(US5985487-A)      A solid, single-phase, solvent-contg. electrolyte comprises: a solid matrix derived by polymerising an alkane multifunctional acrylate from 1,4-butanediol diacrylate, 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate, 1,2,6-hexanetriol triacrylate, 1,12-dodecanediol diacrylate and/or 2,4-pentanediol diacrylate; a salt; an electrolytic solvent; and a viscosifier.    Also claimed are an electrolytic cell comprising a C-based intercalation anode comprising graphite and a cathode comprising an insertion cpd., sepd. by the above electrolyte, the choice of alkane multifunctional acrylates further including trimethylol propane triacrylate; and a process for mfg. the cell.    ADVANTAGE -   The electrolytes demonstrate improved conductivity and charge transfer, increasing cell/battery capacity.
(EP739781-A2)      Vehicle roof ventilation cover is provided including a solar panel of cells linked to create a single circuit electrical supply source mounted on a backing sheet of clear material which defines a central section external depression for receiving the panel with a waterproof seal.    Pref. the sheet is a silicone or acrylic sheet.    USE -   For providing power for a caravan burglar alarm unit.    (GB2300157-B)      Vehicle roof ventilation cover is provided including a solar panel of cells linked to create a single circuit electrical supply source mounted on a backing sheet of clear material which defines a central section external depression for receiving the panel with a waterproof seal.    Pref. the sheet is a silicone or acrylic sheet.    USE -   For providing power for a caravan burglar alarm unit.
(DE19514372-A1)      Reactor for photocatalytic purificn. of waste liquor has a solar cell (1) of spaced laminated plates of thermoplastic extrudable, transparent or translucent plastics contg. a photocatalyst, through which the liquor can flow.    Also claimed are the bridge laminates per se.    USE -   The laminates are used as solar cell for purifying waste liquor (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   The reactor uses a stable, lightweight and esp. cheap solar cell.    (EP738686-B1)      Reactor for photocatalytic purificn. of waste liquor has a solar cell (1) of spaced laminated plates of thermoplastic extrudable, transparent or translucent plastics contg. a photocatalyst, through which the liquor can flow.    Also claimed are the bridge laminates per se.    USE -   The laminates are used as solar cell for purifying waste liquor (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   The reactor uses a stable, lightweight and esp. cheap solar cell.
(JP3115202-B2)      A complex oxide with organic disulphide cpd. comprises a compsn. having a disulphide cpd. and polyaniline undergoing cleavage between the sulphur-sulphur bond by an electrolytic redn. to form a sulphur-metal ion (including a proton) bond and regenerating the original sulphur-sulphur bond from the sulphur-metal bond by an electrolytic oxidn. and carried on a metal silver foil in a monolithic way.    USE -   Used for a battery, electronic display device and sensor.
(US5792553-A)      The sheet has a baked paint film 0.1-15.0m thick comprising 100 pts. wt. of polyvinyl butyral, 50-100 pts. wt. of butyl phthalate, 5-50 pts. wt. of a crosslinking reactant like an epoxy resin and 20-200 pts. wt. of graphite powder, carbon black or acetylene black formed on one side of it.    ADVANTAGE -   The sheet does not cause delamination after drawing into the can.    (US5968682-A)      The sheet has a baked paint film 0.1-15.0m thick comprising 100 pts. wt. of polyvinyl butyral, 50-100 pts. wt. of butyl phthalate, 5-50 pts. wt. of a crosslinking reactant like an epoxy resin and 20-200 pts. wt. of graphite powder, carbon black or acetylene black formed on one side of it.    ADVANTAGE -   The sheet does not cause delamination after drawing into the can.    (JP3012479-B2)      The sheet has a baked paint film 0.1-15.0m thick comprising 100 pts. wt. of polyvinyl butyral, 50-100 pts. wt. of butyl phthalate, 5-50 pts. wt. of a crosslinking reactant like an epoxy resin and 20-200 pts. wt. of graphite powder, carbon black or acetylene black formed on one side of it.    ADVANTAGE -   The sheet does not cause delamination after drawing into the can.
(GB2299401-B)      A solar panel is provided including a heat exchanger and a cover for use in reducing heat loss from the panel due to wind passage. The panel cover is translucent or transparent and facilitates passage of solar energy to the heat exchanger but does not include frame elements which would cause shadows on the panel.    Pref. the panel is curved and pref. is a section through a true cylinder or is flat. Pref. the heat exchanger is a turbulent flow type. Pref. the cover is made of fibre glass such as polymethyl methacrylate GRP. Pref. the cover has a matt surface.    ADVANTAGE -   Increased efficiency.
(DE19503085-C2)      In a battery module with several electrochemical storage accumulators (cells) and with the cells having electrically insulating units acting also as channels for a temp. control liq., the unit is formed as a pouch, with internal temp. control units (3,3',3'') for a liq. coolant, closed hermetically from the inlet and outlet. The size of the unit towards the flat side (4) of a cell case (5) of a cell (6) corresponds to the flat side (4), and lies against the flat side (4) to allow of heat-transfer.    ADVANTAGE -   Effective temp. control is obtd. over the vol. of the module.
(WO9715086-A1)      A high energy capacity battery comprises a case (10) contg. (a) a cathode(s) (20) comprising a mixt. of 10-90 (pref. 40-60) wt.% finely divided sulphur and 90-10 (pref. 60-40) wt.% finely divided graphite packed about a solid graphite electrode; (b) an anode(s) (12) comprising a reactive metal(s), spaced from the cathode positioned in the case; and (c) an electrolyte at least partially filling the case and in contact with (a) and (b), comprising particles of a cation chelated resin including a resin substrate having bonded thereto an alkyl sulphide cpd. carrying an agent selected from the gp. consisting of H2S, HS- and/or S2- dispersed in a polar solvent. Also claimed is the mfr. of the above battery where the mixt. is surrounded by a porous separator after it has been packed around the graphite electrode.    USE -   The rapid recharge ability of the battery makes it suitable for e.g. electrically powered cars.    ADVANTAGE -   The battery is reversible and inexpensive and has high energy storage and light weight. The use of the non-reactive plate material provides a very long and deep cycle life, eliminating electrode warping and break-down. Recycling is easy as concentrated acids and hazardous metals are not used.
(US6027836-A)      The battery has a porous Li ion conductive polymer film of polyacrylonitrile, etc..    Also claimed is a film retaining a Li salt-contg. non-aq. electrolyte and covering all or part of the interface between the electrolyte and each of a cathode and an anode.    ADVANTAGE -   Good charging and discharging properties over a long period of time.
(DE19505857-C2)      A solar collector element (1) has a metallic absorber plate(2) or strip arrangement connected in thermal contact with a section of a liq. circulation piping (9), the novelty being that the piping (9) consists of an elastic synthetic material, pref. an elastomer, esp. an ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymer rubber, a thermoplastic elastomer or silicone. Pref. at least the sunlight-exposed surface of the absorber plate (2) or strips is selectively coated with a combination of bright nickel and black chromium or with titanium (oxy)nitride or sputtered ceramic.    USE -   Esp. for domestic water heating.    ADVANTAGE -   The element can be supplied as a finished component or easily assembled on the building and addn. of antifreeze to the heat carrier liq. is not required since the elastic piping is not sensitive to freezing and thawing.
(JP2869354-B2)      The battery includes an anode including a metallic oxide, a cathode of PAS, and a non-proton organic solvent soln. of Li salt as an electrolyte. Atomic ratio of H/C in PAS is 0.5-0.05.    ADVANTAGE -   Internal resistance is low, and a capacity and a voltage are high.
(JP8264205-A)      A fire-retardant gel electrolyte comprises a gelled soln.composed of a non-aq. solvent and a salt of an electrolyte dissolved in the non-aq. solvent with the gel electrolyte having an ionic conductivity of 1 mS/cm at a temp. of 25 C.    Also claimed is a cell comprising the gel electrolyte and positive and negative electrodes.    USE -   The fire retardant gel electrolyte can be employed ina lithium-type secondary cell.    ADVANTAGE -   The material has excellent fire retardant properties and an enhanced electrochemical resistance to an oxidation/reduction reaction. The cell has excellent discharge capacity.    (EP724305-B1)      A fire-retardant gel electrolyte comprises a gelled soln.composed of a non-aq. solvent and a salt of an electrolyte dissolved in the non-aq. solvent with the gel electrolyte having an ionic conductivity of 1 mS/cm at a temp. of 25 C.    Also claimed is a cell comprising the gel electrolyte and positive and negative electrodes.    USE -   The fire retardant gel electrolyte can be employed ina lithium-type secondary cell.    ADVANTAGE -   The material has excellent fire retardant properties and an enhanced electrochemical resistance to an oxidation/reduction reaction. The cell has excellent discharge capacity.
(JP3051314-B2)      A gasket comprises a main body obtd. by compounding at least 20-70 pts. wt. of one of carbon black or dry silica as reinforcer with 100 pts. wt. of a fluorine system elastomer, vulcanisation moulding and film covering the main body.    ADVANTAGE -   The gasket has good mechanical strength at high temp., electric insulation and phosphoric acid-proof property without drop of surface natural resistance when dipping into phosphoric acid.
(JP3043913-B2)      A positive electrode pin is composed of Al (alloy) and the positive electrode pin is caulked to a battery can or cover through a high mol. insulator including 1-85 wt. % filler.    ADVANTAGE -   The electrically insulating property and airtightness can be improved.
(JP3043912-B2)      A positive electrode pin is composed of Al or Al alloy and the pin is caulked to a battery can or cover through a high molecular insulator.    ADVANTAGE -   The electrically insulating property and the air-tightness are improved. The can or cover for battery is mfd. at low cost.
(US5716726-A)      A number of metal-air cells (20) each include a metal anode made of zinc (36), and an air cathode (38). Anode and cathode electrolyte absorbers (40,42) are adjacent the cathode and anode respectively separated by a separator (44).    An input (26) supplies electrolyte to the absorbers at a supply side (24) of the cell. A drain (30) drains excess electrolyte from the absorbers at a drain side (28) of the cells. Each of the cells is inclined so that the drain side is lower than the supply side.    ADVANTAGE -   Relatively inexpensive, efficient, capable of numerous recharge/discharge cycles, reduces electrolyte leakage.
(JP9027352-A)      A composite comprises (i) a porous material and (ii) a polymeric solid electrolyte composed of at least a polymer cpd and an electrolyte (ii) is present in the pores of (i).    Also claimed is the prepn. of the composite by impregnating (i) with a mixture of monomer and electrolyte and, then polymerising the monomer.    USE -   The composite is a photoelectric conversion device, such as a solar cell (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   The composite has good ionic conductivity and a good electrical connection is obtained, so that photoelectric conversion devices produced from the composite have good conversion efficiency. The composite is simply and easily produced. The electrolyte is solid so there is no fear of leakage of electrolyte soln and the long term stability is improved.    (US5693432-A)      A composite comprises (i) a porous material and (ii) a polymeric solid electrolyte composed of at least a polymer cpd and an electrolyte (ii) is present in the pores of (i).    Also claimed is the prepn. of the composite by impregnating (i) with a mixture of monomer and electrolyte and, then polymerising the monomer.    USE -   The composite is a photoelectric conversion device, such as a solar cell (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   The composite has good ionic conductivity and a good electrical connection is obtained, so that photoelectric conversion devices produced from the composite have good conversion efficiency. The composite is simply and easily produced. The electrolyte is solid so there is no fear of leakage of electrolyte soln and the long term stability is improved.
(JP8228020-A)      Photoelectric conversion device has: a substrate (1) of first type; surface impurity region (3) of second type; SiO2 gate (5) formed on the impurity region; dielectric layer (6,7) formed on the gate SiO2; and gate electrode (8), the dielectric layer having the same shape as the gate electrode. The dielectric layer is pref. a nitride layer (6) and an oxide layer (7). In an embodiment, the gate electrode is polySi and dual layer metallisation (11,12) is added with interlevel insulation (10) of polyimide.    Methods for forming the device are claimed.    ADVANTAGE -   Device can be mfd. in few steps and has a pn junction with very low reverse bias leakage.
(DE4443317-A1)      Composite systems (VS) comprise substrate(s) (1) made of a hard transparent plastic (TK) with a firmly adhering composite layer (2) consisting of an elastic, transparent plastic material (VK) with an elasticity modulus (DIN/ISO 527) of not more than 1000 MPa, contg. energy recovery elements (5) that convert solar energy into other forms of energy.    USE -   Used as modules for converting solar energy into other forms of energy for local power supplies (claimed). Applications include bus and train stops, facades, information boards, advertising displays etc. The solar energy absorbed during daylight can be converted into electrical energy, stored in an accumulator and used at night. The system can also be integrated with energy-saving lamps and built into noise-protection walls etc.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides composite systems with easily incorporated integrated energy recovery elements which are protected from damage (impact, deformation, theft etc.) by the plastic matrix and from the effects of dust, water droplets etc. which cannot normally be removed without causing damage. The system also has a greater corrosion resistance than prior-art systems, esp. at the element/plastic interface.
(JP8167728-A)      A photovoltaic element comprises a semiconducting material resulting from the decomposition of a silicon polymer having an organic substituent.    Also claimed is the prodn. of the semiconducting material.     Pref. the silicon polymer is of repeating units of formula (I), (II) or (III): R1 ,R2 ,R' = H, 1-12C (halogenated)hydrocarbon gp., silyl gp. of formula (IV): R3 R4 R5 Si (IV) where R3 , R4 , R5are 1-8C alkyl, 6-10C aryl. The silicon polymer may crosslinked within and between each repeating unit.    USE -   The photovoltaic element is used in the prodn. of solar cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The produced photovoltaic element is pollution-free and capable of quantity production at a large unit size.    (US5620531-A)      A photovoltaic element which comprises a semiconducting material resulting from decomposition of a silicon polymer having an organic substituent.
(JP8170126-A)      A porous metal body containing Al as a principal component, having a porous structure of 3-D network provided with interconnected pores of porosity of 90 % or higher and having at least 10 pores per cm, which comprises metallic skeleton parts of average sectional form satisfying the relationships represented by the formulae: S1/S2 2 and L1/L2 0.1, wherein S1 = area of closed region in 1 metallic skeletal section, S2 = area of a region filled with at least 1 metal in a closed region in 1 metallic skeletal section, L1 = maximum thickness of 1 metallic skeletal section and L2 = outer peripheral length of 1 metallic skeletal section.    Four processes for producing porous metal bodies are also claimed.    USE -   The porous metal body can be used as a battery plate used as a positive electrode in a battery provided with a non-aqueous electrolyte containing Li ions. Porous metal body is used as a carrier of any various substances.    ADVANTAGE -   Porous body has a large effective surface area and a high space utilisation factor and can be used as an excellent filter or battery plate.
(WO9709251-A1)      A mailbox with a solar-powered illuminated address number has a bottom tray pivoted to the mailbox and holding display circuitry with a battery connected to an external solar collector (15) and to a number display with a frame fixed to the box and holding a transparent display with reflective numerals attached to its undersurface and reflective tape along its polished edges, leaving a small light opening on one edge. Light is passed from an emitter through the opening so that virtually all reflects off the tape and numerals, which are pref. of white 'Mylar' (RTM). The collector may envelope an outer surface of the box, or may be remotely located. The box is pref. of plastics with downward hinge lugs.    USE -   For urban or rural mailboxes.    ADVANTAGE -   Eliminates the need for a mains electrical connection and provides a brilliant even display.
(JP3198774-B2)      The lithium secondary battery has a case (1) with positive electrode terminal, a sealing board (2) with negative electrode terminal and a gasket (3) made of polypropylene. A positive electrode (4) having V2O5 are provided in contact with the case.    A negative electrode (5) having compound or alloy of lithium and a NiO5 is provided in contact with the sealing board. An organic electrolyte melts the lithium salt where re-charge is done. An aluminium electrode with 3-20 wt % is added to the positive electrode.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves battery with high reliability. Improves overcharge characteristic in high temperature atmosphere.
(DE19546871-C2)      Absorber foil for solar heat collectors, pref. based on metal foil up to 0.01 mm thick, a metal foil with good thermal conductivity, pref. based on Cu, is bonded to a glass fibre mat, pref. coloured black, with a mass/unit area of 25-100 g by a current technical lamination process, pref. with hot melt or multicomponent adhesive.    USE -   The process is useful for making extremely light wt. heat absorption and transport foils for heating air and water in all types of collector systems.    ADVANTAGE -    The foils ensure optimum heat absorption, low reflection, high storage capacity and extremely long life of all these parameters. The heat yield is practically the same as that of CrO2-coated Cu foils. The process is cost-effective and saves material. The foils are compatible with the environment and give high energy yields.    (WO9722838-A2)      Absorber foil for solar heat collectors, pref. based on metal foil up to 0.01 mm thick, a metal foil with good thermal conductivity, pref. based on Cu, is bonded to a glass fibre mat, pref. coloured black, with a mass/unit area of 25-100 g by a current technical lamination process, pref. with hot melt or multicomponent adhesive.    USE -   The process is useful for making extremely light wt. heat absorption and transport foils for heating air and water in all types of collector systems.    ADVANTAGE -    The foils ensure optimum heat absorption, low reflection, high storage capacity and extremely long life of all these parameters. The heat yield is practically the same as that of CrO2-coated Cu foils. The process is cost-effective and saves material. The foils are compatible with the environment and give high energy yields.
(JP9508504-W)      The photoresponsive (PR) device comprises a PR zone having first and second major surfaces, on which are provided a first and second electrodes respectively. The PR zone comprises a polymer blend and has regions of first and second semiconductive (SC) polymers, which are phase-sepd.. The second SC polymer has a greater electron affinity than the first SC polymer so that, when the device is used, a photocurrent between the first and second electrodes, resulting from light incident on the PR layer, comprises electrons travelling through the second SC polymer and holes travelling through the first SC polymer.    Also claimed are: (1) a PR semiconductor comprising the above phase-sepd. SC polymer blend, in which the second SC polymer has an electron affinity greater than that of the first SC polymer, so facilitating charge sepn. between the first and second SC polymers; and (2) a PR semiconductor as (1) above in which the first SC polymer comprises poly(p-phenylene vinylene) (PPV) substance with at least one alkyl, alkoxy, halogen or nitro gp. and the second SC polymer comprises a cyano-subst. copolymer of PPV.    USE -   The PR device may be used to replace any prior art PR device from an amorphous silicon pin diode to a device with a very large PR surface, e.g. a solar cell.    ADVANTAGE -   A PR device comprising the SC polymers offers relatively high quantum yields at low light intensities and provides more efficient energy conversion than has been achieved with prior art devices. Improved excitation dissociation through charge transfer in the bulk of the polymer blend provides a broad spectral response curve. The device, or an array of devices, may be flexible to allow application to a non-planar surface. Mfr. of the device may be by continuous processing from roll to roll of flexible substrate.
(WO9744838-A1)      A (semi-)solid stage electrolyte composite comprises an electrically-insulating ribbon of expanded or perforated plastic film coated with and embedded in an ionically-conductive (semi-)solid state matrix including an ionically-conductive liq. complexed with an alkali(ne earth) metal trifluoromethane sulphonate (triflate) salt and polyethylene oxide (PEO).    USE -   Used in the prodn. of solid stage alkali(ne earth) metal batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   The composites are highly ionically-conductive, shorting and dendrite-proof, flexible yet mechanically strong, lightweight and thin, and inert to component materials.
(JP8213008-A)      A rechargeable Li battery comprises an anode (202) a cathode (208), a separator (207) positioned them, and an electrolyte soln. in contact with the anode and the cathode. The anode substrate (201) is covered with a coating (209) covering at least the part of the anode substrate opposite the cathode. The coating consists of a metal oxide material having a standard electrode potential difference or emf of 1.5 or less w.r.t. Lithium, and capable of intercalating or de-intercalating Li ions for a battery reaction. Prodn. of the anode is also claimed.    USE -   The battery is useful in load-levelling at power generating plants, in electric vehicles and in portable electrical devices.    ADVANTAGE -   A highly reliable, high performance battery is provided, which has excellent fast-charging characteristics, energy density and charge/discharge cycle life. It provides sufficient service capacity without causing the growth of dendritic Li.    (US6063142-A)      A rechargeable Li battery comprises an anode (202) a cathode (208), a separator (207) positioned them, and an electrolyte soln. in contact with the anode and the cathode. The anode substrate (201) is covered with a coating (209) covering at least the part of the anode substrate opposite the cathode. The coating consists of a metal oxide material having a standard electrode potential difference or emf of 1.5 or less w.r.t. Lithium, and capable of intercalating or de-intercalating Li ions for a battery reaction. Prodn. of the anode is also claimed.    USE -   The battery is useful in load-levelling at power generating plants, in electric vehicles and in portable electrical devices.    ADVANTAGE -   A highly reliable, high performance battery is provided, which has excellent fast-charging characteristics, energy density and charge/discharge cycle life. It provides sufficient service capacity without causing the growth of dendritic Li.
(US5961740-A)      Photovoltaic solar module is used as a cladding panel or roofing element. Its outer sheet faces the incident light with a second sheet behind, forming an interspace. These are held apart by an all-round edge seal, and between them solar cells embedded in e.g. sheets of cast resin have a novel conductor system, allowing adjacent solar cells to make connection (8,10) at their edges.    Connecting terminals (2,4), which may be a plug and socket arrangement are also brought out for the main circuit. The covering sheets are pref. silicate glass, esp. white glass. The embedding material for the solar cells is pref. polyvinylbutyral (PVB), ethylenevinylacetate (EVA) or a monomer mixture based on an acrylate.    USE -   To make an edge connecting photovoltaic solar module, with a transparent enclosure and suitably sealed electrical connections.    ADVANTAGE -   The electrical connections are positively made with good mechanical stability. Fault free electrical contact is realised. The system is easily installed by the unfamiliar, and can resist rough handling. Units connect edge to edge together for smooth appearance. A diode may be included to bypass faulty panels automatically.
(CA2131777-A)      Appts has an electrical assembly inside a metal container (2) which is open at one end and acts as a first electrical terminal (7). A metal cover (1) is sealed peripherally, pref welded, to the open end. A liq fill port and a second terminal form a unitary assembly (15) on the outer surface of the appts which is remote from the seal on the cover. Pref the assembly has an annular section (11) that defines the port and contains an annular polyolefinic gasket (12) with a central Al feedthrough (6) forming part of the second terminal. The liq may be an organic electrolyte. Also claimed is a method of filling and sealing an appts as above.    USE -   (claimed) A sealed electrical device, e.g. Li non-aq battery, electrolytic capacitor.    (JP8087991-A)      The appts. comprises a metal container open at one end, a container acting as the first terminal, a metal cover sealed at the periphery against the opening end of the container, and a liquid filling port provided in the outer surface. A second terminal is provided on the outer surface.    ADVANTAGE -   The appts. has filling and sealing devices applicable to a prismatic battery.    (US5896647-A)      The sealed electrical device includes a liq. with a metal container open at one end contg. the internal electrical assembly. The container acts as a first electrical terminal (15). A metal cover is sealed at its periphery to the open end of the container.    A liq. fill port is located on the device's outer surface, with a second terminal on the outer surface. The improvement comprises a unitary assembly comprising the fill port and the second terminal. The assembly is remote from the seal at the periphery.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Relates to port and terminal constructions for electrical devices such as batteries or capacitors comprising organic electrolytes. Combines filling and sealing of device using fill port that is subsequently used as electrical terminal assembly.
(JP2784151-B2)      Dipolyoxyethylene alkylamide as hydrocarbon system surfactant and polyoxyethylene alkyl ether fluoride as fluorine system are added to alkaline electrolyte.    USE -   Used for battery with zinc negative electrode.    ADVANTAGE -   Corrosion resistance and discharge performance of zinc can be improved.
(JP8262326-A)      A collector to collect and detect radiation emitted by reflected from or transmitted through a scanned information medium comprises: (a) a photodetector assembly (7, 8) with 1st and 2nd sides extending the width of a scanned information medium (9), with a detection surface parallel or perpendicular to the medium; (b) a 1st planar mirror assembly (1, 2, 3) parallel to the photodetector assembly (7, 8), having a lower edge adjacent the medium (9) and an upper region adjacent the 1st side of the detection surface; and (c) a 2nd planar mirror assembly (4, 5, 6) parallel to the assembly (7, 8) with an upper region adjacent the 2nd side at the detection surface. The lower edges of the mirror assemblies are spaced apart and form an aperture (12) for passing the radiation. The assembly (7, 8) and mirror assemblies (1-6) are configured such that all radiation passing through the aperture (12) strikes the photodetector assembly either directly or after a single reflection from the 1st mirror assembly, and such that the 2nd mirror assembly reflects radiation reflected by the photodetector assembly with only a single reflection back to the photodetector assembly. The 1st mirror assembly reflects radiation only once before it hits the photodetector. The mirror assemblies include specularly reflective mirrors comprising an acrylic substrate with a vacuum deposited Al coating.    USE -   For reading the image stored in a photostimulable storage phosphor, and for collecting and detecting the radiation emitted from the phosphor during scanning by stimulating radiation.    ADVANTAGE -   Collection efficiency and flare attenuation are improved, and diffuse reflectivity minimised.
(JP2741574-B2)       The cell has a solid-state polymer electrolyte film (SPEF), a H2 pole and O2 pole having a gas diffusion layer (GDL) set opposed via the SPEF, and a gas feeding system. A catalyst layer is formed on the GDL of the H2 pole and/or the O2pole, an eutectoid layer of active component is formed at least one surface of the SPEF, and the SPEF is in a body junction with the poles and the GDL.    USE -   Used for high density cell.    ADVANTAGE -   The cell has 1.5 times output power density.
(JP8139354-A)      A group of solar cell elements is obtained by connecting a number of solar cell elements (200,210) in series or in parallel by metal foil pieces (202) where an insulating tape (204) is stuck parallel with the metal foil pieces on and across the back faces of the solar cell elements arranged next to each other.    Also claimed is a method for producing a solar cell module as above where the solar cell elements are afterwards covered with a polymeric organic resin.    USE -   Useful for producing a solar cell module as a clean energy source. In partic. useful for amorphous Si-based cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The solar cell elements are produced in high yield and operate with high reliability.    (EP710991-B1)      A group of solar cell elements is obtained by connecting a number of solar cell elements (200,210) in series or in parallel by metal foil pieces (202) where an insulating tape (204) is stuck parallel with the metal foil pieces on and across the back faces of the solar cell elements arranged next to each other.    Also claimed is a method for producing a solar cell module as above where the solar cell elements are afterwards covered with a polymeric organic resin.    USE -   Useful for producing a solar cell module as a clean energy source. In partic. useful for amorphous Si-based cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The solar cell elements are produced in high yield and operate with high reliability.
(ZA9509293-A)      The grid electrode for collecting voltage from the cells of a solar panel includes coating layers. The electrode (101) is formed of a metal of low resistivity using conventional wire forming techniques. Thin metal layers (103) can be applied to the surface of the wire. These layers can provide protection against corrosion and oxidation and be formed from precious metals.    A coating layer (102) is added and formed from heat cured conductive adhesive, or thermoplastic conductive adhesive. This coating allows the wire to be mechanically and electrically connected to the photovoltaic element substrate through thermocompression bonding processes.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides a long term reliable electrode that avoids short circuits and paint solvent penetration and has low resistance    (JP8236796-A)      The grid electrode for collecting voltage from the cells of a solar panel includes coating layers. The electrode (101) is formed of a metal of low resistivity using conventional wire forming techniques. Thin metal layers (103) can be applied to the surface of the wire. These layers can provide protection against corrosion and oxidation and be formed from precious metals.    A coating layer (102) is added and formed from heat cured conductive adhesive, or thermoplastic conductive adhesive. This coating allows the wire to be mechanically and electrically connected to the photovoltaic element substrate through thermocompression bonding processes.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides a long term reliable electrode that avoids short circuits and paint solvent penetration and has low resistance
(EP786155-B1)      Liq. electrolyte fuel cell stack subassembly comprises: (a) a first electrode flow field plate for use in a first cell in a stack, having parallel reactant flow passages extending transversely across one face of the plate, and being porous and capable of absorbing the electrolyte so as to act as an electrolyte reservoir plate for the stack; (b) an electroconductive carbon separator plate adjacent to the side of (a) not having the reactant flow passages; (c) a first melted and resolidified hydrophobic resin film layer bonding (a) to (b); (d) a second electrode flow field plate formed from a homogeneous mixture of graphite flakes and a hydrophobic resin binder for use in said adjacent fuel cell in the stack with its passages perpendicular to those of (a) and being essentially non-porous and hydrophobic, and incapable of acting as an electrolyte reservoir plate; and (e) a second melted and resolidified hydrophobic resin film layer bonding (d) to (b). Also claimed is the method of producing the subassembly.    USE -   The subassembly is used in a phosphoric acid fuel cell.    ADVANTAGE -   The graphite flakes impart a coefft. of thermal expansion as low as 2 ppm/F to the second electrode flow field plate (claimed) giving a fuel cell of improved integrity.
(JP9018047-A)      Solar panels having a glass front panel and a rear support panel between which solar cells are situated, in which the cavity between the front and rear panels is filled with a curable polyether-polyurethane casting resin compsn..    USE -   In the fabrication of large sized solar panels for use in buildings and vehicles.    ADVANTAGE -   The polyether-polyurethane resins have excellent transparency w.r.t. light, esp. in the near infra red region, to give solar panels with high efficiency. Good mechanical properties and durable adhesion to the front and back panels to give panels with safety glass-like properties. Good resiliency to avoid the formation of stresses and deformation of the panel when subjected to temp. changes. Excellent resistance to deterioration, discolouration and ageing when exposed to UV, moisture and weathering, thus giving panels with a long useful life and high resistance to weathering and yellowing at the edges.
(JP3191575-B2)      Compsn. comprises (A) a silicone polymer and (B) a cpd. having a sterically hindered amine and ester gp. in the molecule at the same time.    USE -   The compsn. can be used for charge protection film, solar cell material and electromagnetic shielding.    ADVANTAGE -   The compsn. has improved shapability and provides a film or coating of improved light stability and mechanical properties.
