes is any one of aluminium, copper, zinc or iron and the positive electrode is made up of carbon graphite or copper immersed in the electrolyte.    There is a solar heating arrangement which heats the electrolyte and the air pump which sends in air and supplies oxygen to the electrolyte and churning device to agitate the electrolyte. There is a calculation and control equipment which controls the temperature and oxygen content depending on the detection values given by an oxygen sensor (19).    ADVANTAGE -   Eliminates noise and vibration. Eliminates generation of exhaust gas. Prevents energy using chemical reaction. Enables power generation to required amount, even if it is small. Improves conversion efficiency, because both solar light and heat are used. Enables use at night time also, by storing power generation during day time.
The header has a metal mould (5) in which a minute resin powder (2) is filled. The metal mould is connected to a main part (4). The minute resin powder is filled with 3 - 15 mm thick grade material. Each unit cell of the main part has a fuel pole, an air pole and an electrolyte matrix.    The fuel gas and oxidizer gas are separately supplied to each unit cell. A control mechanism (3) pushes the resin powder against a multilayer body (1). The metal mould is heated and rotated along a multiple axial part, using a rotational shaping appts (6). The mould is then gradually cooled and slowly rotated.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves corrosion resistance, electric insulation, sealing nature, operativity and intensity.
The operational method involves desulphurization of gasification coal using a reproduction type and a dry type desulphurization plant. This processed gas is supplied as a fuel gas for the battery.    The prod. obtained after the chemical reaction in the battery is constituted by hot gas containing oxygen along with a desulphurization agent which is used again in a reproduction type desulphurization plant. Thus a cyclic process is carried out.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces cost of operation. Minimises size of battery.
The phosphoric acid type fuel battery consists of a fuel and oxidizing agent being fed to an anode (2) and a cathode (3) respectively. An electric power is generated by an electrochemical reaction of the fuel and the oxidising agent.    The anode gas recycling path (4) and the cathode gas recycling path (6) are formed and multiple lines branches out from these main lines which are connected to heat exchangers (8,9) respectively.    ADVANTAGE -   Removes moisture from inner regions of battery. Sustains diffusion nature of gas, without changing in stop/start process of operation.
The phosphorous acid based fuel battery consists of a fuel and an oxidising agent led into an anode electrode and cathode electrode respectively. Electricity is generated by electrochemical reaction of the fuels and the oxidising agent.    Interruption valves (20,23) are arranged on the exit sides of the entrance in front of the anode and cathode electrodes. An equalising line (24) which connects the anode and cathode electrodes with the piping lines inside the interruption valves is provided at the entrance and exit sides. An equalising valve (25) is installed on the equalising line.    ADVANTAGE -   Absorbs moisture in plant line. Avoids leakage of phosphorous acid from battery due to increase in volume. Prevents defect in sealing and reduction of ion conductivity associated with electrolytic reduction. Provides long life time and high reliability. Restrains invasion of phosphorous acid into thin hole of porous object.
The battery system has two inlets for air and fuel respectively. Methanol is used as a source of hydrogen which is one of the reactants used by the battery. A branched line is opened for access to methanol. Methanol from a tank (20) is evaporated in a methanol evaporation system (30) and pumped to a modifier burner (3) through a battery fuel pole. The combustion takes place in the modifier burner and a battery (1) is charged.    ADVANTAGE -   Extends life time of modifier. Recovers surplus fuel wastefully discarded.
The fuel battery has matrix layer impregnated with electrolyte interposed between a pair of gas diffusion electrodes constituting an unit. The gas diffusion electrodes are made up of a conductive porous substance and have a slot for gas flow on one side and a catalyser layer painted on the other side. The amount of active component present in the electrode catalyser layer is fixed. The distribution ratio of the active component on the anode and cathode surface is adjusted with respect to gas density ratio at the two electrodes.    ADVANTAGE -   Optimises amount of active components present in both electrodes. Improves characteristic of battery.
The separator has a precursive body ceramic layer at the surface of the stainless steel plate.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves separator.
The separator is of an alloy comprising 60-82 wt.% Fe, 18-40 wt.% Cr, and additive elements for reducing contact resistance between air poles of flat sheet type single cells.    USE -   For separators of solid electrolyte fuel cells, having high chemical stability, and mechanical strength.
Control of the adsorbed hydrogen density on the surface of solid Si is characterised by irradiating the surface held in a vacuum with atomic H when the H density adsorbed on the solid Si surface is to be increased and irradiating with electron beams when the H density is to be decreased.    USE -   The method invented can be applied to stabilising the electrical and optical characteristics of amorphous SiH that constitutes solar batteries or to controlling the optical and radiation-absorbing characteristics of Si used in radiation detectors.    ADVANTAGE -    The amount of H adsorbed on the surface of solid Si can be changed freely in the range of 0-1.3x1015 (atm/cm3).
The appts uses a fuel modifier (1) as the processor. The fuel modifier converts the mixed gas comprising hydrogen and the original fuel into a gas containing lists of fuel. A first heat exchanger (3) preheats the gas. A desulphurization device (2) removes sulphur compound from the preheated gas. An executor (6) mixes steam with desulphurised original fuel and generate a fuel enriched material. A second and third heat exchangers (4,5) preheat the fuel enriched material and supply it to the fuel modifier.    The appts. incorporates a stabilisation unit (10) for regulation of desulphurisation device entrance temperature. The stabilisation unit comprises a first bypass regulation valve (11), a temperature detector (13), a temperature regulator (14) and a flow rate regulator (15). The change in temperature of the mixed gas is detected by the temperature detector and accordingly the temperature regulator outputs a signal to the flow rate regulator. Then the flow rate regulator controls the amount of gas passage through the bypass regulation valve.    ADVANTAGE -   Stabilises operation of fuel cell. Ensures longer life. Restrains change in desulphurisation entrance temperature produced by sudden change in amount of fuel enriched gas supplied. Stabilises desulphurisation reaction. Controls desulphurisation device temperature regardless of sudden change of cell operation conditions.
The fuel battery has a positive catalyser electrode (10) on one side of an ion exchange process film (9) while on its other side, a negative catalyser electrode (11) is provided. Hydrogen and oxygen are made to react, forming water so as to generate electricity. A water absorbing member (30) which does not possess ion conductivity characteristic is provided along the thickness direction of the ion exchange process film. Water is removed from positive electrode side whereas it is supplied to the side of negative catalyser electrode.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves electric power generation performance. Stabilizes power generation.
The fuel battery (1) comprises a positive catalyser electrode (10) on one side of an ion exchange process film (9) and a negative catalyser (11) on the other side. Hydrogen and oxygen or made to react in the formation of water and generation of electricity. A swelling absorption member (30) surrounds both sides of ion exchange process film.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces deformation by restricting elongation. Sustains junction state of ion exchange process film and catalyser electrode. Inhibits reduction in electric power generation. Improves reliability and endurance.
The electrolyte supply method involves inserting a electrolyte board (1) having a cathode (2) and an anode (3) on either sides, in a cell (C). The anode and cathode are layered through a separator (4). Oxidation gas (OG) and fuel gas (FG) are supplied to cathode and anode respectively from the concerned oxidation gas supply line (8) and fuel gas supply line (9).    Hydroxides such as LiOH, KOH, NaOH containing Li,K,Na either of which is the main ingredient of carbonic acid salt. The carbonic acid is supplied to the anode side through the fuel gas supply line in the state of a gas. Carbon di oxide gas generated by the reaction in the anode is made to contact with the supply hydroxide, changing to carbonic acid salt.    ADVANTAGE -   Facilitates supply of carbonic acid salt during operation. Provides reliable supply of electrolyte without changing equipment. Controls quantity of carbon di oxide thereby adjusting quantity of carbonic acid salt, preventing supply-in large quantities.
The air electrode consists of a mixt. of at least one of zirconia, alumina or lanthanide group refractories, and perovskite type copper oxide having structure of K2 NiF4.    ADVANTAGE -   The electric characteristics and fine structure stability are simultaneously obtained by the process of this invention.
Prepn. of the superlattice of the metal chalcogenide cpd. comprises: (a) successively forming 2 thin films of a metal chalcogenide cpd. having a film thickness of 3-500 from 2 solns. having different compsns. contg. a chalcogenide ion and a metal ion; (b) producing a metal chalcogenide cpd. layered prod..    USE -   To prepare superlattice of the metal chalcogenide cpd. used for various composite materials, high efficiency photoelectric transfer materials, including a light sensor, a solar cell, or semiconductor devices, including a light emitting device.    ADVANTAGE -   The method requires no vacuum equipment. A large area layered film is formed, at lower temp..
A luminescent solar concentrator comprises a glass or plastic plate (10A) doped with a photoluminescent material, and incorporating an optical fibre (20) having two ends and a core of laser material. When exposed to sunlight, the concentrator generates luminescence light from the luminescent material, the luminescence including wavelengths within at least one absorption band of the laser material, generating optical radiation within at least one laser band for the laser material. At least part of the generated optical radiation is transmitted to at least one end of the fibre. An energy conversion means at one of the fibre ends converts the optical radiation to useful energy.    USE -   For generating electrical power from solar energy.    ADVANTAGE -   The energy loss by reabsorption is greatly minimised by the use of photoluminescent materials which are also efficient laser materials.
A converging material is obtd. by dispersing transparent material (B) in transparent material (A) having properties satisfying equation (I)     mod(nda -ndb) 0.03 (I).     nda = refraction factor of the material (A) to d-ray; and ndb= refraction factor of the material (B) to d-ray.    USE -   For injecting high density sun beams into solar batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   The converging material has high converging properties independently of angles of incidence.
The ionic atoms or ionic atom blocks of the catalytic metals are collided onto the carrier surface to form absorbing site by ion implantation process.    Pt plasma was generated by an ion implantation equipment and Pt-ions were implanted onto the acetylene black(a). (a) were dissolved in polyfreon-dispersion solution to form slurry, and this slurry is applied on carbon fibre sintered electrode, and aimed catalyser was obtd.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   E.g. in fuel cells. The number of active points of catalytic metal is increased, and the high active and stable metal carrying catalyser is offered by this invention.
The support appts. consists of a mount over which a pair of solar battery modules (1) are arranged mutually parallel. The modules have wirings (21) that are connected together in a hole (23) provided in the mount. The modules have electric wirings that are derived from end most part of first wirings, to inverter present within building main part at the back side.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids exposure of wiring to external atmosphere. Improves aesthetic value with respect to appearance. Simplifies maintenance and does not spoil operativity.
The module (10) consists of a frame member (4) at its circumferential portion between a transparent and a back side member. The frame member is used to support the solar battery. A flange (6) is provided an extension from the upper side of the frame member. A mount (23) is arranged beneath the flange.    ADVANTAGE -   Fixes solar battery module easily to mount. Reduces level difference between roof material and solar battery module. Simplifies attachment process. Avoids slippage of battery module.
The manufacturing method uses a substrate (1) on all four sides of which, reverse conductivity impurity layers (2) are coated. To the undersurface of the substrate a thicker same conductivity impurity layer (3) is coated. A reflection prevention film (4) is layered on the sides and top surface of the substrate.    A resist film (15) is deposited on the top reflection film, and subsequently the reflection prevention film not covered by the resist film is removed. The reverse conductivity impurity film provided at the sides are also removed.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies waste fluid processing of etching liquid. Lowers production cost.
The laminated Si material (10) consists of heat resisting metal of Mo (11), electroconductive underlayer of Ni (12), SiC film (13), intermediate SiCx (x: 0-1) film (14), and polycrystal Si film (15).    The heat resisting substrate of Mo (11) was coated by conductive underlayer of Ni (12) by sputtering. The SiC film (13) was formed by gaseous reaction of mixed gases of silane and methane. The intermediate gradient SiCx film (14) was formed by gradually decreasing methane flow rate. The Si film (15) was formed by melting by plasma heating of Si particles.    ADVANTAGE -   The electric properties improved laminated Si material can be used for solar cell or photo sensor.
The fuel cell consists of a cell (4) that is made up of an oxidizing pole (3) and a fuel pole (2) sandwiching a solid electrolyte layer (1) in between. The fuel cell consists of a separator (7) to which is layered an oxidizing agent gas passage (6). The separator is made up of a heat proof alloy that contains chromium.    An oxide of an element `A' is used to form a protective film to the passage surface of the separator. `A' is selected from either one of the following elements, Ca,Sr,Ba,Y,La and Ce or a combination of any two of the above state elements.    ADVANTAGE -   The surface protection layer is more rapidly formed. Raises efficiency and life span. Reduces chrome mixing into gas supply pipe.
Rechargeable zinc halide electrolyte electrochemical cell comprising a laminate of the sequence: (a) an electrically conducting chemically inert material; (b) a bi-layer membrane matrix of a pair of hydrophilic polymer matrices each contg. immobilised zinc electrolyte; (c) an electrically conducting layer adapted to adsorb and absorb halogen; and (d) a material capable of reversibly absorbing and releasing bromine in the form of at least one layer disposed between the membrane matrices for reducing self-discharge in the cell. Also claimed is a storage battery contg. the cells connected in series.    USE -   Used for rechargeable non-flow zinc halide storage batteries.
The azo-type cpd. is of formula (I). In (I): A1 and A2 (opt. same) are each a coupler's residual gp..    USE -   Used as a photosensitive material, e.g. as a charge-carrier generation material for electrophotographic photoconductors and a material for pigments and solar batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   The cpd. has high photosensitivity.
The catalyst layer (11) has numerous agglomerate parts (13) each with a conducting porous body stretching to the thick side of the electrode (10), an electrolyte-containing pore and numerous fissured parts (14) alternating with the agglomerate parts (13).    Each fissured part (14) has a bore hole through the catalyst layer (11) towards the thick side of the electrode and this hole has numerous liquid-repellent fibres, joining the neighbouring agglomerate parts (13) together.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For use with fuel cell. Higher output density for same amount of catalyst.
A radiation converter, for converting electromagnetic radiation into heat (absorber) or heat into electromagnetic radiation (emitter), includes quasi-crystalline material, pref. which is thermodynamically stable and comprises two or more of Al, B, Cr, Fe, Ga, Ge, Hf, C, Co, Cu, Li, Mg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Nb, Os, Pd, P, Re, Ru, S, Si, Ta, Ti, V, Bi, W, Y, Zn and Zr.    USE -   As an absorber for converting solar radiation into thermal energy in solar collectors and as an emitter in combination with a photocell for generating electric current from heat (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   The converter completely satisfies thermal and chemical stability requirements and has adjustable spectral optical properties.
System comprises a sealing surface on a stacking side of the layers; aligned first ridges (48) on the sealing surface; and aligned second ridges (50) crossing the first. The two sets of ridges are pref. parallel and cross each other perpendicularly to define square sealing cells (52) about 0.05 x 0.05 in. in dimension.    USE -   In a cell formed of an anode, anode chamber, solid polymer electrolyte, cathode chamber and cathode, and a sealing frame with inlet and outlet apertures (28). (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   Sealing surface has better design flexibility and reliability and lower cost than prior art sealing surfaces, esp. those with a pattern of raised ridges forming concentric rings. One design of the surface can be used for a range of applications and the surface can tolerate minor scratches etc..
A material contains chemical compounds of one or more gp IVA metals (M), nitrogen (N) and oxygen (O). 2-45% of the volume consists of voids whose size is in the region of 0.5 nm3 to 100. The remaining volume contains a compsn. of general formula MNxOy (where x and y = 0.1-1.7). Also claimed is the use of the material as an absorber for the conversion of radiant energy into heat and a process for the manufacture of thin layers of the material as an antimicrobial material for medical use.    USE -   As a selective radiation converter (claimed) in the solar energy and nuclear power station industry and as an antimicrobial material (claimed) in thin layer form for use with implants.    ADVANTAGE -   The optical and electrical properties are adjusted over a wide range without having to change the chemical composition. The material has broad fields of application in the solar energy and power generating industries and may also be used as a decorative material.
The silicon solar cell body comprises a support structure adhered to a silicon sell body doped to form photovoltaic junction at near 1 surface and beta silicon carbide ceramic cover plate affixed to the cell body.    The cover plate pref. has a single cerium fluoride coating on each side or a coating composed of a silicon oxide layer having magnesium fluoride layers attached to both side acting as antireflection coatings.    A UV filter is opt. positioned between the coverplate and cell body surface.    USE -   For solar cells    ADVANTAGE -   Improves absorption of light in useful wavelength range and absorbs or re-radiates light in the non-useful range.
The mfg. method forms multiple solar battery submodules (2) side by side. A strip shaped extraction electrode and an insulated substrate are formed on either side of the sub-modules. A conductive film (6) is connected electrically with the extraction electrodes. A conductive projection (7) is soldered on either side of the conduction film. The sub-module and projection substrate are sealed by an adhesive resin (4).    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces mfg. cost. Avoids complicated wiring processes. Generates high output.
The paste contains CdS powder, CdTe powder or a mixed powder of Cd and Te, and organic binder and is applied on the substrate. Here the binder is evaporated and the substrate is cooled, drawn and sintered.    The film comprises borosilicate glass substrate,(2) CdS sintered layer, (3) CdTe sintered layer, (4) carbon layer, (5) Ag-In electrode, (6) Ag electrode and (7) lead wire.    USE -   A mfg. process for a CdS or CdTe sintered film suitable for a large area solar cell, is offered by the process of this invention.
The silicon thin film formation method involves generation of plasma in a first vacuum room (1). The generated plasma is then sent to second vacuum room (2). Material gas is supplied into the plasma silicon or compound of hydrogen gas is chosen out of the fluorinated mono silane gas SiHmFn where m+n=4, as the material gas. The material gas is supplied to the plasma and it is excited and decomposed.    ADVANTAGE -   Forms film of uniform thickness of substrate. Provides large area at high speed. Provides low degrees of group plate temperature.
The method involves formation of a gas diffusion electrode with a reaction layer and a gas diffusion layer on either side of a macromolecule solid state electrolyte film. A solution consisting of a mixture of the electrolyte and a particle of main ingredient of the gas diffusion electrode is applied to the pair of electrode and is hot pressed to provide contact between them.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   In e.g. electrolysis device, power supply of building and factory. Provides large contact area of electrolyte and electrode. Avoids limitations in use of particular kind of electrode. Provides contact with good electrolyte and electrode.
A flat plate shaped single cell include a flat plate shaped solid electrolyte, and an anode and an cathode formed on respective surfaces of the solid electrolyte, supported by a pair of plates including gas supply-and-exhaust means while sandwiched between the plates. Each of the plates is formed with a recess on the surface facing the single cell, and a contact plate having many through-holes and a waved plate are laminated in each recess, so the contact plate faces the electrode side.    USE -   For a steam electrolysis device used in prodn. of hydrogen gas which may be used as clean energy for hydrogen engines, fuel cell or hydrogen gas turbine.    ADVANTAGE -   The obtd. flat cell can have three or four times electrolysis area compares to usual cells.
The metal material comprises (wt.%): 5-30 Cr; 3-45 Co; up to 1 La; and balance Fe and incidental impurities, or alternatively comprises: 5-30 Cr; 3-20 Co; up to 1 La; 5-15 Ni; 1-10 Mo; up to 3 Ti; up to 3 Al; and balance Fe and incidental impurities.    USE -   Used for separators of solid electrolyte fuel cells.
The panel (1) has an organic electrothermal conversion element (2) joined to the back side of it. A positive electrode (11) is formed by a thin graphite board. The negative electrode (14) is formed with zinc foil. A non-woven fabric (13) is inserted between the electrodes provided insulation. The organic matter serves as an electrolyte.    Salts are added to increase ion conductivity and manganese is added for oxidation. The solar light energy received on the back side of the solar panel is transmitted to the organic system electrothermal conversion element. The light energy is converted to electrical energy.    ADVANTAGE -   Costs are reduced. Facilitates easy disposal of wastage. Occupies less space and efficient solar panel. Protects environment of earth.
The structure is constituted by a solar circuit which is covered with a reinforced glass (1) The solar cell is positioned on EVA copolymer layer (6). The EVA layer is mounted on a pair of macromolecular resin layers (3) which are separated by a barrier layer (4) made up of polyisobutylene resin system.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces cost and size of module. Raises operational reliability of module.
The amorphous Si film of conductivity of more than 0.0001 S/cm is effected by doping impurities even formed on substrate having m.pt. of lower than 290 deg.C and formed by plasma deformation of silane gas and B or P contg. gases.    The capacity coupling plasma CVD equipment was used to form 400 nm. thick amorphous Si film, by the conditions of area of electrode 400 sq.cm., distance between substrate and electrode 30 mm., pressure 0.4 Torr, gas flow rate SiH4 25 sccm., H2 80 sccm., B2H6 0.5% of H2, plasma exciting power and frequency 400 W/50 MHz, substrate Ba-borosilicate glass, temp. of substrate 150 deg.C.    ADVANTAGE -   Cheap and less heat resisting plastic can be used as a substrate, since high quality amorphous Si film can be formed on a low temp. substrate, and cheap and light weighted solar cell and LC display can be obtd. by this invention.
Reformed gas (7) contg. H2plus CO is obtd. by supplying a hydrocarbon gas and steam (2) to a multi-tubular reformer (1) provided with a number of bayonet type double wall catalyst tubes (3 and 4) in a pressure vessel. Porous media comprising ceramic foam (13 and 14) are arranged in a shell side flue gas inlet part (9) to envelope the leading end parts of the tubes. The reformer is also claimed.    USE -   Reformed gas prod. is used in fuel cells which generate electric power.    ADVANTAGE -   Heat transfer from flue gas to the catalyst tubes is enhanced since the porous media accumulate heat and radiate this heat in the direction of the outer tube walls. Uneven heating is avoided because of repression of wall effects and flue gas channelling. Reformer operation is stabilised.
Manufacture of cathodes for molten carbonate fuel cells including Li cobaltite, comprises tape casting of a mixture containing powdered Co and bicarbonate.    USE -   Fuel cell cathodes.    ADVANTAGE -   Method produces cathodes with optimum porosity.
Impurity gettering of semiconductor substrate or device having back and front sides and impurities, comprises: (a) hydrogenating back side with intensity and duration to cause damage; and (b) irradiating electromagnetic radiation intense enough for duration causing impurity diffusion to back side and there alloy with attached metal, wherein impurities are soluble, to form contact without impurity release.    Also claimed is impurity gettering of semiconductor substrate or device having back and front sides and impurities, comprising hydrogenation and radiation or thermal treatment for impurities and defects.    USE -   Used in gettering of Si solar cell.    ADVANTAGE -   Impurity and defect removal from device or substrate is possible.
In a high polymer ion-exchange membrane consisting of high polymer resin contg. ion-exchange group to cation or anion through which cation or anion is selectively permeated along the direction of film thickness, the molecule chains forming the main skeleton of the high polymer resin is arranged in the direction of film thickness of the high polymer ion-exchange membrane.    Also claimed is the mfr. of high polymer ion-exchange membrane which comprises moulding the high polymer resin into a block form and cutting the block-form resin into thin film along the direction crossing to the extrusion direction.    Ion-exchange group is e.g. sulphonic acid group to hydrogen ion. High polymer resin contg. ion-exchange group is e.g. fluorine type sulphonic acid high polymer resin.    A cation-exchange membrane, useful as solid electrolyte membrane for fuel cell, was prepared from fluorine type sulphonic acid high polymer resin having sulphonic acid group as ion-exchange group.    USE -   As e.g. solid electrolyte membrane for fuel cell.    ADVANTAGE -   Exhibits high ion conductivity.
Ceramics comprises lanthanum manganite having a (Ln(1-x) AEx )1-y MnO3, perovskite solid soln., where AE is Ca or Sr, Ln has up to 74 wt.% of La, up to 5 wt.% of Ce, up to 20 wt.% of Pr, and up to 1 wt.% of Nd, x is greater than zero and smaller than or equal to 0.4; and y is equal to or greater than zero and is smaller than 0.1.    USE -   For a solid electrolyte fuel cell.
The layer of material is irradiated with gas beams, which may be ion or atomic currents or molecular beams, of low energy levels causing no sputtering of the material from directions perpendicular to the densest crystal planes at an optimum temp. below a crystallisation temp. so as to convert the layer to a thin single crystal or polycrystal layer. The structure contg. the layer is then further processed to form the desired device.    USE -   An mfr. of a micromachine, solar cell, (non) volatile memory, a load of a SRAM memory cell, a TFT, an insulated gate device or an active matrix LCD (all claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   Single and poly crystal thin layers can be formed easily and accurately with uniform thickness for use in complex structures, eg. the diaphragm of a micro-machine.
Plasma chemical vapour deposition appts. includes a chamber contg. a holding electrode on which a substrate is mounted and opposite to it an electrode to which high frequency power is supplied. The substrate is provided with a heater so that a reactant gas passed between it and the application electrode is decomposed by a glow discharge and a deposit formed on the substrate. A first heater is mounted peripherally on the application electrode which is also heated by a second heater comprising a base portion below and parallel to the electrode and a side wall extending upwardly from the periphery of the base to surround the electrode but spaced from it. The second electrode heats both the periphery of the application electrode and its face remote from the substrate. pref. both of the heaters maintain the electrode at not less than 100C. The application electrode may be circular to rectangular, with the base of the second heater of similar shape but larger. There is independently claimed an appts. similar to that above, except that the application electrode is provided with a heater characterised only in that it heats at least the periphery of the electrode to prevent unwanted deposition.    USE -   Solar cells, photo-conductive drums, sensors, thin film transistors.    ADVANTAGE -   High power input can be used to increase deposition rate without unwanted deposition of polysilane powder.
A novel silicon semiconductor wafer has three abutting single crystal sectors (6,7,8) which has radial boundary faces and lines and which form angles (W6,W7,W8) of less than 180 with one another, two of the boundary faces being prim. twin grain boundaries between two (III) crystal planes.    Also claimed is prodn. of the above wafer.    USE -   For solar cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The wafer permits prodn. of extremely thin solar cells of over 20% efficiency with high yields and without high risk of fracture.
A corrosion-resistant, protective coating is applied to metal objects (1) or metallic coatings. The protective coating consists of a base layer (2) applied by sputtering in a vacuum, a corrosion-resistant barrier layer (3) applied by plasma-activated vapour deposition, and a surface layer (4) applied by sputtering. A concentration gradient occurs across the three layers, which are joined to form one continuous coating.    USE -   Corrosion-resistant metal is used in the construction industry and in equipment, domestic appliances, and car mfr.. Metal-coated surfaces requiring protection are e.g. mirrors and solar energy cells.    ADVANTAGE -   Improved corrosion-resistance and/or barrier properties compared to prior art coatings, together with relatively low mfg. costs.
The electrode is made by modifying the electrode surface by successive photopolarisation at -200 to +600mV ref. satd. Calomel electrode and various wavelength frequencies until a stable structure with max. performance is obtd..    USE -   The modified electrode can be used in photovoltaic cells for conversion of solar energy into electrical energy.    ADVANTAGE -    The modified electrode has enhanced performance, peak current-100A/cm2and has long time stability.
The solar battery module has a photovoltaic film (7). This film has flat surface and is ring shaped. An insulation film (8) is provided on the inner circumference of the photovoltaic film. The insulated photovoltaic film is mounted on an etching frame (1). A sealing material (2) seals the photovoltaic film to the etching frame. An interconnector (4) is placed through the ring on to the etching frame. The interconnector together with the etching frame collects the output of the photovoltaic cell.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides good insulation to photovoltaic film. Improves sealing.
The method connects an interconnector (21) to the top face of a bypass diode (16) by welding. This diode is then mounted and fixed on to a surface electrode (13') which consists of Ag paste. The fixation is carried out by baking the surface electrode material.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves reliability and stabilises characteristics. Simplifies process. Increases production efficiency.
The manufacturing method involves usage of a semiconductor P type substrate (21) in which a PN junction is formed. A reflection prevention film (27) is then installed over the PN junction layer which then holds a pair of silver electrodes (31). A dopant liquid (22) is applied on the semiconductor P type substrate. At the same time, a masking liquid (23) along the titanium acid is applied at the peripheral portion of the other end surface of the substrate. An N+ layer is then formed at the light receiving surface of P type substrate and is not formed at the mask liquid application film. Thus, a PN junction is formed on the upper surface of the substrate and a silver electrode (28) and an aluminium electrode (24) are formed, which are mutually and electrically connected to the other surface of the substrate.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces manufacturing cost of device. Improves reliability of device.
The mfg. method forms a n+ layer (2) on the top surface of a p type Si substrate (1). Then, n++ domain (2') is formed in the n+ layer by an ion implantation method. Electrodes (4) are set up at the surface of n+ layer of predetermined pattern.    To the domain of the electrode directly under the surface side of n+ layer, a high concentration n type impurity domain is formed. The depth of this domain is more shallow than the depth of n+ layer or it is of same depth as n++ domain.    ADVANTAGE -   Makes narrow depletion layer under electrode. Raises conversion efficiency.
The fuel battery consists of a green sheet (13) inserted into a fuel pipe (11) of thickness 1.5 - 2.5 mm. The green sheet is made precisely with the same material as that of the fuel pole pipe. An interconnected pipe (12) has a reduction prevention film (15) coated over it whose thickness ranges within 10 - 100 micrometers.    This is laid along the axial direction with respect to the fuel pipe and the whole arrangement constitutes an unit (14). Multiple such units are connected using green sheet (16) of insulated material placed in between them. An air hole pipe (18) of 300 - 600 micrometer thickness is setup on an electrolyte film (17) of 30 - 100 micrometer thickness which is in turn laid on the fuel pole pipe.    ADVANTAGE -   Inhibits deterioration in performance of interconnection pipe. Prevents degradation of electrical conductivity during operation. Provides highly reliable battery unit.
The battery uses a convertor gas which is mixed with an exhaust gas discharged from the fuel battery itself. The convertor gas is generated by iron manufacturing process. The converter gas contains carbon monoxide as its main ingredient and is generated by the reaction of carbonate salts. This is then mixed with the exhaust gas whose main ingredient is CO2.    ADVANTAGE -   The battery restrains carbon deposition; performs efficient power generation; and provides for compactness.
The fuel battery operation method involves an electromechanical cell which consists of an oxygen pole (12) and a fuel pole (13). An electrolyte film (11) is inserted between these holes. During operation, a fuel gas containing oxygen is supplied to the oxygen pole of the cell. During a pause in the operation, fuel gas is humidified. The remaining gas is discharged by water which is introduced from a water storage part (2).    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For use in portable power supply devices, generators etc. Provides apparatus of reduced size and light weight nature. Provides stable output. Provides no problem such as ignition explosion. Recovers water after discharging gas and stores it for reuse. Eliminates residual gas efficiently. Simplifies composition of battery.
The battery has a heat accumulation type heat exchanger (12) which has a switching period of less than one minute. An electric power generator (14) with cells is heated. The heat exchanger introduces a cooling medium into the electric power generator to provide cooling effect.    ADVANTAGE -   The reduces size of battery and economical value. Improves installation nature of battery; and enables miniaturisation of battery.
The humidification apparatus comprises of a fuel gas humidification layer (300) comprising a water transparent layer (310) and a gas flow path (340). The transparent layer consists of a microporous film (312) and a hydrophilic layer (314). The porous film has holes with diameters 10-8 or 10-7 and is made of polypropylene.    The hydrophilic is layered by the side of porous film. The porous film responds to the pressure difference between the fuel gas and water. By changing the difference of pressure in the stream path (308) and the fuel gas flow path (348), the amount of water transmitted through the transparent layer is regulated.    ADVANTAGE -   Raises humidification capability. Reduces size. Enlarges contact area of fuel gas.
The electric power generation method uses a molten carbonic acid salt based fuel battery containing an inflammable gas having H2and CO gas as fuel gases. Air is introduced into the exhaust gas from the boiler for heat recovery at the latter part of the fuel battery as oxidisation gas and electricity is generated.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides efficient power generation method.
The fuel battery apparatus (1) is accommodated inside a chamber (10). A fuel gas introduction pipe (11) is connected to this chamber. A return pipe (12) provided in the chamber supplies the exhaust gas to a recycling reactor (13), a shift reactor (14), a water remnant unit (15) and a CO2removal unit (16) arranged on the introduction pipe. Another introduction pipe (17) through which air is supplied into the chamber is also provided. A Si component suction member (18) is arranged on the supply course of the fuel gas at high and low temperature parts.    The fuel battery element is composed of a first and second electrode layer with a solid state electrolyte layer in between. The electrode layer of a fuel battery element is connected to that of another element by an electrically conductive material. The rate of Si component contained in lantern chromite which is the electrically conductive material is not more than 5% by weight of the whole compound. The rate of Si in the fuel gas and air is made to be less than 1%.    ADVANTAGE -   Realises highly maintainable electric power generation with efficiency. Over long duration. Inhibits degradation of endurance of inter connector, electrode performance and gas transparency.
The fuel cell has multiple cells (4), with an anode (2) and a cathode (3) at both sides of an electrolyte (1). Between each cell, gas is supplied to the anode through gas flow domains of the plates (5,6). The plate forms passages (9,10) with ribs (8,11) for the gas passage. Except at the gas flow domain, peripherals (5c,6b) of the plates consist insulated resin.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves plate formation for reaction flow passage. Reduces wt. and cost.
The fuel battery comprises a layer of two or more single cells (7). The single cell comprises a precise member, a separator and a cell reaction part (4). The separator has termination ceiling (3) installed parallel to a rib part (2). The rib part comprises a gas exit part (6) in both ends of a position board (1). The cell part consists of an electrolyte and an electrode.    A cooler part is attached in both ends of the fuel battery using a cooler holder. The cooler serves the purpose of reducing the temperature of the coolant of the cooling pipe which correspond to the cell exit part. This facilitates condensation of electrolyte in exit gas thereby recovering it. The position board constituting a porous member, separates oxidizing agent gas and quality gas of a charge flowing from fuel pole side to oxidizing pole side.    ADVANTAGE -   Decreases temperature of gas exit part of cell. Restrains electrolyte scattering from cell. Improves thermal conductivity of member beside cell. Diminishes difference in temperature between cells in block. Minimizes variation in amount of electrolyte scattering between cells. Balances lifetime of cell and durability of cell.
The electrolyte film (10) is made out of two positive ion exchange process films (12,14) of an ion exchange process group, having 900 and 1100 respectively as their equivalent weight (EW). This weight is defined as a film wt. per sulphone gp. which is differing by 1 mol. The electrolyte film is produced from a fluorine system sulphonic acid macromolecule resin by making sulphone group as an ion exchange process gp.    The thickness of the electrolyte becomes 100 microns. It contains an anode (20) and a cathode (30) in its either side. The anode and the cathode consists of a gas diffusion electrode part (22) and a catalyser reaction layer (24).    ADVANTAGE -   Improves battery performance and endurance.
The fuel cell consists of electrolyte film (10). An anode (20) and a cathode (30) are arranged on either side of the film for a gas passage such as oxygen from the anode side and hydrogen from the cathode side. The electrolyte film consists of positive ion exchange film from a fluorine system sulphonic acid macromolecule resin. This resin distributes granular objects (12) which has a mean dia. of 20 microns. The granular object is a bridge acid salt macro molecule resin of a hydrophilic group.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies moisture management. Improves operation efficiency and battery performance.
The production method consists of several steps. Over a polyester sheet (3), a green yttria-doped film (2) is applied. Next, the green board of fuel pole (1) is located on the yttria-doped zirconia film. Then, this assembly is located on a press and it is pressed. The pressed sheet is taken out of the press and baked in a baking oven. The baking process is performed for predetermined temperature.    ADVANTAGE -   Controls film thickness over wide range. Simplifies production process. Increases production efficiency. Reduces production cost. Provides good combination of porous substrate and film.
The cell consists of a fuel pole, a solid electrolyte and an oxygen pole as its electrolytic layers. A passage for the flow of gas is also formed in the cell. An electric junction material is deposited on both sides of the interconnector which connects the electrolytic layers electrically.    ADVANTAGE -   The cell reduces thickness of cell; forms uniform inter connector and electrolytic layers; reduces prodn. time and electrical resistance; and improves connection intensity and reliability.
The method involves the deposition of a solid state metallic oxide electrolyte (3) on the surface of a cylindrical porous air pole (2). A porous fuel pole (4) consists of a compound metallic oxide layer formed over a metallic object. A collector member (5) is fixed to the air pole and is placed between the poles and the electrolyte layer. The compound oxide layer has a formula Z(La( 1-x-y)Ax By ) (Cr( 1-p)Cp ) O3delta,    where "A" is a third group element while B and C are alkaline earth elements like Mn, Ni, Fe, Ce and Zr. An interface layer (6) is formed between the corrosion resistant halogen gas layers. The values of x, y, z and p in the general formula are given by 0x0.4, 0.5y0.55, 90z1.050 and 0.1p0.9.    ADVANTAGE -   The method improves life time of cell and performance.
The fuel battery incorporates an electrolyte film constituted by a solid state macromolecules. On either sides of the electrolyte film, a fuel pole and an air pole are arranged. These poles have catalyser layer which makes contact with the electrolyte film.    The catalyser layer is composed of carbon particles. The rate of combination of the electrolyte in the catalyser layer having catalyser metal is greater than the one on the contrary side.    ADVANTAGE -   The battery improves catalyser utilisation factor; and improves battery performance in high current density.
The fuel battery has a catalyser layer on one side of the electrolyte film, a fuel pole is formed, while on the other side an air pole is arranged. The electrolyte film has a solid state macromolecular structure. The catalyser layer forms a contact interface layer between an electrolyte and the poles.    On the other side of the catalyser layer, gas diffusion layer is arranged on air pole. A slope is set up along the catalyser layer so that the non dense aqueous layer is set up at lower level.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides high efficiency. Retains terminal voltage even when current density is high. Stabilises operation under high current density. Retains adequate level of moisture in relevant parts.
The fuel battery forms an electrolyte film (1) made up of solid state macro molecules. On either side of the electrolyte film, an oxygen pole (2) and fuel pole (3) are formed. These poles are provided with a pair of catalyser layers (21,31) respectively. On the sides of the oxygen pole and fuel poles, gas diffusion layers (22,32) are formed respectively. The catalyser layer conductive member is formed from a water repellant member and an absorption member. The absorption member in the gas diffusion layer is made up of electrolyte macro molecules, absorption and a viscous material.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For use in electric vessels, portable power supply and generator used in homes. Promotes diffusion of supplied gas into catalyser layer. Carries out water discharge efficiently. Increases internal resistance. Absorbs moisture present in fuel gas effectively.
New fuel reformer which reforms fossil fuel through steam cracking into hydrogen contg. gas comprises a combustor (1) generating heat source gas, a gasifier (2) where fossil fuel is heated and gasified by heat source gas, a converter (6) where the fossil fuel gas is converted into hydrogen contg. gas through steam cracking, the first reformer (3) where the CO concn. in the hydrogen contg. gas is reduced by catalyst, and the second transformer (7) where the CO concn. in the hydrogen contg. gas is further reduced by CO selectively transforming catalyst. Gasifier (2) and the first transformer (3) are combined and heated with the same heat source gas.    USE -   For the conversion of fossil fuel like MeOH or LNG into hydrogen contg. gas in a fuel cell system.    ADVANTAGE -   Gasifier, transformers, and converter can be stacked, so that they are heated efficiently. The size of the transformer can be minimised.
The solar battery is furnished with a transparent insulated substrate (1). A first insulated layer (2) is layered over the substrate. This is followed by the deposition of two or more solar battery substrates (3) over the insulated layer. Each solar battery substrate is covered by a second insulated layer (4) which have an inductive insulation films (8) over them. A third insulator layer (9) surmounted by a metal board is layered on each of these insulated films.    ADVANTAGE -   Secures good insulation nature. Inhibits tracking of solar battery substrates. Reduces thickness of insulated layer.
The manufacturing method incorporates a insulated substrate (1) which is broken into small pieces by means of through holes (21,22). A first electrode layer (3) and a third electrode layer (6) are formed on the whole surface of the substrate.    A second transparent layer (5) is formed on the top surface of the substrate. The first and third layers are semiconductor layers. An interface layer consisting of metal oxide or silicon compound is inserted between the first and third electrode layers and the substrate. The first electrode layer and insulated substrate are connected at regular intervals through the through holes.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves adhesion between substrate and electrode layers. Inhibits peeling of layers near through holes. Provides battery with good characteristics and sufficient yield.
The secondary battery comprises a battery case (15) with a transparent window (15a). Positive and negative electrodes (10,11) are arranged within the case. An electrolyte (12) is filled up into the case. The negative electrode is formed by layering of a barrier metal layer (11b) and a N type semiconductor layer (11c) over a metal layer (11a).    The electrolyte contains an oxidizing agent. A set of holes (10a) are formed the positive electrode. Through this holes sun light is allowed to fall upon the electrolyte.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies battery composition. Surpasses in energy saving nature. Improves transfer nature of metallic ions. Eliminates voltage and current regulation units.
The method involves calcination of powdered metal compound by heating to a temperature of 1000 degree centigrade or more. The composition of the powdered metal compound is k(La1xyAxCayz) (Cr1nBn)O3where A is chosen from any one of metals like Sr, Ba and Ca, B is chosen from any one of metals like Mg, Zn, Al, Mn, Fe, Ce, Co and Ni.    The value of x,y,z,k and n are chosen according to specific requirements such that 0.05 xyn 0.300, 0.001 z 0.05, 0.90 k 1.05, 0 n 0.5. The rate of opening of blow hole is maintained at one percent or less. After calcination it is shaped and baked at a temperature of 1300 degree centigrade or more.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables baking at low temperature. Reduces cost of production. Gives high output per unit area. Provides superb cell of long stability.
The fuel battery (22) generates an anode gas (2) including hydrogen and a cathode gas (3) including oxygen. A modifier (24) modifies the fuel gas using heat transfer. A catalyser (25) for this modification is filled in a quality room (26). The modifier has a separation film (30) which separates hydrogen of the anode gas from fuel modifying gas.    ADVANTAGE -   Produces high rate of quality change. Inhibits contamination of quality catalyser. Improves performance. Provides long term stability.
In prepn. of a silicon semiconductor by pouring heated and melted silicon semiconductor material into a mould, solidifying, taking out the silicon from the mould, and cutting the solidified silicon into silicon ingots, partitions which fit the silicon ingots to be produced are placed in the mould in advance and the partitions are removed after the ingots are solidified.    The material of the partitions pref. has electric conductivity, poor wettability against the silicon material, and a high melting point. The material of the partitions is more pref. tantalum, molybdenum, or tungsten.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   The polycrystalline silicon semiconductors obtd. can be used as materials of solar cells. The number of cutting processes for obtaining silicon substrates can be reduced from two by the conventional method to one.
An accepting light quantity indicating unit, whose indicating mode is changed according to intensity of accepting light beam, is provided on the acceptance plane while using photochromic members, whose transmittance is changed when irradiated by light beam, for the indicating unit.    A UV sheet (10), whose characteristic is varied by divided parts of the sheet, is placed on a photochromic sheet (3) with uniform sensitivity. The photochromic sheet (3) is formed by high sensitivity material which is not coloured by visible light but is coloured by uv light. A portion of the photochromic sheet (3) covered by a portion of the uv sheet (10) with high transmittance for uv light is coloured by weak light beam and the portion of the photochromic sheet (3) covered by a portion of the uv sheet (10) with low transmittance for uv light is not coloured unless the intensity of the light beam is high.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Accepting light quantity indicators are used for cameras contg. solar cells as sec. batteries. Acceptance state of a solar cell is indicated without using any electric circuit.
The solar battery contains photoelectric conversion element consists of In203 contg. transferent conductive layer, and photoconductive layer.    ADVANTAGE -   The solar battery having high photoelectric conversion efficiency is obtd. by using infra-red energy of solar ray, with combination of transferent conductive layer having high photo-transparency and high electro-conductivity, and photo-electric conversion element composed with photoconductive material having sensitivity to infra-red ray.    In an example, a n-Si layer (n) of 1 micrometer thick was formed by doping P into B doped p-Si polycrystal substrate (p) of 10 cm by 10 cm by 0.4 mm thickness. (n) was applied with solution of mixture of 1.857 g of dodecane, 0.5 g of (C8H17COO)3In, and 0.13 g of (C8H17COO)2Sn, dried at 45 deg. C, burned at 800 deg. C, and transferent conductive layer of In203-Sm02 of 0.2 micrometer thick was obtained. The other side surface of (p) was deposited by Al to form electrode of 1 micrometer. The conversion efficiency of this solar battery was 7.8 %.
The solar battery substrate manufacturing method consists of several steps. The part that forms the solar battery is of thin shape. The mean difference in level of this uneven surface is kept below predetermined value.    ADVANTAGE -   Raises confinement effect of light incident in bottom portion. Provides homogeneous thin film.
The formation method involves introduction of electromagnetic waves (7) such as microwaves into a film formation space (21) through an introductory window (21). The film formation space is enclosed inside a chamber (1) which has a insulated substrate (5) that transmits the microwaves. A gas (8) introduced into the film formation space is decomposed and thin film is formed on the substrate. A non-film forming space (22) which introduces a gas, is set up between the substrate and window.    ADVANTAGE -   Stabilizes film forming rate. Obtains high vacuum inside chamber. Improves operativity remarkably. Reduces accumulation of dust. Avoids reduction of introductory efficiency of microwaves. Improves reproducibility.
The method involves generation of carbon monoxide gas along with the hydrogen gas by an apparatus (2). The carbon monoxide is converted into carbon dioxide by carrying out a reaction with stream in a device which has to be cooled. So a cooling unit (20) carrying a cooling water cools the device. During shutdown states of the battery, the passage of the fluid is stopped by reducing its rate flow using an internal operation.    ADVANTAGE -   Shortens starting time of operation. Reduces power consumption of device.
The fuel cell comprises an accumulation object (2) within which unit fuel cells (3) are arranged. The stack is composed of a pair of boards (21A,21B). The fuel cell has three coolant flow paths which allow flow of a coolant (5). The flow of coolant is at right angles to the flow path of reaction gas. Three unit radiators (23a-23c) are set up along each of the coolant flow paths.    In the two boards inflow and outflow mouths (93a,93b) are set up for inflow and discharge of the coolant. The coolants (5a-5c) that flow each of the coolant supply pipes differ in their temperatures.    ADVANTAGE -   Obtains desired temperature distribution. Stablizes battery performance over long period.
The burner comprises a heating unit (1) formed by conductive SiC contg. three dimensional mesh structure in a rectangular prism shape, a power source (18) for supplying power to the heating unit (1), an air supply unit (blower) (7) for supplying air to the heating unit (1), and fuel supply unit (12) for spraying fuel in the air supplied to the heating unit (1).    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Used for reformers for fuel batteries, turbogenerators, and gas turbine or carbon trappers for diesel engine. Heating efficiency is high while requiring no additional fuel storing/supply device.
The process involves directing a stream of nitrogen gas through the anode portions of the fuel cell stack to purge the anode portions, and subsequently directing a stream of natural gas through the anode portions during the said periods in order to minimise electrical potential in the anode portions during the said periods. The natural gas stream is pref. a de-sulphurised fuel gas stream (40). The stream pref. flows through a natural gas reformer (31) during normal load periods and by-passes it (46) during no-load periods.    Cell stack assembly for the above operation including a natural gas reformer with a by-pass for no-load hot-hold periods is also claimed.    USE -   Esp. with H3PO4 fuel cell power plants.    ADVANTAGE -   Passivation of the anodes is achieved using the power plant's source of natural gas, rather than an auxiliary gas, e.g. H2.
A transparent oxide of Zn(Ga(1-x) Alx )2 O4(0.05 X 0.8) which is a solid solution with a spinel crystal structure is new. Also claimed is a transparent conductive oxide, which consists of the above transparent oxide into which charge carriers are injected.    USE -   The transparent conductive oxides obtained can be used in liq. crystal displays and electrodes of solar cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The oxides obtained have good transparency and conductivity.
A raw silicon material is passed into high-temp. plasma and melted or decomposed, and the melted or decomposed silicon raw material is formed into a polycrystal silicon film on a heated heat-resisting substrate. The polycrystal silicon film is formed while ultrasonic vibrational energy is imparted to the film of the melted or decomposed silicon raw material which is formed on the heat-resistant substrate.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   The polycrystal silicon films formed on substrates can be used in solar cells. The obtd. polycrystal silicon films have improved crystal properties, and thin silicon films with improved semiconducting properties can be produced easily in large quantities at low cost. Also polycrystalline silicon films can be formed on heat-resistant substrates at lower temps.
Contacting thin layer solar modules comprises: (a) producing a thin film solar module on a substrate (1) and integrally structuring into strips and crossing in series, where at least one of the 1st or 2nd electrode layers (2,4) comprises a transparent conducting oxide; (b) placing a contact strip (5,6) over the 2nd electrode layer (4) along both sides of the substrate (1) parallel to the strip-like structure; and (c) laminating a cover on the structure using a melt adhesive foil (7) under elevated temp. and pressure.    USE -   The process is used to contact solar modules made of amorphous silicon or alloy contg. amorphous silicon, where 1st and 2nd electrode layers are made of zinc oxide; or to contact solar modules with a chalcopyrite deriv. as absorber layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Good electrically conducting contact is produced.
Photovoltaic device comprises a semiconductor body in which moving charge carriers are produced by falling optical radiation. The semiconductor body contains a material having an energy band structure that makes addition carrier prodn. possible by bombarding ionisation (Auger Effect) in the spectral region of the falling radiation.    USE -   As solar cell, and device with heterostructure semiconductor body.
Forming an antireflection coating for a surface of Si comprises: forming a Si nitride coating with a refractive index of about 2.3 on the Si using PECVD; forming a Si oxide coating on the Si nitride coating using PECVD.    USE -   Method for forming a n antireflection coating for a surface of Si, in integrated fabrication technology.    ADVANTAGE -   Highly effective antireflection properties; formed at low temp. using PECVD; inexpensive.
Sealing sheet (10) consists of an adhesive resin layer (14) layered on a rubber sheet (12). The rubber sheet is made up of butyl rubber and the resin layer is made up of polyisobutylene based resin. The sealing sheet is sealed on the rear surface of a solar cell.    ADVANTAGE -   Ensures highly reliable and productive solar battery. Reduces cost.
The method forms a semiconductor thin film (2) made up of cadmium over a transparent substrate (1). The heat treatment of this film in atmosphere in the presence of cadmium chloride is then carried out to form a second semiconductor thin film (3) of chalco pyrite structure. An electrode film (4) is formed above this semiconductor thin film.    ADVANTAGE -   Forms battery of high energy conversion efficiency. Improves crystallinity. Reduces defect. Increases life time of battery.
The process uses a conductive substrate. A suspension of copper covered selenium particles is distributed and is layered over the substrate. An indium electroplating layer is coated by use of an indium plating bath. On subsequent heat treatment the electroplating layer is converted into copper-indium-selenium alloy layer.    ADVANTAGE -   The desired compsn. of metals is provided. The productivity of the crystalline absorption layer is improved. An economical absorption layer is provided.
The generator consists of a quality apparatus (7). In this apparatus, reaction of the original fuel gas and steam takes place and a quality gas is generated. A potential device (9) carries out the reaction of the quality gas and steam to generate a transformer.    An electric power generator (11) is supplied with the transformer gas as fuel gas. A moisture isolator (5) separates the steam from the cooling water that is circulated. An exhaust gas path (15) is set up through which the original fuel gas is circulated so that the gas discharged from the electric power part combines with it.    ADVANTAGE -   Does not consume more amount of fuel. Improves efficiency and cooling efficiency. Avoids reduction in efficiency due to uneven distribution of gas.
The fuel cell consists of an electrolyte board (1) on either sides of which an anode (2) and a cathode (3) are arranged. Also, a set of holding boards (5,9) are provided. The lower board is filled up with a catalyst (12) and a nickel foil (8) which is permeable to hydrogen gas are arranged by the side of anode.    ADVANTAGE -   Restrains catalyst deterioration due to scattering of electrolyte. Prolongs usage of battery.
Material of which an anti-oxidn. cover layer made of a previous metal or its alloy is formed on the cathode side of a Ni-based alloy core material and an anticorrosion cover layer made of Ni or its alloy is formed at the anode side of the core material. The core material consist of up to 0.15% of C, 6-25% of Cr, 5-10% of Fe, and the remainder of Ni and unavoidable impurities.    USE -   The separator is suitable for smaller size and lighter wt. fuel cell used at higher temp..    ADVANTAGE -   The material has improved corrosion and oxidn. resistance at higher temp.
Air pole prodn. involves shaping a kneaded mixt. of activated carbon, conductive carbon and polytetrafluoroethylene in the form of a sheet. The soln. of redn. agent of a metal content ion are impregnated into the sheets separately. Then, sheets are carried to a holder containing a catalyser to return the metal content ion to the metal.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For use in air cell mfr. for fuel cell, where zinc, iron, magnesium and aluminium are used as negative electrodes. Realises high catalyser ability by using small quantity of metal.
The fuel battery consists of a fuel battery main part (1) placed inside a storing receptacle (2). An exit pipe (12) and a purge gas entrance pipe (11) are connected at either end of the storing receptacle. A part of gas discharged from the storing receptacle is returned to the storing receptacle through a circulation pipe (21). A blower (22) is provided at the centre of the circulation pipe.    A pressure detector (23) detects the pressure difference with an oxidizing agent pole (24). A control valve (10) is connected to a source of supply (9) which supplies purge gas. A control device (24) controls the control valve and adjusts the amount of supply of purge gas closed on the pressure detected by the pressure detector.    ADVANTAGE -   Increases economical efficiency. Reduces amount of purge gas required.
The inter connector (1) consists of two of more gas flow paths. A first gas flow path (21) whose both ends are positioned to the external substrate parts. An adjacent gas flow path is arranged and is connected to the first gas flow path at the both ends. A module has multiple slots which is set up at intervals containing in the glass melting liquid pool which contacts the cell stack of the manifold gas. The thermal coefficient of the gas is lesser than that of the cell stack.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides gas sealing of planar SOFC. Realises efficient generation of electric power density when compared with cylindrical type SOFC.
Mfr. involves forming a cylindrical compact (5) which consists of air pole formation powder. A sheet-like compact (6) is formed with solid state electrolyte formation powder. The sheet-like compact is twisted and layered on the surface of the cylindrical compact and a multilayer body is formed. The multilayer body is then baked in an oxidising atmos. and air and a solid state electrolyte layer is produced.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces number of processes. Improves mass productivity. Reduces mfg. cost.
In a plate type reformer consisting of alternate layers of plate-shaped reforming compartments packed with a reforming catalyst and plate-shaped combustion compartments packed with a combustion catalyst, supporters which have U-shaped cross-sections with holes in the centres and are elastic in the vertical direction, are placed across the boards separating the reforming compartments and combustion compartments, the bottom ends of the supporters are joined with the lower separation boards, and the top ends of the supporters are contacted with the upper separation boards in a slidable manner.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Used in fused carbonate fuel cells. Since there is little empty space above the catalysts, the gas does not move in the empty space along the top and sides of the catalyst but passes through the catalyst and therefore the function of the reformer can be maintained without using excess amounts of catalysts.
The formation method uses a conductive coating material which is a mixture of a conductive filler and a binder to form the transparent electrode. The mean particle diameter of the conductive filler is lesser than or equal to 0.5 micrometers. Basically conductive filler particles of mean diameter of 0.1 micrometers or less are dissolved in a solvent which inhibits secondary condensation along with the binder. After dissolution the mean particle diameter is made lesser than or equal to 0.5 micrometers. This conductive coating agent is applied on to a base substrate through hardening. A barrier layer (107) made up of this transparent electrode is interposed between upper grid electrodes (106,108).    ADVANTAGE -   Obtains good inactive characteristic. Prevents shunting. Obtains electrode with sufficient conductivity and transparency. Raises reliability of battery.
Prodn. comprises: irradiating ZnO molecular beams and molecular beams of periodic gp. IA (H), IIIA (B, Al, Ga, or In), or VIIA (F, Cl, I, or Brr) atom at a substrate for forming a film. The result produces the transparent conductive film comprising ZnO doped with the above atom. Also claimed is the prodn. of the photoelectric transfer semiconductor device comprising (a) forming the ZnO transparent conductive film on transparent substrate; (b) forming a semiconductor film for forming a hetero bond or homo bond on the ZnO film.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   The methods produce the transparent conductive film and the photoelectric transfer semiconductor device. The transparent conductive film is used for a high-efficient solar battery, or a display. The transparent conductive film and the photoelectric transfer semiconductor device have low resistance. The method produces the ZnO film having less crystal defects.
New organic n-type semiconductor comprises fluorinated vanadyl phthalocyanine of formula (I) having a thickness of 1-1000 (pref 50-200)nm. X=halogen; In 16Xs, at least 12Xs= fluorine and the others = chlorine or bromine.    USE -   The new organic n-type semiconductor is used for a solar battery (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   The hydrogen atom of phthalocyanine is replaced with an electron attractive halogen atom, partic, a fluorine atom. The result provides the phthalocyanine ring with easy reduction, exerting n-type semiconductor characteristics while retaining the sublimation of the phthalocyanine. The above advantages allow the use of the organic n-type semiconductor for the solar battery. Orienting the fluorinated phthalocyanine enhances photoelectric conversion efficiency.
The mfg. method of a photoelectric converter involves formation of a P type or N type oxidation silicon thin film (2) on the surface of a N type or P type single crystal silicon substrate (1). On the surface of the silicon substrate, an etch-pit (10) comprising a texture slot is formed by sputtering method. The oxidation thin film is formed on the light incident surface of the single crystal silicon substrate and forms a P-N junction.The etching process of oxidation silicon thin film is carried out using an etching agent of high frequency. An oxidation silicon thin film (22) at the valley part of etch-pit and at the top part is removed. This leaves the insulating thin film at the slope part (21) of the etch-pit partially. An amorphous silicon film layer (3) is formed on the substrate dotted with the oxidation silicon film.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces number of mfg. process steps. Improves characteristic of silicon system semiconductor layer.
The method involves deposition of an Al-Si layer on a light receiving surface of an element over which an insulating film (15) or a reflection prevention film (10) is installed. The silicon present in the Al-Si layer is in a liquified state and a condensation deposition process is thus carried out. A wet etching process is then performed over this solidified Al-Si layer. Thus the Al-Si layer is removed from the surface of the insulating film or the reflection prevention film. But, a small quantity of silicon grain scums are left behind during the etching process which thus results in multiple silicon grains (16) installed on the light receiving surface of the element.    ADVANTAGE -   Raises photo electric conversion efficiency of device; and improves S/N ratio of light receiving element.
Fuel cell which operates at normal pressure condition makes use of oxygen and CO2as oxidising agents with the density of oxygen maintained higher than that of hydrogen which is a fuel gas. The density of oxygen constitutes 15-60% of the total oxidizing gas capacity. The electrodes (1) are coated with an oxidizing material which includes oxides of Na, Co or Ni cpds. The electrolyte is made up of carboxylic acid salt which is either Mg, Li or Na. It also consists of carboxylic acid of strontium, calcium or barium as one of its constituents.    ADVANTAGE -   Enhances chemical energy conversion efficiency of battery. Improves characteristics of battery. Minimizes dissolution of oxidizing agent layer on battery electrodes.
The removal method involves connecting a fuel battery (12) for removal to a fuel supply path (27) of a main fuel battery (11). A fuel discharge path (28) of the fuel battery for CO removal and the fuel supply path of the main fuel battery are connected. Fuel gas which does not contain CO makes hydrogen discharged from the fuel battery for CO removal, to be supplied into the main fuel battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Removes CO efficiently. Reduces loss of hydrogen gas. Occupies less space. Avoids poisoning of main fuel battery due to CO.
The method uses a quality system of fuel change, which comprises a desulphurisation device, a fuel modifier and a transformer. A fuel battery in stack structure is formed from air supply system and fuel gas, reaction air from quality system. The battery is furnished with a cooling board layered by the fuel battery stack, a circulation bump, a steam splitter and cooling wafer circulation system. The temperature (Tfw) of the battery is made to standby at 65 - 75 deg C and temp. of each part of quality system is raised.    The cooling water circulation system is used so that temperature (Tfg) during gas introduction may reach 120 - 160 deg.C This operation occurs whenever each part of the quality system reaches operation start temperature (Trw). The next process supplies fuel gas and reaction air to the fuel battery stack and temp. is raised to rated operation temp. (Tfn).    ADVANTAGE -   The method prevents prodn. of large and rough electrode catalyser particles; reduces electrode surface area; and inhibits reduction in battery characteristics (voltage current characteristic) and in durability.
The air supply apparatus includes a turbine compression machine (17) with a compressor (C). This compressor is driven by a turbine (T) which in turn is driven by a cathode exhaust gas (7). An electric blower (18) is driven by an electric motor (M). The turbine compression machine has a pair of suction lines (21, 22). The electric blower is equipped with two discharge lines (23, 24). The compressor check value (25) is provided in the first discharge line, to prevent reverse flow of discharge air to the turbine compression machine. A blower check valve (26) prevent the reverse flow of suction air to the electric blower, is setup in the second suction line. A bypass line (27) connects downstream side of blower check valve and upstream side of compressor check valve.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids production of component overload. Stabilizes supply of air from normal pressure to rated pressure.
The fuel battery includes a cell (4) which is constituted by an electrolyte matrix (1), an anode (2) and a cathode (3). A set of separators (7-9) enables formation of an anode gas passage (5) and a cathode gas passage (6). For the gas sealing operation, and anode shim (11) and a cathode shim (13) are provided. An electrolyte which is phosphoric acid, is supplied to the anode shim or cathode shim, at the electrolyte matrix, from a reservoir (10). The part also serves as a supply slot. A phosphoric acid holding material (12b) covers the inner surface of the reservoir. The material has smaller holding capability than electrolyte retaining capability of the electrolyte matrix. The one side of the phosphoric acid retaining material contacts the reservoir, whereas the other side touches the electrolyte matrix.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides lengthened battery lifetime; inhibits generation of gas leakage; attains high reliability and safety; and avoids drying of electrolyte matrix, cracks and explosion.
The manufacturing method uses a fuel supply hole (6) connected to a fuel passage (12) of a solid state electrolytic cell. A plate like solid state electrolyte (1) is inserted between two annular interchange connectors (3,4) made from ceramics. A fuel discharge mouth (7) is provided. Temporal tacking of the electrolyte, an insulating material (2) and the 1st interchange connectors is carried out using an adhesive agent. Fuel pole material is applied to inner parts of one surface of the electrolyte and the 1st connector. Baking at high temperature is performed and temporal tacking part is joined. Thus, a fuel pole (5) is formed. Again, temporary tacking of the electrolyte, the insulating material and the 2nd connector, is carried out. Air pole material is applied on inner parts on the other surface of the electrolyte and the 2nd connector. High temperature baking and unification of temporal tacking part are carried out. Thus, an air pole (10) is formed.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents damages to solid state electrolyte. Improves leak proof nature.
The fuel battery has an anode electrode and a cathode electrode, arranged through an electrolyte. A set of separators is provided to form anode or cathode gas passage. These separators are layered. A cooling plate (1) with multiple cooling air passages (3) which are divided by ribs is provided. For every cell, a cooling plate is provided. In the intermediate cooling air passages a laminated heat conduction member (4) is installed parallel to the ribs. The heat conduction member (4) has lower pitch in comparison to that of the ribs. The anode and cathode electrodes are located in the intermediate cooling air passages, thereby resulting in a stacked, vertical structure.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves electric power generation efficiency. Minimises pressure loss. Restrains small temperature increase and temperature differences in cooling plate. Equalises internal temperature on battery surface.
The device has an anode, a cathode and an electrolyte,. At least one of the anode and the cathode consists of mixture of hydrophilic carbon fibre having water affinity and water repellent carbon fibre having water repellency.    USE -   For direct conversion between chemical energy and electric energy.    ADVANTAGE -   The energy conversion can be carried out continuously with high efficiency.    PREFERRED EMBODIMENT - The energy conversion device is e.g. a fuel cell in which chemical energy is converted to electric energy through reaction of hydrogen and oxygen, or a hydrogen or oxygen generator by electrolysation of water etc. The water repellent carbon fibre can be prepared by dipping normal carbon fibre in a tetrafluoro ethylene dispersion, drying in air and then at 100 deg C for 30 min. then heating in n2 gas atmosphere at 250-300 deg C.
In a fuel electrode of solid electrolyte type electrolysation cell consisting of a solid electrolyte and a fuel electrode material layer formed on the solid electrolyte, the fuel electrode material consists of ceramics particles having a radius of up to 30 m and coated with a Ni layer in amt. of 11-83 vol.% of the ceramics particles.    USE -   Suitable for solid electrolyte type fuel cell or high temp. steam electrolysation cell, etc..    ADVANTAGE -   The fuel electrode material layer contains limited amt. of Ni, has almost the same thermal expansion coefft. as the solid electrolyte and has a high electroconductivity.
In a device having one or more high temp. fuel cell batteries (1), a first air channel system (416,417), a heat insulating battery casing integrated in the first channel system at least partially in the form of an air preheater, a second fuel gas channel system (12,2,3,30), a third waste gas channel system (21,211-214), a post-combustion space (11) between each battery and casing and one or more pre-reformers (2) located in the second channel system, the novelty is that (a) the third channel system is in heat transfer communication with the first and second systems; and (b) a preheater (6,60), in the form of auxiliary burners (6) fed with fuel gas, is associated with the or each pre-reformer and is incorporated in the third channel system. Also claimed is a process for initiating operation of the above device.    ADVANTAGE -   The design allows start-up of the fuel cell stack simply.
Mfg. solar cell comprises forming a layer of n-type (2) and then p-type (3) cpd. semiconductor and an electrode layer (5,6) to a glass substrate (1). One semiconductor layer is formed by preparing a paste of powdered raw semiconductor material and a viscous agent, applying the paste, drying it to harden, and burning it, with the substrate being vibrated during or after the application of the paste.    USE -   In the mfr. of solar cells of II-VI or I-III-VI2 type.    ADVANTAGE -   Smooth, uniform, and pinhole free layers of semiconductor are obtd., giving good adhesion and increased performance. Light transmission is increased and sheet resistance reduced.
The reformer (10) is located in the stack furnace (12) housing solid oxide fuel cells (16). Energy for endothermic reformation reaction converting hydrocarbon and water feedstock into hydrogen and carbon monoxide fuel is supplied from heat recovered from the stack oxidisation process.    Uses min. of catalyst but prevents carbonisation from reducing catalyst granule efficiency. Alternatively sufficient catalyst may be provided to give a heat-limited reaction with heat transfer direct to a surrounding reformer (110).    ADVANTAGE/USE -   Temp. gradients in the reformer may be controlled by radiation shielding (20) and by counterflow heat exchange to prevent premature reformer cracking.
The adherent particles are pref. spheres of semiconductor material, esp. Si, which have become bonded during a melting phase. The impact surface is pref. a non-contaminating, low surface energy, non-damaging surface and is pref. made of PTFE.    USE -   Esp. in mfr. of Si spheroid particles used in prodn. of solar cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The broken apart spheres are then remelted and re-solidified to remove any surface irregularities.
A novel solar module has a semi-transparent active layer (3), an opt. transparent rear electrode (4) of thin conductive oxide and a reflector layer (5) which contains a white pigment and which is positioned behind the rear electrode (4). Pref. the pigment is barium sulphate, titanium oxide or zinc sulphide, pref. 'Lithopone' (RTM, mixt. of barium sulphate and zinc sulphide) or esp. rutile titanium oxide. Pref. the reflector layer (5) is a white pigment-contg. (pref. epoxy) lacquer layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Better utilisation of non-absorbed light and thus increased power are achieved even with semi-transparent thin film solar cells and modules.
A holder (28) is provided for receiving a solar cell and conveying it to a pasting station where solder paste is discharged under pressure through nozzles (125) onto selected areas of the cell, the holder (28) then moving the cell to an unloading station.    Also claimed is a method of applying solder paste to a solar cell by conveying the cell to a station where dabs of paste are deposited onto electrical contacts on the cell.    A detector registers failure to dispense paste. A control repeats operation of the solder paste feeder each time failure to dispense is detected. Paste is fed by a positive displacement pump. A paste-pump is provided for each nozzle. The holder may be moved around a turntable.    USE -   Automating the making of soldered electrical connections.    ADVANTAGE -   Paste may be applied to several areas simultaneously. Success of application may be tested for. Breakage of thin, brittle substrates is avoided.
