(JP8075132-A)      The solids-heating rotary kiln is very suitable for waste (A) pyrolysis. Within (13) the drum (8), parallel tubes (12) are heated by an internal flow of hot gases (h). At the colder end of the tubes, in the last-thirds of their length, turbulators (4), i.e. turbulence inducing rings, are located on the inner tube surfaces. The rings are pref. of stainless steel, rectangular or round in cross section, and offset from each other by given distance; fastened to a pair of locating wires (42) running through, either inside or outside the rings.    USE -   Provides a method of raising the heat transfer coefficient of a hot tube, in a specific location along its length, by the insertion of an assembly of bluff bodies, to bring about a local increase in heat transfer. The physical length of a tube-heated rotary kiln may be reduced for the same overall heat transfer. The efficiency or an existing kiln of this type may be raised by these means.    ADVANTAGE -   Inclined drums of the kind described, often in the form of rotary kilns. heat solids fed at the upper end, in counter current with the gases, which is fed from the lower end, such that hottest gas meets the already heated solids. In the case described, the gas is fed into tubes, keeping it separate from the solids, and relying on heat transfer through the tube walls. This allows a material to be carbonised in the drum, and the vapours the gases evolved, to be collected separately. The equipment is esp. suitable for the low temperature carbonisation of waste, often called pyrolysis, producing a combustible, carbon rich char. Unfortunately, where the solids are fed, they enter with a particularly high heating requirement; they must be heated up from cold, and in particular, can have a high moisture content. In this region, the gases in the heating tubes are at their coldest yet here there is a demand for max. heat transfer.    (US5769007-A)      The solids-heating rotary kiln is very suitable for waste (A) pyrolysis. Within (13) the drum (8), parallel tubes (12) are heated by an internal flow of hot gases (h). At the colder end of the tubes, in the last-thirds of their length, turbulators (4), i.e. turbulence inducing rings, are located on the inner tube surfaces. The rings are pref. of stainless steel, rectangular or round in cross section, and offset from each other by given distance; fastened to a pair of locating wires (42) running through, either inside or outside the rings.    USE -   Provides a method of raising the heat transfer coefficient of a hot tube, in a specific location along its length, by the insertion of an assembly of bluff bodies, to bring about a local increase in heat transfer. The physical length of a tube-heated rotary kiln may be reduced for the same overall heat transfer. The efficiency or an existing kiln of this type may be raised by these means.    ADVANTAGE -   Inclined drums of the kind described, often in the form of rotary kilns. heat solids fed at the upper end, in counter current with the gases, which is fed from the lower end, such that hottest gas meets the already heated solids. In the case described, the gas is fed into tubes, keeping it separate from the solids, and relying on heat transfer through the tube walls. This allows a material to be carbonised in the drum, and the vapours the gases evolved, to be collected separately. The equipment is esp. suitable for the low temperature carbonisation of waste, often called pyrolysis, producing a combustible, carbon rich char. Unfortunately, where the solids are fed, they enter with a particularly high heating requirement; they must be heated up from cold, and in particular, can have a high moisture content. In this region, the gases in the heating tubes are at their coldest yet here there is a demand for max. heat transfer.    (EP703288-B1)      The solids-heating rotary kiln is very suitable for waste (A) pyrolysis. Within (13) the drum (8), parallel tubes (12) are heated by an internal flow of hot gases (h). At the colder end of the tubes, in the last-thirds of their length, turbulators (4), i.e. turbulence inducing rings, are located on the inner tube surfaces. The rings are pref. of stainless steel, rectangular or round in cross section, and offset from each other by given distance; fastened to a pair of locating wires (42) running through, either inside or outside the rings.    USE -   Provides a method of raising the heat transfer coefficient of a hot tube, in a specific location along its length, by the insertion of an assembly of bluff bodies, to bring about a local increase in heat transfer. The physical length of a tube-heated rotary kiln may be reduced for the same overall heat transfer. The efficiency or an existing kiln of this type may be raised by these means.    ADVANTAGE -   Inclined drums of the kind described, often in the form of rotary kilns. heat solids fed at the upper end, in counter current with the gases, which is fed from the lower end, such that hottest gas meets the already heated solids. In the case described, the gas is fed into tubes, keeping it separate from the solids, and relying on heat transfer through the tube walls. This allows a material to be carbonised in the drum, and the vapours the gases evolved, to be collected separately. The equipment is esp. suitable for the low temperature carbonisation of waste, often called pyrolysis, producing a combustible, carbon rich char. Unfortunately, where the solids are fed, they enter with a particularly high heating requirement; they must be heated up from cold, and in particular, can have a high moisture content. In this region, the gases in the heating tubes are at their coldest yet here there is a demand for max. heat transfer.    (RU2138535-C1)      The solids-heating rotary kiln is very suitable for waste (A) pyrolysis. Within (13) the drum (8), parallel tubes (12) are heated by an internal flow of hot gases (h). At the colder end of the tubes, in the last-thirds of their length, turbulators (4), i.e. turbulence inducing rings, are located on the inner tube surfaces. The rings are pref. of stainless steel, rectangular or round in cross section, and offset from each other by given distance; fastened to a pair of locating wires (42) running through, either inside or outside the rings.    USE -   Provides a method of raising the heat transfer coefficient of a hot tube, in a specific location along its length, by the insertion of an assembly of bluff bodies, to bring about a local increase in heat transfer. The physical length of a tube-heated rotary kiln may be reduced for the same overall heat transfer. The efficiency or an existing kiln of this type may be raised by these means.    ADVANTAGE -   Inclined drums of the kind described, often in the form of rotary kilns. heat solids fed at the upper end, in counter current with the gases, which is fed from the lower end, such that hottest gas meets the already heated solids. In the case described, the gas is fed into tubes, keeping it separate from the solids, and relying on heat transfer through the tube walls. This allows a material to be carbonised in the drum, and the vapours the gases evolved, to be collected separately. The equipment is esp. suitable for the low temperature carbonisation of waste, often called pyrolysis, producing a combustible, carbon rich char. Unfortunately, where the solids are fed, they enter with a particularly high heating requirement; they must be heated up from cold, and in particular, can have a high moisture content. In this region, the gases in the heating tubes are at their coldest yet here there is a demand for max. heat transfer.