(EP787359-A1)      The carrier plate (1) is surrounded by a polymer film (2). The solar cells are arranged on the film and are covered by a further polymer film (4). The second film is in contact with the first film in the region between cells.    The polymer film material is pref. a silanised fluoropolymer. The support plate is pref. made of a fibre reinforced plastic.    USE -   Used on roof and/or wall sections.    ADVANTAGE -   The solar plate is simple to produce and has a good reliability.
(DE19540845-A1)      The battery is made up of Li-contg. stacked electrochemical cells comprising a continuous flexible, folded, mobile Li ion-contg. polymer laminate electrolyte (8) sandwiched between discrete electrode plates and provided with current collectors (14,16). The stacked cells are assembled from fan-folded laminates comprising stacked parallel sections enfolding the electrode plates and flexible elbow sections (10,12) devoid of the electrode plates, one collector in electrical contact with each of the support laminates.    ADVANTAGE -   Batteries of such configuration overcame the "dog-bone" distortions of the stacked fan-folded Li cells (see patent US 5300373A) and can also avoid short-circuiting.    (FR2727572-A1)      The battery is made up of Li-contg. stacked electrochemical cells comprising a continuous flexible, folded, mobile Li ion-contg. polymer laminate electrolyte (8) sandwiched between discrete electrode plates and provided with current collectors (14,16). The stacked cells are assembled from fan-folded laminates comprising stacked parallel sections enfolding the electrode plates and flexible elbow sections (10,12) devoid of the electrode plates, one collector in electrical contact with each of the support laminates.    ADVANTAGE -   Batteries of such configuration overcame the "dog-bone" distortions of the stacked fan-folded Li cells (see patent US 5300373A) and can also avoid short-circuiting.
(EP700104-B1)      An alkaline battery comprising a positive electrode and a gel-form negative electrode avoiding mercury and contg. a zinc or zinc alloy powder and a fibre material mixed with an alkaline electrolyte; the fibre material being rayon, vinylon, acryl, vinyon, polyamide, polypropylene, polyethylene, mercerised pulp and/or linter pulp.    Pref. battery further comprises a positive pole container member with a closure cap and a negative pole collector, the closure cap and collector being formed of (solder-plated) brass. The gel-form negative electrode is formed by dry mixing powdered (hydr)oxide(s) of indium, lead, gallium, bismuth, with zinc or zinc alloy powder; and dispersing the dry mixt. in a gel-form alkaline electrolyte.    USE -   As an alkaline battery.    ADVANTAGE -   The battery is mercury-free, has improved vibration strength and impact resistance.
(JP3111817-B2)      Proton-conductive solid polymer electrolyte is obtd. by compounding (a) block-graft copolymer having a degree of polymerisation of at least 310 and (b) proton-contg. cpds.     (a) is composed of at least one block chain A having a degree of polymerisation of at least 10 and consisting of repeat units of formula (I) and at least one polymer block chain B having a degree of polymerisation of at least 300 and consisting of repeat units of formula -(CH2 -C(R4 )(M))- (II). In the formulae, R1 = H, CH3 or C2 H5 ; R2 = H or CH3 ; R3 = H, alkyl, aryl, acyl or silyl; n = 1-45; the no. average mol. wt. of graft chain of formula -(CH2 -CH(R2 )-O)n -R3 (III) in formula (I) is 45-2,000; R4 = H, CH3 , or C2 H5 ; M = -CH=CH2 -, -CH(CH3 )=CH2 , -COOCH3 , -COOC2 H5, phenyl or substd. phenyl. The wt. ratio of the block chain A to the block chain B is 1:30-30:1.    USE -   The solid polymer electrolyte is used in fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The solid polymer electrolyte has high proton conductivity and membrane strength.
(JP8023116-A)      The solar cell module comprises: (i) a solar-cell panel; (ii) a frame disposed on the periphery of panel (i); and (iii) an adhesive layer disposed between the second surface of panel (i) and the flange of frame (ii). Panel (i) comprises a light-transmitting plate having two opposing surfaces, and solar-cell elements disposed on the second surface. Frame (ii) has a flange on which the solar cell panel is supported on the second surface while the first surface is free. Layer (iii) comprises a reactive hot-melt adhesive comprising a urethane prepolymer obtd. by reacting a polyhydroxy cpd. with an excess amt. of a polyisocyanate.    Also claimed is process for the prodn. of the above module.    USE -   Cells are installed outdoors in modules which form arrays, e.g. for use in tropical regions.    ADVANTAGE -   The module produced is high quality and reliable. The adhesive has high durability, w.r.t. heat resistance, water resistance, etc. the prodn. of the module is easy and quick.
(JP2998564-B2)      The air cell consists of a PTFE film (11) which is provided between a positive electrode case (4) and an air pole (6). A net like polyolefin film is laminated on whole surface of the PTFE film and a concavo-convex part is formed. The concavo-convex part is formed towards the positive electrode case side.    ADVANTAGE -   Diffusion paper is not needed and oxygen diffusion to the air pole is obtd.. A leak proof air cell is obtd..
(JP2920069-B2)      The battery consists of a negative electrode, a positive electrode and an electrolyte. The organic solvent used in the electrolyte is a mixed solvent of ethylene carbonate and diethyl carbonate.    A Li salt is added to the mixed solvent. An aromatic compound is heated and used in the negative electrode. The atomic ratio of hydrogen atom and carbon atom in the polymer is in the range of 0.5-0.05.    ADVANTAGE -   The battery has high capacity.
(JP3136903-B2)      Thermoelectric cell comprises: unit cells (1) and a heat emitting chemical (2) capable of heating an electrolyte to generate electric power; and a bottom layer contg. resin and glass fibres forming an insulative lid that is heat proof and shock resistant. The lid resin compsn. is selected from polyphenylene sulphide, melamine, phenol, polyimide, silicone resin, unsaturated polyester and their derivatives.    ADVANTAGE -   Lid material is resistant to shock and is not destroyed by impulses of up to 25 G. Utilisation factor of unit cells are improved during high rate discharge. Stable output voltages are obtd. and discharge lifetime is increased. Stable ignition is provided by heat insulative properties of lid.
(JP8088022-A)      The rechargeable battery has an anode formed of conductive material (100) with surface protrusions (110), which are covered with an insulating or semiconductor film (101), leaving an opening between adjacent protrusions such that conductive material is exposed in the opening for contact with the electrolyte.    Also claimed is the process for forming a rechargeable battery, including coating protrusions on an anode conductive material with an insulating or semiconductor material to form the above structure, the coating method being anodic oxidn., anodic or cathodic deposition, electro-polymerisation or electrophoretic deposition.    USE -   The battery is used esp. with rechargeable Li and Zn-series batteries. (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   Generation or growth of Li or Zn dendrites is inhibited (claimed) so that battery cycle life, capacity and energy density are improved.
(JP8031390-A)      A sealed storage battery has a casing (3) containing an electrode group (7) and an electrolyte. The group has alternatively piled positive and negative electrode plates with separators between them. Sealingly fitted to an opening in the casing is a synthetic resin lid (2) with a safety vent. Between the casing and the lid is a welded part (5) on which is formed a protrusion (1). The protrusion is orthogonal to the electrode group (7) and/or the welded part.    Pref. the casing has ribs (4) parallel to each other and the electrode plates. Ribs facilitate cooling air flow over the casing.    Also claimed is a method of mfg. a battery as above.    USE -    A compact high capacity sealed storage battery. e.g. Pb, Ni/Cd and H2types for use in video cameras, lap-top computers, electric vehicles, etc..    ADVANTAGE -   Effective cooling of battery without redn. of energy density is obtained.
(DE4423137-C2)      Supporting structure of a building has an outer wall consisting of a rendered layer (10) and a solar energy absorber system installed between the rendered layer and the structure (2). At least one metal or polypropylene capillary tube (5) is provided on mats (4) positioned on a thermal insulation layer (4) provided over the structure, for flow of a heat transport fluid. Pref. the capillary tube consists of two parts connected in parallel with a spacing of 10-15 mm. The tubing is pref. embedded in a reinforcing material (9) contg. C and/or polyacrylnitrile fibres with mineral and/or organic filler.    ADVANTAGE -   Gives additional opportunities for saving primary energy.
(WO9604689-A1)      A current collector comprises: a) a conductive support; b) a conductive primer layer applied to (a); and c) an electrode layer adhered to the primer layer. Layer (b) comprises (i) a crosslinked polymeric material which is the result of a polymeric material having pendant carboxylic acid gps. crosslinked with a multifunctional crosslinking agent; and (ii) a conductive filler.    Also claimed is a battery contg. the above collector.    Polymeric material having pendant gps. is pref. an acrylic (co)polymer, esp. an ethylene/acrylic copolymer. Multifunctional crosslinking agent is aziridinyl. Conductive filler is C black.    USE -   Current collector may be used for making batteries (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   Electrode material exhibits good contact and adhesion to metal. Overall efficiency and life of battery are improved. Primer layer is resistant to corrosive components and organic solvents used in cells.    (JP11505660-W)      A current collector comprises: a) a conductive support; b) a conductive primer layer applied to (a); and c) an electrode layer adhered to the primer layer. Layer (b) comprises (i) a crosslinked polymeric material which is the result of a polymeric material having pendant carboxylic acid gps. crosslinked with a multifunctional crosslinking agent; and (ii) a conductive filler.    Also claimed is a battery contg. the above collector.    Polymeric material having pendant gps. is pref. an acrylic (co)polymer, esp. an ethylene/acrylic copolymer. Multifunctional crosslinking agent is aziridinyl. Conductive filler is C black.    USE -   Current collector may be used for making batteries (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   Electrode material exhibits good contact and adhesion to metal. Overall efficiency and life of battery are improved. Primer layer is resistant to corrosive components and organic solvents used in cells.
(JP8050917-A)      In a rechargeable battery comprising an anode, a cathode, an electrolyte (soln.) and a housing, the anode is structured to have a size larger than that of the cathode.    USE -   In rechargeable Li or Zn cells for domestic power storage; portable computers, video cameras and portable telephones; and electrically-powered vehicles.    ADVANTAGE -   Dendrite formation in the batteries is reduced, providing improved long-term performance.    (EP690520-B1)      In a rechargeable battery comprising an anode, a cathode, an electrolyte (soln.) and a housing, the anode is structured to have a size larger than that of the cathode.    USE -   In rechargeable Li or Zn cells for domestic power storage; portable computers, video cameras and portable telephones; and electrically-powered vehicles.    ADVANTAGE -   Dendrite formation in the batteries is reduced, providing improved long-term performance.
(JP10501290-W)      A conductive polymer compsn. comprising: (A) a polymeric component comprising: (1) 25-75 wt.% polyethylene (polymer 1): and (2) 25-75 wt.% polymer 2 comprising units derived from ethylene and an acrylate, CH2=CHCOOCmH2m+1, m = 4; and (B) a particulate conductive filler dispersed in (A). Also claimed are (I) an electrical device, an assembly and (B) a battery, pref. a nickel/metal hydride or nickel/cadmium battery, which is electrically connected to (A).    USE -   The compsn. is useful in preparing electrical devices (claimed), e.g. circuit protection devices, heaters, sensors and resistors, esp. circuit protection devices for use in battery applications (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   The electrical devices have lower resistivities, higher positive temp. coefficient anomalies, and better thermal and electrical stability than devices comprising conventional conductive polymer compsns..    (CN1149882-A)      A conductive polymer compsn. comprising: (A) a polymeric component comprising: (1) 25-75 wt.% polyethylene (polymer 1): and (2) 25-75 wt.% polymer 2 comprising units derived from ethylene and an acrylate, CH2=CHCOOCmH2m+1, m = 4; and (B) a particulate conductive filler dispersed in (A). Also claimed are (I) an electrical device, an assembly and (B) a battery, pref. a nickel/metal hydride or nickel/cadmium battery, which is electrically connected to (A).    USE -   The compsn. is useful in preparing electrical devices (claimed), e.g. circuit protection devices, heaters, sensors and resistors, esp. circuit protection devices for use in battery applications (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   The electrical devices have lower resistivities, higher positive temp. coefficient anomalies, and better thermal and electrical stability than devices comprising conventional conductive polymer compsns..
(WO9609650-A1)      The current collector for a photovoltaic cell comprises one or more conductive wire and conducive fibres or filaments in contact with the conducive wire and in contact with the photovoltaic cell. The fibres or filaments collect current generated by the photovoltaic cell and conduct the current to the conductive wire. The wire collects current from all of the fibres or filaments and conducts the current to the major bus bars and terminals of the cell.    ADVANTAGE -   The current collector is more robust than prior art conductive paste systems, reduces the risk of shorts, and simplifies the mfr. of photovoltaic modules.
(WO9617391-A1)      The battery device with integral circuit substrate packaging comprises at least one energy cell (122) coupled to a flexible film circuit-carrying substrate (105) which forms a housing for the cell.    Also claimed are three further battery devices with integral circuit substrate packaging, a battery device and a device comprising a battery cell pack, etc..    USE -   Used e.g. for a portable radio or cellular telephone.    ADVANTAGE -   The battery reduces the size and wt. while retaining or improving power output capacity.
(JP8007905-A)      Pt catalyst fuel cell is operated by: supplying H2 and/or alcohol fuel to the anode and O2 to the cathode and operating the cell at not above 250 C; providing a first interruptable external circuit taking current flow from the cell flowing from cathode to anode; providing a second external circuit which supplied current to the fuel cell in a reverse direction; and operating the two external circuits alternately, the period for the first circuit being at least 10 times that for the second circuit whose period is not more than 0.25 sec.. Appts. for operating a fuel cell as above is claimed.    ADVANTAGE -   Pt anode catalyst which may be poisoned by CO can be de-toxified in a simple, low-cost manner.
(WO9728573-A1)      The fuel cell assembly includes modular cells (10,12,15) inside a pressure vessel (64). Each modular cell has electrolyte between fuel and oxidant electrodes, and is enclosed by a housing (18) which can withstand temps. greater than 600C. The pressure vessel (64) has inlets for fuel gas (F) and oxidant gas (O), and also for a purge gas (P) which can circulate around the module housings to dilute any fuel gas leakage. The vessel also has corresp. gas outlets.    Also claimed are: (i) the operation of the assembly, which includes the use of pressurised fuel, oxidant and purge gases, and removing exhaust, purge and unreacted fuel gas from pressure vessel (64); and (ii) a process of connecting modular cells together electrically and installing them in a low centre of gravity horizontal pressure vessel.    USE -   Used to generate power within the range 100 kW-50 MW, e.g. useful for supplying a light industrial estate.    ADVANTAGE -   The assembly operates at elevated pressure, thus providing greater efficiency of operation and power generation than conventional generators working at about atmospheric pressure. Emission of nitrogen oxide is eliminated, the assembly is transportable, and its exhaust can be fed to a gas turbine. Safety features are incorporated to cater for start-up conditions.
(JP2977150-B2)      SiO2-insulating film is mfd. by sputtering, in which a Si target is sputtered using CO2 gas, or a mixed gas of rare gas, and CO2, as a plasma producing gas.    USE -   For solar cells, and transistors.
(JP9030802-A)      O2 contg. oxidn, gas is fed into a H2 rich gas (I) contg,. H2 and lower concns. of CO and MeOH and the mixt. obtd. treated in a selective oxidising unit contg, a catalyst for accelerating CO oxidn, in (I). MeOH concn. in a H2 rich gas contg., H2 and a lower concn, of MeOH is similarly reduced using a selective oxidising unit contg. a catalyst for accelerating MeOH oxidn..    A fuel reformer (30) for MeOH reforming to a H2 contg. gaseous fuel has a reformer unit (32) supplied with MeOH (12) and H2(14) which form a H2 rich reformed gas contg., MeOH and CO. An oxidising gas (39) is fed into the reformed gas and a selective oxidising unit (34) contains a catalyst to accelerate CO oxidn., to CO2 and produce reformed gas contg. H2 and CO2.    USE -   Reformed gas contg,. H2 is fed to a polymer electrolyte fuel cell stack (20) or a phosphate fuel cell.    ADVANTAGE -   MeOH and CO concns. in reformed gas are very low.    (US5843195-A)      O2 contg. oxidn, gas is fed into a H2 rich gas (I) contg,. H2 and lower concns. of CO and MeOH and the mixt. obtd. treated in a selective oxidising unit contg, a catalyst for accelerating CO oxidn, in (I). MeOH concn. in a H2 rich gas contg., H2 and a lower concn, of MeOH is similarly reduced using a selective oxidising unit contg. a catalyst for accelerating MeOH oxidn..    A fuel reformer (30) for MeOH reforming to a H2 contg. gaseous fuel has a reformer unit (32) supplied with MeOH (12) and H2(14) which form a H2 rich reformed gas contg., MeOH and CO. An oxidising gas (39) is fed into the reformed gas and a selective oxidising unit (34) contains a catalyst to accelerate CO oxidn., to CO2 and produce reformed gas contg. H2 and CO2.    USE -   Reformed gas contg,. H2 is fed to a polymer electrolyte fuel cell stack (20) or a phosphate fuel cell.    ADVANTAGE -   MeOH and CO concns. in reformed gas are very low.
(US5824199-A)      An electrochemical cell comprises an electrode, a membrane in contact with 1 side of the electrode, a current bus on the other side of the electrode, and a conductive inflatable part between the bus and the electrode providing uniform electrical contact. An electrochemical cell for directly producing dry halogen gas from anhydrous H halide using the inflatable member as above is also claimed.    USE -   In the treatment of HCl by-prod. from chlorination reactions, e.g. in the prodn. of PVC, isocyanates and chlorinated/fluorinated hydrocarbons; other H halides may also be processed; and the cell may also be a fuel cell.    ADVANTAGE -   Uniform pressure can be maintained over very large areas, even with variation in thickness of the cell components, thus allowing increases in the fabrication tolerances and thus reduction of cost, and changes in cell dimensions can also be compensated for, enabling higher current densities to be run over the life of the cell. The pressure in the part is easily adjustable, enabling optimum cell performance to be obtd., and it may also be used to remove heat from the cell using a low cost cooling fluid, e.g. water.
(JP3051893-B2)      The filter press type electrolysis vessel or the fuel cell comprises an anode main electrode (1) and a cathode main electrode (2) at the both ends of the vessel, unit cells connected in series between the main electrodes, and a binding member for unifying the main electrodes and unit cells. Each unit cell comprises an anode side of a depolarisation plate (9), an anode feed member (7), an electrode junction member membrane (3) formed by a solid polymer electrolytic membrane, a cathode feeder member (8), and a cathode side of the adjacent depolarisation plate (9). Porous spacers (25) are interposed between the depolarisation plate (9) and the electrode junction member membrane (3) at the outer periphery of the respective headers of the depolarisation plate (9). Each porous spacer (25) is obtd. by taking out a required shape from a rubber sheet (29) formed by burying a layer (28) of synthetic resin hollow yarn or metal micro tubes.    ADVANTAGE -   Conventional problems e.g. hydrogen embrittlement, creep, cracking, etc., are solved and various processing is simplified.
(US5717051-A)      New electronic device comprises electrodes and functional membranes formed on the electrodes. The functional membranes contain specific polymer main chains selected from polysilane, polygermane, polystannan, or their copolymers. The membranes are bonded to the surface of the electrodes through oxygen atoms which are chemically bonded to the specific polymer main chains.    USE -   For EL elements, EO elements, photosensitive devices for electrophotography, or solar cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The functional membranes are durable and hardly peel off, providing excellent optical and electrical performance.    (US5858541-A)      New electronic device comprises electrodes and functional membranes formed on the electrodes. The functional membranes contain specific polymer main chains selected from polysilane, polygermane, polystannan, or their copolymers. The membranes are bonded to the surface of the electrodes through oxygen atoms which are chemically bonded to the specific polymer main chains.    USE -   For EL elements, EO elements, photosensitive devices for electrophotography, or solar cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The functional membranes are durable and hardly peel off, providing excellent optical and electrical performance.
(JP2922132-B2)      The fuel battery comprises stacked cells each of which have a polyelectrolyte film sandwiched between a hydrophilic porous fuel-electrode and an oxidiser electrode which have gas guide grooves. A water-repellent porous water transmission layer is inserted into each cell.    ADVANTAGE -   The fuel battery exhibits high power generation efficiency.
(JP3002110-B2)      The device used for the manufacture of a lamination type amorphous solar battery formed in such a manner that pin structures are vertically laminated in stages includes vacuum chambers (2-9) positioned in an upper and a lower part each having a vol. of up to half of that of a centre vacuum chamber (1) arranged to the four sides of the centre vacuum chamber (1).    ADVANTAGE -   Device cost is reduced and space is saved.
(DE19514372-A1)      Reactor for photocatalytic purificn. of waste liquor has a solar cell (1) of spaced laminated plates of thermoplastic extrudable, transparent or translucent plastics contg. a photocatalyst, through which the liquor can flow.    Also claimed are the bridge laminates per se.    USE -   The laminates are used as solar cell for purifying waste liquor (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   The reactor uses a stable, lightweight and esp. cheap solar cell.    (EP738686-B1)      Reactor for photocatalytic purificn. of waste liquor has a solar cell (1) of spaced laminated plates of thermoplastic extrudable, transparent or translucent plastics contg. a photocatalyst, through which the liquor can flow.    Also claimed are the bridge laminates per se.    USE -   The laminates are used as solar cell for purifying waste liquor (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   The reactor uses a stable, lightweight and esp. cheap solar cell.
(JP2878615-B2)       Transparent electroconductive film is formed by forming SnO2film on a glass substrate by thermal CVD process while the substrate is carried on a conveyor belt. A heat resistant sheet comprising refractory adiabatic fibres for high-temps., having surface area larger than of the glass substrate, is inserted between the conveyor belt and the glass substrate.    USE -   For amorphous Si-solar cell devices.
(JP3161269-B2)      The stainless steel comprises (by wt.): 0.15% C, 2% Mn, 10-25% Cr, 7-30% Ni, 0.8-4% Si and 0.1-3% Mo, with over 2% Si+(2 x Mo).    USE -   For separators and collecting plate of fused carbonate fuel cells.
(DE19680102-T)      Method of mfg. a module with long-term stability contg. a non-heat-resistant substance, esp. a sensitiser, in which edge sealing structure based on glass solder and the non-heat-least one suitably shaped feed aperture opening (78.1) after heat-sealing of the glass plates, is novel that, on the inside linear ribs (10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3) are used to produced spatially-discrete chambers using selective coating with at least one of the glass plates is heated to a temp. in the region of or above the transformation temp. of this glass plate to ensure that the plates (1,2) are levelled or the distance between them is minimised.    Also claimed is the module mfd. by the above method in which a non-heat-resistant substance, esp. a sensitiser or an electrochromic-activatable substance is diffusion-tightly enclosed in a module inner chamber formed between two glass plates. The module inner chamber is subdivided up into several chambers with cells of similar functionality by linear ribs. The module is novel in that an edge sealing structure and the linear ribs consist of glass solder and that the glass plates are 100 m or less apart.    USE -   The module is used as a solar cell.    ADVANTAGE -   The module has a service life of several years.
(DE19511817-A1)      A heat exchanger made up of plates and with a reformer is fitted with 2 types of channels (3,5). A heat exchange medium (G1) flows through one type of channel (3) whilst the gas mixture (G2) to be reformed passes through the other (5). This 2nd type of channel (5) contains material    USE -   To make use of heat from a stack of fuel cells for reforming gas mixtures.    ADVANTAGE -   By combining this heat exchanger with fuel cells, the energy demands of the reformer are covered and operating costs are improved.    (DE19511817-C2)      A heat exchanger made up of plates and with a reformer is fitted with 2 types of channels (3,5). A heat exchange medium (G1) flows through one type of channel (3) whilst the gas mixture (G2) to be reformed passes through the other (5). This 2nd type of channel (5) contains material    USE -   To make use of heat from a stack of fuel cells for reforming gas mixtures.    ADVANTAGE -   By combining this heat exchanger with fuel cells, the energy demands of the reformer are covered and operating costs are improved.    (EP735602-B1)      A heat exchanger made up of plates and with a reformer is fitted with 2 types of channels (3,5). A heat exchange medium (G1) flows through one type of channel (3) whilst the gas mixture (G2) to be reformed passes through the other (5). This 2nd type of channel (5) contains material    USE -   To make use of heat from a stack of fuel cells for reforming gas mixtures.    ADVANTAGE -   By combining this heat exchanger with fuel cells, the energy demands of the reformer are covered and operating costs are improved.
(JP8330611-A)      Silicon solar cell comprises a p-type silicon substrate (1) with an n-type diffusion layer (2) formed on one surface and a p+ layer (3a) formed on the other. The p+ layer has a high doping concentration of an ion implanted group III element which has a greater atomic radius than silicon. Also claimed is a solar cell as above, having an oxide film (6) with opening formed on the p+ layer and an electrode (5) formed on the oxide layer, connected to the p+ layer through the opening.    USE -   Used as solar cells, esp. silicon space cells used in satellites.    ADVANTAGE -   A high output solar cell is provided with improved radiation resistance. Oxygen gettering is effected by the ion implanted Al in the p+ layer improving the radiation resistance across the whole of the back surface of the substrate. The atomic distortion caused by this implantation also reduces the energy of hot carriers, avoiding output reduction from ultraviolet rays.
(JP3054335-B2)      Prepn. of a cell having an anode, a cathode and an electrolyte of aprotic organic solvent soln. in which the salt is dissolved comprises: (a) attaching the formed body layer consisting of (1) insol. and non-melting base material of heat treated aromatic condensed polymer having polyacene skeleton structure with at. ratio of hydrogen to carbon of 0.05:0.5 and (2) F-contg. polymer binder having fluorine to carbon at. ratio of 0.75:1.5 to a metal foil to prepare the anode and cathode; (b) impregnating the anode and cathode with solvent; (c) laminating or winding the anode and cathode together; and (d) drying.    USE -   Used for prepn. of lightweight, organic electrolyte cell.    ADVANTAGE -   Peeling-off of the electrode active substance from the electrodes can be prevented.
(JP3149716-B2)      Mono cells sandwiched by separators with reaction gas supplying and discharging holes are layer-built and fastened by two fastening boards to make a stack subject to the fuel gas and oxidant gas. The gastening boards include honeycomb boards with end plates fixed via plate packings.    ADVANTAGE -   The honeycomb fastening boards make the fastening boards lightweight, for ease of prodn. and transportation.
(JP3199546-B2)      Electroconductive ceramic of less than 1 % of porosity, is of formula (I).     (La1-x Ax Cay )k (Cr1-m-n Cum Bn )O3(I)    (where A is at least one of Sr, Ba and Ca, B is at least one of Mg, Zr, Al, Mn, Fe, Ce, Co and Ni, x+n is 0.05-0.30, y is 0.001-0.05, k is 0.90-1.05 and m is 0.001-0.10).    ADVANTAGE -   Cost of cell is reduced when the ceramic is used in a collecting member of a fuel cell.
(JP8339965-A)      Formation of a crystalline semiconductor film on a insulating layer of a substrate, is claimed. An element of the semiconductor film is applied using a plasma chemical vapour deposition process (PECVD) and performing a step which improves the semiconductor film crystallisation. The process gas in the PECVD process is a mixt. of Ar and a chemical substance contg. an element of the semiconductor film.    Also claimed is the above method where i) a silicon film is formed having an absorption peak intensity at 2090 cm-1 is above that at 2000 cm-1 when using IR absorption spectroscopic methods; and ii) the semiconductor film has a pillar like configuration.    USE -   Thin film semiconductor device is applicable to an active matrix type LCD and a crystalline semiconductor film applicable to a solar battery.    ADVANTAGE -   This provides a stable and simple mfg. method for high quality crystalline semiconductor films. The use of low process temps. (&lt; 400C) cheap glass may be used, reducing both the prod. price and distortion due to the dead wt. of the glass, allowing a high quality semiconductor film to be formed over a wide area.
(JP10513606-W)      The mfr. of thin film semiconductor devices, comprises depositing Cu + (Se,S) on an (In,Ga)x(Se,S)y layer on a substrate, to form Cu-poor film Cu(In,Ga)(Se,S)2 having a ratio of 0.8 &lt; Cu/(In,Ga) &lt; 0.99. Cux(Se,S) may be deposited to form stoichiometric Cu(In,Ga)(Se,S)2 having a ratio of 0.9 &lt; Cu/(In,Ga) &lt; 1.2, and additionally (In,Ga) + (Se,S) deposited thereon to form Cu(In,Ga)(Se,S)2 having a ratio of 0.8 &lt; Cu/(In,Ga) &lt; 0.99.    Also claimed is the mfr. comprising depositing a seed layer of (In,Ga)x(Se,S)y on a substrate; depositing Cu + (Se,S) or Cux(Se,S)y to form a Cu-rich layer with 10 &lt; Cu/(In,Ga) &lt; 100; and additionally depositing (In,Ga)+(Se,S) thereon to form Cu(In,Ga)(Se,S)2 having a ratio of 0.8 &lt; Cu/(In,Ga) &lt; 0.99.    USE -   Used for the thin film mfr. of semiconductor devices.    ADVANTAGE -   The film is of better quality, and more predictably and consistently laid than other known processes allow. Accurate control of the Cu/(In,Ga) ratio is not essential, hence commercially viable.
(JP3008798-B2)      The ferritic stainless steel comprises (by wt.) up to 0.08% C. 0.01-2% Si, up to 1% Mn, 8-22% Cr, up to 2% Mo, 0.1-3% Ti, opt. 0.1-0.2% Cu, Fe and incidental impurities.    USE -   For molten carbonate type fuel cells used as separators and collectors.
(NL9500253-A)      Solid polymer fuel cell has anode (12), electrolyte/diaphragm (13), cathode (11) and a supply and exhaust of gases on the anode and cathode side, the anode having catalyst areas (15) and non-catalyst moisture absorbing areas (19), the catalyst areas comprising strips bounded on their long sides by the non-catalyst areas which have a min. width of 1mm. Pref. the cathode is similarly designed, with catalyst areas (14) and non-catalyst moisture-yielding areas (18).    ADVANTAGE -   Provision is effectively made at each point of the active portion of the anode for compensation of depletion in moisture by water mols. being carried along together with H+. The need for a complex serpentine supply and exhaust of gases is avoided.