An improved roll sorter, used for sorting particles by size, is disclosed. The sorter is esp. useful for sorting fragile, easily-damaged particles such as silicon spheres used in the mfr. of solar cells.    The appts. (110) consists of two contra-rotating drums or rollers (112,114) arranged with their axes parallel and with a slight gap (124) between them; this gap defines the max. size (46c) to which the particles are sorted. Those particles (46d) of a greater size remain in the sorting region (128) defined by the two rollers and a rod (160) which is positioned on the rollers to prevent particles from being displaced from the sorting region by the movement of the rollers. The rod should simultaneously be in tangential contact with both of the rollers, should be circular in cross-section, and should be of such a size as not to constrict the sorting region and reduce the throughput of the appts.    USE -   For sorting of particulate materials by size, esp. useful in sorting fragile materials, e.g. silicon spheres used in solar cells mfr.    ADVANTAGE -   Appts. is efficient, has high throughput and gives improved sorting of fragile material (e.g. less oversize material is accepted in the prod.).
The system comprises an electrolysis means to electrolyse water while supplying regenerative power and/or power from a solar battery and a hydrogen tank to store hydrogen gas produced by the electrolysis means and supplied to a fuel cell.    ADVANTAGE -   The system has improved energy efficiency.
On a conductive substrate, a thin layer of copper is formed. Selenium particles are distributed in the copper layer. Indium particles are distributed in the thin layer. A copper indium binary alloy is formed in this process and selenium particles are distributed in this alloy.    Then the substrate is kept in a thermal chamber and heat treated. In this process the multilayered body is converted to a three dimensional alloy crystal line layer of copper-indium-selenium compound.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides excellent crystallinity. Increases photo electric conversion efficiency. Does not require heat treatment under severe conditions. Simplifies manufacturing process.
The system (1) has a fuel battery (11) and an air conditioning device (20). The fuel battery supplies power to an electric actuator. A heat exchanger (21) is connected to the air conditioning device and acts as a heating medium. Hydrogen is supplied as fuel to the battery. A tank (10) made up of a metal hydride alloy is used to supply hydrogen through a pipe line. A hydrogen force feeding machine (12) feeds hydrogen to the battery by forcing it. A sec. battery (31) is connected parallel to the output terminals of the battery. A controller performs charging and discharging of the sec. battery based on the excessiveness or deficiency of the fuel battery output. The supply capability to the actuator and the air conditioning output of the heat exchanger are controlled simultaneously. A heat accumulation tank (25) is connected to the air conditioning device. A thermoelectric conversion system absorbs superfluous power.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves efficiency. Improves response to load variation. Saves energy.
The semiconductor film is formed on a base material. Prodn. of the semiconductor film comprises: (a) supplying powdered solid raw material on the base material; (b) applying heat treatment to the solid raw material to melt the solid raw material; (c) applying cooling treatment to the melted raw material film while providing ultrasonic vibration energy to the melted raw material film.    USE -   The method produces semiconductor film used for a thin film transistor or a solar cell.    ADVANTAGE -   The use of the ultrasonic vibration energy vibrates the island-shaped raw material film to dramatically increase its contact area. Cooling the raw material film uniformly forms the semiconductor film in base material. Site having poor crystallinity is readily destructed by ultrasonic vibration. The site receives heat energy from its surroundings to accelerate recrystallisation. The method efficiently produces semiconductor film having good crystallinity and large area.
Indium cpd. obtd. by irradiating chalcopyrite type cpds. contg indium with beams with energy of at least 4 x 104 W/cm2in a vacuum or in an inert gas for a given time are new.     Also claimed is the prepn. of indium cpds. by placing chalcopyrite type cpds. contg. indium in a vacuum or in an inert gas and irradiating them with beams with energy of at least 4 x 104 W/cm2for a given time.    USE -    The indium cpds. obtd. can be used as new electrical materials. For example, they can be used as electrode materials of solar cells which use CuInSe2 and CuGax Inl-x Se2.    ADVANTAGE -   New indium cpds. can be produced easily.
The element is composed of porous silicon carbide compact of P type semiconductor which are united together. The rate of blow hole of P type semiconductor is in the specified range of 65-95 percent.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides superb conversion efficiency.
The manufacturing method of solar battery forms a CdTe film (2) on a glass substrate (1). The CdTe film is formed by drying the paste consisting of Cd, Te and an organic solvent. The CdTe film is used as an optical absorption layer. A CdS film (3) is formed over the CdTe dry film in the face direction. Over the CdS film a glass substrate (4) is formed by heat treatment. The CdS film is used as a light incidence side. Both the glass substrates are arranged in opposite faces.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces internal resistance and forms precise CdTe film. Reduces cost of solar battery. Improves productivity.
The photovoltaic uses a conductive substance (100), to the rear surface of which an electrode (101) is formed. Over this electrode, a semiconductor layer (102) is formed. Then a transparent electric conduction layer (103) is formed over the semiconductor layer. The semiconductor layer is capable of photoelectric conversion. The particles in the transparent electric conduction layer has water repellence nature.    ADVANTAGE -   Maintains performance of battery stably for longer period of time, even under outdoor environment. Reduces output under optical irradiation, in temperature/humidity cycle.
The manufacturing method involves formation of a polycrystalline silicon thin film of first conductivity and another thin film of reverse conductivity on a transparent substrate. The transparent substrate side is made incident to light. The polycrystalline silicon thin film of first conductivity is obtained by laser annealing on a non-monocrystal silicon thin film on the substrate. On this thin film, the polycrystalline thin film of reverse conductivity is obtained by vapour phase epitaxy or solid phase growth. The lattice structure is made to have lattice coordinates [(100),(111),(110)].    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For use in radio relay station, desert, outdoors etc. Reduces film forming temperature of silicon thin film as epitaxial growth is unnecessary. Uses in expensive glass of lower fusing point. Obtains low cost photoelectric convertor. Realises high conversion efficiency.
The device (10) consists of an impurity suction device (11) to which pre-processing finishing air (6A) is supplied from a blower (7). The inlet air is filtered to remove dust by a filter (6) and is supplied to the blower. The suction agent in the impurity suction device sucks the impurity gas components like organic solvent and reaction air is purified. The purified reaction air is sent to a fuel battery stack (1) where it is supplied to the oxidizing agent pole of the fuel battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents deterioration of electrolyte characteristics. Maintains cell characteristics.
The device has a turbine compression machine (20) which compresses air (6). The machine operates using the output of a turbine (18) driven by combustion exhaust gas (8). A combustion catalyser (42) is placed inside the turbine. A catalyser combustion device (40) burns fuel gas (1), using the exhaust gas (7) of fuel battery (12).    As a result, combustion exhaust gas is generated. Air bypass lines (6a,6b) are used to lead part of the compressed air to the catalyser combustion device. The catalyser combustion has a control device (50) which adjusts the rate of flow of air through bypass lines during partial load and reduces rate of air supply to the fuel battery. The rate of flow of fuel gas to the catalyser combustion device is adjusted and the temp. of the combustion exhaust gas is controlled.    ADVANTAGE -   Consumption of combustion is suppressed to the min. extent. The power generation efficiency is increased.
The stack contains a hollow substrate plate (11) covered with a cell gp. formed using a 1st electrode material equipped with an opening part (15) at the end, a 2nd electrode layer (2) and an electrode layer (1) formed with two or more single cells. A gas flow path is formed in the hollow plate. A gas introduction pipe is inserted into the gas flow part. To isolate the gas before passing to hollow layer and the gas after passage, a 1st partition board is introduced in the plate. A 2nd fixed board is arranged in the opening part of the plate to the isolate the gas flow at inside and outside of the plate.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves power generation efficiency. Reduces fuel consumption. Improves power density. Reduces vol..
The manufacturing method forms silicon carbide and this involves formation of a two layered structured with electrical insulation nature. The matrix is supported by a fuel pole (1) and an air pole (3). The fuel pole consists of a carbon base material (1a) and a catalyst layer (1b). The air pole consists of a carbon base material (3a) and a catalyst layer (3b).    ADVANTAGE -   Raises holding nature of phosphoric acid. Prevents etching of carbon number. Raises output. Maintains stable operation for long time.
The sensor monitors the concn. of an adsorbable substance (e.g. NH3), which diffuses from a flowing medium through a sensor surface into a sensor material (54), in dependence on the distance from this surface. Contact pairs (62), provided with leads are located in the sensor material (54) and opt. on its surface for determining the electrical conductivity of the sensor material between the contacts of the individual contact pairs.    USE -    Used e.g. for adjustment of the requisite stoichiometric ratio of NOx and NH3 in the selective catalytic redn. of NOxin exhaust or flue gases, esp. exhaust gases from diesel engines and lean-burn engines.    ADVANTAGE -    The sensor provides indirect monitoring of the absolute concn. of the substance in the flowing medium to allow e.g. NH3 dosing control and avoid NH3carry-over in the exhaust gas.
Appts. for generating electricity comprises (a) a plasmatron for generating (i) a gaseous molecular species, or (ii) a hydrogen-rich gas from a hydrocarbon; and (b) a fuel cell connected to receive (i) the gaseous species, or (ii) the hydrogen-rich gas, from the plasmatron to generate electricity, a portion of the generated electricity being supplied to the plasmatron.    Also claimed are (i) a method of starting a plasmatron/fuel cell system for generating electricity; and (ii) a self propelled vehicle.    USE -   Plasmatron-fuel cell system for decentralised electricity generation.    ADVANTAGE -   The appts. is compact and simple, with low power for the plasmatron, and high efficiency of both the fuel cell, and conversion of hydrocarbon energy.
The contact system to photo-electric converters contains a sequentially positioned adhesive layer, nichrome layer, copper layer and layer of anti-corrosive metal or alloy. The chrome silicate is used as the layer of adhesive.    USE -   Used for the direct conversion of solar energy into electrical energy.    ADVANTAGE -   The system gives improved reliability of semi-conducting converter.
The photo-electric converter contact system contains a layer of titanium on a silicon surface, a barrier layer and a copper layer. The barrier layer is made of nichrome with a thickness of 200-300 nm and the copper is coated by anti-corrosion metal or alloy.    USE -   Used for the conversion of solar radiation into electrical energy.    ADVANTAGE -   The process gives improved conversion reliability by forming effective barrier from copper.
Prepn. of the aromatic amines uses a fuel cell system, where a hydrogen donor is kept in contact with one electrode of a catalytic electrode equipped ion conductor. An aromatic nitro cpd. is kept in contact with the other electrode.    The catalytic electrode contains at least one metal component selected from a metal and/or a metal cpd., or a conductive macromolecular material. The conductive macromolecular material comprises a conductive carbonaceous material comprising at least one selected from activated carbon, graphite, carbon black, and carbon whiskers. The hydrogen donor comprises a hydrogen molecule.    USE -   Prepares aromatic amines.    ADVANTAGE -   By prod. obtd. in implementing reaction, energy is delivered to outside a reaction system as electrical energy (power).
The metal material comprises (by wt.) respectively up to 0.05% C. 2% Si, 2% Mn. and 3% Ti, 15-35% Cr. 1-7 Al, and balance Ni and incidental impurities.    USE -   For separators, mask material, and electrode material of fused carbonate type fuel cells.
A conductor paste for solar cell external electrodes contains 100 pts. wt. of (a) a Cu alloy powder of formula AgxCu1-x with its particle surface having a higher silver concn. than its average concn. and having an area near the particle surface where the silver concn. increases towards the surface; 0.1-30 pts. wt. of (b) a phenolic resin; and 0.01-30 pts. wt. (c) a copper oxide remover. x = 0.01-0.4. Also claimed is a solar cell external electrode obtd. by printing the paste on a baseplate of at least one of indium oxide or indium-tin oxide, and curing.    ADVANTAGE -   The conductor paste provides an excellent electrically conductive protective coating of soldered electrodes.
Prepn. comprises mixing mechanically three powders, copper (sulphide) powder, indium (sulphide) powder, and sulphur powder or copper (selenide) powder, indium (selenide) powder, and selenium powder, with a ball mill or sand mill and heating the mixt. in a non-oxidising atmos. to obtain a powder. Also claimed is an alternative prepn. of copper indium sulphide or copper indium selenide, in which the copper indium sulphide or copper indium selenide powder, pref. with an average particle dia. of up to 20 microns, obtd. according to the above method is mixed with a solvent to form a paste, spread, and deprived of the solvent to form copper indium sulphide or copper indium selenide films.    The non-oxidising atmos. is pref. a nitrogen atmos. hydrogen atmos. or inert gas atmos. e.g. argon.. The temp. of the heat treatment is pref. 700-900 deg.C. The solvent pref. comprises an organic cpd. with a viscosity of at least 20 cp (cp is 10 power-3 Ns/m2) e.g. propylene glycol, (di)ethylene glycol, and triethylene glycol.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   The copper indium sulphide or copper indium selenide powder obtd. can be used as photoelectric transducer materials e.g. solar cells. Copper indium sulphide or copper indium selenide powder with good electrical characteristics can be produced at low costs.
The manufacturing method forms a positive and negative terminal electrode at the sides of a substrate. A conductive frame (5) is made to contact these terminal electrodes. A controlling conductor is to made to penetrate the frame and connect it to the terminal electrode electrically. The frame is equipped with projecting portions and recess parts at either ends. Many such modules are formed and these modules are electrically connected by press-fitting action.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For use in resistances. Involves use of no of complicated processes. Avoids troublesome wiring and improves external appearance of wiring connections.
The mfr. comprises attaching a tool with continuous V-grooves or three-dimensional protrusions to the surface of a ultrasonic hone, driving a ultrasonic vibrator to give ultrasonic vibration to the bone and the tool, supplying slurry between the tool and a glass substrate and heating the surface of the glass substrate.    ADVANTAGE -   The solar battery is improved in energy conversion efficiency while keeping its low mfg cost.
The fuel cell comprises fuel and air electrodes with electrolyte positioned inbetween them. This electrolyte which consists of phosphoric acid is held in PA holding layer (6a) of a bilayer matrix (6) next to fuel electrode.    The other electrode that is air electrode faces electronic insulation layer (6b) of the matrix. These layers consists of PTFE bonded carbon black (5,7) and PTFE bonded silicon carbide (4) respectively. The silicon carbide layer serves to block migration of PA and functions as electronic insulator.    ADVANTAGE -   Achieves stable battery operation. Utilises less of PTFE.
A polycyclic or biphenyl aromatic gp-pendant polysilane of formula (I) is new.    ((R1R2Si)k(R3R4Si)m)n (I)    R1, R2, R3 and R4 = H or a monovalent hydrocarbon provided that at least one of R3 and R4 is a monovalent hydrocarbon having a polycyclic aromatic gp of formula (II) or a biphenyl gp of formula (III).    R5-CpH2p- (II)    R5= a polycyclic aromatic gp; and p= a value of 1 is equal to or less than p is equal to or less than 12.    q = 1-6; k, m and n are selected such that 0 is less than or equal to K is less than 1, 0 is less than m is less than or equal to 1 provided that k + m = 1 and n is greater than or equal to 6.    Also claimed is the following: (1) an electrically conductive polymer which comprises a doped polycyclic or biphenyl aromatic gp-pendant polysilane prepd by doping (I) with an oxidative dopant.    USE -   The new polysilanes are used as photoconductive and electrically conductive materials and are partic useful in the fields of electrodes for batteries, solar cells, and boxes for electromagnetic shields. Highly conductive films or coatings can be formed.    ADVANTAGE -   The doped conductive polysilanes have good shaping properties. They are not embrittled and keep their flexibility, and they are soluble in a solvent such as THF.
An electrochemical fuel cell system comprises a spaced microporous perovskite ceramic aerogel anode (20) and a cathode (21) with an electrolyte-filled micro-porous dielectric ceramic aerogel (10) contacting and separating them, a fluid fuel anode supply (53), and an oxidant cathode supply (57). An external electric circuit (40) connects to the electrodes and refrigeration (52,56) cools the electrodes to below at temp. at which electron resistance decreases.    USE -   Esp. to power electric vehicles.    ADVANTAGE -   The electrons move through the superconducting electrodes without resistance to improve performance and vehicle range.
Wastes from prodn. of uranium-235, contg. uranium hexafluoride, are reacted at 650-750C with rice or grass husks contg. silica, which are subjected to oxidative calcining prior to reaction.    USE -   The tetrafluoride is sufficiently pure for use in prodn. of pure silicon cpds. for electronic appts., optical fibres, solar cells and semiconductors.    ADVANTAGE -   The raw materials are inexpensive, and the use of wastes prevents environmental contamination and eliminates the need for storage.
A porphyrin-substd. melamine deriv. of formula (I) is new. In formula (I), X = gp. of formula (A); R1, R2, R4, R5 = H, lower alkyl or aryl; R3, R6 = H or aryl; R7 = functional gp. capable of bonding to an amino gp.; and M = 2H or divalent metal.    Also claimed are: (i) porphyrin-substd. melamine deriv. polymers; and (ii) a mfg. method for the polymer.    A cpd. of formula H2N-X (II) and cyanuric chloride are reacted, the obtd. reaction prod. of formula (III) and triethylaminosilane are reacted, and then the reaction prod. is hydrolysed to give (I).    USE -   (I) and their polymers are useful for optical energy transmission and conversion devices and solar cells with improved efficiency.    ADVANTAGE -   (I) can form porphyrin-substd. melamine deriv. polymers in which porphyrin mols. are arranged in a planar manner regularly, and thus thin films of porphyrin.
Polycrystalline silicon films formed on flexible substrates are new.    Also claimed are polycrystalline silicon films formed on plastic substrates and polycrystalline silicon films formed on substrates with melting points of up to 290 deg.C.    The prepn. of a polycrystalline silicon film is also claimed, in which a gas mixt. contg. silicon hydride gas is plasma-decomposed with ultrasonic waves with a frequency of at least 30, pref. 55, MHz and up to 300, pref. 200, MHz to form a polycrystalline silicon film.    The polycrystalline silicon film is pref. formed on a substrate kept at a temp. of up to 290 deg.C.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   The polycrystalline silicon films obtd. can be used in solar cells and thin-film transistors. Solar cells and thin-film transistors can be produced at low costs.
H2 is catalytically generated in the first chamber (40) from a mixt. of hydrocarbon, O2 and water or is supplied to the first chamber as a mixt. with CO and CO2 . H2collected in the second chamber (42) after selective passage through the membrane (38) is supplied to a utilisation appts. and byprod. gases are recycled (52) to the first chamber.    ADVANTAGE -    System is capable of supplying H2purified to a degree which makes it suitable for use in a solid polymer fuel cell.
The method for producing a component (1) of a high-temperature fuel cell is characterised by the following steps: (a) a plate (2) is produced with a rectangular recess (2a) in at least one of its two sides; (b) a sheet metal element (5,6) with ridges (5a,6a) is inserted into the recess (2a); (c) the plate (2) and the sheet metal insert (5,6) are joined by soldering. The ridges of the insert (5,6) form flow channels for gas during operation of a fuel cell constituting an assembly of components (1) and additional top and bottom cover plates.    USE -   In fuel cell manufacture.    ADVANTAGE -   Manufacture of fuel cell components is simplified in comparison with known practices.
In the removal of CO in H2 rich gas by oxidising the CO with air on a selective oxidn. catalyst (I) contg. noble metal, oxidn. is carried out in at least two stages and the reactor length and dia. depth of the (I) bed and CO:O2stoichiometry are suited to the initial CO concentrations in each stage. (I) may be Pt-zeolite.    ADVANTAGE -   Very low residual CO concns. of under 40 ppm can be achieved under dynamic operating conditions, without controlling the air supply according to concn.
Reactor, for catalytic removal of CO in H2-rich gas with a selective CO-oxidn. catalyst (I) contg. noble metal, has a structure (II) producing turbulent flow and favouring heat transport, which is coated with (I).    Pref. (II) is a metallic or ceramic support with cross-channel, sponge or fibrous structure or the reactor walls. Its surface is suited to the dimensions of the (I) powder. The thickness of the (I) layer is suited to the initial CO concn. (I) consists of Pt/Al2O3, in which the size of the Pt clusters pref. is 3-10 nm; Ru/Al2O3; or Pt-zeolite.    USE -   The reactor is used in conjunction with a fuel cell, esp. for mobile applications (claimed), e.g, in cars and good vehicles and for generating current with fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -   This reactor increases the selectivity for CO oxidn. and prevents steep temp. gradients.
A high efficiency solar cell comprises an n-Ge substrate (18) with a back metal contact (20) and a first cell comprising a p-n junction in GaAs (24) and a p-(AlGa)As window layer (30), a tunnel diode (32) comprising a p+-n+ GaAs junction and a second cell comprising a (GaIn)P p-n junction (42), a p-(AlIn)P layer (48), metal grid lines (50), and at least one antireflection coating. Also claimed are a three-junction solar cell as above comprising a p-Ge substrate bottom semiconductor cell, and a two junction solar cell as above with the front surface of the n-Ge substrate being passivated.    USE -   For high efficiency solar cells for space and terrestrial applications.    ADVANTAGE -   Cell efficiency may exceed 23%, mechanical strength is good, and the cell uses much of the solar spectrum.
The battery uses an insulation substrate (1) whose surface is processed to produce transparent electrode layers (2,12) and a photoelectric conversion layer. A metal electrode layer (6) is produced at a distance away from the transparent electrode layer. A hole is formed on the substrate surface to form a connection path for the two transparent electrode layers.    A sequential arrangement of cells are formed by the transparent electrode layers, the photoelectric conversion layer and the back electrode layer. The entire structure is supported on a flexible substrate surface where incident light passing through the transparent layer, generates electromotive forces. These forces allow conversion of the solar light energy to electrical energy passing through all cells with the metal electrode layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Lowers time required for film formation. Facilitates serial connection. Inhibits distortion. Reduces manufacturing cost. Improves efficiency.
Process comprises introducing a film forming gas into a vacuum vessel, making the gas into plasma by applying hf voltage under a given vacuum, and forming an objective film on the surface of a matrix under the plasma, in which many types of gases are introduced, as film forming gas, and hf voltages having different amplitudes are applied to the gas in sequence for repeating the voltage impression.    USE -   For forming a film on a matrix in making thin film transistors, sensors utilising semiconductors, and solar cells.
In a dissolved composition of fluorine-contg. ion-exchange resin, fluorine-contg. ion-exchange resin is dissolved in a mixed solvent of oxygen-contg. hydrocarbon and fluorine-contg. cpd.    Also claimed is a method of dissolving fluorine-contg. resin in which the resin is dissolved in the mixed solvent.    USE -   The dissolved composition of fluorine-contg. ion-exchange resin is useful for e.g. forming film for electrolysis or fuel cell.    ADVANTAGE -   Fluorine-contg. in-exchange resin can be rapidly dissolved by the method. Viscosity of soln. of fluorine-contg. ion-exchange resin can be easily regulated by selecting the kind of fluorine-contg. cpd.    PREFERRED MATERIALS - Pref. oxygen-contg. cpd. is 1-4C alcohols, 1-4C ethers or dimethyl sulphoxide. Fluorine-contg. cpd. is chlorofluorocarbon, hydrochlorofluorocarbon, fluorocarbon, fluoroether or fluorine-contg. alcohol.    EMBODIMENT - Oxygen-contg. hydrocarbon is e.g. methyl alcohol. Fluorine-contg. cpd. is e.g. trichlorofluoromethane. The mixing ratio of oxygen-contg. hydrocarbon to fluorine-contg. cpd. is 1-99:99-1, pref. 10-90:90-10. The dissolution temp. is 0-250 deg. C, pref. 10-150 deg.C.    In an example a dissolved composition of a fluorine-contg. ion-exchange resin membrane ("Flemion S") was prepd. by dissolving it in a mixed solvent consisting of ethanol (10g.) and dichloropentafluoro-ethane (10g) at normal temp. with the application of ultrasonic wave.
The solar battery has a front part which is covered by a rucksack polymer sheet. The rucksack polymer sheet functions as wavelength selection dispersion layer (2) which is placed above a solar battery (1). When light rays falls on this dispersion layers, the light rays of specified wavelength responsible for power generation is transmitted through the layer to reach the battery while the light rays of other wavelength are scattered by the dispersion layer. This dispersion of the light rays causes the solar battery to appear colourful.    ADVANTAGE -   Maintains efficiency of battery. Facilitates easy coloured solar battery.
The PN junction photocell is formed on a substrate (1) which is supported by a lower resistance substrate (1a). Next, N type epitaxial layer (1b) is formed on the upper portion of the substrate. After forming trenches in the epitaxial layer, P type layer (4) is formed along the uneven surface generated by the trenches.    The N type region (5) is trapped by the P type layer (4). The PN junction part (6) is formed along the inner portion of the uneven surface.    ADVANTAGE -   Increases electron hole pair generation efficiency. Raises photoelectric conversion efficiency since incident light is absorbed most by depletion region. Provides effective coupling with optical fiber. Realises micro photocell. Enlarges application range to optical fiber, actuator, integrated circuit combined with optical fiber for signal reception and processing.
The solar cell consists of a solar cell sheet which is formed on the film of rear nature. The film of size one square metre with oxygen transmittivity of 0.22cc or less per day is taken. By the process of plasma CVD of the organic silicon cpd. with oxygen, a silicon oxide coating is formed on the macromolecules film.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces performance deterioration even under high temp. or high humidity. Improves reliability.
Fuel cell uses an electrolyte board (3) that is porous in nature, formed from molten alkaline salt of a carbolic acid. Basically, the electrode board comprises a maintenance material impregnated with a reinforcing material. Usually, either one or a mixture of the following salts are used as the maintenance material: alpha lithium aluminate, lithium zirconate, lithium tantalate, zirconium oxide, lithium or lithium titanate in the form of particles. These particles have a mean diameter in the range of 0.2-0.6 micrometers. 80% of the particle diameter of the compounds are made to fall within the limits of 60% of the mean particle diameter value.    ADVANTAGE -   Controls gas leakage and loss of electrolyte. Inhibits increase in resistance of electrolyte board. Avoids spoiling of all performance. Facilitates prolonged operation. Eliminates outflow of electrolyte.
The solar cell module of the includes a photovoltaic device covered with a packing material, its light-receiving side being covered with a three-layer structure. The three-layer structure comprises a rigid resin layer having a Shore hardness D of at least 50.    An adhesive layer is included which absorbs UV rays of wavelengths capable of deteriorating the rigid resin layer but transmits UV rays necessary for power generation by the photovoltaic device. The outermost layer has high weatherability.    ADVANTAGE -   Maintains conversion efficiency for long period.
After a particle (10) has fallen through the aperture (16) the etching is terminated, pref. by rinsing. The initial particles may have a range of sizes above the desired value. Preferred particles are Si spheres, and the etchant is KOH, NaOH or NH3/HF.    The surface (14) contg. the apertures is vibrated (20) to effect movement of each particle onto and through the apertures    USE -   Esp. in prepn. of Si spherical particles of controlled, uniform size for use in mfr. of a solar cell by fixing the spheres to a flexible metal foil. (claimed)    ADVANTAGE -   Uniform size spheres are obtd. by an efficient, high throughput, non-damaging method.
High temp. combustion gas (G) is generated by burning fuel gas (F) by supplying oxygen (O). High speed jet (J) is formed by accelerating the combustion gas (G) with a nozzle (12). Al powder (A), placed near to the orifice of the nozzle (12), is sprayed on the processed surface by the high speed jet (J).    ADVANTAGE -   A coating with high adhesive force and low porosity is formed on the processed surface. Plugging of the spray nozzle is prevented.
The appts. comprises a heat insulating material between the furnace wall and crucible contg. a raw material for crystal so that a part of the material is movable to expose the furnace wall to the crucible or shield it.    USE -   For making solar cells.
The array comprises individual solar cells (5) supported on a resin film (1). The resin film is vacuum formed by means of shaping die to have recesses appropriately shaped and located to house individual cells. A cementing layer (4) secures the cell array to support body (3) and provision for wiring to link cells exists.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents damage to individual solar cells. Enhances structural integrity of cell array. Improves layout appearance.
The solar battery manufacturing method uses a substrate (1) over which an optical absorption layer (2), comprising P type semiconductor is formed. Over this optical absorption layer, a window layer (3) is formed. The window layer consists of N type semiconductor, formed using CdSe-MnSe solid solution, with compsn. ratio of MnSe being 40 mol. %. Finally, a transparent electric conduction layer (4) is formed over the window layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides super solar battery with high conversion efficiency. Aims at reducing cost of solar battery.
The organic semiconductor based photovoltaic cell (1) consists of a p-n junction based on P- and N-type organic semiconductors (2,3). The transparent electrode substrate (4) and electrode (1) serve as external current collector/terminals. Glasses (5) serves as cover. A support stand (11) and fixed board (12) position the cell array in such a way that incident light is received at an inclined angle (alpha).    ADVANTAGE -   Needs smaller installation area. Raises electric power generation efficiency and reduces cost.
The organic light emf element is provided with a transparent organic layer of electron acceptance nature on one side. A rectifier junction is formed between two electrodes with an organic material layer which acts as an electron donor. A photovoltaic element is provided with a surface protection layer. Carbon is the main ingredient on the element surface along with hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen. The protection layer has an atomic weight ratio (N/C) of about 0.005.    USE -   \    ADVANTAGE -   For use in optical sensor, photocoupler, etc.,. Inhibits peeling of protective layer. Enhances lifetime. Provides environment proof nature.
The appts. has a thin film prodn. chamber to produce a thin film by supplying thin film prodn. starting material, and a radical generating chamber arranged adjacently to the thin film prodn. chamber to supply radicals to the thin film.    The gas phase film prodn. is e.g. carried out by vacuum vapour deposition, sputtering, ion plating, photo-CVD, plasma CVD or thermal CVD etc. Starting material is e.g. Si, Si carbide, Si nitride, Si-Ge alloy, Si-Sn alloy, Ga, As, Al, Cu, Zn, Ca, Se, S, Te, In, P, Sb, nitrogen, Ag, GaP, GaAs, GaAlAs, ZnS, ZnSe, ZnTe, CdS or CdSe etc. The radicals can be generated by high frequency electric discharge, ECR discharge, dielectric discharge, photo-deposition, catalyst activation or thermal decomposition, etc.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For prodn. of a semiconductor thin film such as an amorphous silicon thin film used for a silicon solar cell used in an electronic calculator. High quality semiconductor thin film with reduced amt. of defects can be obtd.
The flow control device is equipped to methanol burner, and when the burner body is cool, just after ignition, the supplying air is increased to prevent exhausting hazardous material, and at ordinary time, air is decreased to prevent back firing.    In an example, (6) is methanol burner, (21) is carburettor, (22) is burner, (23) is ejector, (30) is fuel supplying nozzle, and (42) is flow control device.    ADVANTAGE -   The exhaust of hazardous material is prevented with preventing back-firing.
The fuel battery uses a cell (1) fitted with a set of assembling elements (2,2A,2B,2C), a horizontal reinforcing frame (3) and a pair of separators (8A,8B). The reinforcing frame has a lining of polyethylene membrane (7C) along the internal boundary which provides airtight sealing.    A fuel battery cell (7) placed inside the assembly generates the DC power by using either the fuel gas or an oxidizing agent. The electrodes are adhered to the electrolyte layer firmly. The separators have grooves through which gaseous fuel passes and contacts the electrolyte layer along the circumference.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves mechanical stability and reliability. Reduces area of electrolyte layer thus reducing manufacturing cost.
The battery uses a solid state macromolecule electrolyte film (126) which forms junction with an electrolyte film (124). The collector object (110) made of porous carbon supplies oxygen or hydrogen gas to the electrode. A partition (22) is provided in contact with the collector object. The partition is made of material of water transparency. Through this partition, water is supplied to a cooling chamber and to the collector object. From this collector object, the moisture is supplied uniformly to the solid state macromolecule electrolyte film.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides high response. Provides battery which humidifies electrolyte film uniformly.
The high temperature fuel cell consists of an anode (composite oxide based on perovskite structure), electrolyte (typically a doped solid oxide sheet) and a cathode. Over the anode face is pasted a metal foil using an adhesion agent. This metal foil serves as a separation intercell electrical link.    ADVANTAGE -   Controls resistance level between anode/ electrode interface. Reduces electrode contact resistance. Controls overall cell internal resistance and thus enhances cell electrical performance.
Proton-conductive thin film electrolyte consists of solid state electrolyte produced by impregnating micropores of a high polymer porous film with proton-conductive electrolyte soln. and fixing the electrolyte soln. in the micropores, and fixing proton-conductive solid state electrolyte on high polymer porous film.    The high polymer porous film e.g., consists of polyethylene, polypropylene, polycarbonate, polyimide, polyester, PTFE or polyvinylidene fluoride etc., and has porosity of 40-90%, break strength of up to 200 kg/cm2 and pore diameter of 0.001-0.7 micron m. The proton-conductive electrolyte soln., e.g., contains 2-phenylbutyronitrile, phosphoric acid and polyethylene glycol dimethyl ether.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   The proton-conductive thin film electrolyte is suitable for use in normal temp. type fuel cell or water electrolyzation etc. The thin film electrolyte shows a high ion conductivity of more than 10 power (-3) S/cm-1.
Prodn. of a light-absorbing layer of a solar cell comprises: (a) using the following steps in combination: forming a galvanically deposited Cu layer with Se dispersed in it using a galvanic Cu both with Se particles dispersed in the form of a suspension, and forming a galvanically deposited In layer with Se dispersed in it using a galvanically In bath with small Se particles dispersed in a suspension, to produce a multilayered galvanically deposited layer having Cu, In and Se on an electrically conducting substrate; and (b) heat treating with a layer produced by galvanic deposited to convert it into a three material alloy layer contg. Cu, In and Se.    ADVANTAGE -   The layer has good crystalline properties.
Prodn. of microcrystalline layers made of gp.IVa elements, esp. Si, Ge, Sn or their alloys, e.g. SiC or SiGe, using cyclic CVD or related methods is claimed. The 1st step comprises mfr. of an amorphous layer of the element in which a suitable process gas, e.g. the element-hydrogen cpds. and hydrogen, is fed under the usual CVD conditions into the reactor above the substrate. The 2nd step comprises treating with hydrogen. During the 2nd step, the feeding of the process gas stream, the hydrogen supply and connection of the CVD reactor to the pump are closed so that hydrogen treatment takes place in a closed CVD process with the amt. of hydrogen or element-hydrogen cpds. in the reactor.    Prodn. of luminescent element structures on substrates is also claimed.    The luminescent element structures are produced by: (a) forming a microcrystalline layer as above; (b) producing an active layer under CVD conditions by passivating an oxidising gas or nitriding gas; and (c) contacting the active layer so that a voltage can be applied.     The hydrogen supply is interrupted when the pressure in the reactor increases to 1 atmosphere. The hydrogen treatment is carried out depending on the desired crystal amt. in the region 20-95%. 2-2000 cycles are carried out. The element is Si. The process gases are SiH4 and H2.    USE -   In prodn. of solar cells and transistors.
Oxidn. of CO to CO2 in the reactant stream (I) of an electrochemical fuel cell equipped with an inlet (A) and outlet (B) for (I) and where (I) also contains H2 and CO2 is effected by addn. of a first O2-contg. gas stream to (I) via a port (C) positioned between inlet (A) and outlet (B) then contacting the stream obtd. with a catalyst (II) in the fuel cell to promote oxidn. of CO to CO2. A further O2-contg. stream is added to (I) via a secondary port (D) located between port (C) and outlet (B) and the stream contacted with (II) to promote CO oxidn.. CO in (I) may be produced by the reverse H2O shift reaction in a H2 -contg. reformate gas mixt..    Port (D) is a plurality and is uniformly spaced with port (C) along the path of stream (I) between inlet (A) and outlet (B).    Stream (I) further contains O2 and O2 contg. streams are drawn from (I).    Appts. for the oxidn. comprises first and second fluid flow field plates or separator layers of electroconductive material with a membrane electrode assembly between these plates or layers. The first plate (or layer) is impermeable to the fuel stream, and the second is impermeable to the O2-contg. stream.    USE -   CO oxidn. in H2-contg. gas mixts. to render mixt. suitable for use as fuel stream in fuel cells. O2-contg. gas may be supplied into an active area of the cell to maintain a uniform temp. profile across this area.    ADVANTAGE -   Adsorption of CO from inlet fuel stream of cells onto surface of catalyst material, e.g. Pt, is avoided.
The fuel cell (10) has an electrochemically active section (26) and a humidification section (28) in a modular plate and frame design. A pneumatic piston (17) in a compression end plate (16) applies a pressure to promote sealing. The active section has a plurality of fuel cell repeating units (12) consisting of a membrane electrode and a cathode fluid flow field plate.    Carbon monoxide is fed to the assembly which contains a catalyst which oxidises the carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide. Carbon monoxide produced by the reverse water shift reaction is also oxidised.    ADVANTAGE -   Renders a mixture of carbon monoxide in hydrogen suitable for use as a fuel for an electrochemical fuel cell.
A polymeric compsn. contains a polymer of formula (I):    where m = integer greater than 0; at least one of n, p, q = integer greater than 0; A1, A2, A3 = alkyl, halogen, CyF2y+1, O-R, CF=CF2, CN, NO2, OH; y = integer greater than 0; R = perfluoroalkyl or aryl; X = SO3H, PO3H2, CH2PO3H2, COOH, OSO3H, OPO3H2, OArSO3H NR3+, CH2NR3+; and Ar = aromatic gp.    USE -   The polymeric compsn. is used as an ion exchange membrane in an electrochemical fuel cell (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   The membranes are produced in high yield and are low cost with good chemical and mechanical properties such as high heat stability, chemical resistance and tensile strength.
Prepn. of a stannous sulphide semiconductor film is effected by forming a sulphide film on the surface of a metallic tin film by heating the metallic tin film in a H2S atmosphere at 100-230 deg.C for at least 5 mins. and then heating and sulphiding the metallic tin inside the film at 231-800 deg.C.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   The stannous sulphide semiconductor films obtd. can be used in solar cells. Stannous sulphide semiconductor films can be produced easily in a short time.    In an example, a tin film with a thickness of 3 microns was formed on a glass substrate by vapour deposition. The vapour-deposited tin film was sulphided by heating it in a H2S atmosphere at 0.3 Torr and at 120 deg.C for 60 mins. and then at 400 deg.C for 60 mins.. No defects were observed on the surface of the stannous sulphide film.
Preparation of carbon clusters comprises allowing purified carbon ultrafine powder with a purity of at least 90% together with an inert gas such as Ar and He to pass through a reaction tube kept at a temp. of at least 3000 deg. C with a plasma power source and at the same time cooling rapidly the internal wall of the reaction tube with the inert gas to produce a soot contg. carbon clusters including C60 and C70. Also claimed is an alternative preparation of carbon clusters, in which a raw material obtained by mixing purified carbon ultrafine powder with a grain size of up to 30 microns and a purity of at least 90% and a metal carbide or ferroalloy and heating the mixture in a nonoxidising atmosphere at a temperature of at least 1100 deg. C is passed together with an inert gas such as Ar and He through a reaction tube kept at a temperature of at least 3000 deg. C with a plasma power source and at the same time the internal wall of the reaction tube is cooled rapidly with the inert gas to produce soot containing metal-containing fullerene.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   The carbon clusters obtained can be used in superconducting materials, magnetic materials, catalysts, luminescent materials, solar coll panels, and solid lubricating materials. Carbon clusters can be produced efficiently in large quantities at low costs.
The manufacturing method forms a transparent conductive electrode (102) on the surface of a glass substrate (101). This electrode layer is formed using conductive oxides such as ITO, ZnO, SnO2 ,etc. Over this electrode hydrogenated amorphous silicon layer (103) with P type conductivity and a N type hydrogenated amorphous silicon layer (104) are applied. The same arrangement of P type and N type hydrogenated amorphous Si layer (105,106) is carried out. Subsequently a second transparent electrode layer (107) is formed on the top of the multilayer structure. ITO, ZnO, SnO2 , Cr, Mo, Al, etc., are used to form this electrode film. These amorphous layers are formed using plasma CVD which utilises mixed gases. This gas is mixture for film forming is formed by mixing a noble gas with the film material gas e.g. SiH4.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For use in image processors, solar battery units etc. Raises efficiency of device and enables to be formed with large area on cheap substrates. Forms hydrogenated amorphous Si films with large prohibition band width. Lowers cost of production.
Mfr. involves formation of multiple number of a first electrode layers (21 - 23) on the surface of an insulating substrate (1). A pair of amorphous semiconductor layers (31 - 33) are formed on the surface of the first electrode layers. A multiple number of second electrode layers (41 - 43) made of metal, are formed on the first electrode layers. First electrode layers are formed with gaps so that the second electrode layer overlaps into the extension part of it, to form a series connected solar battery. Finally, an energy beam (6) is irradiated on a crystallization part (7) formed by the side of each amorphous semiconductor layer to carry out patterning.    ADVANTAGE -   Performs patterning of second electrode layer with low energy. Provides simple structure. Reduces manufacturing cost. Avoids patterning of upper electrode layer.
A multiplex organic film device has an organic film sandwiched between a pair of electrodes with an island-shaped metal layer between the organic film and at least one of the electrodes.    The organic film consists e.g. of an electroconductive polymer e.g. PPV, poly(2,5-dialkoxy-P-phenylene vinylene) or polythienylene vinylene, organic fluorescent material e.g. naphthalene deriv., anthracene deriv., polymethine deriv., oxazole deriv. oxadiazole deriv. or thiazole deriv. etc. The island-shaped metal layer consists e.g. of Sc.Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Y, Zr, Nb, Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd, Cd, La, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Al, Si, Ga, Ge, In, Sn, Tl or Pb, and can be produced by e.g. vapour deposition or sputtering.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Used e.g. for electroluminescence device, solar cell or light receiving device.
The fuel battery system uses phosphoric acid electrolyte (10), fuel gas and oxidising agent. The components undergo chemical reaction. A modifier (2) contains surplus nitrogen, about 10mols ppm, supplied to a fuel battery (5). A steamy splitter (20) supplies water to stabilize the fuel battery, during denitration by a denitration isolation module (16). The module is installed at front or rear section of a water processing device (15) which uses ion exchange resin. The denitration is performed by de-airing processing using isolated film or by heating distillation or vacuum de-airing processing etc.,.    ADVANTAGE -   Attains long lifetime and long term use. Obtains stability and delays degradation speed of ion exchange resin.
The fuel battery (1) system includes a supply line (6) to supply materials and quality gas into a fuel pole (22) of the battery, through a modifier (2). Electrochemical reaction takes place. Air from a blower (3) is supplied to an air pole (23) of the battery. Exhaust gas including phosphoric acid is output from the fuel and air poles. The gas passed through a pair of cooling devices (14,15) and a pair of phosphoric acid collection devices (41,51) is provided to isolate the phosphoric acid. The cooling devices, solidifies this acid mist to ease collection of phosphoric acid.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves reliability by preventing piping etching and jamming. Prevents deterioration in heat transfer performance without reducing efficiency of fuel battery. Aims at promotion of quality and battery reaction and increase in amount of steam generation.
A chemically stable ceramic fibre and a higher m.pt. glass fibre are mixed and worked to a sheet shape.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   The material is suitable for solid-state electrolyte fuel-cell. The material has improved gas seal property and life, and produced at lower cost with improved productivity.
The electrode structure has a fuel electrode (20). The fuel electrode is constituted by three layers. The conduction of first layer (21) at the side of the electrolyte, is by oxygen ion. The third layer (23) is electronically conducted. The second layer (22) is inbetween these two layers. Moreover, the degree of electronic conduction is higher than that of the oxygen conduction. Due to this arrangement, an electrochemical reaction between oxygen and fuel gas is promoted.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces internal resistance of electrode. Improves generation of electric power efficiency.
The carbon separators serve as serial electrical links of fuel cells constituting the battery. The adjacent cell separators have orthogonally positioned grooves that allow fuel/oxidant flow. Separators consists of porous carbonaceous material of density 0.5g/cm3.    Carbonization layer (11b) on porous carbon material (11a) serves as conductive impervious barrier layer. It is prepared out of petroleum coke powder (20 microns on less in size) and a thermosetting resin (1:1 wt. ratio), and baked at 1900C. The resin itself is made from special grade petroleum pitch and para xylene glycol (1:2 wt. ratio) with 1% PTSA as catalyst at 130C.    ADVANTAGE -   Achieves efficient gas sealing.
Carbon pre-formed body contains (a) carbon fibre and/or organic fibre having property to be converted into carbon fibre, (b) binder with carbonisation yield of 40-75 wt.% and (c) isotopic pitch.    Pref. the organic fibre is e.g. polyacrylonitrile fibre, phenol resin fibre, rayon fibre, cellulose fibre, etc., and has the fibre dia. of 1-50 microns. The carbon fibre is pref. graphite fibre, and has the fibre dia. of 5-30 microns. The carbon fibre may be pre-baked at temp. of 450-1500 deg. C, and modified into graphite by a baking at temp of 500-3000 deg. C. The binder (b) is e.g. phenol resin, furan resin, polyacrylonitrile or petroleum pitch etc.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   The carbon pre-formed body is used as material used for prodn. of an electrode used in a phosphoric acid type fuel cell etc. The obtained electrode shows excellent gas permeability, electroconductivity, heat conductivity, mechanical strength and uniform micro-structure.
An ion-conductor is obtd. by firing a mixture of Zr compound (x mol) and rare earth compounds (y mol), as the contents expressed by y/(2x plus y) is 0.04-0.20.    USE -   For an element of a fuel cell, O2 sensor and O2 pump.    In an example, 80g of ZrO(NO3)2.2H2O, 5.9g of Y2O3 were dissolved in 600 ml of water and 140 ml of HNO3, and this solution dropped into an NH4OH soln. to obtain a precipitate. The precursor was obtd. by calcining this precipitate at 1000 deg. C. The ion-conductor was obtained by firing the precursor at 1450 deg. C.
Composite member comprises a base of chromium-contg. stainless steel over which is a corrosion-resistant coating of an ordered alloy contg. aluminium and constituent elements from the base material in which is pptd. a granular heterophase contg. chromium. Pref. the stainless steel contains, by wt. 10 to 27% of Cr, 0.1 to 30% of Ni, not more than 0.8% of Co, not more than 2.0% of Mn, not more than 1.5% of Si, not more than 0.1% of impurities, and balance Fe. The protective layer may have a thickness of 20 to 100 microns with the heterophase dispersed in a region extending for 5 to 40 microns from the interface. The coating is formed by coating the base material with aluminium and then heat-treating at 670-8400 C. Treatment time is pref. defined in relationship to temp. by a given expression.    USE -   Used as structural components for highly-corrosive environments, esp. edge seal plates for molten carbonate fuel cells, also motor vehicle exhaust systems, catalyst carriers, and heat-resistant filters.    ADVANTAGE -   By carrying out the diffusion heat treatment within the defined temp. range formation of cracks in the coating extending to the substrate is prevented giving improved corrosion resistance and longer component life.
The plant comprises a series-parallel combination of fuel cells (1) as per the requirement of a life time management to suit a plant employment. These d.c voltages are converted into a.c voltages by an inverter (8). Fuel supply pipe (2), fuel rate- of-flow regulation value (4), air supply pipe (3) and air rate flow control value (5) are connected to each cell. By changing these fuel and air ratio, individual voltage and hence individual characteristic of each battery is altered.    Static characteristic of each battery is performed to access individual characteristic, by trial and error method. To suit the plan employment, voltages of individual batteries or group of batteries having similar characteristics are changed, without affecting control set point of parallel branch. To protect individual battery, a current limiter is also provided.    ADVANTAGE -   Increases operating efficiently. Facilitates easy maintenance management. Rationalises plant employment. Improves accuracy of control system of cell voltages.
The molten-salt fuel-battery power generation plant has a piping (4) through which fuel gas is supplied to the anode. Air is supplied to the cathode of the fuel-battery main part (2) through another piping (8). The amount of reactive gas supplied is controlled by the amount of load current and reaction gas utilization factor. The cathode exit gas is introduced into a deheat recovery device (10) through a piping (9). After steam generation by heat switching, the supply water is discharged through an outer piping (11). The cathode exit gas cools the fuel-battery main part, and is used as compressor cycle gas.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For use in turbine power generation. Attains highly efficient and stable output characteristics. Provides long time stability.
The ion exchange processing film is constituted by a polyolefin film into which a sulphonic acid group is introduced.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces cost of battery. Improves output performance of device.
Material made of a composite plate material comprising a pure Ni cover material clad on at one or both sides of core material with Ni based alloy having following compsn. C (up to 0.15%); Cr (6-25%); Fe (5-10%) Ni and avoidable impurities.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   The separator is suitable for a smaller and light wt. fused-carbonate type fuel-cell. The separator has improved strength at higher temp. and corrosion resistance.
The ion conductive membranes are bonded on the base materials through covalent bonding of atoms chosen from Si, Ge, Ti, Zr, S or C, composed within membrane structure contg. gps. chosen from ether, hydroxy, and other 12 gps., cations chosen from alkali, alkali-earth metals, etc. and anions chosen from halogen, trifluoromethyl-sulphonic, etc., so that they conduct ions.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Small size batteries, electrolytic condenser, sensor and electrochromic display element. The process give membranes having controllable thickness with angstrom orders and pinhole resistance, tightly bonded to the base material.    In an example, glass plate with thin aluminium oxide layer is immersed in 1 vol.% of carbomethoxyethyl-trichlorosilane in anhydrous toluene to form siloxy covalent bonding on aluminium oxide and hydrolysed to form carbomethoxyethylsiloxide unimolecular layer. The plate with siloxide layer is reacted with polyethyleneglycol monomethylether with acid catalyst at 100 deg.C for 5 hrs. to form a polyalkylene ether layer, which is treated with 1 wt.% soln. of LiClO4 in acetone to introduced Li cation. The thickness of membrane is 20 angstrom and resistivity is 20 ohm, being equivalent to one multiplied by 10 to part of minus 6.S/centimetre.
Purificn. equipping a container holding molten silicon with a plasma generator at the bottom and blowing a plasma gas contg. up to 10 vol.% steam from the plasma generator into silicon. The container holding molten silicon is pref. a quartz pot, stamped silica pot or water-cooled copper pot.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   The purified silicon can be used in solar cells. Boron is removed easily and effectively from silicon. When an appropriate material is selected for the pot, carbon is removed at the same time.    In an example, a quartz pot, stamped silica pot, water-cooled copper pot or graphite pot was equipped with an argon plasma generator at the bottom. After plasma was formed, 2 kg of metallic silicon was placed in the pot in an argon atmos. and melted with plasma. When all the silicon was melted, steam was added to the plasma at 5%. Boron and carbon were removed effectively from the silicon.
Prepn. of hydrogen-contg. gas for fuel cells comprises mixing reformed gas contg. principally hydrogen as well as CO, obtd. by reforming a fuel for hydrogen prodn. which is convertible by reforming to a fuel gas contg. at least hydrogen with an oxygen-contg. gas. The gas mixt. is contacted with a catalyst to selectively oxidise and remove CO. CO is oxidised and removed in the presence of a Au-contg. catalyst at a pressure of at least 2 kg/cm2G and less than 10 kg/cm2G.    The Au-contg. catalyst is pref. one which contains Au ultrafine particles, more pref. one which consists of a metal oxide principally composed of Fe2O3 and supported on a catalyst support, and Au ultrafine particles fixed to the metal oxide. The dia. of the Au ultrafine particles is up to 10 nm.    The fuel for hydrogen prod. pref. consists of hydrocarbons and/or oxygen-contg. hydrocarbons, more pref. methane, propane, butane, methanol, LNG, city gas, LPG, naphtha, kerosene, light oil, or mixed alcohol.    The concn. of CO in the gas produced by the oxidn. and removal of CO is pref. up to 100 ppm.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Used to produce fuel for fuel cells operated at low temp. e.g. phosphoric acid type fuel cells, KOH type fuel cells, and solid polymer electrolyte type fuel cells. Since the concn. of CO in the hydrogen-contg. gas obtd. is low, poisoning and degradation of Pt type electrode catalysts of fuel cells are inhibited.
Reformer comprises headers for feeding raw gas to reforming chambers of stacked plate reformer units; headers to feed air or fuel to combustion chambers of the units, and headers to feed fuel or air to dispersion chambers of the units.    USE -   For fuel cell generation systems.
A solid electrolyte is between an oxygen electrode and a fuel electrode. At least one separator contacts the surface of one of the electrodes opposite the electrolyte.    A reactive microslip zone is between the electrolyte and at least one electrode. The zone has interconnected pores of smaller average diameter than the power of the adjacent electrode.    ADVANTAGE -   Easier fabrication, improved performance, improved economics of production.
Electrochemical cell has (a) a pair of electrodes, each with catalyst deposited on a porous carrier of C particles bonded with a binder, the pores of which allow percolation of fluid through the electrode; (b) a membrane film (I) of hydrophilic, proton-conducting polymer material acting as electrolyte and separator, with an intermediate film (II) between (I) and the catalyst; and (c) means of supplying and discharging a fluid to/from at least one electrode and contacting the electrodes.    The novel features are that: (1) (I) is based on an opt. substd. polyolefin, vinyl polymer or their copolymers with radiation-grafted terminal sulphonated vinyl gps., which are derived from opt. substd. vinyl monomers (III); and (2) (II) consists of a proton-conducting hydrophilic copolymer of poly(perfluoroalkylene) substd. by ion exchanging gps. and poly(perfluoroalkylene) substd. with non-ion exchanging gps.    The prepn. of (I) is also claimed.    USE -   The cell is operated as a fuel cell, operating with gaseous fuel and gaseous oxidant, which may be mixed with inert gases; an electrolytic cell; or either at will (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   The cell can operate above room temp., uses more economical (I) material than usual and has satisfactory long-term stability.
A photovoltaic device for converting solar energy into electrical signals comprises: (1) a substrate; (2) a layer of photoconductive semiconductor grown on the substrate; (3) the substrate comprises an alloy of silicon and boron; (4) the alloy comprises boron in range 0.1-1.3 atomic % of the alloy, the alloy having a lattice content that is matched to that of the photoconductive semiconductor and the substrate has a resisivity of less than 1x103 ohm-cm.    Also claimed is a substrate for a photovoltaic device where the substrate is the base of the photovoltaic device upon which photosensitive material is grown, comprising: (a) a top surface upon which the photosensitive material is grown, (b) a body material forming the substrate, (c) the body material comprises an alloy of metallurgical grade silicon and boron, the alloy comprising at least 0.1% boron.    Also claimed is a method of forming a photovoltaic device comprising: (i) providing metallurgical grade silicon, (ii) providing a source of boron, (iii) combining the metallurgical grade silicon with boron from the source to provide an alloy of silicon and boron wherein the alloy has more than 0.1% boron, (iv) solidifying the alloy of silicon and boron to form a substrate, (v) growing a photosensitive material on the substrate to form the photovoltaic device.    ADVANTAGE -   The substrate is provided at low cost, has good conductivity and can withstand high processing temps.
The process comprises the formation of a n-GaAs buffer layer and a p-GaAs photoelectric conversion layer (12b) and a n-GaAs    photoelectric conversion layer (12a) over an n-Si substrate (10). Grooves (18) which divide the photoelectric layer into multiple partitions are formed. The grooves are embedded with insulating materials having a lesser expansion coefft. as compared to a selected target. Annealing and cooling process are performed. This thermally induces a stress concn. on the photoelectric layer and insulator boundary. The stress concn. reduces the transposition over the photoelectric layer. An extension stress over the layer is lessened by two SiO layers from the substrate field back compression power of the insulator.    ADVANTAGE -   The conversion efficiency is increased.
The manufacturing method involves forming multiple rectangular metal electrode layers (21-23) on the main surface of an insulated substrate (1). Over these layers, a first set of thin film electrode layers (31-33) made up of P type CuInSe, are adhered.    Adjoining to the metal electrode layers, second thin film electrode layers (61-63) are provided. These layers are composed of N type electrically conductive layers of CdS or ZnO. These elements constitute multiple unit cells consisting of second electrode layers as photovoltaic generation layers including chalco system compound.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables sharp processing. Increases in integration density of unit cell. Raises electric power generation efficiently.
The solar cell is equipped with a pair of comb-like electrodes (5,7) arranged parallel to each other on both sides of a semiconductor substrate (1). Thus, a PN junction (4) is formed near the surface. Multiple, minute V-shaped grooves (2) are formed on either sides of the two electrodes, on the two sides of the substrate.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For use as power supply of satellites. Generates large photoelectric current even if substrate thickness is thin. Controls absorption of unnecessary IR rays and has high reliability. Suppresses heat rise inside substrate and prevents fall in output of solar cell.
The air fuel battery structure uses an electrolyte (11) provided between an oxidizing agent electrode (10) and a fuel electrode (12). The fuel electrode is connected to a fuel storage part (15). The electrolyte consists of a hydroxylation ion on hydrogen ion conductivity substance. The electrode is formed by fixing a metal catalyser to a locking substrate    ADVANTAGE -   Requires small amount of hydrogen as high voltage gas. Simple structure. Performs efficient supply of active material to electrode and electrolyte.
The fuel battery consists of a cell (4) having a fuel pole (2) and an oxidising agent pole (3). Both poles counter each other through an electrolyte (1). Separators (5-9), which carry out isolation of the gas, are layered on either sides. Collector objects (6,7) are interposed between each electrode and the separator. The fuel pole side collector object (6) is interposed between the fuel pole and the first separator. The collector object is constituted from nickel 'felt' from which the electrolyte material adheres to the surface of a fibrous nickel.    ADVANTAGE -   Controls sintering of nickel 'felt' during long term operation at high temperature. Improves battery performance. Secures clearance between fibres. Increases number of three phase boundary faces in collector part.
The electrolyte plate (1) is interposed between anode (2) and cathode (3) of the battery. A hole part is provided in the electrolyte board for ions and for migration of the reaction gas. The nickel plate (1b) has a nickel portion which prevents growth of nickel metal deposited from the cathode side.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents fall in battery characteristics produced by short circuit of electrode. Enhances life of battery.
The quality catalyser is made up of cermet (4A). The composition of cermet is represented as Fe-AlO3. Alumina is also included in the catalyser. Both materials are of low catalyser activity. A metal is added partially, which possesses high catalysing activity.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For use in solid state electrolyte type fuel battery for fuel change. Enables levelling of current density and temperature distribution inside cell. Eliminates cell puncture. Changes amount of quality reaction for every part of cell.
The fuel battery consists of a cell (4). The cell is equipped with a fuel pole (3) and an air pole (2) countering each other. A solid state electrolyte board (1) is interposed between the two poles. The structure is layered with an oxide layer (8) for surface protection. Then, a pair of separators (5, 6) made of heat resistant alloy containing chrome, are formed.    Between the air pole and separator, the oxide layer is formed whose general chemical formula is expressed as ABO3, where A is chosen from among Sr, Ba, La or Ce whereas B is chosen from Cu, Mg, Al, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co and Ni. It also includes perovskite type oxide of high electron conductivity and is expressed as A' oxide where A' is chosen from Ca, Sr, Ba, La, or Ce.    ADVANTAGE -   Controls fall in electrode activity of air pole. Diminishes ohmic resistance and electrode reaction resistance. Improves battery lifetime. Secures electronic conductivity fully.
The solid state electrolyte (101) has a porous positive and a negative electrode (103,104) installed on its either sides. A conductive thin film layer (102) is provided at the surface of solid state electrolyte by the side of the positive electrode.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For use in steam type electrolytic cells, oxygen sensor. Avoids peeling of electrodes. Enables stabilised operation of device. Increases effective reaction area of battery. Eases pressure of oxygen in closed enclosure during electrolytic operation.
Fibrous magnetite consists of a fibrous base material coated with a reduced magnetite of Fe3O4-x (O&lt;x0.5).    Also claimed is prepn. of the above-claimed fibrous magnetite, in which a fibrous base material is coated with an oxygen-contg. iron cpd. and the oxygen-contg. iron compound is reduced.    An alternative fibrous magnetite is also claimed, which is obtained by coating the whole surface or a part of the surface of the above-claimed fibrous magnetite with carbon.    The fibrous base material pref. has a carbonaceous layer over the whole surface or a part of the surface. The oxygen-contg. iron cpd. is pref. reduced by hydrogen.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Can be used as a catalyst for decomposing carbon dioxide to high-purity hydrogen and methane. When the fibrous base material has electric conductivity, the fibrous magnetite can be used as a material of fuel cells. Has high ability to decompose carbon dioxide. Since it has high porosity, there is no decrease in the catalytic efficiency due to pressure loss. Also it can be reused.
Fuel gas is supplied to the anode (3) of the electrolyte (2) of this fuel-battery with melted carbonic salt. An oxidising gas is supplied at the cathode (4) of the electrolyte (2).    Exhaust gas is emitted by the anode.    Part of the exhaust gas of the cathode (4) is recovered by the catalytic combustion apparatus (6). This gas recovery system supplies then combustion gas to the catalytic combustion apparatus (6).
The gas recovery system has a two switches (12,13) and an electrolyte. The electrolyte (2) is provided with an anode and a cathode (3) which receive fuel gas and an oxidizing agent, respectively. The two gas passages are placed in a combustion housing (8) which connects a heat accumulator and the anode exhaust gas supply tube.    The first switch (12) connects the anode exhaust-gas supply tube (11bs) to the anode exhaust gas recovery system. The second switch (13) connects the gas passage (9bs) to the cathode air-supply side.    ADVANTAGE -   Danger of explosion and deterioration of catalyst is reduced.
A flat type solid electrolyte feed cell has (a) a pair of interconnectors (1,8) consisting of insulating ceramics matrix having almost the same linear expansion coefficient as the solid electrolyte, (b) an electroconductive ceramics in the insulating ceramics matrix, an electroconductive ceramics plate (2) contacting an air electrode, (c) an electroconductive ceramics plate (5) contacting a fuel electrode and (d) a triplex electromotive film (4) arranged between the air electrode-side ceramics plate (2) and the fuel electrode-side ceramics plate (5), and consisting of a solid electrolyte film, a fuel electrode contacting the fuel gas flow on one side of the solid electrolyte film, and an air electrode contacting an air flow on another side of the solid electrolyte film.    The air electrode-side ceramics plate (2) e.g. consists of LaSrMn, and the fuel electrode-side ceramics plate (5) e.g. consists of NiO-YSZ, LaSrCr03, LaMgCr03 or LaCaCr03 etc.    ADVANTAGE -   Leakage of air and fuel gas is effectively prevented.
The process comprises placing a substrate in an evacuated chamber and depositing on the substrate vaporised elemental aluminium. The vaporised elemental aluminium is bombarded with nitrogen in progressively increasing amts. up to stoichiometry to deposit elemental aluminium on the substrate with aluminium nitride over the elemental aluminium. The aluminium nitride has the formula AlxNy, where the atomic ratio of y:x is progressively increased. The produced light absorbing film has an absorbence of 95% in the 8-14 m region.    ADVANTAGE -   The AlxNy layer provides a randomly textured insulating coating having high absorption and good flexibility.
The method of installing a solar battery (1) involves mounting a solar battery module (2) constituted by a solar panel (21) on an external frame (22) along its circumference. The frame has support parts (25c, 25d) to be fixed to a support stand (4) by means of a bolt (5) and nut (6). The frame is further fixed to a protection cover (3) to clamp parts (24a - 24d). A board (31) provided with the protection cover serves as shade for the light receiving face of the solar battery module. A side board (33) for the clamp part connection holds the solar panel such that attachment and detachment is made.    ADVANTAGE -   Protects solar battery module from external impulses. Facilitates mobility of solar battery without incurring damage.
CdS sintered film is made by applying CdS paste on a glass substrate, and sintering. The CdS paste comprises CdS powder comprising cpd. semiconductor powder contg. CdS or Cd and S, having different mean size, on which a mixt. of the fine semiconductor powder and CdCl2 powder is applied, and a binder.    USE -   For cpd. semiconductor solar cells.
The solar battery module provides a compound semiconductor solar cell to over a glass substrate (3). A pair of unfilled space parts (1) is provided on both sides of the solar cell over the substrate. In this unfilled space, a metal compound film (5) is placed over which solder layer (6) is formed on both sides of the cell. A solder fusion part (6a) is produced between the metal and the solder. The thickness of this part is (1mm). Then by a pasting process, over these solder layers a pair of collar parts (4a) of a upper surface cover core is fixed over the cell. Thus a space (10) is introduced below the cover i.e., above the cell.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For use as compound semiconductor solar battery. Avoids deterioration of photoelectric characteristic. Realises compact thin type modules at reduced cost.
The process comprises the formation of a window layer (2), an optical absorption layer (3) and an acceptor layer (4) one by one over a permeable glass substrate (1). The window layer is formed by a Cds film and the absorption layer by a CdTe film. The C film acceptor layer is formed using carbon powder. All the layers are formed in the respective predetermined areas. The projected unnecessary layers and the impurities over these layers are removed by yttrium-aluminium-garnet laser processing. A AgIn film (5) is formed over the carbon layer. By a dry baking process, the solar battery is formed. C layer provides the ohmic contact part for the battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Short circuit is avoided between the absorption layer and acceptor layer. The quality of the window layer is improved by use of polycrystalline Cds as the window layer. The contact of the Cds film and AgIn film is reduced to 1/3 of conventional value. The contact resistance is decreased by reducing the electrode. The effective light receiving area is increased. An efficient solar battery is produced. The photoelectric conversion efficiency is improved.
The cell stack assembly method involves unification of many unit cell (C1) layers. By layering these multiple unit cells, multilayer body (3) is produced. A cell stack (S1) is thus arranged by an external frame (12) which constitutes the multilayer body. The frame has equal external face dimensions.    Along the frame and in the direction of every cell layers, a corresponding protrusion (40) is formed. These protrusions remain pressed at the location where the unit cells counters each other, by means of a spring member (41).    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents generation of dead space on multilayer body periphery. Obtains miniaturised and light weight battery. Increases rigidity. Obtains sufficient efficiency.
The solid state macromolecule type fuel battery has several components. The hydrogen gas from the quality changing part (14) from modifier (12) is at a temperature of 250C or more. By bubbling the gas through water in a chamber (18) the gas is cooled to about 100C. Then the gas is supplied to the fuel pole of the battery.    Water in an adjacent chamber (20) is heated and steam is generated. The steam is supplied to the fuel pole of the battery with the quality charged gas referred above. A solid state electrolyte film is humidified through a fuel pole. The heat transfer control of water temperature in the chamber is controlled by water in the second chamber (20).    ADVANTAGE -   Provides steam while cooling quality charged gas simultaneously. Humidifies macromolecular type electrolyte film.
The fuel battery uses hydrogen carbide fuel which includes sulphur for power generation. The fuel supply chamber (11) is filled with a desulphurisation catalyser (101). A power chamber (15) and fuel discharge chamber (16) are made heat resistant by two insulation layers (104,105). The battery has a thermal control structure to control the temp. in the fuel supply header.    ADVANTAGE -   Stable power is generated. Fuel pole generation is inhibited. The catalytic property is not reduced.
The molten carbonic acid compound type fuel battery fuel gas supply apparatus has several parts. The steam generation apparatus (24) generates steam required for quality change of fuels. The catalyser combustion device (25) is connected to the steam generation apparatus (24). The oxidising agent (14) is mixed with the anode gas and burnt at catalyser layer located in catalyser combustion device.    The steam generator has hot tubes in which the combustion gas is circulated. Water is supplied to the steam generation chamber through a separate inlet.    ADVANTAGE -   Stabilises steam generation heating source. Utilises thermal energy of system effectively.
The electrical setting methodology comprises a modifier (10) which carries out quality governing of fuel gas (1) by monitoring the steam and hydrogen level present in an anode gas (2). The fuel battery (20) consumes oxidised cathode and anode gases (3,2) for power generation. A cathode circulation line (21) circulates the cathode exhaust gas (7) and supplied it to the battery cathode unit after purificn.. A discharge line (12) discharges an anode exhaust gas (4) to the combustion chamber of the modifier from the fuel battery. An exhaust gas line (13) and handling an exhaust gas (5) sent out from the modifier allows mixing of this gas with air and supplies it to the cathode circulation line. This setting methodology involves an executer (24) positioned on the cathode circulation line to perform the exhaust gas dilution using air (14) and circulating it through the fuel battery.    ADVANTAGE -   The cost of gas circulation system is reduced. Coolers for the fuel battery are not required.
The fuel battery operation method makes use of an anode and a cathode compartments which liberates anode gas (2) and cathode gas (3) respectively. The anode of the cathode gas contains hydrogen and oxygen respectively. A purging action is carried out using a mixed gas and an inert gas which is passed into the battery components among power shut-off condition. The purging action dilutes the contents inside and maintains a hydrogen level such that explosive proportions are never attained. Moreover the reducing environment created inside due to presence of CO2 controls the local anodic reaction.    ADVANTAGE -   Inhibits oxidation of battery electrodes. Prevents dissolving carbonic acid from electrolyte. Enables safe power switching off operation of battery.