(JP3133926-B2)      The oxygen content of the surface layer of the anticorrosion coating layer of the positive electrode container is less than 2.0 wt% to decrease electric resistance at starting period and to improve efficiency of electric energy at starting period.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides the starting period characteristic improving process for the Na-S battery using positive electrode container whose inner surface is coated with the highly anti-corrosive layer.
(JP2879649-B2)      Carbon powder is treated by oxidn. to form acidic functional gp. on surface. The carbon powder is soaked into soln., contg. platinum complex cpd. cation as dissolved seed, to exchange ion existing in the functional gp. on the surface of the carbon powder with the platinum complex cpd. cation and to have the cation carried on the carbon. The cation is reduced.    USE -   Used for prepn. of platinum catalyst to be used for the fuel cell or hydrogen oxidn., or electrochemical processes.    ADVANTAGE -   Improved highly active platinum catalyst can be prepd.
(JP3051314-B2)      A gasket comprises a main body obtd. by compounding at least 20-70 pts. wt. of one of carbon black or dry silica as reinforcer with 100 pts. wt. of a fluorine system elastomer, vulcanisation moulding and film covering the main body.    ADVANTAGE -   The gasket has good mechanical strength at high temp., electric insulation and phosphoric acid-proof property without drop of surface natural resistance when dipping into phosphoric acid.
(JP3195180-B2)      An electroless plating liq. including a heavy metal, is poured into a catalyst slurry obtd. by dispersing a noble metal (alloy) catalyst into hot water, and alloying the noble metal (alloy) catalyst plated by the heavy metal, at 850 - 950 C for 2 - 10 minutes.    ADVANTAGE -   A specific surface area of the catalyst can be kept large, and the mass activity of the catalyst can be improved.
(JP3143568-B2)      When charging the battery, the valence state of the anode is changed from one to another. After charging, the battery is operated so that the anode active material of the first valence state can be left in the electrolytic soln..    ADVANTAGE -   Electrode deterioration can be minimised.
(JP3078186-B2)      Electrolyte contg. up to 1.5 mol/l of V concn. and 2-4 mol/l of sulphuric acid concn.    USE -   The electrolyte is suitable for a cell at power station for controlling balance of demand and supply.    ADVANTAGE -   The electrolyte contributes stable operation of the cell, since no deposition of V is generated.
(JP2924671-B2)      A heat exchanger is connected to the blow-down water drain pipe line coupled to the battery cooling water line. The flow of blow-down water is controlled in reference to the output of the built-in water temp. detector.    ADVANTAGE -   High-efficiency power generation is obtd.
(DE4443939-C1)      PEM (polymer electrolye membrane) fuel cell consists of strip membrane(s) (17) with 2-10000 flat individual cells on both sides of a membrane (10) of an electrode films (11-13, 14-16) on polymeric solid electrolyte, in which the individual cells are connected in series. The contacted plates (18, 19) on both sides of the this membrane have conducting and insulating zones (20, 21) arranged to prevent a short circuit between individual electrodes on one side of the membrane.    ADVANTAGE -   The cell has high output voltage, is of very simple construction and can be made cost-effectively.    (EP797848-B1)      PEM (polymer electrolye membrane) fuel cell consists of strip membrane(s) (17) with 2-10000 flat individual cells on both sides of a membrane (10) of an electrode films (11-13, 14-16) on polymeric solid electrolyte, in which the individual cells are connected in series. The contacted plates (18, 19) on both sides of the this membrane have conducting and insulating zones (20, 21) arranged to prevent a short circuit between individual electrodes on one side of the membrane.    ADVANTAGE -   The cell has high output voltage, is of very simple construction and can be made cost-effectively.    (US5952118-A)      PEM (polymer electrolye membrane) fuel cell consists of strip membrane(s) (17) with 2-10000 flat individual cells on both sides of a membrane (10) of an electrode films (11-13, 14-16) on polymeric solid electrolyte, in which the individual cells are connected in series. The contacted plates (18, 19) on both sides of the this membrane have conducting and insulating zones (20, 21) arranged to prevent a short circuit between individual electrodes on one side of the membrane.    ADVANTAGE -   The cell has high output voltage, is of very simple construction and can be made cost-effectively.
(JP3011319-B2)      The solar cell is made by forming a Cu-In-Se plating layer on an electroconductive film formed on a substrate. The plating liq. comprises dispersed Se-particles in a soln. contg. Cu ions and In-ions. Heat treating the plating layer converts it into a Cu-In-Se alloy film, in which an organic acid capable of forming complex ions of Cu and In is added to the plating soln..    USE -   Used for making thin film solar cells having an absorption layer of cpd. semiconductors contg. IB, IIIB, and VIB gp. elements.
(JP2896090-B2)      A patterning laser beam is scanned along the film substrate's surface on one feed roller of a substrate feeder.    ADVANTAGE -   Because no patterning stage is needed, the cost of patterning can be minimised.
(BE1008930-A3)      The use of a fuel cell in an industrial hydrogenation process that is net hydrogen-consuming is claimed.    USE -   Used in the hydrogenation of nitrogen oxides to hydroxylamine, the hydrogenation of nitriles to amines or aldehydes and ketones to alcohols, the hydrogenation of aromatic cpds. to cycloaliphatic cpds. and the hydrogenation of unsatd. hydrocarbons (all claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   The use of a fuel cell allows H2 in the drain-gas flow to be converted directly to electric current and is more energy-efficient and safer than combustion. The optimum H2 partial pressure may be used in the hydrogenation process. This partial pressure is higher than that used in the prior art processes, where drain gas processability must be considered, increasing the hydrogenation reaction rate and prodn. capacity of a reactor of a given size.
(JP2807809-B2)      A pulse laser beam having a wavelength up to 400 nm is made into a large area or longer length with a beam expander (2), and is radiated onto the combined film (11) composed of light transmissive electroconductive film and metallic electroconductive film. The pulse laser beam is collected into a linear pulse beam by a cylindrical lens (4) to form one or more grooves (5).    USE -   Used for pulse laser beam working, for mfg. solar cells.
(US5789094-A)      The method involves an electrolyte matrix (30) formed by a fuel gas side electrode (23) and an oxidising agent gas side electrode (20). The fuel gas and oxidising agent gas are circulated within the cells through a bipolar board (1). A fuel gas supply and exhaust valve connected to the cell regulates the supply and exhaust of the gases. The gas are sealed by the fuel electrode side, bipolar board, an electrode circumference sealing part (16) and a fuel gas sealing part.    The electrode circumference sealing part and the oxidising agent gas sealing part are separated by a set of corrugated type recesses (19, 23). The oxidising agent electrode side, electrode circumference sealing part and oxidising gas sealing part are connected together.    ADVANTAGE -   Seals gases stably. Prevents fracture of electrolyte matrix. Increases life span of battery. Prevents leakage of gas. Increases stability of battery.
(JP8190209-A)      Photoconductor comprises material selected from fullerene(s) and deriv(s). with amorphous structure. Also claimed are a method of producing the photoconductor and the prods. obtd..    USE -   The photoconductor is used as charge generating layer in a photoreceptor also having a charge transport layer (claimed), e.g. for electrophotographic copiers and printers, holographic equipment, photoconductive toners, resists, optical memories, photo-sensors, photo-gating switches, photo-modulators and solar cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The photoconductor has high charge generating capacity when exposed to light.    (JP9073180-A)      Photoconductor comprises material selected from fullerene(s) and deriv(s). with amorphous structure. Also claimed are a method of producing the photoconductor and the prods. obtd..    USE -   The photoconductor is used as charge generating layer in a photoreceptor also having a charge transport layer (claimed), e.g. for electrophotographic copiers and printers, holographic equipment, photoconductive toners, resists, optical memories, photo-sensors, photo-gating switches, photo-modulators and solar cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The photoconductor has high charge generating capacity when exposed to light.    (US5759725-A)      Photoconductor comprises material selected from fullerene(s) and deriv(s). with amorphous structure. Also claimed are a method of producing the photoconductor and the prods. obtd..    USE -   The photoconductor is used as charge generating layer in a photoreceptor also having a charge transport layer (claimed), e.g. for electrophotographic copiers and printers, holographic equipment, photoconductive toners, resists, optical memories, photo-sensors, photo-gating switches, photo-modulators and solar cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The photoconductor has high charge generating capacity when exposed to light.
(JP3177391-B2)       A portable fuel cell comprises a cell stack (3) made of layered power generating cells (40), a recovery manifold (5) located at the bottom of the cell stack (3) to recover exhaust gas including the unreacted H2and an exhaust gas feed-out tube (14) from the recovery manifold (5) to a catalyst burner (13). Moisture absorbing material (62) is laid on the inside of the manifold (5) to absorb moisture in exhaust gas at start-up when a temp is low.    ADVANTAGE -    Moisture accumulated in the manifold will not pass into the gas feed-out tube, supplying H2.
(JP63243664-A)      The appts. comprises an electrolyte tank, an H2 dissociation catalyst at the anode, a hydrogen recombining catalyst at the cathode, a means to apply a DC voltage between the electrodes, a means to circulate H2 from the cathode to the anode, a heat absorber adjoining the outer wall of the anode, and a heat dissipator at the outer wall of the cathode. The dissociation catalyst and recombination catalyst are Pt black or hydrogenase.    USE -   For vehicles and houses.    ADVANTAGE -   Improved working lifetime, as there are no moving parts, reducing maintenance. More efficient thermoelectric conversion than a Peltier element. The appts. is simpler and more compact.
(JP63135755-A)      The electrolytic tank positions both the anode and cathode. Hydrogen is supplied to the anode and oxygen is supplied to the cathode, by the respective supply devices. The power generator circuit connects the electrodes. A heat operation stage is used for dissociation and ionisation heat absorption of hydrogen molecules, at a part close to the anode of the electrolytic tank outer wall surface.    USE -   Endothermic reaction in the anode of the fuel cell which uses hydrogen as fuel, is used as a 'cold-heat' generation source. Freezing appts. operates with power generation from the fuel cell.    ADVANTAGE -   Coolant compressor is not required. No unwanted sound or vibration is generated. Appts. life is extended. The structure is simplified for industrial use.
(US5961740-A)      Photovoltaic solar module is used as a cladding panel or roofing element. Its outer sheet faces the incident light with a second sheet behind, forming an interspace. These are held apart by an all-round edge seal, and between them solar cells embedded in e.g. sheets of cast resin have a novel conductor system, allowing adjacent solar cells to make connection (8,10) at their edges.    Connecting terminals (2,4), which may be a plug and socket arrangement are also brought out for the main circuit. The covering sheets are pref. silicate glass, esp. white glass. The embedding material for the solar cells is pref. polyvinylbutyral (PVB), ethylenevinylacetate (EVA) or a monomer mixture based on an acrylate.    USE -   To make an edge connecting photovoltaic solar module, with a transparent enclosure and suitably sealed electrical connections.    ADVANTAGE -   The electrical connections are positively made with good mechanical stability. Fault free electrical contact is realised. The system is easily installed by the unfamiliar, and can resist rough handling. Units connect edge to edge together for smooth appearance. A diode may be included to bypass faulty panels automatically.
(EP714147-B1)      In the fuel-cell (1) there is a chromium-bearing connection element (3) connected between the cathode (2c) of an electrochemical plate (2) to the PEN-anode (2a) of a corresponding electrochemical plate (2) in a neighbouring cell. This acts as a current collector, temperature equaliser and heat exchanger to warm the air (35a,33a) for the cathode reaction. The free area of the connection plate (3) that comes into contact with the heated air (33a) has a ceramic covering layer (8) that acts as a barrier to chromium-oxide at the working temperature. This reduces the transportation of gaseous chromium-oxide and prevents the damage caused by deposition of chromium-oxide.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces the damage caused by the transportation and deposition of chromium-oxide in the fuel-cell.
(JP10512096-W)      The method manufactures thin-film solar cells, wherein a layer of copper indium selenide (3) is applied in one manufacturing step on a structure which includes a metal layer (2) forming an electrical back contact in the solar cell.    The back contact is applied to a glass substrate (1). A layer (6) containing an alkali metal is formed on the structure prior to applying the copper indium selenide layer.    A cadmium sulphide layer (4) is applied to the copper indium selenide and a zinc oxide layer (5) applied on top. Electrical power is produced by sunlight falling on the cell between the electrical contact comprising the zinc oxide layer , and the electrical back contact metal layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Produces high efficiency solar cells.    (US5994163-A)      The method manufactures thin-film solar cells, wherein a layer of copper indium selenide (3) is applied in one manufacturing step on a structure which includes a metal layer (2) forming an electrical back contact in the solar cell.    The back contact is applied to a glass substrate (1). A layer (6) containing an alkali metal is formed on the structure prior to applying the copper indium selenide layer.    A cadmium sulphide layer (4) is applied to the copper indium selenide and a zinc oxide layer (5) applied on top. Electrical power is produced by sunlight falling on the cell between the electrical contact comprising the zinc oxide layer , and the electrical back contact metal layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Produces high efficiency solar cells.
(JP8139354-A)      A group of solar cell elements is obtained by connecting a number of solar cell elements (200,210) in series or in parallel by metal foil pieces (202) where an insulating tape (204) is stuck parallel with the metal foil pieces on and across the back faces of the solar cell elements arranged next to each other.    Also claimed is a method for producing a solar cell module as above where the solar cell elements are afterwards covered with a polymeric organic resin.    USE -   Useful for producing a solar cell module as a clean energy source. In partic. useful for amorphous Si-based cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The solar cell elements are produced in high yield and operate with high reliability.    (EP710991-B1)      A group of solar cell elements is obtained by connecting a number of solar cell elements (200,210) in series or in parallel by metal foil pieces (202) where an insulating tape (204) is stuck parallel with the metal foil pieces on and across the back faces of the solar cell elements arranged next to each other.    Also claimed is a method for producing a solar cell module as above where the solar cell elements are afterwards covered with a polymeric organic resin.    USE -   Useful for producing a solar cell module as a clean energy source. In partic. useful for amorphous Si-based cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The solar cell elements are produced in high yield and operate with high reliability.
(ZA9509293-A)      The grid electrode for collecting voltage from the cells of a solar panel includes coating layers. The electrode (101) is formed of a metal of low resistivity using conventional wire forming techniques. Thin metal layers (103) can be applied to the surface of the wire. These layers can provide protection against corrosion and oxidation and be formed from precious metals.    A coating layer (102) is added and formed from heat cured conductive adhesive, or thermoplastic conductive adhesive. This coating allows the wire to be mechanically and electrically connected to the photovoltaic element substrate through thermocompression bonding processes.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides a long term reliable electrode that avoids short circuits and paint solvent penetration and has low resistance    (JP8236796-A)      The grid electrode for collecting voltage from the cells of a solar panel includes coating layers. The electrode (101) is formed of a metal of low resistivity using conventional wire forming techniques. Thin metal layers (103) can be applied to the surface of the wire. These layers can provide protection against corrosion and oxidation and be formed from precious metals.    A coating layer (102) is added and formed from heat cured conductive adhesive, or thermoplastic conductive adhesive. This coating allows the wire to be mechanically and electrically connected to the photovoltaic element substrate through thermocompression bonding processes.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides a long term reliable electrode that avoids short circuits and paint solvent penetration and has low resistance
(JP10507572-W)      A liq. organic fuel cell (10) uses a solid electrolyte membrane (18). Organic fuel, such as a methanol/water mixture, is circulated past the anode (14) of the cell, while air or oxygen is circulated past the cathode (16). The electrolyte membrane is pref. mfd. from the co-polymer 'Nafion'.    Carbon electrode structure performance is improved by using high surface area carbon particle/PTFE binding, which has been immersed in a 'Nafion'/methanol mixture for impregnation. The anode may be mfd. by depositing metal alloy on the electrode from a perfluoro-octane-sulphonic acid soln.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Improved direct-type liq. feed fuel cell, not requiring sulphuric acid electrolyte, achieving adequate electrode wetting, and using solid polymer membrane allowing operation at temps. up to 120 degrees C, with newly-developed fuels tri-, di-methoxymethane and trioxane.
(EP786155-B1)      Liq. electrolyte fuel cell stack subassembly comprises: (a) a first electrode flow field plate for use in a first cell in a stack, having parallel reactant flow passages extending transversely across one face of the plate, and being porous and capable of absorbing the electrolyte so as to act as an electrolyte reservoir plate for the stack; (b) an electroconductive carbon separator plate adjacent to the side of (a) not having the reactant flow passages; (c) a first melted and resolidified hydrophobic resin film layer bonding (a) to (b); (d) a second electrode flow field plate formed from a homogeneous mixture of graphite flakes and a hydrophobic resin binder for use in said adjacent fuel cell in the stack with its passages perpendicular to those of (a) and being essentially non-porous and hydrophobic, and incapable of acting as an electrolyte reservoir plate; and (e) a second melted and resolidified hydrophobic resin film layer bonding (d) to (b). Also claimed is the method of producing the subassembly.    USE -   The subassembly is used in a phosphoric acid fuel cell.    ADVANTAGE -   The graphite flakes impart a coefft. of thermal expansion as low as 2 ppm/F to the second electrode flow field plate (claimed) giving a fuel cell of improved integrity.
(JP2968179-B2)       An organic semiconductor consists of an insoluble and infusible base having a polyacene-based skeleton structure and formed of an aromatic condensed polymer consisting of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen or formed by applying heat treatment by gradually increasing temp. from 200 to 800 (400 to 600) C under a non-oxidising atmos. (including vacuum) to aromatic condensed polymer consisting of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. The aromatic condensed polymer of the heat treatment applied aromatic condensed polymer is obtd. by irradiating UV laser at the base having an atomic ratio of hydrogen carbon of at least 0.15. The organic semiconductor has: (a) an electrical conductivity of 10-12 - 102S/cm.; (b) an absorbency of formula: D = D1180-1280/D1560-1640 obtd. from an infra-red absorption spectrum of up to 3.0 (where, D1180-1280 = absorbency obtd. from the max. absorption peak of 1180-1280 kaysers at the infra-red absorption spectrum; and D1560-1640 = absorbency obtd. from the max. absorption peak of 1560-1640 kaysers in the infra-red absorption spectrum); and (c) a bond between two carbons constituting a benzene ring conjugate system as a major bond.    USE -   The organic semiconductor is used for a diode, transistor, or solar battery.    ADVANTAGE -   The organic semiconductor has a very thin film and a fine shape.
(JP8213034-A)      Matrix for use in carrying carbonate electrolyte in a fuel cell comprises: (a) support material contg. support particles of a first size; (b) crack attenuator particles of a second size larger than the first size distributed in the support material and having a platelet shape. (II) Also claimed is the matrix as (I) with at least a portion of them porous. (III) Also claimed is the method of making the platelet particles by: (a) forming a slurry contg. sub-m sized particles of ceramic; (b) tape casting the slurry; (c) heating the tape to sinter it; (d) fracturing the sheet to form sub-m platelets.    USE -   For mfr. of carbonate fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -   Increased resistance to cracking.    (JP2947739-B2)      Matrix for use in carrying carbonate electrolyte in a fuel cell comprises: (a) support material contg. support particles of a first size; (b) crack attenuator particles of a second size larger than the first size distributed in the support material and having a platelet shape. (II) Also claimed is the matrix as (I) with at least a portion of them porous. (III) Also claimed is the method of making the platelet particles by: (a) forming a slurry contg. sub-m sized particles of ceramic; (b) tape casting the slurry; (c) heating the tape to sinter it; (d) fracturing the sheet to form sub-m platelets.    USE -   For mfr. of carbonate fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -   Increased resistance to cracking.
(DE4436456-C2)      Coating an essentially planar, plate-shaped component (partic. a bipolar plate and/or an electrode) of a high temp. fuel cell, with an electrically conductive, easily deformable layer is done by fine spraying. A ceramic and/or metal contact material powder (10, 12) with a particle size distribution from 0.1-50 m is mixed with a bonding system (18). The bonding system contains at least one organic and/or inorganic bonding agent (14) and at least one solvent (16).    USE -   Used in the mfr. of high temp. fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -   Uniform functional layers with just tiny thickness fluctuations are produced in an esp. simple process.
(JP3093579-B2)      Gasket prepd. by curing mould of an elastomer compsn. material made of 100 wt. pts. of tetra-fluoro ethylene propylene copolymer and 20-70 wt.pts. of carbon black and/or dry silica. The gasket has up to 50% of compression strain, at least 40 kgf/cm of crack load at higher temp., at least 1015 .cm of vol. specific resistance, at least 1019 .cm surface specific resistance and up to 1.5% wt. change on a phosphoric acid test.    ADVANTAGE -   The gasket has improved phosphoric acid resistance, heat resistance, mechanical strength and electrical insulation.
(JP3152843-B2)       Cell has an air pole at one side of a solid state electrolyte (SSE) and fuel pole at the other side of the SSE, and has a current collector. The fuel pole is made of a composite oxide of formula Lax AyB2 Cru Cv(I). In the formula; A = at least one element of gp. IIIa excluding La: B = at least one of Ca, Sr or Ba; C = at least one of Mg, Mn, Fe, Co or Ni. x/(x+y+z)=0.4-1.00: y/(x+y+z)=0-0.20: z/(x+y+z)=0.01-0.40: v/(u+v)= 0-0.30 and (x+y+z)/(u+v)=1.002-1.30.    USE -   The cell contributes improvement of SSE and inter-connector produced by gas phase process.    ADVANTAGE -   Lowering of electrode character is prevented, since resistance to corrosion by halogen gas at forming of the SSE is improved.
(US5718773-A)      The conversion object consists of a transparent layer (103) on which a semiconductor junction layer (104) and a reflected prevention layer (108) are sequentially formed. A second oxide layer (B) containing the zinc or titanium and a first oxide layer (A) containing one element among the elements of cadmium, indium and tin are formed alternatively on the prevention layer.    The thicknesses of the oxide layers (A,B) are found to be 20 nm and 10 nm respectively. The particle diameter of the particles contained in the crystal grain elements of the second oxide layer is found to be 20 nm. A collector electrode (111) is formed on the designed portion of the reflected prevention layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves conversion efficiency. Enables working in small areas also.
(JP9018047-A)      Solar panels having a glass front panel and a rear support panel between which solar cells are situated, in which the cavity between the front and rear panels is filled with a curable polyether-polyurethane casting resin compsn..    USE -   In the fabrication of large sized solar panels for use in buildings and vehicles.    ADVANTAGE -   The polyether-polyurethane resins have excellent transparency w.r.t. light, esp. in the near infra red region, to give solar panels with high efficiency. Good mechanical properties and durable adhesion to the front and back panels to give panels with safety glass-like properties. Good resiliency to avoid the formation of stresses and deformation of the panel when subjected to temp. changes. Excellent resistance to deterioration, discolouration and ageing when exposed to UV, moisture and weathering, thus giving panels with a long useful life and high resistance to weathering and yellowing at the edges.
(JP3191575-B2)      Compsn. comprises (A) a silicone polymer and (B) a cpd. having a sterically hindered amine and ester gp. in the molecule at the same time.    USE -   The compsn. can be used for charge protection film, solar cell material and electromagnetic shielding.    ADVANTAGE -   The compsn. has improved shapability and provides a film or coating of improved light stability and mechanical properties.
(JP2612545-B2)       A ceramics comprises a perovskite type crystal structure of formula (La1-x , Ax )a (Cr1-y-z , My , Bz )b , O3(where x is &gt; 0 and 0.2; M = Co or Ni; A = Ca or Sr; y is &gt; 0 and 0.1; B = Al or Mg; and z is &gt; 0 and 0.1).    USE -   For solid electrolyte type fuel battery member.
(JP2894253-B2)      The film is made by oblique angle vapour depositing ferromagnetic metal on the surface of film. Incidence of intermediate incidence angle component of the ferromagnetic metal vapour flow is interrupted, and high and low-incidence angle components are discontinuously vapour deposited to laminate, then ionised oxygen gas is blown to the high-incidence angle component.    USE -   For vapour deposition tapes as a high recording density medium, functional thin film for orienting liq. crystals, and solar cells.
(JP2883789-B2)      A car has at least three heat absorbing and generating vessels which have a heat exchange and contain metal hydride and a compressor of hydrogen gas and an inlet side transfer pipe part with which each vessel is communicated with the inlet port of the compressor through a valve to transfer the hydrogen gas and an outlet side transfer pipe path with which each vessel is communicated with the outlet port of the compressor through a valve to transfer the hydrogen gas and a controller which changes any communication sequentially between each vessel and both pipe paths with opening or closing each valve and a power source which generates the power with compressed hydrogen gas which is supplied with the outlet side transfer pipe path through valves.    ADVANTAGE -   Structure of the device is simple, supply of the hydrogen gas to a fuel cell (2) is controlled stably and usage of fluorine gas is prevented.
(JP8073297-A)      Prodn of a substrate material comprises: (a) coagulating a silicon melt in one direction in form bar-like silicon; (b) producing a silicon bar, using the floating zone method, where, a metal silicon melt obtd by reducing quartzite or quartz sand in an electric furnace is coagulated in one direction in a heat-resistance columnar container to form the bar-like silicon.    Also claimed is a solar battery which uses the substrate material obtd from the silicon bar.    USE -   Produces substrate material used for solar battery.    ADVANTAGE -   The method dramatically simplifies the prodn of the crystal of the silicon semiconductor used, for the substrate material, to supply the crystal of silicon having high purity at lower costs. Reduces the cost for the solar battery and provides the solar battery having high photo-electric conversion efficiency and superior durability.
(JP8092788-A)      A dispersion coating process comprises forming a coating on a material using a coating liq. produced by dissolving one or more metal ion types in an aq. soln. contg. dispersed colloidal particles.    Also claimed are (a) a similar dispersion coating process in which the aq. soln. contains dispersed 10-100 nm size particles of a Se colloid produced by redn. of selenic acid with hydrazine sulphate, and (b) a solar cell prodn. process.    USE -   Esp. for prodn. of a cpd. semiconductor coating for use as the absorber layer in a thin film solar cell.    ADVANTAGE -   The coating process provides high utilisation of the dispersed particles, has reduced costs and does not require use of extremely toxic chemicals.    (JP2967908-B2)      A dispersion coating process comprises forming a coating on a material using a coating liq. produced by dissolving one or more metal ion types in an aq. soln. contg. dispersed colloidal particles.    Also claimed are (a) a similar dispersion coating process in which the aq. soln. contains dispersed 10-100 nm size particles of a Se colloid produced by redn. of selenic acid with hydrazine sulphate, and (b) a solar cell prodn. process.    USE -   Esp. for prodn. of a cpd. semiconductor coating for use as the absorber layer in a thin film solar cell.    ADVANTAGE -   The coating process provides high utilisation of the dispersed particles, has reduced costs and does not require use of extremely toxic chemicals.
(EP787359-A1)      The carrier plate (1) is surrounded by a polymer film (2). The solar cells are arranged on the film and are covered by a further polymer film (4). The second film is in contact with the first film in the region between cells.    The polymer film material is pref. a silanised fluoropolymer. The support plate is pref. made of a fibre reinforced plastic.    USE -   Used on roof and/or wall sections.    ADVANTAGE -   The solar plate is simple to produce and has a good reliability.
(JP2972525-B2)      A controller comprises a compensation air flow operation unit (10A) and an air control valve drive (11A) to control a combustion air flow, based on the generated power output of fuel cell and the measured temp. of a reformer (1), to heat raw fuel while keeping the temp. of the reformer (1) at set temp., and a compensation raw fuel flow operation unit (30) and a raw fuel control valve drive (31) to control a flow-in rate of the raw fuel.    ADVANTAGE -   Temp. of the reformer is kept at set temp. despite a change of raw fuel compositions or reforming reaction.
(JP2947549-B2)      Cell comprising many laminates of separators and unit cells with structure of an electrolyte plate is inserted between an oxygen pole and fuel pole, while passing oxidn. gas to the oxygen pole and fuel gas to the fuel pole. Passage of oxidising gas is kept counter-current on each layer.    USE -   The cell is suitable for power station.    ADVANTAGE -   The cell has improved power generating factor and running life, since temp. distribution is homogeneous in planar direction of unit cell.
(JP8119612-A)      A hydrogen ion conductor consists of an amorphous material having a hydrogen ion conductivity of 10 -1-10-6 S/Cl at room temp.    The material is a phosphate, esp. Zr phosphate. the ratio of P to Zr is 80:20 - 40:60 as expressed in terms of the molar ratio P2O5:ZrO2. other phosphate used include Ti and W phosphate. The material is prepd. by a sol-gel method.    USE -   The conductor may be used in inorganic ion exchangers, oxygen-hydrogen fuel cells, electrolytes for electrolysis of water, solid electrolyte sensors, e.g. hydrogen sensors, solid electrolytes for completely solid type nickel-hydrogen cells, acid catalysts and membranes for electrodialysis, etc.    ADVANTAGE -   The material is prepd. by a sol-gel process, which allows films of easily controlled thickness or bulk materials to be produced on an industrial scale without requiring high temps., e.g. of 1000 C or more. it includes a large amt. of hydrogen ions and molecular water and has a large number of sites available for hydrogen ion migration, which gives it excellent hydrogen ion conductivity. It also has good long-term stability of electrical conductivity. Phosphate glasses contg. an additive to prevent deliquescence can incorporate large amts. of hydrogen ions and show an improved electrical conductivity.
(JP3121991-B2)       A conductive ceramic comprises a complex oxide of Gp 3-a element (M) excluding La, and at least one from alkaline earth element (A) of Cr, Ca, Ba, Sr or Mg, and atomic ratio of the metal elements of formula M(x+u) Ay Crz(I) where 0.0001 u/ x + y + 0.2, 0.01 y/x + y + z 0.2, x + y/z=1 (when A is Ca, Ba and Sr); x/ y + z = 1, 0.0001 u/x + y + z 0.2, 0.01 y/x + y + z 0.2 (when A is Mg)    USE -   For fuel battery collector.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides high electric conductivity and dense body.
(JP8130212-A)      An electronic equipment comprises a substrate and an organic film with a high dielectric strength. The film is formed on the surface of the substrate and consists of a F-contg. polymer having a molecular structure whose main chains are oriented at a right angle with respect to the surface of the substrate. The film has an insulation strength at least 1x108V/m. Also claimed are the following: (1) electronic equipment in which the thin film consists of a crystalline F-contg. polymer; (2) electronic equipment, in which the polymer has the formula (I) (where, when R1 and R2 = CF3, x = 0, y = 0; or R1 and R2 = F, x = 2, y = 0; or R1 = H and R2 = F, x = 1, y = 1); and (3) a semiconductor comprising an element having at least one pn-junction exposed to the surface and an organic thin film as described.    USE -   The thin film is used as solar batteries, displays or EL elements.    ADVANTAGE -   Because the dielectric strength is high the thickness of the film is about 1/10 of that of known thin film, so the transparency of the film is better than that of known films.
(US36156-E)      A process for a columnar-grained polycrystalline sheet substrate for a solar cell comprises applying granular Si (200) to a setter material (100) having an upper release coating (110), preheating and applying a thermal profile to melt 20-95% of the Si from the top down so that the partly melted material below the melt acts as a net to stabilise the melt, to prevent it contacting the release coating, and to nucleate subsequent crystal growth. The melt pool is transported to a zone where the thermal profile promotes columnar growth (400) with vertical grain size exceeding 20 microns and the grown sheet is transported into an anneal zone (500) which promotes low-stress cooling. The sheet is removed from the setter, which is reused.    Also claimed are a substrate and solar cell made as above.    USE -   In the mfr. of solar cells for electric power generation.    ADVANTAGE -   The process is low-cost and forms low-stress columnar-grained sheets having low-activity grain boundaries and thus avoiding degradation.
(JP2931524-B2)      Beta-alumina solid electrolyte is made by preparing a slurry of a mixt. of alumina, sodium, and a stabiliser, followed by granulating, pressing, and firing. A binder is used contg. a bonding material, and at least one plasticiser, lubricant, and dispersant.    USE -   For membranes of Na-S cells.
(JP3132627-B2)      The device comprises a reclaimer into which air-off gas and exhaust ga are guided to directly contact supplied water for condensing and reclaiming water and discharging treated gas, and a decarbonator into which air-off gas is guided to directly contact supplied water for condensing and reclaiming water and discharging treated gas.    ADVANTAGE -   Low concn. carbon dioxide-contg. reclaimed water is obtained without sacrificing generating efficiency.
(JP2924647-B2)      The device has a desulphurisation receptacle (1) which desulphurises some amt. of a fuel gas. The gas is heated to a predetermined temp. beforehand. A modifier (4) heats the desulphurised gas and performs quality change. A transformer (6) transforms the quality changed gas. The transformer outputs such as transfer gas is fed to fuel battery which performs electricity generation. A heat emitting steam splitter (3) is connected to the fuel battery to generate steam. A recycling path (11) is furnished in the device to boost-up a part of the transfer gas and supplied to the receptacle. A steam executor (10) is provided in the recycling path to desulphurize the transfer gas. Another steam splitter supplies steam to the steam executor.    ADVANTAGE -   Obtains sufficient electricity generation rapidly. Makes use of desulphurization receptacle effectively. Stabilizes operation desulphurization receptacle effectively. Reduces amount of inert gas used at time of start.
(JP3111817-B2)      Proton-conductive solid polymer electrolyte is obtd. by compounding (a) block-graft copolymer having a degree of polymerisation of at least 310 and (b) proton-contg. cpds.     (a) is composed of at least one block chain A having a degree of polymerisation of at least 10 and consisting of repeat units of formula (I) and at least one polymer block chain B having a degree of polymerisation of at least 300 and consisting of repeat units of formula -(CH2 -C(R4 )(M))- (II). In the formulae, R1 = H, CH3 or C2 H5 ; R2 = H or CH3 ; R3 = H, alkyl, aryl, acyl or silyl; n = 1-45; the no. average mol. wt. of graft chain of formula -(CH2 -CH(R2 )-O)n -R3 (III) in formula (I) is 45-2,000; R4 = H, CH3 , or C2 H5 ; M = -CH=CH2 -, -CH(CH3 )=CH2 , -COOCH3 , -COOC2 H5, phenyl or substd. phenyl. The wt. ratio of the block chain A to the block chain B is 1:30-30:1.    USE -   The solid polymer electrolyte is used in fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The solid polymer electrolyte has high proton conductivity and membrane strength.
(JP8023116-A)      The solar cell module comprises: (i) a solar-cell panel; (ii) a frame disposed on the periphery of panel (i); and (iii) an adhesive layer disposed between the second surface of panel (i) and the flange of frame (ii). Panel (i) comprises a light-transmitting plate having two opposing surfaces, and solar-cell elements disposed on the second surface. Frame (ii) has a flange on which the solar cell panel is supported on the second surface while the first surface is free. Layer (iii) comprises a reactive hot-melt adhesive comprising a urethane prepolymer obtd. by reacting a polyhydroxy cpd. with an excess amt. of a polyisocyanate.    Also claimed is process for the prodn. of the above module.    USE -   Cells are installed outdoors in modules which form arrays, e.g. for use in tropical regions.    ADVANTAGE -   The module produced is high quality and reliable. The adhesive has high durability, w.r.t. heat resistance, water resistance, etc. the prodn. of the module is easy and quick.
(JP3091086-B2)      A cylindrical porous sintered ceramic body has a complex perovskite type crystal contg. at least La and Mn, a three dimensional network structure with up to 30 vol.% of fine pores having 0 of at least 4 to the total fine pore vol. and ratio of the thickness to outer dia. of the sintered body of 0.04-0.27.    USE -   Used for support tube of cylindrical type fuel battery cell.
(JP8068872-A)      The watch consists of a case (1) with a glass (2), a dial with hands (4) and works (3) powered by silicon photoelectric cells on the inside of the glass. The cells are made from a number of superimposed layers (11, 12, 13, 14) forming at least two p-i-n diodes, connected in series. They are situated round more-or-less the whole of the periphery of the glass, leaving a central window through which the dial and hands are visible. The first of the p-i-n diodes is made from amorphous silicon carbide or silicon nitride, a second is of amorphous silicon or silicon carbide, oxide or nitride, and a third of amorphous silicon or an alloy of germanium and amorphous silicon.    ADVANTAGE -   Has sufficient of photoelectric cells exposed at all times to power works.
(US5935345-A)      Photovoltaic material is produced by treating the rear face of a silicon chip which is not to be exposed to photon rays in order to produce a back field as well as electrical contact points. The front face is treated to form a thin emitter layer, a low depth P-N junction and a sub-structure having a heavily doped plane with several crystalline and electrical interfaces such as two L-H type and two crystalline hetero-interfaces. The emitter face is heat treated in order to produce an hetero-structure of different materials or different crystallite material such as monocrystalline Si/amorphous or modified Si/monocrystalline Si coinciding with the doped profile adopted and comprising intrinsic fields of mechanical and electrical stress at the transition zones.    USE -   For making solar cells for converting solar rays into electrical energy.    ADVANTAGE -   Besides absorbing visible light, it can absorb infrared esp. wavelengths above 3200 nm. It can also increase the yield from UV light.
(JP3063952-B2)      The fuel cell includes a hollow flat surfaced substrate (3') which is formed using the electrode material. Gas flows into the substrate through a gas flow entrance (9) and flows out through the gas flow exit (10) which are arranged on the inner side of the substrate. A stair like level difference part is provided between the two flow paths.    An electrolyte layer (1) is formed on one side of the substrate. An electrode (2) is formed in piles, in the upper part of the electrolyte layer. A set of electric power cells are generated by forming a collector layer in the surface which is opposite to the electrolyte layer of the substrate. The generated electric power cells are then layered.    ADVANTAGE -   Raises reliability with high endurance. Simplifies structure of gas flow path, reducing prodn. cost.
(US5733381-A)      The thin film solar battery is formed on an insulated substrate (1). A first electrode layer (2) and a transparent second electrode layer (4) are formed on one side of the substrate while a third electrode layer (5) is formed on the other side of the substrate. Through holes are also formed in the substrate to connect the second and third electrode layers.Slots (81,82) are formed in the first and second electrode layers and the third electrode layer to isolate the electrode segments.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves production efficiency. Realises solar battery module with several solar batteries connected in series.    (US5928439-A)      The thin film solar battery is formed on an insulated substrate (1). A first electrode layer (2) and a transparent second electrode layer (4) are formed on one side of the substrate while a third electrode layer (5) is formed on the other side of the substrate. Through holes are also formed in the substrate to connect the second and third electrode layers.Slots (81,82) are formed in the first and second electrode layers and the third electrode layer to isolate the electrode segments.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves production efficiency. Realises solar battery module with several solar batteries connected in series.
(JP8031442-A)      The fuel cell (10) has temperature sensors (61,63) at the inlet and outlet of channels (34p) for gaseous fuel. An electronic control unit (70) receives detection signals from the temperature sensors and estimates the degree of poisoning of the electrocatalyst on the anode (32) from the signals. When the control unit determines that the electrocatalyst is poisoned it changes the direction of the fuel flow through the channels using solenoid valves (51 - 54). The change of direction of flow allows a place with electrocatalyst carbon monoxide poisoning to be exposed to the gaseous fuel with a relatively low concentration of carbon monoxide.    ADVANTAGE -   Detects and cancels poisoning of the electrocatalyst without delay.    (EP692835-B1)      The fuel cell (10) has temperature sensors (61,63) at the inlet and outlet of channels (34p) for gaseous fuel. An electronic control unit (70) receives detection signals from the temperature sensors and estimates the degree of poisoning of the electro-catalyst on the anode (32) from the signals. When the control unit determines that the electro-catalyst is poisoned it changes the direction of the fuel flow through the channels using solenoid valves (51 - 54). The change of direction of flow allows a place with electro-catalyst carbon monoxide poisoning to be exposed to the gaseous fuel with a relatively low concentration of carbon monoxide.    ADVANTAGE -   Detects and cancels poisoning of the electro-catalyst without delay.
(JP8222750-A)      Solar cell (I) has a chalcopyrite absorber layer (4,5) contg. Na, K or Li in amt. of 104-106 atmos per cm2.    Prodn. of (I) is also claimed.    ADVANTAGE -   The presence of the alkali metal in the absorber improves the degree of activity of the cell.
(JP10502047-W)      Feedstock comprising organic fuel and an O2 source is injected at high velocity into a catalyst mass contg. Cu and precious metal moieties using multipoint entry to cause a significant pressure drop and obtain a H2 prod. A reactor for the prodn. has a feedstock inlet (5) with a restricted multipoint entry into the mass via a porous ceramic tube (7) and a prod. outlet (4).    USE -   Self starting and sustaining H2 generation usable in fuel cell powered vehicles (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   Continuous energy input is not needed. Pressure drop prevents prod. backflow and oxidn. of H2 prod. Start-up is from ambient temp.    (US5762658-A)      Feedstock comprising organic fuel and an O2 source is injected at high velocity into a catalyst mass contg. Cu and precious metal moieties using multipoint entry to cause a significant pressure drop and obtain a H2 prod. A reactor for the prodn. has a feedstock inlet (5) with a restricted multipoint entry into the mass via a porous ceramic tube (7) and a prod. outlet (4).    USE -   Self starting and sustaining H2 generation usable in fuel cell powered vehicles (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   Continuous energy input is not needed. Pressure drop prevents prod. backflow and oxidn. of H2 prod. Start-up is from ambient temp.    (EP766643-B1)      Feedstock comprising organic fuel and an O2 source is injected at high velocity into a catalyst mass contg. Cu and precious metal moieties using multipoint entry to cause a significant pressure drop and obtain a H2 prod. A reactor for the prodn. has a feedstock inlet (5) with a restricted multipoint entry into the mass via a porous ceramic tube (7) and a prod. outlet (4).    USE -   Self starting and sustaining H2 generation usable in fuel cell powered vehicles (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   Continuous energy input is not needed. Pressure drop prevents prod. backflow and oxidn. of H2 prod. Start-up is from ambient temp.
(DE4423587-C2)       H2 is obtd. by the partial oxidn. and/or steam reforming of CH3 OH using a low temp. Cu/ZnO/Al2 O3 catalyst. A porous metal or ceramic wall (2) separates the reaction chamber (4) from where the H2 is drawn off (5) and is coated on the reaction chamber side with a layer of Pd/Ag alloy. The reaction chamber (4) temp. is about 220 C and the pressure 5-30 bar. The pressure in the drawing off chamber (5) is 1-5 bar. The reaction is carried out with a mixt. of CH3 OH, steam and a controllable amt. of O2 . Also claimed is the appts. for carrying out the above process, having a temp. adjusting tube (3) passing through the middle of the porous tube (2). Also claimed is a similar appts. with a fluid passing through tube (3) to control the temp. Heat transfer walls which are remote from the Pd/Ag layer on the porous wall are coated with a layer of the Cu/ZnO/Al2 O3catalyst. The reaction mixt. passes between the heat transfer walls and the porous walls.    USE -    To obtain H2for use in fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -    Selective sepn. of the H2leads to a high purity prod. which, being free of CO, is suitable for use in fuel cells. The appts. is simple and capable of being used for a technical scale process.
(US5746985-A)      The reformer in which hydrocarbons contg. hydrocarbons and/or oxygen atoms and a gas contg. water and oxygen are mixed and gasified and the hydrocarbons are partially oxidised, decomposed. The reformer has a catalyst for partial oxidn., decomposition, and reforming and a heating resistor.    USE -   Used to feed hydrogen to fuel cells of electric cars.    ADVANTAGE -   Since the heating resistor is contained in the reformer, the start-up of the reformer is quick and thermally efficient and the recovery rate of hydrogen is improved. The reformer can be down-sized and consumes less electricity than conventional reformers.
(US5741474-A)      The system for producing high purity H2, by reforming hydrocarbons contg. hydrocarbons and/or oxygen atoms to produce H2-contg. gases and sepg. H2 from the produced gases, is equipped with sources of hydrocarbons, water, and oxygen, a gasification chamber, and a reforming chamber with a catalyst for steam reforming and partial oxidn. and a membrane for sepg. hydrogen. The sources of hydrocarbons, water and oxygen are connected with the gasification chamber. The gasification and reforming chambers are thermally connected.    ADVANTAGE -   Since the system has high H2 productivity and heat conductivity, high purity H2 can be produced at low cost.    (US5897970-A)      The system for producing high purity H2, by reforming hydrocarbons contg. hydrocarbons and/or oxygen atoms to produce H2-contg. gases and sepg. H2 from the produced gases, is equipped with sources of hydrocarbons, water, and oxygen, a gasification chamber, and a reforming chamber with a catalyst for steam reforming and partial oxidn. and a membrane for sepg. hydrogen. The sources of hydrocarbons, water and oxygen are connected with the gasification chamber. The gasification and reforming chambers are thermally connected.    ADVANTAGE -   Since the system has high H2 productivity and heat conductivity, high purity H2 can be produced at low cost.
(JP8002928-A)      Composite is mfd. by: loading one or more polymers with soluble metal cpds., the polymer particles having a size 10-15000 nm; contacting the loaded polymers with a support; and removing the polymers to form a composite.    Also claimed is that the support is contacted with a first set of loaded polymer(s) and the polymer(s) removed to form a composite; and this composite is then contacted with a second set of loaded polymer(s) and these polymer(s) are then removed to form a further composite.    Composite prods. are claimed formed of a support carrying domains of inorganic cpds., the domains having a dia. of 0.4-1000 pref. 0.8-700 nm.    USE -   As a catalyst, esp. with a honeycomb monolith support, fuel cell, emissive coating, optoelectronic coating, superconductor or ceramic. (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   Method allows good control of stoichiometry, size, spacing and location of the inorganic domains.    (EP689871-B1)      Composite is mfd. by: loading one or more polymers with soluble metal cpds., the polymer particles having a size 10-15000 nm; contacting the loaded polymers with a support; and removing the polymers to form a composite.    Also claimed is that the support is contacted with a first set of loaded polymer(s) and the polymer(s) removed to form a composite; and this composite is then contacted with a second set of loaded polymer(s) and these polymer(s) are then removed to form a further composite.    Composite prods. are claimed formed of a support carrying domains of inorganic cpds., the domains having a dia. of 0.4-1000 pref. 0.8-700 nm.    USE -   As a catalyst, esp. with a honeycomb monolith support, fuel cell, emissive coating, optoelectronic coating, superconductor or ceramic. (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   Method allows good control of stoichiometry, size, spacing and location of the inorganic domains.
(JP2811277-B2)      The fuel battery based electricity generator has a fuel gas supply part which supplies fuel gas to the battery. An oxidn. gas supply part (2) supplies oxidn. gas to the battery. An exhaust circulation part supplies exhaust stream from the battery to the exit side of the oxidn. gas supply part. A mixt. temp. control part detects the temp. of the mixt. of oxidn. gas and exhaust stream, then controls the supply capability of the exhaust circulation part. An oxidn. gas cooling part (5) is connected to the end of the oxidn. gas supply part to cool the oxidised gas. An amt. detector detects the amt. of the reaction inside the battery. An oxidn. gas temp. control part (7) provides a control variable to control the temp. of the oxidn. gas based on the output of the amount detector. An oxidn. gas temp. setting vessel (9) provides input direct current to the oxidn. gas temp. control part. A current sensor (8) senses the output current and sets up a temp. control set point for the operation of the oxidn. gas temp. control part.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids scattering of electrolyte. Increases lifespan. Prevents increase in oxidization gas flow supply rates.
(WO9534795-A1)      One or more green ceramic sheets are located between two parallel opposed setting surfaces that are sepd by a spacer. Heat is supplied to fire the sheets, the setting surfaces being supported to resist any forces generated by the sheets during firing. A refractory holder for the sheets comprises two members, the spacer being formed integrally with one of them, partic. as a peripheral wall surrounding the setting surface so that the vol between the setting surfaces is completely enclosed. The spacing of the setting surfaces is equal to the total thickness of the green sheets interposed between them.    USE -   Used in prodn. of thin sheets for solid oxide fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -   Edge curling during sintering is prevented while the fixed spacing of the setting surfaces prevents tearing as the sheet shrinks.
(JP8007905-A)      Pt catalyst fuel cell is operated by: supplying H2 and/or alcohol fuel to the anode and O2 to the cathode and operating the cell at not above 250 C; providing a first interruptable external circuit taking current flow from the cell flowing from cathode to anode; providing a second external circuit which supplied current to the fuel cell in a reverse direction; and operating the two external circuits alternately, the period for the first circuit being at least 10 times that for the second circuit whose period is not more than 0.25 sec.. Appts. for operating a fuel cell as above is claimed.    ADVANTAGE -   Pt anode catalyst which may be poisoned by CO can be de-toxified in a simple, low-cost manner.
(JP3015662-B2)      Reformer comprises an inner cylinder (2), outer cylinder (3) surrounding the inner cylinder, top plate (7) to close the upper opening of inner cylinder and reforming tube having the heating space surrounded by the inner cylinder and top plate, and catalyst layer (10) provided between the inner cylinder and outer cylinder to pass fuel gas used for reforming reaction, and the upper surface of catalyst layer is placed under the top plate. On the catalyst layer, laminated heat transmission particle layers are provided placing the upper surface of heat transmission particle layers under the top plate, and on the heat transmission particle layers a catalyst push plate (13) is placed and pushed by a spring (14).    USE -   Used to reform natural gas or methanol to hydrogen-enriched gas used in fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -   To prevent the surface of catalyst layer from inclining to reduce a difference of temp. distribution of catalyst layer.
(JP2962997-B2)      The power supply uses a fuel battery for generation of electrical energy. The fuel battery has a case (1) containing a hydrogen storage tank (8), a cover (2) on the top side which closes the case airtight. Then, the chemical energy of the gas is converted into electrical energy. A tank check stick (35) contacts the fuel tank if closed.    The tank check stick is set up at the top plate, back side of the cover to ensure that the case is not closed with fuel tank inside. A switch press stick (36) set up at the top plate of the cover presses the switch (34) to OFF position whenever the case is tightly closed.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents closing of case by mistake without switching OFF. Prevents airtight closing of case with gas tank inside.
(JP2962996-B2)      The power supply is constituted by a fuel tank (5) containing hydrogen. The tank is connected to a coupler (12) set up through a hydrogen piping member (13). The coupler is connected to a fuel battery (3) through a hydrogen supply piping member (11).    The connection between the fuel tank and the hydrogen supply piping member is carried out by switching action of the coupler. The fuel is thus passed onto the battery where it is converted to electrical energy. A recess is provided for receipt of the coupler when it is released from its connection with fuel tank.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   In e.g. mobile communication system. Simplifies switching action. Prevents breakage of switching element.
(WO9809687-A1)      The foot operated therapeutic exercise device includes a saddle, a load and drive device to propel the load. The drive device further includes a pair of pedal mechanisms, each mechanism including a pedal and a pedal support, the pedal support being mounted for rotation about a pedal axis. A pair of coupling members, each independently couple a corresponding one of the pedals to the support in a manner to allow the position of the pedal to be adjusted relative to the pedal axis, according to the range of motion of a corresponding knee of a patient.    An adjustment device independently adjusts the pedal axis of each of the pedal mechanisms relative to the saddle, according to the corresponding leg of the patient, thereby allowing the exercise regimen for each leg to be adjusted according to its individual limitations.
(JP8284802-A)      The machine includes a pump (6) which supplies water from a lower water tank (18) through a column pipe (7), towards an upper water tank (8). The pump is directly connected to an electric motor (19). The flow rate of water is made corresponding to the pitch (11) of a bucket.    The flow rate is controlled by a control mechanism (16) connected directly to a clock (20) provided along a pipe (14). The pipe is connected to a runner (12) of a hydraulic turbine which is provided on a shaft (13) of a generator. New form of energy is obtained using the earth's gravity and water.    ADVANTAGE -   Proves that law of energy conservation is unnatural. Solves energy problem in all aspects.    (DE19613599-C2)      An electrical generator plant has a pump (6) directly connected to an electric motor (19) bringing water up from a lower tank (180 to a higher tank (8) via a feed pipe (7). There is a valve (20) controlling the flow rate in the down pipe (14) from the upper tank. The valve control unit (16) acts according to the generator loading.    The generator itself is driven by a Pelton wheel (11) at the mouth of the down pipe, using a common shaft. A percentage of the generator output is tapped off for the pump. The inside diameter of the feed pipe is greater than a limit determined by the down pipe diameter, the velocity of the water hitting the Pelton wheel and the available head.    ADVANTAGE -   Efficient design.
(JP3096220-B2)      The pressure cylindrical tube (1) has a double steel shell (2) comprising a segment formed with an outside steel shell (3), an inside steel shell (4), a sway brace (5) and welding connection junction parts (6). Concrete (7) is filled in the steel shell (2). A sheath (9) enforced with PC tension material is wrapped helically around the peripheral surface or the inner wall surface of the outside steel shell to provide compression power.    ADVANTAGE -   Allows construction at site by assumed division of steel shell segment according to size and weight which can be transported to site. Processing and assemblies such as formworks and reinforced concretes contribute to improvement of economy through labour savings and shortening working hours.
(DE19515260-A1)      The hydroelectric power plant has a rotor crown (7) with laminated rotor poles (14) and pole windings (15), around the outer periphery of a rotor star with a rotor hub (3). The stator lamination packet (18) has slots around its inner periphery for reception of the stator winding (28), with a stator winding head (41,42) and winding connections on either side of the lamination packet. The rotor crown and the stator laminations packet have radial cooling slits (19) for a cooling air flow supplied from the rotor hub. Non-magnetic sealing plates (24) are provided on either side of the rotor poles, providing a ring seal separating the machine air gap (17) from the winding head space.    ADVANTAGE -   Optimum cooling of stator winding heads and winding connections.    (CN1145546-A)      The hydroelectric power plant has a rotor crown (7) with laminated rotor poles (14) and pole windings (15), around the outer periphery of a rotor star with a rotor hub (3). The stator lamination packet (18) has slots around its inner periphery for reception of the stator winding (28), with a stator winding head (41,42) and winding connections on either side of the lamination packet. The rotor crown and the stator laminations packet have radial cooling slits (19) for a cooling air flow supplied from the rotor hub. Non-magnetic sealing plates (24) are provided on either side of the rotor poles, providing a ring seal separating the machine air gap (17) from the winding head space.    ADVANTAGE -   Optimum cooling of stator winding heads and winding connections.
(EP736311-B1)      The fitness machine has a structure (1) supporting a bicycle (2) equipped with a mechanism at the front for attaching the bicycle front fork arms (20). At the rear is a mechanism supporting the rear or drive wheel (21) with an electromagnetic resistance unit (5) providing variable torque resistance based on electrical control signals (V6).    The resistance unit interacts with the drive wheel via a rolling friction transmission element (51), and is connected to a mechanism to vary the electrical control signals. The resistance of the machine to the pedalling action of the cyclist can also be varied using user settable values. Pref. an electric fan is connected to the resistance unit so that its speed varies in accordance with the speed of the transmission element.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Also for simulating other types of physical training. Provides accurate simulation of different road surfaces and gradients. Provides air flow similar to that produced when bicycle moves forward, cooling body.
(TW351912-A)      The wear ring for rotary hydraulic machine, which forms a seal part between an impeller and a casing, has a high pressure entrance part (4a) through which water enters with a whirl velocity (Vw1), and an exit part (4b) through which water leaves with a whirl velocity (Vw2). A radial space (C1) at upstream side grows by a little amount to a space (C2) at about middle (4b1) of the distance between high pressure entrance part and the exit part. With the enlargement of flow area at a central location, pressure is suddenly dropped, but remains well above the cavitation pressure (Pv) and consequently prevents, back pressure (Pmin), from falling below the cavitation pressure.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Used as seal in water pumps and water turbines etc. Reliably prevents damage caused by erosion due to cavitation in rotary hydraulic machines.
(JP8251930-A)      An inverter control system uses a command value generator (1), giving command voltage (vt*), command value compensator (2) with output (vt), pulse width modulator (3), and comparator (31) relating (vt) with an output (et) from a triangle wave generator (32). The output PWM pulse (Pt) drives the inverter supplying e.g. an AC motor.    The compactor (31) uses the average of recent instantaneous values of the command voltage (vt*) to predict a new compensated command value.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   More precise pulse width modulation is achieved for high performance control appts. operating with low switching frequencies.
(WO9637030-A1)      The dynamoelectric machine has a laminated wound rotor (1) with an outer dia. of about 6 m, with the winding head secured against centrifugal force by an enclosing annular support device, provided by a number of plate-shaped ring sections, secured to an inner ring (7) via tension bolts.    The inner ring is provided by a laminations packet, fitted to the rotor hub (2) in the same manner as the rotor laminations packet (3) and having equip-spaced axial profile slots around its periphery, receiving profile rails for the tension bolts.    USE -   For water-driven slip-ring rotor motor/generator for pumped storage power plant.    (EP826261-A1)      The dynamoelectric machine has a laminated wound rotor (1) with an outer dia. of about 6 m, with the winding head secured against centrifugal force by an enclosing annular support device, provided by a number of plate-shaped ring sections, secured to an inner ring (7) via tension bolts.    The inner ring is provided by a laminations packet, fitted to the rotor hub (2) in the same manner as the rotor laminations packet (3) and having equip-spaced axial profile slots around its periphery, receiving profile rails for the tension bolts.    USE -   For water-driven slip-ring rotor motor/generator for pumped storage power plant.    (EP826261-B1)      The dynamoelectric machine has a laminated wound rotor (1) with an outer dia. of about 6 m, with the winding head secured against centrifugal force by an enclosing annular support device, provided by a number of plate-shaped ring sections, secured to an inner ring (7) via tension bolts.    The inner ring is provided by a laminations packet, fitted to the rotor hub (2) in the same manner as the rotor laminations packet (3) and having equip-spaced axial profile slots around its periphery, receiving profile rails for the tension bolts.    USE -   For water-driven slip-ring rotor motor/generator for pumped storage power plant.
(JP3131549-B2)      The module (10) includes a transparent filler (13) formed between a transparent panel (11) and a backboard (12). A solar battery (14) is formed and enclosed in the transparent filler.    The backboard is formed by a flexible component with a high thermal conductivity and low resistance.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents breakage and deformation in transparent filler and solar battery. Strengthens module through reinforcement material and provides large solar battery module. Ensures module strength when increasing size of solar battery module without affecting thickness of transparent panel.
(GB2298004-B)      The method involves installing a turbine (12) in a flow channel in an isthmus (man-made or natural) between two unenclosed bodies of water across which there is a tidal gradient, particularly in a "Churchill Barrier" (14) laid to seal off one of the eastern entrances to Scapa Flow in the Orkney Islands. A caisson (10) defines a penstock (11) which feeds the turbine (12). After the caisson has been installed a section (13) of the Barrier (14) is removed to allow tidal flow past the turbine.    ADVANTAGE -   Does not involve altering ecology of area. There are no mud flats to affect, fish do not currently pass through lines of barriers and tidal patterns of rest of Scapa Flow were not dramatically affected by original closure. Environmental benefit of project easily exceeds dis-benefit. No navigation considerations apply, thus there will be no need to provide ship access locks.
(US6096569-A)      The mfg. method involves using a robot with a suction tip to separate a semiconductor film (2) from a specific substrate (1). The semiconductor film is arranged on a glass substrate (7) through a transparent resin (3).    The glass substrate acts as window to solar battery. A set of p type and n type electrodes (4) are arranged on semiconductor film surfaces by printing. The electrodes are connected by a tab electrode, by soldering.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplified mfg process. Damage of semiconductor film is controlled and yield is improved. Transparent resin of desired uniform thickness is provided. Reduced mfg costs. Improved productivity.
(JP9509013-W)      The method involves feeding cells from a cell loading station to a cell soldering station via a cell receiving station. One or more electrically-conductive ribbons are fed from supply rolls to a cell in the soldering station, so that ribbons overlie a cell in the station and can underlie a subsequently received cell in the receiving station.    The ribbons are severed and soldered. Discrete sections of the ribbons are formed, with each discrete section having a leading end soldered to one contact of a cell and a trailing end soldered to the second contact of a second cell. An offset crimp may be formed in the ribbons between cells.    ADVANTAGE -   Interconnects solar cells using flexible electrically conductive wire.    (JP3088017-B2)      The method involves feeding cells from a cell loading station to a cell soldering station via a cell receiving station. One or more electrically-conductive ribbons are fed from supply rolls to a cell in the soldering station, so that ribbons overlie a cell in the station and can underlie a subsequently received cell in the receiving station.    The ribbons are severed and soldered. Discrete sections of the ribbons are formed, with each discrete section having a leading end soldered to one contact of a cell and a trailing end soldered to the second contact of a second cell. An offset crimp may be formed in the ribbons between cells.    ADVANTAGE -   Interconnects solar cells using flexible electrically conductive wire.