The starting method performs power generation of a fuel battery by supplying a fuel gas. This generated power along with a heater heats up an internal load. As a result, temperature of fuel battery rises. When the temperature rises, a battery current increases upto maximum value.    According to this battery current increase, a voltage standard control step controls the internal load so that battery voltage is maintained at a minimum value. After the battery current reaches the maximum value, the battery voltage increases. A current standard control step controls an internal load depending on the battery voltage increase so that battery current is maintained at a constant value.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables starting of fuel battery even in state of maximum load. Shortens starting time of fuel battery.
The operation method involves the use of an air electrode and an air electrode in a fuel battery cell stack (11). When the air supply room supplies air to a fuel supply room, the former supplies fuel to a fuel electrode. An air supply tube (18) supplies air to the air electrode.    A modifier (13) supplies fuel whose qualify is changed to the fuel electrode. The hot exhaust gas from the modifier in used to perform controlled heating of the air supply tube in a heat exchanger.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves capability of discharging water generated on air pole. Improves air supply capability. Prevents degradation of battery performance.
The electrically equipped setting for fuel battery includes a duct burner (43). A modifier (10) changes quality of fuel gas (1). The fuel battery (20) generates an emf from the anode gas (2) and cathode gas (3). The anode gas supply line (15) supplies the anode gas (2) to the anode gas inlet of fuel battery from the modifier.    Heat recovery equipment (44) recovers heat energy from cathode exhaust gas (7) of the fuel battery (20). The duct burner (43) heats cathode exhaust gas (7) supplied to heat recovery equipment. The fuel bypass line (16) connects the anode gas supply line with duct burner. An air supply line (18) supplies air to duct burner.    ADVANTAGE -   Simulates site conditions in fuel battery. Realises cost reduction equipment rationalisation.
The battery stored in a receptacle comprises cathode and anode compartments that contains the cathode gas (3) and the anode gas (2) for power generation. It has a modifier (10) that converts a mixture of steam fuel gas into anode gas. A cathode circulation line (21) circulates cathode exhaust gas (7) of the fuel battery to the cathode. A circulation blower (23) supplies cool air to the cathode circulation line through a bearing part.    A discharge line (12) discharges the anode exhaust gas (4) to the combustion chamber to the modifier. The chamber has an exhaust gas line (13) supported by an air line (14) that supplies combustion exhaust gas (5) to the cathode circulation line. This setting is characterised in supplying air for cooling the bearing of the blower by diverting air from cathode circulation line.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves efficiency. Reduces power used by compression machine.
The electrical setting method uses a modifier (10) to convert a steam fuel gas mixture into an anode gas (2) containing hydrogen. A fuel battery (20) stored in a receptacle (22) consumes anode and cathode gases for power generation. A discharge path (12) discharges a cathode exhaust gas (7) to a compression chamber (Co) of the modifier and an exhaust gas supply tube (13) supplies a combustion exhaust gas (5) of the modifier to a cathode circulation path (21). A part of combustion exhaust gas (9) is metered to the storing receptacle thereby carrying out disclosure inhibition of anode and cathode gases.    A gas discharge path (53) has a mikata valve (52) switched for gas discharge in the receptacle or cathode circulation path. A detector (54) checks for any inflammable gas, in case it is detected, the gas in the receptacle is discharged through the combustion chamber in case of absence of gas. Switching is carried out such that gas discharge takes place via cathode circulation path.    ADVANTAGE -   Excels in safety and compactness. Offers less cost.
The structure of a single cell (10) is formed by an electrolyte board (2) having an anode (3) and a cathode (4) arranged on either side. Two collector boards (5, 6) are arranged above and below the electrolyte board and are connected electrically. Two terminal electrodes (11, 12) are provided at either side of the cell. The collector boards (5, 6) are extended and they are connected with the terminal electrodes (11, 12). The anode gas and the cathode gas are supplied through a pair of windows provided at the two main surfaces of the cell.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides easy assembly. Reduces size. Produces high voltage.
The fuel battery separator has a gas inlet. On the surface of the separator the gas flow path is divided into ribs for collector attachment. A blockage is formed by connecting rib ends parallel to gas flow paths. The gas flow exit is penetrated and the exit outlet is provided at the base of the gas flow path under surface at the blockage end.    A gas flow path and an orthogonal hole are penetrated and a path is provided at the opening end of each gas flow path in the under surface.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves current density. Increases electrode usage efficiency. Enhances gas distribution efficiency. Decreases resistance to gas flow. Simplifies gas supply and battery handling.
The method involves feeding part of the air fed to the cathode (2) and the anode exhaust gas into the combustion chamber (9b) such that the pressure in the combustion chamber and that in the reforming chamber (9a) become substantially equal to each other.    A line is provided (12) for introducing part of the air to the combustion chamber and an opening is formed (39) on the line to allow the gas in the line to enter the pressure vessel (24) such that the pressure in the pressure vessel and that in the plate reformer (9) become substantially equal to each other. Nitrogen gas is fed into the pressure vessel such that the oxygen concentration in the pressure vessel is raised by the air fed into the pressure vessel is suppressed below an explosion limit.    ADVANTAGE -   Controls differential pressure between reforming chamber and combustion chamber and between inside and outside of plate reformer without using valve to control differential pressure.
Photovoltaic cell with controllable semiconductor properties has semiconducting multilayer or gradient coatings of metal oxide (I) on electroconductive substrate. (I) comprises oxide(s) of Ti, Zr, Sn, Pb, Al, Zn, Cd, In, V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, W, Ca, Sr, Ba, Fe, Ru, Os, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Df, Eu, Dy and/or Yb. In the case of mix oxides or oxide mixts., a component present in a concn. less than 1 mole-% is regarded as dopant.    USE -   The cell is used for generating electrical energy from light, esp. as solar cell (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   Oxide coatings can be produced on suitable substrates (opt. electroconductive and/or optically transparent) to give an optimum match of their chemical, structural and morphological parameters to the desired function, with exact reproducibility.
Forming a dense, gas-tight, electrically conducting interconnection layer on an electrode structure comprises providing a flux-added thermal spray feed powder comprising particles of LaCrO3, flux, and alkaline earth, Co, Ni or Al dopant, spraying onto a selected part of the electrode structure (20), and heating in air at 1200-1350 C to form the interconnect (26) bonded to the electrode surface.    Also claimed is the interconnection layer formed as above.    Also claimed is a high-temp. solid oxide electrochemical cell comprising a solid oxide electrochemical cell comprising a solid oxide electrolyte sandwiched between two electrodes, one of which is coupled to an adjacent cell by the interconnect above.    USE -   In gas-tight interconnections for high-temp. electrochemical cells.    ADVANTAGE -   Leak proof, gas-tight conducting interconnection layers which are highly doped and stable are obtd.
The structure is obtd. by using a rectangular substrate whose edges supporting a solar cell (1) are arranged mutually. The solar cell is placed over a surface protection board (2). On the upper surface at one end and on the lower surface at the other end of the board (2) two polar side fastener tapes (61,62) are provided. Lead wires (5) are provided between ends of solar cell and fastener tapes. The connection is accomplished by using conductive coupling. A binding resin (3) and a protective layer (4) are formed over the solar cell.    ADVANTAGE -   The installation process is simple. Easy exchange process of broken module is enabled.
The semiconductor device includes a first layer (50) of amorphous carbon into which boron is diffused. A second layer (51) also of amorphous silicon adjoins the first layer. A hydrogen is added to the second layer. The semiconductor junction is formed by these two layers.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For use in optical electromotive junction object and rectification nature junction part. Finds use in solar battery. Obtains high optical electromotive force.
The poly silicon solar battery includes an electrode (7) in a polycrystalline silicon substrate one side is made rough by generating saw tooth shaped V grooves. The flatness of the opposite side is maintained. Resist (3) is applied on the V grooves and exposed according to pattern.     A N+ layer (4) is formed by a suitable process on the rough surface interior. Next, SiO2 passivation film (5) is formed on N+ layer. Then TiO2 reflection prevention film (6) is formed on SiO2passivation film. The P layer is formed on the inner portion of the flat surface. Under surface electrode (7) is formed on the flat surface hiding the P layer (8).    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces disconnection on rough surface during sub electrode formation. Increases curvilinear factor. Improves battery characteristics. Maintains shape of V grooves.
The solar battery mfg. method involves forming a N type GaAs active layer (32) on a P type GaAs active layer (30). Another active layer of GaAs (34) is formed such that it projects out of the first active layer and counters the second active layer. The free charge carriers generated in the active layers are extended and directed onto a spatial target. A PN junction is formed along the boundary face of the third active layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Raises conversion efficiency of solar battery. Eases formation of active layers.
The fuel cell module consists of a number of cylindrical cell stacks (11), separated by external electrodes (31b). A conductive felt (24) carries out the parallel connection between the cell stacks through the electrodes. Each cylindrical cell stacks consists of a number of single cell (31) mutually connected in series along longitudinal direction. Thus, a sandwich is formed between the single cells and the solid state electrolyte using multiple cell stacks in between them. When there is a power generation, the intermediate part of the cell stack is made to bypass the current through the conductive felt, thereby extracting more power.    ADVANTAGE -   Extracts adequate power easily. Simplifies structure and working.
A burner (1) comprises a fuel injector (3) and fuel/air supply sections. The fuel injector (3) has nozzles for supplying low-calorie and high-calorie gas. The fuel supply passages are individually controlled for the burner combustion to supply high or low calorie gas alone or high/low calorie gas mixture.    USE -   For economic fuel combustion.
Carbon particles are provided between an anode (20) separator (60) and a gas passage structure (40). The carbon particles are filled in a space of the anode (20) braid or pores of the gas passage structure (40) to increase area at the contact between the anode (20) and the gas passage structure (40), reducing the contact resistance.    USE -   For reducing contact resistance regardless of surface pressure at contact area.
The processing method involves applying a slurry contg. solid electrolyte powder on one side of a porous substance (1) layered with a covering film. Subsequent drying is performed and the porous body is then subjected to heat treatment.    A soap cpd. of the metal which is the chief constituent of the solid electrolyte is made to impregnate the porous body. Once again, baking processing is performed, resulting in the decomposition of the metallic soap material. The whole structure now configures the required solid electrolytic film (2).    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For use in fuel cells. Shortens process time. Performs precise film forming. Controls peeling of electrolytic film. Obtains superb fuel cell whose characteristics are stabilised over a long time.
The plant includes a reaction vessel (11) which is heated by fuel combustion in a burner (1). Two nozzles (3, 4) of varied dia. are provided at a fuel jet part (2) for discharging high and low calorific fuel separately. The two nozzles are independently controlled to discharge the two fuels which have a calorific value ratio to regulate the combustion velocity in the burner.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents fire. Provides good reaction and discharge control.
Combustor comprises a burner to heat a reactor, a fuel jet part with a low-calorie large nozzle and a high-calorie small nozzle in a concentrical manner and a fuel supply part to supply fuel to the burner.    A gas passage (1), formed as a fuel supply part to properly mix natural gas (a) with hydrogen gas (b), has the end partitioned into a low-calorie chamber (3) and a high-calorie chamber (4) due to the switching operation of an electromagnetic valve (2), a low-calorie large nozzle (5) being protruded from the corner end of the low-calorie chamber (3).    ADVANTAGE -   The combustion of either low calorie gas or high calorie gas, depending on switching operation, is allowed.
A porous film (7) of metal oxide is formed by applying heat on slurry contg. metal oxide applied on one surface of a porous substrate (8). The substrate (8) is placed in a reaction furnace. A metal oxide film is formed on the surface of the porous film (7) by supplying gas of metal halide for forming metal oxide on the surface of the porous film (7) forming surface while supplying gas contg. oxygen on the surface opposite to the porous film forming surface simultaneously.    ADVANTAGE -   A finer interconnecting film of a fuel cell is formed in a shorter duration compared with conventional methods.
A raw material gas is kept in contact with a substrate heated at 750-900 deg.C. The raw material gas contains 1.0-10 mol of chloropolysilane SinCl2n+2, (where n = greater than or equals 2), and hydrogen and/or an inert gas.    The single crystal silicon film is formed on a quartz glass substrate or a polycrystal silicon substrate. The single crystal silicon film is oriented in (220).    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Produces single crystal silicon film used for a semiconductor, solar cell, or a liq. crystal display device. Forms single crystal silicon film at a low temp. of 750-900 deg.C on an inexpensive polycrystal or amorphous substrate. The result forms the single crystal silicon film on the inexpensive quartz glass substrate. The single crystal silicon film is made at dramatically lower cost.
The following are claimed: (A) unsintered ceramic artefact comprising: (a) partially hydrolysed tetra-alumina and/or partially hydrolysed beta"-alumina; (b) at least one water-soluble binder; and (c) at least one water-soluble plasticiser. (B) making a ceramic slip comprising homogenising (a) an alumina component selected from particulate beta-alumina and/or particulate beta"-alumina; (b) at least one water-soluble binder; (c) at least one water-soluble plasticiser; and (d) water. (C) ceramic slips produced by process (B). (D) forming a green ceramic tape, comprising: (a) shaping a ceramic slip (as described in (C) above) by (i) casting the ceramic slip on a substrate, or (ii) extruding the ceramic slip, opt. onto a substrate; (b) drying the cast or extruded slip to form a green ceramic tape; and opt. (c) removing the resulting green tape from the substrate. (E) green ceramic tape produced by process (D). (F) release agent, for use in forming green ceramic sheets or tapes from beta-alumina based aq. slips by tape casting or extruding, comprising (a) at least one paraffin and/or at least one glycerol ester; and (b) at least one fatty acid and/or a metal or ammonium salt of a fatty acid.    USE -   The prods. (A), (C) and (E) are useful, e.g., in high temp. rechargeable electrochemical power storage cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The release agents are inexpensive, environmentally friendly compsns. offering problem-free handling.
Prodn. of flexible amorphous silicon solar cell includes: 1. coating polyimide (PI) varnish on the glass substrate; 2. imidising the varnish under heating conditions 100C, 30 min.; 200C, 30 min.; 300C, 30 min.; 350C, one hour; 3. evaporating one metal film on the PI and patterning it; 4. evaporating amorphous silicon film on the PI and patterning it; 5. evaporating one light-transmissible conductive film on the amorphous silicon and patterning it; 6. coating one protective film on the light-transmissible conductive film; 7. separating the PI film and the glass substrate; 8. coating one protective film on the back of PI film.
The fuel reformer consists of an outer cylinder (2) that houses the modules vaporiser (30), modifier (40) and evaporation fuel buffer tank (50). Heating air (Y) raises incoming methanol fuel (X1 ) temperature and generates methanol vapour (X2). The vapour is routed through a modifier where it reacts with a catalyst (42) to generate hydrogen. The heat flow is designed such that fuel buffer tank absorbs first the bulk of heat through its upper face (53).    ADVANTAGE -   Makes optimum use of heat available minimising stray radiation losses.
The electrically equipped setting controlling method involves usage of a fuel battery (1) along with a varying fuel supply part (2). An air supply unit (3) is present to regulate rate of air flow into the battery. A orthogonal converter (4) converts direct current power obtained from battery to alternating current power. A pair of operation parts (18,17) computes the set point value of fuel rate and air flow rate corresponding to the output current of the fuel battery.    A varying power rate restriction part (15) maintains the set point value below the maximum allowed value to control the orthogonal converter. During the rise of power set point signal, the corresponding increase in fuel and air supply rate are output to respective operation parts immediately through a speed adjustment means (16).    ADVANTAGE -   Improves utilisation factor of battery. Avoids shortage of air and fuel supply to battery during operation. simplifies design of electrical apparatus.
The deoxidation apparatus consists of a reaction tank (5) to which condensed water (12) present in fuel battery exhaust gas (11) is supplied through a pump (3), from a condenser (12). A cathode (9a) and an anode (9b) with a diaphragm (10) in between, constitutes the reaction tank where the electrolysis of the condensed water takes place.    The voltage of the cathode and the anode is controlled by an electrolytic voltage controller (6). Hydrogen gas is generated at the cathode side due to electrolysis and is made to react with the dissolved oxygen of the condensed water. The hydrogen gas removes the oxygen from the condensed water and deoxidised water (17) is formed. The rate of flow and temperature of the deoxidised water is measured by a flowmeter (7) and a thermometer (8) respectively.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces density of oxygen in cooling water system of fuel-battery. Reduces problem resulting from dissolved oxygen, such as corrosion crack of cooling water system. Regulates removal of oxygen with electrolytic current. Simplifies apparatus design and improves reliability.
The reproduction method of a carbonic acid salt fuel battery involves supplying an inert gas like nitrogen through a gas passage (5) by the side of a cathode (2) and through another gas passage (6) by the side of an anode (6). The cathode material is formed by carrying out sintering of nickel powder with oxide of porous object. The nitrogen and hydrogen gases are supplied to the gas passage (5) by the side of the cathode. This compresses the battery. An oxidation gas is supplied to the gas passage by the side of the cathode which oxidises the cathode.    ADVANTAGE -   Recovers voltage fall of battery due to electrolyte reduction.
The gasket for high temp. is formed by blending: 1-30 wt. % of an inorganic fibre having heat resistance at a temp. of at least working temp. as a fibre base material 0-70 wt. % of inorganic powder having heat resistance at a temp. of at least working temp. as an inorganic filler; 20-80 wt. % of an inorganic material having a softening pt. lower than working temp. as an inorganic softening material; and an organic binder. The inorganic fibre, inorganic powder, and inorganic matter have a bulk density of at least 1.0 g/cm3.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   The gasket for high temp. is used for a piping connecting section for a high temp. fluid or fuel cell. The use of the inorganic fibre and the inorganic powder assures high sealing at high temp. The use of the inorganic material buries the voids in the inorganic fibre with the inorganic matter at low temp. The results positively prevent leakage. The resulting gasket has high sealing.
The apparatus (10) comprises a supply unit including a pair of electrodes (30,30a) spaced apart from each other with a mixture of fired fine pellets (20) of an electron absorbing material and a mixture of fine particles (22) of a mixed electron absorbing material comprising V3Ga, Bi, CuO, Sr and FeO2. Fine particles of a catalyst are also provided along with fine particles of C and FeO2.    A plasticiser is provided and a casing for accommodating the pair of electrodes and the mixture so that the pair of electrodes are individually in intimate contact with the mixture. The fine pellets consist of Nb3Sn and V3be as a superconducting material. The fine pellets have a maximum size of 1.5 mm. The fine particles have a maximum size of thirty microns.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   The charge time is very short and when charge/discharge cycles are repeated little or no damage results giving a prolonged life.
A Cr alloy sheet mfg. process involves melting the individual starting components (4,5,6) in an inert gas atmos., spraying the molten components together in the inert gas atmos. onto a receiving surface (22) and, after solidification, detaching from the receiving surface, compacting and/or flat rolling. Equipment for carrying out the above process consists of a melting device (12), a spray device (20), a receiving surface (22) for the sprayed melt, a detachment device (26,34,35) for the solidified melt (32), a shear (38) and a rolling mill stand (40), all installed in a gastight inert gas (43) filled housing (42).    USE -    E.g. for mfr. of sheets of Cr-based alloy contg. 3-10 at.% Fe and 0.5-5 at.% Y or Y2 O3, for use in high temp. fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -    The process allows efficient mfr. of large sheets of a Cr alloy with limited flowability, avoids oxidn. and nitrogen embrittlement of the alloy, avoids formation of a sintered structure or coarse cast structure and provides uniform distribution of high melting components such as Y2 O3.
Si-laminates are made by introducing Si-powder housed in a hermetic sealed container into a high-temp. plasma of a mfg. unit through a carrier tube for melting the Si-powder, forming the melt on a substrate as a film, to form polycrystalline Si-film, in which at least one of the apex part of the carrier tube at the container side, and the container is replaced by having it followed to the consumption of Si-powder, for keeping the insertion distance of the apex part of the tube from the surface of the Si-powder layer.    USE -   For solar cells.
The system uses an air blower (4) having a part cooling apparatus (20) connected at the discharge side of blower. An electrically equipped setting is connected to the discharge side of air blower. This is capable of changing the speed of the blower by using a speed control apparatus (13) of the blower. A branched air supply pipeline (21A) of the cooling apparatus forces cooling air to a region between a fuel modifier (3) and a fuel battery main part (2).    Another pipeline (21B) forces cooling air to left, outer part of the battery main part. Air is used through a lower part (7) to supply cooling air to right side of fuel modifier outer part. The air blower also supplies reaction air and combustion air to the fuel battery main part and the modifier. A ventilation fan (6) is used to force out the hot air from the system.    ADVANTAGE -   Allows increased hot air discharge. Allows simplified provision for the electrical setting without spoiling cooling function.
The stack structure of a fuel battery includes a hollow substrate (11), fixed into grooves (15,16) of a receptacle (13). The substrate's hollow portion contains a number of flow paths for the flow of oxidising agent gas. The substrate has an U shaped pattern and forms the first electrode. A solid state electrolyte layer is formed on the surface of the substrate.    The stack structure of the battery is further constituted by a second electrode of different material, formed by layering two or more single cells through a porous conductive material (18) of high elasticity. A partition board is provided to prevent the discharge gas from mixing with gases in the flow path.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves power generation efficiency and power density. Reduces fuel consumption. Realises high industrial value.
The structure of a fuel battery is formed by arranging many cells (16) one above the other. Each cell is formed by a pair of fuel poles (12) and oxidising agent pole (14) formed by arranging division electrodes (13) in order. A matrix (15) is placed between the two types of poles.    The separation board forms the passage through which the oxidising agent gas and fuel gas are circulated between the oxidising agent pole and the fuel pole respectively.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves electrical capacity of battery. Reduces manufacturing cost.
Fuel cell comprises three-layer structure, an air electrode, a solid electrolyte, and a fuel electrode. A material of BaCe1-x-aBixAaOy (I) is added to the fuel electrode material.    In (I), A is at least one of Y, La, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er and Tm; X is greater than or equals 0 and less than or equals 0.5; a is less than 1-x; y is greater than 0 and less than 3.0.    The fuel electrode material comprises Ni-zirconia cermet.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   The electrode material compsn. is used for the solid electrolytic fuel cell. The solid electrolytic fuel cell has reduced polarisation generated in the fuel electrode in power generation and has high power generation efficiency.
Appts. comprises a photosynthetic biological cell to take electrons directly out from a photosynthetic process using a life having a photosynthetic function and light-permeable solar cell combined with that cell.    USE -   Used for converting solar energy.
The battery is obtd. by forming an oxide thin film (6) made of a trivalent element i.e, ZnO over a transparent insulation substrate (1). Over this layer, a CdS film (2) is formed by a sintering process, with an opening on the upper face of the transparent insulation substrate. Over this layer, a CdTe film (3) is formed with a small space left in between them.    Over the CdTe film, an electrode part consisting of a carbon electrode film (4) and a (Ag+In) electrode film (5) is formed.    ADVANTAGE -   A high capacity solar battery is obtd.. The battery has a high photoelectric conversion efficiency.
The transparent conductivity thin film manufacturing method involves deposition of metal oxidisation tin on the transparent substance. Moreover, the compound containing zirconium in organic solvent of 0.001-0.1 times by atom ratio is added to tin. Then, thermal decomposition is performed at the surface, thereby forming the thin film.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For use in thin film solar battery, transparent electromagnetic wave cover object, transparent electrification prevention object and transparent touch sensor. Improves wear resistant without spoiling membranous electrical resistance. Provides transparent conductivity with good membranous intensity.
Liq. phase growth comprises: (a) supplying a solute to a solvent in a solvent reservoir; (b) circulating the solvent through a pipe; and (c) at an opening provided at part of the pipe, keeping a substrate in contact with the solvent to form a crystal on the substrate.    A liq. phase growth device has: (a) solvent reservoir for supplying the solute to the solvent; (b) pipe for circulating the solvent, both the ends of the pipe being connected to the side wall of the solvent reservoir. An opening for keeping the solvent in contact with the substrate is provided at the midpoint of the pipe.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   The device is used for liq. phase growing. The device and the method continuously grow crystals with simple structure. The device and the method are suitable for mass prodn. for devices, partic. a solar battery requiring the thickness of the crystal.
(JP6349511-A)   NOVELTY - The laminate structure has anode pole, cathode pole and inter-connector. The gas collection-and-delivery section has branched gas-negotiation way to supply gas to the gas-manifold provided in the inter-connector of the laminate structure.    USE - For fuel cell applications.
The device comprises an inner cylinder/outer cylinder differential temp. detection means, a catalyst layer temperature detection means, a means to control a combustion airflow based on deviation between a differential temperature and a specified value, and a means to add a corrective fuel flow for temp. control.    ADVANTAGE -   Breakage of catalyst by differential temperature can be prevented.
NOVELTY - The seal portion consisting of non-conductive lanthanum trioxide, is formed between separators to prevent mixing and leakage of anode and cathode gas.    USE -   In flat type solid electrolyte fuel battery.    ADVANTAGE -   As seal portion contains non-conductive lanthanum trioxide, it is strong to heat shock at the time of using solid electrolyte fuel battery.
Refining of silicon is effected by irradiating it with an electron beam under a reduced pressure and melting. The process involves adding a source of oxygen supply to the molten silicon to oxidise and remove C and B.    Pref. as a source of oxygen supply, at least one oxide selected from SiO2, CaO, MgO, SnO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, TiO2, P2O5 and B2O3 is added in an amt. of 0.5-5g in terms of O to every 1kg of silicon. Also as a source of oxygen supply, at least one gas selected from H2O, O2, and CO2 is pref. blown to the surface of the molten silicon or blown into it at a rate of 0.05.0.5g/min in terms of O for every 1kg of silicon.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   The refined silicon can be used in solar cells. High-purity silicon with a C content of less than 5ppmw and a B content of less than 6ppmw can be obtained.
Micromolecular cation exchange body comprises a macromolecular cpd. contg. an aromatic polymer having a thia-xanthene-dioxide type structural unit of formula (I). The aromatic ring contains a cation exchange gp. having neutral salt resolving power. Ion exchange capacity is 0.5-4 mil equiv./g of a dried resin. In (I), X is -CH2-, -O-, -S-, -SO2- or -CO-; n = 2-500.    Prepn. of the macromolecular cation exchange body comprises: (a) sulphonating the aromatic ring of an aromatic straight chain macromolecular cpd. of formula (II); (b) applying cyclodehydration reaction to the macromolecular cpd. (where X is -CH2-, -O-, -S-, -SO2- or -CO-; n = 2-500).    ADVANTAGE -   The macromolecular cation exchange body has high ion exchange capacity, and superior thermal stability, heat resistance. The macromolecular cation exchange body has good dissolution to organic solvents, forming a thin film, providing a low resistant film.
The fuel cell has a solid polymer electrolyte membrane (58) with an anode (60) and a cathode (61) arranged on either side of the membrane. The reaction area of the electrode is increased by uniformly dispering and bonding a solid polymer electrolyte and a catalyst. The ability of gas feeding to the reaction site is improved by adding a fluoropolymer so that the catalyst is not excessively coated.    The electrode is formed by coating on one side of a gas-diffusible layer a mixed dispersion of a noble metal catalyst, a carbon fine powder and a colloidal dispersion of a solid polymer electrolyte. The colloidal dispersion is prepared using an organic solvent having a polar group other than hydroxyl and with a carbon chain of 1-8 carbon atmos which bonds to the polar group.    ADVANTAGE -   Simple manufacturing method which gives enhanced performance.
An electrochemical cell with polymeric solid electrolyte has a core with a periphery, consisting of at least one strip membrane (5) contg. 2-10000 individual cell faces (6, 12, 13, 14) connected in series, each of which comprises a membrane (1) made of polymeric solid electrolyte (I) coated on both sides with an electrode layer (10).    USE -   E.g. as a fuel cell for traction applications.    ADVANTAGE -   Simpler and less expensive structure than prior-art cells, and a more reliable method of operation.
The use of tricycloquinazolines with liq. crystal (LC) properties (I) or LC mixts. contg. (I) as charge transfer cpds., and in organic solar cells, is claimed.    Also claimed are photoconductive layers, pref. 2-100 microns thick, contg. (I) as photoconductor, and electrophotographic recording materials contg. an electrically conductive base and a photoconductive layer as above, or an electrically conductive base, a charge carrier-producing sensitiser layer and a photoconductive layer as above.    Cpds. of formula (I) are preferred. In formula (I), R1-R12 = H, halo, -OCH=CH2, -SCH=CH2, -OCOCH=CH2, -OCOCMe=CH2, -SCOCH=CH2, -SCOCMe=CH2, alkyl, -O-alkyl, -S-alkyl, -NH-alkyl or -N(alkyl)2 contg. 1-20C alkyl gps.; these alkyl gps. are opt. substd. with functional gps., pref. COOH, OH, OR13, NCO, NH2, NHR13, N(R13)2, COR14, COR16 or oxiranyl (where R13 = alkyl, aryl, alkaryl, oxa-alkyl, thia-alkyl, vinyl, allyl or ethynyl; R14 = vinyl or CR15=CH2 (where R15 = alkyl); and R16 = alkyl, aryl or alkaryl).    Pref. (I) have electron-repelling substits. in the 2,3-position.    (I) are prepd. as described e.g. in J. Chem. Soc. 1964, 3670; J. Chem. Soc. 1968, 142; Yakhak Hoechi 30, 203 (1986); Indian J. Chem., Sect B 23B, 560 (1984); Chem; Pharm. Bull. 21, 1610 (1973).    USE -   In organic solar cells and as photoconductors in electrophotographic recording materials, e.g. for copiers, laser printers, offset printing plates, etc..    ADVANTAGE -   Provides new cpds. with improved charge transfer properties.
The manufacturing method forms an amorphous silicon layer (3) of one micrometer thickness, on an electric conduction film of a transparent electrode (2). This electrode is provided on insulation surface of a glass board (1) of thickness 1mm. An interface layer (4) of thickness 20-100nm is deposited on the amorphous silicon layer. On this interface layer consisting of sublimation electric conduction substance, a metal electrode (5) of aluminium is installed, hiding whole surface of the interface layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides stable manufacturing technology and lowers rate of defect and damage of amorphous silicon layer.
The desulphurisation agent producing device incorporates desulphurisation devices (1, 2) which perform desulphurisation of original fuel gas including the sulphur component. This output is received by a modifier (4) which changes the quality of original fuel gas and makes hydrogen as its main ingredient. Fuel gas from the multiplier is supplied to a fuel battery (5).    The desulphurisation device consists of desulphurisation agent which performs suction of the sulphur component in the fuel gas. While heating oxidation decomposition is carried out and the desulphurisation agent is reproduced and this is used repeatedly.    ADVANTAGE -   Aims at simplifying composition. Provides high efficiency and reliability. Increases life time of fuel battery.
The solid state electrolyte fuel battery includes a solid state electrolyte layer (4) sandwiched between fuel electrode (5) and air electrode (6). A mesh (7) covers the exposed surface of the fuel pole and the other side of the mesh is fully enclosed by a separator (1). The exposed surface of the air electrode is enclosed by the separator. The two segments of the separator i.e., upper part and the lower part are joined together by a spacer (2).    The electrolyte layer (4) is in contact with the spacer on one side and it is in contact with the separator on the other side. A coating layer is applied at these contact regions, that is between separator and electrolyte layer and between the spacer and the electrolyte layer. The material used for the coating layer does not react with yttrium doped zirconium compound. The solid state electrolyte layer is made of yttrium doped zirconium compound.    ADVANTAGE -   Secures air resistance on fuel electrode side and air electrode side concurrently. Does not lead to connection of electrolyte layer with separator or spacer due to high temperature. Provides immunity to heat cycle.
Fuel cell comprises an ion-exchange membrane for an electrolyte, and a gas diffusion electrode having catalyst layer. The ion-exchange membrane consists of a composite of a component having a functional group and core material consisting of hydrocarbon high polymer. The component having functional gp. comprises a cpd. contg. fluorine, having exchange capacity of 0.9-2 equiv./g. Thickness of cpd. is 10-100 microns before forming the combined material. Porosity of the core material before making composite is 70-95%.    ADVANTAGE -   Used as a solid high-polymer type fuel cell with the electrolyte thin film having improved strength. Output power of the cell is increased.    In an example, porous polyethylene film having thickness of 100 microns and porosity of 65% was biaxially stretched at 110 deg.C to prepare the core material of 40 microns thickness and 78% porosity. Perfluorocarbon sulphonic acid membrane was dissolved in solvent consisting of ethanol and water to prepare a 5 wt.% soln. The stretched porous polyethylene film was soaked in the soln. at room temp. for 2 hrs., then dried. This process was repeated 10 times to obtain a composite of the component and the core material. The composite was pressed at 110 deg.C at 400 kg/cm2 for 5 min. The composite film was held in pure water at 80 deg.C for 1 hr. The composite was placed between two sheets of the electrodes and joined together at 100 deg.C at 80 kg/cm2 for 90 sec.
The solid high-polymer type fuel cell comprises ion-exchange membrane for electrolyte, and gas diffusion electrode having catalyst layer. The ion-exchange membrane consists of composite of component having functional gp. and core material consisting of high-polymer contg. fluorine. The component having functional gp. comprises cpd. contg. fluorine, having exchange capacity of 0.9-2 mili equivalent/g. Thickness of cpd. shall be 10-100 microns before forming the combined material. Porosity of the core material before making composite shall be 70-95%.    ADVANTAGE -   The solid high-polymer type fuel cell with the electrolyte thin film having improved strength can be obtd. Output power of the cell can be increased.    In an example, carbon black, polyoxyethylene (10) octylphenylether, polytetrafluoroethylene dispersed aq. soln., and silica gel were mixed and dried in a sequence to prepare material powder of electrode. The obtd. powder mixed with solvent naphtha was formed into film. The film was sintered, then 12 wt.% chloroplatinic acid-ethanol soln. was impregnated in the film, then reduced to prepare the catalyst layer. Perfluorocarbon sulphonic acid soln. was impregnated in the layer to prepare the electrode. Film consisting of copolymer of CF2=CF2 and CF2=CFOCF2CF(CF3)O(CF2)3SO2F was laminated with film of polytetrafluoroethylene, and unified at 250 deg.C at 100 kg/cm2. The laminated film was soaked in mixed soln. of 55 wt.% of water, 30 wt.% of dimethylsulphoxide, and 15 wt.% of calcium hydroxide, at 90 deg.C, then in HCl aq. soln. to obtain composite film composed of the component having sulphonic acid gp. and the core material. The obtd. film was placed between two of the electrodes, and jointed together at 140 deg.C at 80 kg/cm2 to prepare the fuel cell.
The internal manifold type solid state electrolyte fuel battery consists of a flat board like cell in which a fuel pole and an air pole are arranged in either sides. A solid state electrolyte layer in inserted between the air pole and the fuel pole. The adjoining cells which are arranged in series are separated using a separator (1).    A heat resistant metal board (1A) and a conductive oxide board (1B) are arranged in the separator in order to let the flow of fuel gas and oxidising agent respectively. A path of the heat resistant board. The catalyser is made to contact with the fuel pole of the cell before going the fuel gas to it.    ADVANTAGE -   Perform electrochemical reaction of battery and produces exothermic effect. Controls internal quality changes and thermal stress. Improves performance and battery endurance.
The fuel battery comprises an oxidation electrode (3) and a fuel electrode (1) that are arranged through a solid electrolyte. Fuel gas and oxidising gas are supplied to the fuel battery. The thickness of the fuel electrode is reduced at the fuel gas entrance side and is gradually increased as it approaches the exit end of the fuel gas.    ADVANTAGE -   Controls generation of temperature distribution within cell. Provides high performance. Increases lifetime of fuel battery. Provides easy manufacturing process.
The manufacturing method of a layered type fuel battery (1) involves interposing more than one layer of one pair of electrode on an electrolyte board. De-greasing of porous substrate, is performed followed by impregnation of electrolyte. The electrolyte is supplied by an electrolyte supply apparatus (7).    ADVANTAGE -   Provides efficient de-greasing of porous substrate and electrolyte. Performs enough impregnation of electrolyte to porous substrate. Avoids dissolution of electrolyte by generation of heat.
Lanthanum chromite is produced by heating the source mixt. which contains Cr, doping elements, and lanthanoids elements selected from La, Nd, Sm, Gd, Dy, Ho, Er, Yb or Y. The amt. of Cr is 90-100% by mol. w.r.t. its theoretical value.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Easy to sinter lanthanum chromite can be produced with a good reproducibility. It is used for heaters, inter-connectors of solid oxide fuel cells, or MHD power generating material. The lanthanum chromite provides a dense sinter only by heating; hot-pressing is not required.    In an example, La0.084Sr0.16CrxO3 was prepd. by heating a mixt. of La2O3, SrCO3, and Cr2O3 at 1300 deg. C for 10 hrs. It was sintered at 1600 deg. C.
A steam-reforming catalyst for hydrocarbons for fuel cells contains a catalytic active component consisting of a platinum group element at 0.1-10 wt.% w.r.t. the total amount of the catalyst and having a specific surface area of 1-20m2/g.    The fuel cell is pref. a molten carbonate fuel cell in which the fuel is reformed directly inside. The hydrocarbons are e.g., light hydrocarbons such as LNG and LPG, petroleum distillates such as naphtha and kerosene, and coal liquefied oil.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   The invention can be applied to reform hydrocarbons fed to fuel cells. According to the invention, contamination with an alkali carbonate via a gas phase route is inhibited and the life of the catalyst is prolonged.
A solar cell module wherein at least the light receiving surface of the photovoltaic element is coated with a filler contg. a vinyl fluoride copolymer and acrylic resin.    USE -   This solar cell module can be used outdoors for a prolonged period.    ADVANTAGE -   This module has excellent weatherability, heat-resistance, scratch-resistance and adhesivity to the photovoltaic element. It can maintain a desired photoelectric conversion for a prolonged period by minimising deterioration caused by moisture permeation.
Rice husks were washed with deionised water then treated with formic acid at a vol. ratio of acid : water of 1 : 10 for up to 24 hrs., dried at 120 deg. and pyrolysed at 340-500 deg. The ash, with a C : SiO2 ratio of 2 : 1, was treated with 10% peroxide or formic acid at 20-40 deg. for up to 24 hrs., at a vol. ratio of acid : water of 1 : 10, then reduced under nitrogen at 1300-1500 deg. for 4-6 hrs. The silicon nitride obtd. was heated for 4-8 hrs. in vacuum at 1600-1800 deg. or in argon at 1800-2200 deg.    USE -   The method gives silicon of suitable quality for photoelectric conversion apparatus producing solar energy    ADVANTAGE -   The silicon is obtd. at reduced cost owing to increased yield and reduced consumption of electrical energy.
Producing a solar battery module uses a photovoltaic element (102) over which collector electrodes (110) are formed. A surface covering layer (103) is formed over the collector electrodes by curtain coating. The thickness of the surface covering layer over the collector electrodes is 50% more than the surface covering layer formed between the collector electrodes.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves abrasion resistance and efficiency. Prevents short circuit of semiconductor light sensitive element due to humidity. Raises damp proof nature. Controls fall of conversion efficiency.
Solar cell prodn. involves formation of a transparent electroconductive layer (2) on a permeability substrate (1). A window layer (3) consisting of n type semiconductor made up of N type CdSe-MnSe solid solution, is formed over the transparent layer. An optical absorption layer (4) of p type semiconductor is arranged above the window layer. Above this absorption layer, an electrode layer (5) is layered.    ADVANTAGE -   Realises high efficiency of solar cell due to large spectral transmittance of window layer. Minimises cost of solar cell.
The composition of thin film solar battery consists of a transparent electric conduction film (2) formed on the insulating substrate (1). An absorption layer (3) is sandwiched between the transparent electric conduction film and a window layer (4). A schottky transparent electrode of same grade as that of electron affinity of an absorption layer is formed between a P type absorption layer and electrically conductive film. This forms a high resistant layer. Thus, a transparent electrode is formed to the ON light side of the insulating substrate.    ADVANTAGE -   Realises high energy conversion efficiency and manufacturing process reproducibility.
The thin film solar battery consists of a transparent electrode (2) formed above a glass substrate (1). At low temperature, a thin film 0.5-12 atom% gallium doped zinc oxide layer (4) is interposed between a photo electric conversion layer (3) and a back metal electrode layer (5). The photo electric conversion layer is composed of amorphous silicon material.    ADVANTAGE -   Realises high degree of transparency, conductivity and stability of gallium doped zinc oxide film. Provides for re- projection of reflected light. Enables reduction of curvilinear factor of solar battery as well as diffusion to silicon layer of three value element. Realises highly efficient solar battery. Provides highly reliable battery with long endurance. Finds use in tandem cell.
The solid polymeric electrolyte layer (3) has a catalyst coating on both of its faces and possesses hydrogen ion conductivity. Over either side of the electrolyte layer are positioned, in matrix format, a positive electrode (1) and a negative electrode (2,) each electrode being isolated by an insulation seal. A Terminal assembly (5) and collection object (6) serve as interconnectors of individual cells stationed on separate electrolyte layers. Oxygen and hydrogen are orthogonally accessed to the electrodes through electrolyte layers.    ADVANTAGE -   Serial interconnection of individual cells are permitted, thereby making available larger operational voltages. No humidification of fuel gas is necessary.
The operational method of a power generation equipment involves usage of multiple fuel batteries (FC) connected to loads through an electrical setup. The electric power output from the battery is being consumed by a mixed loading units consisting of both AC loads (ACL) and the DC loads (D1,D2).    The electric output constituting the electrically equipped setup such that the load capacity of one set of fuel battery is above the value of DC load at least in the scram state. Thus a power at constant voltage is supplied to this DC load. Thus the excess power is made available to the AC load.    ADVANTAGE -   Controls output variation range of AC and DC load capacitance. Prevents disturbance during operation state even if battery characteristic varies with time. Obtains power supply with high efficiency and reliability.
The external manifold (1) arrangement for supply and exhaust of reaction gas for carbonic acid salt type fuel battery is arranged with a frame (4) made from alumina. The frame is attached to a battery stack (3) through a felt (3) made from ceramics which acts as an insulator.    The arrangement is provided with a hollow elastic metallic ring (1d) or bellow at the contact surface of the frame with a manifold. The ring absorbs any change in shape of manifold due to heat of fuel battery thereby reducing action of ceramic frame.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevent breakage of ceramic frame and provides high reliability.
The electrolyte supply method involves a fixed quantity tank (2) which operates by the pressure exerted by the inert gas contained in it. The system has a electrolyte storage tank from which electrolyte is supplied to the battery main part (A) through fixed quantity tank. It supplies a predetermined quantity and prevents excess supply from the storage tank.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents any shortage or surplus supply of electrolyte. Makes it possible to supply even at fuel battery operation, thereby avoids insufficiency of electrolyte in that time.
The humidification method requires a flow control system for cooling water supply. An anode (33) and a cathode (35) are separated by an electrolyte (34) of the fuel cell. A fuel supply manifold (32) is formed around the circumferential face of the anode. An oxidising agent supply manifold (36) is formed along the circumferential face of the cathode.    On both sides of the electrode the junction face is coated with a thin macromolecular film. The electrodes surfaces are made of porous material. A slot (39) for cooling water flow path is provided through the cooling water manifold formed on the external boundary face of the fuel supply flow board. The cooling water steps through the porous electrode surface material and humidifies the macromolecular film.    ADVANTAGE -   Uses heat energy absorbed by cooling water humidification thereby eliminating separate heater and humidification apparatus. Miniaturises whole apparatus.
The structure of a carbonate salt fuel cell is formed by an anode (2) and a cathode (3) placed on both sides of an electrolyte board (1). A material gas passage furnished with a quality catalyser (12) is provided below the anode. A nickel belt (8) which consists of nickel alloy is placed between the quality catalyser and the anode.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents deterioration of quality catalyser. Increases life time of cell. Prevents electrolyte adhering to quality catalyser.
The cooling system of a fuel cell consists of a cooling board (3) having a cooling substrate attached to the cell multilayer body formed by layering two or more cells. The cooling substrate has many slots (5) filled with heat conduction object (6). A cooling pipe (7) is laid through the heat conducting object and cold water is circulated through the cooling pipe which cools the cell main part. The amount of the heat conduction object filled inside the slots depends on the temperature distribution of single cell.    ADVANTAGE -   Equalises temperature distribution in single cell. Improves characteristics of cell. Improves electrolytic condensation capacity.
The gas separator (10) for a solid state macromolecule electrolyte fuel battery supplies fuel gas or oxidising agent gas into a battery unit separator groove (20) which encloses multiple gas flowing slots (21) which constitutes a part of the gas separator.    A covering board (30) provided with an opening part (34) is press fitted to the separator groove part thereby exposing the gas flowing slots through the opening. The back side of the separator groove is press fitted to a covering board (40) and thus a gas separator is obtained.    ADVANTAGE -   Obtains cheap battery main part due to adoption of less complicated processing methods. Enables easy fixation of electrodes without incurring damage.
The gas separator separates a fuel gas and an oxidising agent gas. The porous grooving separator (20) consists of two or more gas flow path slots (21) on one side which is made up of a porous material. The porous grooving separator is fixed by applying pressure. A separator support board (30) is provided with a flow path connecting the gas flow path slot which supplies or discharges gas.    The gas flow path slot side of the porous grooving separator is hidden.The separator covering board (40) consists of an opening part (41) which exposes the concerned gas flow path slot. The separator support board is furnished with two or more cooling water flow path slots (51) and is fixed to a cooling separator substrate (50) by applying pressure.The cooling effect is provided by a combination of the porous grooving separator and the cooling separator substrate.    ADVANTAGE -   Realises cost effective manufacturing method. Provides compact product. Prevents damage to electrode junction.
A transparent conductive film has a gallium-bearing zinc oxide protection film on the surface of a transparent conductive film consisting of a tin oxide or an indium oxide.    USE -   Used for a solar battery because the transparent conductive film is corrosion resistant.
A solar cell module is sealed at its incident side of an optically electromotive element with transparent organic polymer layer where at least one layer is cross-linked by irradiating electronic radiation.    Pref. the optically electromotive element comprises a conductive base board (e.g., plastic or ceramic board coated with a metallic layer), a rear reflective layer (e.g., metallic layer or metal oxide layer), an optically active semiconductor layer (e.g., polycrystalline silicone of pn type, amorphous silicone of pin type, CuInSe, CuInS, CdS/Cu2S, etc.), a transparent conductive layer (e.g., In2O3, SnO2, In2O3/SnO2, etc.) and a corrector electrode (e.g. grid of Ti, Cr, Mo, W, Al, Ag, Cu or Sn).    ADVANTAGE -   The sealed transparent polymer resin layer(s) is cross-linked rapidly by irradiating electronic radiation to provide a surface-coated layer having high heat and weathering resistance.
The battery system consists of multilayer bodies (A-D) arranged in a matrix form stacked one above the other. Insulating frames (70,80) and a pair of end plates (90) support the multilayer body in such a way that all the cooling air passages (61) adjoin in the same direction on the four sides. Each layer is made up of individual cells. A cell (4) is composed of an anode (2) and a cathode (3) fixed on both sides of an electrolyte board (1). An anode gas passage (21) and a cathode gas passage are provided by respective separators (50,51). The layer to layer sepn. is effected by a cooling plate (6) to form a cooling air passage (61). The individual cells are connected electrically in series to provide power generation of high voltage.    ADVANTAGE -   Obtains high voltage, is cheap to mfr. and has few manifolds.
The solid state macro-molecule electrolyte type fuel cell generates DC power in response to the supply of fuel gas and oxidising agent. The cell is provided with a separator (1). length dimension is A. The separator has gas circulation slots (51) for supplying the fuel gas or oxidising agent. The total length of the arranged slots (B) and length dimension of separator (A) are connected by the relation A=1.5B, thereby resulting in doubling the fluid resistance value. The electrolyte layer is formed by a solid state macro molecule electrolyte film sticking firmly to the fuel cell.    ADVANTAGE -   Eliminates presence of water in gas circulation slot by discharging it through increased pressure difference. Ensures stable operation.
Using fuel battery exhaust gas involves sending exhaust gas produced when fuel gas is supplied to a battery (3) by a modifier (2) to a green house (14) through an exhaust pipe (12). The plants absorbs CO2 in the exhaust gas by optical compsn. and O2 is generated. The heat within the green house is carried out to a heat exchanger (15) which is connected with a heat accumulation device (19).    ADVANTAGE -   Purifies exhaust gas produced from fuel battery. Prevents atmospheric pollution. Utilises heat and CO2 contained in exhaust gas effectively. Supports growth of plants. Saves energy.
The fuel battery system consists of a modifier (1), a fuel battery main part (2), a steam generator (4), a pressurisation pump (5) and a mixer device (6). The modifier device modifies the quality of hydrogen gas and feeds it to fuel battery main part. The electrochemical reaction between hydrogen and oxygen takes place inside the main battery system, and this reaction results in generation of electric power.    The steam generator utilises the heat generated by the fuel battery system due to the electrochemical reaction and transforms water into steam. The steam from steam generator is fed to pressurisation pump which, in turn, increases the pressure of steam, and feeds it to the modifier through a mixer device. The modifier changes the quality of gas in the presence of steam, thus regulating the amount of hydrogen fed to fuel battery main part.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids use of high pressure steam.
The fuel cell fuel off-gas combustion air quantity control method is applied to a system which includes a combustion air regulator (32). A control device (30) receives the rate of fuel flow detected by the fuel rate of flow detector (12). The current detector (25) feeds the detected current to the controller (30). Based on this current value, the quantity air and oxygen required for combustion are computed.    Based on the computed value of required air, the control unit sends a command to combustion air regulator defining the rate of flow of combustion air required at the moment. Based on this value, the combustion air pump (18) is controlled. The rate of flow detector (19) for combustion air notifies the detected rate of flow of combustion air to the combustion regulator. The combustion air flows to the fuel modifier (15).    ADVANTAGE -   Controls combustion air value of flow based on exact value required by computation. Eliminates need for post combustion exhaust gas analysis. Computes required combustion air taking into consideration time delay when load changes, thereby preventing instability.
The fuel cell generates power by chemical reaction of hydrogen in fuel gas and oxygen in air. This power is consumed by an external load. When interruption of the external load takes place, the change of state which supplies fuel gas to a fuel hole side (2b) is as follows. The supply of air by the side of an oxidising agent pole (2c) which is not air tight is stopped. An internal load (11) is applied. When the cell voltage drops to a predetermined value, the supply of hydrogen is stopped. Thus, the internal load is interrupted and the air tight of oxidising agent pole is performed.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents fall of catalyser ability caused by etching of carbon. Prevents deterioration of cell performance.
The process involves isolation of a fuel cell (I) and a modifier (10) by interruption valves (28,29,30,31,38). The temperature of a cathode (2) is increased by heating gas recirculated from a cathode exit side to entrance side. The temperature rise of an anode (3) is raised by the heat transfer from cathode side. The downstream position of the interruption valve (30) by the side of an anode entrance and the upper position of the interruption valve (31) by the exit side of anode are connected with anode recirculation line (41) at the time of temperature rise. A recirculation blower (40) is provided at this line. The recirculation gas is warmed up using the heat transferred from the cathode side. A temperature rise of the piping to the interruption valve and anode entrance by the side of anode upstream takes place. The temperature of fuel cell and modifier returns to normal.    ADVANTAGE -   Obviates cooling effect when fuel gases circulated through anode.
The electrically operated control device for fuel cell includes a fuel gas modifier (5). Depending upon the load current detected by a current detector the fuel control device (23) controls the quantity of gas supplied to the fuel cell through flow controller (13), which controls modified gas supplied to fuel cell through delivery line of fuel gas modifier.    A bulk storage device (T) contains bulk quantity of quality gas stored in advance. A flow controller (17) is attached to the delivery line of this bulk storage device and the delivery line is connected to the fuel cell. When the control device determines that considerable quantity of quality gas is to be supplied to the fuel cell, the control device gives a command to the flow controller (17) which regulates the value connected to the bulk quality gas delivery line and the gas is supplied to the fuel cell.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables effective operation of cell to be performed under bulk load change conditions. Saves and stores quality gas when cell consumes less gas than what was produced by gas modifier. Extends application through high purity hydrogen gas to be stored in storage container.
The fuel battery comprised of multiple cells (1) that generate DC power in response to the supply of fuel and oxidising gases. The fuel cells equipped with two separator (2A, 2B), which have two or more circulation slots (61A, 61B) for circulation of fuel gas or oxidising gas. The electrolyte layer for the cell is the solid state macromolecular electrolyte film. The two main fields of the electrolyte layer has in each an electrode stuck to it. The fuel cell has convex shaped portions (62A, 62B) interposed between two concave shaped slots. The partitions of one separator mutually counters the concave slots of the separator.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces stress applied to electrolyte film. Reduces degree of generation of breakage of electrolyte film by pressure difference of fuel gas and oxidising gas is provided.
The separator for fuel battery consists of multilayer body formed by placing three layers (21, 23, 25) consisting of a conductive resin one above the other and a pair of layers (22, 24) consists of a conductive resin and conductive fiber placed on either side of the conductive resin layers. Many penetration holes (26 - 31) and flow paths (32, 34, 36, 38) are formed on the multilayer body through which reaction gas and cooling water are supplied.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces weight. Avoids slot processing.
A battery pack for an electric vehicle comprises individual batteries ganged together and nesting in an underlying support tray (8) having intersecting upstanding walls (16) and battery receiving defining pockets (20), interlock means engaging the ends of the batteries for preventing relative movement therebetween, a perimetrical flange (26) on the tray extending outboard of the walls, a housing (10) with a ceiling, side walls and a peripheral flange overlying the peripheral flange of the tray enclosing the battery pack to form a rigid structure immobilizing the batteries.    USE -   Housing batteries of an electric vehicle.    ADVANTAGE -   Seals and supports the batteries.
The process comprises heating a compacted ceramic body at 800-1600 deg.C, forming a metal layer consisting of a Pt(alloy) on the surface, and sintering the body at temp. higher than the 1st temp., and at temp. lower than 1769 deg.C.    USE -   For mfg. thorium purificn. electrolytic cell, and solid fuel battery.
Mfr. of photoelectric conversion element for solar batteries involves the formation of a thin coating on a glass substrate (5) using vinylidene-acetate vinyl cyanide copolymer and N-dimethyl amino phenyl methane. An organic semiconductor layer (1) of two microns thickness is formed. This organic layer is heated at 80 deg.C on a hot plate for one hour. This provides spontaneous polarisation resulting in corona electrification. When this layer starts cooling, metal is deposited on the semiconductor layer and an electrode layer (2) is formed.    ADVANTAGE -   Facilitates production of photoelectric conversion element with enhanced efficiency. Enables spontaneous polarisation.
A workpiece is placed on an optically transparent stage, through which a laser beam is irradiated to the workpiece.    ADVANTAGE -   Laser beam is irradiated from the rear of the workpiece.
The fuel battery consists of a cooling air supply manifold (6) through which cooling air is supplied to a battery stack (5). The exhaust low temperature air is carried away through a cooling air discharge manifold (7) at the time of starting of the battery. A rectification means (6) is provided between the cooling air supply and discharge manifold. The rectification means supplies more cooling air of high temperature during the time of starting of battery to an end side cell (1a) than central part side cell (1b). During the battery operation, low temperature cooling air is supplied to the central part side cell than the end side cell.    ADVANTAGE -   Regulates temperature of battery. Provides intensive cooling of central side cell.
The conversion device of heat energy into electrical energy consists of a tank (11) filled with poly ethylene glycol. The salts which gives ion conductivity are added to poly ethylene glycol. Two or more sets of positive and negative electrodes are arranged by turns in poly ethylene glycol. The positive electrode is made of graphite and the negative electrode is made of metals such as zinc, copper and iron. The poly ethylene glycol in the tank is sent to a heat collecting device (20) by a circulation pump (21). The poly ethylene glycol is heated by solar heat up to a temperature of 90degC. After it is heated, the poly ethylene glycol is returned in to the tank. The poly ethylene glycol is mixed with air by the circulation pump which blows atmospheric air into poly ethylene glycol. The tank generates electricity like a fuel battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Converts heat energy into electrical energy Increases generation current efficiently. Provides sufficient saving of energy. Reduces cost. Increases safety.
The manufacturing method involves chlorinating high carbon chrome at a temperature of 500deg.C in an electric furnace. The chlorination yields FeCl2 and CrCl2. The FeCl2 reacts with a reducing agent in chloride solution to give Fe2+ ions. The CrCl2 reacts with Cr in this solution to give CrCl which again combines with the remaining CrCl2 to liberate Cr3+ ions. This Cr3+ ion and Fe2+ ion contained in chloride from the electrolyte for the cell.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies manufacturing process. Reduces cost.
In the system, the heat exchanger type pre-reformer is equipped at the anterior of the fuel cell, and waste gas from fuel cell is heat-exchanged with raw fuel contg. hydrocarbon of carbon number greater than 2, and/or light naphtha. The fuel gas is reformed by water vapour simultaneously, and reformed gas is supplied to the fuel cell.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   The carbon depositions are greatly depressed, and hydrocarbon of high carbon number, e.g. butane, light hydrocarbon can be used for the fuel cell.
The fuel battery (100) consists of a reduction agent formation apparatus (200). The reduction agent formation apparatus takes a mixture of methanol and water as the fuel and gives carbon dioxide gas and hydrogen gas which is a reducing agent. The hydrogen gas passes through an electric power generation means (300) to which an electric external circuit (304) is formed. The reducing agent formation means incorporates an external circuit (204) and power supply (205) for forming the reducing agent. Thus, the fuel is disassembled electrochemically for generation of electric power.    ADVANTAGE -   Involves simple apparatus. Avoids complicated flow systems. Forms hydrogen with high purity. Controls formation of impurities like carbon monoxide. Prevents fall of chemical reactivity.
The impregnation of stacked batteries is carried out step by step and layer by layer. Each layer (S1-S4) has its own heater boards (20a-20d) fixed on either sides of stack. Intermediate holders (12-14) are inserted between the stacks. Insulation layer (17) is layered in between the stacks.    By using the heater boards, the carbonic acid salt is made to melt and act as an electrolyte. By controlling these heating boards, the impregnation of different stacks is done according to the desired value of displacement, as measured by displacement meters (21a-21d).    ADVANTAGE -   Improves efficiency of impregnation.
The fuel battery system consists of a fuel battery (12) having a solid state macromolecule electrolyte film (11). Hydrogen content gas (16) and water are supplied to a hydrogen pole (13) of a gas separator. The heating of the hydrogen content gas and cooling of the battery is performed. The unused hydrogen content gas and water from the hydrogen pole is recirculated as circulation hydrogen content gas (54) and circulating water (59) to the hydrogen pole.    ADVANTAGE -   Regulates temperature of battery. Simple system. Improves hydrogen utilization factor. Improves electric power generating capability of cell. Avoids requirement of heat source.
The structure of a carbonic acid salt fuel battery consists of an electrolyte layer (1). The electrolyte layer is supported by a fuel pole (2) and an oxidising agent pole (4) formed on either side of it. The oxidising agent pole and fuel pole are formed by porous material. A porous capture layer (3) is formed between the electrolyte layer and oxidising agent pole. The capture layer prevents diffusion between the oxidising agent pole and the electrolyte layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides stable performance of battery. Avoids short circuit inside battery.
The gas seal structure of a fuel battery is formed by a pair of sheet like gaskets (14a,14b) placed above and below a cell (11). The cell consists of a pair of gas diffusion electrodes (13a,13b) placed on either side of a solid state macro molecule electrolyte film (12). The sheet like gasket is stuck to the marginal part and the end face part of the cell.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents leakage of gas from gas diffusion electrode. Improves productivity.
The structure of a fuel battery is formed by a cell (4) which consists of an anode (2) and a cathode (3) with an electrolyte matrix (1) in between. A plate (5) having a pair of internal manifold (16, 17) is placed above the cathode. A plate (7) having the internal manifold is placed below the cathode. An anode shim (18) which carries out sealing of gas is placed between the electrolyte matrix and the plate (7). A cathode shim (19) is placed between the electrolyte matrix and the plate (5). A sheet member (20) whose thickness is larger than the thickness of electrolyte is placed inner side of cathode shim.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves performance of battery. Provides high electric power generation efficiency. Increases comprehensive energy efficiency. Reduces undesired sound and vibration.
The solid state electrolyte fuel battery incorporates one pair of interconnector (12a) arranged parallel to flat board type cell (11) on both sides. The interconnectors are made up of metal type material part (20). A fuel flow path (13) and air flow path (14) are provided between the interconnectors and flat board type cell and a stack (15a) is accumulated. A ceramic type material part (21) is formed by polymerisation on the interconnectors. At one interconnector, the ceramic type material part faces the air flow path.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents deterioration of cracks. Prevents oxidation of interconnector surface.
The electric power generation system consists of a battery main part (1) to which fuel gas and air are supplied. The DC voltage generated is converted to an alternating voltage by an invertor (3). The heat generated in the battery main part is radiated outside through a heat exchanger. A charging and discharging means (6) is provided at the output end of the battery main part connected through a switch (11), controlled by a control device (33). Power is supplied to a load heater (5) from the battery main part and the charging and discharging means. The heat is carried outside through a heat supply line (41).    ADVANTAGE -   Increases lifetime of battery main part. Reduces cost. Improves load response.
An interconnect placed between stacked electrolyte elements comprises (i) first and second facial surfaces, (ii) a smooth level margin around the perimeter of the first facial surface, (iii) two parallel manifold channels along opposite sides of the margin each of which breach the margin at one place and (iv) a number of gas flow channels which connect the manifold channels. The margin forms a seal between the edge of the interconnect and the edge of an electrolyte element. Also claimed is an interconnect as above where smooth level ridges between the gas flow channels form surfaces for bonding the central areas of the interconnect with the adjacent electrolyte plate.    USE -   The interconnects are used for separating and establishing gas flow channels between electrolyte elements of solid state ion-conducting devices including fuel cells, steam electrolysers, oxygen concentrators and other types of electrochemical reactors.    ADVANTAGE -   The interconnect forms an effective gas-tight seal, is simple to make and has a uniform gas-flow path length resulting in improved fuel utilisation.
The system comprises a fuel cell (12) with an H2 anode and O2 cathode; water electrolyser (16) for prodn. of H2 and O2; storage tanks for the H2 and O2; water storage tank (14) connected to the fuel cell and electrolyser; fibre packed column (70) with a resistive heating wire connected between water tank and fuel cell anode; water supply (17) to the electrolyser; means for supplying O2 and H2 from the electrolyser to the fuel cell; and means for controlling water supply to the tank.    ADVANTAGE -   the system is free of complex operational components.
A high temp. fuel cell having two temp. zones for directly converting a carbon fuel to electrical energy. The fuel cell comprises:- (a) a housing including a non-porous section and a solid electrolyte; (b) a first heat source on the housing near the electrolyte and (c) a second heat source on the housing remote from the first heat source. The electrolyte has first and second surfaces to which respective electrodes are attached. A fuel compartment is formed from the non-porous section and the second surface of the electrolyte. The heat sources establish separate temp. zones in the fuel compartment. Current is electrochemically generated by the mass transport of oxygen across the electrolyte. Carbon is burnt in the fuel compartment when an oxygen-contg. gas is brought into contact with the outer surface of the electrolyte. Also claimed is a method of directly converting carbon fuels to electrical energy using the above high temp. fuel cell. In this method the temp. in the first temp. zone is adjusted to minimise the impedance of the electrolyte and the temp. in the second zone it is adjusted to favour the oxidn. of carbon fuel to CO2 rather than CO. When oxygen is supplied to the second surface electric current can be withdrawn from the electrodes.    USE -   Fuel cells for the direct electrochemical conversion of carbon to electrochemical energy.    ADVANTAGE -   Solid fuel such as coal is directly converted into electricity avoiding the energy and efficiency costs of intermediate gasification.
Assemblies comprising an article and a polyimide film joined via a polyimide adhesive are prevented from dimensional change, delamination and debonding by using a polyimide film which has had its coefft. of thermal expansion (CTE) reduced by 6-18 ppm/C. The film is obtd. from a low CTE polyamic acid soln. obtd. by adding TbCl3 , DyCl3 , ErCl3 , Al acetylacetonate, HoCl3 or Er2 S3to an aromatic diamine/aromatic dianhydride reaction prod. in a solvent.    USE -   The article is a solar concentrator, antenna, solar cell array, second surface mirror, precision solar reflector (esp. pref.) or electronic circuit board (all claimed).
A high efficiency terrestrial concentrator cell comprises (a) an indium phosphide substrate; (b) a metal contact on the back of (a); (c) an indium phosphide buffer layer of similar conductivity to the substrate on the front of (a); (d) a quat. III-V semiconductor alloy base layer grown on (c) with a band gp of 1.14 ev; (e) an emitter means, comprising quat. III-V semiconductor material of 2nd conductivity having a band gap of 1.14 ev, on (d); (f) an indium phosphide window on (e); (g) metal grid lines electrically coupled to (f); and (h) an antireflection cooling over (g). Also claimed are two variations of the above.    ADVANTAGE -   The cells are designed to operate under concn. sunlight and have high solar energy conversion. The cell uses less photovoltaic materials and hence is cheaper to mfr. It also has an optimum band gap for terrestrial applications.
The adhesive sheet for a solar battery comprises an ethylene copolymer contg. alkyl-3,3-di(tert-butylperoxy) butyrate. The solar-cell modular unit has an adhesive layer composed of an ethylene copolymer crosslinked with alkyl-3,3-di(tert-butylperoxy) butyrate.    The ethylene copolymer pref. has at least 90% light transmittance and 3-12 MPa elastic modulus and is a copolymer of ethylene and vinyl acetate or an unsaturated fatty acid ester, contg. 60-80 wt.% ethylene. 100 wt.% of the ethylene copolymer can be crosslinked with 0.1-5 wt.% of alkyl-3,3-di(tert-butylperoxy) butyrate, e.g. methyl-3,3-di(tert-butylperoxy) butyrate, e.g. methyl-3,3-di(tert-butylperoxy) butyrate or ethyl-3,3-di(tert-butylperoxy) butyrate. The adhesive sheet pref. contains an antioxidant or UV absorber.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   High yellowing resistance. The solar-cell modular unit has high durability.
Prodn. comprises: (a) adding tin halide to powdered tin sulphide (II) having an average grain dia. of 0.1-40 microns and (b) sintering the resulting mixt. at 300-800 deg. C. The mixing rate of the tin halide is 0.01-50 wt.% per powdered tin sulphide (II). The tin halide comprises tin chloride (II).    USE/ADVANTAGE -   The method produces the SnS semiconductor sintered film used for a solar battery. The SnS semiconductor sintered film has less defects. The method uses no Cd cpd., including harmful CdS. The result provides high safety to a human body and an environment. The SnS semiconductor sintered film has band gap suitable for a high-efficiency solar battery.
Electrochemical appts. comprises a cation exchange membrane with a pair of facing surfaces, a pair of electrodes comprising a material contg. a catalyst set on each pair of cation exchange membrane surfaces, and a fuel feeder to supply a fuel, pref. contg. at least methanol and water, to one of the electrodes. Cations, pref. H ions, are produced from the fuel on the electrode to which the fuel is supplied, and the produced cations receive electrons and are converted to molecules,. pref. H2 molecules, on the other electrode via the cation exchange membrane.    Also claimed is the prodn. of H2, in which a fuel contg. at least methanol and water is contacted with an electrode contg. a catalyst set on one of a pair of facing surfaces of a cation exchange membrane. H2 ions are produced on the electrode from methanol and water by taking out electrons from the electrode. The produced H ions receive electrons and are converted to H2 molecules on the electrode set on the other surface of the cation exchange membrane.    The electrochemical appts. pref. has on the other electrode a membrane comprising a material through which H2 selectively permeates.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   High-purity H2 may be produced from a fuel contg. methanol and water with a simple appts. The prodn. of impurities, e.g. Co, may be inhibited.
Co hydroxide is deposited on a carrier on which metal Pt is deposited by adding an aq. alkaline soln. (A) to another aq. soln. (B) in which carrier is dispersed. The pH is adjusted to 8.5-10.    (A) is an aq. soln. of weak alkaline. OH ion concn. of (A) is less than 0.2 M.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Homogeneous Pt-Co alloy catalyst is used for fuel cell of phosphoric acid system.    In an example, 10 g of furnace-black carrying 10 wt.% of Pt was dispersed into 400 ml of distilled water, 300 ml of aq. soln. contg. 0.3 g of Co was added and the mixt. was agitated for 2 hours. The pH of the mixed soln. was adjusted to 8.5-10 by adding 0.1 M aq. ammonia slowly, Ppte was isolated by filtration and heated in inert gas at 900 deg. C for 2 hours.