(JP3025160-B2)      The device has a partition board (2) set up at the up stream and down stream end of a water channel (1). The board is also set up inside the water channel to form an upper and lower stage. A first pipe (17) is arranged at the upper end of the upper stage. The first pipe supplies low-density water equally at the side of the channel.    A second pipe (8) is arranged at the upper end of the lower stage. The second pipe supplies high-density water to the water channel. A weir (5) is set up at the downstream of the first pipe. A chamber (6) exhaust the low density water with the high density water.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves accuracy of investigation relating to environmental maintenance associated with water intake, water drainage.
(GB2294093-B)      The water driven power system is provided with a number of water driven power generators (2a,2b,2c), which may comprise water wheels, of which at least one is situated below the level of a large body of water held behind a dam (8) such as the sea and uses water under pressure from the body of water.    The generator (2a) may drive pumps (16) to raise water to drive the higher generators (2b,2c). A number of pipes may supply water to the generator (2a), from several different levels in the dam (8).    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Esp. for use where high volume of water from sea can be used at increased pressure, enabling generator to be driven more efficiently.
(JP8149696-A)      An electrical power generation system has a number of machines that can be used as generators or motors depending on the load condition in the electrical network. The system may have a pair of water pump/turbines (12a,b) coupled to generator/motors (18a,b).    A reactive power detection system (13) monitors conditions and a regulator (14) provides a control for the reactive power regulators (15) coupled to the load. When the network is operating to capacity the units can operate in a pumping mode to return water to the reservoir and so increase the stored potential energy for later use when electrical power has been generated.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Electrical power generation system with protection against surge conditions.    (US5886417-A)      An electrical power generation system has a number of machines that can be used as generators or motors depending on the load condition in the electrical network. The system may have a pair of water pump/turbines (12a,b) coupled to generator/motors (18a,b).    A reactive power detection system (13) monitors conditions and a regulator (14) provides a control for the reactive power regulators (15) coupled to the load. When the network is operating to capacity the units can operate in a pumping mode to return water to the reservoir and so increase the stored potential energy for later use when electrical power has been generated.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Electrical power generation system with protection against surge conditions.
(JP10506175-W)      The device (20) comprises a shaft (24) attached to a transmission shaft (27) or a pulley (29) with a housing (22) attached to a split pillow block (25) or a flange (23). The shaft is supported in the housing by bearings (44) and receives a rotor (26) which can slide axially on the shaft and is restrained torsionally by a rift pin (33) which fits in a slot in the rotor.    The rotor is disc-like, with springs (43) biasing the rotor such that it is centred within a cavity (28) and centred w.r.t. the two halves (32, 34) of the housing. An MR fluid is received adjacent to the rotor in the cavity and is controlled by an applied magnetic field to vary the operating torque resistance.    ADVANTAGE -   Minimises the amount of steel used in the flux path giving a lighter and more compact device.    (US5816372-A)      The device (20) comprises a shaft (24) attached to a transmission shaft (27) or a pulley (29) with a housing (22) attached to a split pillow block (25) or a flange (23). The shaft is supported in the housing by bearings (44) and receives a rotor (26) which can slide axially on the shaft and is restrained torsionally by a rift pin (33) which fits in a slot in the rotor.    The rotor is disc-like, with springs (43) biasing the rotor such that it is centred within a cavity (28) and centred w.r.t. the two halves (32, 34) of the housing. An MR fluid is received adjacent to the rotor in the cavity and is controlled by an applied magnetic field to vary the operating torque resistance.    ADVANTAGE -   Minimises the amount of steel used in the flux path giving a lighter and more compact device.
(JP10509058-W)      The exercise system includes a computer and movement sensors. The computer (104) hosts and interactive computer game e.g. squash badminton etc. The user wears or is connected to sensors to signal movements of hands (114), feet (116) and torso (118). It may also monitor heart rate (120). The sensors may use wireless communication with the system or other methods that allow free movement of the limbs.    The user controls the interactive game by running faster, or with higher leg movements or by raising or lowering hands. The game can be started and stopped by jumping or moving on and off of a platform.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   As exercise system. Provides interest and encouragement to perform exercises that combine time and space coordination by the user.    (CN1159152-A)      The exercise system includes a computer and movement sensors. The computer (104) hosts and interactive computer game e.g. squash badminton etc. The user wears or is connected to sensors to signal movements of hands (114), feet (116) and torso (118). It may also monitor heart rate (120). The sensors may use wireless communication with the system or other methods that allow free movement of the limbs.    The user controls the interactive game by running faster, or with higher leg movements or by raising or lowering hands. The game can be started and stopped by jumping or moving on and off of a platform.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   As exercise system. Provides interest and encouragement to perform exercises that combine time and space coordination by the user.
(JP2998568-B2)      The sealing device has a metallic packing (8) having a wear and abrasion resistance composite member (8a) fixed on a U- shaped elastic part (8b). The packing is placed in a groove (5b) provided in a bearing (5a) fitted in bottom ring (5). The hydraulic pressure acting on the end face (1c) of the guide vane (1), presses the packing and the elastic body takes the shape of the guide vane surface with distributed pressure.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides effective sealing. Avoids damage to packing. Offers less braking action to guide vane. Facilitates smoother operation.
(JP8023116-A)      The solar cell module comprises: (i) a solar-cell panel; (ii) a frame disposed on the periphery of panel (i); and (iii) an adhesive layer disposed between the second surface of panel (i) and the flange of frame (ii). Panel (i) comprises a light-transmitting plate having two opposing surfaces, and solar-cell elements disposed on the second surface. Frame (ii) has a flange on which the solar cell panel is supported on the second surface while the first surface is free. Layer (iii) comprises a reactive hot-melt adhesive comprising a urethane prepolymer obtd. by reacting a polyhydroxy cpd. with an excess amt. of a polyisocyanate.    Also claimed is process for the prodn. of the above module.    USE -   Cells are installed outdoors in modules which form arrays, e.g. for use in tropical regions.    ADVANTAGE -   The module produced is high quality and reliable. The adhesive has high durability, w.r.t. heat resistance, water resistance, etc. the prodn. of the module is easy and quick.
(JP10503058-W)      The method involves preparing a cell sandwich (32) with spheres (4) mounted on a foil matrix (2) between upper and lower pressure pads (34,36) each comprising layers of compliant sheets coated with a release coat layer. The sandwich is then heated to about 530 degrees C.    The spheres are then fixed to the matrix by directing the cell sandwich through a roll press (48) which sequentially compresses the heated cell sandwich. The sandwich is placed inside a clamshell.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides process flow allowing continuous throughput under uniform pressure.    (EP772890-B1)      The method involves preparing a cell sandwich (32) with spheres (4) mounted on a foil matrix (2) between upper and lower pressure pads (34,36) each comprising layers of compliant sheets coated with a release coat layer. The sandwich is then heated to about 530 degrees C.    The spheres are then fixed to the matrix by directing the cell sandwich through a roll press (48) which sequentially compresses the heated cell sandwich. The sandwich is placed inside a clamshell.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides process flow allowing continuous throughput under uniform pressure.
(DE4425294-C2)      The fluid driven turbine combined with a generator has low power. It is partic. for current supply for an electric water armature. The rotor wheel (5) of the turbine is axially arranged in a tube. Magnets are distributed around the circumference of the wheel (5). The magnets generate an electric current flow in a coil system outside the tube, when the wheel rotates, by induction.    The magnets are formed as tubular, multi-pole, magnetised pole wheels (5') on the outer circumference. The turbine vanes are arranged and anchored inside this wheel. A transition part (3) is provided with at least one nozzle (4). The nozzles are formed and aligned such that the fluid from the individual nozzles is incident on the turbine vanes normal to the vane surface and with a tangential component. An even number of pole shoes (9,10) running parallel to the tube axis are sepd. by gaps and are integrated in the tube wall. The pole-shoes are connected to two magnetically conductive end plates (20,21). Between the end plates, the pole shoes are surrounded by at least one spool forming the coil system. The two end plates are magnetically connected via a return part which contains the coil system between it and the pole shoes.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides efficient, effective turbine.
(US5733381-A)      The thin film solar battery is formed on an insulated substrate (1). A first electrode layer (2) and a transparent second electrode layer (4) are formed on one side of the substrate while a third electrode layer (5) is formed on the other side of the substrate. Through holes are also formed in the substrate to connect the second and third electrode layers.Slots (81,82) are formed in the first and second electrode layers and the third electrode layer to isolate the electrode segments.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves production efficiency. Realises solar battery module with several solar batteries connected in series.    (US5928439-A)      The thin film solar battery is formed on an insulated substrate (1). A first electrode layer (2) and a transparent second electrode layer (4) are formed on one side of the substrate while a third electrode layer (5) is formed on the other side of the substrate. Through holes are also formed in the substrate to connect the second and third electrode layers.Slots (81,82) are formed in the first and second electrode layers and the third electrode layer to isolate the electrode segments.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves production efficiency. Realises solar battery module with several solar batteries connected in series.
(US5558604-A)      Underwater treadmill apparatus comprising:    a body of water in an enclosed area;    a treadmill belt submerged in the body of water including a support frame, a drive roller and driven roller about which said treadmill belt is trained;    submerged drive means drivingly connected to said drive roller including a drive shaft in spaced parallel relation to said drive roller, a fluid operated drive motor coupled to said drive shaft and flywheel means coupled to said drive shaft between said fluid operated drive motor and said drive roller, and flexible fluid pressure and return lines extending to and from said drive motor;    electric motor drive means located outside of said body of water including a pressurized fluid source to deliver fluid under pressure via said pressure line to said drive motor; and    said support frame being unattached in said body of water and with respect to the enclosed area and wherein said flywheel means cooperates with said support frame in stabilizing said apparatus in the water.
(DE19537549-A1)      The dovetail joint includes a male dovetail component on a rotor wheel and a female dovetail component in a bucket. E.g. the male dovetail component receives the female dovetail component in a direction tangential to the rotor wheel.    The male dovetail component includes four laterally projecting hooks, each hook from an uppermost hook to a lowermost hook decreasing in radial thickness and increasing in axial strength. Each hook has a substantially flat top surface. The relatively thicker upper hook reduces bending stress in the hook, since peak stress results from combined bending and tensile stress.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   As dovetail attachment between steam turbine rotors and steam turbine buckets. Avoids stress corrosion cracking of wheel hooks, while maintaining its size limitation to existing steam paths.    (JP8226303-A)      The dovetail joint includes a male dovetail component on a rotor wheel and a female dovetail component in a bucket. E.g. the male dovetail component receives the female dovetail component in a direction tangential to the rotor wheel.    The male dovetail component includes four laterally projecting hooks, each hook from an uppermost hook to a lowermost hook decreasing in radial thickness and increasing in axial strength. Each hook has a substantially flat top surface. The relatively thicker upper hook reduces bending stress in the hook, since peak stress results from combined bending and tensile stress.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   As dovetail attachment between steam turbine rotors and steam turbine buckets. Avoids stress corrosion cracking of wheel hooks, while maintaining its size limitation to existing steam paths.
(US5687559-A)      The power plant consists of a high temperature heat exchanger (7) that supplies steam to a turbine. The steam generated by the Rankine cycle by using hydrogen and oxygen as working fluid.    A low temperature heat exchanger (8) absorbs heat from the steam that is output by the turbines in the Brayton cycle, where the steam is not generated.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents high temperature oxidation. Avoids steam corrosion by reducing number of paragraphs of cooling turbines. Improves thermal efficiency of plant. Obtains reliable drive for long time. Prevents pressure loss in heat exchanger.
(JP2753985-B2)      A laser beam irradiating appts. comprises: (a) an appts. for emitting laser beam to a direction normal to the centre of a surface to be processed; (b) a reflection mirror scanning the whole surface; (c) a filter for changing its transmission factor to that for minimising the power density of the laser beam emitting to the centre of the surface; (d) a date base memorising a relation between laser beam-irradiated positions and the transmission factors; and (e) a microcomputer for keeping the power density of the laser beam over the whole surface constant by changing the transmission factor of the filter correspondingly to the laser beam-irradiated positions.    USE -   Used for laser-processing solar cells having a large area surface, etc..    ADVANTAGE -   The appts. can process in a surface stable manner by keeping the power density of laser beam over the surface at a constant value.
(DE19515138-C2)      The joining together of the side walls (11a, 11b) pref. results at an acute angle and the boat bodies pref. have a length of 2 to 20 m and a wt. of 50 to 2000 kg. The side walls also have a stern with a fluid dynamic favourable shape, pref. jointed together to form an acute angle.    The water wave power plant has several float bodies (2) which are arranged uniformly in at least two rows. The float bodies of the successive rows are arranged in the gaps existing between the float bodies of the preceding rows.    ADVANTAGE -   Efficient system for converting the energy of sea-waves into electrical energy.
(DE19610329-C2)      The device converts energy applied by the reciprocal motion of a drive element (2) into energy stored through the rotation of an element (1) driven by the drive element and converts the kinetic rotation energy into thermal or electric energy or similar. The drive element is a rod or lever element. The rotary element is a hollow body filled with fluid contg. an eccentrically mounted plate (8) acted upon by the drive element and with devices (4-6) for at least partially displacing the fluid inside the hollow body.    A device driven (21) by the drive shaft of the disc-shaped hollow body converts the rotary motion of the hollow body into thermal or electrical energy. The displacement devices are pistons (5) moving in cylinders (4) with piston rods (6) in contact with the eccentric plate.    ADVANTAGE -   The simple device is simple to manufacture and can generate thermal or electrical energy independently of public supply networks.
(US6089021-A)      The power production plant includes a chimney with a conduit in. The conduit has an outlet with a rotor in. The rotor is moved by air flow through the conduit. A solar energy collector has an outlet connected to the inlet of the conduit. The conduit is offset from a central axis of the chimney.    As a height of the chimney is increased, extra conduits may be fitted. Each conduit is connected to a solar collector which has a wind turbine. The conduits are removed when the height of the chimney has been increased tenfold.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Is intended primarily for electrical power generation using solar energy, it can be operated by other energy sources e.g geothermal and/or wind, and can have other uses e.g for drying of articles. Easy to use. Can increase output in stages by making chimney higher.
(EP815401-A1)      The solar energy collector system includes a group of arrayed reflectors (15) and target receiver systems (10, 11 and 12) associated with the reflectors. The receivers are supported above ground level, elevated w.r.t. the reflectors which are supported at ground level.    The reflectors are pivotally mounted and positioned angularly to reflect incident solar radiation toward one or other receiver system. Some of the reflectors in a group may be oriented selectively to shift the direction of reflected incident solar radiation from one to the other of the receiver systems.    ADVANTAGE -   Preserves benefit of Fresnel reflector system by providing for orientation of reflectors towards either one of two target receiver systems.    (US5899199-A)      The solar energy collector system includes a group of arrayed reflectors (15) and target receiver systems (10, 11 and 12) associated with the reflectors. The receivers are supported above ground level, elevated w.r.t. the reflectors which are supported at ground level.    The reflectors are pivotally mounted and positioned angularly to reflect incident solar radiation toward one or other receiver system. Some of the reflectors in a group may be oriented selectively to shift the direction of reflected incident solar radiation from one to the other of the receiver systems.    ADVANTAGE -   Preserves benefit of Fresnel reflector system by providing for orientation of reflectors towards either one of two target receiver systems.
(US5689141-A)      The drive unit has several gas turbines (4,6) which drive the compressors (1,2,3). The compressors are set up within the refrigerating cycle from which coolant circulates, to pressurise the coolant. Electric motors (5,7) generate a starting torque for the gas turbine through an AC generator.    The gas turbine excess power is converted to an electric power through the electric motor when gas turbine generates a large power as compared to required power of the compressor.    ADVANTAGE -   Responds to varying compressor required power and gas turbine generated power flexibly. Decreases installation costs by eliminating preliminary component serving as operation breakdown countermeasure which affects gas turbine performance.
(GB2299833-B)      The generator comprises an annular vessel (1) divided internally into a series of vertical air-chambers (2) each of which contains liquid besides air, the chambers being bounded by walls (3) and (4). The top face of each chamber has an outlet with a non -return valve (V1), and an inlet with a non-return valve (V2).    As the generator tilts under wave action, liquid moves up the chambers thus pressuring the air above to pass through valves (V1) and receiver (6) to drive turbine (8), and thus to generate electricity. As the liquid moves down the chambers, valves (V2) open to allow air to enter the chambers thus creating a vacuum in reservoir (7), which may also drive the turbine. A safety valve (V3) is provided for the vacuum reservoir, and an air-filled buoyancy tank (9)surrounds the chambers which may be linked to form a closed circuit.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For pollution-free generation of electricity, for feeding into the national grid, by utilising the movement of waves. Economical to construct and to use.
(US5814921-A)      The generator includes two arrays of spaced apart elements. The arrays move relative to each other so as to engage each respective pair of elements from the two arrays at the same time. The first set of elements are piezoelectric power generating elements which generate electricity when engaged with the second elements.    The arrays are mounted so as to overlap with the elements of the two sets interdigitated with each other. Alternatively, the element pairs may be engaged successively. One end of the elements are held on a support. The other end displaces as it engages with the other set of elements.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For ocean. Increases life of elements due to reducing strain.
(US5810284-A)      The pref. aircraft (101) is a span-loaded wing having no fuselage or rudder. Its two hundred foot wingspan carries photo voltaic cells (113) power eight propellers (102) to fly at about 90 m.p.h. at up to 60,000 ft.    The regenerative fuel cells (104) in the wing store excess energy to maintain flight at night so that the aircraft can sustain elevation almost indefinitely while transmitters and receivers are controlled from the ground.    ADVANTAGE -   Inexpensive, steerable aircraft can remain aloft for long periods while used for weather monitoring, communication, surveillance and atmospheric testing.
(US6096969-A)      The camera has a drive unit which drives a light emitting device in a predetermined state. Then the device is driven in a state different from predetermined state by drive unit, using an operation unit.    In the predetermined mode of operation, the solar battery is charged by the solar energy.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents bad influence generated in camera due to heat of irradiated light.    (JP3150278-B2)      The camera has a drive unit which drives a light emitting device in a predetermined state. Then the device is driven in a state different from predetermined state by drive unit, using an operation unit.    In the predetermined mode of operation, the solar battery is charged by the solar energy.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents bad influence generated in camera due to heat of irradiated light.
(FR2732170-A1)      The power plant includes modules (10) of unitary voltage (e.g. 55V) which are arranged in parallel groups of four for a 220V DC supply. The main storage battery (32) is charged through a regulator (31) which checks the voltages at the conclusions of charge and discharge.    Personalised or distributed storage (33) is charged through a number of modular DC/DC convertors (34) which provide regulated (35) supplies of 2, 5, 12 and 28 volts. The required number of convertors for each source is calculated and connected in parallel to a battery of sufficient capacity.    ADVANTAGE -   There are no large and costly cables, significant voltage drops, or invertor losses, and no easily stolen solar modules suitable for domestic exploitation.
(US6094540-A)      The appts. has a grip cover (4) which hides a second-battery case surface of a camera main body (1). An alloy wire (19) is arranged at the back-side of the grip cover.    A latch nail (22) cancels the stress of the cover. A spring (26) is provided whose driving force separates a solar cover and the grip cover from the camera main body.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents secondary battery from overheating. Offers cost effective solar battery equipment appts. by decreasing mfg. cost. Enables manual transfer of second battery.
(WO9636077-A1)      The thermophotovoltaic generator has a stainless steel heat exchanger, a ceramic heat exchanger, a mixing chamber, a combustion chamber, an igniter, an infrared radiation emitter with counterflow, and an array of thermophotovoltaic cells surrounding the emitter and tube. The generator possesses both high conductance for the combustion gases and efficient heat transfer from the hot combustion gases to the emitter. The thermophotovoltaic cells have an IR response at least out to 1.7 microns and are fitted with simple dielectric filters.    The emitter is an SiC spine disc emitter that is surrounded by at least one fused silica heat shield. Preferably, the thermophotovoltaic cells are GaSb cells, the infrared radiation emitter is a SiC blackbody emitter, and the dielectric filter is designed to transmit for wavelengths less than 1.7 microns and to reflect wavelengths between 1.7 and 4.0 microns. The filter can transmit again beyond 4.0 microns where the fused silica heat shields have suppressed the emitted energy.    ADVANTAGE -   Generator is constructed in modular way with exchanger chambers and emitters arranged for low pressure drop operation.
(DE19604506-C2)      The procedure for using remanent heat energy from the combustion and/or gasification of secondary fuels like clarified slurry for generating electricity has this heat passed at least partly through a heat exchanger, similar to a swimming pool or sewage treatment plant which is planned for a constant energy profile for the whole year.    The combustion takes place in a plant running the whole year round so that the remanent heat is continuously being passed to the heat exchanger. The energy requirement to heat up at least part of the surface area of the swimming pool is completely covered by the remanent heat energy.    ADVANTAGE -   Usage of waste heat normally released to surroundings.
(EP811764-A1)      The drive/generator combination has a rotor bearing (12) provided by a machine support (36) and an electrical generator. The rotor bearing is coupled via a switched coupling (14) with a planetary carrier (16) for the drive, positioned in front of a front fixing plate (17) of the machine support.    The front fixing plate has a seating (40) on its inside face receiving a sun wheel axis (20), the outside of the seating supporting the inner ring (42) of the pole wheel carrier (28) of the generator, coupled to the sun wheel via a further switched coupling (24).    ADVANTAGE -   Reduced weight and size, allowing use of low cost generator.    (EP811764-B1)      The drive/generator combination has a rotor bearing (12) provided by a machine support (36) and an electrical generator. The rotor bearing is coupled via a switched coupling (14) with a planetary carrier (16) for the drive, positioned in front of a front fixing plate (17) of the machine support.    The front fixing plate has a seating (40) on its inside face receiving a sun wheel axis (20), the outside of the seating supporting the inner ring (42) of the pole wheel carrier (28) of the generator, coupled to the sun wheel via a further switched coupling (24).    ADVANTAGE -   Reduced weight and size, allowing use of low cost generator.
(JP10513527-W)      A water-filled vessel (10) contains an endless chain (34) of bucket receptacles (36), rotating around upper (28) and lower (30) sprockets. High pressure gas enters (I) at the base into an adjacent bucket (36A), displacing some water therein. Hydrostatic pressure forces gas in the bucket upwards, moving the chain and rotating the sprocket shafts.    Bucket movement upwards reduces gas pressure equivalent to hydrostatic pressure between the vessel base gas inlet and its outlet at the top. Several bucket/chain vessels may be connected in series to achieve cumulative pressure redn.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Extraction of potential energy from gas pipeline excess pressure, conventionally dissipated as waste heat, but here utilised to generate power while reducing incoming pressure from e.g. 150 PISA to e.g. 50 PISA.
(US5694772-A)      The processing method involves using a compressor (20) to pressurize the uncondensed gas in the used geo-thermal fluid. The geo-thermal fluid is supplied from a geo-thermal plant (14). The uncondensed gas contains the sulfuretted hydrogen.    The sulfuretted hydrogen is removed from the uncondensed gas and the uncondensed gas is exhausted in the atmosphere. The rejection geo-thermal fluid from which the sulfurreted hydrogen removed is again supplied to an injection well (34).    ADVANTAGE -   Improves electricity generation.
(JP11502602-W)      The solar energy concentrator includes a primary reflector surface (3) for concentrating solar energy towards a focal plane. A solar energy receiver (5) positioned behind the focal plane receives the reflected solar energy.    A solar flux modifier (7) has a front aperture, internally mirrored walls (11) diverging from the front aperture (9) and a larger rear aperture. The flux modifier receives concentrated solar energy from the primary reflector surface via the front aperture and redirects it via the mirrored walls and the larger aperture to the receiver.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces cost of solar energy to 2 to 10 times.
(JP9509013-W)      The method involves feeding cells from a cell loading station to a cell soldering station via a cell receiving station. One or more electrically-conductive ribbons are fed from supply rolls to a cell in the soldering station, so that ribbons overlie a cell in the station and can underlie a subsequently received cell in the receiving station.    The ribbons are severed and soldered. Discrete sections of the ribbons are formed, with each discrete section having a leading end soldered to one contact of a cell and a trailing end soldered to the second contact of a second cell. An offset crimp may be formed in the ribbons between cells.    ADVANTAGE -   Interconnects solar cells using flexible electrically conductive wire.    (JP3088017-B2)      The method involves feeding cells from a cell loading station to a cell soldering station via a cell receiving station. One or more electrically-conductive ribbons are fed from supply rolls to a cell in the soldering station, so that ribbons overlie a cell in the station and can underlie a subsequently received cell in the receiving station.    The ribbons are severed and soldered. Discrete sections of the ribbons are formed, with each discrete section having a leading end soldered to one contact of a cell and a trailing end soldered to the second contact of a second cell. An offset crimp may be formed in the ribbons between cells.    ADVANTAGE -   Interconnects solar cells using flexible electrically conductive wire.
(JP2992978-B2)      The pump installation has an absorption appts (1) in which a pressure receiving board (5) moves like a pendulum according to the vertical motion of the wave by absorbing the energy.    A cylinder (11) in a piston appts (2) has a piston (10) which is connected to the absorption appts. The piston converts the absorbed energy into pressure. According to the converted pressure, a pair of back flow prevention valves (13a, 13b) opens and shuts, thereby inhaling and exhaling the liquid or gas.    ADVANTAGE -   Obtains stability by clinging to concrete base. Reduces production cost. Eases maintenance management by restoring damage within short term. Eliminates fossil fuel and electric power.
(US5961740-A)      Photovoltaic solar module is used as a cladding panel or roofing element. Its outer sheet faces the incident light with a second sheet behind, forming an interspace. These are held apart by an all-round edge seal, and between them solar cells embedded in e.g. sheets of cast resin have a novel conductor system, allowing adjacent solar cells to make connection (8,10) at their edges.    Connecting terminals (2,4), which may be a plug and socket arrangement are also brought out for the main circuit. The covering sheets are pref. silicate glass, esp. white glass. The embedding material for the solar cells is pref. polyvinylbutyral (PVB), ethylenevinylacetate (EVA) or a monomer mixture based on an acrylate.    USE -   To make an edge connecting photovoltaic solar module, with a transparent enclosure and suitably sealed electrical connections.    ADVANTAGE -   The electrical connections are positively made with good mechanical stability. Fault free electrical contact is realised. The system is easily installed by the unfamiliar, and can resist rough handling. Units connect edge to edge together for smooth appearance. A diode may be included to bypass faulty panels automatically.
(US5857338-A)      The seal system is for a geothermal power plant that operates on geothermal fluid of the type having a multi-stage steam turbine having a high pressure stage and a low pressure stage , and a separator for separating the geothermal fluid into two channels, one containing high pressure steam that is applied to the high pressure stage and the other containing high pressure geothermal liquid. The system has the high pressure seal housing associated with the high pressure stage, and having a first internal chamber for receiving geothermal steam leaking from the high pressure stage, a second internal chamber receiving geothermal steam leaking from the first internal chamber, and a further internal chamber intermediate the first and second chambers.    The system also has the condenser/vaporiser for condensing steam from the further internal chamber using the organic fluid and producing condensate. The heat exchanger transfers heat contained in the high pressure liquid to water which is vaporised into steam. A device applies the clean, low pressure steam to the second chamber of the high pressure seal housing, whereby the steam leaks into the further chamber. The steam is applied from the first internal chamber to a steam turbine. The back pressure steam turbine is responsive to geothermal steam applied to its high pressure end for expanding the steam to produce electricity and expanded geothermal steam at the exhaust of the turbine.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For generating power from high pressure gases and fluids. Can operate on high pressure geothermal fluid without any significant release of noxious gases into atmosphere.
(JP8139354-A)      A group of solar cell elements is obtained by connecting a number of solar cell elements (200,210) in series or in parallel by metal foil pieces (202) where an insulating tape (204) is stuck parallel with the metal foil pieces on and across the back faces of the solar cell elements arranged next to each other.    Also claimed is a method for producing a solar cell module as above where the solar cell elements are afterwards covered with a polymeric organic resin.    USE -   Useful for producing a solar cell module as a clean energy source. In partic. useful for amorphous Si-based cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The solar cell elements are produced in high yield and operate with high reliability.    (EP710991-B1)      A group of solar cell elements is obtained by connecting a number of solar cell elements (200,210) in series or in parallel by metal foil pieces (202) where an insulating tape (204) is stuck parallel with the metal foil pieces on and across the back faces of the solar cell elements arranged next to each other.    Also claimed is a method for producing a solar cell module as above where the solar cell elements are afterwards covered with a polymeric organic resin.    USE -   Useful for producing a solar cell module as a clean energy source. In partic. useful for amorphous Si-based cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The solar cell elements are produced in high yield and operate with high reliability.
(US6020553-A)      The photovoltaic cell system includes at least one optical structure, and at least one solar radiation reflecting and/or collecting device (16). The optical structure has a three-dimensional body (2) made of a material at least partly transparent to light, e.g. glass, glass ceramic, quartz fused silica, sapphire, etc. The body has a bottom surface (6) upon which light radiation impinges and an opposite top surface (8) from which the light radiation emerges.    On the top surface is formed an array of cell-attaching active areas constituting non-imaging light radiation concentrators. The solar radiation collecting/reflecting device directs solar radiation to be impinged on the bottom surface. Pref. the body is a prismatic body. Pref. the cell attaching areas are formed in between traversing V-shaped grooves. At least parts of the body can be coated by selective light radiation transmission coating.    ADVANTAGE -   Collecting/reflecting device enhances effectiveness of photovoltaic optical cell structure.
(JP8183839-A)       Heterocyclic polymer is prepd. from monomers having the formula (a), (b), (c) or (d): where R = H, 1-20C alkyl, 6-20C aryl, 7-40C aralkyl, 1-18C alkoxy, O(CH2 CH2 O)4 CH3, and halogens, or 2 R's may join to form a closed ring structure.    USE -   The polymers produced are generally electrically conductive and may be used on their own or in a blend with another polymer (claimed), in electroconductive coatings, flexible electrical connections, photocells, anti-static packaging, floor coverings and thin optically transparent finishing layers of, for example cathode-ray tubes and instrument panels.    ADVANTAGE -   The advantage of this method over prior art is that after polymerisation no residual products of sulphur-containing reactants or unreacted reactant must be removed from the reaction mixture and undoped polymer can also be produced.    (BE1008804-A3)       Heterocyclic polymer is prepd. from monomers having the formula (a), (b), (c) or (d): where R = H, 1-20C alkyl, 6-20C aryl, 7-40C aralkyl, 1-18C alkoxy, O(CH2 CH2 O)4 CH3, and halogens, or 2 R's may join to form a closed ring structure.    USE -   The polymers produced are generally electrically conductive and may be used on their own or in a blend with another polymer (claimed), in electroconductive coatings, flexible electrical connections, photocells, anti-static packaging, floor coverings and thin optically transparent finishing layers of, for example cathode-ray tubes and instrument panels.    ADVANTAGE -   The advantage of this method over prior art is that after polymerisation no residual products of sulphur-containing reactants or unreacted reactant must be removed from the reaction mixture and undoped polymer can also be produced.
(NL194348-B)      The device detects the direction from which the sunlight is coming and steers the mirror or other device, so that the maximum energy is applied to the target area. The rectangular light-tight tube (200) has a pin-hole aperture in one end (201). Sunlight passing through the hole impinges on a first inner screen (220).    The first inner screen has four detector quadrants (221 to 224) and a central rectangular hole. The other end of the tube has another quadrant screen (203). If the beam through the pin hole impinges on one of the quadrants, the angle of the mirror and detector tube is altered until the beam passes through the second hole. It is then further "fine tuned" by the second quadrant screen (203) until the axis of the tube is directly aligned with the sunlight beam.    USE -   as part of a reflector steering system for a mirror or sunlight powered panel.    ADVANTAGE -   Simple and accurate.
(JP3202492-B2)      The electrolyte comprises 5-0.5 pts.wt. of a rare earth element oxide to 100 pts.wt. of the total -alumina constituent oxides of an alumina, sodium oxide, and lithia.    USE -   For sodium-sulphur battery, sodium-fused salt battery, or alkali metal thermoelectric conversion battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves durability of battery electrolyte, and reliability of battery.
(GB2294093-B)      The water driven power system is provided with a number of water driven power generators (2a,2b,2c), which may comprise water wheels, of which at least one is situated below the level of a large body of water held behind a dam (8) such as the sea and uses water under pressure from the body of water.    The generator (2a) may drive pumps (16) to raise water to drive the higher generators (2b,2c). A number of pipes may supply water to the generator (2a), from several different levels in the dam (8).    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Esp. for use where high volume of water from sea can be used at increased pressure, enabling generator to be driven more efficiently.
(ZA9601301-A)      The solar concentrator utilises the heliostat (1502) to concentrate solar radiation (1509) onto an absorbing surface which incorporates a solar cell array (1511). A fluid heat transfer device (1503,1504) removes the heat and makes use of the low grade power while keeping the temperature of the receiving surface low enough to keep absorbing energy.    Electricity (1506) from the solar cells is used to operate a fluid transfer mechanism through a heat exchanger (1504). Excess electricity may be used locally or fed to a power distribution grid.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Provides improved system for provision of heat and/or electricity using solar energy collection device. For use in warming swimming pools, heating hot water supplies using excess electricity, or warming, lighting or ventilating spaces.    (US6080927-A)      The solar concentrator utilises the heliostat (1502) to concentrate solar radiation (1509) onto an absorbing surface which incorporates a solar cell array (1511). A fluid heat transfer device (1503,1504) removes the heat and makes use of the low grade power while keeping the temperature of the receiving surface low enough to keep absorbing energy.    Electricity (1506) from the solar cells is used to operate a fluid transfer mechanism through a heat exchanger (1504). Excess electricity may be used locally or fed to a power distribution grid.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Provides improved system for provision of heat and/or electricity using solar energy collection device. For use in warming swimming pools, heating hot water supplies using excess electricity, or warming, lighting or ventilating spaces.
(NL1001108-C2)      The system has a warm sea water pump (402) whose output is split to feed a flash evaporator (406) with several flash spouts (408). The fresh water condenser (412) uses cold sea water provided by a pump (414) and outputs fresh desalinated water as a primary product.    In contrast, warm sea water can be sent partly to the flash evaporator (406) and partly to an ammonia evaporator (418) feeding a turbine (422) to generate electrical power.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   System uses combined evaporator-condenser with mist eliminator and evaporator spouts at constant low pressure while developing enough electrical power to meet operational requirements within system.
(JP2998568-B2)      The sealing device has a metallic packing (8) having a wear and abrasion resistance composite member (8a) fixed on a U- shaped elastic part (8b). The packing is placed in a groove (5b) provided in a bearing (5a) fitted in bottom ring (5). The hydraulic pressure acting on the end face (1c) of the guide vane (1), presses the packing and the elastic body takes the shape of the guide vane surface with distributed pressure.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides effective sealing. Avoids damage to packing. Offers less braking action to guide vane. Facilitates smoother operation.
(DE4422309-C2)      Each of the energy recovery devices (1) arranged and interconnected in a row incorporates a movable pick-up (2) on a fixed support (6) with energy storage devices (3) for restoring the movable portion to its initial position.    The kinetic component of the energy is converted (4) for transmission to an operational or storage medium and/or a carrier (5). part of the energy is stored and the remainder is output (7). When the load on the pick-up is removed the energy is released from the storage devices.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For utilisation of regenerative energy donors e.g. in wind-, water-, solar/wind- and other systems. Ecologically favourable, use-oriented and free-standing energy recovery is achieved without prodn. of exhaust or consumption of additional resources and space.
(JP10503058-W)      The method involves preparing a cell sandwich (32) with spheres (4) mounted on a foil matrix (2) between upper and lower pressure pads (34,36) each comprising layers of compliant sheets coated with a release coat layer. The sandwich is then heated to about 530 degrees C.    The spheres are then fixed to the matrix by directing the cell sandwich through a roll press (48) which sequentially compresses the heated cell sandwich. The sandwich is placed inside a clamshell.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides process flow allowing continuous throughput under uniform pressure.    (EP772890-B1)      The method involves preparing a cell sandwich (32) with spheres (4) mounted on a foil matrix (2) between upper and lower pressure pads (34,36) each comprising layers of compliant sheets coated with a release coat layer. The sandwich is then heated to about 530 degrees C.    The spheres are then fixed to the matrix by directing the cell sandwich through a roll press (48) which sequentially compresses the heated cell sandwich. The sandwich is placed inside a clamshell.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides process flow allowing continuous throughput under uniform pressure.
(DE4428086-C2)      In a procedure for controlling the power output of a wind power plant with a super-sync current converter stage, the induction generator is run at, or below, synchronous speed and is DC-excited using electronics on the stator side. The total mechanical power of the wind turbine rotor is fed into the electrical grid via the conventional converter cascade on the rotor side. The 3-phase AC regulator[6] is fully connected for AC excitation of the generator. The transition into DC-excited operation takes place by switching off the valves of the AC regulator and switching on those of the DC regulator [7].    ADVANTAGE -   Rotor-side converter cascade between electrical grid and rotor windings are operated without interruption, whilst only the stator is changed over from AC-to-DC excitation.
(US5934271-A)      The energy concentration device comprises the main collector dish (MR), a supplementary reflector (SR) and a receiver (P). Radiant energy, such as solar energy is reflected from the main collector to a zone on the supplementary reflector which is then focused to the receiver.    In this way the receiver is positioned substantially at the focal point of the supplementary reflector to receive the energy reflected from it. The main collector can be constructed of a number of flat or curved reflector panels.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides solar concentrating collector with increased capability, capacity and usefulness.    (CN1156502-A)      The energy concentration device comprises the main collector dish (MR), a supplementary reflector (SR) and a receiver (P). Radiant energy, such as solar energy is reflected from the main collector to a zone on the supplementary reflector which is then focused to the receiver.    In this way the receiver is positioned substantially at the focal point of the supplementary reflector to receive the energy reflected from it. The main collector can be constructed of a number of flat or curved reflector panels.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides solar concentrating collector with increased capability, capacity and usefulness.
(EP767890-B1)      A solar heat collector (10) comprises an evacuated envelope (18) contg. a large area absorber (60), formed from narrow-spaced plates which define an evaporation gap therebetween. The plates extend between a reservoir (40) of heat transfer fluid at one, lower end of the absorber, and a condenser (102) at the other, top end of the absorber.    The narrow gap between the plates causes fluid to be drawn by capillary action from the reservoir towards the condenser. The absorber transfers heat from incident solar radiation to fluid in the evaporation gap.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Solar heat collector with improved efficiency, conveying heat transfer fluid by capillary action and maintaining optimum exposure of fluid to incident radiation.    Note: The international Search Report on this Patent Specification accepts only Claims 1-7. Further claims for a preformed heat concentrator were not considered to be linked by a single inventive concept.    (US6047697-A)      A solar heat collector (10) comprises an evacuated envelope (18) contg. a large area absorber (60), formed from narrow-spaced plates which define an evaporation gap therebetween. The plates extend between a reservoir (40) of heat transfer fluid at one, lower end of the absorber, and a condenser (102) at the other, top end of the absorber.    The narrow gap between the plates causes fluid to be drawn by capillary action from the reservoir towards the condenser. The absorber transfers heat from incident solar radiation to fluid in the evaporation gap.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Solar heat collector with improved efficiency, conveying heat transfer fluid by capillary action and maintaining optimum exposure of fluid to incident radiation.    Note: The international Search Report on this Patent Specification accepts only Claims 1-7. Further claims for a preformed heat concentrator were not considered to be linked by a single inventive concept.
(DE4425972-A1)      The current supply device has a number of thermoelements (2) acting as a heat source for warming a thermobattery (1) on one side, which is held at a lower temp., e.g., the room air temp. on the opposite side. The electrical voltage obtained across the thermobattery is fed to the measuring instrument.    The thermobattery is formed in the surface of a substrate (3) via conductor structures (8, 15) of 2 different material together with a large number of closely packed thermoelements, arranged in a flat raster.    USE -   For providing defined voltage in the order of single volts.
(EP767876-B1)      The plant includes the anchored floating platform (1) which is anchored with hawsers (6) and is self adjusting to align across wave motion. It has a doubly curved ramp (13) facing the waves and leading to a shallow basin (14) from which water flows back to sea down through a turbine driving generator.    The platform may be fitted with stiff, self stabilising wave reflectors (2) which deflect and focus the waves towards the ramp. The platform is sufficiently stable to be fitted with windmills to obtain further natural energy.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Provides stable all-weather power plant for exploitation of wind and wave energy on high seas to give electrical power transmitted ashore via cable.
(JP10502771-W)      The assembly includes several photovoltaic modules (104-110), and several preformed spacers, pedestals or supports (112-122). The modules are deposited as a layer on top of a roofing membrane (102). The pre-formed spacers, pedestals or supports are placed below and integrated with or fixed to the modules. The modules are spaced from the membrane by a predetermined distance and allow heat transfer to a convecting fluid.    The roofing assembly may have a tapered profile for orientating modules (204-210) in a direction of increased sun exposure. Phase change material can be used for temperature regulation. The spacers can be made of insulation block to provide spacing and thermal control.    ADVANTAGE -   Simple, low-cost, maximises efficiency, eliminates need for roofing penetrations.    (CN1156491-A)      The assembly includes several photovoltaic modules (104-110), and several preformed spacers, pedestals or supports (112-122). The modules are deposited as a layer on top of a roofing membrane (102). The pre-formed spacers, pedestals or supports are placed below and integrated with or fixed to the modules. The modules are spaced from the membrane by a predetermined distance and allow heat transfer to a convecting fluid.    The roofing assembly may have a tapered profile for orientating modules (204-210) in a direction of increased sun exposure. Phase change material can be used for temperature regulation. The spacers can be made of insulation block to provide spacing and thermal control.    ADVANTAGE -   Simple, low-cost, maximises efficiency, eliminates need for roofing penetrations.
(JP2967326-B2)      The generator (1) uses the solar light and heat to generate electric power. It has a solar battery (11) which is interposed and mounted on a cement structure which consists of mortar concrete similar to the receiving platen. The cement structure serves as a natural grounding for the solar battery. The generator also uses other solar heat collection device.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   To supply electricity to community situated between mountains.Enables use of solar power efficiently and supplies large quantity of electricity to far flung areas. Provides hotels with everyday supply of hot water for bathing. Enables de-icing of road during winter and pumping of underground water and river for supply. Develops life condition in communities between mountains. Improves environmental maintenance by eliminating use of petroleum and coal as power generation source.
(JP3004537-B2)      An oxygen discharger having an emergency lamp (4) comprises a thermal insulation case (1), oxygen candle (2) placed in the thermal insulation case to generate oxygen, thermoelectric element (3) placed in the thermal insulation case to generate electricity by the heat occurred in the oxygen candle, and an emergency lamp lighted by the electricity generated by the thermoelectric element.    USE -   The oxygen discharger is used for lighting up the inside of a submarine, if necessary, when oxygen in the submarine becomes low.    ADVANTAGE -   When sodium chlorate in the oxygen candle is converted to oxygen and sodium chloride, the heat is generated and the emergency lamp can be lighted by converting the heat to electricity. Therefore even when a general power source does not function, a light source can be maintained in the submarine.
(JP7334259-A)      The system comprises an array of solar cells (2) which generate a voltage (VS) when irradiated with light. The array has positive terminal connected to one end of an electric double layer capacitor (30) through a diode (20) which provides reverse current protection. The positive is also connected to the supply line (VCC) of a discharge controller (40) through a supply switch (11).    The negative terminal is connected to the other end of the capacitor and to a grounding line (GND) of the controller. The reverse current protective diode, the capacitor and the controller form the control circuit which light the light emitting diodes (7c) of a swing member (7).    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For solar car for intermittently operating solenoid to drive its wheels. Derives a large amount of power from small solar cells.    (US5760572-A)      The system comprises an array of solar cells (2) which generate a voltage (VS) when irradiated with light. The array has positive terminal connected to one end of an electric double layer capacitor (30) through a diode (20) which provides reverse current protection. The positive is also connected to the supply line (VCC) of a discharge controller (40) through a supply switch (11).    The negative terminal is connected to the other end of the capacitor and to a grounding line (GND) of the controller. The reverse current protective diode, the capacitor and the controller form the control circuit which light the light emitting diodes (7c) of a swing member (7).    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For solar car for intermittently operating solenoid to drive its wheels. Derives a large amount of power from small solar cells.
(DE19517042-C1)      The fuel cell system is formed with a stack of discrete cells (1) that have a rectangular profile. Gas is introduced on the anode side of the stack through an inlet (20) and circulates from the cathode inlet chamber (22) to cathode outlet chamber (23). The gas then leaves the stack by an outlet (21). The stack is enclosed by a gas tight housing (3) with end plates. The inlets and outlet chambers are sealed by elements (6, 7, 8) that compensate for differences in thermal expansion between the enclosure and the stack.    ADVANTAGE -   Structure compensates for thermal stress effects.
(DE19517443-C2)      A procedure for making a corrosion-resistant current collector with a high grade steel carrier and a nickel coating has the seamless nickel-plated wire (3) bent into a three dimensional structure to form the collector. The wire is wound into a spiral and the structure is then formed by spirals stacked beside each other. A variant has the wire intertwined to form a 3-D mesh. The mesh is then bent into a rectangular, triangular or sawtooth shape. The wire diameter is between 0.1 and 0.6mm, but preferably between 0.25 and 0.35mm. The proportion of nickel to steel is between 5% and 50% but preferably between 15% and 35%.    ADVANTAGE -   Suitable for carburising atmospheres at high temperatures and minimum nickel content for high corrosion resistance..
(EP829104-A1)      The high energy density electrolyte solution comprises vanadium redox ions in a high concentration and an electrolyte. The concentration of the electrolyte and the temp. of the solution is such as to reduce precipitation of the vanadium redox ions from the electrolyte solution to a rate whereby the all-vanadium electrolyte solution is acceptable for use in an all-vanadium redox battery. Preferably the solution is an aqueous solution and the vanadium ions are oresent in the solution at a concentration above the saturation solubility.    The electrolyte solution may further include a stabilising amount of a stabilising agent which is less than that required to fully complex the vanadium redox ions in the electrolyte solution and is sufficient to reduce precipitation of the vanadium redox ions from the stabilised solution to a rate whereby the stabilised all-vanadium electrolyte solution is acceptable for use in an all-vanadium redox battery. The stabilising agent may allow the operating temp. range of the electrolyte solution to be extended.    USE -   For all-vanadium redox battery/fuel cell. For remote area power supply or emergency back-up system. In electric vehicle.
(US5824199-A)      An electrochemical cell comprises an electrode, a membrane in contact with 1 side of the electrode, a current bus on the other side of the electrode, and a conductive inflatable part between the bus and the electrode providing uniform electrical contact. An electrochemical cell for directly producing dry halogen gas from anhydrous H halide using the inflatable member as above is also claimed.    USE -   In the treatment of HCl by-prod. from chlorination reactions, e.g. in the prodn. of PVC, isocyanates and chlorinated/fluorinated hydrocarbons; other H halides may also be processed; and the cell may also be a fuel cell.    ADVANTAGE -   Uniform pressure can be maintained over very large areas, even with variation in thickness of the cell components, thus allowing increases in the fabrication tolerances and thus reduction of cost, and changes in cell dimensions can also be compensated for, enabling higher current densities to be run over the life of the cell. The pressure in the part is easily adjustable, enabling optimum cell performance to be obtd., and it may also be used to remove heat from the cell using a low cost cooling fluid, e.g. water.
(US5863395-A)      An electrochemical cell comprises:    (a) an electrode with a compartment for contg. a fluid, and including a catalyst layer and a diffusion layer;    (b) a membrane in contact with one side of the electrode;    (c) a mass flow field in contact with the other side of the electrode to direct fluid and away from the electrode; and    (d) means between the electrode and mass flow field to increase the diffusion resistance of the fluid.    Also claimed are:    (1) an electrochemical cell for directly producing dry halogen gas from anhydrous hydrogen halide, comprising:    (a) a means to oxidise hydrogen halide to produce dry halogen gas and protons;    (b) a cation-transporting means for the protons, in contact with one side of the oxidising means and with one side of a means for reducing the transported protons, this reducing means having a compartment for contg. a fluid; and    (c) a mass flow field and diffusion resistance increasing means as above;    (2) a method for increasing the diffusion resistance of the fluid by adjusting the thickness of the gas diffusion layer;    (3) a diffusion resistance increasing method by adjusting the porosity of the gas diffusion layer; and    (4) a diffusion resistance increasing method by adjusting the hydrophobicity of the gas diffusion layer.    USE -   To convert e.g. HCl or HBr to the corresp. halogen gas, to recover the halogen used for mfg. e.g. PVC, chlorinated / fluorinated hydrocarbon etc. for feeding back to the mfg. system.    ADVANTAGE -   Self-regulating mechanism which internally controls limiting current, avoiding the need to externally adjust the cell parameters. Dry halogen gas is obtd. without having to dissolve the hydrogen halide in water. Lower investment costs and fewer process steps compared to prior art electrochemical or catalytic systems.
(US5961795-A)      Electrochemical cell comprises:    (a) an electrode;    (b) a membrane disposed in contact with one side of the electrode; and    (c) a mass flow disposed in contact with the other side of the electrode, the mass flow field comprising an elastomer.    Also claimed is an electrochemical cell for directly producing dry halogen gas from anhydrous hydrogen halide.    USE -   Partic. useful to produce dry chlorine, fluorine, bromine and iodine gases, and to convert aq. reactants to aq. prods..    ADVANTAGE -   The resilient flow field provides uniform contact with an electrode of the cell.
(RU2105395-C1)      An electrochemical energy converter includes a body (1), positive and negative electrodes (2,3), a chamber (4) with a positive reagent, a chamber (5) with a negative reagent, a sepg. membrane (6), made in the form of nickel foil and an external load (7). During closing of the external load, oxidation of the positive reagent, ie. methanol, takes place in chamber (5) on the surface of the negative electrode (3), accompanied by sorption of hydrogen on the surface of the anode (3) and freeing of electrons in the external circuit.    The hydrogen is reduced on the positive electrode (2) acting as a cathode with formation of a hydroxyl ion and connection of the electron from the external circuit. The formed hydroxyl ions are diffused through the membrane to the anode, where they are combined with the hydrogen ions to form water. The presence of the membrane prevents diffusion of the reagents to the opposite electrode, preventing self-charging and redn. of the efficiency of the converter, also reducing contamination of the electrodes. Methanol is used as the fuel and hydrogen peroxide is used as an oxidiser.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Construction of electrochemical energy converters i.e. redn.-oxidation (redox) elements, fuel elements with liq. reagents, electrolysers etc. Better working life and improved electrical characteristics
(NL1000218-C2)      The anode (2) in a fuel cell is sealed by a ring (1). Perforated stainless steel plates (3,4) are accurately positioned with portions of their perforations (8) overlapping. Plates may be made from plastics. The perforations, which may be punched in each plate, differ so that when placed together a zigzag channel (13) is formed for gas passage.    A number of parallel channels may be constructed with common inlet and outlet forming part of the gas-lead-through channels in the cell. Plate thickness pref. lie between 0.2 and 1.0 mm.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables even distribution of fluids e.g. gas in fuel cell allowing accurate metering and discharge of moisture.
(JP8315840-A)      The system has a primary cooling and humidifying circuit (42,44,32,45,9,46) with demineralised, pressurised water with a small volumetric capacity. A second liquid cooling circuit (50,53,51,22,143) with plate exchangers (46) for cooling the demineralised water of the primary circuit. Air/liquid exchangers (26) cool compressed air for supply to the cells.    The system has an electric heater (43) which heats the liquid in the secondary circuit and a fan (23) for recycling hydrogen leaving the cells.    ADVANTAGE -   Cells can be put into service quickly and uses fuel optimally.
(JP8298145-A)      The terminal connector of a battery of type used in automotive applications has a pressed metal contact element that is designed to located onto the tapered terminal post (4) that projects from the battery. The connector is held in place by a spring clip (8) that is moved through an arc of approximately 45 degrees relative to the axis of the post and in doing so applies a contact force to the connector. The rotation of the clip is obtained with the aid of a tool that has a pair of pins (44) that locate in slots.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Vehicle battery connector suitable for automatic assembly.    (US5716243-A)      The terminal connector of a battery of type used in automotive applications has a pressed metal contact element that is designed to located onto the tapered terminal post (4) that projects from the battery.    The connector is held in place by a spring clip (8) that is moved through an arc of approximately 45 degrees relative to the axis of the post and in doing so applies a contact force to the connector. The rotation of the clip is obtained with the aid of a tool that has a pair of pins (44) that locate in slots.    ADVANTAGE -   Designed for reliable automatic assembly on to vehicle battery.
(US5738552-A)      The upper layer (3) of the terminal has a deep-drawn slotted recess (33) similar to its counterpart in the underlying layer. The two are joined together by two U-shaped bars (41,42) enclosing a cavity into which a screw (45) can be driven to secure the terminal to a pole of the battery. At the opposite end a double-layered crimped terminal (7) is formed with two other components (12,13) in extensions (14,15) of the upper layer and counterparts of the underlayer which are symmetrical about the longitudinal axis (A-A), with openings (18,19) for threaded pins (28,29).    USE -   For interconnection of several systems, electrical and mechanical properties are optimised and manufacture is simplified.    (EP766872-B1)      The upper layer (3) of the terminal has a deep-drawn slotted recess (33) similar to its counterpart in the underlying layer. The two are joined together by two U-shaped bars (41,42) enclosing a cavity into which a screw (45) can be driven to secure the terminal to a pole of the battery. At the opposite end a double-layered crimped terminal (7) is formed with two other components (12,13) in extensions (14,15) of the upper layer and counterparts of the underlayer which are symmetrical about the longitudinal axis (A-A), with openings (18,19) for threaded pins (28,29).    USE -   For interconnection of several systems, electrical and mechanical properties are optimised and manufacture is simplified.
(DE29623593-U1)      A cover fitment for mounting on a vehicle battery case which is itself attached to a chassis member (12) at the side of eg an articulated tractor unit (10) is moulded as a one-piece component (21, 22) in high impact on tough plastic eg polystyrol, ABS or glass-reinforced nylon.    The fitment (21, 22) is supported in a fixed cradle (not shown) on the chassis runner (12) using the spigot projections (25) and is removed below by a pair of wing nuts (not shown) which tighten against the battery casing.    The top surface (21) has grooved non-slip serrations (23), as have the two treads (35, 36) which are rivetted/screwed (38) to the side-checks (27, 28) to provide a 3-step mounting-aid for access to the cab (13) or other parts of the tractor unit (10).    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Is suitable for all types of commercial vehicle with external batteries and is easily attached/removed. Provides convenient and safe access to cab or other parts.
(JP8521564-X)      The circuit includes first light emission display circuit connected by a pair of connection members, which displays light when terminal voltage between the terminals of respective unit cells of high voltage cell constituted by series-connected number (n) of unit cells is or was below a first set value (V1), and second light emission display circuit which emits light for display in different colours from that of the first light display circuit when the terminal voltage exceeds a second set value (V2), provided in the voltage detection circuit.    The light emitting diodes having red colour are used for the first light emission display circuit, and light emitting diodes having green colour are used for the second light emission display circuit. Since degradation of the unit cell can be detected at an initial stage, the cell life can be increased, and the environmental problem can be improved by eliminating wastes.    ADVANTAGE -   Voltage detector provides simplified safe means of quickly finding defective constituent unit cells in high voltage cell with no skill without touching individual cells.
(JP9283158-A)      A coolant inlet line admits coolant to the stack. A coolant outlet line remover the coolant from the stack. Coolant inlet lines connect cells in the stack with the coolant inlet line. Multiple coolant outlet conduits connect cells in the stack with the coolant outlet line. A coolant bypass conduit bypasses cells in the stack and directly interconnects the coolant bypass conduit is operable to transfer a portion of the total coolant in the system directly from the coolant inlet line to the coolant outlet line. A variable valve in the coolant inlet line alters the amount of coolant transferred from the coolant inlet line into the coolant bypass line. The amount of coolant that is transferred through the coolant bypass line can be controlled.    USE -   System for cooling fuel cell stack with aqueous based coolant to provide more constant cell temperature profile and production of optimum amount of steam.
(JP3165614-B2)      A switching device forms a semiconductor switch circuit (1) which has a switching function to control the value of a drive power and a monitor function to detect abnormality of a fuel battery and abnormality of a heater for starting and output an abnormality signal. A control signal by which a semiconductor switching element is caused to effect switching operation is fed to the semiconductor switching circuit. An external control device to receive an abnormality signal outputted from the semiconductor switching element and detect abnormality is arranged outside a closed container.    ADVANTAGE -   Size is reduced, safety is ensured, and the occurrence of abnormality is detected.
(EP736917-A1)      A mounting plate (1) carries an integral terminal lug (3) incorporating a passageway for receipt of a bolt which holds in place a connector for an electrical cable on a car battery. An adaptor post is of circular external shape with a slight upward taper and incorporates a recess. This precisely matches the shape of the terminal lug (3).    The post (5) can be placed very firmly over the lug (3) so that there will be secure frictional engagement between these parts to hold the post (5) securely in place. This converts the mounting to one with an alternative type of connector for an electrical cable in the form of a sleeve which is clamped over the post (5).    ADVANTAGE -   Terminal on battery can be modified from one design to another.
(DE19511817-A1)      A heat exchanger made up of plates and with a reformer is fitted with 2 types of channels (3,5). A heat exchange medium (G1) flows through one type of channel (3) whilst the gas mixture (G2) to be reformed passes through the other (5). This 2nd type of channel (5) contains material    USE -   To make use of heat from a stack of fuel cells for reforming gas mixtures.    ADVANTAGE -   By combining this heat exchanger with fuel cells, the energy demands of the reformer are covered and operating costs are improved.    (DE19511817-C2)      A heat exchanger made up of plates and with a reformer is fitted with 2 types of channels (3,5). A heat exchange medium (G1) flows through one type of channel (3) whilst the gas mixture (G2) to be reformed passes through the other (5). This 2nd type of channel (5) contains material    USE -   To make use of heat from a stack of fuel cells for reforming gas mixtures.    ADVANTAGE -   By combining this heat exchanger with fuel cells, the energy demands of the reformer are covered and operating costs are improved.    (EP735602-B1)      A heat exchanger made up of plates and with a reformer is fitted with 2 types of channels (3,5). A heat exchange medium (G1) flows through one type of channel (3) whilst the gas mixture (G2) to be reformed passes through the other (5). This 2nd type of channel (5) contains material    USE -   To make use of heat from a stack of fuel cells for reforming gas mixtures.    ADVANTAGE -   By combining this heat exchanger with fuel cells, the energy demands of the reformer are covered and operating costs are improved.
(US5810284-A)      The pref. aircraft (101) is a span-loaded wing having no fuselage or rudder. Its two hundred foot wingspan carries photo voltaic cells (113) power eight propellers (102) to fly at about 90 m.p.h. at up to 60,000 ft.    The regenerative fuel cells (104) in the wing store excess energy to maintain flight at night so that the aircraft can sustain elevation almost indefinitely while transmitters and receivers are controlled from the ground.    ADVANTAGE -   Inexpensive, steerable aircraft can remain aloft for long periods while used for weather monitoring, communication, surveillance and atmospheric testing.
(JP8287936-A)      The hydrogen producing appts. uses a supply comprising lower alkanes or alcohols in a catalytic reactor (30) for the supply of a fuel cell (2). The reactor has an internal heating circuit (33). It includes a catalytic burner (60) for burning a fuel mixture comprising the exhausted cathodic gases and the exhausted anodic gases from the fuel cell.    The burner has an exhaust section (63) connected to the inlet end (33a) of the internal heating system of the catalytic reactor, using one or more of the exhaust pipes (50 and 53).    ADVANTAGE -   Lower alkanes and lower alcohols can be easily synthesised at reasonable cost if they are not present naturally and their storage presents min. problem, technical difficulties and with less risk.