The solid polymer electrolyte fuel gas consists of polymer electrolyte membrane (1) acting as an ionic conductor around which the cell is built. The separator (6) is the structural element that supports porous catalyst layers (2A, 2C), conductive porous support layers (3A, 3C), gas diffusion electrodes (4A, 4C) and collectors (7A, 7C). Additional structure elements consisting of gaskets (10A, 10C), electrode back-up sheets (11A, 11C) complete the cell construction. Reactant gas inlets (12A', 12C') and outlets (12A'', 12C'') direct the gas flows through special passages (5A, 5C) of separator.    ADVANTAGE -   Achieves gaseous cooling of cell with excess oxidant gas stream that also carries off water formed. Provides compact lay-out that minimises cost.
Macromolecular electrolyte type fuel battery consists of a gas diffusion electrode and an ion exchange process film. The ion exchange process film is changed into an electrolyte. The gas diffusion electrode consists of a catalyst layer. A penetrated hole formation component is added on the catalyst layer and the layer is shaped. After the shaping of the catalyst layer is carried out, the hole formation component is removed so that a hole is formed on the catalyst layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves output performance.
The cell contains a polymer electrolyte (2) surrounded by a hydrogen anode layer (4a) and an air cathode layer (4b). The hydrogen pole diffusion layer (3A) and an air pole diffusion layer (3B) are in contact with hydrogen anode and oxygen cathode layers respectively. A hydrophilic porous gas separator layer (1) consisting of an air pole side layer (1a) and hydrogen pole side layer (1b) are located on the sides of the diffusion layers. The pole side layers have convex shaped parts (9A,9B) in contact with diffusion layers between which are located hydrogen flow path (7) and air flow path (8). The junction layer (5) between gas separators carries the cooling water (6) used to humidify the fuel gases.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables uniform hydrogen and air flow due to the prevention of a gas-liquid multiphase. Maintains generation of electric power since electrolyte film is maintained in a moist state.
The carbonic acid salt solution based fuel battery system includes an anode exhaust gas piping structure. The anode exhaust gas from the main pipe is divided into three branches. First pipe is led to the modifier combustion part entrance. The second pipe is connected to the entry point of modifier reaction part. The third pipe goes to the catalyser combustion part. The flow control in each pipe are adjustable by a mechanism.    By changing the quality of anode exhaust gas, the control of the device is achieved. However, the modified also changes the combustion rate which also controls the device.    ADVANTAGE -    Controls CO2deficiency in cathode by supplying anode exhaust gas to cathode after combustion. Increases gas supplied to reaction part.
The solid polymer type fuel battery has many parts. The humidifier is built into the battery main part. An electrode catalyst in the battery is in contact with both sides of the ion exchange process film. This film consists of solid polymer. Separator boards are placed between ion exchange process film layers. Humidification gas is introduced along the positive electrode surface or the negative electrode surface.    The built in humidifier consists of a sealed housing (30) which has three pipe inlets for reaction gas entrance (31), reaction gas exit (32) and water inlet (33). In the bottom portion of the housing an ultrasonic vibrator (21) is fixed. An external oscillator (22) supplies energy to the ultrasonic vibrator. Water is introduced into the housing interior.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides humidification at one tenth of power usually consumed. Eliminates oxidation part. Does not need expensive titanium board. Reduces power consumption. Reduces size and weight. Provides fuel battery of high efficiency.
The structure of solid electrolyte fuel battery is constituted by a solid electrolyte board sandwiched between two electrodes, cathode and anode. This set up forms a single cell. The board is provided with two penetration holes, through which a mixture of fuel and oxidising gases is sent. The battery is an a stack structure formed by a single cell, a gas supply means and a gas seal part. The gas seal part is a multilayered structure with Al foils (41) arranged between silicate soda glass layers (42). The foils are reinforced with SiOTiCO fibre (44).    ADVANTAGE -   Excels in reliability. Curtails gas leakage. Prevents crack of gas seal part.
The solid polymer electrolyte which is used in fuel cells is a polymeric multilayer film. Electrodes attached to this on either side together constitute the fuel cell. The polymeric film has with it perfluorocarbon as the complexing agent. A minimum of three layers of film are employed.    ADVANTAGE -   Achieves low internal electrical resistance leading to higher electrical efficiency.
The solid polymer electrolyte type fuel cell consists of multilayered body of perfluoro carbon polymer film which contains a sulphonic acid group. The solid electrolyte which is the positive ion exchange film is arranged in the manner which makes the wetting rate of layers near the positive electrode face higher than those near the negative electrode face.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves efficiency.
The mfr. of a solid electrolyte type fuel battery involves layering of cells (4) having an anode (2), cathode (3) with a solid electrolyte inbetween. A bipolar plate (5) is placed between collector objects (6a, 6b) and many unit blocks (A - D) are formed. Standard bipolar plates (7a - 7c) are placed on either side of unit blocks. The unit blocks are placed one above the other and bound tightly by applying high pressure and at lower temperature than the temperature during battery operation.    ADVANTAGE -   Controls voltage drop. Improved operation. Reduced mfg. cost.
The material is a perovskite type metallic oxide of compsn. BaCe1-xMxO3-y, where x=0-1 and y is no more than 1.5. By varying the amt. of M in the oxide compsn., the lattice constant ratios, e.g. b/c, c/a,etc., are suitably altered affecting the conductivity. The parameters for orthorhombics are alpha = beta = gamma = 90 degrees and a is not equal to b and b is not equal to c.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Used in fuel cells as electrochemical sensors. The polycrystalline sintered body possesses high temp. ionic conductivity with good chemical stability.
The photoelectric module, for the conversion of solar energy into electricity, is produced from a modular stack (2) with the solar cell system (24), the encapsulating materials (25,25') and the separating films (26,26'). The stack is placed on a carrier plate at a temp. below the softening temp. for ther plastics sealing layers (30,30') in the encapsulating materials (25,25'), for transfer to a loading station. The modular stack (2) is moved to a vacuum laminator, which is sealed and evacuated, for a heated plate to bear down on the stack, against the carrier plate, heated to the softening temp. of the plastics sealing layers (30,30'). The vacuum laminator internal pressure is raised, without back cooling, and the bonded material is transferred to a hardening kiln to harden the sealing layers (30,30') into a laminate, followed by cooling and removal. The stages are effected simultaneously and in parallel, in a cycled operation.    ADVANTAGE -   The system gives solar cell prodn. with reduced energy consumption and in shorter mfg. times.
The laser device uses crystalline liquid and organic fluorescence colouring matter. Fluorescence is produced in the domain of infrared region by absorbing the UV light in the near UV region. The optical cavity has the colouring matter and the liquid crystal phase which dissolve in each other.    ADVANTAGE -   Realises solar battery with high photoelectric conversion efficiency. Obtains large output and wavelength range from laser oscillator.
The module of a solar battery consists of an optoelectrical element (103) whose light receiving faces are covered by transparent organic macromolecular layer (102) and the fluoride object polymer layer (107). A transparent moisture prevention film (106) which is constituted by a macromolecular film (104) and a transparent inorganic insulating thin film (105) are inserted on the upper portion of the transparent organic macromolecular layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides damp proof functioning of battery. Stabilises performance of battery during long operational periods. Prevents damage of optical emf element. Generates abrasion proof solar battery.
The upper electrode (106) is configured as a part of the optical electromotive force element main part (100). The electrode is constituted from a compsn. of conductive filler mixed with organic macromolecule resin binder. A conductive coating material that contains two or more kinds of resin hardeners which differ in hardening temp. is formed. The transparent upper electrode is layered with this conductive coating material and the coated portion constitutes the first electrode (107). A second electrode (108) of lower resistance is prepd. on top of the first electrode.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For use in solar batteries, EL display devices and LCD devices. The electrode resistance is reduced. The adhesion nature of electrode and reliability are improved. The performance characteristics are raised. Short circuiting and shunting of electrode are prevented and device lifetime is prolonged.
The solar battery manufacturing method involves deposition of PIN type semiconductor layer constituted by a P type, I type and N type layers (103 - 105). The transparent electrode layer (106) is formed at the light incident side of this semiconductor layer. On the transparent electrode is formed the multiple electric conductive layer. Each conductive layer is formed by hardening after layering the conductive paste along with a macromolecular binder. Thus the layer type grid electrode is formed one by one. The hardening of the macromolecular resin binder is performed before the gel formation point is attained. The electrically conductive layer is installed by adding a conductive paste.    ADVANTAGE -   Controls density of binder of each conductor paste. Provides highly reliable and endurable battery. Prevents short circuit of battery. Improves yield and prevents corrosion of metal electrode.
The opto-electrical element is obtained by depositing a layer of thin film of zinc oxide (102) on a substrate (101) and on this zinc oxide film a pin layer (103) is formed. The pin layer consists of a polycrystal silicon type semiconductor material. The zinc oxide thin film is the crystalline thin film of C axis layout nature with the surface unevenness being 0.1-1.0 microns. It also contains germanium whose concentration gradually increases towards the pin layer from the boundary region formed on the substrate.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For use in photodiode, electrophotography sensitisation object, light emitting elements, etc. Improves photoelectric conversion efficiency. Controls optical degradation and short circuit of element under high temperature environment. Prevents peeling of layer even when wound in shape of roll.
HC contg. S is treated with Cu-Ni alloy type desulphurisation agent (Cu:Ni=95:5-5:95) to reduce S content to below 0.2 ppm and contacted with reforming catalyst to form fuel gas for fuel cell contg. H2 as main component.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Fuel gas for fuel cell is obtained stably from S rich HC such as kerosine by this method.    In an example Kerosine is desulphurised using Cu-Ni alloy catalyst contg. 22% Cu, 21% Ni, 46% ZnO and 11% alumina at 380 deg.C and 9kg/cm2.G and reformed using Ru type catalyst to form fuel gas for fuel cell.
A solid polymer electrolyte compsn. comprises a solid polymer cation or anion exchange resin (I) and 0.01-80 wt.% metal catalyst based on (I). The catalyst is platinum, gold, palladium, rhodium, iridium or lenthenum.    USE -   The solid polymer electrolyte is used as a membrane in a fuel cell.    ADVANTAGE -   The solid polymer electrolyte produces water by itself and retains the water so that it has high ionic conductivity. The membrane (1) also depresses the crossover, leading to superior cell performance.
An amorphous silicon oxide layer (3) is formed between a transparent electrode layer (2) and a p-type layer (4) by glow discharge in an atmosphere containing carbon dioxide.    A p-type amorphous silicon carbide layer (4) is then formed using a reactive gas mixture comprising silane, methane, and diborane containing an amount of trimethylboron. A first back electrode (7) is formed on an n-type layer (6) by sputtering while doping a metal into a target material and forming a second (8) on the first followed by heat treatment.    ADVANTAGE -   High performance and conductivity, improved contact characteristics.
A solar cell module comprises a solar cell encapsulated through a filler between a surface protective layer and a back face protective layer. The surface protective layer is welded with the back face protective layer by way of heat fusion to provide a heat fused portion at at least a side end portion of the solar cell module.    USE -   For power generation.    ADVANTAGE -   Excellent moisture resistance; reliable and stable operation over long periods even in adverse conditions of temp. and humidity.
A solid perfluorosulphonate polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) is exposed for a 8 mins. to a gas plasma prior to inclusion in a fuel cell to separate a liq. or gaseous fuel from an antioxidant.    The fuel cell contg. such a PEM is also claimed.    ADVANTAGE -   The treatment increases the ionic conductivity and decreases the fuel permeability to give a PEM with overall improved performance in an operating fuel cell.
The roller conveyor includes: spaced horizontal rolls (186) having at least one end extending out of the oven; and a roll drive mechanism within the chamber but operating on the roll ends external of the oven. The chamber and oven both contain the same controlled environment and a semiconductor layer is deposited on the heated glass substrate (24) in a deposition station in the oven.    USE -   Esp. in deposition of CdTe films on large-area (i.e. above 1000 cm2) glass sheet substrates at a fast rate of deposition.
The structure of fuel battery includes a number of unit batteries (U) in multiple layers. The unit battery is formed by insertion of an electrolyte board followed by provision of fuel pole and oxidising agent. The structure is characterised in having a gas distributor (21) which supplies gas for the generation of electric power through the appropriate piping arrangement. The gas pressure is made uniform at the entrance of the layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Stabilises battery output and improves efficiency.
The manufacturing method of a thin film solar battery involves chalcogenide thin film made up of metal Ib group or IIIb group metal with a chalcogen element. The thin film takes the chalcogenide structure after heat treatment in gas atmosphere containing a chalcogen element. The special feature of the formation of the thin film of the chalcogenide is that the mole ratio of the chalcogen element to element of the group Ib and IIIb of periodic table is more than 0.2 and less than 1.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides battery of good characteristics. Provides good adhesion to substrate. Provides thin film of high crystallinity.
Device comprises conductive electrodes and high polymer film formed among the conductive electrodes. The high polymer film comprises plant tissue or extract obtd. from the plant tissue, which is dispersed or dissolved in the film.    The high polymer film pref. comprises base material, plasticiser, and additive. The base material comprises PVC or silicone rubber. The plasticiser comprises dioctyl adipate (DOA), tri(2-ethylhexyl)trimellitate (TOTM), or 3,3',4,4-benzophenone tetracarboxylic acid tetra-1-undecyl ester (BTCU). The additive comprises K tetraphenylborate or Na tetraphenylborate. The electrochemical device comprises liq. film type high polymer or conductive high polymer prepd. by dissolving the high polymer film uniformly in volatile solvent. The plant tissue or extract obtd. from the plant tissue contains chloroplast or chlorophyll or cell membrane. The device comprises at least one ITO electrode formed on a transparent glass substrate, and the high polymer film and the other conductive electrodes, laminated on the ITO electrode.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   The electrochemical device is used for taking potential or electric current generated in the high polymer film out of it. Solar cell having improved efficiency and ion sensor having improved selectivity may be economically obtd.
Mfr. involves growing of polycrystal semiconductor layer of big particle dia. on a metal substrate (101). An insulating layer (102) is formed on the metal substrate. An amorphous silicon layer (103) is then formed on the insulation layer. The layer is heated in an inert gas atmos. to make a crystal silicon layer which is then heated in an active gas atmos. to condense the crystal silicon layer to form silicon crystal grain (104) when using this grain as the seed crystal growth in a liq. phase. This is then heated in an active gas atmos. so that the base of the silicon crystal drain contacts the surface of the metal substrate. The crystal growth (105) of the silicon crystal grain in a liquid phase is allowed to take place. This covers the insulation layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides good energy conversion efficiency. Provides solar battery of good characteristics. Reduces cost. Allows mass prodn..
The manufacturing method involves use of P type silicon substrate (11) on which an N type layer (12) is formed. The light is incident on this N type layer. A P+ type fine crystal silicon layer (16) provides rear surface electric filed layer for the silicon substrate and formed under the substrate. Then, a transparent insulation film layer (17) is prepared below the P+ type fine crystal silicon layer by plasma chemical vapour deposition method at the temperature of 50-200 C. Below this insulation film a rear surface electrode (18) is formed.    ADVANTAGE -   Raises photoelectric conversion efficiency of solar battery. Raises short circuit current and open discharge pressure. Improves spectral sensitivity in longer wavelength side.
The manufacturing method of solar cell involves formation of boron oxide film (2) over a P type silicon substrate (1). On the surface of this layer, minute openings (7) are formed at regular intervals. An amorphous silicon film is annealed to the oxide film and this carries out the crystal growth with the lower semiconductor substrate through the penetration holes (7).    By the above action, a layer (3) of low impurity concentration with boundaries (8) are formed. On this P type layer, a number of phosphorus light receiving layers (4) are formed. Electrodes (5,6) are equipped at the top of the light receiving face (4) and below the silicon substrate respectively.    ADVANTAGE -   Raises output characteristic of solar cell.
The solid state electrolyte fuel battery has several parts. The separator in the fuel battery is made of metal. In the separator, several polymerised parts are formed. The polymerised parts has gas supply hole and air supply hole in central portion.    A rib formed for air conduction hole creation is formed as a concentric hole. In the rib, slits are formed. Air is introduced in the air conduction path of polymerised part. Fuel gas supply hole and air supply hole penetrate the central portion of first electrode. Adjacent to the first electrode, solid state electrolyte and second electrode are formed.    ADVANTAGE -   Realises large area type solid state electrolyte fuel battery. Increases reliability. Prevents breakage of battery parts.
The fuel cells for electric power generation system (1) consists of a gas isolator (10) which isolates hydrogen gas from original fuel gas. The isolated hydrogen gas is sent to the fuel cell (20) which uses hydrogen as the fuel gas.    A boiler (30) burns the non-isolated hydrogen and the remaining hydrogen in the fuel cell. The heat generated by the boiler is supplied to a heat energy using apparatus (110). The heat energy using a apparatus diverts the heat energy to raise the temperature of the fuel cell.    ADVANTAGE -   Shortens starting time of fuel cell. Reduces power consumption at the time of start.
The fuel battery generated electric power system has a fuel battery (11). A fuel charge device (5) is connected to the fuel battery. An air supply device (19) and inert gas supply (28) are also provided in the system. First gas regulation valve (31) regulates inert gas flowing through discharge line of inert gas receptacle (11c) of the battery.    Two by pass lines (41,42) are provided at upstream of first gas flow regulation valve (31) in the inert gas discharge line. The supply of inert gas from fuel battery receptacle is made possible by oxidising agent pole (11B) and fuel pole (11A).    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies device composition. Eliminates need for recirculation device. Reduces oxygen density of oxidising agent inflow gas. Prevents generation of high voltage of fuel battery while generating lower head electric power generation.
The fuel battery protection method uses a protective device to protect multilayered fuel batteries. The device is connected to any one of the many cells of a battery. A voltage measuring device (7) measures the output voltage of the cell. When the output voltage detector drops below the predetermined level, it initiates a control device (8) to shut off the battery operation.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents damage to fuel battery due to operation at low voltages. Enables connection to any cell of battery. Prevents dangerous reaction due to abnormal reaction of gas. Provides simple and economical composition.
The fuel battery consists of cells. Each cell has a matrix layer (10) impregnated between the anode (8) and cathode (9) electrodes. The circulating reaction gas is allowed to flow through the slots (11,12) found at the back of each electrode. These slots are formed by a water repellent process to prevent electric corrosion at the inlets. A fuel gas is supplied to the anode electrode. An oxidising agent gas is supplied to the cathode electrode. The battery consists of two or more such cells.    ADVANTAGE -   Minimises effect on environment with respect to noise and exhaust gas pollution. Improves efficiency. Prevents electric corrosion. Facilitates long life and safe operation of device. Lowers vibrations.
The fuel cell uses a mixture of hydrocarbon and steam as fuel gas. The fuel cell consists of a member that forms the fuel gas flow path. This member is made from a metal which is not nickel or from an alloy containing nickel by 50 percent or more in concentrated iron. A coating of this material is given to the member.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents fall off in performance. Reduces steam/hydrocarbon ratio in fuel gas. Raises efficiency of electric power generation.
The fuel battery device has a multilayer body. An electrolyte layer (3) is provided which is sandwiched between a fuel gas electrode (1) and oxidisation gas electrode (2). A separator (9) isolates these individual sets of electrode and electrolyte structure from one another. A quality change catalyser (11) is provided in the cavity type structure which is by the side of separator.    Two gas circulation paths are provided in the separator structure. In the upper portion (6) of this structure, the oxidisation gas is circulated. In the lower portion (5), fuel gas is circulator. The gas enters through a vertical manifold along the sides.    ADVANTAGE -   Prolongs life of quality catalyser. Enables easy set-up. Controls low temperature operating portion. Increases reliability.
The multilayer fuel battery described consists of cells (4) with the anode (2) and cathode (3) sandwiching an electrolyte matrix (1). This structure is repeated to form plates. The electrodes, anode and cathode, appear at the periphery, sealing the gas. The anode and cathode shims (15,16) are exposed on the side of the battery stack. The shims are made of porous material (17) which is arranged such that it touches the electrolyte matrix at the sides.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves control of electrolyte matrix. Increases battery lifetime. Enables effective control of gas leakage.
The solid electrolyte fuel cell battery is mounted on a porous support body over which are deposited interconnectors and current lead that are subsequently sintered in reducing atmosphere at high temperature. A battery of individual fuel cells comprising fuel electrodes, solid electrolytes, and air electrodes is built over the porous support body with individual cells series interconnected.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves conductivity of interconnections. Preserves conductivity of interconnectors as they are contiguous to fuel electrodes being shielded from oxidation and raises generation efficiency.
The fuel cell battery consists of individual unit cells each comprising an anode electrode, cathode electrode with matrix layer serving as electrolyte. The individual cells are spaced by separators on cooling boards (3). Through the cooling board runs the cooling pipe (4) which receives a multilayer protective coating consisting of monel coating (5) over which are deposited chrome coating and phosphate coating.    ADVANTAGE -   Offers long time protection to cooling pipe from corrosive effects of electrolyte. Inhibits electrolyte adhesion over it.
The fuel cell separator consists of a primary blank (6) into which are machined (by milling) by fuel and oxidising agent manifold holes, gas flow paths using attachment jig and milling cutters (12,21). The separator is fabricated out of a high temperature metal alloy e.g. inconel 601, SUS 3103, SUS 316L, hastelloy X etc. Later the separation surface is given a conductive oxide coating compatible with high temperature operation e.g. La(Sr)CoO3. The separator now functions as a spacer electrical contact in a battery of fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -   Minimizes stresses induced during machining because of optimum cutter geometry. Obviates need for further polishing. Improves long term high temperature reliability.
Matrix for a molten carbonate fuel cell comprises gamma-lithium aluminate particles of dia. 4-10 m as main component. Prodn. of the matrix is also claimed.    ADVANTAGE -   Large dia. gamma-lithium aluminate particles can be produced at a low temp.
Molten carbonate fuel cell stack comprises a series of fuel cells, each with an electrolyte plate, an anode, which can have current collector and anode gas distribution arrangement, cathode gas distributor, cathode, which can have current collector, with surrounding spacer plate with a centre opening for at least one gas distributor. Spacer plate material is Li aluminate and corresp. to material of electrolyte plate.    ADVANTAGE -   Thickness redn. of cell stack components during use of elevated temp. is compensated for.
4,6-dinitroresorcinol prepn. comprises reacting resorcinol with conc. nitric acid in the absence of suboxides of nitric acid.    USE -   4,6-dinitroresorcinol is a precursor for polybisbenzoxazoles, which are used in the mfr. of insulators, solar arrays and cut-resistant gloves.    ADVANTAGE -   The one step reaction provides high prod. yields, eg. greater than 60%, at high concns. without using any intermediate protected species.
4,6-diaminoresorcinol prepn. comprises: (a) incorporating protecting substits. at the 4- and 6- positions of resorcinol; (b) halogenating the 4,6-disubstituted. resorcinol to form a 2-halo-4,6-disubstituted. resorcinol; (c) removing the protecting substits. at the 4- and 6- positions to form a 2-haloresorcinol; (d) simultaneously, or after step (c), nitrating the 2-haloresorcinol to form a 2-halo-4,6-dinitro resorcinol; and (e) hydrogenating the 2-halo-4,6-dintro resorcinol to 4,6-diamino resorcinol.    USE -   4,6-diaminoresorcinol is a precursor for polybisbenzoxazoles, which are used in the mfr. of insulators, solar arrays and tear-resistant gloves.    ADVANTAGE -   The prod. is obtd. without undesirable nitration from an inexpensive starting material and without use of potentially environmentally hazardous 1,2,3-trichlorobenzene.
The method for mfg an amorphous solar cell comprises (a) inserting a silane (SiH4 ), a hydrogen (H2 ) and a phosphorus gas into the PECVD reactor, and depositing a silicon layer of a micro crystal grain having a low resistance value, (b) injecting the silane and the hydrogen gas to form an amorphous silicon layer, (c) inserting the silane, the hydrogen, a methane (CH4) and a boron (B) gas to form a Pa-SiC layer for increasing a carbon conc and a Pa-SiC layer of a wide optical band gap, and (d) forming an indium tin oxide (ITO) as an electrode.    ADVANTAGE -   The solar cell improves a photovoltaic effect.
The solar battery has a substrate (101) which supports a metal layer (102) with a transparent oxide layer (103) through which light of 300-800nm is passed formed above it. A composite semiconductor layer (104) is placed on the metal oxide layer and jointly forms the cell along with it. The electrode structure (108, 109) is integral to the cell. The substrate is passed through two stations providing respectively a metallic silver layer under vacuum and a metallic oxide layer achieved through reactive sputtering under controlled atmosphere.    The substrate is fed as a film through accumulator chambers (301, 302) that have vacuum and gas inlet connections (205, 202, 304, 305), pumps (203,303), power supplies (209,312,313), targets (207, 310, 311), infrared heaters (308, 309) and xenon lamps (210, 314). Substrate sending part (315) and rolling up part (316) complete the layout.    ADVANTAGE -   Faster metallic oxide deposition over base metallic layer. No direct contact between metallic and semiconductor layers. Higher conversion efficiency, and higher reliability at lower cost. suitable for mass prodn.
The cell consists of a fuel solid state electrolyte and the air pole layered one by one. The particle dia. of material of the air pole and the fuel hole are different. The boundary face between the electrolyte, the fuel pole and the air pole is of fine grain.    ADVANTAGE -   The cell gives good performance.
In the cell natural gas or naphtha may be reformed or the fuel is coal and partial oxidn. and gasification serve as a power-generating reaction of the cell. The solid electrolyte is pref. ZrO2:Y2O3.    Fuel electrode for a solid oxide fuel cell comprising V carbide is claimed.    ADVANTAGE -   Electrode material is not poisoned with C and cell efficiency is high. In an internal reforming type cell only a small amt. of steam is needed, or no steam may be needed.
The solar cell module includes a photovoltaic element with a photoactive semiconductor layer as a photoelectric converter. Trifluorochloroethylene-vinyl copolymer at an outmost surface the layer covers material at a light entrance side. The layer may be a non-monocrystalline semiconductor film of amorphous silicon. The surface covering material is the copolymer laminated on a hard film and adhered with a filler.    The hard film is a resinous material with a thermal deformation temperature of 70 degrees C or higher. The hard film is acrylic, polycarbonate, or polyester resin. The filler is fluorinated resin. The copolymer has a pencil surface hardness within a range of 2H to 4H.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For clean energy production. Has surface covering material to minimise deterioration of performance and improve safety. Stable. Scratch resistant. Weather proof. Flame retarding.
Metallisation of crystalline silicon solar cells involves: (a) preparing a crystalline silicon solar cell body (1) with a planar n-doped region near the front face of the body; (b) producing a dielectric on the front face; (c) producing a back face metallisation by application and firing of a conductive paste; (d) applying at least the bus structure (10) for the front face metallisation by a thick film technique; and (e) depositing Ag or Cu (11,12) by photoinduced electroless deposition onto the front face at least over the thick film structure (10) using the fired conductive paste on the back face as sacrificial anode.    ADVANTAGE -   The process is simple, does not require electroplating and thus electrical contacting, is compatible with front and back face metallisation, and produces electroconductive adherent contacts at conductor line widths of less than 100 m.
Prodn. of an orientated polycrystalline layer (PCS) on a substrate (FS) comprises: (a) providing the substrate with a smooth surface; (b) producing a pattern of periodically arranged regular recesses (V) in the surface of the substrate, where the recesses have smooth surfaces and enclosed angles corresponding to crystal bodies of the required. orientation of the polycrystalline layer (PCS) to be produced; (C) growing a polycrystalline layer on the surface of the substrate (FS), where the recesses act as nucleus centres for orientated growing.    Also claimed is a stamp for producing the nucleus centres.    USE -   In prodn. of polycrystalline semiconductor layers for highly efficient solar cells (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   The process is safe and reproducible.
A photovoltaic system has solar cells in a casing with a light transmitting front panel for sunlight to reach the cells and a rear panel. The rear panel acts as a greenhouse and has a double wall with a light transmitting cover (20). Its inner wall (24) is a heat transmitter and its outer wall (22) has a dark-coloured side facing the cover. Pref. the casing is of polycarbonate, polyfluoropolymer or polyvinyl fluoride darkened by black metallic foils or paint and with glass panels for light transmission. Also claimed is a method of using solar heating to remove snow, ice, etc. from a photovoltaic system.    USE -   Photovoltaic systems for use at remote locations in cold climates.    ADVANTAGE -   Uses solar radiation to automatically keep system free of snow, frost or ice.
The method comprises: a) a step for shaping an n+layer by diffusing phosphorus in front of p type single crystal wafer; b) a step for shaping a back surface electrode by using a paste to which aluminium (Al) and silicon (Si) is added; c) a step for shaping the front electrode by using silver paste (Ag Paste) after drying it; and d) a step for heating the back surface and the front surface electrodes at the front electrode heating temperature after drying.
An adhesive sheet for fixing solar battery elements in mfg. process of solar battery modules obtd. by using a crosslinkable compsn. (A) of ethylene/(meth)acrylate copolymer( (B) contg. 15-32 wt. % of (meth)acrylate(s) (C). A solar battery module contg. the above-mentioned adhesive sheet layer is also claimed.    Examples of (C) are 1-10(2-8)C alkyl (meth)acrylates. (B) has pref. a melt flow rate (190 deg. C, 2160 g) of 1-100(5-50) g/10 min. (A) consists of (B), crosslinking agent (A1) and opt. auxiliary crosslinking agent (A2). Examples of (A1) are organic peroxides having a decomposition temp. of 90-180(120-160 deg. C). Examples of (A2) are triallyl cyanurate, triallyl isocyanurate, dimethacrylate of EG, trimethacrylate of trimethylol propane, divinylbenzene and diallyl phthalate.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Suitable for fixing solar battery elements in mfg. process of solar battery modules. It has excellent transparency, resistance to weathering and moisture absorption. A special water shielding treatment, e.g. by means of silicone sealant can be saved by the use of this adhesive sheet.
The phosphoric acid type fuel battery device uses carbon dioxide materials gas which is burnt in combustion part (3) and the modifier (2) is heated to form hydrogen from materials gas and steam. The combustion part and modifier also generate part of the hydrogen using the catalyst tank (6) using fuel such as methanol, methane etc. Also hydrogen is generated by the electrolytic tank (7) using dump power when demand for power is low. The hydrogen is stored in the hydrogen storage device (8) for use when power demand increases.    The carbon dioxide at the modifier outlet and the surface hydrogen from the phosphoric acid type fuel battery are made to react to form the fuel. As the carbon dioxide is recycled, the amount of environmental discharge of carbon dioxide is reduced.    ADVANTAGE -   Increases efficiency of battery due to transformation of carbon dioxide to fuel and recycling. Simplifies control system. Improves reliability.
The solid giant molecule electrolyte fuel battery consists of an ion exchange process film (3) inbetween the oxygen pole gas diffusion electrode (1) and the hydrogen pole gas diffusion electrode (2). The gas diffusion electrode has a catalyst layer which has a catalyst carrying electric conduction material of 0.400 - 0.995 weight part, a water repellent agent of 0 - 0.550 weight part and a proton conduction material of 0.005 - 0.080 weight part. The proton conduction material is present in all the regions including the thickness of the catalyst layer, due to the fabrication and shaping.    ADVANTAGE -   Realises improved output performance of fuel battery. Provides highly efficient giant molecule electrolyte fuel battery.
Method comprises forming a Zn oxide transparent electroconductive film on a matrix by sputtering using a sputtering target comprising Zn oxide doped with 0.1-10 at.% Al and 0.1-10 at.% B. The sputtering target pref. comprises a Zn-oxide sintered compact doped with 0.1-10 at.% Al and 0.1-10 at.% B.    USE -   Used for making window material and electrodes of solar cells.
The low resistivity semiconductor thin film preparation method involves introducing ion sources an complexes in water for the semiconductor to form an electrolyte, and introducing a dopant ion source into the electrolyte. An anode and a substrate are inserted into the electrolyte. An electrical source is applied between the anode and the substrate to supply a voltage and a current to deposit a layer of the semiconductor on the substrate. Pref. the resistivity is controlled through the dopant amount introduced into the semiconductor, by controlling the amount of dopant ion source in the electrolyte.    The amount of dopant in the semiconductor may be controlled through the current and voltage supplied by the power source. Pref. the power source is a DC power supply. The semiconductor is pref. either CdS, ZnSe or ZnS, with the dopant either Al, Ga or In. The electrolyte may be heated to a specific temp. The electrolyte soln. may be stirred    USE/ADVANTAGE -    Heterojunction solar cell; films between 100-200 and 1m thickness; 10-3-cm resistivity.
A display element is obtained by phase-separation of a polymer from a liquid crystal using a phase separation method, and comprises a pair of electrodes with a liquid crystal (1), comprising a mixed liquid of a liquid crystal and a polymer or a prepolymer, which are dissolved in each other, placed between them. The liquid crystal contains a dichroic dye so as to absorb 1-20% of the incident light without an impressed electric field.    An electronic device comprises a solar battery and a display element which is transparent without use of an impressed electric field.    USE -   The display device is useful as a multi-functional device in combination with colour filters and active elements in various fields. This display device provides a useful and improved electronic apparatus in combination with a solar battery etc.    ADVANTAGE -   This display device has a reduced haze and improved contrast. The device and the electronic apparatus comprising this device are compact and can incorporate a solar battery or another display element.
Reformer comprises (a) a reactor bed in the reformer for reforming feedstock to a fuel; (b) an inlet for conducting the feedstock into the reformer; (c) a heat exchanger for exchanging heat between a solid oxide fuel cell and the feedstock at a rate proportional to the rate of formation of the fuel; and (d) an outlet to receive the fuel from the reactor bed for conducting the fuel to the solid oxide fuel cell.    Also claimed are an apparatus; and a method of reforming a feedstock into fuel.    USE -   Thermally integrated reformer for breaking down hydrocarbon feedstocks.    ADVANTAGE -   The reformer breaks down hydrocarbon feedstocks into fuel for solid oxide fuel cells, using a radiation-shielded, counterflow, thermally integrated reformer in the stack furnace exhaust gases.
A system of cathodic corrosion protection comprises:- a) the body to be protected b) a ground bed serving as the system anode c) a photovoltaic panel, generating a current through the metallic body requiring protection, and ground anode, the current generated in response to sunlight, generating sufficient current in the daytime to polarise the body; d) an electrical storage battery also charged by the photovoltaic panel and used to maintain a reduced current flow through the body and ground bed during the time sunlight is not available; and e) a solid state regulator, controlling the charging voltage to the battery in order to maintain the reduced current to approx. 30% or less of the nominal current, and shunt excess current back to the photovoltaic panel. Also claimed is a cathodic protection system similar to that claimed above but using separate photovoltaic panels to provide the current through the body and anode, and the charging current to the battery. Also claimed is a system similar to both claimed systems but also using a solid state relay to shunt excess current from the photovoltaic panel when a predetermined battery limit is exceeded.    USE -   In the cathodic corrosion protection of a metal body or structure using solar power to generate the current required and also charge a battery to reduced night time current requirement.    ADVANTAGE -   The efficient solid state voltage regulator circuitry and reduced night time current requirements, allows the economical use of a solar powered variable cathode protection system including nickel cadmium batteries, giving highly efficient system of protection with enhanced reliability and reduced manufacturing costs.
The thin film solar battery is formed in a film forming room (1). A belt like flexibility substrate (3) is rolled over a roll (2) through thin film formation tank (4). This results in film (7) formation on both marginal parts of the belt like flexibility substrate which serves as the electrode layer. The film is rolled over a rolling up roller (5) and film roll (6) is formed.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents generation of defects. Provides flexible belt-like film. Improves manufacturing yield.
The solar battery manufacturing method involves the deposition of a first buffer layer (15) over a first n+ type semiconductor layer (11). A n type and a p type semiconductor layers (13A,13B) which wholly constitutes a third semiconductor layer (13) is placed over the first buffer layer. A second p+ type semiconductor layer (12) is deposited over the third semiconductor layer with the second buffer layer formed in between them.    This second semiconductor layer is electrically conductive over this layer, a non-reflective film (20) is deposited with an electrode (19B) placed over it. Another electrode (19A) is kept in contact with the first semiconductor layer. The buffer layers are provided with narrow air gaps when compared to the air band gaps of the semiconductor layer to bring about matrix matching, as there exists a continuous variation in the intensity of the radiation received by the battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Realises high transformation efficiency. Reduces manufacturing cost.
The manufacturing method use lithium aluminium hydroxide as the main ingredient for the formation of electrolytic board. This lithium aluminium hydroxide is mixed with a binder of water soluble nature, and with an additive. Water is added to this mixture and the whole constitution is shaped into a sheet. This sheet is dried by heating in it 80-120 deg.C range to remove the moisture content and heat treated by processing it in the range of 550 deg.C-700 deg.C.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For use in molten carbonate type fuel cells. Reduces diameter of blow holes generated. Obtains even distribution of poles in the electrolytic board. Improves performance of fuel cell. Avoids hazardous use of inflammable compounds.
The solar cell array comprises multiple solar cells electrically interconnected by at least one conductive metal strip and a silver-based, low-temp. bonding material between the conductive metal strip and at least one electrode of the solar cells.    Also claimed are: (i) a process for interconnecting multiple thin solar cells, each having a positive and negative electrode, comprising: (a) providing multiple metal strips; (b) applying a Pb-Sn solder cream bonding material between the conductive metal strips and the electrodes; and (c) securing the conductive metal strips to the electrodes of the solar cells to produce electrical interconnects between them by applying a temp. sufficient to melt the solder cream but not greater than 190C, followed by cooling; and (ii) a process for interconnecting multiple thin solar cells, each having a positive and negative electrode, comprising: (a) as above; (b) applying a metal-based material comprising a silver-silicone paste between the conductive metal strips and the electrodes; and (c) securing the conductive metal strips to the electrodes of the solar cells to produce electrical interconnects between them at room temp., followed by room temp. curing to harden the silver-silicone paste.    USE -   The arrays may be used in spacecraft and in applications such as the 'Raptor Pathfinder' (RTM) solar electric aircraft, which has a planned flight endurance of months at high altitude.    ADVANTAGE -   The solar cells are interconnected using either a conductive silver-silicone paste or a conductive Pb-Sn no-clean fluxless solar cream and breakage, partic. of thin cells, due to the thermal and mechanical stresses of conventional soldering, and undesired residue on the active surfaces of the cells, are both eliminated. There is no degradation of the interconnects under high current testing and the contact resistance is very low.
The apparatus includes an exercise mechanism which a user    manipulates to achieve exercise using a steering mechanism to    indicate direction. A computer generates a simulated environment    (58) and monitors user manipulation of the exercise and steering    mechanisms to determine user position in the simulated    environment. The computer includes a network interface which    allows communication over a channel with at least one other    similar exercise apparatus.    A display system provides a visual display of the user's position in the simulated environment and the user can select activities within the simulated environment. The display is periodically updated (56) by the computer to provide a continuous visual display of the user's position. A number of similar apparatuses can be networked together to allow group participation within the simulated environment.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   E.g. simulation of basketball, football, bicycle    and swimming races etc. Fun aerobic excercise apparatus.    Simulates team participation with convenient location at home or    health club.
The method involves by having an external permanent magnet (14) attached to a shaft (2) that mounts a main gear (3) through a rotor (4). A slide shaft (7) is set up at a de-centering position of a sub-gear (9) by a crank shaft (8), and drives the main gear. An internal permanent magnet (12) is set up at the end of the slide shaft where the external permanent magnet and a pole side are opposing.    The internal permanent magnet performs reciprocating movement within a fixed limits corresponding to a rotation of the rotor.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides non-public hazard and safety source of power, prevents harming of earth environment.
The thin-film photoelectric converter mfg method involves formation of a first electrode layer (2) on a flexible insulating substrate (1). A photoelectric conversion layer (3) is formed on top of the first electrode layer. A second electrode layer (4) is formed above the photoelectric conversion layer. A third electrode layer (7) is formed on the other side of the substrate.    Connection holes (51, 52) penetrates through the substrate to the first electrode layer and photoelectric conversion layer. Insulated electric conductors (61, 62) connects the third electrode and the second transparent electrode through the penetrating hole. The anti-substrate side of the second electrode layer is equipped with a protective cover (8).    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces defect generated at time of bonding. Provides reinforcement to substrate by protective covering.
The controller (1) is provided in common for a bicycle (A) which is under operation and a bicycle training machine (B). A detection unit(2) registers the output torque of pedal of the bicycle. Other detection units (3,4) measure the rotating speed of the pedal and the travelling speed of the cycle respectively.    A further detection unit (7) measures the transit time. A storage unit (5) stores the data of each detector. A control unit (8) containing a microcomputer controls the load pattern on the bicycle training machine according to the data stored in the storage unit.    ADVANTAGE -   Gives user feeling sense of actual operation. Avoids boredom. Improves physical strength. Enables to matching to user's physical strength. Eases maintenance.
The appts. has a support assembly (12) including a motor retention portion (16) connected to a battery-powered motor assembly (22), and an end portion (14) adapted to be supported by a ground surface. Pref. the end portion includes a threaded portion (18) to screw into a ground surface.    A jump rope assembly (24) is connected to one side of the motor assembly at a rotational axis (28), at right angles to the axis. The other end of the rope assembly is connected to the support assembly. The jump rope assembly includes portions (30) extending away from the rotational axis in opposite directions.    ADVANTAGE -   Easily and efficiently manufactured. Durable, reliable construction. No need for user to hold rope or coordinate jumping with hand movement. No need for water source. Doesn't limit size of rope. Doesn't need stationary objects for support. Portable. Can accommodate two people.
A monolithic series-connected dye-sensitised photovoltaic module consists of photo-electrodes (4) in the form of dye-sensitised nano-porous semiconductor layers on an electrically conductive transparent substrate (1), an electron transporting electrolyte and counter-electrodes (6). The novelty is that the photo-electrodes (4) are arranged in parallel strips on an electrical coating (2), interrupted between the photo-electrodes, and are coated, opt. with interposition of a porous electrically insulating interlayer (5), with counter-electrodes (6) of porous electroconductive material so the counter-electrodes contact one side of the conductive coating of adjacent photo-electrodes. After dye adsorption through the counter-electrodes (6) and interlayers (5) onto the photo-electrodes (4), electrolyte filling of the pores of the porous layers (4-6) and sealing with a cover layer (8), a series-connection of photovoltaic cells is created on a common substrate. The counter-electrodes (6) may consists of an electroconductive polymer (e.g. polyaniline, polypyrrole or polythiophene) and may be electrically insulated from one another by non-porous insulation (e.g. silicone rubber).    ADVANTAGE -   A small spacing can be maintained between the photo-electrodes and counter-electrodes even in large area cells and several cells can be series-connected to form a photovoltaic module.
The process separates at least one particle (10) from a first liq. (12) e.g. etchant. The particle (10) is denser than and is wetted by the first liq. (12). The process comprises forming a forced vortex (24) of a second liq. (14) e.g. inert liq. that is denser than the first liq. (12). The liquids. (12,14) are insol. in each other. A forced vortex (60) is formed of the first particle contg. liq. (12) by contacting the interior of the second liq. vortex (24) with the first liq. (12). Agitation at the interface (16,70) of the vortices (24,60) and the centrifugal force exerted on the particle (10) by the vortices breaks the surface tension between the wetted particles (10) and the first liq. (12) and moves the particle (10) into the second liq. (14).    USE -   Used for sepg. at least one particle from a first liq., the particle being denser than and being wetted by the first liq.. The process treats the same sized particles, and the particles are suitable for use in fabricating a solar cell following their redn. in size by exposing them to an etchant, to separate the particles from the etchant (so that the effect of the etchant on the particles is terminated).    ADVANTAGE -   The process is efficient, has a high throughput and is non-damaging. As the relative properties of the first (etchant and second liquids prevent them from mixing or contaminating each other, the first liq. (etchant) which is removed may be reused if desired.
The method involves receiving user information including a set upper resistance level of a first resistance mechanism. That is followed by sensing the heart rate of the user then comparing the sensed heart rate with the set scheduled rate. The heart rate of the user is controlled by adjusting the resistance level of the first resistance mechanism with respect to the resistance level of a second resistance mechanism.    E.g. if the sensed heart rate is slower than the scheduled rate and the first resistance mechanism is not at the user's set upper resistance level, then increasing the resistance level of the first resistance mechanism.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For dynamically varying resistance mechanism of fitness appts. Optimises benefit obtained from exercise on it, while it is capable of benefiting virtually any user regardless of their physical conditioning.
The speed ring (3) has the reinforcement ribs (30) which are constructed between the main shroud (3a) and a flange (3c). The speed rings are nearly made of U-shape to suit the shape of main shroud.    The inner peripheral rings are inclined because they are set in opposite direction and due to the direction of the stay vane (4). Flanges are installed in each edge of the inner peripheral rings. As a result, stay vanes are reinforced.    ADVANTAGE -   Decreases waving change of main shroud. Reduces stress on parts. Increases rigidity of parts. Increases reliability.
The system includes a detection unit which detects the pedal speed of the cycle. A simulation effect is provided by displaying an image of the scenery around to the person being trained corresponding to the movement state of the cycle. An image of the instructor (M2) is also generated and superimposed upon the scenery image based on the individual training data.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   E.g. fixed cycling apparatus. Facilitates display of mileage. Realistic simulation. Increases training efficiency. Changes size and position of display according to user movements.
The exercise bicycle (1) has an electrical device (2) for varying the resistance force (M) and a measuring device (3) for monitoring the revs of the pedals (4), and 2 values multiplied together for calculating the effective work load. The bicycle can be switched between an isokinetic operating mode and a heart pulse regulation mode, in which the actual heart rate (Hist) of the user is measured and compared with the ideal heart rate (Hsoll), for corresponding adjustment of the resistance force.    A fault signal is supplied when the measurement of the heart rate is faulty, with automatic switching from the heart pulse regulation mode to the isokinetic mode in response to this signal, the selected operating mode, the required heart rate, the resistance force and the training time etc. indicated via an alphanumeric display (6).    ADVANTAGE -   Provides information feedback for user during training time.
The appts. includes an object carrier (4) which uses a connector (5) in the form of a linear support attached to a tensioned base member. In the region of the linear support (6) stretchable material is used with a stress equalising section of material (8).    The holder attaches an object (3) to a tensioned base membrane (1), e.g. a membrane Hull (2). The linear support has a zip-fastener style attachment, where the elements are interconnecting teeth and sockets. The application is optimised for solar cell attachment to Airship hulls.    ADVANTAGE -   Ease of interchange of attached device. Stressing of membrane hull is unaffected. Object is safely and easily held.
An auxiliary plate (1") is interposed between right and left circular side plates (1') of the running water waterwheel (1). A cylinder (1a) is formed at a size ratio of about 4:5 between the cylinder and the side plates. A multiplicity of blades are formed on the main surface of the cylinder (1a) at uniform spacings.    The front face (3) of a blade (2) is recessed semi-circularly and the real face of a blade (2) is curved in a streamline shapeover an extent of the spacing between the blades from the outer end of the blade (2) to the inner end of the blade. This minimises resistance of water encountered when the right and left blades (2) plunge into and leap out of water, and loss of hydraulic power obtained at lower surfaces.    ADVANTAGE -   Solves problems of a prior running water waterwheel that when blades of the waterwheel plunge into and leap out of water, resistance of water is great to offset a part of hydraulic power obtained by the waterwheel, thus less hydraulic power being utilized. Improves the use of hydraulic power in a running water waterwheel.
The automatic removal device controls an opening and closing operation of a valve according to a specified opening command value (2). A bias reset signal output circuit (20) resets an AND circuit (10a), when a bias big continuation signal at the time of shut operation (13) is detected and also a timer circuit (16). When a real opening (1) does not track the opening command value in predetermined time, the opening command value of the valve judges the foreign material as a biting lump. The predetermined time change output of the opening command value is performed at the predetermined foreign material removal opening command value (19). The foreign material removal signal is controlled by an engagement foreign material removal automatic control signal (18).    The automatic control signal resets a bias large signal at the time of shut operation (11). The automatic removal part outputs the foreign material removal opening command value of back to front to the opening command value to a switch (13b) through an engagement foreign material automatic removal improper judgment circuit (22). When the judgment circuit judge to be failure the real opening is moved to below fixed value and terminates the processing in output and judgment circuits by a working condition (5) of a generator circuit (24). An alarm part (15) outputs an alarm when the circuit is terminated.    ADVANTAGE -   Performs foreign material removal, automatically. Reduces number of correspondences of maintenance members. Improves reliability of valve.
The ergometer has a drive crank which can be operated by the user with variable revolution rate, a braking device, control electronics connected to a revolution rate sensor and a display (9).    At least one symbol can be shown on the display. The symbol can be controlled by the control electronics so that different ranges of the revolution rate are associated with different directions of motion of the symbol on the display. One revolution rate range is associated with the stationary symbol. A pattern can be displayed whose position and/or shape is independent of the revolution rate.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   The ergometer is designed so that heart circulation training is not the sole motivation for using it, i.e. it can be used for other types of training.
Solar module comprises: (a) an Al substrate (1); (b) an electrically insulating oxide layer (2); (c) a back electrode layer (3, 5, 6); (d) an active semiconductor layer (7) having a diode structure; and (e) a front electrode (8) made of a transparent conducting oxide (TCO). The module is structured into integrated single solar cells connected in series and is made as a facade element.    Also claimed is a process for producing electrode surfaces (6) electrically sepd. from each other on an electrically conducting substrate (1).    USE -   As a thin layer solar module.
The thrust bearing consists of the thrust head, mirror plate, thrust bushes, support screw, bearing seat, clip and other parts. Its mirror plate and thrust bushes have a spherical structure and the bearing seat has a concave conic structure.    ADVANTAGE -   Eliminates jollying process, no regulation of axle, less oscillation and vibration, and automatic centralising.
The extractor (10) comprises a plurality of independent modular units (11) with inlet and outlet pipes connected to common supply and delivery pipes. Each modular unit and three main floats (12) in the form of cylindrical chambers which float on the water. The axes of the floats are parallel and are coaxial with the floats of their modules. Each flat is attached to one end of two main cables (14) which are spaced symmetrically either side of the float centres.    The cable pass through a guide and support (15) which is anchored to the sea bed (16) by guys (17). The cables pass to cable drums (18) of two pump modules (30) located on the sea bed and are then attached to an auxiliary support float (19). Each cable incorporates a sheet bolt device (20) which allows the main float to breakaway if the wave action is too strong.    ADVANTAGE -   Use robust equipment which can be incorporated into a pumped water supply or a power station.
The underwater robot has a main rail (1) on which a movable truck (2) is moved which is operated by a remote controller. The truck includes a horizontal rails (7) fixed to a sub-truck (3). A recovery unit (6) is attached to the sub-truck through a manipulator (5).    Based on the operation of the remote control unit, the manipulator is driven which moves the recovery unit along the side walls of the water storage chamber.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables effective removal of sea animals like shellfish without affecting operation of plant.
The exercise system (10) comprises two exercise cycles (12, 14) for two users to apply separate exercise forces at different exercise speeds. A display control measures the exercise speed of the two users applied to the two apparatuses, and determines the cumulative exercise efforts of the two users. The control also determines when the cumulative effort of either user is within a preselected range less than the cumulative exercise effort of the other user.    While the cumulative exercise effort of the one user remains within the preselected range and in response to adjusting the cumulative exercise effort of the one user relative to the cumulative exercise effort of the other user gives the one user an advantage over the other user. A display (24) provides an indication of the relative adjusted cumulative exercise efforts of the two users.
The exercise apparatus (1) comprises a motor and a cycloidal speed reducer (49) having a high speed shaft and a low speed shaft. The shafts are operated such that the high speed shaft rotates faster than the low speed shaft.    A dynamometer (10) input shaft (57) is mounted on the low speed shaft, with an input shaft which engages with the limb or body segment of the user of the apparatus. The motor (30) is operatively connected to the high speed shaft such that the motor controls the rotation of that shaft. The reducer has one or more cycloidal discs symmetrically positioned about the high speed shaft.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   E.g. for physical rehabilitation, extremity limb testing, fitness, excercise, sports medicine, etc. Does not require user to exert large force to begin movement of input arm. Creates concentric or eccentric motion or other desired modes.
The exercise machine comprises a device upon which a user performs work, a device to measure the work, and a device responsive to a preselected condition of the measured work to initiate a rewarding action. The preselected condition is selected from a group consisting of a level of the measured work and a preselected sum of the time at which the level is exceeded.    The device upon which work is performed comprises a device for selective-level resistance to limb extension and retraction by a user performing work upon the exercise machine. The exercise machine provides a support for the user and the user, so supported, exercises at a selected horizontal angle. The reward is a change in the selected angle. This change can make the exercise easier or harder, dependent on the desired protocol.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides adjustment as reward for expended effort. Allows selection of easier or harder excercise as reward.
The method involves using a detecting device for detecting variations in the discharge pressure of the pump and a signal analyzing device for analyzing oscillation components contained in an output signal from the pressure detecting device. The pump's operating point to have entered a counterflow characteristic operation region is detected when a waveform of the detection signal generated in association with the variations in the discharge pressure of the pump exhibits a predetermined spectrum distribution.    Further, when it is detected that the operating point enters a counterflow characteristic operation region, the escape from that region is performed by temporally throttling the guide vane and temporally increasing the rotating speed.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables secure detection of counterflow characteristic when pump or pump turbine in pumping installation such as pumping-up power station is operated in pumping-up operation.
The system has a screw rotation power source (109) that converts a machine rotation energy into fluid power. It has a DC machine (101) that can function either as a motor or a generator. An auxiliary damper and a tachometer are attached in the screw.    A central controller (102) controls the operation of the DC machine, a storage-battery set (103) and an AC generator set (111) which are engaged by an epicyclic toothed gear. The DC machine and the AC generator set are controlled according to the rotational speed of the screw.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For converting unstable source of rotational movement e.g. wind, ocean current, tide, wave, river flow, into power. Effectively absorbs very high amount of excess mechanical rotation energy; improves conversion efficiency.
The tension adjuster has an actuator and a controller. The actuator fixes a steel wire rope (5) of a winch (4) which in turn is fixed to the output shaft (11) of a motor (1) at its end face, and a steel rope is fixed for a frame (2). A stopper member (51) stopped by the frame is combined with the edge of the steel rope. A clamp pawl (32) engages a ratchet wheel (31) fixed to the shaft of the motor. An energising member (34) energises the clamp call side.    The energising member is resisted by a lock device consisting a lock release port. A motor rotation detector (7) generates pulses. From these pulses, the actual moved difference of the wire rope is measured by a controller (74). The latter then supplies a control signal to the power supply. Based on the control signal an instant current circuit (8) drives the motor. The developed torque of the motor is converted into linear tension for the steel rope. In a geostationary state the steel rope is not affecting the tension, and the controller always maintains the constant tension for the rope.    ADVANTAGE -   Adjusts tension reliably.
The device comprises a base member (1) and a top member or platform (2). The base member has an outer wall (3) defining a recess (4) in the middle of which is a flat-topped pillar (5) of square shape in plan. The platform (2) is a flat board on the top surface of which are marked defined areas. The base floor incorporates separate microswitches (C) one above the other, one per area, and the downward movement of the board in that area urges the contacts of the switch together. Alternatively the switch contact (C1) is mounted on the underside of the platform (2), one per area and a complementary contact (C2) is mounted on the floor of the recess, one for each area. In both cases the switches are connected to PCB circuitry leading via a cable (6) to a VDU on which a computer game can be displayed and played.    When there is no pressure on the platform (2), the platform is horizontal so that all the switches are in the off position and will tend to revert to that condition at all times. When pressure is applied e.g. by a person standing on the board or moving away from an area of the board the platform will contact the base and send an electrical signal according to which the microswitch is depressed via the cable to the game to cause play.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For children who suffer from body coordination as in mild cerebral palsy. Simple design and robust in use, so that patients themselves can use equipment without carers.
The sensor system is adapted to monitor exercise performance and generate exercise information and includes a photo-detecting unit mounted operatively on the frame assembly, a slotted wheel mounted axially on the end of a corresponding one of the foot-pedal arms, and an instrument control unit. The photo-detecting unit includes two photo emitters aligned opposite two respective photoreceivers.    The slotted wheel has a flange member extending toward the centre beam and between the photo emitters and the receivers. The flange member has a set of angularly spaced-apart openings. The slotted wheel swings with the corresponding one of the foot-pedal arms to permit the photoreceivers to receive light intermittently from the corresponding photo emitters. The instrument control unit is connected electrically to the photo-detecting unit in order to process the signals and generate the exercise information based on the signals.    USE -   Generating accurate exercise information.
The method involves a rim board (12) made to build a set of reamer hole (16) and guide pins (15) where it is layered with. The reamer hole is made to build the pin (18) for gap prevention. The guide pin is push up in the laminated direction of the rim board.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves production efficiency of rotor assembly and workers safety; Reduces time of work completion as letting long guide pins to passed is eliminated.
The device has fixed ring member (2) positioned to a base (1). The rotation of the rotation ring (4) is carried out at this fixed ring member. The auxiliary ring (10) sets up two or more magnets (11) on the ring member.    A predetermined space is kept on a fixed ring member in which two or more armatures (9) with an iron core and a winding wire are positioned. The winding wires are connected to the output part (14).    A water wheel blade (12) is set up at the rotation ring member. The continuous rotation of rotation ring is carried out by making waters in a water channel (W) collide with the water blade. An electromotive force is generated by the electromagnetic induction of armatures positioned by the fixed ring member.    ADVANTAGE -   Easily obtains single phase or three phase alternating-current electromotive forces using multipolar generators which can install two or more armatures and permanent magnets.
The hydraulic power converter has a number of water mills (2) provided with water pipes (6). A main tower (1) is connected to the water mills. Energy from a main shaft (7) is concentrated on the water mills. The water circulates inside a cylinder (3) through an axial core (5).    A spiral impeller blade board (4) is installed along the main blade. The main blade rotates, when water starts flowing in through the water pipes. The impeller blade board is interlocked with the cylinder. The water flows from a main entrance (11) into the main tower.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables easy operation.
The power station sets up two reversible pump turbines on either sides of a concrete barrel (16). Multiple vibration detectors (19) are set up outer to the concrete barrel. The reversible pump turbines are directly connected with a motor generator set up.    During drive of the two pump turbines, the vibrations of the barrel are determined through the vibration detector. Simultaneously, the power factor of the motor generator combination is varied gradually by an adjusting device. The power factor for which the detected vibrations have the least value is determined and at the same power factor, drive of the two pump turbines is carried out, simultaneously.    ADVANTAGE -   Controls barrel vibrations effectively. Performs driving without large output change in pump turbines. Eliminates need to detect impeller blade position. Facilitates prompt starting of motor generator combination.
The stepper type fitness appts. has a frame, a crank pedal, a drive and a control. The drive comprises a shaft extending transversely along a pair of bearings in a base frame. The drive shaft has a sprocket and left and right freewheel sprockets and has an accelerator fixed to one side with a large pulley on the other side. A load device (1) is disposed below the accelerator.    The load device has a pair of thin rotary discs (2, 2), each half the size of the conventional rotary disc, arranged parallel on a shaft (3) which is supported by bearings (7) and frames (6). An electromagnet (4) on the side surface side of the discs generates magnetic flux to cause a brake torque to act on the discs. The electromagnet has a stator (4a) and a coil (4b) and is connected to the control.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides accurate control as the load varies.
The appts for connecting an exercise bicycle to a computer equipped with a game control device having a continuously variable resistance, e.g an IBM PC/AT equipped with a joystick adapter converts the two states of the exercise bicycle e.g pedalling and not pedalling into three states required by racing simulations e.g braking, coasting and accelerating, using a non- linear element.    Pedalling at speeds lower than a cross-over value is converted into various degrees of braking, while pedalling at speeds higher than the threshold value is converted into various degrees of acceleration. The cross-over pedalling speed which is converted to a resistance equal to that of a joystick in its middle position is lower than half the maximum speed.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Maintaining motivation during fitness session by allowing user to play computer games and control speed of character in game, e.g car or aircraft, by varying rate of exercise e.g pedalling speed.
The device includes a stationary support stand to be positioned on a flat surface. The stand comprises a weighted base fabricated out of a metal material in an I-shaped configuration and an upstanding frame fabricated out of sturdy recyclable plastic material on the weighted base. The upstanding frame is stabilized on a flat surface.    A handlebar assembly is mounted on the stationary support stand. A device for simulating stepping motion is mounted to the stationary support stand, so that a child can grip the handlebar assembly with the hands and place the feet on the simulation stepping motion means, so as to exercise by manually activating the simulation stepping motion device.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   As adjustable exercise device for child. Simple and easy to use. Economical cost.
The semiconductor device has a semiconductor element (10) provided with a couple of output terminals (130a,130c). A set of metal foils (150a,150c) are furnished over the output terminal. A couple of openings (21a,21c) are formed at the sides of the metal foils. A protection film (20) covers the semiconductor device surface including the peripherals top part of the metal foil.    ADVANTAGE -   Raises connection intensity of metal foil. Improves reliability. Prevents moisture entry into device.
The loading equipment (1) has a couple of rotation disks (2) arranged parallel to each other with the aid of a rotation shaft (3). An electromagnet (4) contains a stator core (4a) in `E' form, an energisation coil (4b), a front stator core (4c) and a slit (4d). The slit is formed between the stator core and the front stator core.    An electromagnet is arranged on one side of the rotation disk and establishes no contact with the slit. The magnetic flux caused by the electromagnet acts on the rotation disks, thereby providing retarding torque to the rotation disk.    ADVANTAGE -   Eases adjustment of retarding torque by current control. Enables setting of arbitrary value of retarding torque.
The power generation system includes primary systems (100,200,300) which produce electrical energy. A hollow movable tank (10) suspended in a support structure (11) via telescopic cylinders (12) has valves (13) controlling air and water flow producing potential energy.    The enclosure system includes concrete barrier walls and a bottom (16,17) on the sea bed. Turbines (19) generate energy as gate valves (21) control flow. The bellows system uses a hollow stationary tank (22) and bellows tank (23) in conjunction with the enclosure system. A buoyant mass-actuated piston system in which the movement of floating objects, such as docked ships, relative to the tide my be used to generate electrical power.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Is effective at wide range of installation sites and does not affect fragile seashore and estuary ecosystems and will produce electrical energy over entire tidal cycle.
A base platform (20) extends between the end bars (14,18) and between the overhead bar (16) and the base of the framework. Restraint can be provided by a seatbelt (22) and belt fastening points (24) on the base platform and the framework (12).    A tractive line (30) is driven by a motor and clutch assembly (32) and extends to the user either directly or through one or more pulleys (34). The motor and clutch may have a remote control (36) accessible to the user while exercising. The motor can be a small, properly geared DC electric motor. The remote control can include two controls: one for forward for stretching the user and one for back or release.
The electricity generation process involves using storage batteries to supply power to a small power consumption DC motor by activating a button. The D.C. motor powers the displacement of the heavy plumb rod of line-activated drag leverage such that the displacement of heavy plumb rod on the leverage enables the water ladles to load water and move the water from the lower water tank to the upper water tank. The movement of the leverage moves water from the lower water tank to the upper water tank. The water in the upper water tank tanks flow to each other so that water in the upper water tanks rotates the electricity generator so as to turn the water wheel machine and generate electricity. Meanwhile the falling water from the rotation of the water wheel flows into the lower water tank through a water guidance plane.    The electricity generated by the rotation of electricity generator is converted into city electricity through a transformer. Through setting of a switch the city electricity can be selected to be stored in a charger then supply power to the auxiliary DC motor as a storage electricity or provide electricity to outside as ordinary city electricity, or through a charger to charge the storage batteries. The electric energy of the storage batteries can supply power to the DC motor by activating a button to complete a comprehensive process of electricity supply - electricity generation - electricity storage.    ADVANTAGE -   Can be used to store electricity and be used during peak hours.
A hand-held training unit (2) comprises a function for displaying a number of muscle groups (6), a function for selecting one of the muscle groups and a function for selecting an excercise (22).    The muscle groups are selected in response to a display of a number of exercises for the muscle groups. The exercises are selected in response to exercise data displayed, for one of the exercises. Excercise data includes set, repetition, weight data and target data.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Gymnasium training. Includes function for recording exercise data, as exercise is completed by user.
The system comprises of connecting a dummy load (7) to a dynamo (6). This dynamo is driven by a turbine (3) located at the exit of a penstock (2). An inlet valve (5) located on the upstream side of the turbine controls the water flow to the turbine. The power conditioning device detects the frequency of the power generated by the dynamo which changes according to the demand side load.    This device adjusts the full load connected to the dynamo constant by passing current to the dummy load in inverse proportion to the demand side load. The current measurement device (14) detects the value of current flowing to the dummy load. Depending on this value, a controller (15) controls the opening of the inlet valve. By this action, the current to the dummy load is kept within a fixed range.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces usage of water when load demand decreases. Eliminates wastage of water.
The hydraulic power generator has water reservoir and tank. A pipe tube is installed at the lower part of the water tank with a value to stop the back flow of the water. A powered oil pressure pneumatics pump sends water to the tank. A siphon type pressure iron pipe is connected at both ends of the tank to drop the water externally and continuously, when the tank becomes full. A water mill is installed before and behind the pressure iron pipe. The mill is rotated due to hydraulic pressure of the dropping water. So the dynamo which is mechanically connected with the mill, generates electricity.    ADVANTAGE -   Obtains power cheaply and continuously. Obtains increased power by increasing height of water tank.
The cover is used by a valve support (3) located on the lower part of the water wheel valve generator. This generator employs the cooling system which carries out the dissipation of the internal generated heat to an external water, through the outside board valve (4).    The valve support cover (2) is formed to give a loose slope surface toward the valve centre. It also enables an expansion of the direct contact region with the external water of the outside board valve which contributes to the heat dissipation of the external water.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces effective heat-dissipation area of outside board valve due to valve support cover which projects external surface slope.
The device has a number of solar cells connected mutually and installed on a roof (22) by fixing the crosspiece material (23) in series with the plate like roofing material (21) incorporating the solar cell. The direction of crosspiece material and the connecting direction of the solar cell are to be made in parallel.    An output reduction of each element by the shadow of the crosspiece material becomes uniform to each connected element.    ADVANTAGE -   Shadow by crosspiece material fixed in roofing material is reduced to minimum value.
The appts includes a frame, a support for supporting a user of the apparatus in a semi-recumbent posture, a pair of pedals independently movably coupled to the frame for movement between an elevated position and a depressed position. Each pedal has a footpad for engagement by a respective foot of the user.    A resistance device is coupled to the pair of pedals for resisting a down-stroke of each pedal to the de pressed position and for assisting return of each pedal to the elevated position. The support is freely movable from a lower rest position to a range of elevated positions during the user's operation of the pedals at a rate sufficient to prevent the pedals from descending to their respective depressed positions.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   As exercise device. Combines comfort and support of exercise position encouraging predetermined level of exertion by user. Capable of selectively emphasising different muscles gp.
The hydroelectric power generation equipment comprises a water turbine (1) installed at the exit side of a pen stock (3), and driven by a dynamo (4). The pen stock is connected to a water supply tank (2). A valve operating mechanism (7) is provided to open and close an inlet valve based on the pressure, in a pilot pipe (13).    The mechanism is located on the upstream side of the water turbine. A pilot pipe with a solenoid valve (15), is connected to the valve operating mechanism. The pilot pipe is connected to the downstream side of the valve operating mechanism and the water turbine. When the power supply is intercepted by the dynamo, the solenoid valve is closed.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents water turbine from rotating at high speed when power supply is intercepted by dynamo. Reduces cost. Enables usage of standard goods such as dynamo.
The method involves the attachment of a planar multilayer conductor (3) to the bottom part of a solar battery (1) where a second electrode (2b) is laid. A first electrode (2a) is laid on top of the battery where a light-receiving panel is attached using an adhesive agent.    The solar battery electrodes made of iron nickel alloy are electroplated with silver. They are made in a rectangular shape by punching and then they are attached to the battery with an adhesive agent. The second electrode and the multilayer conductor are welded by parallel-gap welding.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents air pollution and short circuit by stabilising junction connections. Extends battery service life with simplified structure that relieves battery and electrodes from stress. Effectively utilises whole surface for light-receiving panel and reduces battery cost with simplified assembly.
A walking-running exercise machine includes a moving belt on which a user may walk or run and a direct current drive input for controlling the speed of the moving belt. A frame bracket and a control unit are rotatably mounted to the frame bracket, and is provided with an assembly for mounting the frame bracket at a predetermined position with respect to the machine.    A cord assembly has two opposite extremities, one connected to the control unit and the other attached to the user to rotate the control unit in a given direction when the cord assembly is pulled forward. A recoil mechanism is operatively connected to the control unit for rotating the control unit in a direction opposite to the given direction as soon as the cord assembly is released. An electrical generator is operatively connected to the control unit and provided with wires connected to the direct current drive input for producing electrical signals which are proportional to the rotation of the control unit in the given direction.    In use, after the frame bracket has been mounted at the predetermined position and the two wires electrically connected to the two wire direct current drive input, the position of the user of the machine on the moving belt increases or decreases the speed.    ADVANTAGE -   Speed of moving belt is changed by position of user on belt. When user walks or runs on moving belt, risk of falling due to fatigue is reduced. User has more controlled work-out.