(US5777455-A)      A three-pole or four-pole battery switch includes a series-connector arranged between the cranking the engine (CRA) part and power to the auxiliaries (AUX) part of the battery and a sensing device for sensing at least the state of charge of the CRA part and for giving priority to the generator current for the CRA part via the series connector.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For application with marine craft engines, vehicles etc. Provides improved starting.
(WO9702613-A1)      The fuel cell system (2) has a fuel cell block (4) with anode (6) and cathode (8) sections and is constructed with a number of planar cells stacked together. Coupled to the block is an ac inverter (46) that converts the generated dc into ac voltage. The cathode stage has a supply stage (10) for oxygen and this contains an electrical heating element (24). The anode has a supply (30) for hydrogen or a mix of fuel gas and reaction steam. Feed lines (36,37) connect with a mixing stage (38) and the loop contains a second heating stage (44).    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Fuel cell system with gas heating avoids contamination and damage.
(JP2767390-B2)      Prepn. is by thermally decomposing hydrocarbons in the presence of fine carbonaceous substances with outside surface areas of at least 1 m2/g.    USE -   Hydrogen can be produced efficiently from hydrocarbons eg. methane without using heavy metal catalysts.    ADVANTAGE -   CO2 is not produced as a by-prod.. Also the deterioration of catalysts takes place slowly and the deteriorated catalysts do not produce ash which is hazardous to environment.
(DE19501783-C2)      Inert gas generation for pest control, fills the volume under treatment (1) with a recirculated gas mixture, containing residual air and, e.g. nitrogen, carbon dioxide and/or argon. The gas is made by the abstraction of oxygen during circulation, using an electrochemical cell (5,6,7). The novel plant converts the oxygen into water, which as required, may be used to humidify the atmosphere in the treated volume.    USE -   The method can be used to treat a space with nitrogen, carbon dioxide or other effectively inert gas, generated with the aid of an electrolytic process, for the control of pests.    ADVANTAGE -   The process improves on prior art by keeping the process parameters, esp. residual oxygen concentration, temperature and moisture, within set limits; also improving on the achievable oxygen extraction. The gas is recirculated through the cathode of an electrolytic cell, where sufficient oxygen is reduced to water, to produce a lethal asphyxiant. The system copes with any air ingress, and there are no undesirable by-products. Water produced may be used to re-humidify the treated volume as necessary. The polymer electrolytes of the sandwich cells used, contain the migrating protons, which act as an intermediate in the reactions, hence no potentially dangerous hydrogen arises.
(JP3022218-B2)      The battery has a damper (47) which has a main surface in a direction crossing an exhaust gas flow direction and comprises a slide plate (60) sliding along the main surface. A holding body (50) holds the slide plate. The damper is switching in a first stage so that by sliding the slide plate, an opening is formed in the given position of the main surface and exhaust gas is guided to the lower part of a hydrogen storage alloy tank. In a second state the opening is closed and exhaust gas is discharged along the mains surface and directly to the outside.    ADVANTAGE -   Hydrogen in hydrogen storage alloy tank is sufficiently effectively utilised.
(DE19523635-A1)      The current collector (5) is made of a special steel alloy forming a corrosion-resistant oxide layer at the current collector surface during the operation of the fuel cell. The current collector contains a doping agent at its surface with a valency which differs from that of the cations contained in the oxide layer.    The doping agent can either be deposited on the surface of the current collector or be provided as a component of the steel alloy, eg. a chromium containing steel alloy forming a lithium ferrite layer at its surface.    ADVANTAGE -   Good corrosion resistance combined with high conductivity.    (DE19523635-C2)      The current collector (5) is made of a special steel alloy forming a corrosion-resistant oxide layer (5b) at the current collector surface during the operation of the fuel cell. The current collector contains a doping agent at its surface with a valency which differs from that of the cations contained in the oxide layer.    The doping agent can either be deposited on the surface of the current collector or be provided as a component of the steel alloy, eg. a chromium containing steel alloy forming a lithium ferrite layer at its surface.    ADVANTAGE -   Good corrosion resistance combined with high conductivity.
(DE4446841-A1)      The fuel cell module has a at least one fuel cell stack (4) contained within a thermally-insulating protective housing (1), with an anode inlet for supplying the combustion gas to the fuel cell anodes, an anode outlet for discharging the combustion gases, a cathode inlet for supplying the cathode gas to the fuel cell cathodes and a cathode outlet for discharging the spent cathode gas.    The fuel cell module is coupled to a catalytic combustion device (5) for treating the combustion gases and a reformer (6) for reforming the combustion gas fed to the anode inlet, combined with the fuel cell module within the protective housing.    ADVANTAGE -   Uses mass produced components with repeating parts for reduced plant cost.    (EP807321-B1)      The fuel cell module has a at least one fuel cell stack (4) contained within a thermally-insulating protective housing (1), width an anode inlet for supplying the combustion gas to the fuel cell anodes, an anode outlet for discharging the combustion gases, a cathode inlet for supplying the cathode gas to the fuel cell cathodes and a cathode outlet for discharging the spent cathode gas.    The fuel cell module is coupled to a catalytic combustion device (5) for treating the combustion gases and a reformer (6) for reforming the combustion gas fed to the anode inlet, combined with the fuel cell module within the protective housing.    ADVANTAGE -   Uses mass produced components with repeating parts for reduced plant cost.
NOVELTY - Monitoring apparatus for a battery pack has a number of voltage monitors connected in parallel to each of the battery modules, which are assembled in series to constitute the pack. A signal isolator receives an output of the voltage monitor as a primary input. It then generates a secondary output which is electrically insulated from the primary input. A signal transmitter transmits this secondary output to an external control apparatus.    USE - For a storage battery e.g. in a vehicle.    ADVANTAGE - The apparatus avoids the dangers of that can be present by wiring a high tension line into the interior of the vehicle. Any fault occurring with respect to the battery is easily detected and identified.
(JP3143568-B2)      When charging the battery, the valence state of the anode is changed from one to another. After charging, the battery is operated so that the anode active material of the first valence state can be left in the electrolytic soln..    ADVANTAGE -   Electrode deterioration can be minimised.
(JP3078186-B2)      Electrolyte contg. up to 1.5 mol/l of V concn. and 2-4 mol/l of sulphuric acid concn.    USE -   The electrolyte is suitable for a cell at power station for controlling balance of demand and supply.    ADVANTAGE -   The electrolyte contributes stable operation of the cell, since no deposition of V is generated.
(JP2924671-B2)      A heat exchanger is connected to the blow-down water drain pipe line coupled to the battery cooling water line. The flow of blow-down water is controlled in reference to the output of the built-in water temp. detector.    ADVANTAGE -   High-efficiency power generation is obtd.
(US5767029-A)      Metal-ceramic composite material (I) comprises (a) Ag and CuO; and (b) MgO in a compsn. of formula: (Mg1-(x+y)Cux)O+Agy (where x = 0.03-0.1 and y = 0.01-0.5). Prodn. of (I) is also claimed.    USE -   (I) is used for self-lubricating materials in mechanical friction bearings made of ceramic, for electrical contacts in fuel cells, and for materials with high electrical and thermal conductivity (claimed) and also as substrate material for thin and thick layers of high temp. superconductors.    ADVANTAGE -   (I) has good self-lubricating properties.
(US5916381-A)      The mechanically-alloyed hydrogen storage alloy comprises a major proportion of magnesium and minor amts. of at least two or nickel, molybdenum, iron, and titanium    USE -   Used for partic. thermal, but also electrochemical hydrogen storage, heat pumps and fuel cell storage material.    ADVANTAGE -   The alloys have improved hydriding and dehydriding kinetics and resistance to poisoning.    (US5976276-A)      The mechanically-alloyed hydrogen storage alloy comprises a major proportion of magnesium and minor amts. of at least two or nickel, molybdenum, iron, and titanium    USE -   Used for partic. thermal, but also electrochemical hydrogen storage, heat pumps and fuel cell storage material.    ADVANTAGE -   The alloys have improved hydriding and dehydriding kinetics and resistance to poisoning.    (EP799324-B1)      The mechanically-alloyed hydrogen storage alloy comprises a major proportion of magnesium and minor amts. of at least two or nickel, molybdenum, iron, and titanium    USE -   Used for partic. thermal, but also electrochemical hydrogen storage, heat pumps and fuel cell storage material.    ADVANTAGE -   The alloys have improved hydriding and dehydriding kinetics and resistance to poisoning.
(DE4446044-A1)      The fuel cell system has a fuel cell (8) receiving oxygen and hydrogen and providing water. An electrolyser (2) generates oxygen and hydrogen from water. The fuel cell and the electrolyser are each coupled to a hydrogen reservoir (7) for temporary storage of hydrogen.    The electrolyser is coupled to the fuel cell via the hydrogen reservoir. Pref. the fuel cell and the electrolyser are contained in a common housing (1), the electrolyser pref. acting as an inverse fuel cell and having a sponge for storing the water.    ADVANTAGE -   Eliminates need for pressurised gas container.    (DE19533097-A1)      The fuel cell system has a fuel cell (8) receiving oxygen and hydrogen and providing water. An electrolyser (2) generates oxygen and hydrogen from water. The fuel cell and the electrolyser are each coupled to a hydrogen reservoir (7) for temporary storage of hydrogen.    The electrolyser is coupled to the fuel cell via the hydrogen reservoir. Pref. the fuel cell and the electrolyser are contained in a common housing (1), the electrolyser pref. acting as an inverse fuel cell and having a sponge for storing the water.    ADVANTAGE -   Eliminates need for pressurised gas container.
(DE4443939-C1)      PEM (polymer electrolye membrane) fuel cell consists of strip membrane(s) (17) with 2-10000 flat individual cells on both sides of a membrane (10) of an electrode films (11-13, 14-16) on polymeric solid electrolyte, in which the individual cells are connected in series. The contacted plates (18, 19) on both sides of the this membrane have conducting and insulating zones (20, 21) arranged to prevent a short circuit between individual electrodes on one side of the membrane.    ADVANTAGE -   The cell has high output voltage, is of very simple construction and can be made cost-effectively.    (EP797848-B1)      PEM (polymer electrolye membrane) fuel cell consists of strip membrane(s) (17) with 2-10000 flat individual cells on both sides of a membrane (10) of an electrode films (11-13, 14-16) on polymeric solid electrolyte, in which the individual cells are connected in series. The contacted plates (18, 19) on both sides of the this membrane have conducting and insulating zones (20, 21) arranged to prevent a short circuit between individual electrodes on one side of the membrane.    ADVANTAGE -   The cell has high output voltage, is of very simple construction and can be made cost-effectively.    (US5952118-A)      PEM (polymer electrolye membrane) fuel cell consists of strip membrane(s) (17) with 2-10000 flat individual cells on both sides of a membrane (10) of an electrode films (11-13, 14-16) on polymeric solid electrolyte, in which the individual cells are connected in series. The contacted plates (18, 19) on both sides of the this membrane have conducting and insulating zones (20, 21) arranged to prevent a short circuit between individual electrodes on one side of the membrane.    ADVANTAGE -   The cell has high output voltage, is of very simple construction and can be made cost-effectively.
(JP3177391-B2)       A portable fuel cell comprises a cell stack (3) made of layered power generating cells (40), a recovery manifold (5) located at the bottom of the cell stack (3) to recover exhaust gas including the unreacted H2and an exhaust gas feed-out tube (14) from the recovery manifold (5) to a catalyst burner (13). Moisture absorbing material (62) is laid on the inside of the manifold (5) to absorb moisture in exhaust gas at start-up when a temp is low.    ADVANTAGE -    Moisture accumulated in the manifold will not pass into the gas feed-out tube, supplying H2.
(EP715365-B1)      The battery (1) has the battery poles (3,4) projecting from the battery housing, with the positive pole (4) having a terminal (16) for the starter motor cable and additional terminals (17), for supplying a number of electrical auxiliaries within the automobile.    A plastics base plate (15) has conductive inserts for providing the electrical connections between the additional terminals and the positive pole, with fuses (18) incorporated within the automobile.    A plastics base plate (15) has conductive inserts for providing the electrical connections between the additional terminals and the positive pole, with fuses (18) incorporated in the connection paths.    ADVANTAGE -   Allows fully automatic assembly of multi-terminal positive pole.
(EP714147-B1)      In the fuel-cell (1) there is a chromium-bearing connection element (3) connected between the cathode (2c) of an electrochemical plate (2) to the PEN-anode (2a) of a corresponding electrochemical plate (2) in a neighbouring cell. This acts as a current collector, temperature equaliser and heat exchanger to warm the air (35a,33a) for the cathode reaction. The free area of the connection plate (3) that comes into contact with the heated air (33a) has a ceramic covering layer (8) that acts as a barrier to chromium-oxide at the working temperature. This reduces the transportation of gaseous chromium-oxide and prevents the damage caused by deposition of chromium-oxide.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces the damage caused by the transportation and deposition of chromium-oxide in the fuel-cell.
(WO9743793-A1)      The sheet device for eliminating corrosion in combination with the automotive battery comprises the extended rectangular metal strip having a copper surface on one side for placement between battery terminals and on an outside surface of the battery with long sides of the rectangle aligned with a line between the battery terminals. Short ends of the strip have cut-out portions permitting the strip to surround three sides of each of the terminals when mounted on the battery.    An adhesive layer on a surface of the metal strip opposite from that of the copper surface affixes the metal strip to the outside surface of the battery. A peel-off cover protects the adhesive layer prior to affixing the metal strip to the battery. The peel-off cover is removable to expose the adhesive layer when it is desired to affix the copper strip to the battery.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Improved corrosion collector for batteries. Simple and effective.
(EP787367-B1)      The fuel cell system has a fuel cell block (4) with an anode    and cathode (6,8). A discharge line (36) leads the cathode    discharge gas (38) to a heat exchanger (40). The discharge gas    passes to a branch point (42) that has two partial flows (44,6).    One partial flow leads via a mixing point (52) for fresh air and    via the heat exchanger, to the cathode.    The second partial flow is fed to a heat utilisation device (34), e.g. a turbine, via a further heat exchanger (30) for raising its temp.    USE -   For use as alternative energy source to i.c. engine.    (JP10507867-W)      The fuel cell system has a fuel cell block (4) with an anode    and cathode (6,8). A discharge line (36) leads the cathode    discharge gas (38) to a heat exchanger (40). The discharge gas    passes to a branch point (42) that has two partial flows (44,6).    One partial flow leads via a mixing point (52) for fresh air and    via the heat exchanger, to the cathode.    The second partial flow is fed to a heat utilisation device (34), e.g. a turbine, via a further heat exchanger (30) for raising its temp.    USE -   For use as alternative energy source to i.c. engine.    (US5900329-A)      The fuel cell system has a fuel cell block (4) with an anode    and cathode (6,8). A discharge line (36) leads the cathode    discharge gas (38) to a heat exchanger (40). The discharge gas    passes to a branch point (42) that has two partial flows (44,6).    One partial flow leads via a mixing point (52) for fresh air and    via the heat exchanger, to the cathode.    The second partial flow is fed to a heat utilisation device (34), e.g. a turbine, via a further heat exchanger (30) for raising its temp.    USE -   For use as alternative energy source to i.c. engine.
(JP10507305-W)      A method for mfg. a membrane and electrode structure comprises surface hydrolysing at least one side of a polymeric ion exchange membrane and contacting the hydrolysed surface with an electrode ink.    USE -   The membrane and electrode structure is used in fuel cells and batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   The hydrolysis prevents swelling or distortion of the membrane following application of the electrode ink and improves adhesion between the electrode ink and the membrane.    (EP786156-B1)      A method for mfg. a membrane and electrode structure comprises surface hydrolysing at least one side of a polymeric ion exchange membrane and contacting the hydrolysed surface with an electrode ink.    USE -   The membrane and electrode structure is used in fuel cells and batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   The hydrolysis prevents swelling or distortion of the membrane following application of the electrode ink and improves adhesion between the electrode ink and the membrane.
(JP3174462-B2)      In the method, after driving voltage is applied at a coil of the electromagnetic valve, the voltage is changed over twice to a voltage which is less than about half the driving voltage and the valve is transferred from a closed state to an opened state with a holding voltage which is about half of the driving voltage on the electromagnetic valve for the fuel cell generating device.    The closed state is operated with a main valve pushing down with a spring and with a ring shape seal material which is set at lower end of the main valve pressing on a ring shape seat at upper end of the main valve, and the opened state is operated with the main valve transferring upward with voltage applying to a coil.
(JP2994210-B2)      A soln. comprises an aq. soln. of sulphuric acid contg. vanadium and/or vanadyl-ion and a protection colloid agent as an additive.    USE -   For power storage sec. battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Stabilises electrolytic soln. and inhibits vanadium cpd. from pptg.
(WO9610859-A1)      The installation is arranged in a cabinet, and includes an AC power supply (3), where each phase has a rectifier (4) and a re-chargeable buffer battery (6), required if the AC power supply fails. The operation of the sources is managed by a switching and control arrangement.    The arrangement consists of two separate units (17, 18), one provided with all the switching and control units of the alternating current side and the other with the switching and control units of the direct current side.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For cellular network station. Provides uninterrupted power supply. Improved design to suit national standards of service and safety.
(JP2947549-B2)      Cell comprising many laminates of separators and unit cells with structure of an electrolyte plate is inserted between an oxygen pole and fuel pole, while passing oxidn. gas to the oxygen pole and fuel gas to the fuel pole. Passage of oxidising gas is kept counter-current on each layer.    USE -   The cell is suitable for power station.    ADVANTAGE -   The cell has improved power generating factor and running life, since temp. distribution is homogeneous in planar direction of unit cell.
(JP8119612-A)      A hydrogen ion conductor consists of an amorphous material having a hydrogen ion conductivity of 10 -1-10-6 S/Cl at room temp.    The material is a phosphate, esp. Zr phosphate. the ratio of P to Zr is 80:20 - 40:60 as expressed in terms of the molar ratio P2O5:ZrO2. other phosphate used include Ti and W phosphate. The material is prepd. by a sol-gel method.    USE -   The conductor may be used in inorganic ion exchangers, oxygen-hydrogen fuel cells, electrolytes for electrolysis of water, solid electrolyte sensors, e.g. hydrogen sensors, solid electrolytes for completely solid type nickel-hydrogen cells, acid catalysts and membranes for electrodialysis, etc.    ADVANTAGE -   The material is prepd. by a sol-gel process, which allows films of easily controlled thickness or bulk materials to be produced on an industrial scale without requiring high temps., e.g. of 1000 C or more. it includes a large amt. of hydrogen ions and molecular water and has a large number of sites available for hydrogen ion migration, which gives it excellent hydrogen ion conductivity. It also has good long-term stability of electrical conductivity. Phosphate glasses contg. an additive to prevent deliquescence can incorporate large amts. of hydrogen ions and show an improved electrical conductivity.
NOVELTY - The battery charger consists of an inner case having an electric component and an outer case having a touch down unit. The width of the touch down unit is larger than the base of the inner case. The drain holes are provided on both the sides of the inner case and the touch down unit. The drain hole located on the touch down unit, is provided at a higher level than the grounding point.    USE - Battery charger e.g. for electric bicycle.
(JP3107344-B2)      The system includes a motor drive device, and a smoothing capacitor connected in parallel with the motor drive device. A switching device operates in connection with an operation switch operated by the vehicle operator. A discharging device discharges the smoothing capacitor. The discharging device comprises a draw detecting device and discharge restricting device.    The system opens the switching device to shut off output from the battery and to discharge the smoothing capacitor when the switching device is open, but restricts discharging during a towing or drawing condition of the electric vehicle.    ADVANTAGE -   Optimally discharges smoothing capacitor connected to input terminal of inverter in accordance with condition of electric vehicle.
(JP3132627-B2)      The device comprises a reclaimer into which air-off gas and exhaust ga are guided to directly contact supplied water for condensing and reclaiming water and discharging treated gas, and a decarbonator into which air-off gas is guided to directly contact supplied water for condensing and reclaiming water and discharging treated gas.    ADVANTAGE -   Low concn. carbon dioxide-contg. reclaimed water is obtained without sacrificing generating efficiency.
(JP2924647-B2)      The device has a desulphurisation receptacle (1) which desulphurises some amt. of a fuel gas. The gas is heated to a predetermined temp. beforehand. A modifier (4) heats the desulphurised gas and performs quality change. A transformer (6) transforms the quality changed gas. The transformer outputs such as transfer gas is fed to fuel battery which performs electricity generation. A heat emitting steam splitter (3) is connected to the fuel battery to generate steam. A recycling path (11) is furnished in the device to boost-up a part of the transfer gas and supplied to the receptacle. A steam executor (10) is provided in the recycling path to desulphurize the transfer gas. Another steam splitter supplies steam to the steam executor.    ADVANTAGE -   Obtains sufficient electricity generation rapidly. Makes use of desulphurization receptacle effectively. Stabilizes operation desulphurization receptacle effectively. Reduces amount of inert gas used at time of start.
(JP2839446-B2)      The washer has an anti-corrosion part which impregnated anti-corrosion oil (100) and a holder (200) which holds the periphery of the anti-corrosion part. The anti-corrosion part has a front part (101a) and a rear part (101b) held respectively by the front part (201a) and the rear part (201b) of the holder.    One end of the holder front part is connected through a rotatable connection part of a press-fit hole (214) while one end of the holder rear part is connected through a rotatable connection part of a press-fit projection (222).    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents etching of battery mounted in motor vehicle. Provides anti-corrosion battery washer which is hard to separate to terminal post. Enables grade of anti-corrosion part made to all peripheries of terminal post. Increases anti-corrosion nature.
(JP3039906-B2)      Electro-coating of the lead acid battery anode is performed using negatively charged carbon powder.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables charging in short time. Reduces weight, thereby reducing the weight of the motor vehicle.
(JP3023822-B2)      The terminal fitting (50) is provided for an electrode (2) provided in a battery (1). A cylindrical holder (51) is provided externally for supporting the electrode. The tubular holder is furnished with a pair of projecting portions (53, 54) and a wiring fixed portion (52) as a single part.    A bolt (57) is used to bind the projecting portions, through a pair of connection members (55, 56) with the electrode. An angle of comes to be setup between the axial line (C) of the electrode and the axial line (S) of the bolt.    ADVANTAGE -   Carries out binding of terminal lightly. Improves operativity and production efficiency. Carries out binding of terminal fitting without interfering with circumference of battery. Prevents deformation of terminal fitting.
(GB2292263-B)      The appts. for the disconnection of the electric power battery of a vehicle upon impact with another vehicle or with "road furniture" such as to disconnect at least one power lead from the battery, consists of a composite member comprising an outer annular insulating layer and an inner electrically conductive core, so as to prevent, or at least severely restrict the risk of electrical sparking or heating leading to combustion of fuel. At least one lead to at least one of the terminals of the battery is of a telescopic nature.    The composite lead is held together in its connected position by means of a pin extending through the radially outer surface of the connected lead through at least outer insulating layers of the telescopic connection to secure the telescopic connection together. The pin carries at its radially outer end, a mass which, upon impact of the vehicle in any direction, is immediately moved by the impact forces to disconnect the pin from the telescopically connected portions of the battery lead whereby the telescopic portions of the lead disconnect to break the electrical contact from the battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces possibility of fire when vehicle is involved in collision.
(JP8045487-A)      The appts. comprises the combined dual ganged manifold and cover (10) arrangement for batteries with gas flow channelled to an explosion attenuation device (30). The attenuation device is located between the manifolds and a cover which is designed to return to the battery the maximum of any electrolyte which may contact the cover due to vibration, tilting, overheating or overcharging. Splash barrels (21,22,23,24,25,26) within the cover include an acid level indicator.    Feet (93) on the manifold prevent the manifolds from inadvertently being used with the cover designs. Batteries with terminal posts along the battery centreline are particularly catered for. The cover utilises external and internal gas pick-up systems and perpetual hill and infinite well concepts to control the acid flow. A narrow channel reduces standing wave electrolyte surface violence.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For motor car and truck batteries. Minimises electrolyte entrainment in exhaust flow path and facilitates distribution of electrolyte to number of battery cells.
(NL9401159-A)      Foam product formed at least from metal foam has handling means.    The handling means comprises one or more localised increases (5,6) in the wall thickness of the pores (3) of the metal foam (1), pref. the pores of the metal foam (5) are provided with fillings (9) which are solid after application. Wall thickness of the pores at the positions of thickness increases (5,6) is at least twice the wall thickness of pores outside these regions. Pref. the metal foam (1) and the thickness increases are Ni (4).    USE -   Metal foam product material is used for electrodes and electrode carriers, sound insulating, catalyst (carriers), reactor packing, filters, filter carriers, electromagnetic screening, selective cleansing of electrolytic baths or waste flows, heat insulating, fuel cell composites and construction.    ADVANTAGE -   Handling regions avoid damage to the material during handling or mounting.    (JP8053723-A)      Foam product formed at least from metal foam has handling means.    The handling means comprises one or more localised increases (5,6) in the wall thickness of the pores (3) of the metal foam (1), pref. the pores of the metal foam (5) are provided with fillings (9) which are solid after application. Wall thickness of the pores at the positions of thickness increases (5,6) is at least twice the wall thickness of pores outside these regions. Pref. the metal foam (1) and the thickness increases are Ni (4).    USE -   Metal foam product material is used for electrodes and electrode carriers, sound insulating, catalyst (carriers), reactor packing, filters, filter carriers, electromagnetic screening, selective cleansing of electrolytic baths or waste flows, heat insulating, fuel cell composites and construction.    ADVANTAGE -   Handling regions avoid damage to the material during handling or mounting.
(JP9511356-W)      The fuel cell assembly within an electrochemical fuel cell stack has a cooling jacket adjacent the cathode layer. The cooling layer comprises a coolant stream inlet and at least one channel directing the stream from the inlet to an outlet.    The coolant stream channels extend so that the coolest region of the cooling layer coincides with the region of the adjacent cathode layer with the highest concentration of oxygen (and lowest water content). The warmest region coincides with the region with the lowest concentration of oxygen and highest water content.    ADVANTAGE -   Improved performance, increased electrolyte lifetime, optimised water management.    (EP774170-B1)      The fuel cell assembly within an electrochemical fuel cell stack has a cooling jacket adjacent the cathode layer. The cooling layer comprises a coolant stream inlet and at least one channel directing the stream from the inlet to an outlet.    The coolant stream channels extend so that the coolest region of the cooling layer coincides with the region of the adjacent cathode layer with the highest concentration of oxygen (and lowest water content). The warmest region coincides with the region with the lowest concentration of oxygen and highest water content.    ADVANTAGE -   Improved performance, increased electrolyte lifetime, optimised water management.
(JP10502047-W)      Feedstock comprising organic fuel and an O2 source is injected at high velocity into a catalyst mass contg. Cu and precious metal moieties using multipoint entry to cause a significant pressure drop and obtain a H2 prod. A reactor for the prodn. has a feedstock inlet (5) with a restricted multipoint entry into the mass via a porous ceramic tube (7) and a prod. outlet (4).    USE -   Self starting and sustaining H2 generation usable in fuel cell powered vehicles (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   Continuous energy input is not needed. Pressure drop prevents prod. backflow and oxidn. of H2 prod. Start-up is from ambient temp.    (US5762658-A)      Feedstock comprising organic fuel and an O2 source is injected at high velocity into a catalyst mass contg. Cu and precious metal moieties using multipoint entry to cause a significant pressure drop and obtain a H2 prod. A reactor for the prodn. has a feedstock inlet (5) with a restricted multipoint entry into the mass via a porous ceramic tube (7) and a prod. outlet (4).    USE -   Self starting and sustaining H2 generation usable in fuel cell powered vehicles (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   Continuous energy input is not needed. Pressure drop prevents prod. backflow and oxidn. of H2 prod. Start-up is from ambient temp.    (EP766643-B1)      Feedstock comprising organic fuel and an O2 source is injected at high velocity into a catalyst mass contg. Cu and precious metal moieties using multipoint entry to cause a significant pressure drop and obtain a H2 prod. A reactor for the prodn. has a feedstock inlet (5) with a restricted multipoint entry into the mass via a porous ceramic tube (7) and a prod. outlet (4).    USE -   Self starting and sustaining H2 generation usable in fuel cell powered vehicles (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   Continuous energy input is not needed. Pressure drop prevents prod. backflow and oxidn. of H2 prod. Start-up is from ambient temp.
(JP9502131-W)      Porous membranes prepn. comprises: (a) preparing a slurry of at least one micro-pyretic substance and at least one liq. carrier; (b) drying the slurry into a green form having a desired geometric configuration; and (c) combusting the green form to produce a porous membrane.    USE -   The membranes are useful as e.g. thin or thick film resistors, heating elements, electrodes for electro-chemical reactions (claimed) and for batteries and fuel cells, when contg. electrically conductive materials; for gas or vapour sepn.; reverse osmosis; electrochemical applications; for filters (claimed), e.g. for hyperfiltration, ultrafiltration, and microfiltration. Multilayer single layer monolithic and composite membranes can be prepd. contg. both inorganic and organic multilayer membranes.    ADVANTAGE -   Compared to prior methods, a wider variety of materials can be used to form membranes having a greater range of properties and applications. The process is also much simpler and less involved.
(DE4423587-C2)       H2 is obtd. by the partial oxidn. and/or steam reforming of CH3 OH using a low temp. Cu/ZnO/Al2 O3 catalyst. A porous metal or ceramic wall (2) separates the reaction chamber (4) from where the H2 is drawn off (5) and is coated on the reaction chamber side with a layer of Pd/Ag alloy. The reaction chamber (4) temp. is about 220 C and the pressure 5-30 bar. The pressure in the drawing off chamber (5) is 1-5 bar. The reaction is carried out with a mixt. of CH3 OH, steam and a controllable amt. of O2 . Also claimed is the appts. for carrying out the above process, having a temp. adjusting tube (3) passing through the middle of the porous tube (2). Also claimed is a similar appts. with a fluid passing through tube (3) to control the temp. Heat transfer walls which are remote from the Pd/Ag layer on the porous wall are coated with a layer of the Cu/ZnO/Al2 O3catalyst. The reaction mixt. passes between the heat transfer walls and the porous walls.    USE -    To obtain H2for use in fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -    Selective sepn. of the H2leads to a high purity prod. which, being free of CO, is suitable for use in fuel cells. The appts. is simple and capable of being used for a technical scale process.