The tidal wave generator comprises at least a variable compartment which can extend below the sea surface from the mole, and a generator set installed on the sea shore and connected to the variable compartment. The variable compartment comprises at least two interconnected openings in which the larger opening extends below the sea level and will not expose itself even on the ebb tide and the smaller opening is located at the sea level and connected to the generator. The cross section space between the highest sea level, which will not contact with the bottom of the variable compartment, and the smaller opening gradually reduces.    The generator set comprises a rotor with an output shaft to provide smooth operation of rotor. The circumference of the rotor is installed with centrifugal wheel blades which do not reach the center. In the opposite tangential direction of two different axes on the blade wheel circumference are installed wind openings for in-and-out of air current. One wind opening is connected to the smaller opening of the variable compartment so that the in-and-out current generated by the rise-and-fall of tide in the variable compartment can drive the rotors to rotate in a specific direction to perform work by the output shaft.    ADVANTAGE -   Uses the rise-and-fall of tidal wave to generate work and generator and therefore, produces energy without contamination.
The generator has a reversible pump turbine with an attached rotor that rotates at variable speed. It has a first speed control device which passes a speed control command to the reversible pump turbine.    It has a second speed control device which regulates its power and performs a backup speed control when the rotational speed of the reversible pump turbine is below the minimum value of the normal turbine speed operation range or above the maximum value of the normal turbine speed operation range. A minimum set point lower than the minimum value of the normal operation range is made for starting the turbine operation.    ADVANTAGE -   Stabilises continuation operation of turbine without deviating from adjusted reference speed range.
The element comprises a lamination of a glass substrate, a transparent electrode, a p-type electroconductive semiconductor thin film (ECSCF), intrinsic semiconductor thin film, n-type ECSCF and a metal electrode in order. A divided pattern is pictured on the metal electrode using laser beam, and then surface of the electrode is etched to form the divided pattern.    USE -   Suitable for prodn. of solar cell.    ADVANTAGE -   Improved light conversion efficiency.
A generator (10) of similar construction to a Tesla turbine has a rotor (12) whose working surfaces are formed by a number of interleaving conical laminas of plastic (16) on a central axis (13) free to rotate within a cylindrical housing (11) whose periphery is comprised of hinged vertical louvres (20a).    The rotor (12) is connected to a generator (24) by the shaft (13) and the conical laminas (16) as positioned by the torque transmission disc (14), coupling stems (26) and spacers (not shown).    Fluid inflow (33) which may be air or water enters via the appropriate louvres and viscous drag over the conical surfaces propels the rotor (12) as the fluid (33) turns through 90 deg. and exits via the centre (28).    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For e.g. wind power generator. Responds to limited air or water currents and operates with higher working efficiency than flat disc rotors. Action can be reversed by electric propulsion of rotor which promotes fluid pump action.
The output shaft (11) of the motor incorporates a wedge-shaped groove (111) and a threaded bore (112). It is flanked by a rotary shaft (12) and a stationary shaft (13) with a stay (14) on its far side.    A stop (2) with a central slot (21) is screwed to the front cover of the motor for guidance of a cable (5) wound around a grooved drum (4) and terminated with a rubber ball (51). Reverse rotation is opposed by a pawl (32) engaging the teeth of a ratchet wheel (31). Motor current is controlled by a microprocessor to a fixed level.    ADVANTAGE -   Compact and portable appts. produces constant or variable opposing force and enables the user to select suitable exercise routines via electronic keyboard.
The power-generating mechanism is mounted across a waterway adjacent a dam and comprises a vertically adjustable support including a platform sized extend across the waterway adjacent the downstream side of the dam. Support members extend from the platform in spaced-relationship in order to suspend a waterwheel unit. The waterwheel unit includes a waterwheel its length being greater than the diameter. The wheel is composed of an impervious cylinder and circular end plates respectively fixed to the opposite ends fo the cylinder in order to form a watertight enclosure.    Several buckets, are spaced evenly around the circumference of the cylinder and fixed at one edge. An electric generator unit is mounted axially within the cylinder and comprises a rotor disposed axially within a stator and drive operably connecting the waterwheel to the rotor.    ADVANTAGE -   Angle and depth of flow onto waterwheel can be varied with changes in rate of water discharge.
The exercise device comprises a first ring with a predetermined diameter and a second ring concentric to and rotatably retained by the first ring. A device provides isokinetic resistance to the rotation of the second ring. A device senses the predetermined characteristics of the second ring during rotation and provides sensor signals corresponding to the sensed characteristics.    A person applying a torque in a first direction of rotation, e.g. by performing a swing of a golf club, causes rotation of the second ring in the first direction of rotation against the isokinetic resistance. The sensing device in response to the rotation senses the predetermined characteristics which are subsequently converted into sensor signals.    ADVANTAGE -   Trains user to achieve optimum club head speed and club-face-to-ball alignment at impact. Accommodates differences in physiological characteristics, swing style, address posture and club length. Performs full-range of motion golf swing without mechanical limitations and/or without visually obstructing club head.
The device controls a power controller (3) of an electric servomotor (2) for a water wheel guide vane, driven by the digital controller (4). A ratio controller (51) amplifies an opening command difference and return guide vane opening signal of the servomotor. Its limiter is changed by a closing mode circuit (52) by the guide vane opening signal.    A back-up closing circuit consists proportionality integral control circuit (53) to amplify a ratio controller output. It is connected to the power controller through a switch (SW1), when an abnormality is detected by the digital controller. This results to the closing of the guide vane by controlling the servomotor and stopping a water wheel (1).    ADVANTAGE -   Stops water wheel safely by closing guide vane through servomotor control.
The human mobility simulator has a base located on a support surface, and a platform attached to the base and being rotatable about a vertical axis. A steering post extends upwardly from the platform, and has a seat attached at the upper end.    A torque sensor is located between the seat and the post, and senses a displacement about the vertical axis. A power source responds to the detected torque for rotating the platform relative to the base. The steering post is insertable into a tubular shaft, and a user wears a head mounted display for viewing different scenes in response to display signals.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   E.g. for simulating steepness of terrain to test user's reactions, stamina and behaviour in given environment.
The control system for synchronous condenser operation comprises a device operatively connected to the generator for sensing the electrical power consumed by the generator when operating as a synchronous condenser and for producing a signal indicative of it. A reference device provides a signal representative of the electrical power consumed by the generator at the instant that rising draft tube water begins to impact the turbine during synchronous condenser operation.    A detector, is operatively connected to the generator electrical power sensing device, the reference device, and connected in a controlling relation to the air supply valve for controlled injection of compressed air in response to an increase in the generator electrical power consumption above a threshold level represented by the reference device to depress the draft tube water level below the level of the turbine.    ADVANTAGE -   At all times, after initial establishment of air cushion in turbine and draft tube areas, energy required to operate generator remains virtually constant at absolute minimum necessary to keep generator turning as a synchronous condenser. Plant efficiency and power system stability is improved.
The exercise apparatus has a program computer is mounted on one of the machines so as to be readily accessible to the person exercising. The computer includes a memory which has a number of exercise programs which can be selected by the user. Once a particular program is selected, the computer causes a display to advise the user as to which particular exercise is to be performed and for how long. The computer indicates the conclusion of the particular exercise time and the beginning of a transition time where the user is to move on to the next exercise which is then timed and the process continues throughout the exercise program. The transition times can be selectively shortened or lengthened to accommodate beginner, intermediate or advanced users and a number of displays provide information to the user relating to his or her exercise program.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Allows person to perform number of different anaerobic exercises and aerobic exercise machine such as stair climber, treadmill, bicycle. Allows control of transition time, exercise time and total elapsed time.
The exercise appts. has an operable member for engagement by a user to exercise a part of the user's body. A device selects and provides a desired exercise resistance, and a weight provides a maximum exercise resistance in excess of the desired amount.    A device couples the weight to the operable member so that movement of the operable member in a first direction lifts the weight and movement in a second opposing direction lowers the weight. A device provides a first amount of assistance to the user in lifting the weight as the operable member is moved in the first direction to provide an effective exercise resistance equal to the desired exercise resistance.    ADVANTAGE -   During return or "negative" stroke, reduced level of assistance may be provided so that increased negative resistance is experienced. Can coach user during exercise by varying amt. of resistance.
The sealing method positions a glass (10), an amorphous solar battery (11), an ethylene acetate vinyl copolymer layer (12), a back cover (13) sequentially. A vacuum bag or a vacuumised crimp roll accommodates the entire arrangement.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces usage of expensive vacuum lamination. Enables rapid production.
The thrust bearing consists of plate springs (11) located in between bearing plates (12). A geostationary board is provided to support the shaft of the rotary electric machine. By means of a countersunk bolt (15), the springs are clamped to the upper clamp (13) and lower clamp (14).    USE/ADVANTAGE -   In e.g. power generation equipments, reversible pumps, turbines, dynamos, windmills. Improves bearing capacity of rotary electric machine. Eases maintenance of bearing device.
The fluid powered electricity generator (20) comprises the housing (22) defining inlets (24a-24d) and an outlet (26). The rotor (28) is rotatably mounted in the housing (22) and defines radially extending blades (30) spaced around the circumference of the rotor, the housing inlets (24a-24d) being arranged such that the flow of fluid approaching the rotor (28) is substantially tangential to it.    The energy convertor, such as a dynamo is linked to the rotor (28) for converting the rotational energy of the rotor into electricity. The generator (20) may be placed in a stream or river in conjunction with a dam, weir or intake chute or may be mounted in the keel or rudder of a boat.    ADVANTAGE -   Can be mfd. with readily available low cost materials and can be installed or re-sited with minimal capital expense.
The method for manufacturing flat emitter contacts between contact fingers formed by template stamp or screen process for solar cell contacts and using an antireflection layer contains the following steps: (a) the complete solar cell (10) with contacts and without antireflection layer is pre-warmed in demineralised water; (b) the surface (5) of the emitter layer (1) between contact fingers (4) is etched in a basic solution at a temperature of 50 deg.C to 80 deg.C.; (c) the surface is rinsed in demineralised water and then (d) dried. The etching solution is 1 to 10% KOH solution.    ADVANTAGE -   Improved conversion efficiency in blue light.
The DC motor produces a stable clockwise torque through the output shaft when a constant current is passing through it. When the user exerts a counterclockwise force so that the motor turns in a counterclockwise direction, the electric current to the motor is controlled and maintained to deliver a stable torque from the motor against the counterclockwise force.    A torque switch is mounted between the main shaft and winding drum. A winding mechanism is assembled on the rear end of the main shaft. A roller clutch is disposed inside the timing pulley.    ADVANTAGE -   Cable speed can keep up with exercise pace of user, better simulating feel of exercise machine and cable can rewind rapidly under any condition without slippage or breakdown.
The turbine comprises a working wheel (10) with airfoil shaped blades (12) mounted transversely to the fluid flow for rotation in a plane parallel to the flow. A channel (20) directs the fluid to the blades.    In the turbine chamber, the channel has a curved configuration (52,54,62,64) with bulges to optimise the angle of attack of the fluid onto the blades. The cross section may be varied in cross section to smooth and direct flow.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For hydro-pneumatic, hydro, wind or wave (tidal) power generation systems. Electrical generator may be driven with high speed unidirectional rotation under reversible ultra low head pressure and/or high velocity flow.
In a weight lifting type exercise device, a torque motor provides the equivalent of a weight load to a user, and an adjuster alters the effective load w.r.t. the user. A first device initially determines a desired constant weight load by determining a current level supplied to the torque motor, and a second device monitors the performance of the user over repeated exercise cycles. The monitoring device determines the point at which the user has reached muscle failure w.r.t. an initial load. A resistor is initially controlled by the first device, and responds to the second device for diminishing the initial current in preset increments to vary the effective load upon the reaching of successive points of muscle failure w.r.t. a previous load level.    The first device includes a digital keyboard, and the second device includes a photosensor, which is coupled to a timing device. A final increment reduces the current to the torque motor to zero. The monitoring device reduces the effect of load current by supplementing the effective electrical resistance existing at an immediately previous adjustment.    ADVANTAGE -   Does not allow user engaged to continue to exercise past point of muscle failure.
On the conical end of generator shaft (1) the disc bearing (3) is fixed using insulated bolts (2) and pins. Between the shaft and the disc there is insulation (4) to prevent bearing currents. The outer cylindrical surface (5) of the disc can be a neck for bearing segments (6) in a design variant. On the outer cylindrical surface (5) of the disc (3) radial bearing segments can be located. Bearing disc surface is made conical.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Design suitable for suspended hydro-generators has the advantage of high reliability and low material expenditure. Bul.2/20.1.95
The electric power appts. includes the energy accumulator and the reversible power output circuit, including the photocell array, the wind-driven generator, the hydroelectric generator set, the electric motor, the accumulator pack and the switcher.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Can transform several kinds of natural energy into electric energy to power transportation tools such as ship, car, airplane, etc.
The exercise machine has at least one fixed member and at least one movable member pivotally connected to the fixed member. An electrically operated actuator is associated with the movable member. The actuator is electrically controlled and steplessly adjustable having an electric motor for rotating a threaded shaft or worm drive.    Operation of the actuator to linearly extend or retract the actuator causes corresp. pivotal movement of the movable member to adjust the exercise machine to suit the requirements of an individual using the machine. The machine is provided with a suitable handle containing a controller for remotely activating the actuator.    ADVANTAGE -   It is possible to simultaneously adjust configuration and size of exercise machine quickly and easily while on machine without need for getting on and off machine repeatedly to manually adjust position to suit individual requirements.
The wheel comprises a frame (1) and a rotor (2). The rotor has a shaft (3) with a flywheel (4) in its middle and a number of rotor elements (5) on each side of the flywheel. Each element consists of a couple of vanes (6) evenly distributed around the shaft. Each couple has a pair of diametrically situated vanes each with two spokes (7) standing radially on the shaft. The ends of the spokes are backwards in relation to the direction of rotation (8) and are connected together by a connecting rod.    Each blade is hinged to the spokes with its side turned away from the shaft by two pins (11) which are bearing mounted in the spokes to form a hinge pin. Each blade has a stop (12) on the spokes. Each blade consists of several lamellas (13) hinged together with the outer lamella rotatably fixed to the spokes. The frame has a bottom piece (18) with two bulkheads (19,20) which extends under the rotor.    ADVANTAGE -   Has very solid frame which reduces the risk of damage to the rotor virtually nil.
A method of generating electrical energy comprises the steps of connecting a number of inflation devices to one another to form a loop of inflation devices, movably restraining the loop of inflation devices so that a segment of the loop of inflation devices is disposed at a first reference location at the given depth in the first body of water. Another segment of the loop of inflation devices is then disposed at a second reference location disposed above the first reference location, and another segment of the loop of inflation devices extends along a first path that extends generally upward from the first reference location to the second reference location, and yet another segment of the loop of inflation devices extends along a second path that extends generally downward from the second reference location to the first reference location.    Inflation devices of the number of inflation devices within the first path are inflated with a gas, and inflation devices of the number of inflation devices that are within the second path are deflated, whereby the inflation devices of the number of inflation devices within the first path move upward and the number of inflation devices within the second path move downward.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Method of generating energy by employing a first body of water having a surface and defining a given depth i.e. for the generation of electricity. Generates electricity in a pollution free manner. Harnesses and converts thermal energy into usable mechanical energy.
A movable dam includes floatable wall members that can be anchored in position in a body of water to form a water channel there between. The wall members can be unanchored when it is desirable to move the dam. The dam also includes a water wheel mounted between the wall members. The water wheel generates power as it is rotated by water flowing through the channel.    A preferred dam includes an adjustable floor comprising a combination of interconnected plates mounted between the wall members. The combination of interconnected plates may be raised or lowered to control the level and flow of water in the water channel and to allow the water wheel to generate power in a mode that is most efficient in response to available water quantity and flow.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Movable and adjustable dam including a waterwheel for generating power in rivers, creeks, streams and other flowing bodies of water in which the use of a permanent dam would be impractical or undesirable. Relatively easily assembled and dismantled for transportation.
The energy generation system uses a number of cylindrical containers displaced in the axial direction, relative to a liquid column, so that the containers hold a varying quantity of air and liquid, the pressure of the air dependent on the quantity of liquid. The full containers descend down the liquid column under gravity and are emptied at the bottom, with the discharged liquid used to drive a turbine.    Pref. the liquid is contained in a vertical shaft (1), with a continuous series of containers circulated in a vertical path passing through the shaft during the downwards movement and lying on the outside of the shaft during the upwards movement.    USE -   For converting potential energy into electrical energy.
The portable appts uses a solar battery (2) arranged at its one side to charge a secondary battery (6). A strap (3) for hanging the appts on the shoulder or head is used. The strap is arranged to turn the solar battery surface to the upper part with respect perpendicular direction while hanging the appts.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables projection of more solar lights over solar battery. Raises power generation effectively.
An apparatus for generating electrical energy from the tidal movements of water, comprises an enclosure is securely fixed to the floor of the body of water, and is formed by substantially vertical walls and a substantially horizontal bottom. The walls extend above the extreme high tide level and below the extreme low tide level of the body of water, and the walls are adapted with units for selectively directing water to flow in and out of the enclosure through turbines operatively associated with the walls. At least one substantially hollow moveable tank is adapted with units for selectively allowing water and air to flow in and out of the tank.    A support includes a rigid frame and a hydraulic cylinder operatively associated with the moveable tank to allow for vertical movement of the tank. The hydraulic cylinder is in fluid communication with hydraulic fluid that is pressurized in response to the upward and downward vertical movements of the tank. A device stores the pressurized hydraulic fluid, and a locking device is operatively associated with the support for selectively retaining the tank at specific positions in the vertical plane relative to the tide level of the body of water. A turbine associated with the device for storing pressurized hydraulic fluid that generates power as the pressurized hydraulic fluid is released into the turbine.    ADVANTAGE -   Is amendable to large-scale deployment and produces significant quantities of electrical energy. produces energy over entire 12 hour and 25 minute tidal cycle.
The device has a headpiece, worn on a user's head. A weighting ballast of predetermined weight is attached to the headpiece and is located substantially in an upper central region thereof, providing the user with a sensation of biological feedback.    A proportional tilt-detector is attached to the headpiece and enabled for acquiring and registering data selected and entered by a person regarding limit values of tilt. It also quantitatively measures angles of frontward and backward tilting of the headpiece in the user's sagittal plane relative to a designated reference orientation of the headpiece, thereby detecting instances of such tilting which exceed the limit values of tilt. A sonic indicator, operationally connected to the tilt-detector is enabled to provide the user with sonic indication of detected instances of excessive tilting.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables perception and maintenance of correct posture. Allows user selection of different tilt limits. Allows registering of additional posture data. Wearer receives kinaesthetic biofeedback to maximise spinal elongation.
The stand has a frame (1) supporting a loading device (2). The frame has a pair of tubular bases (3,4) at the front and the rear, parallel to each other and placed on the floor. A U-shaped portion (5) mounted on the front base extends rearward inclining upwards to meet with a pair of legs (6,7) mounted on the rear base. The U-shaped piece is pivotally linked from below to the legs through pieces (C) fitted on the upper ends of the U-shaped piece.    The loading device includes a resistance generator (48) which has a rotary shaft (49) connected to a drive drum (46) which is urged against the tire (91) of the rear wheel (B). The drive drum has an outer diameter such that the drum is able to contact a number of block typed tread patterns adjacently disposed in the circumferential direction of the tire. A pair of eddy current generator members disposed one on the opposite sides in respect with the rotary disk and generating eddy currents in the disk. Each member incudes a number of permanent magnets disposed in a circular sequence with adjacent polarities being alternating.    ADVANTAGE -   Has reduced noise due to contact between rotating drive and tire whilst giving smooth pedalling operation for variety of tread patterns.
The combination beverage container holder and stereo holder includes an integrally formed body having top and bottom sections, the bottom section including a cavity formed within the body portion. A circular opening is located at the top section end to accommodate a cylindrical object and a support is located beneath the circular opening which extends from the bottom section for supporting a cylindrical object.    A handle engaging member integral with and extending horizontally from the top section, has an adaptor to engage a horizontal structural member of an exercising device, the engaging member further including a gripping portion which is frictionally engageable with the horizontal structural member.
The profile has a pointed leading edge and a rounded trailing edge. The low pressure surface starts horizontally or is slightly concave. It then follows a more or less linear line until a short convex section near the trailing edge.    The high pressure surface starts flat or is slightly concave, but then "bellies" downwards to form a convex line for most of its length. The characteristic leading edge of this profile is its bulbous trailing edge.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For wind-powered turbines, propellers, gas, steam and water turbines, compressors, fans, ship's screws, pumps, etc.    Produces minimal trailing edge vortices and provides optimised ratio between lift and drag.
The solar light energy collection method consists of a permeation member (15) which constitutes the module for the roof (5). Multiple electric power generation unit (17) are located with proper spacing on the roof module located in the sloping part of the roof. Transparent part (39) which passes solar light is located in permeation member between adjacent power generation units.    The electric power is generated by a amorphous solar panel with solar light irradiated, by each electric power generation part. The lighting in a structure (1) is performed by visible part of solar light passing through the transparent domain. Concurrently, the amorphous solar panel is cooled in water flowing through a internal passage (21) of the permeation member.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves electric power generation efficiency. Increases thermal energy utilization efficiency.
The PC member with amorphous solar panel (1) comprises a PC member (3) and an amorphous solar panel (5). A ground layer of resin composition is formed on the back side of amorphous solar panel. Multiple support members (7) are protruded into the ground layer and fixed onto the solar panel. The light receiving face (5a) of the solar panel faces outside and overall arrangement of solar panel and support members are fixed to the PC member.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides compact and cheap PC member with amorphous solar panel. Suits for mass production.
The energy collection method involves usage of a bridge unit (1). This unit has a base wall part (5) set up at a predetermined height from the ground level. The side walls (7) are installed on either sides of the base wall part. Tracks (9) are constructed on the base wall part and a reflective board (13) is clung to the inner part of the side walls. A solar panel (21) positioned on the base part, receives the solar light after being reflected by the reflective board.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies installation of solar battery. Provides sufficient energy storage method. Reduces cost of device.
The solar battery is furnished with a transparent insulated substrate (1). A first insulated layer (2) is layered over the substrate. This is followed by the deposition of two or more solar battery substrates (3) over the insulated layer. Each solar battery substrate is covered by a second insulated layer (4) which have an inductive insulation films (8) over them. A third insulator layer (9) surmounted by a metal board is layered on each of these insulated films.    ADVANTAGE -   Secures good insulation nature. Inhibits tracking of solar battery substrates. Reduces thickness of insulated layer.
The semiconductor device includes a rear contact metallisation on a rear surface of a substrate. A given number of semiconductor layers are placed on the front surface of the substrate. A front contact metallisation is placed on a front surface of a selected semiconductor layer. Given areas of the substrate are thinned to form a given structural pattern.    The pattern includes an external frame and several interconnected beams which support the thin substrate. Some of the semiconductor layers are photovoltaic layers with an anti-reflection coating layer. The substrate is gallium arsenide, germanium or silicon.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For high power device fabrication wherein substrate thickness limits ability to dissipate, e.g. heat. Allows for mfr. of mechanically robust, high output solar cells e.g. for satellites. Robust due to resistance to crack propagation. High efficiency and light weight solar cells.
The apparatus includes a pedal or grip to secure the distal end of the limb to the apparatus and a seat to secure the proximal end of the limb to the apparatus. A motor and transmission assembly is coupled to the pedal or grip to provide a controlled load to the distal end of the limb. The apparatus also includes a measurement and control system to determine the load to be applied, and to measure and compute the force on each joint of the limb while the controlled load is applied to the limb.    The measurement and control system includes a force sensor, coupled to the pedal, the force sensor being capable of resolving force in at least two directions; a position sensor, coupled to the pedal; and a computer with control software, coupled to the force sensor and the motor. The computer includes a device for controlling the force exerted on the pedal or grip by the limb of the test subject and the force exerted on the pedal or grip by the motor and transmission.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For training, evaluating and reconditioning performance of arm, shoulder, and legs. Provides rehabilitation specialist or clinician with control over various exercise modes. Determines load relative to each joint in system.
The waterproofing structure has a waterproofing sheet (3) stuck on a concrete wall (1). The waterproofing sheet consists of an amorphous solar panel (5) and a ground layer (7). The substrate of the panel comprises the negative electrode. The transparent electrode comprises the positive electrode.    An amorphous silicon layer is positioned between the substrate and transparent electrode. An upper protection layer is formed on the transparent electrode. A lower protection layer is formed under the substrate. The ground layer is formed under the protection layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents invasion of rain water into waterproofing sheet. Realises possibility of obtaining energy from solar battery.
The manufacturing method involves formation of N and P type semiconductor layers (31,32) respectively, carrying out doping of an impurity to a predetermined domain of a base semiconductor layer. A photoelectric conversion unit (33) which consists of these semiconductor layers is connected through a low resistance layer (34). The semiconductor junction surface of each photoelectric conversion unit becomes the light receiving surface.    ADVANTAGE -   Generates higher voltage. Provides low internal resistance. Enables mounting of photovoltaic element in micromachine.
The braking device comprises a rotating housing (1), a magnetic conductor ring (2), a shaft member (3), and a positioning device including a sliding stator (5) carrying permanent magnets (50) housing and a drive motor (61). The shaft member includes a threaded section (31) which engages gears (62) driven from motor (61) which causes stator housing to slide usually along the support rails (41) of frame assembly (41,42,43). The effective coupling area between the permanent magnetic conductor ring (2) can be adjusted to provide variable braking torque (load) of a sporting device.    A flexible plate is disposed on one side of a decoder and is driven by a worm gear (62') by the contact of the flexible plate to the decoder circuit.    ADVANTAGE -   Has a compact size for easily applying in different sporting equipment. The braking value can be set previously and then the braking device can control the couple area between the magnetic and magnetic conductor ring to adjust the braking resistance continuously.
The solar cell assembly includes IC carrier based solar cell sets. Small scale solar cells (2) are mounted on individual carriers (4). These are conventional integrated circuit carriers such as dual-in-line packages. Wire bonding connects the cell to the carrier pins. Secondary solar concentrators can be added at this point.    The carriers are automatically mounted on a common substrate such as a printed circuit board providing interconnections. A primary concentrator lens is then placed over the whole assembly giving high concentration levels.    ADVANTAGE -   Allows a solar panel to be fabricated using established automated processes.
The generation plant has a water=wheel (6), positioned across the bed (2) of a stream or river, beneath a waterfall, so that it is rotated by the passage of the water across the top of the water-wheel. The water-wheel may be provided by a number of individual water-wheels mounted on a common shaft (7), to extend across the full width of the river or stream bed, the front edge (3) of the waterfall projecting over a part of the water-wheel which is located in a recess beneath the front edge.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents silting up of water-wheel, allowing wide application for small-scale power generation.
The fluid driven power system comprises the loop device which includes an intermediate entrance leg and an intermediate exit leg and three loops with each leg being parallel to each other. The entrance loop is connected to the intermediate exit leg by one the loop, the intermediate exit loop is connected to the intermediate entrance loop by a second the loop, and the intermediate entrance leg is connected to the exit leg by a third the loop thereby forming a sinuous path from the location of delivery of fluid by the pump to the location of emptying of the exit leg into the sump.    A number of spaced paddle wheels are mounted on supports above the channel, each of the paddle wheels having a number of spaced radially directed paddles conforming in shape to the space between the side walls and bottom wall of the channel and being spaced from them to inhibit any contact with them and to permit water to continuously flow between the paddles of each wheel and the channel. A number of generators are driven by the number of the paddle wheels. A storage device is provided for using or storing the energy harnessed by the generators.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For generating electricity from flow of water. Flow of fluid as it seeks its own level is maximised to more efficiently obtain more energy in recharged flow of fluid.
The array (12) of foil matrix-mounted (18), spaced photovoltaic members (16) includes a cover (14) which protects the array (12) from the environment and increases its efficiency. Upper portions (31) of the members (16) extend above the free reflective surface (20T) of the foil matrix (18). The cover (14)includes an environment-excluding coating (60) which is emplaced on the array (12) to conform to the upper portions (31). The coating is configured as cusps (68) which overlie the free surface (20T) of the matrix (18) centrally between adjacent members (16).    The nadirs (72) of the cusps (68) are closely spaced from the free surface (20T). Accordingly, each member (16) effectively supports a conformal lens (70) which directs much of the otherwise "wasted" light that would fall on the free foil surface (20T) between adjacent members (16) and would not fall on the members (16).    ADVANTAGE -   Increased efficiency. Flexible cover permits formation of flexible solar arrays to assume non-planar configurations.
The exercise machine includes the seat (2) slidably attached to a frame and the footrest (3) pivotably attached to the frame. The first rod connects an offset crank (7) to the seat and the second rod connects the footrest to the seat, allowing the footrest to be moved in an opposite direction to the seat. For example, if the seat is propelled upwards by the first connecting rod the footrest will be propelled downwards and vice versa.    The extent of movement is controlled by controlling movement of the connecting rods and therefore seat and footrest even while the offset crank is in motion. The extent of movement controller consists of the worm screw drive fixedly attached to the first connecting rod and an actuator motor with controller. A speed controller controls the speed of the drive. An arm support (4) adjustably attached to the frame includes a pair of rods with a hand grip attached to one end of the rods. The rods can be locked in a particular position.    ADVANTAGE -   Entire body worked by single operating mechanism providing smooth, non-jarring movement. Efficient and economical to build and use. Simple, direct speed control. Easily adapted for use by non-disabled person.
The generating plant makes use of a compressed gas supply linked by a system of pipes to pneumatic motors (3) and a pneumatic accumulator in the form of variable-volume chambers (7,8) situated below water level in a tank. The tank has a vertical partition (9) dividing it into compartments in which the chambers are located.    The partition has a through channel containing reversible hydraulic motors, and the pipes have valves (16-19) to connect the gas supply to the chambers in the different compartments alternately.    The drive system for the gas supply can be in the form of an energy converter for various types of renewable energy.    ADVANTAGE -   Higher efficiency and low cost. Bul.22/30.11.94.
The power station consists of generators, couplings, turbines and an intake pipe (1). The intake pipe is mounted on supports on the river bed and has a vertical up-turned outlet end which is situated downstream close to the river bank, on the bank, or partially on the bank and partly in the water.    The inlet end of the intake pipe has a convergent section (2) with a grille to keep out fish, and the turbine is mounted at the top of the vertical outlet end, which contains a deflector (4) to direct the water towards the turbine blades.    The convergent end of the intake pipe can be located on the river bed or in the upper layers of the water, where the flow is faster, where it will not affect shipping operations.    ADVANTAGE -   Higher efficiency and convenient maintenance. Bul.22/30.11.94.
The power station consists of an intake pipe (2) which faces towards the water flow and with its outlet linked to a vertical lift section with hydraulic turbines connected through couplings to generators. The intake pipe is L-shaped, with a convergent inlet end, and the generators are situated inside the lifting section or outside it.    The power station is located underground, and it can have additional intake pipes and water lifting sections, set in one or more rows. In another variant the station can have a series of U-shaped channels for the water to flow through, each equipped with its own turbines.    ADVANTAGE -   Improved ecological conditions by reducing the shore area occupied by the power station, and higher efficiency. Bul.22/30.11.94.
The solar panels (3) has honey comb board (4) where solar battery cells (5) are arranged. The hinge (2) that connects a series of solar panels can be folded. The beams (10) are attached at the rear surface of the honey comb board to reinforce it.    ADVANTAGE -   Has light-weight structure with improved holding strength and rigidity and it also has increased vibration control properties.
The device is made up of a five inch funnel and a smaller funnel welded in smaller end to bring it down to a quarter of inch. Then a piece of copper tubing of a dia 3 inches is welded to it.    Then a sieve about 5 inches in dia is welded to mouth (or big end) in order to prevent clogging the tubing. Activating of the generator is performed using water pressure at various depths by means of various types of funnels. Such pressure may be initiated by vacuum suction and continued by a pressure which forces up water up to the surface through different size of tubing in self sustaining action.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   In refrigeration, off-shore drilling stations, for use with fire boat, production of electricity etc. Simple with many aspect of use in hot and clod climate with water, wind etc.
The water turbine has turbine impellers fixed around the outside of the steel frame. The apertures between each impeller have a basket-like shape by using iron sheet welded to cover both sides of each aperture. The aperture between the impellers will transform the basket's shape between each impeller. The use of the baskets are for water storage inside the baskets. The method of how to spin the turbine will start from pumping the water with the water pump from the storage well. The water will be pumped up and flow along the pipe then flow into the baskets.    When the baskets are filled with water, the water will be stored. The weight of the water will imbalance the turbine and then it will spin. After that the water in the baskets will run off. When the baskets rotate to the end of the lower curved wall water stoppers which are located at the mouths of the baskets, the mouths of the baskets will overturn and water will run off until the baskets are empty. The empty baskets will rotate up to receive the water again. This circulation is continued unceasingly.    ADVANTAGE -   Allows turbine to be spun without relying on natural reservoirs, therefore it can be used everywhere without worrying about water shortage, because it requires a smaller water storage well and a lesser quantity of water for circulation.
An extension arm (11, 34) can be attached to a column (2) at any height and with different angles. A foot holder (15, 16) is movable arranged on the extension arm (11, 34). The foot holder (15, 16) can be moved against the force of a tension cable (8) along the arm (11). A load unit (4) which is programmed by means of an operating device (21) acts on the cable (8) to preselect the load characteristics.    Another extension (34) for arm training can also be attached to the column (2). The foot or hand holders (15, 16) move against the force of the load on the cable (8) by muscle action. Different types of extension (11, 34) can be attached to the column for different types of training. Pref., a DC motor acts on the holder (15) via a traction rope (8).    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Provides number of different training possibilities on same basic apparatus without needing to change weights or mechanism.
The device converts the force exerted upon a support into an electrical signal, and has a bending bar (9) which is supported freely, but non-rotationally, in a bearing column (8) of box-like cross-section, and which is provided with at least two strain gauges (16) which are staggered relative to each other in the peripheral direction. A bracket (14) is mounted rotatably on the bending bar, and on which the support is fixed.    The strain gauges emit electrical signals, from which the magnitude of the exerted force and the angle at which the force is exerted upon the support can be derived.    ADVANTAGE -   Measurements can be carried out simply and with great accuracy.
The concrete solar cell (10) comprises a photovoltaic material embedded in and extending beyond the major surfaces (16 and 18) of a matrix layer (14). The matrix layer typically comprises a high strength, cementitious material, such as a macro-defect free cement. The photovoltaic material comprises particles (12) of high-resistivity single crystal silicon, typically ball milled from ingot sections unsuitable for slicing into silicon wafers.    The ingot sections include unprecipitated dissolved oxygen that is electrically activated by a low temperature annealing process to produce n-type silicon, even in silicon crystals that include a p-type dopant. An aluminum sheet (28), positioned on the backside of the matrix layer, is briefly melted together with the silicon particles to produce a p-type aluminum-doped silicon region (22) that forms a pn junction with the n-type region (24) of the particle. The aluminum sheet also provides the electrical contact to the p-type regions. A voltage is generated between the two conductive layers when light incident on the photovoltaic particle through the indium tin oxide conductive layer creates charge carriers.    ADVANTAGE -   Functions with little or no maintenance fo extended periods in outdoor environments. Reduces cost of disposing scrap silicon produced during mfr. of silicon wafers, and thus provides inexpensive solar cell.
The energy converter has vertical floating blades on a flexible endless drive (6) in the form of two parallel branches. Each branch is on two rollers (1,2) fixed to axes above water level. The blades can turn 90 deg. against the flow of the river. The upper part of the drive is suspended on auxiliary rollers (3-5) so that it moves in the air above the water and waves, regardless of its length. The top roller (3) is in the form of a pinion, the axis of which is the shaft which transmits energy from the device directly to a generator.    If the device is 100m long, the blades are 10m wide, and the river flows at 3.5 km/hr., the converter can produce 1 MW of energy. Using many of these devices, hundreds of MW can be produced.    ADVANTAGE -   More versatile, powerful and reliable.
The energy utilising device consists of a foundation (1) - a rectangular ferroconcrete slab of length three times its width, laid on the river bed. The water guide intakes are two ferroconcrete walls (2) set vertically relative to the foundation and at 30-45 deg. to the direction of the flow. The parallel flow guides consist of two ferroconcrete walls (3) containing square ports (4) to pass the water of the side flows. There are also ferroconcrete guides (5) for the external flows.    The flow of water (a) at constant speed is picked up by the water intake formed by the walls (2). In the narrow section, it is converted into a flow (b) at increased speed (Bernoulli's law). Pressure in the external flows (d) is higher than in the central flow (c).    USE/ADVANTAGE -   To produce electricity from rivers without having to build dams. Better organisation of flow.
The oil apparatus monitoring device includes a correlation display processing apparatus (300A). An input processing device (10) inputs the oil level and pressure data. These data are stored in a data storage device (20) at intervals of time `T' seconds. An abnormality monitoring judgement value memory device (200) sets up permissible value of oil level and corresponding hydraulic pressure beforehand.    A display data storage processor (100A) transmits relevant data from the data storage unit when state change signal is output. The correlation display processing device displays in tubular form current data of oil level, hydraulic pressure and permissible values of these parameters.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables to check oil level and pressure from screen display. Simplifies abnormal state of monitoring.
The indicator is built into the gymnastic equipment. It contains a detector of the speed of rotation of the equipment's transfer wheel, a variable resistance for determining the torque on the drive mechanism, a display field and a microprocessor.    The microprocessor (80) continuously computes the data from the detector and variable resistance and converts it into corresp. readout values which then appear in the display field. The variable resistance is coupled to the equipment's traction device (40), which is connected to a flywheel (50) damper (30) to determine the drive mechanism torque.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   E.g. for a static cycling or running machine. The indicator indicates the effort expended or calories consumed during exercise on the equipment.
In the turbine the direction of water flows on an axial plane is inverse to that in the combined flow turbine, and accordingly the relative position between the volute and the tail water pipe and the direction of the axial water thrust are all inversed so as to increase specific rotating speed of hydroelectric generating set.    An adjustable cylindrical valve is used for overflow regulation at outlet of the water-wheel outer periphery to improve various hydraulic performances.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Inversion enables reduction in overall size of hydroelectric generating set and great reduction of load of its axial thrust. It is possible to mfr. over 1000 MW hydroelectric generating set by using double-volute diversion system.
The station has a construction fitted in the river (1) bed, water pipes (3), turbines (4) and generators (6). The station is provided with couplings (5). The construction is made as Pi- or L-shaped dams, whose end part is directed towards the stream and are respectively placed in the middle of the river bed or near the shore. The water pipes (3) are straight and are either horizontal or slope. The turbines are fitted in the pipes or beyond the pipes outlets. The turbines are connected to the generators by couplings.    The river water flows to the pipe (3) and then onto the turbine (4) blades. The turbine rotation is transmitted to the generators (6) which produce electric current.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For hydroelectric power station construction in rivers. The efficiency and power are increased. Bul. 19/15.10.94
A method for controlling the acceleration of a turbine-generator where the cooling of the turbine-generator and auxiliary components is controlled by at least one cooling regulator, involves the steps of initially monitoring the cooling regulator in order to determine whether the cooling regulator is off-line, and then controlling the acceleration of the turbine-generator as a function of whether the cooling regulator is determined to be off-line.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Digital electro-hydraulic system for operating turbine generators under Automatic Turbine Control (ATC) or under Operator Automatic (OA) control modes. Prevents turbine-generator from accelerating, if any of the cooling regulators are off-line.
The exercise and entertainment appts. for infants comprises a    carriage bed frame including an inclined frame member, a kick board disposed w.r.t. the frame and a support member for holding the frame in an inclined position. A carriage bed holds an infant lying on its back. Bearings slidably attach the carriage bed to its own frame, and the bed includes a bed board having a bottom surface with a number of bearing races formed in it. The inclined frame comprises a baseboard has a number of bearing races formed in a top surface and disposed in linear offset alignment w.r.t. the bearing races in the bottom surface of the bed board.    A number of ball bearings, one each of which is positioned between a bearing race in the bed board and a bearing race in the base board. The infant may extend the carriage bed away from the kick-board by an extension of his legs, and the bed returns to a position close to the kick-board via the inclination of the frame to a position close to the kick-board.    ADVANTAGE -   Promotes leg muscle and coordination development.
The power station consists of a float (1) and a wave energy converter in the form of two power generators (6) with driving pulleys, actuated by a flexible cable with an anchor (3) and flexible tensioner (5).    The station has at least two additional wave energy converters, mounted on supports (8), and each equipped with a cable. The tensioners (5) are in the form of springs connected to the lower ends of the cables, while their upper ends are connected to winches (4) on the float.    During operation the cables are alternately tensioned and released as the flat moves up and down on the waves, driving the power generator pulleys below water level and producing current.    ADVANTAGE -   Increased capacity and more reliable operation.
The power station, esp. for installation in a river water flow, consists of a supporting frame (1) with a horizontal row of turbines (3) connected through freewheeling couplings to a common pto shaft linked to a generator. The turbines have mesh housings and fabric casings, and the outside of the frame is equipped with fabric intake guides.    The frame is equipped with a deflector which is set at an angle to the incoming water flow and connected to a panel of larger area, and it also has a horizontal base (13) situated beneath it to create a slit outlet nozzle. Supports (12) on the frame are connected at one end to the frame sides and at the other to the base.    ADVANTAGE -   Higher efficiency and more reliable operation. BUL.18/30.09.94.
The material controls the electrical and optical properties of the base material (1) after the ion implantation. The ion implantation is done by pouring ion into a base material. The output signal (3) in the different point within the surface differs even when an input signal (2) is fixed within a surface.    ADVANTAGE -   Increases electronic mobility by internal potential slope of ion. Improves material conductivity degree. Obtains efficient function material which has energy conversion and three-dimensional image memory function.
A body is attached to a carriage movable transverse to a flow on a guide bed (14). The carriage is coupled to a transducer which converts its movement into useful energy. The control head (10) forms the connection between the body (12) and the carriage (16).    The control head can set the angle of inclination of the body wrt. the flow direction according to the speed of the carriage. The angle of the body is adjustable within a range of angles whose upper limit is determined by the carriage speed and the useful energy e.g. electrical or pneumatic energy, to be produced.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For controlling a body which can undergo reciprocal motion under the influence of a flow. The control head enables the angle of the body wrt. the flow to be optimised.
No further information.
The variable resistance exercise device includes at least one rotating force transmitting unit for inputting a user applied force as a rotational force to be resisted, and at least one force transmission member for transmitting the user applied force. The user applied force is resisted by varying the viscosity of a viscosity variable fluid which surround plates rotated by the user applied force. Thus a braking force is applied to actively resist the user applied force.    A multi-configurable multi-programmable exercise device is provided which may be used in a variety of exercise modes to provide a resistive force to a user-applied force during a range of motion of a particular exercise. Pref. a variable resistor resists a user-supplied force in one rotational direction only. A gear and clutch system translates a reciprocating user-supplied force, corresponding to a reciprocating range of motion, into the one rotational direction.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Provides variable resisting force in response to user applied force. Provides isometric, isotonic, isokinetic, and cardiovascular exercises selectively. Variable resistance can be used in machine control, robotics, vibration dampening, wire drawing, vehicle shock absorbers, and other applications where controlled rotational and linear force braking is desired.
The method of measuring the heartbeat pulse of a person during exercise involves programming the exercise device to provide a sequence of exercise to the exerciser, and detecting and transmitting during the exercise, a heartbeat pulse signal with electrodes and a transmitter attached to the exerciser. The transmitted pulse signal is received by a receiver connected to the exercise machine.    The received pulse signal is processed, and a mean pulse value is calculated during the exercise, and the calculated value is presented to the user.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Measurement of heartbeat of person during physical performance on exercise device e.g cycle ergometer, rowing machine or treadmill etc. Provides mean pulse value as index to allow interruption of exercise when index is reached.
The cycle has a drive arrangement with a circulating force transfer mechanism for transferring a traction force to a driven wheel. A sensing device detects the force transferred by the force transfer mechanism.    The sensing device (140 is engaged with the force transfer mechanism in its load run (7a). A force sensor detects a component of the traction force transferred to the force sensor via the sensing device. The force sensor is a piezoelement which generates a signal corresp. to the magnitude of the force component.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For performing measurements on cycles in serious or training mode. The method and arrangement enable simple, universal and reliable measurement of mechanical parameters required to enable measurement of force and efficiency of cycle riding.
The forced repetition assist device comprises two dumbbells, and two elongate members which are respectively connected to opposite ends of each dumbbell. Each end of a first elongate flexible member is connected to the two elongate members respectively, and one end of a second elongate flexible member is connected to the first flexible member. A support device supports the second flexible member operatively above a user.    A velocity sensor detects the speed and direction of longitudinal travel of the second flexible member, and a governor coupled to it selectively retracts the second flexible member to raise the two dumbbells. A control device directs the governor to selectively retract the second flexible member based on input from the velocity sensor, which includes a shaft encoder. The cable governor includes an electric motor and electric clutch. The control device includes a general purpose microprocessor.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Partic. for weightlifter who is experiencing muscle fatigue. Has safety function to slow downward travel of weight which has exceeded pre-programmed velocity limit.
The appts. is calibrated to compensate for the user force application device (16), push assembly device and changes in environmental factors. A video screen (58) displays feedback, in real-time, of the force exerted in past and present exercise routines. Force applied by the user creates cable (22) tension that is transmitted to the load cell (46). It senses the applied force and provides proportional voltage proportion. In the load cell board (LCB) (200) the signal is amplified, filtered and sent to the interface logic board (ILB)(210). It is converted to digital input for the CPU (300) providing digital force readings for the software.    A rotational optical encoder (400) linked to the piston rod (24) generates signals indicating position displacement and direction of movement. They are fed to the ILB that provides the information to the CPU. The movement of the piston rod is computer controlled by the ILB and power control module (PCM)(250). The PCM controls the bidirectional proportional flow valve (32). The valve controls the piston rod direction of movement in or out of the hydraulic cylinder (30) at any programmed rate.    ADVANTAGE -   Allows concentric and eccentric isokinetic exercise with calibration accurately determined before exercise.
The image projector responds to the movement of the exercise machine as operated by the user. It displays simulated images on screen. The display device is positioned in front of the user. The exercise machine can either be in the form of a bicycle or walking equipment.    The ventilation device (7) also responds to the movement of the exercise machine by emitting weak or strong wind towards the user as appropriate. A hemisphere dome type screen (13) complements the image projector.    ADVANTAGE -   Linked speed response of image projector and ventilation device provides more realistic simulation.
The primary operation device controls the water level of the large-scale machine (No.1). The small capacity machine (No.2) operates when the dam water-level is very low. The discharge limitation curvilinear component (16) memorises the curve of the water-level convection and outputs a discharge limitation rate-of-flow set points based on the input of outlet water-level detection value.    The comparison change-over device (25) switches the rate-of-flow set point inputted into the first bias ratio-control component (27) to a discharge system rate-of-flow set point.    ADVANTAGE -   Increases load to efficiently operate water wheel; generates power gradually to regulate downstream river water-level.
The exercise bars have removable hand grips for helping the user maintain a grip on the exercise bar, wrist straps to provide for a level of safety when exercising with others when the grip is lost on the exercise bar, and a shoe that mounts on the stabilizing bar. One or both of the exercise bars may include lights mounted along the length of the bar. The lighting system comprises a battery for power supply, the lights (40) themselves and a switch to help the instructor and user determine the position of the bar in space and also provide aesthetic appeal.    The stabilizing bar attaches securely to the floor, and includes recesses for mounting the exercise bar. The stabilizing bar attaches to the floor and provides a stable point of reference. The coupling device joins the two exercise bars at the top, while allowing the lower ends to be secured to the stabilizing bar. The coupling device allows both exercise bars to be used in unison, to allow for greater stability and a different set of exercise motions.
The muscle exercise machine comprises a seat, and an actuator having an output shaft for attaching an exercise element. A data storage device stores names of patients, exercise routines and seat positions in relation to the actuator and actuator positions in relation to the seat. A position selector chooses a direction of positioning movement of the seat and of the actuator w.r.t. each other. A position direction indicator notes a direction of positioning movement of the seat w.r.t. the actuator based upon their relative stored positions, and indicates a direction of movement of the actuator w.r.t. the seat.    A position direction input device accepts position selection of the seat and the actuator in response to the direction indicated. A controller, operationally connected to the position selector, the seat and the actuator, controls movement of the seat and actuator w.r.t. a selector signal. A data processor activates and deactivates the position selector and the position controller based upon the stored relative positions of the seat and the actuator, and activates and deactivates the position selector and the position controller.    ADVANTAGE -   Allows automatic and simplified positioning of large numbers of patients prior to exercises and evaluations.
The overvoltage protection device is provided with a DC power supply (3) to supply DC voltage to an inverter (2). A capacitor (18) is connected across the set of decoders in the inverter and smoothens the DC voltage. A chopper circuit (40) is equipped with a switching element and a resistance (31) connected in series. The circuit is connected to the secondary winding of a wrapping linear induction machine (1). A thyristor short circuit device (59) consists of a number of resistors (13-55) connected in series to set of thyristor pairs (50- 52).    A voltage detector (41) detects the inverter and power supply link circuit voltage. A number of voltage detectors (56- 58) are used to detect three phase line voltage in the secondary winding of the induction machine. The link circuit voltage detector sends a signal to control the ON/OFF operation of the switching element. A gate pulse generator (60) controls the ON/OFF operation of the thyristor element. The power generation system is protected against influence of overvoltage.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces cost and size. Returns quickly to normal operation after fault clearance.
The array comprises individual solar cells (5) supported on a resin film (1). The resin film is vacuum formed by means of shaping die to have recesses appropriately shaped and located to house individual cells. A cementing layer (4) secures the cell array to support body (3) and provision for wiring to link cells exists.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents damage to individual solar cells. Enhances structural integrity of cell array. Improves layout appearance.
The resistance device (100) includes a motor (110) and control circuit (101). The motor is connected to a rectifier component (120) and velocity sensor (140). The rectifier is connected to a current sink component (200) and to a voltage regulator (130). The output of the regulator is used to power the other components of the control circuit. The velocity sensor is connected to a derivation component (150) and in turn to a variable gain block (160). The gain block is connected to a summation component (180) and another variable gain block (170). A low pass filter (190) is connected between the summation component and current sink.    Exercise movement drives the motor that dissipates at least twenty per cent of the power generated by the exercise movement and powers an electronic circuit which in turn dissipates the remainder of the exercised generated power. The control circuit compares the actual force of exercise to a threshold level and selects high or low levels of resistance accordingly.    ADVANTAGE -   Replaces existing resistance devices in production equipment. Cost effective to manufacture. Reliable. Simulates flywheel rotating subject to resistance. Generates its own power to display data.
A thermophotovoltaic (TPV) appts. (100) comprising an IR emitting surface and linear TPV receiver assemblies. Each liner TPV receiver consists of a linear extruded metal support element (3) contg. one or more cooling channels (4) with a thermally conductive circuit carrier (2) mounted close to and facing the IR emitter. The circuit carrier contains series connected low bandgap TPV cells (1), mounted along a row parallel to the extrusion direction. The metal support cools the TPV cells and have columns on each side of the circuit carrier supporting and cooling arced mirror elements (5) which funnel radiation from the IR emitter to the TPV cells. The mirror elements also shield the leads interconnecting the TPV cells (7) from the IR emitting surface.    USE -   Used to produce compact, quiet lightweight TPV generators to supply electricity.    ADVANTAGE -   Use of metallic thermally conductive circuit carriers, a single extruded metal cooling channel element, and arced mirror elements means that a larger fraction of the IR energy leaving the emitter will arrive at the TPV cell with no more than one reflection off the arced mirror.
The power station consists of a vertical cylindrical housing (1) divided into drums (3) and mounted on a swiped (2) and able to rotate by means of rollers interacting with circular guides. The drums are equipped with sectional and stepped opening vanes (4) on equally-spaced axes of rotation and are connected to main and reserve generators (9,10) via a mechanical transmission system (8).    The interior of the housing is equipped with grids (22) formed from extensions of the external vanes, and fixed inner blades made from shutters which are pressed against the grids. The outer vanes are designed to cover the inner blades when in the non-working position.    The inner part of the housing also has a small cylinder with a circular guide and a gear ring of the transmission system located inside it, and the outer circular guides are connected to the inner one by the grids.    ADVANTAGE -   Increased generating capacity for given dimensions, and greater strength in moving part of structure. Bul.31/32.08.93.
The deep water supply equipment uses an inlet pipe to inlet water from ocean (W) and an outlet pipe (5) for returning water to the ocean after use. A differential temp. power generator (2), a wind force pump (3) and a wind mill (10) are connected to the deep water pumping equipment for the generation of power.    The entire generating station is positioned in a reverse `U' shape located over a water body. The wind mill drives the wind force pump and the sea water is sucked inside the plant. After power generation by differential temp., the water is let out back into the ocean.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces load required for captive application of power generation.
The generator system consists of one double action work pad (4) plus one pressure chamber (8). The pressure chamber is required to force water from within and up into a given height reservoir (1). The system uses three turbogenerators (2,7), two (7) of which generate on the movement of the tide's rise and fall. When work is done the work pad then acts on the chamber, forcing water up into a reservoir. The third turbo generator (2) is used with the return potential stored in the reservoir.    The double action work pad creates pressure within the pressure chamber. On each cycle of movement 4 one-way valves (6) enable the correct flow of water within the system. This results in the 2 turbogenerators taking their turn to function on the refill cycle of the pressure chamber.    ADVANTAGE -   Not restricted to one location. Functions well even with small tide movements. Takes full advantage of high and low tides.
The water races are constructed on hillsides. The water is carried by pipes (2) supported above the ground or in tunnels cut in rock. The races carry water initially along a gentle slope, then allow it to fall down a vertical race (4). A water turbine (6) at the bottom of the race drives an electric generator.    An above-ground installation has a structure (5) to support the pipes, so they fall less steeply than the hill. The pipes may alternately be buried in the hillside or cut into rock. Successive gentle falls are linked by vertical falls, with several stages on a hill or mountain of sufficient height.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Generation of hydro-electricity without construction of dams, making use of natural falls of terrain, and using well known materials and construction techniques.
The solar plate includes photovoltaic solar cells (4). A carrier plate (8) is arranged under the photovoltaic solar cells. Both the solar cells and carrier plate are enclosed by synthetic material (1, 3, 5, 7, 9). The carrier plate has a multiplicity of openings distributed over the surface, through which the synthetic material extends. In one embodiment the synthetic material is a melting adhesive, especially a melting adhesive foil and surrounds the solar cells on all sides. The solar cells are covered by a transparent highly light-penetrable synthetic material layer (1, 3) on the upper side.    ADVANTAGE -   Has improved stability, robustness, sealing and is constructively simple.
The solar light power generator consists of multiple solar array panels (1) which are placed inclined to the horizontal surface. Concave mirrors (2) and reflective surface (3) are placed adjacent to these solar array panels to aid in focusing the sunlight on these solar array panels.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves efficiency. Reduces maintenance.
The prodn. process uses partial film removing process through laser irradiation to form photoelectric conversion layers (10a,10b) over a semiconductor substrate (1). Then photo CVD method is employed, to form an insulating film (5) over the boundary present between adjacent photoelectric conversion layers. The conversion layers are composed of a p type semiconductor layers (2a,2b) surmounted by N type semiconductor layers (3a,3b). The top layer i.e., N type layers of the two conversion layer are connected by means of a conductive film (7) applied on top of insulating film, through photo CVD utilising laser irradiation.    ADVANTAGE -   Eliminates need for complicated process. Simplifies module structure formation. Inhibits leakage of charge from conversion layer to substrate. Raises yield of prod.
The roof comprises a roof board (2) finish material which is connected to a ground material. First a macro molecule material film is applied as thin film battery module to constitute the ground material on battery substrate. Tiles consisting of reinforced glass is applied on top of ground material as finish material. The gap portion between the tile and ground material serves to hold the solar battery modules. The finish material and ground material are formed as a single roll which is later cut into required dimension.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies construction involved. Simplifies wiring work. Avoids spoiling of building external appearance.
The PN solar cell consists of P-type semiconductor substrate (11) that receives on both of its faces special profile scribe grooves (16,17). N-type layer is deposited over the P-type substrate all over.    Next, the rear surface receives electric field layer (13) and afterwards the reverse side electrode (15). The opposite face receives light receiving face electrode (14). When the cell is edge trimmed centrally at the scribe grooves, inclination parts (26,27) are made accessible for subsequent intercell contact.    ADVANTAGE -   Eliminates need for interconnection of elements achieves better space utilisation. Simplifies layout and reduces costs.
The tracking system uses a control circuit to control an operating point of a solar battery module (1) consisting of many cells in series. To control the operating point, temperature at different places on the cells are detected. From these data a correction in temperature is computed. For this computation, three parameters are used, namely temperatures (Ti), coefficients (ai) and constants (ki). Here `i' is a variable quantity taking values from 1-n. The value (ai) equals TK/(T1+T2+...Tn) and `k' equals (n-i+1). The control circuits makes the operating point of the module to take the value from the computed result, using the calculated temperature corrections, for the maximum output.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables to compute operating point, correctly to get maximum output.
The manufacturing method involves forming multiple rectangular metal electrode layers (21-23) on the main surface of an insulated substrate (1). Over these layers, a first set of thin film electrode layers (31-33) made up of P type CuInSe, are adhered.    Adjoining to the metal electrode layers, second thin film electrode layers (61-63) are provided. These layers are composed of N type electrically conductive layers of CdS or ZnO. These elements constitute multiple unit cells consisting of second electrode layers as photovoltaic generation layers including chalco system compound.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables sharp processing. Increases in integration density of unit cell. Raises electric power generation efficiently.
The device has a lever pivoted by means of horizontal pins to the supporting frame of the machine. It is fitted with a sliding and arrestable mass along the lever, one of whose ends is fitted with attachments for the mechanical devices used to transmit the muscular force tha the athlete transmits on the handles or the foot board of the machine, to the lever.    An actuator consists of an electrical motor (7) having relevant reduction gear that rotates a threaded shaft (9) fitted into a drum (6) with which this shaft is coupled helicoidally.
Circuit consists of turbine (2), shaft (1), generator (3) having the excitation winding (4) to which voltage regulator (5) is connected. On a change of the load on the generator (3) the rotor speed changes and the voltage regulator obtains the control signal and compares the voltage on generator terminals with the nominal value. By producing a compensating action on the current in excitation winding the regulator (5) stabilises the voltage.    The load is limited to a value ensuring self-excitation.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Method suitable for self-contained small power generating sets has the advantage of simplicity. Bul.15/15.8.94.
The water grade adjusting device receives characteristic values for different values of guide vane parameters versus different values of power (P) generation parameters for various values of net-head (H) parameter. A water grade detector (4) is used to get grade of water of an upper tank. This detected value and the characteristic values are used by a water grade adjustment part (12) to provide a guide vane control, during normal operation indicated by positive detected values. During abnormal operation, an operational part (11) is used to control the guide vane by using the detected values and the characteristic values.    ADVANTAGE -   Maintains continuity of power station even under abnormal conditions.
A method of forming a pair of mutually isolated photovoltaic cells on a bulk semiconductor substrate (4) having a pn junction (8) at its front side (6), comprises forming substrate contacts to cell area and forming a trench partly into the substrate between solar cell areas. The trench is filled with an adhering insulating filler (16), a second trench formed into the substrate from the opposite side (32) to form an insulating continuum between cells, and front contacts formed to the cell areas (22).    Also claimed is a method as above of forming a photovoltaic cell array comprising forming wide shallow trenches from the front of the substrate and narrow and deeper inner trenches from these, filling the inner trenches, forming contacts, and forming a pattern of back trenches extending to the filled trenches to isolate adjacent cells.    Further claimed is a photovoltaic cell array formed as above.    Also claimed is an array as above having a trench network through the substrate filled to half the thickness with filler to maintain mechanical integrity.    Further claimed is an array as above having the wider and narrower trenches as above.    Also claimed is a monolithic photovoltaic structure as above having front and back contacts, shaped trenches, and with the resistance of the bulk semiconductor between the back contact lead and electrode being low enough to give a contact path, and with the cells being connected in series.    USE -   For solar cell arrays, power converter from fibre optic systems, and on/off switches.    ADVANTAGE -   The need for a semi-insulating substrate is eliminated, high mechanical strength is achieved, and the size and cost of the array are reduced.
Method for fabricating an interconnected array of semiconductor devices comprises (a) slitting a substrate which carries a semiconductor layer between conductive layers so as to form individual semiconductor devices in an array; (b) the separate strips parallel to the web length are sepd. by a curved spreader roller to create a gap between the strips; (c) the strips are then laminated to an insulating sheet using an adhesive coating and laminating rollers; and (d) a conductive layer placed between the insulating layers is inserted between sections in contact with the lower conductive layer of one section, and then connected to the top conductive layer of the adjoining sheet to form a series interconnection.    USE -   Making economical serially interconnected arrays of photovoltaic devices.    ADVANTAGE -   Photovoltaic devices are made by slitting a flexible substrate web, which may be electrically conducting, along its length, and interconnecting the resultant portions.
The process comprises the formation of a window layer (2), an optical absorption layer (3) and an acceptor layer (4) one by one over a permeable glass substrate (1). The window layer is formed by a Cds film and the absorption layer by a CdTe film. The C film acceptor layer is formed using carbon powder. All the layers are formed in the respective predetermined areas. The projected unnecessary layers and the impurities over these layers are removed by yttrium-aluminium-garnet laser processing. A AgIn film (5) is formed over the carbon layer. By a dry baking process, the solar battery is formed. C layer provides the ohmic contact part for the battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Short circuit is avoided between the absorption layer and acceptor layer. The quality of the window layer is improved by use of polycrystalline Cds as the window layer. The contact of the Cds film and AgIn film is reduced to 1/3 of conventional value. The contact resistance is decreased by reducing the electrode. The effective light receiving area is increased. An efficient solar battery is produced. The photoelectric conversion efficiency is improved.
The electric power generation method using rain water involves the collection of amount of water required from the mass (1). The mass is divided into three forms viz, the large sized power transforming stations (2 - 5), the medium sized power transforming stations (6 - 15) and the small sized stations (16 - 36). A water channel (37) connects the mass is a station (2) and a channel (38) connects this stations (2, 3).    A water channel (39) indicates the sudden fall of water available, and a channel (40) indicates the drainage path. A water channel (41) in the sea indicates the process of starting to a generator.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides security to many energies. Distributes power station in each place.
The turbine comprises a frame (1) anchored stationary relative to fluid flow and supporting a central shaft (4). The latter rotates about an axis through its centre and is driven from a central hub (11) by equally spaced paddle shafts (15) projecting radially outwards. The paddles shafts are fitted with sleeve gears (24) and asymmetrical paddles (17) that are free to rotate about their horizontal axes and are supported at mid-points by bearings (14) on arched supports (13) cantilevered from the hub.    Supports are fitted with paddle rotation stops which interact with paddle shaft stop-bars to prevent over rotation of paddles and to enable fluid forces to be transformed to rotate the hub and drive a generator (8). The paddles are assisted in rotation to drive and feathered attitudes by interaction of the sleeve gear with fixed gears (25,26) located at points upstream and downstream of the hub.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   May be used in rivers and in sea. Requires low head and does not need extensive civil engineering works.
The apparatus comprises an upwardly extending air and water mixing duct (6) disposed on the low level side of a retaining wall (5) and having an open, lower end immersed in the low level water. A syphon-inducing appts. (8) transports high level water (3) to the upper end (9) of the duct so that it flows downwardly through the duct towards the low level water (4). Air is then introduced by a nozzle (10) into the upper end of the duct so that it becomes entrained in the downward flow of water through the duct.    An air and water separating chamber (15) collects the air after passage through the duct. An air turbine (16) extracts energy from the collected air, and/or air introduced into the upper end of the duct. The air turbine drives an electrical generator (45). The syphon-inducing appts. comprises a water transport duct having a lower end immersed in the high level water and an upper end connected to the upper end of the air and water mixing duct. The separating chamber is annular and surrounds the lower end of the air and water mixing duct, and is open- bottomed. Also a deflector is disposed beneath the lower end of the air and water mixing duct so as to define, with the open-bottomed separating chamber, a radial path for the escape of air/water mixture from the separating chamber.
The torque generator (1) has an asynchronous motor (10) with a controller (11) which varies the flux passing to the motor and which has reversible operation.    The torque is regulated by comparing the effort detected (29) from the user's movements, with the setting (52) set by the user, and using the comparison to control the current injected into the motor.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   E.g. for fitness training, or physiotherapy. Does not need gearing between simulator and generator motor.
the unit has a pump (1), which operates as a turbine and is placed in the water flow. The pump shaft is connected to the generator (4) shaft, whose outlet is connected to the power utilisers (6), and a regulation system. The regulation system is made as hat energy accumulator (9) connected in parallel to the utilisers through regulated commutating appts. (7), connected to the generator rotation frequency detector (8) and a friction brake (5), fitted ont he intermediate shaft (3) between the pump and the generator. Teh heat energy accumulator is made as boilers. teh friction brake workign moment correspnds to the max. moment developed by the pump.    The pump (1) develops a constant power, determined by the flow of water pressure and flow rate, hence the generator (4) also operates with constant power. This power depends on utiliser (6) demand and is distributed betweenthe latter and the accumulator (9) usign commutating appts. (7).    USE/ADVANTAGE -   for power supply. The efficiency is increased and system is simplified.
The centring measuring method involves the setting of measuring conditions and position fixing of piano-wire by a fixation means. The result of the measurement is displayed using a display means. The attachment object is subjected to position control. The level measurement recording of each attachment object is fed to a measurement means. The survey data is subjected to correction and required conversion process. The amount of piano-wire movement depends on a minute vector along axial direction in the orthogonal plane of coordinates. The output of the measurement means appears in the pattern edited outline shape. The test results are documented on a record book and displayed on screen.    ADVANTAGE -   Increases measuring accuracy. Reduces measuring time. Standardises installation work. Enables piano-wire migration and automatic survey. Provides easy and spot measurement.
A supporting frame (1) holds the motor (20) with an output axle (21) which supports a toothed wheel (40). The winch (3) has a wind-up drum (30) with a helical groove (311) onto which a cable (31) connecting with the appts. is wound. The winch turns a first coaxial axle (300) with a toothed wheel (41). A notched belt (42) between the two wheels acts as a speed reducer (4).    A cable guide and stop (5) is formed by a slotted stop plate (50) across the top of the support. A rubber ball (51) on the cable above the slot (500) limits rewinding of the cable and a cover prevents the entry of dust and stains. A control board (100) with associated D/A converter pre-programs the motor.    ADVANTAGE -   Simple, precise control of exercise, no interruption of exercise to change parameters.
Photovoltaic cell formed of semiconducting material having a band gap energy levels, an n-region formed with n-type dopant, and a p-region with p-dopant adjacent the n-region to form a single pn junction. The band-gap is less than 1 eV and both dopants are equal to or greater than 6x12017 atoms/cm3 so that the application of a back biased reverse breakdown voltage allows current flow through to p-n junction when the reverse breakdown voltage is -1.5 to -0.5 V. Also claimed is a photovoltaic power array contg three tandem solar cells each including GaAs prim cell, GaSb booster cell having p-n junction optically aligned beneath the GaAs to receive in parallel with the GaSb cell and in its module the GaAs cells and GaSb cells of the three tandem other cells are connected in series. Each GaSb cell is doped with Te to 6x1017 atoms./cm3 in the p-region to form an n-region of the p-n junction.    USE -   For III-V voltaic cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The need for a separate additional bypass diodes is avoided.
A pair of dumb bell shaped rotary connectors mechanically couple the ends of the rope with the adjacent end of a handle, one of the connectors being electrically conductive with spherical end members and spherically shaped supports for rotatably receiving the end members and coupling the wires in the rope with the battery and the switch for selective illumination of the bulbs when the switch is in the on position. The electrically conductive connector has associated with it an electrically conductive first washer with a semicircular cross section secured to the end of the hollow handle facing the rope in contact with a wire of the handle.    An electrically conductive second washer has a semicircular cross section secured to the end of the rope in facing contact with the first washer and in contact with a wire in the rope. The switch is formed of a slidable member movable between an inoperative orientation. The contacts of the electrical components within the handle are out of contact with each other and an operative orientation. The electrical contacts within the handle are in electrical contact one with another to effect the flow of current between the battery and the bulbs.
The exercise device for a human user, has a first member movable by the user between an initial position and a displaced position, w.r.t. an applied moving force, and by the application of a resisting force to counteract return movement to the initial position. movement of the first member from the initial position to the displaced position and return movement therefrom to the initial position comprising an exercise cycle. A resistance member providing a resistance member force which resists movement of the first member from the initial position to the displaced position when the user is applying the moving force, and which moves the first member from the displaced position toward the initial position when the user is applying the resisting force.    A conversion member engages the first and resistance members to transmit a selectable amt. of the resistance member force between the two members as it moves along a prescribed path within a partic. plane having a selectable angular orientation. The conversion member is restrained to move along the path, and the angular orientation of the plane is adjustable to a number of orientations between two end limits. An adjuster selectively varies the conversion member to change the selectable portion of the resistance force transmitted between the first and resistance members. A sensor detects movement of the first member during part of one exercise cycle and generates a motion indication during the sensed part of the cycle. A controller operates the adjuster on receiving the sensor indicator, and varies the conversion member plane angular orientation.    ADVANTAGE -   Infinitely variable adjustment of loading on coupling member within available range, even while exercise is in progress. Selects appropriate weight settings which are changed automatically.
Before starting of the motors the commutation devices (7-9) are connected and the remaining ones are disconnected. To start the machine (18), commutation devices (21, 24) are connected in. By connecting commutation appts. (14) the voltage is applied to the secondary winding of transformer (1). The starting current is significantly lower than with the direct induction motor start.    Short circuiting appts. is additionally connected to the neutral terminals.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   System is suitable for large AC motors located on hydro-accumulating plants and pumping stations and for starting the electric machines in motor mode. It has the advantage of simplicity. Bul. 12/30.6.94
The brushless AC excitation rotary electric machine (1) is provided with an AC exciter (2) coupled to it by means of a shaft (11). A centre hole (15) is provided on the shaft from exciter side to anti-exciter side. An electric conductor (17) is connected to the field excitation purpose. The conductor extends from the central hole point up to the shaft surface.    ADVANTAGE -   Performs efficient excitation.
The cooling apparatus consists of cooling parts (27a, 27b) provided in the stay vane of a generator. Cooling is effected by supply of cooled lubricating oil through an oil pump and oil feed tube to a bearing of the generator.    A circulation pump (25) is used circulate water that is being cooled by these cooling parts, to a lubrication oil cooler (3). As a result the bearing lubricating oil is cooled.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For use in generators. Simplifies apparatus structure. Eliminates maintenance check for strainer or water piping. Cuts down requirement of special water coolers.
Prodn. involves forming the first electrode film (2) contg. photoelectric conversion element, on the substrate. The optical active layers (3) are formed in amorphous insulation layer (4) placed above the first electrode film. The portions of the optical active layer in amorphous insulation layer is deteriorated by ion implantation.    Second electrode film (5) is formed above the optical layer in amorphous insulating layer and exposed part (2a) of the first electrode layer. The second electrode film is divided by irradiating energy beam on the surface side of the insulation layer.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For use in solar batteries in clock and calculations. Allows series connection of multiple photovoltaic conversion elements on substrate. Suppresses optical active layer contamination. Improves pattern accuracy to great extent. Has simple structure.
The pumped storage power station consists of at least two reversible pump turbines (10,11). Each reversible pump turbine consists of a runner blade unit. When the phase angle {n360/Zr360/(2Zg)} of a runner blade units (3a) of first and second reversible pump turbines equals nine rotary degrees average ON of synchronous motor generator is carried out to system frequency.    At this time the mode of hydraulic pressure pulsation (9) casing (1) becomes antiphase to the first and second reversible pump turbines. It becomes antiphase by the hydraulic pressure wave interference of a guide vane and a runner blade unit.    ADVANTAGE -   Controls vibration of each concrete barrel fuller. Avoids puncture of concrete barrel and control apparatus damage of various pipings. Performs quick and stable operation.
The exercise cycle has a drive wheel (40) which receives both user driving force and automatically controlled friction brake resistance in a single stage device. Freewheeling is pivoted between a user driven shaft and the periphery of the drive wheel, which is braked by a friction belt (60).    Automatic resistance control is provided by an electronic system which receives actual load information from a load cell and speed information from a speed sensor. The friction belt is tightened or loosened by a motor driven pulley in response to signals indicating an error between load command and the actual load.    ADVANTAGE -   Automatic adjustment. Does not require additional stages in cycle. Does not require heavy-duty transmission. Smooth functioning. High endurance.
A motor is disposed adjacent a front portion of an upper plate member and drivingly coupled to at least one of the roller shafts for providing displacement of the endless belt. The upper plate member is displaced relative to the lower plate, the displacement mechanism including four electrically operated lifts disposed between the upper plate member and the lower plate member, each of the lifts having a first end coupled to the lower plate member adjacent a respective corner and an opposing second end coupled to the upper plate member. A bellows has one end encompassing a perimeter portion of the upper plate member and an opposing other end encompassing a perimeter portion of the lower plate member.    A computer is electrically coupled to the motor and each of the four electrically operated lifts for controlling a speed of the motor and displacement of each of the lifts responsive to predetermined program. A visual-acoustic mask is electrically coupled to the computer for providing visual and acoustic stimuli to a user, the visual-acoustic mask including a display screen for displaying images and a pair of speakers for providing sounds associated with the images. The computer coordinates changes in the lifts and motor with the images and the sounds to simulate a predetermined running environment.    ADVANTAGE -   Adds interest and variable running conditions simulating those found outdoors.
Supporting plates are secured to opposite sides of the bottom beam, with each supporting plate disposed between the pedal rod and linking rod of each pedal assembly and including a first axle at a higher elevation and a second axle at a lower elevation. A pulley is mounted on the second axle. The main shaft is secured between the supporting plates, the spool being mounted on the main shaft and including two annular grooves, the flywheel being coaxially mounted on the main shaft between the annular grooves of the spool.    Each transmission wire has a first end secured to the spool and wound around one of the an annular grooves. The wires are wound in opposite directions, each wire thereafter being successively engaged around the second pulley on the second axle of the locating plate. The pulley on the second axle of the supporting plate and the first pulley on the first axle of the locating plates. Each wire terminates in one of the second end secured to the first axle of a supporting plate.    USE -   Magnetic damping type stepping exercise machine.
The starting control device consists of a generator (1) whose primary side windings (1a) are connected to a transmission system through a circuit breaker (16). A three phase short circuiting device (17) is connected to the primary winding through another circuit breaker (18). A rotary phase angle detector (2) which detects the rotary phase angle of the rotor of the generator and a meter transformer (12) are connected to an alternating current output power converter (13).    The generator is operated as an induction motor with three phase primary windings, short circuited through the short circuiting device. The rotational speed and phase angle are detected. The converter controls the speed of the induction motor.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For use in starting pumping equipments of hydroelectric plants and generator excitation. Controls starting operation. Operates in parallel with another convertor to meet high starting torque. Prevents DC saturation of superposition transformer near zero speed.
The prodn. method forms a first electrode (5) on an insulation substrate (1). The substrate is doped with stannic oxide coating. The first electrode is layered with carbon, oxygen, non-monocrystal silicon and nitrogen layers. A second electrode (9) is formed with germanium/silicon and lead layers in non-monocrystal fashion.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves reliability and conversion efficiency. Reduces cost. Improves optical absorption characteristic.
An upper central reservoir (1) supplies water to two subsidiaries (3,4) having independent computer-controlled valves opened and closed alternately. The water from them falls into catchment pans (6,9) at opposite ends of a beam (7) extending beyond both extremities of a balance wheel (5), whose oscillations are translated by gearing (19,21-23,27,28,etc.) into rotation of the drum.    Springs within the drum are fixed to a shaft (39) carrying a balance wheel (41) and speed regulator (38) and driving the generator (46) via belts (43) with a tensioner (44). The water is recycled (11,15;14) from underlying troughs (10,16) via a central tank (12) with hydraulic piston pumps (47-50) driven (53,54) by gearing (55-60) from the main balance wheel.    ADVANTAGE -   The system can be set up in a few weeks from mainly plastic components at very low cost.
Ultrafine particles of electroconductive tin dioxide contain 0+1-10 wt.% of Nb(V) or Ta(V) dopant, having a D90 value of 0.01-5 microns in the particle size distribution, a specific surface area of 5-100 m2/g, and a volume resistivity of 0.01-1000 ohm.cm.    In the prodn. of the particles is where an alkaline or acidic soln. contg. 0.5-10 mol. of stannic salt and 0.1-10 wt.% of Nb(V) or Ta(V) cpd. and a neutralising soln. are introduced continuously into a reactor; they are stirred at a high speed and the resultant precipitates are finely dispersed while the pH is kept within 2-12; the slurry is separated into solid and liq.; the solid is dried and fired at 300-800 deg. C in inert gas or reducing gas atmos.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For charging or antistatic rolls, toner, or drums; as a source material or additive for gas sensors, solar cells, floppy discs, magnetic tape, liquid crystal displays, paint, ink, emulsion or fibres. The new tin dioxide is transparent, colourless and free of toxic Sb.
The photocatalyst body(C) comprises: (1) a carrier of honeycomb having at least one opening of which sectional area in direction perpendicular to flow of fluid is changed and (C2) a photocatalyst supported onto (C1) carrier, and (C) catalyst body is provided into pass of flow of the fluid.    A plane view and a crosssection view taken on line A-A; (1) is honeycomb carrier, (2) is way of flow of fluid, (3) is photocatalyst, (4) is inlet of light.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   The catalyst body is used for utilising photo-energy, e.g. sunlight energy, or for cleaning environmental air or water, etc.. The catalyst has sufficient function and small scale, and gives a large light inlet area, low press drop of the catalyst body and a large exciting energy of the light per unit volume of the catalyst, which is drived from tapered wall of cell of the honeycomb as opposed to conventional honeycomb of parallel wall of the cell.
A new design of solar cell is postulated made out of lava stone. This material is easily cut to shape and the output is greater than with silicon cells. Moreover the manufacturing costs are lower. With suitable series and parallel circuit combinations, these new cells are quite versatile in use, and can be mounted on front walls of houses, or roofs or on cars. Lava stone also makes for good thermal storage and thermal insulation. Other uses for lava stone are as condensers, accumulators and cores of inductances.    ADVANTAGE -   Lava stone has multiple uses and is easily worked.
The solar cell consists of several, not necessarily identical sized individual bodies in the semiconductor body (1). They are made of gallium arsenide, and the body contains a pn-junction and is suitable for sun light absorption. The semiconductor material contains a grid-forming contact system (21) on its front side and an anti-reflex layer (3) on a support (4), pref. a cover glass. The contact system and the anti-reflex layer are interconnected in series and/or in parallel via metal connecting links (61, 62).    ADVANTAGE -   High stability and reliable coupling.
A generator has a turbine wheel (4) driven by water, connected to the rotor. The machine is mounted on a platform (1) floating on a river (6), anchored to the bed (8). The axle (10) of the rotor and wheel is mounted above the platform and the wheel projects through a slot in it into the water below. The platform is made buoyant by air chambers (2). There may be a gearbox between wheel and rotor, either raising or lowering the shaft speed.    ADVANTAGE -   Generation of electrical power is independent of water level in river.
Hydrogenerator comprises lower spider (1) consisting of a central part (2) and radial beams (3) equipped with reinforcement ribs. The latter have shelves (5) with inclined sides. The inclined plate unit (7) interconnected by the adjusted elements (8) is fixed on the ribs (4) inclined side (6). The adjusted elements (8) are in the form of bolts (9) with the fixing nuts (10). The shims (11) are placed between the plates unit (7). The lower spider (1) is connected to the base (12) through the plates unit (7). The lower spider also has a directing bearing (13) and a sealing body (14). A removable bath (16) and the sealing (17) lower body are attached to the spider (1) bottom (15).    The lower spider is lowered down to the base (12), its height and radial position are controlled by the elements (8,9,10) and the shims (11). Next the sealing body (14), both (16), lower sealing (17) and brakes are set. The plates unit (7) is connected to the ribs (4) and the base (12) by welding.    ADVANTAGE -   Assembly operations for adjusting the structure on the corresponding base are shortened. Bul. 29/7.8.93
The power station has a platform (2) and casing with narrowing input and output necks (7,11). The casing is under water. The turbine wheel (5), with folding blades (8), is on a vertical shaft (4). Its immersion depth can be varied. The energy converter, in the form of an electricity generator (3), is on the top deck (1) and linked to the turbine shaft (4). The folding blades (8) are crescent-shaped and have perforations. The casing has a protective grille in front of the input neck (7).    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For power generation. Better maintenance of ecological balance.
The station has a water guide body with side recesses (3) under the dam. The hydraulic turbines with horizontal working wheels (5) in the form of polyhedrons are on bearings in the recesses. The semi-annular scoops (8) with peripheral grips (9) are on spokes (7). The dam is hollow, with compartments for services, engine room etc., and has adjustable cocks (11). Flexible shields (12) and curved grilles (13) are fitted between the body and the turbines.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For hydraulic power generation. Lower construction costs, cleaner.
The exercise device includes an arcuate body (10) of plastics material or metal shaped to suit a human frame, and incorporating rollers (11) freely mounted to rotate within the body of the device or means such as runners, pistons, or ball-race mechanisms to reduce or ease friction between the device and floor or wall when in use. At each end there are webbing straps (12,13) with velcro or similar attachment devices (14,15).    Exercise device may be used in conjunction with an adjustable frame which supports a baseboard to accommodate the exerciser. The frame may also include a foot rest and a head or shoulder rest. The wheels or rollers may be driven by electric motors powered by mains or battery current.    ADVANTAGE -   Velcro strip provides added security to straps.
The object of the turbine moment control is increased static and dynamic stability, with a fast-acting regulation system. The solution offers intensive damping with minimal load-shedding of the turbines. Functional converter (1) is fed with input signals marking the proportional slip of the rotors of each of the K power generators. Unit (2) establishes scaling of the signals in proportion to the harmonic mean value of the mechanical inertia constants. Unit (3) then sums these and issues at (4) a control signal for the torque of the unit concerned.    ADVANTAGE -   The simplified signal processor generates a suitable control signal from the series of slip measurements. Bul.28/30.7.93
The prime mover has a construction comprising a stored water pool and the power module. The module is built to a height of about 50 to 100 metres depending on hydraulic pressure required. Narrow cavities are formed in the module. Long and thin air tuber (11) with a wider base (9) are inserted into the cavities. Pool water (12) is stored in the cavities and maintained upto the top surface level of module. Valves (7, 8) fitted at the mouths of the air tubes and waste water containing cavities (3) control air and water flow.    A small motor opens the air dehydrating valve (8) causing air to be sucked in through the capillary of the air tubes. The second valve (7), geared to the same motor also opens, and air flows into the space inside the cavities. Both the valves close simultaneously, locking air inside the cavities. Air being lighter than water, tries to flow in an upward direction, resulting in uplift of air tubes. The linear movement is appropriately converted and transferred to rotary movement for generating operation.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides apparatus which makes motive power for generator with air and water.
The hybrid solar panel includes a housing made from a sheet metal tank (1) and a radiation transparent plate (7) attached onto the sheet metal tank. The housing contains an absorber (9) for converting the solar radiation into heat.    Photovoltaic cells (20) in the housing convert the solar radiation onto electrical energy. The housing is evacuated. The photovoltaic cells are arranged in the region of the housing walls. In one embodiment the photovoltaic cells are mounted on the inner side of the plate.    ADVANTAGE -   Output of electrical energy is improved for steady heat output.
The device comprises a digital encoder (28) coupled to an actuator of the machine and having an output of electrical pulses which may vary in number in accordance with amplitude of the actuator movement. A micro-processor (30) is coupled to the encoder output and programmed to be responsive to fitness related parameters. The parameters include a numerical proportion of the pulse numbers, and a time function capable of identifying the time elapse between commencement and termination of a sequence of the actuator movement.    A heart rate monitor (33) has a transmitter which when worn by a user transmits impulses in accordance with the user's heart rate, a receiver coupled to the micro-processor, and an electrical link between the transmitter and receiver. A device couples the micro-processor to the receiver and is arranged so that the micro-processor controls a read out of heart rate, and an adjustment device is set at least a maximum heart rate, above which a function of the microprocessor controls production of an identifiable signal.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   E.g. for squat machine, vertical chest exercise machine, rowing machine. Provides simple device which will determine a user's fitness or performance within a range of accuracy.
A shaft has smooth and a threaded portions separated by a flange, the threaded portion of the shaft being engaged with the block of the box channel. A frame is mounted on the box channel, having a lower portion connected with two guiding racks and provided with an upper plate, a lower plate and a vertical portion between the upper plate and the lower plate. The frame is designed so that when the frame is put onto the box channel, the smooth portion of the shaft will extend upwardly through the first opening of the upper plate of the frame.    A motor is installed between the upper plate and the lower plate of the frame and has a splined axle. A driving gear is mounted on the upper plate of the frame and has a centre hole sleeved on the smooth portion of the shaft. A medium gear is composed of a large gear and a small gear mounted on the upper plate of the frame, with the large gear meshed with the splined axle of the motor and the small gear with the driving gear. A gear train is engaged with the splined axle of the motor and with a variable resistor. A cover is adapted to enclose the upper plate of the frame.    USE -   Elevating structure for motor-driven treadmill, able to provide a sloped surface to exercise against.
The solar battery manufacturing method involves forming of a transparent electrode (14) on a transparent substrate (12). A semiconductor film (16) is formed above the transparent electrode. A groove is formed on the semiconductor film by removing it using laser light beam.    A rear surface electrode (20) is formed by depositing aluminium on the semiconductor film including the groove. A collector pole which contacts with the transparent electrode through aluminium deposited inside the groove.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides semiconductor film of uniform thickness.
The serial connection system uses a transparent front electrode (FE) applied over the full surface of a transparent substrate (S) and divided into electrode strips (FE1,..), before deposition of a photovoltaic thin-film semiconductor layer (HL) and a rear electrode (REE). The thin-film semiconductor layer is structured in accordance with the electrode strips to provide individual solar cells, via a laser, with a second laser wavelength used to provide low-ohmic regions in the semiconductor layer, for connecting the rear electrode of a first solar cell with the front electrode of the next solar cell.    ADVANTAGE -   Allows structuring and serial connection in single process via asymmetrical laser.
The appts. for producing energy from the potential energy stored in a deep body of water using tidal and wave action, includes a sealed base having a number of one-way valves provided in its upper and lower surfaces for expelling water to the body of water. A first cylinder the lower end of which is slidably received within the base, and a piston rigidly attached to the lower end of the first cylinder and slidably movable within the base. A float on the body of water is rigidly attached to the upper end of the first cylinder. A second cylinder slidably received through the floating device and extends within the first cylinder to the lower end of the piston and having therein device for allowing the flow of air from the upper to the lower ends of the second cylinder.    A turbine is positioned within a tube positioned within the first cylinder, and a power generator is operably engaged with the turbine. A device mounted in the first cylinder forces water from the body of water to flow through the tube and across and drive the turbine, and then into the sealed base from which it is expelled by the movement of the piston.    ADVANTAGE -   Deeper water also helps cool generating appts., and increase turbine efficiency.
Solar power system includes a photovoltaic component for converting solar energy to another form of energy and    device for reflecting sunlight onto the photovoltaic component. The reflecting device comprises a number of elongated, rectangular, flat, individually rotatable primary mirrors, each of which has a longitudinal centreline and an axis of rotation which is coextensive with the centreline.    Primary mirrors are supported on a first device so that the longitudinal centrelines and the axes of rotation of all the primary mirrors are located in the same plane, and the second device supports each of the primary mirrors so that each can be rotated about its axis of rotation independently of the other such that the number of primary mirrors provides a concn. of sunlight beam width which can be varied by rotating one or more of the primary mirrors. An individually rotatable secondary mirror receives the concn. of sunlight from the primary mirrors.    ADVANTAGE -   Permits retrofitting of components having different sizes, permits use of single or dual axis sunlight tracker with relatively high tolerance to reflector misalignment with the sun's rays and allows system to be manufactured at low cost.
Left and right foot platforms support the feet of the user. An unequal-length four-bar linkage connects each foot platform to the frame for permitting alternating up and down movement of each foot platform along a predetermined path of travel so that the platform moves between a horizontal lower position and a raised position.    The platform is inclined at a predetermined angle from the horizontal as each foot platform is alternately depressed by the user, to maintain each foot platform oriented perpendicular to the user's lower leg during downward movement of each foot platform. A resistance mechanism is operatively connected to the left and right foot platforms for applying resistance as the user alternately depresses each foot platform during performance of the simulated stair climbing exercise.    USE -   Appts. for permitting user to perform simulated stair climbing exercise, with direct user input of parameters such as weight or desired resistance.
The automatic speed governor of hydro-turbine has max. opening limiter comprising profiled movable support, coupled to electric drive (5) and fixable in positions of limiter with end-switches (6a,6b).    When limit switch (1) is inserted, relay (5) is activated and switches-on electric drive which moves profiled bearing until contact (6b) is closed. This limits the travel of lever into max. opening position.    ADVANTAGE -   Exhibits increase in efficiency,simple control of operating mode, higher economy and ease of operation.    Bul. 9/15.5.94
The secondary excitation device consists of a converter (6) equipped with an inverter (12). The secondary side of a synchronous machine (50) is controlled through frequency compensation effected by this invertor. This invertor functions as a frequency conversion means and provides variable as excitations to the synchronous machine. At the time of abnormality such as system break down, the gate of the invertor is turned off temporarily by an arrester.    When the synchronous machine is made to function induction motor and when the state of abnormality in system has been removed, then, the turn on of invertor gate is performed by the arrester. Subsequently system is restored to normal operation.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For use in variable speed pumping power generation systems. Protects secondary side of AESM from over voltage. Restores system back to operational status even after breakdown. Stabilises induction machine operation. Prevents opening of generator circuit breaker at the time of short circuit.
The solar battery module (20) includes heat insulation (22) comprising a thermally insulating material (24) which maintains the temperature of the battery module at a predetermined value. The solar battery module is obtained by installing multiple semiconductor elements in a transparent resin (18) at regular intervals.    This arrangement is placed on a covering film (16) and its upper surface is layered with a cover glass (14). The solar battery module along with the heat insulation constitutes a solar battery module panel (10).    ADVANTAGE -   Performs efficient generation of electricity. Does not need special mounting for attachment of panel. Maintains conversion efficiency.
The exercising device to suspend a portion of a person's weight while walking comprises a base frame and a movable treadmill belt supported by the base frame. For selectively varying and imparting an upward force pneumatic linear actuators and a variable gas pressure supply are interconnected between the upwardly extended support member and the gantry frame for selectively varying and imparting an upward force to the gantry frame.    At least one upwardly extending support member is affixed to the base frame. A gantry frame is pivotally connected to the upwardly extending support member. An upward force is selectively varied and imparted to the gantry frame. A person is suspended from the gantry frame.    USE -   Therapy of individuals suffering from diminished ambulatory capability and balance problems.
The device comprises hollow hand bar (1) with blades (2) and elastic hemispheres (3) at its ends. The base of the device has vertical members with supports (4), and a scaffold (5) having a rigid support surface (6) which can move vertically on elastic hemispheres (7). Vertical movement of the surface (6) is limited by stops (8).    The hemispheres (3) are connected via hollow hand bar (1) and hemispheres (7) to a pneumatic vibration source which also includes a computer (9), electric valves (10,11) and compressors (12,13). The computer is programmed to provide isometric exercises with accompanying vibrations as the sportsman applies forces which deform the elastic hemispheres.    ADVANTAGE -   Widens range of applications. Bul.8/30.4.94
The starting device uses a control circuit (3a) to control triggering of switch elements in power converter (3). A switch (2) closes the primary circuit of the machine. The synchronous machine (1) is supplied with alternating current to existing windings of rotor.    The power converter supplies alternating current of variable frequency to rotor. While starting, the machine is supplied with low frequency power and the control circuit, reduces one component of voltage (Vq), applied to rotor windings to zero. The primary circuit is opened at the time of normal operation.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For use in generation of electricity. Reduces need for circuit breaker and manufacturing cost.
The control device comprises of a guide vane opening regulator unit (3), a guide vane opening processor (4) and an actuator (5). The guide vane opening regulator unit receives the external signal and transmits the reference rotating speed value (Nref) to guide vane opening processor. The processor (4) accepts the reference speed value and detected speed value (No) and transmits appropriate control signals (Y) to the actuator. The actuator controls the inlet opening to allow required quantity of water to flow.    The guide vane opening regulator unit has a set point retainer (6) which stores the upper minimum value of guide vane opening. This value corresponds to the speed upto which the turbine is operated safely. The optimum speed calculating processor (9) derives the required speed (Nopt) from the detector head (H) of water. A switch (7) which is controlled externally chooses between the minimum and optimum speed as directed.    ADVANTAGE -   Permits continued turbine operation even when abnormal signals are detected.
The structure of a thin film solar battery module is formed by arranging more than one unit solar battery (10) on a flexible substrate (3). The under surface electrode (6) of each unit solar battery is connected with silicon thin film (5) of the next unit solar battery by a transparent electrode (4).    A positive terminal (11) and a negative terminal (12) are provided at either edge on the surface of the flexible substrate. The plus terminal is connected with the transparent electrode. The minus terminal is connected with the under surface electrode.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides series connection of unit cell of solar battery using flexible substrate. Improves flexibility of solar battery.
The thin film solar battery component (10) has an electrode (14) of silver and titanium formed on an insulating substrate (12). Chemical etching is carried out on this layer forming openings (16a,16b). Over this, an amorphous silicon film (18) is formed by chemical vapour deposition. The semiconductor layer has direct contact with the insulating layer through the openings.    Over the semiconductor layer, another surface electrode (20) is layered. On this, a collector (20) with a metal wire (24) at the terminal is arranged. The electrode and the semiconductor are alloyed to the collector and the lower electrode (14) separated from this alloying element by the presence of the openings. The connection between the upper and lower electrodes is carried out slowly.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents bad influences and good characteristics of optical conducting element.
The manufacturing method of solar cell involves the formation of P type semiconductor layer (3) below N type silicon layer (2). Again below the P type layer, another P type silicon layer (4) is formed. Above the light receiving face of the N type layer and under the P type layer, collector electrodes (1, 5) are equipped. The processing layers thus formed convert the light energy into electrical energy.    ADVANTAGE -   Raises energy conversion efficiency sharply.
The manufacturing method involves use of P type silicon substrate (11) on which an N type layer (12) is formed. The light is incident on this N type layer. A P+ type fine crystal silicon layer (16) provides rear surface electric filed layer for the silicon substrate and formed under the substrate. Then, a transparent insulation film layer (17) is prepared below the P+ type fine crystal silicon layer by plasma chemical vapour deposition method at the temperature of 50-200 C. Below this insulation film a rear surface electrode (18) is formed.    ADVANTAGE -   Raises photoelectric conversion efficiency of solar battery. Raises short circuit current and open discharge pressure. Improves spectral sensitivity in longer wavelength side.
An electrical power generation rig has a hydraulic turbine (1) driving a generator (2) with spent water exhaust returned to surface level. Pref. the turbine exhaust (4) is controlled by pumps and compressed air (5,6). Wind generators (9) can make the rig self-supporting.    USE -   On/off-shore electric power generation rig.    ADVANTAGE -   Rig can make use of redundant oil rigs.
The bicycle (6) is supported in a fixed frame (5) and its rear wheel is braked by a roller (4) with program-controlled exciter current supplied from an electronic controller (3) interfaced (2) to a personal computer (1).    A coloured symbol (10) appears on the screen (1) above the profile (7) of a real or imaginary cycle track corresp. to the rotation speed of the rear wheel. A desired speed can be computed and displayed (13) alongside actual speed (12), and held within given limits for heart rate regulation.    ADVANTAGE -   Braking torque can be adjusted at very low speeds without increased technical complexity, and depends mainly on only one quantity such as exciter current on air gap width.
The apparatus comprises an electrical motor (10) which drives a worm gear box (1) with an output shaft (5). A force drum is (11) fixedly attached to the gear box. A first pulley is attached to a first spring and a second pulley is attached to a second spring. A length of cable (20) is reeved to each of the two pulleys, the intermediate length being partially wound about the force drum.    A speed control drum is mounted onto the output shaft. A return pulley is connected to a return spring and a second cable is tied to the return pulley and partially wound about the speed control drum. A second speed control drum is located on the output shaft with a length of the second cable wound on it. The drums are mounted to a shaft via a unidirectional clutch bearing.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   User does not have to perform any adaptive modification to perform multiple training methods including isotonic resistance.
The exercise apparatus comprises a frame and a constant speed drive (10) mounted on the frame. An output shaft (20) rotates in a preselected direction at a constant speed independent of the torque loading. A user force application member has a point for exertion. A one-way clutch couples the user force to the output shaft. The member is turned from an initial position in a preselected direction.    A force spring (40) is operationally interposed between the application point for user force on the member and the one-way clutch to provide a spring biasing resistance to applied force to turn the member in the preselected direction. A rewind biasing arrangement is connected to the user member and biased to return the member to the initial position.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Does not constrain user to respond to set load patterns, but creates demands based on varying strength and applied effort. Collects data on work out for feedback.
Vertical turbine water lines (7) are located in the upper initial part of tunnel (2) built under river bottom (1). Turbine vanes (3) are located under the discharge holes of lines (7).    The stream of water passes from river (1) along lines (7) onto vanes (3). The vanes are connected by couplings (4) to generators (5) which produce electricity.    ADVANTAGE -   Efficiency and capacity of underground, dam-free hydroelectric station are increased with ensured protection of shore against ecological damage. Bul. 7/15.4.94
The excercise equipment uses an electric motor to provide a resistance against movement when a load is applied to it. On movement, the motor maintains a predetermined retuning force which is equal to that of the potential energy should a weight have been moved which exhibits the same resistance to movement.    When a load is applied to the motor, it operates in a stall mode to apply a resistance to movement by the load. The maximum power which can be drawn by the motor is less than that which would cause damage to it. The motor may apply an eddy current brake to give a resistance force against the load. An adjustment controls the loading applied to the brake.    ADVANTAGE -   Operates as though weights were being used.
The system consists of transmitting the power produced by a generating set into the grid through a rectifier/inverter insert. When the power is within a range corresponding to the standard nature of a generating set turbine it is transmitted to the grid by-passing the insert with the aid of switch bars (8), and the rotational speed of the generator is maintained at a constant synchronous level in accordance with the grid's AC power frequency.    The power is transmitted to the grid through the rectifier/inverter when it is at levels below the above range, with the turbine speed maintained at a constant optimum level.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduced rectifier/inverter costs. Bul.26/15.7.93
The motor control has an improved, inexpensive, and simple set of power supplies, derived from the bus voltages of the DC busses with simple voltage dividers, to supply operational amplifiers connected to the positive DC voltage bus with a dual voltage supply and a common or neutral, and to provide a single voltage power supply connected to the negative bus for the driving circuitry of a motor energisation switching controlling element. The dual power supply for the operational amplifiers comprises a voltage divider containing two, series connected zener diodes in series with a resistor. The one of the series connected zener diodes is connected to the positive DC voltage bus, and the resistor is connected to the negative DC voltage bus. A common connection between the two zener diodes becomes the neutral or common voltage for the operational amplifiers, and the zener diode voltages become the positive and negative supply voltages for the amplifiers.    The power supply for the driving circuitry of the switch element is structured with a voltage divider comprising one zener diode and a series connected resistor. In this case, the zener diode is connected to the negative bus and the resistor to the positive bus. Isolation between the two power supplies is accomplished with optical, capacitive, or transformer isolation. The regulating circuit of the motor control may include circuitry for compensation for the inductance voltage drop in the armature circuit of the motor.    ADVANTAGE -   Has improved power supply and improved speed regulation under intermittent loading.
Discharge seawater is introduced into an overflow tank from a discharge pit. Turbine generator is driven by seawater dropped from the tank through a bubble prevention unit.    ADVANTAGE -   Seawater can be supplied to the generator without generating bubbles.
The solar cell array comprises multiple solar cells electrically interconnected by at least one conductive metal strip and a silver-based, low-temp. bonding material between the conductive metal strip and at least one electrode of the solar cells.    Also claimed are: (i) a process for interconnecting multiple thin solar cells, each having a positive and negative electrode, comprising: (a) providing multiple metal strips; (b) applying a Pb-Sn solder cream bonding material between the conductive metal strips and the electrodes; and (c) securing the conductive metal strips to the electrodes of the solar cells to produce electrical interconnects between them by applying a temp. sufficient to melt the solder cream but not greater than 190C, followed by cooling; and (ii) a process for interconnecting multiple thin solar cells, each having a positive and negative electrode, comprising: (a) as above; (b) applying a metal-based material comprising a silver-silicone paste between the conductive metal strips and the electrodes; and (c) securing the conductive metal strips to the electrodes of the solar cells to produce electrical interconnects between them at room temp., followed by room temp. curing to harden the silver-silicone paste.    USE -   The arrays may be used in spacecraft and in applications such as the 'Raptor Pathfinder' (RTM) solar electric aircraft, which has a planned flight endurance of months at high altitude.    ADVANTAGE -   The solar cells are interconnected using either a conductive silver-silicone paste or a conductive Pb-Sn no-clean fluxless solar cream and breakage, partic. of thin cells, due to the thermal and mechanical stresses of conventional soldering, and undesired residue on the active surfaces of the cells, are both eliminated. There is no degradation of the interconnects under high current testing and the contact resistance is very low.
The photovoltaic cell cover includes a layer of radiant energy-transparent material with a free surface and an opposed surface on which is a radiation energy-transparent adhesive with a free surface. The cell has a number of spaced apart semiconductor silicon particles (16) held in a flexible aluminum sheet matrix (20,22) with parts which extend away from a reflective surface so they are exposed to radiant energy directed at the cell. A substantial amount of the radiant energy which impinges on the reflective surface between the adjacent particles is wasted due to being reflected away from the particle.    The cover (14) is a flexible protective layer (60) e.g. fluoropolymer with a free surface (64) and an opposed surface (66) which is coated with an adhesive. The free surface of the adhesive has parts (68) which conform to the polar regions of the adjacent particles. Second parts (72,90) of the free surface between the pole-conforming parts extend towards the reflective surface with surfaces which are non-perpendicular to the direction of the otherwise wasted radiant energy. Spaces are defined between the second parts and the reflective surface. The angular relationship between the surfaces of the second parts and the otherwise wasted radiant energy and the refractive indices of the adhesive and the spaces are such that a significant amount of the otherwise wasted radiant energy which passes through the protective layer. The adhesive and each adhesive-space interface between adjacent particles is reflected by the reflective surface onto the particle parts.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Increases efficiency of cell. Allows formation of flexible solar cells capable of assuming non-planar configurations.
The method involves by having an external permanent magnet (14) attached to a shaft (2) that mounts a main gear (3) through a rotor (4). A slide shaft (7) is set up at a de-centering position of a sub-gear (9) by a crank shaft (8), and drives the main gear. An internal permanent magnet (12) is set up at the end of the slide shaft where the external permanent magnet and a pole side are opposing.    The internal permanent magnet performs reciprocating movement within a fixed limits corresponding to a rotation of the rotor.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides non-public hazard and safety source of power, prevents harming of earth environment.
The thin-film photoelectric converter mfg method involves formation of a first electrode layer (2) on a flexible insulating substrate (1). A photoelectric conversion layer (3) is formed on top of the first electrode layer. A second electrode layer (4) is formed above the photoelectric conversion layer. A third electrode layer (7) is formed on the other side of the substrate.    Connection holes (51, 52) penetrates through the substrate to the first electrode layer and photoelectric conversion layer. Insulated electric conductors (61, 62) connects the third electrode and the second transparent electrode through the penetrating hole. The anti-substrate side of the second electrode layer is equipped with a protective cover (8).    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces defect generated at time of bonding. Provides reinforcement to substrate by protective covering.
The power elements consist of tipper panel elements (2). A number of these are located behind each other, and form a road surface, within a space (7). This is formed by concrete elements (8,9), and is covered by the panels. A flywheel unit (3) is located under each panel. Each unit has a freewheel and an RPM- transmission device, and these drive a generator (4).    The panel elements are of a width, which corresponds to the width of one lane of a road. The panels are centrally born in bearings (11,12) along the side edges. The facing panel edges are flexibly connected via coupling devices (14).    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Device in road surfaces, which generates electrical energy from vehicle moving over it. Can be used in newly constructed or existing roads. Economical method for electricity generation. Low maintenance.
The device includes a bowl and a box like frame (17) in which is housed a repulsive pile (18), the bottom (19) and top (20) of the frame are two square plates of same size. The bottom and top are assembled with any suitable beams (21) by means of joints (22), bolts or the like. The repulsive pile (18) consists of a pile of plates (23) and layers of springing units (24) inserted between the plates, in such a way that the pile can contract and extend when a force is alternatively applied on and removed of the faces of the plates (24).    Each springing unit (24) is made of two flexible and resilient bows (25). the ends of the bows being joined by two hinges (26), in such a way as to produce an egg shaped spring. The bowl includes the drive shaft supported by any suitable stand on which is fixed the electric motor-generator which is connected in the drive shaft and causes the bowl to rotate about its central axis to initiate the centrifugal force being converted into energy.    ADVANTAGE -   Converts centrifugal force into energy without having to use any fuels.
The direction adjusting device consists of a first and second stepping motors (50, 60) actuated by two drivers (22, 32). A switch (41) selectively outputs motor excitation pulses from one driver to a stepping motor.    A second switch (42) selectively outputs motor excitation pulses from a driver to another stepping motor. By applying the same motor excitation pulses to the two stepping motor, a pair of solar battery paddles are rotated synchronously in opposite direction.    ADVANTAGE -   Miniaturises device. Reduces power consumption. Offers independent control of two solar battery paddle.
The generator operation method involves conversion of a chemical reaction into electric-heat for electricity generation. This is done by mixing water (W) with aluminum (A) which in effect, produces heat energy and hydrogen gas. Afterwards, the obtained heat energy is transported to a steam turbine generator (24) via a heat exchange (21). This generator converts the acquired heat energy into an electrical energy which can be used by consumers.    ADVANTAGE -   Does not pollute environment, provides possibility for power plant that can be built in arbitrary places, and eliminates problem of drying up of energy resources, such as fuel due to simple and safe chemical reaction method for extracting thermal energy to be converted into electrical energy.
The solar collector includes thermo-electric units, e.g. thermogenerators (4), between absorbtion surfaces (3) and built into a heatable medium (5). The collector surfaces convert sun rays (1) into heat for e.g. domestic heating using thermo-generator components installed between the absorption surface and the medium to be warmed.    The thermoelectric generators may be used to convert a part of the warm energy flow into electrical energy using the Seebeck effect. To increase the internal working temperature an isolated housing with a transparent cover (2) is used. The housing is evacuated to minimise heat loss to the surroundings.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides either or both electrical and heat energy.
A solar energy system has a device (mc) to ascertain the operating point of a solar generator, located between the generator and the load (l). There is a converter (D) attached to the device which controls the power to the load, deduced from the operating point.    The system comprises at least two solar-powered DC generators (pl,pr) connected in parallel with the same voltage/current characteristic, each in series with a current-limiting element (dl,dr). There are also two calculation units, the first one (ml,mr) using the output signals of the current limiters and the second one (not shown) using the difference between them.    ADVANTAGE -   Simple design with high efficiency without being influenced by environmental changes or aging of barrier layer photocell.
A monolithic series-connected dye-sensitised photovoltaic module consists of photo-electrodes (4) in the form of dye-sensitised nano-porous semiconductor layers on an electrically conductive transparent substrate (1), an electron transporting electrolyte and counter-electrodes (6). The novelty is that the photo-electrodes (4) are arranged in parallel strips on an electrical coating (2), interrupted between the photo-electrodes, and are coated, opt. with interposition of a porous electrically insulating interlayer (5), with counter-electrodes (6) of porous electroconductive material so the counter-electrodes contact one side of the conductive coating of adjacent photo-electrodes. After dye adsorption through the counter-electrodes (6) and interlayers (5) onto the photo-electrodes (4), electrolyte filling of the pores of the porous layers (4-6) and sealing with a cover layer (8), a series-connection of photovoltaic cells is created on a common substrate. The counter-electrodes (6) may consists of an electroconductive polymer (e.g. polyaniline, polypyrrole or polythiophene) and may be electrically insulated from one another by non-porous insulation (e.g. silicone rubber).    ADVANTAGE -   A small spacing can be maintained between the photo-electrodes and counter-electrodes even in large area cells and several cells can be series-connected to form a photovoltaic module.
The process coolant is circulated through tubes (4) surrounded by vapour of e.g. NH3 with a b. pt. typically minus 33 deg. C, from three entry points (5-7) which supply coolant at high, medium and low temps. respectively into interconnected heat exchangers (3, 2, 1).    From the hottest exchanger (3) vapour is drawn at 90 deg. C and about 50 atmos. into an expansion turbine (8) exhausting at 25 deg. C and 10.2 atmos. A refrigerator (9) cools the vapour to 20 deg. C for condensation and compression (11) back to 50 atmos. for recirculation.    ADVANTAGE -   Energy for driving a turbogenerator (10) can be recovered efficiently using cold vapour and without harmful warming of the environment.
The method involves delivering concentrated radiation arriving via a first transparent medium having a first refraction index n1, into a second transparent medium having a second refraction index n2, that is smaller than n1, by a transparent delivery waveguide (3) having a third refraction index n3, equal to or greater than n1. The waveguide has a first, cylindrical intake section (4) and a second, tapered hexagonal radiation delivery section (5) which penetrates into a receiver chamber (1). The intake section (4) fits snugly into an aperture (2) of the receiver chamber and is integral with a tubular concentrator (6). The radiation arrives via the transparent medium and is extracted into the receiver chamber holding the second medium having the refraction index n2.    The guided radiation may be any kind of electromagnetic radiation such as light or radio waves. Pref. it may be concentrated light from any artificial source or concentrated solar radiation. The degree of tapering of the radiation delivery section may vary along the axis. The first transparent medium and delivery waveguide may also be made integral with each other.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   In solar energy plant for delivery of concentrated sunlight into solar receiver. Can also be used in radio telescopes or fibre-optic waveguides. Provides effective extraction of radiation.
The device has a cylindrical hollow body (2), secured to a solid foundation e.g. a concrete slab (7) laid on the sealed, by cables (6) at either end of its rotation axis (5). A second hollow body (3) is coupled to the first body by a plank (4) to form a float group with the second hollow body rising and falling with the wave movement, the corresponding movement of the plank used to operate a pump (9), secured to the foundation at the opposite end.    Alternatively the first cylindrical hollow body and the pump may be anchored to a submerged platoon acting as a stable platform which is anchored in turn to the seabed.    ADVANTAGE -   Converts both potential and kinetic energy os sea waves into pumping power.
The speed ring (3) has the reinforcement ribs (30) which are constructed between the main shroud (3a) and a flange (3c). The speed rings are nearly made of U-shape to suit the shape of main shroud.    The inner peripheral rings are inclined because they are set in opposite direction and due to the direction of the stay vane (4). Flanges are installed in each edge of the inner peripheral rings. As a result, stay vanes are reinforced.    ADVANTAGE -   Decreases waving change of main shroud. Reduces stress on parts. Increases rigidity of parts. Increases reliability.
The electric power generator consists of floating body (B) located below the water surface. The sea water enters the in take pipe (A) of the floating body. The water outlet (2) is provided in the stern. A water mill (6) is operated by the water current entering through the inlet pipe. The water mill drives the dynamo (C) and the generated electric power is taken off from the dynamo.    ADVANTAGE -   Uses abundant ocean current energy available in sea. Does not generate pollution. Reduces investment, increasing economy efficiency.
The wave power generator consists of a arm body (4) supported on a prop (6). The wing (1) with concave parts provided in the arm body swings up and down corresponding to the height difference of waves. A couple of cylinders (8A,8B) are placed on either side of the prop. The cylinders are provided with pistons (8C) independently.    The arm body is connected to pistons. The two cylinders are connected by a tube (11). A hydraulic motor (2) is installed through the tube, to which a dynamo (13) is connected. The movement of pistons causes rotation of hydraulic motor, which in turn rotates dynamo to produce electric power.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces number of parts and cost. Generates electricity in stable state. Enables installation even in solitary islands.
The vegetable growing installation has a main part (1) where a wave-activated generator (2), a solar panel (3), a wind-power generator (4) and an optical-fibre type solar light reception device (5) are set up. A vegetable is cultivated using these devices as sources of energy.    A cultivation chamber, a control chamber, and a habitation chamber are the places where the control and growing of the vegetables take place.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables easy installation of vegetable-growing chamber at most advantageous or best condition. Enables inexpensive vegetable growing device through use of natural energy sources.
The generator has rotating wings to which a power generation unit is connected. The device, first converts the energy of the water waves into a water current by using water- pour at bank body. The water current makes the rotating wings to rotate. The rotation of the wings is directly proportional to the energy of the water current produced. Now the power generation unit connected to the wings utilizes the energy developed by the rotation of the wings and generates electricity.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   In e.g. offshore region. Uses energy of waves to produce electricity effectively.
The space vehicle (8) has solar panels (12a,12b) adjustable by a stepper motor (28), driven by impulses. To reduce vibration and/or attitude errors, the drive impulses are generated by variable clock signals. Predetermined clock signals are stored in selective memories, relative to a fixed clock and applied in a comparator. The comparator controls the actual count.    This is related to a pulse count in the desired direction and avoids step changes in solar panel movement. When a change in the rotational sense is required, a signal generator deactivates the selective memories, activating another information store to generate a pulse count to produce a very low rotational speed. The space vehicle body (10) may carry earth (6) position detectors (16).    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces vibration and attitude errors.
The appts. includes an object carrier (4) which uses a connector (5) in the form of a linear support attached to a tensioned base member. In the region of the linear support (6) stretchable material is used with a stress equalising section of material (8).    The holder attaches an object (3) to a tensioned base membrane (1), e.g. a membrane Hull (2). The linear support has a zip-fastener style attachment, where the elements are interconnecting teeth and sockets. The application is optimised for solar cell attachment to Airship hulls.    ADVANTAGE -   Ease of interchange of attached device. Stressing of membrane hull is unaffected. Object is safely and easily held.
The solar rocket includes a black body cavity of thermal storage material. Propulsion tubes and a connected nozzle axially extend through the black body cavity for burning propellant in order to provide thrust for the rocket. An insulation sleeve is removably located at the outer periphery of the cavity of thermal storage material. Energy conversion diodes surround the insulation sleeve. The thermal storage material, the insulation sleeve and the energy conversion diodes form a receiver.    The receiver has a pair of spaced apart holes which lead into an interior space of the black body cavity in order to receive sunlight. A mirror assembly is located near each hole of the receiver for harnessing sunlight and providing radiant energy through the holes into the internal space of the black body cavity.    ADVANTAGE -   Produces thrust at higher specific impulse than provided by known chemical rockets.
The air storage system has two tanks, a storage tank (101) and a surge tank (102) installed at a same height and connected to each other by an underground piping (104) at their bottom. The top of the storage tank is connected to a compressed air line (10) between a post cooler (8) and a high pressure combustion chamber (11). The top of the surge tank contains a dead weight (103) which moves freely.    The dead weight is supported by the pressure of air inside the surge tank. So, when the air pressure of the surge tank decreases, the dead weight moves downwards, thus making the surge tank pressure constant. Due to load variations, the line pressure increases or decreases. When the line pressure increases, the dead weight moves upwards and makes the line pressure constant by increasing the volume of surge tank and vice versa.    ADVANTAGE -   Offers easy maintenance and inspection process.
Treatment plant for a combination of unsorted industrial and/or domestic and/or urban and/or hospital waste using two energy converters mounted in tandem is disclosed. One is an electrically heated fixed thermolyser and the other is a steam or electric generator. The two are driven by an expert system to optimise the combination of waste.    The molecules in the waste are cracked at 450-650 C in a first thermal electric converter without preliminary drying, after crushing the waste with the exception of tyres which remain whole. The installation produces two phases. The first is solid (metals are sorted magnetically for ferrous, by Foucault current for non-ferrous) and carbonated dehalogenated solids before they are put in a form for sale (briquettes or balls) or storage. The other is gaseous and is immediately useable for generating electricity or steam.    USE -   Treatment of waste in a system which is non-polluting, secure and affordable.
Solar cell comprises: p-type semiconductor substrate (1); n-type layer (2a) on one surface; p+ type layer (7) on the opposite surface; and an n-type layer (2b) on the side surface and having a lower impurity concn. than the other n-type layer (2a), and pref. having a sheet resistance 70-300 ohm/sq.. The layer pref. extends to an edge (2c) of the p+ type layer (7).    Prodn. of the solar cell involves: applying an n-type dopant to a first surface of a p-type substrate; heating to form n-type layers (2a, b, c) by thermal diffusion; applying an Al paste to the second surface; and heating to form a p-type layer (7) and an Al electrode (6). A mask is applied to the edge of the second surface during application of the dopant as that the n-type layer formed beneath the mask has a reduced thickness and impurity concn..    A preferred dopant source is a soln. contg. P in an amt. 1.04-0.63 gram atoms per mol. of TiO2, so that the n+ type layer (2a) and a TiO2 anti-reflection film (3) are formed by the heat treatment. O2 may also be present to form a substrate oxide passivation film.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduction in output of the entire module is avoided when the cell is locally shadowed. Excessive heating and short circuit breakdown are also avoided in a shadowed cell. The cell can be mfd. by a low-cost, simple method in which resist patterning and etching steps of conventional methods are omitted.
Solar module comprises: (a) an Al substrate (1); (b) an electrically insulating oxide layer (2); (c) a back electrode layer (3, 5, 6); (d) an active semiconductor layer (7) having a diode structure; and (e) a front electrode (8) made of a transparent conducting oxide (TCO). The module is structured into integrated single solar cells connected in series and is made as a facade element.    Also claimed is a process for producing electrode surfaces (6) electrically sepd. from each other on an electrically conducting substrate (1).    USE -   As a thin layer solar module.
The extractor (10) comprises a plurality of independent modular units (11) with inlet and outlet pipes connected to common supply and delivery pipes. Each modular unit and three main floats (12) in the form of cylindrical chambers which float on the water. The axes of the floats are parallel and are coaxial with the floats of their modules. Each flat is attached to one end of two main cables (14) which are spaced symmetrically either side of the float centres.    The cable pass through a guide and support (15) which is anchored to the sea bed (16) by guys (17). The cables pass to cable drums (18) of two pump modules (30) located on the sea bed and are then attached to an auxiliary support float (19). Each cable incorporates a sheet bolt device (20) which allows the main float to breakaway if the wave action is too strong.    ADVANTAGE -   Use robust equipment which can be incorporated into a pumped water supply or a power station.
The device comprises a rectifying (17) which is attached to the top of the a tube (13). The turbine rotor rotates in the same direction regardless of the air moving through it. The tube has a float (14) and a ballast (15) which are spaced apart along the length of the tube such that the tube floats upright in the water. The tube is long enough to extend into the calm water below the effective wave base (12).    As the tube rises on the crest of a wave, the lower end of the tube remains below the effective wave base and so if there were no fluid resistance in the tube the water level (16) in the tube would remain substantially at sea level (11). The results in a lengthening of the column of air between the water level and the upper free end of the tube.    USE -   Device which can be used offshore, in inland freshwater lakes or deep oceans.
The element includes a charged member disposed adjacent an inner periphery of a first insulative layer. A second insulative layer is disposed adjacent to an inner periphery of the charged member. A conductive layer is disposed adjacent to an inner periphery of the second insulative layer.    the conductive layer absorbs electrons and prevents the electrons from scattering after the electrons impinge upon the conductive layer. A number of conductive buses is disposed within the conductive layer and a main bus in electrical contact with the conductive layer and the number of buses. The main bus collects electrical energy and provides the electrical energy to an external device.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For converting heat energy directly to electrical energy. Provides anode of improved conductive properties of metal anode while minimises electron scatter.
The garbage incineration power generating equipment has a high pressure turbine (31) driven by steam generated by a boiler. A separation machine (33) separates the moisture produced from steam, and exhausts the drained portion from the turbine.    A fossil fuel heater (34) overheats the drained steam after removal of moisture. A reheat turbine (35) is driven by the overheated steam from the fossil fuel heater. The steam temperature is raised to a minimum level to keep a set fractional wetness in the exhaust steam from the reheat turbine.    ADVANTAGE -   Increased output efficiency. Avoids excessive weight. Avoids corrosion of heat exchanging tube. Reduces fuel consumption.
Solar energy non-evacuated CPC type collector for heating fluids up to 120C comprises a rectangular box (1) of smaller height than the width and length. The top (2) is formed of a transparent sheet whose frame is formed by a rigid profile sealed by a gasket of resilient material. Inside the box is a plate (7) of rigid insulating material, pref. of polyurethane, contacting the inside of the bottom of the box, the bottom pref. being of PVC. The top surface of the material is covered by a reflecting material (7) having several troughs (8, 8') between two parallel planes spread apart by a distance of H or H' with the lower plane contained in the plate. The upper plane is defined by lines that form the top of the troughs, and the shape is such that the left part is a mirror image of the right part and the left part goes through one or more arcs or parabola and of circumference followed by an arc of circumference.    ADVANTAGE -   Losses by convection are reduced.
The wave energy unit has a connecting mechanism with a vertical column whose spherical top is positioned in conic hole of float and whose lower end is rigidly connected to another vertical column. The segment gear of the vertical column is engaged with the rack bar of the lower vertical column fixed to chassis floating in deep water. The float has a connecting rod mechanism for cylinder jacket and a piston, which is hinged to horizontal arm with segment gear engaged to the first vertical column. It can use wave energy to generate high-pressure stream to drive turbine generator.
The method involves providing a photovoltaic material comprising a substrate electrode, with a photovoltaic body disposed atop, and in electrical communication with the substrate electrode. The photovoltaic body is operative to absorb photons and provide a photocurrent in response to it. A transparent, electrically conductive top electrode is disposed atop the photovoltaic body.    The method also entails dividing photovoltaic material into a number of individual slabs, while each slab comprises a portion of the substrate electrode, photovoltaic body, and top electrode. A photo-active area is insulated within each slab, and the photo active area is free o any edge defects which establish a short- circuit current path between the top electrode and substrate electrode of the slab.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For mfg photovoltaic panels. High efficiency in terms of labour, time and economical use of photovoltaic material.
The system has a screw rotation power source (109) that converts a machine rotation energy into fluid power. It has a DC machine (101) that can function either as a motor or a generator. An auxiliary damper and a tachometer are attached in the screw.    A central controller (102) controls the operation of the DC machine, a storage-battery set (103) and an AC generator set (111) which are engaged by an epicyclic toothed gear. The DC machine and the AC generator set are controlled according to the rotational speed of the screw.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For converting unstable source of rotational movement e.g. wind, ocean current, tide, wave, river flow, into power. Effectively absorbs very high amount of excess mechanical rotation energy; improves conversion efficiency.
The multilayer film formation method involves formation of a transparent conduction film (252) on a transparent substrate (251) made of glass. A first P type semiconductor layer (253) is formed such that its maximum dense surface is arranged perpendicular in the direction of light incident path. The first semiconductor layer is made as a thin layer with increased transparency.    An intrinsic semiconductor layer (255) made of an amorphous substance, is connected with the first semiconductor layer. A second N type semiconductor layer (254) which is made of crystal or amorphous substance is layered adjacent to the intrinsic semiconductor. A back side electrode (256) is connected with the second semiconductor layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves electronic mobility thereby improving electric character. Reduces resistance value. Improves optical absorption. Obtains ohmic junction of low resistance. Reduces thickness of semiconductor film thereby reducing mfg cost.
The cadmium sulphide film is formed on a substrate (1). The substrate is located on a substrate holder (4) fixed in the lower portion of a processing chamber filled with reaction solution (S). The circulation tank (2) maintained at a constant temperature circulates the reaction solution to the processing chamber. A heater (5) is provided in the interior of the substrate holder isolated from the reaction solution. The heater heats the substrate to predetermined temperature.    ADVANTAGE -   Eliminates frequent cleaning of circulation or exchange of reaction solution. Forms film continuously. Reduces cost.
The solar system includes a collector which carries out solar heat collector of high temperature thermal storage tank and a low temperature thermal storage tank are provided. A heat pump raises the temperature in the high temperature thermal storage tank assuming the low temperature thermal storage tank to be a low temperature heat source. The heat pump collects more heat from the solar energy collector then the low temperature heat source.    ADVANTAGE -   Generates electricity without decreasing efficiency of solar battery. Consumes heat by heat pump and simultaneously collect heat from solar energy. Eliminates need for mass thermal storage tank. Collects heat at low temperature.
The wind/water mill consists of arms which are rotated in a constant direction by the wind/water power received from all the directions. The power of the wind/water is used to generate electric power.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   In e.g. ship and car. Obtains energy without affecting environment.
The method compares the parameters of a number of solar cells using detection appts. which includes a power conversion unit (2) feeding a load (3). The power unit receives its input from a parallel connected set of solar panel arrays (11-14).    A measurement sensor (41-44) is connected to the solar panel array and measures the current, voltage or power. The signals from the sensors are fed to a comparator unit (5), to form a standard value which is used for detection of abnormalities in defective solar panels.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For solar panel arrays. Provides standard value for detection which reflects actual site location and environmental conditions.
The circuit has a solar battery (1) and a motor (3) connected in series with an adverse-current prevention diode (2). This motor drives a fan (4) to prevent the temperature rise of the solar battery.    Meanwhile, the solar battery provides the power which can be used to operate the motor while supplying a load (H) and a storage battery (B).    ADVANTAGE -   Provides optimum and automatic forced cooling, provides simple composition and operates according to sunlight intensity.
The slider is movably set in the pipe and fixed to the spring. The spring cover is fixed to either the slide or the pipe.    USE -   For solar sails of artificial satellite.
Method involves formation of semiconductor layer and transparent electroconductive layer on conductive substance. Both sides of the module are covered by resin film layer and filler. This coating is applied by 2-stage rolling using rubber rollers (111, 121). The surface covering material and the back side covering material are drawn from respective take up reels.    The gap between 1st set-up rubber rollers at the entrance is 50-100 % of the solar battery module. The circumferential speed of heating of the 2nd stage rollers is made quicker than the speed of heating of the 1st stage.    ADVANTAGE -   Realises solar battery without poor adhesion of covering surface material. Improves productivity and stability and stability.
The holographic appts. includes a conventional plane mirror (3) and hologram material (4). The mirror is positioned at an acute angle to its spatial axis to act holographically. A light beam (1) incident on the plane mirror is reflected (2) into the plane of the hologram material. Several conventional mirrors may be arranged at different angles to reflect several light beams incident within a range of angles.    Preferably, the hologram is such that most of the spectrum of the incident light is reflected at the same angle. The hologram material may be curved to a circular or elliptical shape or may be pyramidal.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Also for cooking and heating purposes, or as thermal/heat engine. Has high concentration factor and small mass. Uses most of hologram material surface area to provide efficient solar power system. Cheap, robust and easy to handle.
The power generating combustion system (10) uses a first stage wet oxidation reactor (12) with a float (14) to maintain the liquid (18) to a constant level by controlling a valve (16). A second section (26) is downstream and comprises a stoichiometric combustor supplied with a second fuel and oxygen.    A mixing section (32) allows the proper mixing of the hot combustion prods. which leave via line (34) to the inlet of a power plant or prime mover.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Significant low cost and ability to combust wide range of fuels and fuel mixtures to generate power without producing toxic or polluting efflux.
The wave energy transformer includes containers (37,38) which are interconnected by a conduit (15) through which gas trapped in the open bottomed containers is transferred to drive a generator. The containers have vertical tubes (41) connected to their tops (40) and pierced with apertures (42). The containers can move vertically on guides (43) along upright pillars (44,45).    The apertures (42) are automatically closed to prevent water from entering the gas transport conduit. It is advantageous if the walls of the containers are at least partly formed from flexible material. Gas tight membranes can be employed to separate water from gas in the containers.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Sea bed equipment gives high performance wave swell energy extension.
The heater appts. comprises an electric fan (48) for circulating the air, a fuel pump (54) for delivering fuel from a fuel storage container to the housing, and a combustion chamber (36) for mixing the fuel and the air supplied and igniting the mixture of fuel and air to obtain hot combustion gases. The thermoelectric converter is mounted in the housing and has a structure to allow both series and parallel heat flow path and generates electricity by receiving the hot combustion gases and extracting the heat.    The liquid coolant e.g. water is circulated by a pump (70) adjacent to the thermoelectric converter to remove heat from the converter and to heat the liquid coolant. A blower motor (75) blows the air over the liquid coolant to heat and direct the air into an enclosure. A battery (76) is connected to the electric motors for operation during a start-up period of the heater system and for receiving a charging current to recharge the battery from the thermoelectric converter after the expiration of the start-up period.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For combination remote power heating sources in taxis, limousines, survival shelters, military shelters, temporary housing, military decoy heaters, and military stoves. Eliminates need for heat sink, extremely compact self-powered heater, reduction in number of parts in thermoelectric stack without loss of function.
A solar element (1) converts part of the incident concentrated solar radiation into an electric signal, which is passed along buses to a collector (5) and the current then passes through an insulated electrode and along a bus to an external circuit.    The element (1) is heated by the infra-red component of the radiation and heat exchange is carried out by passage of coolant into the body, also cooling the hollow electrode.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Conversion of concentrated solar radiation. Increased power and better reliability. Bul. 8/20.3.95
The semiconductor device has a semiconductor element (10) provided with a couple of output terminals (130a,130c). A set of metal foils (150a,150c) are furnished over the output terminal. A couple of openings (21a,21c) are formed at the sides of the metal foils. A protection film (20) covers the semiconductor device surface including the peripherals top part of the metal foil.    ADVANTAGE -   Raises connection intensity of metal foil. Improves reliability. Prevents moisture entry into device.
The drive device has a solar sensor (1) to measure the solar angle. A turning angular velocity generator (5) provides an error signal based on the detected solar angle. The latter is judged by a solar presence generator (4). A timing processor (7) provides an output signal based on a set delay time and the output error signal from the turning angular velocity generator. An addition part (8) adds this output error signal and the output signal from an orbital angular velocity generator (6).    The movement of the satellite from darkness to sunshine is controlled by the solar sensor. A drive controller (9) regulates the rotary speed of the orbital angular velocity generator.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves stability.
The inclined roof covering includes panels of solar cells which have a single frame of reinforced glass fibre (1). Solar cells (2) are bonded to the underside of a glass panel supported on the frame. Each of the water (3) and deck (4) grooves are graduated down.    The glass panel is embedded into the glass fibre frame. The edges of the panel are formed with a profile (7) that matches with the profile of standard roof tiles and provides the necessary overlapping to prevent the ingress of water.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Has roof tile shape with overlapping edges.
The atomizer nozzle comprises a nozzle body defining an outlet surface and comprising a liquid inlet, a gas inlet and a gas outlet orifice opening onto the outlet surface. A nozzle cap defines a liquid and gas exit port and an inside surface. The inside surface is approximately parallel to the nozzle body outlet surface and spaced apart from the nozzle body outlet surface by a spaced apart distance of less than inch. A screen wire wick is confined between the outlet surface and the inside surface.    The screen wire wick defines a mesh dimension and has a thickness equal to the spaced apart distance and has a hole, defining a screen hole, aligned with the exit port, the hole being larger than the mesh dimension. A liquid entering the liquid inlet will pass slowly by a wicking action to the screen hole and there be entrained in and atomized by gas entering the gas inlet and exiting the nozzle through the exit port.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For combustion burners used in space heaters and cooking stoves. For throttle body fuel injection systems in IC engines. For water atomiser in air humidification system, in coal or grain elevator dust control system and evaporative cooling system. For liquid etchant atomiser in circuit board etching system, liquid metal atomisation. Provides improved atomiser for use at low flow rates. Provides highly efficient combustion of liquid fuel.
The electricity generation process involves using storage batteries to supply power to a small power consumption DC motor by activating a button. The D.C. motor powers the displacement of the heavy plumb rod of line-activated drag leverage such that the displacement of heavy plumb rod on the leverage enables the water ladles to load water and move the water from the lower water tank to the upper water tank. The movement of the leverage moves water from the lower water tank to the upper water tank. The water in the upper water tank tanks flow to each other so that water in the upper water tanks rotates the electricity generator so as to turn the water wheel machine and generate electricity. Meanwhile the falling water from the rotation of the water wheel flows into the lower water tank through a water guidance plane.    The electricity generated by the rotation of electricity generator is converted into city electricity through a transformer. Through setting of a switch the city electricity can be selected to be stored in a charger then supply power to the auxiliary DC motor as a storage electricity or provide electricity to outside as ordinary city electricity, or through a charger to charge the storage batteries. The electric energy of the storage batteries can supply power to the DC motor by activating a button to complete a comprehensive process of electricity supply - electricity generation - electricity storage.    ADVANTAGE -   Can be used to store electricity and be used during peak hours.
This unloading formation method for a space apparatus's main gyroscopic system with solar batteries includes a space apparatus control block (1) and an apparatus angular movement control block (2). Also, an angular speed pick-up block (3) and a sensor for measuring the sun's co-ordinates (4). The SACB's (1) first outlet is joined to the AMCB's (2) first inlet.    The SACB's second outlet is joined to the unloading moment formation block's (11) first inlet.    ADVANTAGE -   More effective unloading of the main gyroscopes by increasing the unloading moment value. Bul. 7/10.03.95
The generator includes a vehicle ventilation system composed of a radiator (11), an engine (10), a cooling path conveying heated cooling water from the engine jacket, a cooling fan (13) and the Peltier element (15). The heat absorbing surface of the Peltier element is positioned to contact with the surface of the radiator.    When the vehicle is stationary the cooling provided by the engine fan produces electric energy by thermoelectric conversion current in the charging direction. Similarly when the vehicle is in motion the cooling provided by the draft of air produces a thermo-electric conversion current of the same direction. A diode in between the storage battery and the thermoelectric converter assures only one direction in current flow.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   In vehicle electric power generation. Enables use of discarded heat in an engine cooling system by using Peltier effect transducer in contact to radiator.
The appts. includes transparent support structure (4) with a transparent electrode (5). A layer (6) generates electric energy as result of UV and visible radiation.    The electricity formed is of short wavelength that is transferred to the transparent electrode and to other electrodes. The infrared ray with a long wavelength penetrates a heat absorbing surface (9) to a heat absorbing medium (10).    ADVANTAGE -   Produces water of required temp. because it circulates heat and provides low installation cost.
The space pumping reflective mirror is built on a lightweight frame (1) which has a concave shape and it is made of plastic or light alloy. Using an adhesive agent (3), the thin film reflective material is pasted. The thin film is made of aluminium and plastic with a silver coating. The frame and the reflective mirror is shaped to a predetermined contour. It is then cut and bonded to the rocket at predetermined location.    ADVANTAGE -   Promotes compactness. Increases rigidity. Prevents generation of problems during launch.
The device includes a base (1) on which are fixed two vertical supporting members (2,3) of a flywheel (4) mounted on ball bearings (12). The first member (2) carries a star wheel (5) which consists of six radial beams (6). The second member (3) supports a freewheeling flywheel (4) adjacent to the star wheel.    Weights (7) are able to slide radially on the beams (6) of the star wheel (5) and their position is controlled by a stud (8) running in guide rails (10) located around the periphery of the flywheel (4). The superior leverage of the extended weights produces a net torque which drives a pulley (9).    ADVANTAGE -   Equipment produces electrical or mechanical energy from gravity without causing pollution.
The insulating layer is deposited on a monolithic metal substrate. A bottom electrode layer is placed on top with holes of diameter D between 25-75 micron exposing part of the layer around hole peripheries.    A semiconductor body is placed so that these holes are filled. The semiconductor has smaller holes concentric with the first of diameter D2 between 10-50 microns. The holes pass through the insulating layer exposing the substrate. A transparent conductive layer is placed on top filling the holes contacting the substrate.    ADVANTAGE -   Minimises mfg. waste, easily fabricated by lower patterning.
The structure comprises different sized structural units (2) which are formed from tetrahedron shaped bags filled with sand and gravel (3) and are dropped onto the ocean bed to form single or multiple bar structure artificial reefs having widths of at least 5 units.    Multiple units with parallel bars (4,4') trap standing waves (6) and reinforce incoming waves (8). Specular reflected waves (7) and non-specular leaky waves (9) may also result. A multiple V-shaped bar configuration create Bragg reflection patterns with local concentration of wave energy.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Artificial reef structures may be designed for vigorous wave enhancement.
Device for deaeration of water contains three sections (1-3). The first section has a water distributor (4) and pipe joint (5) for water input, the second section is connected to the other two by water valves (6,7), and the third section has an output pipe joint (8) for deaerated water. The second section is connected to a pipe (9) for heat-carrier circulation, and the first section is connected to overflow channels (10,11) and a pipe (12) for release of non-condensed gases. The third section contains a water distributor (13), and the second section contains a water distributor (14) and opt. a dispersion device (15) with a drain pipe (16). A pipe (17) inputs heat carrier to the third section.    USE -   The device is used in thermal power generation and industrial thermodynamics in systems for heating and deaeration of supply water in power plants.    ADVANTAGE -   Deaeration efficiency is increased.
The device has a number of solar cells connected mutually and installed on a roof (22) by fixing the crosspiece material (23) in series with the plate like roofing material (21) incorporating the solar cell. The direction of crosspiece material and the connecting direction of the solar cell are to be made in parallel.    An output reduction of each element by the shadow of the crosspiece material becomes uniform to each connected element.    ADVANTAGE -   Shadow by crosspiece material fixed in roofing material is reduced to minimum value.
The structure has an upper column (5) fixed to an upper structure (3). A lower column (4) is fixed to a lower structure (1). The lower structure is held below water lever by a reservation rope (2). The upper and the lower columns are connected through a spring (6). In between the upper and lower columns, a piezoelectric film (8) is mounted.    The piezoelectric film is connected to a storage battery (13) through a set of electric wires (12). The cycle of waves stretches the spring, consequently expanding the piezoelectric film. The relative movement passes tension and slackness in the piezoelectric film and this in turn generates electricity, which is drawn out by a separate line.    ADVANTAGE -   Generates electricity in all ranges of wave cycle without limitations. Requires fewer mechanical devices, hence lowers mechanical breakdowns and maintenances. Secures longer durability as materials having high resistance to sea conditions are used. Facilitates ease in transportation, handling and replacement. Demonstrates other effects of waves while generating electricity.
The optical system has a lens system (1) with a diaphragm (2), an image field (3) containing detectors (6) and an object field. The radii of curvature of the lens system, the image field and the object field meet at the centre of the diaphragm.    Image field flattening lenses (7) can be used to flatten the curved image field, with the flattened image fields lying parallel to planestangential to the latter. The optical system may contain reflecting surfaces (4), with an aspherical corrector plate inserted in the plane of the diaphragm. The light from the curved or flattened image fields is fed to the detectors via relatively adjustable photoconductor elements (8). Pref. an afocal ancillary system is mounted infront of the lens system, with a variable magnification, for varying the overall focal length of the optical system.    ADVANTAGE -   High degree of symmetry with precise spherical zone error correction.
The electric power generation system comprises a gas turbo-burner turbine generator for generation of electricity from a combustible fluid, and having hot exhaust gas emitted from the turbine. A primary furnace receives hot exhaust gas emitted from the gas turbo-burner turbine generator, and has a heat exchanger for heating a heat transporting fluid from the gas turbo-burner turbine generator exhaust gas. The primary furnace has a fuel source for burning fuel to add heat to the heat exchanger and creating more thermal energy. A steam generator receives heat from the heat transporting fluid, and a steam turbine-generator runs on steam from the steam generator.    A solar central receiver receives sunlight, and a heliostat concentrates sunlight on the solar central receiver for heating the solar central receiver. The solar central receiver has a heat exchanger for transferring heat generated by the sunlight to the heat transport fluid which communicates with the steam generator for generation of steam in the steam generator, and selectively communicates with the primary furnace heat exchanger by use of a valve.    ADVANTAGE -   Solar energy is utilised to reduce fuel consumption and related environmental emissions.
The method involves producing steam containing non-condensible gases and geothermal brine from the geothermal fluid. The steam is supplied to at least one steam turbine for producing power and steam is supplied from the at least one steam turbine after power has been produced, to at least one steam condenser operating at a pressure above atmospheric pressure indirectly cooled by an organic fluid, for condensing steam and producing organic fluid vapor. The non-condensible gases are extracted from the steam condenser at a pressure above atmospheric pressure and the non-condensible gases are compressed for producing compressed non-condensible gases.    The organic fluid vapor is supplied to at least one closed organic Rankine cycle turbine for producing power, and organic fluid vapor exiting from the at least one organic turbine after power has been produced, is supplied to at least one air-cooled organic condenser for producing organic fluid condensate which is supplied to at least one steam condenser. The compressed gases are injected into an injection well.    ADVANTAGE -   Enhances prevention of non-condensable gases from exhausting into atmosphere. Provides simpler operational controls and improved efficiency levels.
A thermoelectric element is joined to an electrode. The thermoelectric element consists of a Si-contg. thermoelectric element. An intermediate layer is formed between the joining section of the Si-contg. thermoelectric element and that of the electrode.     Also claimed is the prodn. of the thermoelectric device using the thermoelectric element comprising mainly FeSi2 . The process comprises: (a) forming an -phase FeSi2 sintered body; (b) forming a metallised metal layer on the joining face of the -phase FeSi2 sintered body; (c) applying heat treatment to the metallised metal layer; and (d) forming the -phase FeSi2 sintered body into to form an FeSi phase contg. FeSi phase mixing layer at the jointing face of the FeSi2thermoelectric element.    USE -   Used for the prodn. of thermoelectric devices used for obtaining thermoelectric power from a heat source.    ADVANTAGE -   The thermoelectric device has low contact resistance to the electrode. An output is obtd. without loss from a thermoelectric generator. The thermoelectric device has improved heat resistance and thermal shock resistance, less sepn., and less deterioration in its characteristics.
The module (30) holds plate-like solar panels with an external frame (32). All sides of each panel rests on a provisional structure of the external frame. Each lateral side is kept in place by holders (60) with a clamp part that fit to a corresponding clamp part of the external frame when pressed.    Each longitudinal side of the external frame is mounted on a length member (20) attached to an inclined roof (10) with anchor man bolts (23). The length member forms a slot (22) inside and an installation domain (24) at the sides which are projected inwards. Rainwater drips from the plate to the slots at the side.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides good weather resistance by preventing rainwater leakage; simplifies damaged solar panel replacement process.
The method involves the attachment of a planar multilayer conductor (3) to the bottom part of a solar battery (1) where a second electrode (2b) is laid. A first electrode (2a) is laid on top of the battery where a light-receiving panel is attached using an adhesive agent.    The solar battery electrodes made of iron nickel alloy are electroplated with silver. They are made in a rectangular shape by punching and then they are attached to the battery with an adhesive agent. The second electrode and the multilayer conductor are welded by parallel-gap welding.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents air pollution and short circuit by stabilising junction connections. Extends battery service life with simplified structure that relieves battery and electrodes from stress. Effectively utilises whole surface for light-receiving panel and reduces battery cost with simplified assembly.
The device has solar panels (11) connected to panel connection member (12). It also has a base support mount (13) where the solar panels can be attached. It also has a fixed fitting (16) which joins adjacent base support mount, and connection fitting (18) which joins laterally adjacent base mount supports.    Both the base support mount and the panel connection member are extruded sections allowing space for easy fastening of these parts.    ADVANTAGE -   Better exposure to radiant energy by open air installation made possible by easy to install parts.
The assembly has a main unit (9) where attachment piece (48) can be fixed securely by a screw (53). Several attachment metal parts (10) are provided on the solar panel, where an upper attachment piece and a lower attachment piece can be fastened so that the solar panel can form an angle with reference to axis of the maim unit.    The space (A) between the rear side of each solar panel and the outer wall of the main unit, while the space between solar panels forms the space (B). These spaces provide for the ventilation requirement of the solar panel and for access during maintenance and installation.    ADVANTAGE -   Better solar panel operation by allowing slanted mounting for receiving more radiant energy and for better cooling.
The solar battery carries out rear sealing of the solar cell with transparent resin (3). The cell has a transparent resin films (4) over the light receiving surface. A reinforced board (5) made of metal is connected on the back side of the light receiving surface is of rectangular shape. The reinforced board with supports at the back part is bent over the adjacent parts and welded at the edges.    ADVANTAGE -   Forms solar battery module with sufficient structure intensity. Avoids crack generation to film, module while bending. Secures sufficient structure intensity module. Avoids complicated work of attaching frame material.
The solar battery module has multiple top cells (1) and multiple bottom cells (2). The multilayered top cell is installed on the upper surface of the bottom cell. The polar output terminal is used common for both the cells. The solar battery module includes multiple solar batteries connected and having three output terminals. The bottoms cells are connected in series and alternate top cells are connected. Therefore multilayered stacked bottom solar batteries are formed.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves photoelectric conversion efficiency.
An improvement in a photovoltaic module of the type having an array of electrically interconnected photovoltaic cells (46) disposed between first and second sheets of supporting material (42,50) and encapsulated by a light-transmitting material. At least the first sheet consists of a light transparent material.    The improvement is that the light-transmitting material is an ionomer modified by addition of 0.3 to 2.0 wt. % of a UV absorber and 0.3 to 2.0 wt. % of a UV stabiliser.    Also claimed is a method of manufacturing a photovoltaic module.    USE -   The encapsulation of a multi-cell array of photovoltaic solar cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The encapsulant is less expensive and has a greater resistance to discolouration under intense sunlight thereby giving a module capable of an increased working life without any substantial loss of power.
An improvement in a photovoltaic module of the type having an array of electrically interconnected photovoltaic cells (46) disposed between first and second sheets of supporting material (42,50) and encapsulated by a light-transmitting material. At least the first sheet consists of a light transparent material. The improvement being that the light-transmitting material is an ionomer.    Also claimed is a method of manufacturing a photovoltaic module.    USE -   The encapsulation of a multi-cell array of photovoltaic solar cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The encapsulation provides an improved photovoltaic solar cell module capable of an increased working life without any substantial loss of power.
The tidal wave generator comprises at least a variable compartment which can extend below the sea surface from the mole, and a generator set installed on the sea shore and connected to the variable compartment. The variable compartment comprises at least two interconnected openings in which the larger opening extends below the sea level and will not expose itself even on the ebb tide and the smaller opening is located at the sea level and connected to the generator. The cross section space between the highest sea level, which will not contact with the bottom of the variable compartment, and the smaller opening gradually reduces.    The generator set comprises a rotor with an output shaft to provide smooth operation of rotor. The circumference of the rotor is installed with centrifugal wheel blades which do not reach the center. In the opposite tangential direction of two different axes on the blade wheel circumference are installed wind openings for in-and-out of air current. One wind opening is connected to the smaller opening of the variable compartment so that the in-and-out current generated by the rise-and-fall of tide in the variable compartment can drive the rotors to rotate in a specific direction to perform work by the output shaft.    ADVANTAGE -   Uses the rise-and-fall of tidal wave to generate work and generator and therefore, produces energy without contamination.
Reactor-converter comprises an air-tight cylindrical body in the form of a shell (1) and first and second flanges (2). Electro generating elements series connected by the commutating conductors (10) are placed in the body. They are in the form of extended emitters (9) whose envelopes are filled with nuclear fuel and collectors (8) arranged with inter electrode clearances filled with caesium vapours. The reactor-converter also includes the collector cooling system made as a cavity in the first flange, cavity separated into the inlet and outlet parts made in the additional flange (3) placed inside the body before the second flange. The shell is electrically insulated and filled with caesium vapours.    Electro generating elements are made flat with channel shaped emitter envelopes arranged in rows separated by flat plates on which flat collectors are rigidly fixed on electrically insulating layers (7). The commutating conductors are made as goffered tapes.    ADVANTAGE -   Reactor-converter output power and efficiency are increased by reducing thermal and electric power losses at electro generating element electrodes. Bul. 6/27.2.95
The space between the converter emitter and the collector is filled with the lightly ionising substance vapour. The emitter and collector material is characterised by different escape energies, the collector escape energy being less than that of the emitter. The emitter is heated up and the collector is simultaneously cooled. The ionising substance vapour pressure is selected in such a way that the relationship d less than lambda e is satisfied, where d - inter electrode group size, lambda e - electron free travel distance.    The emitter is connected to the collector via the inductance satisfying the relationship Ri less than U/In, where Ri-inductive element resistance, V - collector emitter potential difference, In - converter saturation current.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Conversion method is used in spacecraft electric supplies. Alternating current is generated at increased voltage.    Bul. 6/27.2.95
The lighting device includes a sun position detector and a reflector, to receive and reflect the sunlight. A driver controlled by controller, drives the reflector. The controller contains a CPU which operates based on clock period of a clock.    Based on the detected sun's position, in terms of inclination and elevation, a correcting unit corrects a standard time of the clock.    ADVANTAGE -   Detects sun's position accurately and automatically. Extends operation period of lighting device. Eliminates need for manual operation. Corrects clock period, accurately and automatically.
The garbage incinerator (1) supplies heated exhaust gas to the waste boiler (10). The waste boiler generates steam which is supplied to the turbine (15). The turbine is coupled with the power generator for generating electricity. The turbine is a multistep type comprising high pressure and low pressure turbines.    The heat steam from the waste boiler is sent through the steam overheating supply road (17a). The steam non-over heating supply road (17b) takes up the over heated steam, supplying the necessary amount of steam to the steam over heating supply road. The steam from the turbine is then sent out to the steam connection road (19) through the steam escape path (19a). The steam non escape path (19b) supplies steam to the next step of the turbine if required.    ADVANTAGE -   Controls generation of power when demand without decreasing efficiency.
The satellite includes a disk-shaped shelf for mounting equipment. A perimeter wall is attached to and extends at an angle from the shelf. The wall has two opposing edges, an inner face defining an interior of the satellite and an outer face. The height of the perimeter wall is selected such that the satellite has a generally oblate configuration.    The satellite further includes two hinges to which two solar array panels are attached. The panels are movable between a closed configuration where the panels are parallel to the planar surface and an open configuration where the panels extend at an angle to the shelf. Finally a device moves the panels from the closed configuration to the open configuration.    ADVANTAGE -   Allows several satellites with same configuration to be stacked within fairing of launch vehicle.
The alkali metal thermoelectric converter has a number of cells structurally connected in series to form a wall dividing a housing into two chambers, and electrically connected in series, and includes porous metal anodes and porous metal cathodes in the cells. The cells may be planar or annular, and in either case a metal alkali vapor at a high temp. is supplied to the housing through one chamber on one side of the wall and returned to a vapor boiler after condensation at a chamber on the other side of the wall in the plenum.    The metal alkali vapor passes through the cells from the supply chamber and returns after condensation at a lower pressure than the vapor pressure in the supply chamber. Each cell includes a porous solid electrolyte plate, with anode and cathode porous metal layers deposited on either side of the electrolyte plate. There are conductive metal plates between the cells, a single plate between each pair of adjacent cells to bridge gaps between the electrolyte plates of the series-connected cells. The metal plates are connected to the electrolyte plates by seals, forming a sealed wall in the plenum which is sealed to the chamber along all edges with the housing walls.    ADVANTAGE -   Efficient generation of power at high voltage and low current.
CVD process comprises deforming an arc discharge plasma flow into a sheet shape, guiding it to a film forming stage, introducing a gaseous material in this flow to decompose the material and forming a film on a substrate.    USE -   For making amorphous Si films for solar cells.
The appts. is made up of a set of four solar panels (6) connected clockwise forming a large square attached to the satellite main body (2a). It has a rotatable hinge (3) with a rotation axle (7) inserted through panel edges with a torsion spring (8) at the middle. Axle stoppers (9) are provided at the sides of the rotatable hinge.    The first panel (6a) has one of its sides hinged to the satellite main body at the surface and the opposite side hinged to the second panel (6b) at the underside. The second panel is also hinged to the third panel (6c) on the surface while the third is also hinged to the fourth panel (6d) at the underside. The fourth panel is not directly connected to the first panel.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves expansion mechanism since it requires neither expanding synchronous mechanism nor lock mechanism; reduces total wt., increases reliability.
The method determines the magnitude and direction of applied undesired torque. This is followed by electrically changing an optical property of a control surface (60) exposed to solar radiation and offset from the spacecraft's centre of mass. The change causes the control surface to interact with the solar radiation and create a compensating torque.    Pref. the control surface comprises two plates (60a,60b) located at the distal ends of solar panels (30a,30b) extending in opposite directions from the spacecraft centre of mass. Pref. the method changes its reflectance between primarily absorptive and reflective states.    ADVANTAGE -   Attitude control corrections effected without consuming fuel, or consuming or reducing power provided by solar panels. Easily incorporated into variety of spacecraft designs.
The tree-shaped solar cell holder includes a trunk section, branches and their sections, and solar cell clusters. The flexible-type solar cells are put on the flexible, branched carriers by means of a plug-in connection. Instead of using individual, or plug-in connections completely, fixed connections may be used.    The tree structure consists of an anchorage with a current tapping, branch components on the trunk, and the solar cells. The installation is erected in steel or composite plastics. The foundation is of reinforced concrete with a bolt-ring for the trunk fastening.    ADVANTAGE -   Facility for optimum orthogonal alignment of the solar cells to the angle of incident light.
The solar energy plant for the conversion of solar radiation into utilisable energy, comprises a Fresnel reflector consisting of several concentrating mirrors installed on a base plane and having a focal point above the base plane removed from the Fresnel reflector by a focal length. At least one solar receiver is placed close to the base plane and an additional reflector is mounted above the Fresnel reflector close to the focal point.    Concentrated solar radiation reflected by the Fresnel reflector is redirected onto the at least one solar receiver. The additional reflector is in the form of a dielectric mirror which is of the beam splitter type so that all the non-reflected radiation is transmitted. The Fresnel reflector is of the heliostats field type in which the concentrating mirrors track the sun.    ADVANTAGE -   Overheating of additional reflector is avoided. Highly efficient solar energy plant.
The generating unit comprises four adjustable height tension legs disposed as the four corners of a square. A platform structure is supported on the tension legs several parallel lateral support structures extend across the platform structure. A combination turbine/generator is supported on each of the lateral support structures by a vertical column. A power jack raise each of the vertical columns.    ADVANTAGE -   Flexible subsea hydroelectric generating plant that takes advantage of ocean current with its mild movements over course of time.
Thermophotovoltaic electric generator in which a hydrocarbon gas fuel and air mixture is burned in a central vertical cylindrical burner/emitter, emitting infrared radiation which is received by low band gap photovoltaic cells and converted to electric power. The burner comprises three concentric ceramic tubes, an outer emitter tube, an inner fuel injector tube and a mid diameter air injector tube, both passing through the emitter, the fuel injector being open at its top end and the air injector open at its bottom end. Combustion in a steady state occurs at the top of the fuel injector tube and hot combustion gases travel downward between the injectors and then upward between its emitter tubes. The three tube diameters and lengths are adjusted to achieve a uniform temperature along the length of the emitter tube.    Also claimed is a generator in which the outer tube is transparent to infrared radiation.    ADVANTAGE -   Efficient heat transfer. Off the shelf ceramic tubing can be used.
The module is comprised of the radiation concentrator (1) with concave working surface (2) consisting of solar elements (3) with opening angle not larger than 80 deg., radiation receiver (4) of solar elements with two working surfaces (5,6) positioned in the focus of concentrator (1), surfaces (5,6) set on opposing sides of receiver (4) with heat removal system and sun (8) tracking device (7).    The solar radiation is divided into two streams, one stream is used to generate electricity by solar elements (3), the other stream is reflected by concentrator (1) into working surfaces (5,6) for heating water in the receiver (4). This raises efficiency of solar energy module by 5% by utilizing radiation reflected from solar elements (3).    USE/ADVANTAGE -   In semiconductor photo-electric batteries with raised efficiency. Bul. 04/09.02.95
The exhaust heat usage control device uses an exhaust heat pump (1) to exhaust heat from water at high temperature. An exhaust heat system (2) supplies heat to an evaporator (5) and a preheater (10). The heat exchanged with a medium contained in a hot well tank (22). The tank supplies heat to the preheater through a medium pump (8). The exhaust heat system supplies evaporative fuel at regulated pressure to a medium turbine (17).    The turbine drives a generator which generates electrically. The exhaust gas from the turbine is cooled when it passes through a condenser (20). A medium system (14) circulates the condensed gas to the hot well tank. The generator is connected to a power load. A medium temperature deflection signal is sent to the exit point of the hot well tank. An exhaust temperature deflection signal is sent to the exit point of the evaporator. A control signal is provided to control the hot water flow, using a regulating valve (24).    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents output variations. Stabilises cooling water system.
The power generator has a cooling room (1) connected with a heating room (2) through a pipe (3) vertically. The end of the pipe is deeply inserted into the heating room forming a space (4) inside heating room. The pipe seals the heating room at a junction part (5). The cooling room is constructed so that a cooling water (7) is passed inside it. A volatile liquid in the part of heating is made to evaporate into the upper coding room.    The circulated evaporation gas into the construction made in cooling room is liquified by cooling. A volatile liquid in the heating room is made to evaporate into the upper cooling room. The circulated evaporation gas into the construction made in cooling room is liquified by cooling. And the liquid is returned to the lower heating room. A turbine generator is installed in the path.    ADVANTAGE -   Increases energy density by installation of generator. Supplies power stably. Accumulates normal temperature energy.
Zn-oxide thin film is deposited by contacting Zn-contg. reaction prod. to the surface of a matrix, to pyrolyse the Zn-contg. reaction prod. for depositing Zn-oxide thin film on the matrix. The reaction prod. is a suspension comprising an organic media, in which powder of particulate Zn-cpd(s). are dispersed.    ADVANTAGE -   Zn-oxide thin film has sufficient coating wt. in a given time.
The electron has a collector (2) which collects the emitted thermion from an emitter (1). The former faces each peripheral surface of the six surfaces of the latter. One side of the both electrodes is a cylindrical electrode while the other side is provided with a plate-like electrode. A ceramic spacer is sandwiched by the cylindrical and the plate-like electrode. It also provides a suitable clearance to the emitter and collector.    An elastic part (5) has six crossarm (8) which pinches the emitter and allows each collector to sandwich the emitter, making the two electrodes facing each other.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents electrode deformation even after long period of use; prevents variation on electron power output characteristic or short circuit between electrodes; provides size redn. and simplified structure of thermion electron.
A semiconductor solar cell comprises an elongated substrate (10) having a curved surface coated with at least two semiconductor layers (30,40) with a conductive layer (20) between the substrate and the first semiconductor layer and a second conductive layer (50) on the second semiconductor layer. The semiconductor layers are selectively positioned about the substrate to form arcuate segments.    Also claimed is a solar cell module as above in which the cell above is fixed to a superstrate, a metallisation layer applied to cell and superstrate and selectively removed to form conduction paths, and electrical pads are connected to these paths.    USE -   For solar cells and solar cell arrays.    ADVANTAGE -   Material use and cost are reduced. Mfr. is simple, resistance losses and grid obscuration are reduced, and efficiency is high.
The photovoltaic roofing member comprises: (a) a roofing strip having a length Ls and a width Ws and including an overlap portion of length Lo equal to Ls and width Wo less than Ws, from which depend tab portions which are defined by one or more notches cut part-way through the strip width and which have length Lt less than Ls and width Wt less than Ws such that Wt + Wo = Ws; (b) photovoltaic devices affixed to corresp. tabs; (c) an interconnection system for establishing electrical communication between the devices; and (d) positive and negative electrical terminals on the bottom surface of the roofing member and in electrical communication with the devices.    Also claimed is a similar photovoltaic roofing member in which at least one of the notches is a tapered notch of variable width.    ADVANTAGE -   The roofing member is simple to install, provides efficient conversion of light to electricity, can be used in combination with standard shingle stock, makes efficient use of roof space for generating electricity and is unobtrusive in use.
The appts. uses several solar panels (10) arranged on the building roof (5) and supported by a space holding material (14) or rail structure positioned at a pre-determined height to allow clearance of the solar panel from the building roof enabling air to circulate to the space between the roof and the solar panel for cooling its exterior.    An adjustment surface material (16,17) placed below the solar panel and is installed on both edges of the solar panel structure such that when the solar panel is adjusted to allow a larger capture of solar energy, one of the adjustment material touches the edge of the roof while the other adjustment surface material follows the upper solar panel.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides better appearance to roof even when tilted at a larger angle.
The collector incorporates, within the same housing, the collector (6) and an accumulator (5) in the shape of a parallelepipedon divided by walls. The remaining elements, such as the pump (1), differential thermostat, purges and valves are housed within a transparent cover. A heat exchanger (13) is connected to the pump and to the collector and at the other end to a valve (11) and a lip (10) of the housing. An insulating material (4,14) covers the heat exchanger.    Tap water enters the honeycombed accumulator through an inlet (18) and exits through an outlet (12) to fill the accumulator and, whenever it tries to pass through to the primary circuit (13), is retained by a solenoid valve (17). When sun falls on a photovoltaic cell (2) a current is supplied to a bistable electronic system (19) to control the solenoid valve. A level detector (9) detects the water level in the primary circuit so that the pump can be started. The pump speed varies with the current from the photovoltaic panel which varies with the sunlight thus controlling the rate of movement of the water.    ADVANTAGE -   Cheaper unit with improved efficiency and which is more aesthetically pleasing and easy to connect.
The solar power system includes the thermal storage tank (90) and a number of solar collector units (10). Each solar collector unit (10) comprises a transparent cover plate (20) with photovoltaic cells (21) for converting the radiant energy of sunlight into electric power.    The units also include a rear mounting rail (71), a front mounting frame (70) for engagement with the rear mounting rail (71) of another solar collector unit, and a heat-absorber plate (61) having a collector tube (62) connected to the thermal-storage tank (90). A lateral mounting frame (60) is connected to another solar collector unit over its heat-absorber plate (61) by screws (69).    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For collecting heat energy of sun and converting radiant energy of sunlight into electric power.
The generation method comprises the steps of operating motor-generator apparatus, including internal-combustion device and electrical-generator, with compressed fuel comprising by volume about five-tenths to about seven-tenths hydrogen and about two-tenths to about three-tenths carbon monoxide. The fuel is combusted entirely to water and carbon dioxide in the internal-combustor to drive the electrical-generator. The fuel is derived from water by operating an underwater carbon arc, evolving and collecting the fuel from it in gaseous form. The fuel is fed to the motor-generator's internal-combustion means along with sufficient air to combust the fuel. Operating the internal-combustor drives the electrical-generator. Electrical output power is generated with the electrical-generator.    ADVANTAGE -   Generates electrical power from fuel free of harmful emissions.
The sealing method positions a glass (10), an amorphous solar battery (11), an ethylene acetate vinyl copolymer layer (12), a back cover (13) sequentially. A vacuum bag or a vacuumised crimp roll accommodates the entire arrangement.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces usage of expensive vacuum lamination. Enables rapid production.
The method involves burning of a fossil fuel in a combustion unit (10). The operation substrates or an inflammable gas battery (16) is manufactured by carrying out a chemical reaction of chemical substance of the battery using the heat generated in the combustion unit. The power is then generated by the battery which then drives the combustion unit.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents damage of turbine blades by eliminating dust. Generates stable electricity for target.
The thrust bearing consists of plate springs (11) located in between bearing plates (12). A geostationary board is provided to support the shaft of the rotary electric machine. By means of a countersunk bolt (15), the springs are clamped to the upper clamp (13) and lower clamp (14).    USE/ADVANTAGE -   In e.g. power generation equipments, reversible pumps, turbines, dynamos, windmills. Improves bearing capacity of rotary electric machine. Eases maintenance of bearing device.
The method for manufacturing flat emitter contacts between contact fingers formed by template stamp or screen process for solar cell contacts and using an antireflection layer contains the following steps: (a) the complete solar cell (10) with contacts and without antireflection layer is pre-warmed in demineralised water; (b) the surface (5) of the emitter layer (1) between contact fingers (4) is etched in a basic solution at a temperature of 50 deg.C to 80 deg.C.; (c) the surface is rinsed in demineralised water and then (d) dried. The etching solution is 1 to 10% KOH solution.    ADVANTAGE -   Improved conversion efficiency in blue light.
The solar cell module (101) comprises a surface cover member e.g. a waterproof transparent film (108) e.g. of polyethylene tetrafluoroethylene, polyethylene trifluoride, polyvinyl trifluoride etc. over a flexible solar cell e.g. a non single crystal semiconductor e.g. amorphous silicon formed on a stainless steel substrate, a lamination having a back reinforcement member (109) e.g. a zinc coated steel plate and a filler e.g. of silicon resin, butyryl resin, acrylic resin etc. are larger than the solar cell and is superposed on the non light receiving side of the solar cell with an opening corresponding to a pierced portion for accommodating a fixing means of the solar cell module.    USE -   Passive conversion of solar energy to electrical energy.    ADVANTAGE -   Can be nailed to existing roof, stable over 20 years.
The energy recovery system includes the wayside appts. which cooperates with passing vehicles. It generates electrical energy from the kinetic energy of the vehicles. An energy transmitter or energy store holds the generated energy. The wayside appts. includes electrical windings by which a magnetised vehicle passes in order to generate electrical energy.    Alternatively, the appts. is an air driven turbine connected to an electrical generator. The vehicles have air guides to direct air into the turbine. The appts. is mounted in the road surface so as to be driven over by vehicles to generate electricity.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For power generation in city. Generates electricity for powering street lights, traffic lights etc. Saves energy.
The device has a low-pressure region which contains low-pressure alkali metal (3) and serves as a low-voltage component. On the other side is a high-pressure region which contains high-pressure alkali metal (2) and serves as a high-voltage component. The two region is formed in a board-like material wherein a porous structure (4), which occupies a greater part, is separated by a non-porous insulating material (7b). A solid-state electrolyte (1) is formed on the surface of the porous structure which also occupies a greater part while the remaining part is occupied by a non-porous electrode (6). The non-porous electrode is adjacent to another non-porous insulating material (7a).    The non-porous electrode becomes the negative electrode while a porous electrode (5) which covers the non-porous electrode to where the electrolyte is formed, becomes a positive electrode.    ADVANTAGE -   Can generate high voltages. Minimise heat due to less heat conduction in porous electrode.
The circuit consists of a charging voltage detector (16) which detects the terminal voltage of storage battery (15). The storage battery stores power from solar battery (11) consisting of number of solar cells. The circuit also consists of a switch arrangement (13) with number of switches to connect solar cells to storage battery and load (18).    The switch control arrangement is controlled by a switch control circuit (13). A second control circuit (17) such as microcomputer controls the switches according to the difference between maximum permissible voltage for storage battery and present terminal voltage of it.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents overcharge of battery with simple circuit.
The portable telephone appts uses a radio telephone appts (1) as a public telephone appts. A tariff charge appts performs account processing of the charge is connected to the radio telephone appts.    A solar battery is provided in order to charge the battery located inside the above appts. The service in radio telephone service area inside and outside is secured to other according to the necessity in the antenna (6) of the radio telephone appts.    ADVANTAGE -   Performs installation, withdrawal and moving freely. Replaces external power supply by its charging effect.
The turbine comprises a working wheel (10) with airfoil shaped blades (12) mounted transversely to the fluid flow for rotation in a plane parallel to the flow. A channel (20) directs the fluid to the blades.    In the turbine chamber, the channel has a curved configuration (52,54,62,64) with bulges to optimise the angle of attack of the fluid onto the blades. The cross section may be varied in cross section to smooth and direct flow.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For hydro-pneumatic, hydro, wind or wave (tidal) power generation systems. Electrical generator may be driven with high speed unidirectional rotation under reversible ultra low head pressure and/or high velocity flow.
A luminescent solar concentrator comprises a glass or plastic plate (10A) doped with a photoluminescent material, and incorporating an optical fibre (20) having two ends and a core of laser material. When exposed to sunlight, the concentrator generates luminescence light from the luminescent material, the luminescence including wavelengths within at least one absorption band of the laser material, generating optical radiation within at least one laser band for the laser material. At least part of the generated optical radiation is transmitted to at least one end of the fibre. An energy conversion means at one of the fibre ends converts the optical radiation to useful energy.    USE -   For generating electrical power from solar energy.    ADVANTAGE -   The energy loss by reabsorption is greatly minimised by the use of photoluminescent materials which are also efficient laser materials.
The unit has a wind wheel with blades (1) connected by cross pieces (2) to the vertical shaft (3). The unit has a circular chamber (29) connected to the water reservoir (15) and a pontoon (4) with an unloading cavity and conical upper part, at least one pair of turbines (17,18) with generators (19,20) and supply pipes with nozzle head pieces. Both turbines with generators are fitted mutually perpendicular and are connected to the circular chamber. The pontoon unloading cavity is connected to the atmos. The conical upper part of the pontoon connects the latter cavity to the shaft cavity. Each nozzle head piece is provided with left hand air channel. The container has a sliding bearing made as a cylindrical cup which are axially displace in the liq. filled gas tight cavity connected to the cut-off device pump. The cup base, directed towards the pontoon base, is curved and coated in antifriction material.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For wind power conversion. The efficiency is increased and material volume is reduced. Bul.2/20.1.95
The charger has a relay (10) with contact (10c). It is connected between a solar battery (80) and battery (84) of an electric car (82).    If the voltage of the battery reaches a fixed value, controller (14) short circuits the relay contact in order to perform a charging process from the solar battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces power consumption; attains power efficiency near 100 percent; provides low cost apparatus due to simple apparatus composition; charges safely by stopping charging process automatically when battery voltage carries out abnormal rise.
A vertical axis wind energy converter works using the same components not only on the resistance or displacement principle but also on the aerodynamic lift principle. In this way, tilting or control mechanisms for the sails are avoided. The centre of gravity of a sail as seen in the direction of its profile is arranged to be at such a distance behind the axis of rotation (4) that the rear edge (10) of the sail stays on the outer end stop (9) through the action of the centrifugal force on the sail acting against the wind resistance force, or the front edge moves towards its end stop. In this way, the sail is directed tangentially to the circumference of the rotor wheel.    ADVANTAGE -   Combined principles of operation in single windmill design.
A machine working in the lee of a wind has controllable sails rotating over elastic surfaces. The resistance of the stator field generates a derivative lee which favours the rotor field in its movement. The term "wind" can also signify "light", "magnetism", etc. The rotor field can guarantee its stability. The rotor field (sail surfaces) can not function in every installation as a rotor.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Utilisation of constant pressure of the wind, of magnetism and even of light itself, with stabilisation of movement in turbulent atmos. by the application of weights.
A solar absorber has at least one fluid-carrying pipe (3) with collection pipes (1, 2) at its ends and thermally connected to a heat- absorbing plate (4), which is shorter than the distance between the collector pipes. At least one of the latter is connected over its whole length and all around with a second absorbing plate (6) whose edge (6a) abuts that (4a) of the first plate. The second plate has a concave recess (between 270 and 320 degrees round) into which the collector pipe fits, and has a turned-down lip along the non-abutting edge. Each absorbing pipe enters the collecting pipes radially and or tangentially. As seen from on top, all alignments are in the x- or y-coordinate directions.    ADVANTAGE -   Improved efficiency.
The electric power appts. includes the energy accumulator and the reversible power output circuit, including the photocell array, the wind-driven generator, the hydroelectric generator set, the electric motor, the accumulator pack and the switcher.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Can transform several kinds of natural energy into electric energy to power transportation tools such as ship, car, airplane, etc.
The power generator utilising wind power or hydraulic power, provides a structure which makes it possible to easily install a windmill or a water wheel.
The solar cell arrangement includes solar cell elements (3) each having a photovoltaic active layer (21,22) coaxially positioned around a linear electrode. A plate-like second electrode (4) has the solar cell elements mounted on one side surface (4a). This side of the second electrode is a light reflective surface, configured so that light reflected from the surface is gathered onto the outer edge surface of the solar cell elements.    Pref. the plate electrode side includes multiple concave surfaces, (4a), each formed associated with an individual linear solar cell element.    ADVANTAGE -   Improved space factor and photoelectric conversion efficiency; reduced shading depending on incident light direction; mfd. simply and more economically.
The electrical energy plant uses a wind turbine (3), supported by a number of suspension cables (2) beneath a box kite. The suspension cables may be attached to the kite at one end and tethered to the ground at the other end, with winch motors (5) used to raise the wind turbine to the optimum height.    Pref. the winch motors are mounted on a circular guide track allowing the rotation of the turbine to face the wind direction. The kite may be raised initially with the aid of a helium balloon.    ADVANTAGE -   Efficient current generation by using higher wind velocities.
The energy generation system uses a number of cylindrical containers displaced in the axial direction, relative to a liquid column, so that the containers hold a varying quantity of air and liquid, the pressure of the air dependent on the quantity of liquid. The full containers descend down the liquid column under gravity and are emptied at the bottom, with the discharged liquid used to drive a turbine.    Pref. the liquid is contained in a vertical shaft (1), with a continuous series of containers circulated in a vertical path passing through the shaft during the downwards movement and lying on the outside of the shaft during the upwards movement.    USE -   For converting potential energy into electrical energy.
The filling point (17) of a storage vessel (11) connects through a pipe (14) to a natural water reservoir (15). A pump (8) driven by an electric motor (7) connected to a photovoltaic generator (1) is provided on the pipe (14) on the filling point side. Operation of the pump (8) is regulated by the removal of water from the storage vessel (11).    A solar energy module with photovoltaic generator (1) may be connected to an accumulator (4). The storage vessel (11) may be enclosed, may be heat insulated, may have a heating element (12) and may have a non-return valve (10f) on the filling point (17).    ADVANTAGE -   Suitable for pasture and meadow regions without naturally available water. Uses ''environment friendly' energy source.
The combined generating system uses potential of sea water static pressure and kinetic energy of fluid. The whole system is a ship structure, working by anchoring it in the sea. It uses the drop difference to convert the static pressure potential to the water flow, and then generates electricity.    ADVANTAGE -   System is simple in structure, convenient in operation and management.
The high-effect networking method for wind energy and electric network involves using the mechanical energy of fan as an additional energy source to supply to a generator, or as additional energy source of a motor to supply to a load of the motor.    The mechanical energy output of fan is connected with load of power machine or load belt wheel of motor by overrunning clutch. It does not need the converting of wind and electricity, electricity transforming and storage etc.    ADVANTAGE -   Increases utilisation of wind energy.
The starter for a natural energy powered motor (2) comprises, an electricity storage device (8) connectable to be charged with electrical energy from a natural energy source (3) A voltage conversion device (7) is provided to step up the charging voltage to the electricity storage device (8).    An energy level sensor (9) is connected to the electricity storage device (8) to sense a predetermined maximum charging level and to thereupon in use trigger discharge from the storage device (8) of sufficient electrical energy to start a motor (2) to be driven by electrically from the natural energy source (3) in use.    USE -   For driving pumps in remote areas where electricity supply and other power sources are not readily available. Uses natural energy sources e,g solar panels or wind operated generators.
The dome-shaped housing structure includes a number of solar electric cells in the interior space. A dome is constructed from a number of interconnected members, the members being inclined at different angles to form a geometric dome. A number of solar electric cells form at least part of the interconnected members, the solar electric cells being disposed interiorly of the geometric dome. A least one interconnected member is a convex lens to allow solar energy to pass into the interior of the geometric dome.    At least part of the interconnected members are two-way mirrors with planar surfaces disposed in different directions. Sunlight can enter the geometric dome at all solar angles.    ADVANTAGE -   Strong. Improved concentration of sunlight without elaborate tracking mechanism.
The adverse current prevention apparatus (6) is connected between a solar battery (1) and a storage battery (2). The apparatus consists of an adverse current prevention diode (6) across a normally closed contact (7) and a current coil (8) with shunted second diode (10) for the operation of the contact.    During normal state, current flows from the solar battery to the storage battery. The coil is energised by flow of current and the contact is closed. During abnormal state, the contact opens so the first diode across the contact prevents flow of current from storage battery to solar battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces energy loss. Detects abnormal current reliably.
The appts. has a semiconductor element board which consists of n-type (1) and p-type semiconductor (2) chips. The semiconductor chips and a standard polar module (10) are sandwiched between a low temp. heat style pipe (6) and a high temp. heat style pipe (5).    The style pipes are arranged in parallel, and are connected by means of a main pipe. A junction electrode provided at the standard unit connects the standard polar module electrically and in series at both ends. A cooling process is obtained by supplying high temp. heat style in series and low temp. in parallel from one main pipe to another main pipe.    ADVANTAGE -   Obtains superb characteristics. Establishes standard technology. Large sized freezing refrigerator for practical use. Increases cooling capability.
The portable appts uses a solar battery (2) arranged at its one side to charge a secondary battery (6). A strap (3) for hanging the appts on the shoulder or head is used. The strap is arranged to turn the solar battery surface to the upper part with respect perpendicular direction while hanging the appts.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables projection of more solar lights over solar battery. Raises power generation effectively.
The manufacturing method uses a transparent glass substrate (1) over which two n type CdS sintering films (2a,2b) are deposited. The two CdS films act as transparent and back electrodes respectively. A p type CdTe film is interposed between the two CdS sintering films. The adjacent upper CdS sintering films are connected with the following lower CdS sintering films.    ADVANTAGE -   Effects cost reduction due to non-usage of screen printing technology. Improves energy conversion efficiency.
The apparatus is provided with a solar panel (1), to hold solar batteries (2). A connection member (6), with its connection part (6a) is clamped with a clamp member (5b) of a movable member (5). This clamping makes a projection under position part (5a) to be projected downwards by the tare weight of the apparatus.    Whenever clamping is cancelled by bringing up the projection part, the panel pulls back to a predetermined position automatically, by an action of a spring member (4).    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids increase of size. Inhibits heat transfer from panel to main part.
The air cooler comprises two glass plates (7) enclosing a space (9) between them. The window is placed in an opening (5) of the building. An opening (13) facing the interior building and another opening (15) leading to the exterior of the building. The first opening is present in the lower portion of the space region. The second opening is present on the upper portion of the space region. A window blind (11) consisting of a number of blade unit boards (1101) arranged, is present in the empty region.    Each blade unit has a solar panel (21) attached to its surface. A blower (17) absorbs the air from the room through the lower opening. This air is then discharged into the atmosphere through the upper opening. The blower is driven by a motor. The motor receives power through a lead wire (35). The power for operating the motor is obtained from solar energy. The solar panel absorb the solar energy and convert it into electrical energy. This in turn drives the motor.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces expenses in using air-conditioners by providing electrical energy from solar light. Solves environmental problem like earth warming.
The battery operated type electronic device is provided with an interruption unit which functions in an active mode and an inactive mode. The interruption unit is made to operate in the inactive mode when the power supply circuit is turned OFF. The power supply circuit supplies power to the main units (1,16,17).    An operation unit (18) maintains inactive mode of the interruption unit even when the normal operation of the device is carried out. The operation of the device is interrupted when it is under packing conditions and not under usage. When a start operation is triggered by an user, the OFF state of the device is cancelled off and the power is supplied from a power supply circuit.    ADVANTAGE -   Performs automatic supply power to device. Minimizes power wastage during usage.
The distributed power supply system has a power generator which consists of an invertor (4) and a solar battery (2). The solar battery supplies AC voltage to the protective device which separates the main part from the power supply system during emergency. A tester (7) takes the output of the protective device which is fed with AC output. The tester diagnoses the state of the protective device.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables easy protection and maintenance. Reduces weight and size.
The thermoelectric conversion element is equipped with p type semiconductors (81a) and N type semiconductors (82a) placed on metallic boards (83a) which is used for conduction purposes. A titanium board (82z) is attached to the metallic board.    The PN junctions are formed by connecting the p type semiconductors to the N type semiconductors through copper soldered layers (84a). The junctions are arranged at predetermined positions along a heat dissipation board (86) and an incoming radiation board (87).    ADVANTAGE -   Improves conversion efficiency. Improves power generation efficiency. Simplifies composition. Reduces internal resistance.
The generator operated by total incineration of sludge from residual water purificn. plants, carried out in a boiler furnace, with steam generation in a closed circuit. The steam feeds a turbine which drives a generator of electrical current.
The generating system can also have the facility for altering the physical operating conditions of the system during the operation. A system (16) is arranged inside the chamber (5), the size of which can be altered, to alter the size of the chamber vol.    At least one further chamber (17) is arranged additional to the oscillation chamber (5), with which the size of the system vol. is altered. A part is separated off in one of the chambers in which the water level (14) can be altered, in order to alter the air vol. in the system.    ADVANTAGE -   Improved changeover of sea wave energy in to electrical power, so that esp. control of operating conditions of system can be attained.
The device for securing a mains-coupled wind-power machine, with rotor (1), generator (2) and a wind-vane (10), during a storm, operates automatically and requires no additional auxiliary drive, but can be combined with other securement systems, such as a mechanical brake.    This is achieved on account of a design which has the wind-vane rod (9) latched parallel to the rotor axle, on the rotor housing, in the wind-vane rod's operating position, with the latching or engaging position being equipped with an automatic switch (11 or/and 12) which releases during a storm.    USE -   For small and medium power wind-powered machines.
The energy production method involves using a chimney (4) which resembles a condenser tower and draws in ambient air (3). The air is heated in a heat transfer siphon (5) and rises. Vanes (6) deflect the air flow and the power plant or the heat transfer siphon only, supported by the pontoon (2) is caused to rotate.    Air is removed from the siphon pipes by a low pressure compressor and the water flow is maintained by the forces generated during rotation.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Appts. is vertical axis windmill and power may be recovered at low cost from energy of rotation.
The power generator includes a condenser (3) and an evaporator (4) which are used in a Rankine cycle. Condenser coolant source (1) and evaporator heat source (2) are provided with liquified gases, e.g. liquid air or nitrogen, and environmental ambient temperatures respectively.    The Rankine cycle operating fluid boils at the evaporator, the vapour from which causes rotation of a turbine (7) connected to a turbine generator (8). The operating fluid is subsequently condensed, via the condenser, and pumped (5) back to the evaporator. The car runs by an electric power obtained from the generator.    ADVANTAGE -   Has low running cost. Avoids pollution as no fuel is consumed. Can run in all weathers and requires no heavy batteries.
The solar panel (7) consists of many blade-unit boards (9) positioned at the upper part of the structure. These blade-unit boards can be opened or closed. The intrusion of rain water into the structure is prevented when the blade-unit boards are closed.    When the blade-unit board is in the open state, lighting into the structure is possible. The amorphous solar panel (11) is attached to an area along the surface of the blade-unit board that receives sunlight.    ADVANTAGE -   Can generate electric energy at once and it contributes to prevention of global warming.
The solid electrolyte comprises a beta-alumina ion conductive matrix, and fibre reinforcing material not reacting with the matrix.    USE -   For a battery, alkali sensor, or thermoelectric converter.
The solar collector comprises piping to carry a transport medium. The section has heat-storage, recovery and insulating characteristics. While maintaining translucency, it can also produce electric current. It can be filled with paraffin as the heat-insulating and storage medium.    The supporting members between the outer glass panes can have both static and thermal conductive functions. The shape of the tubes incorporated in the ribs can be such as to compensate for the different expansion characteristics of the materials used.    ADVANTAGE -   Prepares and discharges incoming surplus energy, where this cannot be immediately stored or used.
The solar module fitted roof or wall element e.g. a roof tile (2) or solar module arrangement is comprised of solar modules (4) which are a separate part independent of the roof tiles. The solar modules are carried on the upper side of the tiles and can be exchanged independently of the roof tiles. In one embodiment not every solar module is combined with a roof tile, or selected regions of the roof tiles may be equipped with solar modules while others are not.    ADVANTAGE -   Uses roof of house as support framework.
A novel silicon semiconductor wafer has three abutting single crystal sectors (6,7,8) which has radial boundary faces and lines and which form angles (W6,W7,W8) of less than 180 with one another, two of the boundary faces being prim. twin grain boundaries between two (III) crystal planes.    Also claimed is prodn. of the above wafer.    USE -   For solar cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The wafer permits prodn. of extremely thin solar cells of over 20% efficiency with high yields and without high risk of fracture.
The wave power generating system comprises a platform positioned over a body of water exhibiting wave motion and a drive shaft mounted on the platform. A first float drives the draft shaft only during the rising portion of a wave, and a second float drives the drive shaft only during the falling portion of a wave. A flywheel is operatively connected to the drive shaft to be driven.    A generating device is operatively connected to the flywheel for generating electrical power when driven by the flywheel. The first and second floats are positioned side by side along a line perpendicular to the motion of the waves so as to drive the flywheel with maximum regularity and without overlap in order to achieve a constant operating speed for the generating device.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides highly effective system which affords maximum utilisation of statistically expected wave patterns at any given location. Constancy of speed necessary for commercially usable power generation is achieved with a less massive flywheel.
The solar light energy collection method consists of a permeation member (15) which constitutes the module for the roof (5). Multiple electric power generation unit (17) are located with proper spacing on the roof module located in the sloping part of the roof. Transparent part (39) which passes solar light is located in permeation member between adjacent power generation units.    The electric power is generated by a amorphous solar panel with solar light irradiated, by each electric power generation part. The lighting in a structure (1) is performed by visible part of solar light passing through the transparent domain. Concurrently, the amorphous solar panel is cooled in water flowing through a internal passage (21) of the permeation member.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves electric power generation efficiency. Increases thermal energy utilization efficiency.
The manufacturing method involves usage of a semiconductor P type substrate (21) in which a PN junction is formed. A reflection prevention film (27) is then installed over the PN junction layer which then holds a pair of silver electrodes (31). A dopant liquid (22) is applied on the semiconductor P type substrate. At the same time, a masking liquid (23) along the titanium acid is applied at the peripheral portion of the other end surface of the substrate. An N+ layer is then formed at the light receiving surface of P type substrate and is not formed at the mask liquid application film. Thus, a PN junction is formed on the upper surface of the substrate and a silver electrode (28) and an aluminium electrode (24) are formed, which are mutually and electrically connected to the other surface of the substrate.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces manufacturing cost of device. Improves reliability of device.
The battery uses a flexible film substrate in which an amorphous silicon thin film is set up as a photovoltaic element. The thermal expansion coefficients of this substrate are 10x10- 6 or less and -2x10-6 or more. A coloration of the substrate is carried out by coating it with dye or paints with 0.5wt% which is composed of para system aromatic polyamide film.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids embrittlement. Reduces cost. Secures stabilisation over long period of time. Provides good performance. Enables using outdoor environment. Surpass flexibility.
The electrical power generator has multiple pairs of metal or plastic boards bound together at a tilt angle (a) to the horizontal. These are mounted onto the periphery of a propeller support stand (3) of the wind power generator. The solar panels (1,1') which convert solar light into current are mounted on the outer surface of some of these boards.    Oil for receiving sunlight (2,2') are coated on the other boards, enabling three dimensional light reception. The invertors are fixed at the lower part of the generator. The storage battery (7,7') are provided to store the power generated both by solar and wind power.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   In e.g. lighting city during calamities like earthquake, fire, floods, mountainous roads and sea shore areas without power line. Enables power generation even when sunlight is insufficient. Enables power generation even when wind power is insufficient. Simplifies structure. Reduces cost as structure is simplified.
The cesium enclosure method involves transportation of cesium vapour with vacuum pump (4) in a transfer pipe line (5). A cesium reservoir (6) connected in parallel to the pipe line, cools and stores cesium. The cesium vapour heats the reservoir and the condensed cesium is stored in the reservoir.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies heating degassing process in transfer pipe line with reliable transportation.
The appts. (40) has a voltage waveform filter and a current waveform filter which filter the low-frequency component of voltage and current , respectively from the inverter. The multiplier (47) outputs the product of both components. If the product exceeds the threshold-value, the comparator (48) will output the independent operation detected signal (SD).    ADVANTAGE -   Provides precise detection which stops influence of noise and detects frequency variations caused by service interruption with high precision.
The PC member with amorphous solar panel (1) comprises a PC member (3) and an amorphous solar panel (5). A ground layer of resin composition is formed on the back side of amorphous solar panel. Multiple support members (7) are protruded into the ground layer and fixed onto the solar panel. The light receiving face (5a) of the solar panel faces outside and overall arrangement of solar panel and support members are fixed to the PC member.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides compact and cheap PC member with amorphous solar panel. Suits for mass production.
The module comprises two or more arrays of solar cells (1) connected in series. The output lead wires are connected to the termination cells of the arrays. These termination cells are provided in two solar cell arrays which are existing at the central part of the solar cell arrays.    ADVANTAGE -   Stops short circuit accident of output lead wire and cell to minimum extent. Improves reliability of solar battery module.
The energy collection method involves usage of a bridge unit (1). This unit has a base wall part (5) set up at a predetermined height from the ground level. The side walls (7) are installed on either sides of the base wall part. Tracks (9) are constructed on the base wall part and a reflective board (13) is clung to the inner part of the side walls. A solar panel (21) positioned on the base part, receives the solar light after being reflected by the reflective board.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies installation of solar battery. Provides sufficient energy storage method. Reduces cost of device.
The solar battery is furnished with a transparent insulated substrate (1). A first insulated layer (2) is layered over the substrate. This is followed by the deposition of two or more solar battery substrates (3) over the insulated layer. Each solar battery substrate is covered by a second insulated layer (4) which have an inductive insulation films (8) over them. A third insulator layer (9) surmounted by a metal board is layered on each of these insulated films.    ADVANTAGE -   Secures good insulation nature. Inhibits tracking of solar battery substrates. Reduces thickness of insulated layer.
High temp. steam electrolytic cell comprises at least one kind of interface part material having electrical insulation property and linear expansion coefficient at the value between that of electrolyte tube and that of interconnector tube. The interface part material is placed and joined between the electrolyte tube and the interconnector tube, and has a linear expansion coefficient changed in step form between the electrolyte tube and the interconnector tube.    USE -   Used for solid electrolyte fuel cell or alkaline metal thermoelectric generator cell.    ADVANTAGE -   Damage of the electrolyte tube, interconnector tube, and the jointed part is prevented. Peeling-off of jointed interface of the intermediate material due to its deterioration by current passing can be prevented.
The semiconductor device includes a rear contact metallisation on a rear surface of a substrate. A given number of semiconductor layers are placed on the front surface of the substrate. A front contact metallisation is placed on a front surface of a selected semiconductor layer. Given areas of the substrate are thinned to form a given structural pattern.    The pattern includes an external frame and several interconnected beams which support the thin substrate. Some of the semiconductor layers are photovoltaic layers with an anti-reflection coating layer. The substrate is gallium arsenide, germanium or silicon.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For high power device fabrication wherein substrate thickness limits ability to dissipate, e.g. heat. Allows for mfr. of mechanically robust, high output solar cells e.g. for satellites. Robust due to resistance to crack propagation. High efficiency and light weight solar cells.
USE -   Is widely used in navigation mark lamp on the sea and as power for operation and illumination on the sea and also can be used for seashore electric generating in breaker region.
Photovoltaic solar panel includes a transparent bearing plate (11), which is typically made of glass. The bearing plate has a first surface (12) for receiving sunlight and a second surface (13) which is provided with one or more solar cells (2) so as to form a panel surface comprising active and inactive regions.    The solar panel surface includes a directing arrangement which is located relative to active and inactive regions of the panel surface, so as to direct at least part of the sunlight that otherwise would be incident on the inactive regions, to active regions of the panel surface. A reflective coating is applied to a sub-assembly with interposed second intermediate layer, and laminating the assembly at positions related to inactive regions of the panel surface.    ADVANTAGE -   Redirection of normally lost sunlight contributes to improved effectiveness of panel in highly cost efficient manner. Increases panel capacity, facilitates wider spacing of solar cells which leads to use of fewer solar cells per solar panel without reducing power density and total capacity.
The waterproofing structure has a waterproofing sheet (3) stuck on a concrete wall (1). The waterproofing sheet consists of an amorphous solar panel (5) and a ground layer (7). The substrate of the panel comprises the negative electrode. The transparent electrode comprises the positive electrode.    An amorphous silicon layer is positioned between the substrate and transparent electrode. An upper protection layer is formed on the transparent electrode. A lower protection layer is formed under the substrate. The ground layer is formed under the protection layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents invasion of rain water into waterproofing sheet. Realises possibility of obtaining energy from solar battery.
The thermo-electric power generator has a combustion device (1) and a heat pipe (2) fixed on an incoming radiation part (2c) positioned above it. A heat dissipation part (2d) is formed for heat transfer on the periphery of heat pipe and a number of thermo-electric conversion modules (3) are arranged on it. Heat dissipation fins (2f) are provided to the thermo-electric conversion modules for further heating. A gas reservoir (2e) filled with a non-condensable gas (2b) is setup. The combustion heat from the combustion device is passed to the thermo-electric conversion module through a uniformly heated surface of the heat pipe acting as the heat transportation unit.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables uniform heating of thermo-electric module. Prevents distruction of module by overheating. Fixes output voltage of module. Improves efficiency of device.
The manufacturing method involves formation of N and P type semiconductor layers (31,32) respectively, carrying out doping of an impurity to a predetermined domain of a base semiconductor layer. A photoelectric conversion unit (33) which consists of these semiconductor layers is connected through a low resistance layer (34). The semiconductor junction surface of each photoelectric conversion unit becomes the light receiving surface.    ADVANTAGE -   Generates higher voltage. Provides low internal resistance. Enables mounting of photovoltaic element in micromachine.
The solar battery substrate manufacturing method consists of several steps. The part that forms the solar battery is of thin shape. The mean difference in level of this uneven surface is kept below predetermined value.    ADVANTAGE -   Raises confinement effect of light incident in bottom portion. Provides homogeneous thin film.
The display appts. incorporates an oscillating electricity converter (17) which converts the vibration of moving vehicle (13) to an electrical energy. An indicator (15) is electrically connected to this oscillating electricity converter. The indicator receives electrical energy from the oscillating electricity converter and emits light at the run path of the vehicle.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces cost. Emits light through indicator. Enables driver to recognize run path during rainy weather. Improves conversion efficiency.
The solar cell assembly includes IC carrier based solar cell sets. Small scale solar cells (2) are mounted on individual carriers (4). These are conventional integrated circuit carriers such as dual-in-line packages. Wire bonding connects the cell to the carrier pins. Secondary solar concentrators can be added at this point.    The carriers are automatically mounted on a common substrate such as a printed circuit board providing interconnections. A primary concentrator lens is then placed over the whole assembly giving high concentration levels.    ADVANTAGE -   Allows a solar panel to be fabricated using established automated processes.
The generator includes a solar energy collection system with a curved mirror (10) that is positioned to receive the rays of the sun (11). A solar energy cell (13) is positioned at the focal point of the mirror. Angled reflector panels (22) project from the cell and direct the rays within the range of the mirror.    The solar energy cell is filled (16) with a cooling fluid that is circulated by a pump (21) through a tank (20).    ADVANTAGE -   Improved collection of solar energy for cheap electricity generation.
A system for energy conversion employs a gaseous working medium which is first of all subjected to a pressure changing stage (3) in which a Laval type orifice (10) accelerates the flow (5) to a speed of 300/360 m.per sec. as a result of expansion.    A closure valve (12) is periodically opened and closed to produce a travelling compression wave opposing the established flow (5) but is prevented from affecting its progress by a non-return valve (12A) which re-opens on the arrival of the succeeding rarefaction wave to recommence the cycle.    A pressure smoothing chamber (5) enables the pressure energy to be converted to electromechanical energy via the turbine (14) and generator (15) with medium cooling losses compensated by heat exchangers (16,17).    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For compressors. Working gas pressure is increased by input of minimum external energy. Thermal compensation is direct and gives improved operating efficiency.
A solar radiant energy collector system has two separate panels (1) mounted on turntables (203) that can be rotated through an arc. The rotary movement is provided by pistons (202) that move linearly with a sleeve that is forced to rotate by an angled groove with a fixed bolt (206).    The piston is displaced by hydraulic fluid from a pump (215) coupled to a changeover valve (216) in a line (213) connecting both piston actuator. As one piston is displaced upwards the other piston passes fluid out.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Provides simple means of moving solar panels to follow sun.
The energy of the vibrations produced in the body of a vehicle is utilised by generating energy using an absorber mechanism mounted in the vehicle. The energy of vibrations is pref. used to generate electrical power.    The method could be used with an electricity generator (10) which receives energy from a part whose movement is amplified. In a motor vehicle, the shock absorber (1) has a spring suspension (2), and a spring (3) which stores the energy of the vibration of the vehicle. An electricity generator is provided with a pinion gear (4) and a rack gear (6). Wiring (9) is provided to carry electrical current.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For motor vehicle, electric car, train, bicycle, motorbike, tank, rally vehicle, truck, trailer, bus etc. Generates large amount of electrical power, esp. when travelling over rough ground. Absorbs shock simultaneously.
The array (12) of foil matrix-mounted (18), spaced photovoltaic members (16) includes a cover (14) which protects the array (12) from the environment and increases its efficiency. Upper portions (31) of the members (16) extend above the free reflective surface (20T) of the foil matrix (18). The cover (14)includes an environment-excluding coating (60) which is emplaced on the array (12) to conform to the upper portions (31). The coating is configured as cusps (68) which overlie the free surface (20T) of the matrix (18) centrally between adjacent members (16).    The nadirs (72) of the cusps (68) are closely spaced from the free surface (20T). Accordingly, each member (16) effectively supports a conformal lens (70) which directs much of the otherwise "wasted" light that would fall on the free foil surface (20T) between adjacent members (16) and would not fall on the members (16).    ADVANTAGE -   Increased efficiency. Flexible cover permits formation of flexible solar arrays to assume non-planar configurations.
The wave energy receiver, esp. for a converter, consists of two anchored pontoons (1) which are fixed together to form a wave receiving channel (5). The pontoons are partially submerged and are joined together by stays (4). Their facing edges are curved, so that the channel formed between them converges from both ends towards the centre.    The pontoons are equipped with wave energy converters situated in through apertures (3) in the pontoons on a level with the quiet water.    Depending on the size of the pontoons the wave energy receiver could be used as a power generating station, e.g. for an oil rig.    ADVANTAGE -   Higher efficiency, making use of energy from waves entering receiving channel from either end.
The generating plant consists of a reservoir (1) which is open at the bottom (2) where it is immersed in the water, a compressed air line (3) connected to the reservoir's air chamber, and a pressure channel in the form of a trough (4) which is linked to the reservoir and open to receive the water.    The upper surface of the trough slopes down towards the reservoir, and its outlet end is situated beneath it, and it is equipped with a mechanism (6) which allows the angle of the trough to be varied. The trough's side walls converge towards the reservoir, which has a sealed partition (7) across it, equipped with a non-return valve.    The water entering the trough is compressed as it passes through it, applying a pressure to the partition and creating a compressed airflow in line (3).    ADVANTAGE -   More efficient conversion of wave energy, design simplicity and improved ecological features. Bul.22/30.11.94.
The solar panels (3) has honey comb board (4) where solar battery cells (5) are arranged. The hinge (2) that connects a series of solar panels can be folded. The beams (10) are attached at the rear surface of the honey comb board to reinforce it.    ADVANTAGE -   Has light-weight structure with improved holding strength and rigidity and it also has increased vibration control properties.
A pref. thermal conversion of product is carried out, in certain cases coupled with a working machine for the prodn. of electrical power, in the final step of the process. The product quality during the drying operation is regulated across the direct engagement in the residual material supply or the drying heat supply.    The energy needed necessary for the supply is produced within the boundaries of the system, and the excess energy is applied in the form of heat and/or electrical energy for separate use. A min. amount of residual material is thermally used with a material application e.g. as solid material pellets.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For the car industry. Facilitates continuous preparation and thermal utilization of enamel or paint residues within closed system and can be introduced with residual material producer.
Contacting thin layer solar modules comprises: (a) producing a thin film solar module on a substrate (1) and integrally structuring into strips and crossing in series, where at least one of the 1st or 2nd electrode layers (2,4) comprises a transparent conducting oxide; (b) placing a contact strip (5,6) over the 2nd electrode layer (4) along both sides of the substrate (1) parallel to the strip-like structure; and (c) laminating a cover on the structure using a melt adhesive foil (7) under elevated temp. and pressure.    USE -   The process is used to contact solar modules made of amorphous silicon or alloy contg. amorphous silicon, where 1st and 2nd electrode layers are made of zinc oxide; or to contact solar modules with a chalcopyrite deriv. as absorber layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Good electrically conducting contact is produced.
The device comprises a block (14) and two pulleys (15,16) provided with a ratchet gear. The block and the pulleys are mounted on a rotating shaft (13). Passed around the block (14) is a length of rope (17), one end of which is attached to a float (19) and the other end of which is attached to a counterweight (20).    The pulley (15) provided with a ratchet gear that transmits only a counter clockwise rotation of rotational movement of the block (14) resulting from vertical movements of the float (19). The motion is transmitted to a torque transmitting rod (21) through a belt (25) and a pulley (23). The pulley (16) provided with a ratchet gear transmits only a clockwise rotation of rotational movements of the block (14) to a torque transmitting rod (22) through a belt (26) and a pulley (24).    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Is capable of converting vertical movements of water surface into a rotational movement which is not changed in a direction of rotation.
The device contains parabolocylindric concentrator of solar radiation (1), vacuum thermal receiver (2) contg. transparent cylinder (3) with central tube (4) filled with heat-carrier (5) contg. absorbent dye (6). The heat-carrier is high-temp. silico-organic liquid, and absorber is diphthalocyanine of rare-earth element as e.g. terbium, neodium, lutecium, soluble in the silico-organic liquid and spectrally stable. The silico-organic liquid can be oligomethylsiloxane. The concn. of absorber in heat-carrier is in the range 5.10-6 -2.10-4g.mol/l.    USE -   In solar technology, in solar devices for conversion of solar energy to mechanical and electrical forms, in particular for combined electrical and thermal energy.    ADVANTAGE -   Increased efficiency due to possible operation at temp. 400-450 deg. C.
Use of PbF2 as oxidiser, LiF as Li halide and Al as combustible component in the pyrotechnic compsn. for charging the cathodes of electric current generators improves its properties. The mixt. contains (in wt.%): PbF282.8-94.6, LiF 3-12 and Al the rest.    USE -   For cathodes of pyrotechnic generators of electric current.    ADVANTAGE -   Time of excitation of the mixt. is reduced from 0.2-0.3 to 0.05-0.15 sec., and the mixt. is less hygroscopic.
The expansion and contraction type planar panel structure is built on a vertical support frame (3). A grid structure (2) of wires is formed to complement the frame. The grid is extended in a horizontal direction when the structure is fully contracted. The right most first and second wires (5a,5b) become a pair and move right wards. The bending part of the first and second wires is connected by a coupling. similarly, the next set of wires constitute a pair, and a wire net (5) is finally formed.    The grid is longitudinally formed when the vertical direction support frame is pulled to the maximum level after the first expansion is completed, the second expansion is begun. In this case each grid is developed on either sides by the energizing power of a spring. In this manner, the expansion of all grids are completed.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves contraction nature and receiving efficiency. Does not need special equipment. Reduces installation time.
Two points (2,3) screwed (16-19) to the top of the barrier (1) support horizontal bars (4,5) to which further bars (e.g. 8) are secured at right angles of carrying the lower edge (7) of the solar cell module (6) held up at an angle by two supports (12).    A strut (11) is hinged (20,21) at its ends to the bars (e.g. 8) and to an inclined mirror (10) pivotable about a third hinge (15). The module and mirror can be rotated as a unit about a vertical axis, so that the appts. faces South (for application in the Northern Hemisphere), if the barrier is not so oriented.    ADVANTAGE -   The panel can be fitted to any barrier irrespective of its geographical orientation, and with a mirror adjustable at intervals can give double output.
The kinetic energy of the wind and the sea waves is utilised in the complete width and height of the plant, and is converted across a flywheel-generator combination in to electric power. The sails are arranged ring shaped.    The sails are positioned analogous to a sailing ship travelling in a circle respectively according to the direction of the wind. The sail rotor (2) is seated on its outer rim and is displaced in a rotational movement. The wave paddles (20) are arranged diagonal to the wave front, to make possible a continuous transmission of the different incoming wave forces.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Power plant is provided with floats and is suitable for use near coast or where anchorage is possible, and current transmission is sensible. Versatile and economic conversion of wind and wave power to electric power.
The electricity generation uses photovoltaic solar modules whose cells are cooled by air flow, wind, or pref. liq. or gaseous coolants, or by movement for the temp. control. The waste heat from cooling is pref. used for heating via heat pumps or similar cold-hot machines.    If the solar cells are exposed to snow or front they are quickly heated, pref. by their own energy generation. The photovoltaic cells are mounted in physical contact on or within a plate-shaped base which is temp. controlled, i.e. gas or liq. cooled.    ADVANTAGE -   Increased efficiency by effective temp. control, and increased service life by reduction of material stresses, due to temp. fluctuation.
The connecting straps (2) at their endfaces are rigidly fixed in holding rods (3). Deformable tubes (4) are arranged in any number one over the other and bundled between the holding rods (3), and at one of these an electric lead off is arranged.    Each tube (4) consist of an elastic hose sleeve, in which an elongated slit deformation tube core (6) is fitted. At its inner side a sheet (7) with piezo electric crystals is located.    ADVANTAGE -   Piezoelectric crystals are protected. Quick and easy servicing and inspection possible. Operates in any weather. Simple and low cost. Suitable for deep and shallow water locations.
The water chamber (2) consists of three side walls (3), a base (4) and a top cover (5), as well as a partly open front wall for the entry of the waves, which are acted on with a pressure by the oscillating wave movement, so that a corresp. electric current flow results.    The sunk caisson (1) can be established at the sea bed or can be arranged floating and anchored. The caisson represents a part or also the total entity of a wave breaker, for the protection of a coastal strip or a harbour installation.    ADVANTAGE -   Economic generation of electrical power. Component parts are easily exchanged and serviced. Piezoelectric systems already in converter systems can be used. Protects coastline against erosion.
The concrete solar cell (10) comprises a photovoltaic material embedded in and extending beyond the major surfaces (16 and 18) of a matrix layer (14). The matrix layer typically comprises a high strength, cementitious material, such as a macro-defect free cement. The photovoltaic material comprises particles (12) of high-resistivity single crystal silicon, typically ball milled from ingot sections unsuitable for slicing into silicon wafers.    The ingot sections include unprecipitated dissolved oxygen that is electrically activated by a low temperature annealing process to produce n-type silicon, even in silicon crystals that include a p-type dopant. An aluminum sheet (28), positioned on the backside of the matrix layer, is briefly melted together with the silicon particles to produce a p-type aluminum-doped silicon region (22) that forms a pn junction with the n-type region (24) of the particle. The aluminum sheet also provides the electrical contact to the p-type regions. A voltage is generated between the two conductive layers when light incident on the photovoltaic particle through the indium tin oxide conductive layer creates charge carriers.    ADVANTAGE -   Functions with little or no maintenance fo extended periods in outdoor environments. Reduces cost of disposing scrap silicon produced during mfr. of silicon wafers, and thus provides inexpensive solar cell.
The generating plant has a support frame (1) with guide (15), float (2), moving frame (3), and a shaft (4) on which the float can rotate and move reciprocally. The shaft in the float displacement zone has a spiral sector, the top (5) and bottom (6) parts of which are of opposite hand. The ratchet mechanisms (7) are in the form of a cylindrical body (8) fixed to the float, with transverse partitions (9) to which the semi-couplings of the ratchet mechanisms are fixed.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   To convert wave energy into electricity. More efficient, produces more power.
The overcharge prevention circuit contains a parallel combination of a diode (2) and a resistance (3) contacted between the terminals of a solar battery (1) and a storage battery (6). A switch (4) is connected in series with the parallel combination of the diode and resistance. The cathode of diode is connected at the high potential side of the solar battery and the anode is connected at the lower potential side.    A control part (7) comprising a voltage detector controls the make and break of the switch based on the charging voltage of the storage battery. The switch is closed when the voltage becomes an overcharge. When the terminal voltage of the resistance reduces below a set point, then the switch is opened.    ADVANTAGE -   Inhibits over charging by short circuit between terminals. Reduces cost. Avoids incorrect operation of display apparatus.
The electric power generating circuit consists of a magnetic circuit (4) having bias magnets (2A, 2B), thermosensitive magnetic substances (1A, 1B) and an output coil (3). The thermosensitive magnetic substances have a high curie point and are placed in a mutually reverse direction.    A fluid of low temperature with high thermal capacity is supplied continuously to a switching valve and pump (5) through pipes (9, 10). The apparatus outputs AC power in the output coil.    ADVANTAGE -   Converts unused low level heat energy into electrical energy efficiently, ensures high energy conversion efficiency, Improves thermal efficiency of thermosensitive magnetic substance, provides small and light weight device.
The solar battery manufacturing method involves formation of a light receiving surface electrode (2) having partial connection domains (2a). These domains are attached to the peripheral ends of electric power generation domains (1a - 1c), on a semiconductor substrate (1). The substrate has a number of semiconductor junctions. A rear surface electrode (3) is formed on the substrate. The substrate is divided in accordance with the power generation domains. The rear surface electrode is connected to a main part (4), through an electric connection member (5).    ADVANTAGE -   Increases connection intensity. Improves characteristic.
The selective converter has a vacuum tube (3) contg. a lateral sheet metal collector (4) and two central mirrors (5) at an angle of 90 deg. to each other, with one mirror inclined to the collector at an angle of 45 deg. At the flattened side of the vacuum tube are two photovoltaic modules (6) opposite the collector.    The photovoltaic modules are located such that one is directed to the tube inside and the other one to the outside. The second mirror is inclined at 45 deg. to the inwards directed module. At the tube front side is located a power transmission element (1) on axis firmly coupled to the tube, and an intermediate holder (2).    ADVANTAGE -   Facility for simultaneous or selective energy conversion into heat and electric current.
The electric generator has a rotary wheel with an airbag in it and is driven by an electric motor via a speed variator which is fixed under a float tank, and a bidirectional water turbine with the electric generator is installed at a water inlet-outlet. The water pressure difference makes the water turbine drive the electric generator.
The solar cell (13) includes a shielding layer (14). The layer prevents reflected light from emerging to the viewer, so that the cell is unseen. An optical element (15) on the front of the shielding layer has a specific transmittance in an arbitrary range of wavelengths of light incident from the front side.    There is a diffusing layer (16) on the front of this element, which allows light to be incident on the front of the cell. The layer (16) is inserted so that the reflected light is seen by the viewer without directivity.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces quantity of reflected light emitted from front of solar cell, improved appearance.
The power generator receives press power from external sources. Its whole body or one of its end descends during compression together with a flat board (2). The descending motion converts the rotary motion of the conversion mechanism (11).    The generator (29) rotates to generate electricity such that the compressed spring (9) resists the press power to bring back the flat board back to its initial position. If the press power is repeatedly done, the cycle continues to keep the electricity generation towards a stable target.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents fuel drying and environmental contamination.
The device 91) includes a support (4), rotating about an axis (5) fixed on a satellite structure (3), and a sliding arm (6) which can move along an axis (X-X) positioning an object (2). The object can rotate about a second axis (7). An elastic spring (8) pushes the arm.    The device is provided with an adjusting system 912) with a motor (13) which actuates a screw (14). The motor is mounted on the arm while the screw engages a cylindrical recess (16) provided in the arm.    ADVANTAGE -   Facilitates positioning of object relative to fix structure and enables last moment adjustments. Eliminates risk of object deterioration due to shocks.
The device produces electrical energy with the aid of the kinetic energy from water waves. The device has at least one generator buoy containing floating bodies (I,II). One floating body (I) is a stator (STA) arranged such that, due to its large inertia and small drive, its vertical position in the water is practically unchanged. The other floating body is light and has a large drive and moves with the wave movement. The second body (II) is connected loosely to the first and is formed as a rotor (LAU) which has relative movement (Y) to the stator (STA).    The rotor (LAU) continuously repeats at the frequency of the surfaces wave movement so that, when the floating bodies are furnished with permanent and/or electro magnets (MA) and induction coils (IN), they form, together, as stator (I) and rotor (II), a linear generator in which the magnetic field of the magnet (MA) cuts across the coils of the inductor (IN) based on the relative movement (Y) of the rotor (LAU) and induces an electric current.    ADVANTAGE -   Makes use of vast, inexhaustible energy source in clean, efficient way using simple, inexpensive arrangement.
Wave energy conversion system has a platform (20) mounted in a body of water above sea level, a shaft (30) anchored to the sea bottom (56) and extending up with a passage in the shaft connected to a manifold and a piston mounted on the shaft and surrounded by a sleeve (46) which is slidable on the shaft and forms with the piston a pumping chamber. The sleeve is connected to a buoyancy vessel (34) and to a ballast ram (36) such that wave motion causes the sleeve (46) to rise with the buoyancy vessel (34) and the ram pulls the sleeve down as each wave passes to cause the piston to pump water through the interior of the shaft to the manifold to create a volume of water under pressure.    USE -   Provides a pressurised water supply which can be used to drive turbines to generate electrical power, to force water through filtration systems to produce potable water, to extract hydrogen gas from an electrolyte by known hydrogen extraction procedures e.g. using the discharge from the turbine or the water in the manifold as the electrolyte or in any combination.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides a significant amt. of pressurised water, which can be used for a variety of purposes.
An improved roll sorter, used for sorting particles by size, is disclosed. The sorter is esp. useful for sorting fragile, easily-damaged particles such as silicon spheres used in the mfr. of solar cells.    The appts. (110) consists of two contra-rotating drums or rollers (112,114) arranged with their axes parallel and with a slight gap (124) between them; this gap defines the max. size (46c) to which the particles are sorted. Those particles (46d) of a greater size remain in the sorting region (128) defined by the two rollers and a rod (160) which is positioned on the rollers to prevent particles from being displaced from the sorting region by the movement of the rollers. The rod should simultaneously be in tangential contact with both of the rollers, should be circular in cross-section, and should be of such a size as not to constrict the sorting region and reduce the throughput of the appts.    USE -   For sorting of particulate materials by size, esp. useful in sorting fragile materials, e.g. silicon spheres used in solar cells mfr.    ADVANTAGE -   Appts. is efficient, has high throughput and gives improved sorting of fragile material (e.g. less oversize material is accepted in the prod.).
A workpiece plate (11) is placed between a lid (9) and a mould (12) before closing the lid (9). The workpiece plate (11) is heated while vacuuming is provided from a 2nd space (101). During heating but before the workpiece plate reaches its heat distortion temp., a compressed fluid is supplied to the workpiece surface facing a 1st space, i.e. a cavity (10) in order to form the workpiece plate (11). Slow cooling is then implemented under pressure and vacuum to form the workpiece into an intended mirror shape. The workpiece plate is removed from the mould (12) and its surface coated with a mirror forming material.    Plate thickness variation is absorbed by a variation absorbing mechanism comprising a bolt (4), upper plate (5), spring (8), lid (9) and a seal (16).    USE/ADVANTAGE -   In the prodn. of surface mirrors used for solar furnaces and displays which converge on parallel solar or laser rays. Residual air is eliminated in the adhesion of the workpiece plate with the mould, and a surface mirror which is almost free of cooling strain is obtd., leading to the prodn. of precision surface mirrors.
The method preheats the multicomponent oncoming liquid working stream by partially condensing the spent working stream. , and divides the preheated liquid working stream into first and second substreams. The first substream is partially evaporated using heat produced by cooling the geothermal liquid.    The second substream is partially evaporated using the heat produced by the cooling geothermal liquid. The partially evaporated first and second substreams are combined. The partially evaporated first and second substreams are evaporated to form the gaseous working stream using the heat produced by a combination of cooling geothermal liquid and condensing the geothermal stream.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides an integrated system that utilises the energy potentials of both geothermal steam and geothermal liquid, for example brine.
Resonator converting proportion of thermal radiation of heat store into directional radiation consists of a layer (1) as heat store, a two-layer resonator (2.1, 2.2) in which the first layer (2.1) is a half-wavelength thick, passing photons arriving normal to its surface, while elementary radiators (2-2, 2-3, 2-4) have field lines indicated by arrows in a magnetic field.    Field lines of resonators reinforce to generate electric field (4-1).    USE -   Electrical power generation in appropriate installation.
A solar energy collection panel assembly particularly adapted for use in a sun tracking system, The assembly is made up of several elongated components that have uniform cross-sections and are preferably formed by extrusion. Interlocking base members have upwardly directed channels which hold tubes partially surrounded by thermal insulation material. Lens support assemblies having a generally isosceles triangular cross-section with the triangle bases secured to the base members with the triangle sides oriented to direct light entering between apexes toward the tubes. Grooves at each pair of apexes receive the edges of an elongated, uniform cross-section, compound, concentrating, cylindrical lens to attach the lens to the assembly. The lenses focus incident light on the tubes. Right triangular edge lens support members provide square edges to the assembly. A structural strong and rigid housing is preferably used to receive, support and strengthen the assembly.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For collection of solar energy, via solar tracking system, and for directing collected energy to energy absorbing tube used e.g. for heating water, generating electricity etc. Sturdy inexpensive structure providing improved energy conversion and reduced heat losses in the system.
Battery contains solar elements (1) and reflectors (2) fixed at 90 degrees to each other and at 45 degrees to the base plane. The reflecting surface can be made by deposition of aluminium or silver film by electrolysis or by plasma-chemical method. Reflection factor of 0.9 has been achieved.    Solar elements are at 90 degrees to each other.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Battery has cost saving design and has the advantage of improved power output. Bul.19/15.10.94
Solar radiation reflected from the surface of reflectors (2) falls on the photo-layer (1). The elements are mounted on the base (3) so that the beams are parallel to the layers. Reflectors (2) are located between the layers. Current removing rails (4) are made in the form of bands or a conductor loom.    Reflectors are made of separate plates or one corrugated band.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Battery suitable for solar power stations has the advantage of large specific power. Bul.20/30.10.94
The attachment device has a light condensing panel (S) fixed onto a mount (30) suspended at one end of a bracket (20). The bracket is fixed to the body (10) of a building. The connection enables free movement of the panel by rotating one end of the mount at desired angle. An arm (50) is connected to the other end of the mount and moves in a longitudinal direction as it is connected to a guide rail (40) provided at the body surface.    A winding device (70) is used to vary the elevation of the panel by the movement of the arm. This facilitates exposure of the panel, directed towards sunlight to absorb solar energy, once the device has been installed.    ADVANTAGE -   Increases light condensing efficiency. Prevents damage to panel surface. Facilitates adjustment of installation of device as desired. Provides solar heating system in houses for subsequent power generation.
The photovoltaic device (10) consists of an insulating substrate (12). A thin heat resistance insulating film (14) is formed on this insulating substrate. A division part (16) is formed by removing the insulating film at selected regions.    A photo electric conversion layer (18) is formed on the surface of the insulating substrate and on the insulating film. A deterioration part (20) is then formed in the division part along with sides of heat resistant insulating film. A recess (22) is thus formed in the division part.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents flow of leakage current through deterioration part; and prevents degradation of photo electric conversion efficiency.
The device makes use of polyethylene glycol solution (12) as an electrolyte, which is poured into a reservoir (11). The salts such as lithium chloride and electron capture agents such as aromatic compound are added to the electrolyte. This provides ion conductivity to the electrolyte. A plate like positive electrode (13) made up of graphite and plate like negative electrode made up of copper, are dipped into the electrolyte. These two electrodes counter each other parallelly. The reservoir is heated to a temperature of about 100 deg centigrade from outside.    ADVANTAGE -   The device converts heat energy of lower temp. into electrical energy efficiently; saves energy; contributes to environmental protection; provides safety to human beings; raises power generation as reaction is promoted due to addn. of salts; and curtails cost of device, due to availability of cheap raw materials.
A breakwater structure (12) includes an integral wave energy collector which directs oncoming waves into an upward sloping duct (36). Hydraulic oil (54) is separated from sea water by a membrane (60) and allows hydraulic pressure to be built up.    A number of control valves are electrically coupled via a computer system (C) to regulate the valves so that optimum pressure is collected in the oil. The pressure is used in a system which includes a pressure tank (52), a hydraulic motor (56) and an electrical generator (58).    ADVANTAGE -   Provides efficient and relatively simple and inexpensive method of converting wave energy into consumable electricity.
The power generation system includes a mobile frame (33) which travels in an elliptical shape. The shaft support of the power generator system is carried out by using gravity migration of the mobile frame. It is equipped with a pair of mobile objects powered by gravity effect sticks (35). The smaller and larger mobile objects shares an axis between them and the concerned gravity stick is clamped.    The clamp (45) of the larger object is pressed by the gravity migration of other sticks. The stopper pattern (7) suspends the generator which is powered by a sprocket (52). Thus a gravity migration generator is constituted.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies composition of device. Reduces cost and pollution.
The thermal power generator includes an evaporator for heat exchange when cold, and a condenser for cooling a working fluid. A generator produces power from the heated working fluid. A liquid vapour separator separates the working fluid at the evaporator. The separated vaporised fluid is supplied to the generating system. A regenerator is supplied with the separated liquid working fluid. The regenerator performs heat exchange between the separated liquid and the cold working fluid. An absorber mixes the various working fluids and supplies them to the condenser.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For oceanic power generator utilising the temp. difference between warm surface layer water and cold sea water in a deep lying layer. Improved power generation efficiency by reducing pumping power requirements.
The tracking allows the solar collector to track the movement of the sun for all times of day and times of the year, using a servo drive powered by photovoltaic solar cells, controlling the movement of the solar collector about a vertical and/or horizontal axis relative to a fixed base.    At least one automatic tracking element (20) with a horizontal pivot axis (30) is provided by a hollow drum (21), with photovoltaic solar cells (22) attached to its outer surface and a light inlet slit (23) in the drum wall parallel to the pivot axis. The inside surface of the drum has a light-absorbing coating, with a photovoltaic switch facing the inlet slit.    ADVANTAGE -   Eliminates need for auxiliary energy source.
A lever arm(s) is pivotally supported from a floating or fixed rotatable support structure, and a wave follower is fixed to one end of the lever arm(s) and positioned on the body of fluid. The lever arm is connected to an energy transfer device such as a piston rod which drives a load in response to the action of waves on the wave follower. The wave follower is designed such that the upper portion is constructed of a buoyant substance and the lower portion constructed in the form of a hollow chamber, open at the bottom, with the seaward face being angled so as to harness the energy of the lateral force of the wave.    The open bottom of the wave follower allows the chamber to fill with fluid generally on the rise of a wave. When the fluid level drops, a suction is created in the chamber by the closing of a valve located in the upper portion. This action together with surface adhesion restricts fluid from flowing out of the chamber thus causing the wave follower to be pulled down by the weight of the fluid in the chamber. As the wave rises the buoyant upper portion causes the wave follower to rise. Extending seaward, vertical and inclined funnelling panels will funnel the wave inward and upward toward the wave follower thus amplifying the wave height.    ADVANTAGE -   Extracts energy from wave on both rise and fall of wave, to make use of upward and downward stroke of device.
The power plant is positioned within the solar pond and a flash evaporator is used in the heat engine to produce steam which is supplied to a turbine connected to a generator. The heat depleted steam exits from the turbine and is cooled by liquid droplets in a direct-contact condenser. The size of the droplets is selected such that the heat extracted in the condenser penetrates the majority of the liquid content of most of the droplets.    The heat exchanger includes a source of liquid contg. non- condensable gases, and a housing contg. a heated medium.    A device sprays droplets of the liquid into the medium for transferring heat from the medium to the droplets, and causes the residence time of the droplets to be no greater than the time required for heat to penetrate into a major portion of the liquid content in most of the droplets to minimise the release into the housing of gases contained in the droplets.    ADVANTAGE -   Releases minimal amount of gases.
The heliostat includes a reflective surface with a reflective side and an other side. The reflective surface is supported above a ground surface using an inflated base balloon supported by the ground surface and located between the ground surface and the other side of said reflective surface. A controller rotationally positions the reflective surface as a function of time so as to reflect incident solar radiation, falling on the reflective side of the reflective surface from a solar radiation incident direction which is a function of time, to a target region.    Pointing control motors are provided to give precise directional positioning of heliostat in its two degrees of freedom of motion (i.e.) elevation and azimuth) as required for the heliostat to track the suns apparent motion and to continue to reflect incident solar radiation to the desired target position even as the sun executes its apparent motion.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Solar thermal electric power system. Lightweight, easily transportable to and erectable on site.
The drive motor comprises a rotor (1) including a printed circuit board (2) and a number of electrical conduction arms (8) spaced apart on a first surface of the printed circuit board, each conduction arm having two ends and each electrical conduction arm comprising several photovoltaic cell elements coupled in series.    A first short circuit ring (9) is coupled to the first end of each of the arms and a second short circuit ring (10) is coupled to the second end of each of the arms. A motor case (4) rotatably supports the rotor and shades a predetermined portion of the first surface of the printed circuit board from light incident on the motor. A permanent magnet (7), mounted on the motor case, is positioned opposing the predetermined portion of the printed circuit board to generate magnetic flux in response to an electromotive force in the electrical conduction arms located on the predetermined portion of the printed circuit board. The electromotive force is generated by the photovoltaic cell elements in the electrical conduction arms located on an illuminated portion of the printed circuit board.    ADVANTAGE -   Photovoltaic transducer is used to perform functions of both electrical energy source and coils. Includes rotor having simple construction, which is small and easy to produce, so that rotor is lightweight and has small inertial force.
The battery uses an insulation substrate (1) whose surface is processed to produce transparent electrode layers (2,12) and a photoelectric conversion layer. A metal electrode layer (6) is produced at a distance away from the transparent electrode layer. A hole is formed on the substrate surface to form a connection path for the two transparent electrode layers.    A sequential arrangement of cells are formed by the transparent electrode layers, the photoelectric conversion layer and the back electrode layer. The entire structure is supported on a flexible substrate surface where incident light passing through the transparent layer, generates electromotive forces. These forces allow conversion of the solar light energy to electrical energy passing through all cells with the metal electrode layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Lowers time required for film formation. Facilitates serial connection. Inhibits distortion. Reduces manufacturing cost. Improves efficiency.
A method for diluting additives for subsequent addn. to a geothermal brine steam comprises diluting the additives with a liquid steam condensate stream obtd. from the geothermal steam used to generate power and mixing the additives with the brine stream.    Pref., the method comprises diluting a flocculent with the liquid stream condensate and diluting the crystal structure modifier with the liquid steam condensate.    The method further comprises mixing the additives with a geothermal brine stream contg. at least some naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORMs) and preventing no more than 33% of NORMs contained in the brine stream from precipitating during handling. A flocculent is added to the stream to force at least 25% of Si-contg. components contained in the stream to ppte. from the stream and injecting the stream into the earth.    The method also comprises modifying the pH of the steam condensate before diluting the additives.    A specified method comprises: (a) recovering a liquid steam condensate stream from a geothermal brine extracted from the earth after power generation; (b) pH adjusting the stream to within 2 pH units of that of the geothermal stream; (c) diluting at least one additive to be added to the stream with the pH adjusted stream condensate; and (d) adding the additive to the brine stream.    USE -   Geothermal resources are useful for producing energy and the inventive process aids in the introduction of scale inhibitors and flocculent needed for smooth operation of a geothermal resource.    ADVANTAGE -   When it is diluted with the steam condensate, the heat sensitive crystal structure modifier is prevented from being degraded by the heat of the brine so that when blended with the geothermal brine the modifier can perform its inhibition of pptn. of alkaline earth salts.
Power from geothermal brine is extracted (10), steam is generated at the well head (14), reducing the vol. of liq. brine which flows (16) to a flash crystallisation operation (18). Cleaned steam is used in the generation of electrical power.    Warm liq. brine is removed (28) and water is added (33) to bring the wt. rate of the water injected up to about the wt. of brine extracted. Silicon and silver extn. may be undertaken.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables steam to be generated from geothermal source and aquifer is replenished to prevent ground subsidence.
The multi-junction photovoltaic device, comprises a transparent substrate, on which a transparent electrode is formed. A first photovoltaic cell is formed on the electrode and comprises a p-type layer formed adjacent to it. An intrinsic layer of an amorphous semiconductor compound includes silicon formed on the p-type layer, and an n-type layer formed on the intrinsic layer. An interface layer of a semiconductor compound includes silicon formed on the n-type layer of the first photovoltaic cell, and has a bandgap less than that of the n-type layer of the first cell. A second photovoltaic cell is formed on the interface layer, and comprises    a p-type layer having a bandgap greater than that of the interface layer. An intrinsic layer formed on the p-type layer, having a thickness less than 3000 Angstrom, and being made of an amorphous compound including silicon doped with germanium and having a bandgap less than that of the intrinsic layer of the first cell, and an n-type layer formed on the intrinsic layer.    A third photovoltaic cell is formed on the second cell and has a p-type layer. An intrinsic layer of an amorphous compound includes silicon doped with germanium and has a bandgap less than the intrinsic layer of the second cell. An n-type layer is formed on the intrinsic layer. A reflective electrode layer is formed on the n-type layer of the third photovoltaic cell. The intrinsic layer of the first photovoltaic cell has a thickness between 600 and 700 Angstrom, and that of the third photovoltaic cell has a thickness between 1,500 and 2,500 Angstrom.    ADVANTAGE -   Bandgap of intrinsic layers respectively decrease from first uppermost cell to third lowermost cell. Interface layer forms ohmic contact with one of adjacent cell layers of same conductivity type, and tunnel junction with other adjacent cell layers.
The photoelectric conversion element (1) consists of a substrate (2) on upper phase of which multiple groove parts (3) are formed. The formation density of the groove part exchanged accordance with a constant relation in the direction of `A'. The short circuit current produce in the photo electric conversion element is varied in accordance with width of the groove part. Thus, the photo electric conversion efficiency per unit area is changed. By measuring the short circuit current, the light receiving position of the substrate about the direction of `A' is measured.    ADVANTAGE -   Detects light receiving position by using one photo electric conversion element.
The array comprises individual solar cells (5) supported on a resin film (1). The resin film is vacuum formed by means of shaping die to have recesses appropriately shaped and located to house individual cells. A cementing layer (4) secures the cell array to support body (3) and provision for wiring to link cells exists.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents damage to individual solar cells. Enhances structural integrity of cell array. Improves layout appearance.
The appts. has a thin film prodn. chamber to produce a thin film by supplying thin film prodn. starting material, and a radical generating chamber arranged adjacently to the thin film prodn. chamber to supply radicals to the thin film.    The gas phase film prodn. is e.g. carried out by vacuum vapour deposition, sputtering, ion plating, photo-CVD, plasma CVD or thermal CVD etc. Starting material is e.g. Si, Si carbide, Si nitride, Si-Ge alloy, Si-Sn alloy, Ga, As, Al, Cu, Zn, Ca, Se, S, Te, In, P, Sb, nitrogen, Ag, GaP, GaAs, GaAlAs, ZnS, ZnSe, ZnTe, CdS or CdSe etc. The radicals can be generated by high frequency electric discharge, ECR discharge, dielectric discharge, photo-deposition, catalyst activation or thermal decomposition, etc.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For prodn. of a semiconductor thin film such as an amorphous silicon thin film used for a silicon solar cell used in an electronic calculator. High quality semiconductor thin film with reduced amt. of defects can be obtd.
Beta alumina contains Al2O3, Na2O and Li2O, and mol-content ratio of Al2O3/Na2O is 6-7, and Li2O content is 0.5-0.75 wt.%.    ADVANTAGE -   Beta alumina can be used for Na-S cell. Na-fused cell, and solid electrolyte for alkali metal thermoconversion cell.
The electric power generation system consists of a fuel battery (1). The heat of the fuel battery is applied to a high temperature electrode (13) of an electrical charging type temperature difference battery (9). The output of the electrical charging type temperature difference battery is supplied to a load (6) when the load is increased. Then the fuel battery stops at the time of a normal load, power is supplied to the load from the electrical charging type temperature difference battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Increases amount of power supplied to load when load increases without using external power supply. Avoids power interruption when fuel battery stops, without using storage battery for back-up.
The cooling water deheat recovery method involves the isolation of cooling water which deheats the heat produced during power generation by a fuel battery (1) or heat exchange in a steam splitter (12). The steam from the splitter is added to the original fuel and the rate of flow is controlled using a control valve (27). The steam from the splitter is supplied to a fuel change quality device (6). The pressure of steam in the steam splitter is controlled using a pressure control valve (31) and surplus steam is supplied to an exhaust gas turbine (22).    Power is obtained using a generator (21) which is driven by the turbine. The steam is supplied to an absorption type freezer (40). A flow control valve (44) is used to control the supply of steam to the freezer and cold water of predetermined temperature is obtained.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves total energy efficiency and plant utilization.
The single screw expander for the direct expansion of hot geo-thermal brines is used as the prime mover in a trilateral flash cycle system. The expander drives a compressor in a sealed unit to augment the performance of an existing system.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   E.g. for throttle valve replacement in chemical plant process equipment, air conditioning, refrigeration and heat pump systems. Operates in oil-free mode without oil control seals between rotors and bearings.
A thermophotovoltaic (TPV) appts. (100) comprising an IR emitting surface and linear TPV receiver assemblies. Each liner TPV receiver consists of a linear extruded metal support element (3) contg. one or more cooling channels (4) with a thermally conductive circuit carrier (2) mounted close to and facing the IR emitter. The circuit carrier contains series connected low bandgap TPV cells (1), mounted along a row parallel to the extrusion direction. The metal support cools the TPV cells and have columns on each side of the circuit carrier supporting and cooling arced mirror elements (5) which funnel radiation from the IR emitter to the TPV cells. The mirror elements also shield the leads interconnecting the TPV cells (7) from the IR emitting surface.    USE -   Used to produce compact, quiet lightweight TPV generators to supply electricity.    ADVANTAGE -   Use of metallic thermally conductive circuit carriers, a single extruded metal cooling channel element, and arced mirror elements means that a larger fraction of the IR energy leaving the emitter will arrive at the TPV cell with no more than one reflection off the arced mirror.
Preparation of beta-alumina powder comprises dissolving a Na source completely in a soln. mixing the solution with alpha-alumina powder to form a slurry, drying the slurry, and subjecting the dried product to a thermal synthesis.    The slurry is pref. spray-dried or freeze-dried. The thermal synthesis is pref. carried out in a container made of spinel, magnesia, or zirconia.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   The beta-alumina obtained can be used as a raw material of solid electrolytes used in thermoelectric transformers, batteries, sensors, and displays. The beta-alumina powder obtained contains no or little alpha-alumina or sodium aluminate crystal phases and therefore sintered products have improved characteristics in density, ionic conductivity, and strength.
Preparation of carbon clusters comprises allowing purified carbon ultrafine powder with a purity of at least 90% together with an inert gas such as Ar and He to pass through a reaction tube kept at a temp. of at least 3000 deg. C with a plasma power source and at the same time cooling rapidly the internal wall of the reaction tube with the inert gas to produce a soot contg. carbon clusters including C60 and C70. Also claimed is an alternative preparation of carbon clusters, in which a raw material obtained by mixing purified carbon ultrafine powder with a grain size of up to 30 microns and a purity of at least 90% and a metal carbide or ferroalloy and heating the mixture in a nonoxidising atmosphere at a temperature of at least 1100 deg. C is passed together with an inert gas such as Ar and He through a reaction tube kept at a temperature of at least 3000 deg. C with a plasma power source and at the same time the internal wall of the reaction tube is cooled rapidly with the inert gas to produce soot containing metal-containing fullerene.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   The carbon clusters obtained can be used in superconducting materials, magnetic materials, catalysts, luminescent materials, solar coll panels, and solid lubricating materials. Carbon clusters can be produced efficiently in large quantities at low costs.
The structure of a solar battery module is formed by layering two or more solar batteries. Each solar battery consists of a bottom cell (2). A top cell (1) is layered by the projection face of the bottom cell. The bottom cells of the two solar batteries are connected in series. The top cells of the solar batteries are connected in parallel. The connected solar battery has a pair of output terminals which is taken out of each cell independently.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents decreasing conversion efficiency. Generates high voltage. Avoids measurement of supply of potential difference.
The electrical charging type temperature difference battery consists of a melt redox pair compound (12) arranged between a high temperature and a low temperature electrodes (3,1) respectively, from which a redox potential changes with temperature.    At the centre, between a low temperature region (9) and a high temperature region (10), an ion conductivity solid state electrolyte (6) is formed without transmitting the redox pair. A high temperature region side and a low temperature region side discharge electrode (8,7) respectively are placed on either side of the electrolyte.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For use as back up power supply for deheat and co-generation. Provides new type of redox temperature difference battery. Increases emf generation. Obtains larger temperature difference.
The alkali metal thermoelectric power generating device consists of a solid-state electrolyte (12) that splits alkali metal vapour (11a) into ions and electrons. The vapour is generated from an alkali metal (11) by heating it using a heating device (13).    A cooler (14) condenses the processed metallic vapour (11b) back while an exhaust device (16) eliminates non-condensible gases. Likewise, surplus metallic vapour and gases are processed through a piping (24), a valve (29) and undergo condensation through cooling device (27) and the gas is removed through an exhaust device (28). A circulating pump (15) is part of the loop.    ADVANTAGE -   Generates stable large scale DC power.
The generating system can also have the facility for altering the physical operating conditions of the system during the operation. A system (16) is arranged inside the chamber (5), the size of which can be altered, to alter the size of the chamber vol.    At least one further chamber (17) is arranged additional to the oscillation chamber (5), with which the size of the system vol. is altered. A part is separated off in one of the chambers in which the water level (14) can be altered, in order to alter the air vol. in the system.    ADVANTAGE -   Improved changeover of sea wave energy in to electrical power, so that esp. control of operating conditions of system can be attained.
The roof tile has an earthenware, ceramics, cement, or plastics plate (1) acting as a base for a solar panel (6), supporting photovoltaic solar cells (7) on its upperside. The solar panel positively engages the inside edges (3) of a recess (2) formed in the surface of the plate on at least 2 opposing sides.    The solar panel has depending projections (5) along these opposing sides, which snap-fit into individual locating notches (4) formed in the inside edges of the recess, due to their intrinsic elasticity.    ADVANTAGE -   Increased mfg. tolerances and secure fixing of solar panel without damage to solar cells.
The solar module has an array of photovoltaic solar cells (4) and an underlying carrier plate (8), embedded in plastics (1,3,5,7,9). The carrier plate has a number of spaced openings (25) across its surface, through which the plastics can penetrate.    Pref. the plastics is provided by a hot adhesive foil, or a synthetic resin, with the solar cells enclosed by the plastics on all sides, their top surface covered by a transparent plastics layer (1,3).    ADVANTAGE -   Good stability, robustness and sealing characteristics and easy matching to roof tiles etc.
The roughly cylindrical pump appts. is submerged below surface of water subject to wave action. The external pressure changes from high to low as wave peaks and troughs pass over causing distortion in the shape of the flexible casing.    A plunger (28) with flat disk (34) at its upper end is caused to reciprocate in a vertical direction w.r.t a rigidly mounted cylinder (24), defining a fluid chamber, whose cross-section is less than the area of the flat disk. Inlet and outlet valves (40,42) restrict flow to one direction, ensuring that fluid does not flow from a fluid collection tank to the fluid chamber, or from the fluid chamber to a waste water source or inlet tank.    ADVANTAGE -   Generates high pressure fluid by responding to varying water pressure as waves pass over appts.
The method of preparing a module involves depositing one or more silicon wafers on a support substrate. The wafers are of surface area up to 0.5 mm squared, and thickness between 100 and 500 micrometres, and are doped with suitable impurities. The support is heat resistant. A doping paste is deposited on the wafers by a silk screening process.    The doping agent is diffused by heating. Contacts are formed on front and rear parts of an active element. Contacts are formed on the rear protection glass. The glass is then applied. The active elements are interconnected and an antireflection layer is deposited. The module is then encapsulated.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For generating electrical energy. Improved conversion efficiency. Faster industrial production due to reduced sheet thickness and larger areas.
The solar plate includes photovoltaic solar cells (4). A carrier plate (8) is arranged under the photovoltaic solar cells. Both the solar cells and carrier plate are enclosed by synthetic material (1, 3, 5, 7, 9). The carrier plate has a multiplicity of openings distributed over the surface, through which the synthetic material extends. In one embodiment the synthetic material is a melting adhesive, especially a melting adhesive foil and surrounds the solar cells on all sides. The solar cells are covered by a transparent highly light-penetrable synthetic material layer (1, 3) on the upper side.    ADVANTAGE -   Has improved stability, robustness, sealing and is constructively simple.
The solar light power generator consists of multiple solar array panels (1) which are placed inclined to the horizontal surface. Concave mirrors (2) and reflective surface (3) are placed adjacent to these solar array panels to aid in focusing the sunlight on these solar array panels.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves efficiency. Reduces maintenance.
The prodn. process uses partial film removing process through laser irradiation to form photoelectric conversion layers (10a,10b) over a semiconductor substrate (1). Then photo CVD method is employed, to form an insulating film (5) over the boundary present between adjacent photoelectric conversion layers. The conversion layers are composed of a p type semiconductor layers (2a,2b) surmounted by N type semiconductor layers (3a,3b). The top layer i.e., N type layers of the two conversion layer are connected by means of a conductive film (7) applied on top of insulating film, through photo CVD utilising laser irradiation.    ADVANTAGE -   Eliminates need for complicated process. Simplifies module structure formation. Inhibits leakage of charge from conversion layer to substrate. Raises yield of prod.
The roof comprises a roof board (2) finish material which is connected to a ground material. First a macro molecule material film is applied as thin film battery module to constitute the ground material on battery substrate. Tiles consisting of reinforced glass is applied on top of ground material as finish material. The gap portion between the tile and ground material serves to hold the solar battery modules. The finish material and ground material are formed as a single roll which is later cut into required dimension.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies construction involved. Simplifies wiring work. Avoids spoiling of building external appearance.
The solar battery installation mount, mounts solar battery module (12) on two channels (1) and appropriately secured to them. Each of these channels has a pair of corner holes (4) individually aligned to receive specially profiled angle pipes (2).    A wire (5) secured to the ends of angle pipes are appropriately anchored at selected roof top locations.    ADVANTAGE -   Uses minimum components. Keeps rope tension nearly uniform. Provides high reliability mounting that effectively withstands wind pressures.
The PN solar cell consists of P-type semiconductor substrate (11) that receives on both of its faces special profile scribe grooves (16,17). N-type layer is deposited over the P-type substrate all over.    Next, the rear surface receives electric field layer (13) and afterwards the reverse side electrode (15). The opposite face receives light receiving face electrode (14). When the cell is edge trimmed centrally at the scribe grooves, inclination parts (26,27) are made accessible for subsequent intercell contact.    ADVANTAGE -   Eliminates need for interconnection of elements achieves better space utilisation. Simplifies layout and reduces costs.
The tracking system uses a control circuit to control an operating point of a solar battery module (1) consisting of many cells in series. To control the operating point, temperature at different places on the cells are detected. From these data a correction in temperature is computed. For this computation, three parameters are used, namely temperatures (Ti), coefficients (ai) and constants (ki). Here `i' is a variable quantity taking values from 1-n. The value (ai) equals TK/(T1+T2+...Tn) and `k' equals (n-i+1). The control circuits makes the operating point of the module to take the value from the computed result, using the calculated temperature corrections, for the maximum output.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables to compute operating point, correctly to get maximum output.
The manufacturing method involves forming multiple rectangular metal electrode layers (21-23) on the main surface of an insulated substrate (1). Over these layers, a first set of thin film electrode layers (31-33) made up of P type CuInSe, are adhered.    Adjoining to the metal electrode layers, second thin film electrode layers (61-63) are provided. These layers are composed of N type electrically conductive layers of CdS or ZnO. These elements constitute multiple unit cells consisting of second electrode layers as photovoltaic generation layers including chalco system compound.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables sharp processing. Increases in integration density of unit cell. Raises electric power generation efficiently.
The electricity generation method involves using a number of juxtaposed chambers (10), containing air, located along a gradient below air sea level. Each chamber (10) is connected to its next adjacent chamber by the one-way valve (12) and bellows or diaphragm members (11) are located above the chambers (10), one for each chamber (10).    Wave action, acting upon such members (11), provides a pressure differential between the two most remote chambers (10) which is utilised for generating electricity. A number of rows of chambers may be used with interconnections between them. The chambers may be made from reinforced concrete which may be moulded in situ. The compressed air generated may be utilised to raise water to a high level water reservoir which may then be used for the generation of electricity by conventional hydroelectric means.    ADVANTAGE -   Simple and reliable. Not affected by extreme weather conditions and is away from damaging surface turbulence and surf. Not subject to losses from directionality or mixt frequency wave patterns.
The solar collector blind is movable to match the condition of the sun, in a circular, semi-circular or linear path, via a mechanical, electrical, pneumatic, or hydraulic displacement system.    The surface of the blind may be provided by fixed elements, or relatively displaced elements, providing the combined functions of sun-screening, heat collection and electrical energy generation.    USE -   For domestic dwelling, e.g. for use as conservatory blind.
The appts. comprises a number of stages coupled one to another in series to sequentially increase the pressure in a fluid and to move fluid progressively from a first of the stages to a last of the stages via the other stages, each of the stages including a fluid storage device for containing the fluid. Each of the stages includes at least one unit having a first member having a float for moving on the surface of the water for responding to wave action in the water and a second member anchored to remain essentially fixed vertically so that the wave action will cause vertical relative motion between the first and second members.    A number of positive displacement pumps, each has a discrete swept volume for each cycle of the pump. Each pump is coupled to one of the units of one of the stages and operated by relative movement of the associated first and second members. The pump is exposed to ambient pressure in the stage and operable by the relative movement to elevate the pressure of the fluid so that fluid is passed to the next stage at the ambient pressure of the next stage.    ADVANTAGE -   Can capture energy from wide range of wave amplitudes.
The proposed technique involves considering a direction of light beam to a base facet as an initial direction, which is determined w.r.t. landmarks. An angle of sight to a facet (5) to be adjusted is measured from a location point of reference theodolite (3) w.r.t. the initial direction.    Initially the sight axes of the theodolites (3,4) are adjusted perpendicularly to the plane of base facet. Then the telescope of theodolite (3) is rotated by an angle at which a light beam from a theodolite collimator is reflected by adjustable facet (5). This angle can be preliminary calculated for each facet. The theodolite (3) is rotated until cross-hairs centre of theodolite telescope is aligned with the centre of adjustable facet.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For adjusting composite plane mirrors of heliostats. Increased accuracy. Bul.15/15.8.94
The opening end of the cylindrical solid-state electrolyte tube is tapered. This tube can supply uniform glass frit between the alpha-alumina rings used to support the insulation of the negative anode. Air resistance and junction intensity are maintained.    USE -   Sodium-sulphur batteries, sodium-malein-saline batteries.
The "Archimedean generator" is a device intended for the production of electricity from a water based technique, using the principle of Archimedean Pressure. The generator device consists of one or more caissons, which are submerged under water to a significant depth.    Compressed air, or other gas, is blown into the submerged caissons so as to cause the caissons to rise towards the surface, by sliding along the length of parallel sliders, which together from a frame. The frame carries pulleys at each end and the pulleys carry a belt, which is connected to the caissons and driven around the pulleys by the caissons rising towards the surface. Rotation of the upper pulley drives the shaft of the electric generator.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Technique of generating electricity uses source of renewable energy and thus has significant impact on environment.
A method of forming a pair of mutually isolated photovoltaic cells on a bulk semiconductor substrate (4) having a pn junction (8) at its front side (6), comprises forming substrate contacts to cell area and forming a trench partly into the substrate between solar cell areas. The trench is filled with an adhering insulating filler (16), a second trench formed into the substrate from the opposite side (32) to form an insulating continuum between cells, and front contacts formed to the cell areas (22).    Also claimed is a method as above of forming a photovoltaic cell array comprising forming wide shallow trenches from the front of the substrate and narrow and deeper inner trenches from these, filling the inner trenches, forming contacts, and forming a pattern of back trenches extending to the filled trenches to isolate adjacent cells.    Further claimed is a photovoltaic cell array formed as above.    Also claimed is an array as above having a trench network through the substrate filled to half the thickness with filler to maintain mechanical integrity.    Further claimed is an array as above having the wider and narrower trenches as above.    Also claimed is a monolithic photovoltaic structure as above having front and back contacts, shaped trenches, and with the resistance of the bulk semiconductor between the back contact lead and electrode being low enough to give a contact path, and with the cells being connected in series.    USE -   For solar cell arrays, power converter from fibre optic systems, and on/off switches.    ADVANTAGE -   The need for a semi-insulating substrate is eliminated, high mechanical strength is achieved, and the size and cost of the array are reduced.
Method for fabricating an interconnected array of semiconductor devices comprises (a) slitting a substrate which carries a semiconductor layer between conductive layers so as to form individual semiconductor devices in an array; (b) the separate strips parallel to the web length are sepd. by a curved spreader roller to create a gap between the strips; (c) the strips are then laminated to an insulating sheet using an adhesive coating and laminating rollers; and (d) a conductive layer placed between the insulating layers is inserted between sections in contact with the lower conductive layer of one section, and then connected to the top conductive layer of the adjoining sheet to form a series interconnection.    USE -   Making economical serially interconnected arrays of photovoltaic devices.    ADVANTAGE -   Photovoltaic devices are made by slitting a flexible substrate web, which may be electrically conducting, along its length, and interconnecting the resultant portions.
The element has a positive electrode (11) formed from a thin graphite board. A pair of negative electrodes (14) made from Al foil are located on either side of a positive electrode. A non-woven fabric (12) impregnated with an electrolyte mixt. of a polyethylene glycol chemical is mixed with oxides of manganese powder and graphite powder to make the mixt.. Over the impregnated fabric, a second pair of non-woven fabrics are layered. Over the second fabric layer, the negative electrodes are layered. A second electrolyte mixt. is formed with polyethylene glycol and chlorinated lithium and zinc powder. The second mixt. is impregnated into the second non-woven fabric. The second non-woven fabric and the negative electrode are wrapped in kraft paper (15). Finally the outer negative electrodes are connected through external wiring to provide a single negative supply point. The non-woven fabrics are made to have a liq. osmosis property to enable the conversion process to take place.    ADVANTAGE -   Heat energy of a lower temp. is converted to electrical energy. Energy is saved. The process gives rise to less environmental pollution. The conversion capacity is increased by increasing the number of non-woven fabrics, the area of electrodes etc.. Effective use of heat energy of lower temp., e.g. solar heat, geothermal and hot spring heat and economic power generation are obtd..
The method of installing a solar battery (1) involves mounting a solar battery module (2) constituted by a solar panel (21) on an external frame (22) along its circumference. The frame has support parts (25c, 25d) to be fixed to a support stand (4) by means of a bolt (5) and nut (6). The frame is further fixed to a protection cover (3) to clamp parts (24a - 24d). A board (31) provided with the protection cover serves as shade for the light receiving face of the solar battery module. A side board (33) for the clamp part connection holds the solar panel such that attachment and detachment is made.    ADVANTAGE -   Protects solar battery module from external impulses. Facilitates mobility of solar battery without incurring damage.
The process comprises the formation of a window layer (2), an optical absorption layer (3) and an acceptor layer (4) one by one over a permeable glass substrate (1). The window layer is formed by a Cds film and the absorption layer by a CdTe film. The C film acceptor layer is formed using carbon powder. All the layers are formed in the respective predetermined areas. The projected unnecessary layers and the impurities over these layers are removed by yttrium-aluminium-garnet laser processing. A AgIn film (5) is formed over the carbon layer. By a dry baking process, the solar battery is formed. C layer provides the ohmic contact part for the battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Short circuit is avoided between the absorption layer and acceptor layer. The quality of the window layer is improved by use of polycrystalline Cds as the window layer. The contact of the Cds film and AgIn film is reduced to 1/3 of conventional value. The contact resistance is decreased by reducing the electrode. The effective light receiving area is increased. An efficient solar battery is produced. The photoelectric conversion efficiency is improved.
The apparatus has a receptacle (1) which is divided into two portions (11,12). One receptacle portion has a heat insulation material (2) provided on the bottom and side surfaces. The top surface is left without insulation. The second receptacle portion is not covered with any insulating material.    A mobile solar cell (3) is capable of moving on the upper surface of the receptacle. The receptacles hold water. The solar cell receives radiation from the sun and uses it to generate electric energy and regulate local temperature.    ADVANTAGE -   Facilitates electric power generation and temperature regulation of surrounding area.
The electric power generation method using rain water involves the collection of amount of water required from the mass (1). The mass is divided into three forms viz, the large sized power transforming stations (2 - 5), the medium sized power transforming stations (6 - 15) and the small sized stations (16 - 36). A water channel (37) connects the mass is a station (2) and a channel (38) connects this stations (2, 3).    A water channel (39) indicates the sudden fall of water available, and a channel (40) indicates the drainage path. A water channel (41) in the sea indicates the process of starting to a generator.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides security to many energies. Distributes power station in each place.
The turbine comprises a frame (1) anchored stationary relative to fluid flow and supporting a central shaft (4). The latter rotates about an axis through its centre and is driven from a central hub (11) by equally spaced paddle shafts (15) projecting radially outwards. The paddles shafts are fitted with sleeve gears (24) and asymmetrical paddles (17) that are free to rotate about their horizontal axes and are supported at mid-points by bearings (14) on arched supports (13) cantilevered from the hub.    Supports are fitted with paddle rotation stops which interact with paddle shaft stop-bars to prevent over rotation of paddles and to enable fluid forces to be transformed to rotate the hub and drive a generator (8). The paddles are assisted in rotation to drive and feathered attitudes by interaction of the sleeve gear with fixed gears (25,26) located at points upstream and downstream of the hub.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   May be used in rivers and in sea. Requires low head and does not need extensive civil engineering works.
The bio generator, for the recovery and delivery of electrical energy from complex electrolytes, takes the energy from the components of the complex electrolytes.    USE -   The method is for the development of energy from electrolytes such as blood and other human and animal body fluids, manure, sludge, fruit juices, water, algae promoters and the like.    ADVANTAGE -   The technique draws an energy supply wholly from the structure of the electrolyte, without external energy supplies.
The generator system includes a combination of presently developed technology. The air compressor unit comprises a concrete base resting on the sea floor on which stands a group of heavy rubber bellows connected by rods to an elongated rectangular float moving freely and vertically along two guiding poles implanted at the distal ends of the concrete bore and responding to the vertical motions of sea waves, compressing air in the reservoir located ashore and to which the air compressor is connected by flexible hoses.    The air reservoir, which in addition to storing energy in the form of compressed air, is made to increase its air mass pressure through the solar exposure of its walls by orientation and available chemical or optical devices. The power unit comprises a heavy flywheel and an electric generator driven by a stream of compressed air directed against the blades of a rotating impeller which counterbalances and smooths out the intermittent wave pulses, causing the flywheel and generator to spin at an equable speed, doing away with traditional coupling of generator with storage batteries.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For generating electricity to meet household needs of poor populations living off coastlines of third world countries. Reduced operational costs as sensitive parts of wave driven machine are stationed ashore where they are easily accessible for repairs and surveillance.
The body (1) contains a mechanical transformer with inertia pendulum (7) which has sprung suspension (8), can reciprocate in the vertical plane and is kinematically connected to electricity generator (6). The body is made as an air tight cylindrical capsule whose upper part is limited by a half sphere (2) whose radius is equal to the cylindrical part radius, and a lower sphere (4) with a radius larger than the half sphere. The cylindrical part inner surface is provided with guides (5) for the pendulum. The kinematic connection to the electricity generator is made as ball-screw transmission with a reducer (11). A dynamic energy accumulator (19) is situated in the capsule lower part and is provided with double sided electromechanical drive (20) connected to the ball-screw transmission, and a reducer (22) connected to the commutator and auxiliary reducer.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For electric energy production using wave energy. The efficiency is increased.
The motor has electricity generator magnetic ring rotor (5) fitted in armature winding (6), a vertical cylindrical body (2) with wave receiving opening (3), a lid and a base connected to the bearing by a vertical shaft rigidly connected to the lid. the body side wall lower part has vertical tangential slots-openings (8) and the wave receiving opening is in the base. The valve (4) is a non-return valve and is fitted in the wave receiving opening. A bush (9) which envelopes the body is connected to the bearing. The rotor is situated in the body upper part and armature winding on the bush inner surface.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For wave energy conversion. The efficiency is increased.
The structure is obtd. by using a rectangular substrate whose edges supporting a solar cell (1) are arranged mutually. The solar cell is placed over a surface protection board (2). On the upper surface at one end and on the lower surface at the other end of the board (2) two polar side fastener tapes (61,62) are provided. Lead wires (5) are provided between ends of solar cell and fastener tapes. The connection is accomplished by using conductive coupling. A binding resin (3) and a protective layer (4) are formed over the solar cell.    ADVANTAGE -   The installation process is simple. Easy exchange process of broken module is enabled.
The electric generator (10) driven by the passage of cars, uses a vertically-moving pressure pad (3) in the roadway with a return spring (98) underneath. A gear linkage (93) transmits the movement to an energy store from which the generator is supplied. This store comprises a first spring (91), tensioned against a hydraulic piston-cylinder arrangement (81) that feeds an oil motor (83) through a pipeline.    The oil motor drives the generator by a belt. There is an oil reservoir (85) and an inlet valve (86). A ratchet device with a release lever assists the tensioning of the spring. A second spring (92) works in a secondary piston-cylinder arrangement.    ADVANTAGE -   High efficiency without needing flywheel.
The combustion appts. includes walls which define a combustion chamber with a pneumatically suspended combustion zone. At least part of the walls comprise adjacent metal tubes with slots opening towards the combustion zone. The slots are orientated to induce swirling gas flow movement within the zone.    Tube supply blowers are connected to the tubes for pressurising tube interiors with a combustion-supporting gas e.g. air. Gas streams are directed out of the slots to define the zone and force combustion heat away from the walls.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For use in incineration of toxic waste and smokeless burning of wood and vegetation, or for use in efficient steam electric power generating plant which employs municipal solid waste as fuel and/or in combination with magnetohydrodynamic electric generator. Supports high combustion temperatures (2400C.) giving total combustion with minimal pollution.
Photovoltaic cell formed of semiconducting material having a band gap energy levels, an n-region formed with n-type dopant, and a p-region with p-dopant adjacent the n-region to form a single pn junction. The band-gap is less than 1 eV and both dopants are equal to or greater than 6x12017 atoms/cm3 so that the application of a back biased reverse breakdown voltage allows current flow through to p-n junction when the reverse breakdown voltage is -1.5 to -0.5 V. Also claimed is a photovoltaic power array contg three tandem solar cells each including GaAs prim cell, GaSb booster cell having p-n junction optically aligned beneath the GaAs to receive in parallel with the GaSb cell and in its module the GaAs cells and GaSb cells of the three tandem other cells are connected in series. Each GaSb cell is doped with Te to 6x1017 atoms./cm3 in the p-region to form an n-region of the p-n junction.    USE -   For III-V voltaic cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The need for a separate additional bypass diodes is avoided.
Prodn. involves forming the first electrode film (2) contg. photoelectric conversion element, on the substrate. The optical active layers (3) are formed in amorphous insulation layer (4) placed above the first electrode film. The portions of the optical active layer in amorphous insulation layer is deteriorated by ion implantation.    Second electrode film (5) is formed above the optical layer in amorphous insulating layer and exposed part (2a) of the first electrode layer. The second electrode film is divided by irradiating energy beam on the surface side of the insulation layer.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For use in solar batteries in clock and calculations. Allows series connection of multiple photovoltaic conversion elements on substrate. Suppresses optical active layer contamination. Improves pattern accuracy to great extent. Has simple structure.
The device has multiple branches (13A-13C) in the longitudinal direction of an exhaust passage (13) of combustion gas (12). This combustion gas comes out from an internal combustion engine (11). Multiple thermoelectric conversion elements (15) are wound on each exhaust passage.    When the engine is operated, combustion gas is released at high temperature. This, when passed through each exhaust passage, the thermoelectric conversion elements convert heat from this gas into electrical energy. This electrical energy is stored in a battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Recovers heat energy of exhaust gas effectively. Utilises space efficiently.
Th converter device includes one or more microphones (1) which are placed in parallel at locations of high sound level. The microphones are connected to a bridge diode rectifier circuit (6), whose DC output is then applied via a resistor (2) to a charging capacitor (3).    When the capacitor is charged, a switch (5) allows the electrical energy to be discharged to a desired electrical circuit.    ADVANTAGE -   Allows sound to be used to generate electricity.
The electric power generation apparatus uses a lift system (14) under ocean or lake water (15). The lift system consists of a wheel (12) and a belt connecting multiple cylindrical receptacles (6). A pump (1) above the water surface supplies liquid gas through a pipe (9) to a gas generator (8) provided at the bottom of the lift system.    The gas generator evaporates the liquid gas and forces out through its orifice. By intake of this evaporated gas each cylindrical receptacle of lift system moves upward continuously. This continuous upward motion rotates the wheel. The rotary energy produced by the wheel is then converted into electrical energy.    ADVANTAGE -   Makes effective use of limited energy resources.
The electric power generation unit using solar energy consists of a thermoelectric conversion module (1), which does not posses the dynamic constructor, in which power is generated even when the heat direction is reversed. A heat accumulation device (2) is provided in addition to the light receiving face.    When the solar light ceases to strike the light receiving face either directly or indirectly, heat is supplied to the thermoelectric conversion module continuously from the heat accumulation device.    ADVANTAGE -   Performs continuous power generation. Improves reliability and endurance of the unit. Improves conversion efficiency.
The current increasing method involves irradiation of solar battery by reflected light. Light rays (4) from a solar source (3) is made to fall on a reflecting board (2) consisting of mirror and the reflected light proceeds to irradiate the solar battery (1). The reflecting boards have optical fibre composition which is parallel to the illuminating ray from the source.    ADVANTAGE -   Raises current sharply. Facilitates attachment of unit to roof top and thus contributes to domestic power supply.
The prodn. method forms a first electrode (5) on an insulation substrate (1). The substrate is doped with stannic oxide coating. The first electrode is layered with carbon, oxygen, non-monocrystal silicon and nitrogen layers. A second electrode (9) is formed with germanium/silicon and lead layers in non-monocrystal fashion.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves reliability and conversion efficiency. Reduces cost. Improves optical absorption characteristic.
The heat energy to electrical energy conversion device consists of a receptacle (10) filled with triethylene glycol (11). The salts having good ion conductivity are added to triethylene glycol. Two or more sets of positive electrodes (12) and negative electrodes (13) are arranged by turns inside triethylene glycol. The positive electrode is made up of graphite mixture and the negative electrode is made up of metals such as iron, copper and zinc. The triethylene glycol is heated by blowing air through air hose (18). The metal of the negative electrode is burnt with oxygen in air and electricity is generated.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For use in converting heat energy into electrical energy. Provides efficient conversion. Generates electricity even in absence of light. Obtains sufficient energy saving. Reduces cost and improves safety.
The solar automatic tracking appts. consists of a gyroscope in the centre of which a square weight (1) having two pairs of solar batteries of symmetrical form is formed in a pyramid shape. A pair of toothed gears (9) are attached to horizontal and vertical shaft of the gyroscope.    The toothed gear is attached to the horizontal shaft is connected to a motor (7) for horizontal movement and the other attached to vertical shaft is connected to a motor (8) for vertical movement of gyroscope. The square weight with pyramid type solar battery also moves along with the gyroscope. A counter load resistance is connected to the output of each pair of solar battery and the difference of the output is amplified to run the respective motor. If the difference of the output of each pair of solar batteries is zero, the motor is stopped.    ADVANTAGE -   Receives maximum solar energy. Performs tracking of sun continuously.
The photovoltaic module includes panel supports (14) adjacent an upper panel (8) in the module (6) to absorb vertical forces exerted along an axis perpendicular to the upper panel. The energy converter is inside the panel, which is exposed to the external environment on the outside. The applied forces may be tensile or compressive.    Button-shaped channels (20) are used around the edges of the module absorbing forces applied parallel to the module. These direct moisture away. A spacer (16) between upper and lower (12) panels has a coefficient of thermal expansion equivalent to that of at least one panel. A frame (26) prevents temperature gradient from forming.    ADVANTAGE -   Protects against vertical and horizontal shocks, reduces moisture penetration.
At least one shape memory alloy actuator (2) is placed in a case (1). It is shaped as a curved concave plate. The actuator (2) is connected at one end to part of a rotor (5), and at the other to a stator (4). A focusing lens (8) is connected to the rotor (5), the focus located in the area of the end of the actuator connected to the rotor. The rotor is connected to collector of solar radiation (13).    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For use in any equipment using solar energy, e.g for heating water, conversion to electric power. Improved efficiency, increased accuracy, reduced cleaning requirements.
The device comprises an atmosphere thrust space having a large enclosed space, with the top end of the enclosed space having a small caliber ventilation, and the side of the bottom end of the enclosed space having a smaller ventilation which has a main function of receiving external stress to constitute a low resistance space. The anti-compression device comprises mainly of two anti-compression covers and multiple support rods. The main purpose of the anti-compression device is to reduce external atmospheric pressure and control the atmospheric compression energy for industrial use.    The pressurizer is located on the side below the atmosphere thrust space and is a sealable gate device. When the gate opens, the pressurizer displays a ventilation allowing the indoor air rapidly exerting a low resistance space while inducing the atmospheric pressure into compression energy.    ADVANTAGE -   Has fixed range, low resistance, removed restriction, available space, and concentrated pressure.
The installation consists of flat reflectors (1) and curved mirrors (2) within a gas-filled casing (6). The reflectors (1) and mirrors (2) are located along the entire length of both sides of the sections of the casing (6). Between the reflectors and the mirrors, there is a photo-generator (5) mounted on a base (3).    The sun's rays (4) which strike the reflectors (1) are deflected on to the mirrors (2) where the rays are concentrated and directed at the photo-generator (5). The surplus heat created when the photo-generator is in operation is drained off by the hydrogen within the casing (6) and the aluminium on the base (3). The latter has a current of air (7) blowing over it from tapered openings under the base (3).    ADVANTAGE -   Increase in reliability and effectiveness. Bul.30/15.8.93
The motor (19) comprises a stator, whose field magnets (3U,3V) are placed adjacent to one another along the motor axis. The north and south poles of the two phase field magnet are fixed alternatively. The portion near the poles allowing current flow in the positive direction, accommodates small receptacles (2U,2V). The receptacles contain granular thermosensitive magnetic material (1U,1V). The thermosensitive material converts the heat dissipated by the motor into magnetic force.    The phase of the magnetic field induced by the heat converting material, depends on the phases of the current through the field magnets. The currents have a phase difference of 90. The speed of the rotor is affected by the additional magnetic field. The temperature of the cooling fluid circulated through the pipes (8,9,10U,10V), embedded in the receptacles vary, depending on the instantaneous phase value of the field current.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For use in large power generation stations, iron-steel manufacturing plants, domestic electric appliances like lawn mowers, chain saw drives, carpenter tools and portable devices, and solar vehicles. Reduces heat and temperature of environment surrounding the equipments. Enables storage of heat. Provides high energy conversion efficiency.
The photocatalyst body(C) comprises: (1) a carrier of honeycomb having at least one opening of which sectional area in direction perpendicular to flow of fluid is changed and (C2) a photocatalyst supported onto (C1) carrier, and (C) catalyst body is provided into pass of flow of the fluid.    A plane view and a crosssection view taken on line A-A; (1) is honeycomb carrier, (2) is way of flow of fluid, (3) is photocatalyst, (4) is inlet of light.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   The catalyst body is used for utilising photo-energy, e.g. sunlight energy, or for cleaning environmental air or water, etc.. The catalyst has sufficient function and small scale, and gives a large light inlet area, low press drop of the catalyst body and a large exciting energy of the light per unit volume of the catalyst, which is drived from tapered wall of cell of the honeycomb as opposed to conventional honeycomb of parallel wall of the cell.
A new design of solar cell is postulated made out of lava stone. This material is easily cut to shape and the output is greater than with silicon cells. Moreover the manufacturing costs are lower. With suitable series and parallel circuit combinations, these new cells are quite versatile in use, and can be mounted on front walls of houses, or roofs or on cars. Lava stone also makes for good thermal storage and thermal insulation. Other uses for lava stone are as condensers, accumulators and cores of inductances.    ADVANTAGE -   Lava stone has multiple uses and is easily worked.
The laser diode field has a substrate (10) with a given centre point, around which a number of surface-emitting laser diodes (101a,...1011) are arranged at regular angular spacings. Each laser diode has a secondary diffraction grating (16) arranged radially between the laser diode and the centre of the substrate. The secondary diffraction gratings all have the same grid ratio.    Pref. the laser diodes are integrated in a common semiconductor substrate and are operated with the same driver current, to provide laser light components of identical wavelength and phase.    USE -   For multiple wavelength optical communications system.
The solar cell consists of several, not necessarily identical sized individual bodies in the semiconductor body (1). They are made of gallium arsenide, and the body contains a pn-junction and is suitable for sun light absorption. The semiconductor material contains a grid-forming contact system (21) on its front side and an anti-reflex layer (3) on a support (4), pref. a cover glass. The contact system and the anti-reflex layer are interconnected in series and/or in parallel via metal connecting links (61, 62).    ADVANTAGE -   High stability and reliable coupling.
The appts. (5) is submerged in shallow water (2) and pref. fixed to the bed (1). Electric current is generated by a turbine (7) driven by the reverse flow (8) of seawater guided (9) through a passage under the plate (6) above which the surface waves (3) are propagated in the opposite direction (4).    Alternatively the plate may be attached to the underside of a free float with the turbogenerator and flow guides secured to the plate, which pref. is mfd. of reinforced concrete and maintained at one-third of the total depth. Other components are mfd. pref. of stainless steel.    ADVANTAGE -   The process of renewable energy conversion is improved with min. impact on coastal scenery or navigation, and without exposing appts. to risk of atmos. corrosion.
The solar panel consists of amorphous solar cells (1) and an electronic voltage converter (2). The solar cell generators (6) are formed with thin film solar cells that are fitted with special current collector systems (4,5) and are connected either in parallel or in pairs with a centre point connection.    The electrical current collected is converted into the required voltage level by the coupled converter (2). The arrangement allows the cell surfaces to remain complete.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides multiple thin film solar cells without cutting the semiconductor layer.
The appts. has a turret with a downwardly extending cavity having surfaces adapted to receive the collar with a slot and a spline to preclude rotational movement between the turret and shaft. A turret support plate has an upper face to support the turret, the turret plate having a downwardly located operator controlled wheel within the modular home to effect rotation of the plate and the turret.    A bearing assembly is provided between the upper surface of the roof of a modular home and the lower surface of the support plate. Rotation of the handle will vary the angular orientation of the support structure w.r.t. the support plate and the roof of a vehicle while rotation of the solar panel w.r.t. the horizontal support plate and roof of the modular home. Outstanding support members are positioned on the support plate to limit the vertical movement of the end of the solar panel support remote from the weight.    ADVANTAGE -   Variable remotely by operator within vehicle for positioning optimally relative to sun.
The blind consists of multiple flat sheets held between two segments of one continuous belt (2). The endless belt is drawn around a pulley (5) which is suspended from a ceiling (8) fixed to the super structure of the building through a spring (7). The pulley is driven by worm gear drive units (51,52) through a motor (4) controlled by an automatic/manual switch.    The segments of the endless belt are wound on two rollers (3) and joined together at the other end. Between these belts, blind sheets (1) are fixed parallel to each other in the shape of a stack with a slope. One or more solar batteries (6) are provided in one of the blind sheets to supply power to the motor for belt drive. The maximum stability of the spring is matched with the maximum torque delivered by the motor. The angle of inclination of blind sheets is changed through the motor drive.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies operation of diversion or blocking of solar radiation by manual or operating means.
The wave activated generator consists of an electrically equipped setting floating body (2) arranged over the sea surface (1) in a predetermined area. The flexibility to the floating body is provided by a mat shaped lift material (4). Inside this lift material, a piezoelectric film (5) which is formed by a mould of macro-molecule piezoelectric material is provided.    The flexibility position of the floating body changes due to the waves on sea surface and it affects the piezoelectric film resulting in the generation of piezo-electricity. This piezo- electricity is taken out through a wire (6) to an external output line coupler (7).    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For use in sea observation buoy, sea work stand, floating body type artificial island, etc.. Dispenses with machine apparatus and machine element moving part.
The system has a fast acting, selectively adjustable pressure regulator or regulating valve apparatus (40 or 53) connected in parallel with the expander system. The apparatus has an operational state where the gas is throttled to a low pressure from the transmission pipeline to the consumer pipeline (18A or B). It also has a non-operational state in which no gas is transmitted.    A control system (47 or 58) responds to a reduction in gas flow through the expander system below a threshold for rapid switching that minimises the shock waves in both the transmission and consumer pipelines.    ADVANTAGE -   Has reduced downtime. Component failure is reduced as shock waves are minimised.
The hybrid solar panel includes a housing made from a sheet metal tank (1) and a radiation transparent plate (7) attached onto the sheet metal tank. The housing contains an absorber (9) for converting the solar radiation into heat.    Photovoltaic cells (20) in the housing convert the solar radiation onto electrical energy. The housing is evacuated. The photovoltaic cells are arranged in the region of the housing walls. In one embodiment the photovoltaic cells are mounted on the inner side of the plate.    ADVANTAGE -   Output of electrical energy is improved for steady heat output.