(US5746985-A)      The reformer in which hydrocarbons contg. hydrocarbons and/or oxygen atoms and a gas contg. water and oxygen are mixed and gasified and the hydrocarbons are partially oxidised, decomposed. The reformer has a catalyst for partial oxidn., decomposition, and reforming and a heating resistor.    USE -   Used to feed hydrogen to fuel cells of electric cars.    ADVANTAGE -   Since the heating resistor is contained in the reformer, the start-up of the reformer is quick and thermally efficient and the recovery rate of hydrogen is improved. The reformer can be down-sized and consumes less electricity than conventional reformers.
(US5741474-A)      The system for producing high purity H2, by reforming hydrocarbons contg. hydrocarbons and/or oxygen atoms to produce H2-contg. gases and sepg. H2 from the produced gases, is equipped with sources of hydrocarbons, water, and oxygen, a gasification chamber, and a reforming chamber with a catalyst for steam reforming and partial oxidn. and a membrane for sepg. hydrogen. The sources of hydrocarbons, water and oxygen are connected with the gasification chamber. The gasification and reforming chambers are thermally connected.    ADVANTAGE -   Since the system has high H2 productivity and heat conductivity, high purity H2 can be produced at low cost.    (US5897970-A)      The system for producing high purity H2, by reforming hydrocarbons contg. hydrocarbons and/or oxygen atoms to produce H2-contg. gases and sepg. H2 from the produced gases, is equipped with sources of hydrocarbons, water, and oxygen, a gasification chamber, and a reforming chamber with a catalyst for steam reforming and partial oxidn. and a membrane for sepg. hydrogen. The sources of hydrocarbons, water and oxygen are connected with the gasification chamber. The gasification and reforming chambers are thermally connected.    ADVANTAGE -   Since the system has high H2 productivity and heat conductivity, high purity H2 can be produced at low cost.
(JP8002928-A)      Composite is mfd. by: loading one or more polymers with soluble metal cpds., the polymer particles having a size 10-15000 nm; contacting the loaded polymers with a support; and removing the polymers to form a composite.    Also claimed is that the support is contacted with a first set of loaded polymer(s) and the polymer(s) removed to form a composite; and this composite is then contacted with a second set of loaded polymer(s) and these polymer(s) are then removed to form a further composite.    Composite prods. are claimed formed of a support carrying domains of inorganic cpds., the domains having a dia. of 0.4-1000 pref. 0.8-700 nm.    USE -   As a catalyst, esp. with a honeycomb monolith support, fuel cell, emissive coating, optoelectronic coating, superconductor or ceramic. (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   Method allows good control of stoichiometry, size, spacing and location of the inorganic domains.    (EP689871-B1)      Composite is mfd. by: loading one or more polymers with soluble metal cpds., the polymer particles having a size 10-15000 nm; contacting the loaded polymers with a support; and removing the polymers to form a composite.    Also claimed is that the support is contacted with a first set of loaded polymer(s) and the polymer(s) removed to form a composite; and this composite is then contacted with a second set of loaded polymer(s) and these polymer(s) are then removed to form a further composite.    Composite prods. are claimed formed of a support carrying domains of inorganic cpds., the domains having a dia. of 0.4-1000 pref. 0.8-700 nm.    USE -   As a catalyst, esp. with a honeycomb monolith support, fuel cell, emissive coating, optoelectronic coating, superconductor or ceramic. (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   Method allows good control of stoichiometry, size, spacing and location of the inorganic domains.
(JP8045371-A)      The electrical switch comprises a battery mating surface (46) and a contact mating surface. A mechanism slides the contact mating surface on and off the battery mating surface. A resilient wiping arm is connected to the contact wiping mating surface. A mechanism moves the wiping arm (8) about the battery mating surface.    A pocket contact (48) has a slot and the first end of the wiping arm is mounted within the slot. A contact driver (82) is mounted on the wiping arm. A pin (64) abuts the contact driver to move the contact. The wiping arm and the pocket contact consists of conductive material. The mating surfaces are convex in shape.    ADVANTAGE -   Removes debris and other foreign matter so that electrical connection can be reliably made.    (US5568860-A)      An electrical switch comprising:    a) a battery rivet mounted on a floor of said switch and having a mating surface positioned above an upper surface of said floor;    b) a contact rivet having a mating surface;    c) means for sliding said mating surface of said contact rivet on and off of said mating surface of said battery rivet, said sliding means comprising:    i) a resilient wiping arm having a first end, said contact rivet mounted onto said wiping arm;    ii) means for moving said wiping arm about said battery rivet mating surface; and    iii) a pocket contact positioned within a groove in said floor and thereby entirely disposed below said upper surface of said floor, said pocket contact having a slot and said first end of said wiping arm pivotally mounted within said slot.
(JP2811277-B2)      The fuel battery based electricity generator has a fuel gas supply part which supplies fuel gas to the battery. An oxidn. gas supply part (2) supplies oxidn. gas to the battery. An exhaust circulation part supplies exhaust stream from the battery to the exit side of the oxidn. gas supply part. A mixt. temp. control part detects the temp. of the mixt. of oxidn. gas and exhaust stream, then controls the supply capability of the exhaust circulation part. An oxidn. gas cooling part (5) is connected to the end of the oxidn. gas supply part to cool the oxidised gas. An amt. detector detects the amt. of the reaction inside the battery. An oxidn. gas temp. control part (7) provides a control variable to control the temp. of the oxidn. gas based on the output of the amount detector. An oxidn. gas temp. setting vessel (9) provides input direct current to the oxidn. gas temp. control part. A current sensor (8) senses the output current and sets up a temp. control set point for the operation of the oxidn. gas temp. control part.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids scattering of electrolyte. Increases lifespan. Prevents increase in oxidization gas flow supply rates.
(JP3071092-B2)      The method involves detecting the hydrogen gas pressure which is supplied from hydrogen occlusion tank for every fixed period. The hydrogen gas pressure judging step judges whether the detected pressure is less or more than the predetermined standard value.    When the hydrogen gas pressure detected is less then the predetermined standard pressure, then a less current than predetermined value is supplied to the heater. However, if the hydrogen gas pressured detected is more than the predetermined standard pressure, then a high current than predetermined value is supplied to the heater. This process is repeated till the fuel battery main device is in regular operation state.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces power consumption. Realizes miniaturized fuel battery system. Shifts battery operation to normal state gradually.
(US5864237-A)      The method involves setting current required at the time of acceleration, beforehand. A discharging current and battery voltage from a battery are detected. A battery capacitance samples two or more discharge current and voltage within a short time regularly.    The battery voltage at the time of battery electric discharge is computed using the pair of sampled current and voltage value. The value with highest frequency is presumed as battery voltage among calculated value. Based on the presumed value, the charging state of battery is determined.    ADVANTAGE -   Determines charging state correctly, enabling correct determination of charging time required.    (JP3188100-B2)      The method involves setting current required at the time of acceleration, beforehand. A discharging current and battery voltage from a battery are detected. A battery capacitance samples two or more discharge current and voltage within a short time regularly.    The battery voltage at the time of battery electric discharge is computed using the pair of sampled current and voltage value. The value with highest frequency is presumed as battery voltage among calculated value. Based on the presumed value, the charging state of battery is determined.    ADVANTAGE -   Determines charging state correctly, enabling correct determination of charging time required.
(JP8007905-A)      Pt catalyst fuel cell is operated by: supplying H2 and/or alcohol fuel to the anode and O2 to the cathode and operating the cell at not above 250 C; providing a first interruptable external circuit taking current flow from the cell flowing from cathode to anode; providing a second external circuit which supplied current to the fuel cell in a reverse direction; and operating the two external circuits alternately, the period for the first circuit being at least 10 times that for the second circuit whose period is not more than 0.25 sec.. Appts. for operating a fuel cell as above is claimed.    ADVANTAGE -   Pt anode catalyst which may be poisoned by CO can be de-toxified in a simple, low-cost manner.
(DE4418529-C2)      A charging circuit-breaker for the auxiliary battery in a car's main electrical circuit, where the current is controlled by MOSFETs, is a circuit (1) to protect against accidental reversal of polarity. The charging path has a resistor (5) for determining the charging current. From the voltages of the main electrical circuit and the battery, the permitted charging current is calculated and compared with the actual current. A corresponding PWM control signal applies voltages to the gates of the MOSFETs (30). A level converter (7) and a low pass filter of the second order (8) are used for this.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Minimised electrical loading on main circuit during heating of catalyst during vehicle start-up phase, with minimum charging time and minimum loss. Reduction in noxious emissions.
(JP7335193-A)      A device comprises a fastening ring (13) to be fastened to the ring. The ring is deformable to make it have a smaller diameter. A rotatable ring (21) is rotatably fitted around the outer surface of the fastening ring and is formed such that a rotation of the rotatable ring w.r.t. the fastening ring makes the diameter of the fastening ring smaller.    The post is a battery terminal post and there is an electrically conductive wire attached to the mechanism by a wire connecting portion. The fastening ring is formed unitarily with the wire connecting portion.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides battery terminal which can be easily coupled to battery terminal post.    (EP685903-B1)      A device comprises a fastening ring (13) to be fastened to the ring. The ring is deformable to make it have a smaller diameter. A rotatable ring (21) is rotatably fitted around the outer surface of the fastening ring and is formed such that a rotation of the rotatable ring w.r.t. the fastening ring makes the diameter of the fastening ring smaller.    The post is a battery terminal post and there is an electrically conductive wire attached to the mechanism by a wire connecting portion. The fastening ring is formed unitarily with the wire connecting portion.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides battery terminal which can be easily coupled to battery terminal post.
(JP2962997-B2)      The power supply uses a fuel battery for generation of electrical energy. The fuel battery has a case (1) containing a hydrogen storage tank (8), a cover (2) on the top side which closes the case airtight. Then, the chemical energy of the gas is converted into electrical energy. A tank check stick (35) contacts the fuel tank if closed.    The tank check stick is set up at the top plate, back side of the cover to ensure that the case is not closed with fuel tank inside. A switch press stick (36) set up at the top plate of the cover presses the switch (34) to OFF position whenever the case is tightly closed.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents closing of case by mistake without switching OFF. Prevents airtight closing of case with gas tank inside.
(JP2962996-B2)      The power supply is constituted by a fuel tank (5) containing hydrogen. The tank is connected to a coupler (12) set up through a hydrogen piping member (13). The coupler is connected to a fuel battery (3) through a hydrogen supply piping member (11).    The connection between the fuel tank and the hydrogen supply piping member is carried out by switching action of the coupler. The fuel is thus passed onto the battery where it is converted to electrical energy. A recess is provided for receipt of the coupler when it is released from its connection with fuel tank.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   In e.g. mobile communication system. Simplifies switching action. Prevents breakage of switching element.
(JP2883533-B2)      The hydrogen storage tank consists of a pair of parallel maintenance frame (6,7). A hydrogen occlusion alloy bomb (8) is installed between the maintenance frames. A connector (16) for a temperature sensor and a coupler (14), are installed at the ends of the maintenance frame.    The coupler is connected with the hydrogen occlusion bomb through a piping (12). A wiring (17) connects the connector for the temperature sensor which is arranged in the occlusion alloy bomb to the inner side of the frames.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides safety. Prevents breakage of connector and coupler.
(JP8313470-A)      Process for detecting methane in a gas mixt. comprises: (a) heating the gas mixt. to 800C; (b) flowing the gas mixt. over an oxygen-sensitive semiconducting metal oxide, whose temp. is 800C; and (c) measuring the resistance, the conductivity or the relative permeability of the metal oxide.    USE -   The process is used in a methane sensor in the household and in industry.    ADVANTAGE -   Low concns. of methane can be clearly detected in gas mixts.
(DE19521165-C2)      N-acylated protein hydrolysates or N-acylated amino acids, where the acyl gp. is 5-21C and (un)satd., are used in the microbiological breakdown of residual oil fractions in oil-contaminated soils.    ADVANTAGE -   The tensides are mild, kind to the skin and toxicologically acceptable.
(JP2873790-B2)      A combustion chamber is formed at the bottom of the fermentation tank frame and coupled to a burner.    ADVANTAGE -   Odour leak from the fermentation tank can be prevented.
(JP2963636-B2)      Downward-swing shelf boards are placed in upright fermentation tank and furnished with their respective horizontal swing-shaft supporters.    ADVANTAGE -   Construction cost of fermenter can be minimised.
(WO9635502-A1)      Effluent gases are removed from a gas stream by passing the stream through a packing comprising randomly arranged elements of calcareous material having liquid retention portions which may form individual liquid reservoirs depending on the orientation of the elements.    USE -   Malodorous gases, e.g. hydrogen sulphide, organosulphur, organonitrogen and other volatile organics, e.g. chlorinated hydrocarbons, are removed.    ADVANTAGE -   The elements are esp. spent shells of shellfish, e.g. mussels, which are available as a waste product.    (EP824366-A1)      A treatment system for an effluent gas has a packing (6) of randomly arranged calcareous elements each having a liq retention portion. Depending on the orientation of the element within the packing the portion may form an individual liq reservoir.    USE -   Biofilter or bioscrubber for malodorous gases, e.g. H2S, organosulphur, organonitrogen, chlorinated hydrocarbons, other VOCs.    ADVANTAGE -   System handles high and variable levels of these gases, esp H2S and has low capital and running costs.    (US6019810-A)      A treatment system for an effluent gas has a packing (6) of randomly arranged calcareous elements each having a liq retention portion. Depending on the orientation of the element within the packing the portion may form an individual liq reservoir.    USE -   Biofilter or bioscrubber for malodorous gases, e.g. H2S, organosulphur, organonitrogen, chlorinated hydrocarbons, other VOCs.    ADVANTAGE -   System handles high and variable levels of these gases, esp H2S and has low capital and running costs.
(EP832052-A1)      An insulated compost receptacle (1) comprises: (a) two inter-connectable twin-walled side wall elements (2), (b) a concave perforated bottom (3) with a raised outer edge (7), (c) a lid (4), which may opt. be twin-walled and may have one or two folding lines for opening one half at a time, (d) ventilation channels (5) extending vertically from the bottom of the side wall elements (2), and (e) an air duct (6) in the bottom (3).    USE -   For decomposition of waste material.    ADVANTAGE -   Accelerates the composting rate without engendering odour or mould problems.
(US5924306-A)      The method is carried out by successive staged cooling of the compressed gas mixt. using external cooling cycle and regenerative heat exchange with return flows forming gas-liq. mixt., latter inter-stage sepn. into gas and liq. phases, removing the prod. gas after the last sepn. stage by return flow for regenerative heat exchange with the original gas mixt. The sepd. liq. is supplied for rectification forming demethanised liq. prod. and gaseous methane phase. Latter is cooled using external cooling cycle with partial formation of the condense, separation into gaseous and liq. phase and removal of liq. and gaseous methane fraction by return flow for regenerative heat exchange with gas mixt. Prior to sepn. the methane fraction is additionally cooled in regenerative heat exchange with gaseous fraction removed after sepn. The liq. methane fraction after separation is divided into two streams. The first stream is throttled with temp. reduction and is supplied as the return flow for the regenerative heat exchange with original gas mixt. prior to its last sepn. stage. The second stream is throttled with temp. reduction and is supplied for evaporation with heat supply from additionally cooled methane fraction. After evaporation the second methane fraction is mixed with the first stream after its regenerative heat exchange with the original gas mixt.    USE -   For hydrocarbon gases separation.    ADVANTAGE -   The product loss and energy consumption are reduced.
(JP3026413-B2)      Fermenting chambers comprising openable shelves are vertically placed. The shelves at the upper stage have openings larger than those of the shelves at the lower stage.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   The compost fermenter is used for producing fertiliser by using municipal waste, or sewage sludge as a raw material. The shelves having larger openings at the upper stage h ave reduced plugging where raw material having high moisture evaporation forms a ball-like state. Air require for fermentation is positively supplied to promote smooth fermentation. The shelves having the smaller openings at the lower stage prevent the compost becoming rough due to reduced moisture downflowing through the openings.
(JP2657049-B2)      Waste decomposition treatment appts. comprises a storing tank (1) to store organic waste (M), a stirrer (6) running along a horizontal direction and having stirring blades (5) to scrape up organic waste placed at its front side to its back side to ferment and decompose the organic waste, and pressure receiving plate mechanism (20) to run the stirrer. The pressure receiving plate mechanism comprises a transmission means having two sets of endless chains (25) placed near the side wall of the storing tank surrounding the stirrer, pressure receiving plates (22) fixed to the endless chains to shift the stirrer forward by a pushing force of organic waste scraped up by the stirrer from its back side, and receiving pressure plate driving means (23) to shift the receiving pressure plates to the reverse side of the running direction of the stirrer by driving the endless chains. Scraping pieces (30) are placed at the parts of endless chains at which the pressure receiving plates are not present to prevent organic waste from entering between the side walls of storing tank and endless chains by projecting to the moving direction of the stirrer when the pressure receiving plates ar placed at the reverse side of the moving direction of the stirrer.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Used for decomposing crude waste discharged from homes or excrement of livestock. Organic waste does not clog the space between the side wall of the storing tank and endless chains.
(WO9634833-A1)      Method for treating sludges which have a microbial content,esp. treated sludges from municipal sewage treatment plants, so that more water can be extracted from the sludges by mechanical means, where the novelty is that the sludge is first frozen and then thawed.    Also claimed are two alternative appts. for the above method. A refrigeration plant (9,10,11,12) is used to simultaneously freeze, and with the waste heat, to thaw the sludge (1,4); the sludge is frozen and thawed on a conveyor (3), and no agitation of the sludge on the conveyor is needed. Alternatively the sludge is frozen in a fluidised bed.    USE -   To prepare treated sludge for use or for disposal,where in successive stages the sludge is: mechanically dewatered; frozen; thawed; mechanically dewatered; and dried (claimed). The treated sludge can be used as a fuel in esp. cement and asphalt plant and in refuse incinerators.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables 50-70% more water to be mechanically extracted, uses less energy for the thermal drying stage, and produces a drier product which has a better performance as a fuel than known methods. Can be used as a continuous process. Avoids the need for devices to scrape frozen sludge from the surfaces of the appts. The water extracted after thawing is rich in nutrients, and is of benefit when fed into the activator stage of the treatment plant.
(EP823859-A1)      Process for purifying gas streams uses a biofilter and/or scrubber followed by an adsorption unit, where substances desorbed from the adsorbent during regeneration are passed to the biofilter and/or scrubber. Desorption is effected with air or a pollutant-free gas in countercurrent to the direction of flow during adsorption. The bed in the adsorption unit comprises a combustible adsorbent (e.g. active carbon) and sufficient non-combustible hydrophilic material (I) to render the mixt. non-combustible. (I) adsorbs more than 3 wt.% water during the adsorption phase and releases it back into the gas flowing through the bed during the desorption phase.    USE -   Used esp. for removing pollutants from air streams.    ADVANTAGE -   Practically complete removal of pollutants can be achieved at low cost and without fire hazards.    (EP823859-B1)      Process for purifying gas streams uses a biofilter and/or scrubber followed by an adsorption unit, where substances desorbed from the adsorbent during regeneration are passed to the biofilter and/or scrubber. Desorption is effected with air or a pollutant-free gas in countercurrent to the direction of flow during adsorption. The bed in the adsorption unit comprises a combustible adsorbent (e.g. active carbon) and sufficient non-combustible hydrophilic material (I) to render the mixt. non-combustible. (I) adsorbs more than 3 wt.% water during the adsorption phase and releases it back into the gas flowing through the bed during the desorption phase.    USE -   Used esp. for removing pollutants from air streams.    ADVANTAGE -   Practically complete removal of pollutants can be achieved at low cost and without fire hazards.
(JP3124698-B2)      Appts. comprises a treatment appts. body for decomposition, fermentation and dewatering organic waste by microorganisms and dry it moderately and solar cell (67) to generate electric energy as a power source for the treatment appts. body.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For decomposing, fermenting, dewatering and drying organic waste, e.g. crude refuse generating in kitchens of general homes or restaurants, various unnecessary organic waste of marine products, seaweeds, straws, saw dust or cut grass. Solar energy is power source of organic waste treatment appts.. Treated materials can be used as organic fertiliser.
(EP820425-A1)      Organic waste and/or sewage sludge is composited in heaps in a closed system, pref. a forced air circulation reactor through which air needed for rotting passes, in an amt. controllable in dependence on parameters derived from the system. At intervals, air is fed to the system under a pressure above the external pressure and is later withdrawn at a suction pressure below the external pressure.    ADVANTAGE -   Uniform fermentation is obtd. at low cost.    (JP11503400-W)      Organic waste and/or sewage sludge is composited in heaps in a closed system, pref. a forced air circulation reactor through which air needed for rotting passes, in an amt. controllable in dependence on parameters derived from the system. At intervals, air is fed to the system under a pressure above the external pressure and is later withdrawn at a suction pressure below the external pressure.    ADVANTAGE -   Uniform fermentation is obtd. at low cost.    (EP820425-B1)      Organic waste and/or sewage sludge is composited in heaps in a closed system, pref. a forced air circulation reactor through which air needed for rotting passes, in an amt. controllable in dependence on parameters derived from the system. At intervals, air is fed to the system under a pressure above the external pressure and is later withdrawn at a suction pressure below the external pressure.    ADVANTAGE -   Uniform fermentation is obtd. at low cost.
(WO9637316-A1)      Landfill (3) is mined by injecting (5,7) moisture and air and venting (1,2) depleted air and moisture to convert it to aerobic prodn. and to increase the rate of waste decomposition. The landfill is excavated to allow the removal and disposal of a selected material and the return of the remaining material.    Also claimed is a method of controlling landfill temp. by injecting air and water and venting depleted air and water, where the air injection is controlled to keep the depleted air at 5-15% oxygen content.    USE -   The method can be used to increase the capacity of landfills.    ADVANTAGE -   An existing landfill can be converted to an aerobic processor. Decomposed waste can be selectively recovered for sale or recycling, increasing landfill capacity. Landfill temp., and thus operating efficiency, are controllable and prodn. of methane and other noxious or odorous gases is eliminated, reducing the risks of fire and explosion.    (EP828571-A1)      Landfill (3) is mined by injecting (5,7) moisture and air and venting (1,2) depleted air and moisture to convert it to aerobic prodn. and to increase the rate of waste decomposition. The landfill is excavated to allow the removal and disposal of a selected material and the return of the remaining material.    Also claimed is a method of controlling landfill temp. by injecting air and water and venting depleted air and water, where the air injection is controlled to keep the depleted air at 5-15% oxygen content.    USE -   The method can be used to increase the capacity of landfills.    ADVANTAGE -   An existing landfill can be converted to an aerobic processor. Decomposed waste can be selectively recovered for sale or recycling, increasing landfill capacity. Landfill temp., and thus operating efficiency, are controllable and prodn. of methane and other noxious or odorous gases is eliminated, reducing the risks of fire and explosion.
(JP2971775-B2)      The method comprises (a) garbage is mixed with liq. generated by the decomposition of garbage and contg. aerobic and anaerobic bacteria then their mixt. (A) is ground and decomposed anaerobically, (b), (A) is passed through a filtering medium (B) carrying aerobic bacteria together with the air, (c) gas generated in (a) and (b) is treated (sterilised and deodorized) then discharged, (d) non-decomposed residue is de-watered and liquid is sent back to process (a) and solid is discharged.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Used for treating garbage. Method treats garbage without generating smells.    In an example, a schematic diagram of this method is shown in fig.1 and fig. 2, where garbage is put into a pulverizer (3) and ground together with liquid, and their mixture is moved from Fa (fig.2) to Db (fig.2) then to Dc (fig.2) and decomposed anaerobically, filtered with filtering medium (5 in fig.1), liquid that passed through (5) is discharged from (20 in fig.1) via pipe (8 in fig.1), gas generated in decomposition process treated with ozone (10) and discharged via smell absorbing column (7 in fig.2).
(JP2714550-B2)      The prepn. consisting of bacteria for promotion of feed efficiency is claimed. Polypeptide-producing bacteria and cellulase-producing bacteria are used, which include e.g. Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis.    USE -   Used to produce odourless farmyard manure    ADVANTAGE -   Availability and persistence of fertiliser are increased, injury of continuous cropping is prevented, and the smell of excretion is inhibited.
(JP8281242-A)      Fermentation treatment of refuse uses water absorbent resin particles (A) to control the water content of the refuse.    Also claimed is a treatment of refuse comprising mixing it with an organic carrier and microbes and then adding (A).    USE -   The process is used to produce dry, free-flowing compost from domestic or restaurant refuse.    ADVANTAGE -   The high water absorbence of (A) enables the process to cope with high water content waste, encouraging aerobic fermentation and preventing the growth of anaerobic bacteria.
(US5645623-A)      Disposal of decomposable oil-containing organic waste material, comprises: (i) incorporating the waste material into disposal soil; (ii) applying nutrient material to disposal soil thereby to induce a decomposition phase in which soil organisms absorb applied nutrient material and decompose waste material and mineralisation phase following decomposition phase in which the soil organisms release nutrient materials to the disposal soil; and (iii) growing a crop in disposal soil that requires nutrient material for crop growth, growth of crop being timed such that crop only begins to absorb nutrient material from disposal soil during mineralisation phase.
(DE19513262-C1)      For composting organic material, esp. from refuse waste (13), the exhaust air from the closed composting vessel (4) is wholly returned to it without any added oxygen.    ADVANTAGE -   The method gives a simpler composting process, without robbing the ambient environment of oxygen.    (JP10505054-W)      For composting organic material, esp. from refuse waste (13), the exhaust air from the closed composting vessel (4) is wholly returned to it without any added oxygen.    ADVANTAGE -   The method gives a simpler composting process, without robbing the ambient environment of oxygen.    (CN1149865-A)      For composting organic material, esp. from refuse waste (13), the exhaust air from the closed composting vessel (4) is wholly returned to it without any added oxygen.    ADVANTAGE -   The method gives a simpler composting process, without robbing the ambient environment of oxygen.
(JP3121225-B2)      Safety valve (26) of closed vessel (1) comprises a fine hole (13) connected to the inside of vessel, leaf spring valve body (14) placed on a valve fitting seat (12) provided to the vessel or a tightly closing lid (2), and valve holder (15) covering the valve fitting seat detachably to contact the attaching part of leaf spring valve body to the valve seat.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Used as safety valves for fermenting crude refuse. Crude refuse can be fermented in a small closed vessel used in general homes without monitoring by an operator to simplify the operation of fermentation of crude refuse.
(EP830332-A1)      Household waste is prepared before composting by disintegrating and compressing in a shaft (2) by forcing past knives (17) with the aid of second knives (15) on a driven piston (14) and fitting into the spaces between the first knives, the spacing between which determines disintegration rate. The piston is pref. operated for a set number of strokes at a set force and is then stopped even if some material has not passed the knives. Litter is pref. added as the piston operates in an amount related to the composition of the waste.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides quiet, odourless treatment producing material ready for composting.
(WO9815506-A1)      A manure compsn. comprises a mixt. of non-combusted manure and combusted manure residue. Also claimed are: (1) a method of reducing the imbalance between nitrogen phosphate and potash in a non-combusted manure by adding an amt. of combusted manure; (2) prodn. of a manure compsn. comprising combusting an amt. of manure to produce heat; using at least a portion of this heat to dry an amt. of manure; then mixing the dried amt. with an amt. of combusted manure.    USE -   A naturally-derived manure or compost with a more balanced compsn. of N2, phosphate and potash.    (GB2299578-B)      A manure compsn. comprises a mixt. of non-combusted manure and combusted manure residue. Also claimed are: (1) a method of reducing the imbalance between nitrogen phosphate and potash in a non-combusted manure by adding an amt. of combusted manure; (2) prodn. of a manure compsn. comprising combusting an amt. of manure to produce heat; using at least a portion of this heat to dry an amt. of manure; then mixing the dried amt. with an amt. of combusted manure.    USE -   A naturally-derived manure or compost with a more balanced compsn. of N2, phosphate and potash.
(DE19512563-C2)      A process treats sludge and other residues containing water, and incorporating a high proportion of organic substances, by drying into a dry-flow bulk state and recovery of the resulting condensate. Part of the dried product is then returned to the untreated wet mass, so that drying of the wet mass begins in state of less than 50 % moisture.    The novelty is that the drying process uses indirect heating, and that the required heat energy is derived by the incineration of contaminated wood and/or wood chippings. The drying process takes place within a closed system, and the residual vapours arising from the drying process are introduced into the incinerator chamber after the combustion zone. The wood chippings are approx. 5 cm long and are incinerated in a sub-fire zone.    USE -   The process converts sludge and other organic residues containing water into a dry bulk grainy or powdered solid for other purposes.    ADVANTAGE -   The process facilitates the use of contaminated wood or wood chippings as a heat energy fuel.
(JP3062724-B2)      Spaced outer furnace cylinders are fitted concentrically to the inner furnace cylinder which is displaceable in the axis direction.    ADVANTAGE -   The furnace is prevented from being damaged by thermal expansion.
(JP3150862-B2)      Treatment of waste water contg. n-hexane extract comprises decomposing n-hexane extracts in waste water by using Pseudomonas sp. ER-BI strain having ability for decomposing n-hexane extract.    ADVANTAGE -   The method can remove n-hexane extract in waste water efficiently.    In an example, pseudomonas sp. ER-B1 was cultured in a medium contg. 4.0% Lecithin contg. defatted soybean powder, 1.0% corn steep liquor, 0.1% ammonium sulphate and 0.1% dipotassium phosphate at 25 deg.C for 30 hrs. The culture was ultrafiltered and freeze-dried. The lipase activity of the concentrate was 120 U/ml. Olive oil, soybean oil, lard, mineral oil emulsion type cutting oil, gas oil and heavy oil were added to an artificial waste water contg. 40 mg/l meat extract, 40 mg/l peptone, 250 mg/l Na bicarbonate, 10 mg/l monopotassium phosphate and 20 mg/l Mg sulfate to resp. 1000 mg/l. The decomposition rate by Pseudomonas sp. ER-B1 was examined. The decomposition rate was resp. 82, 91, 68, 56, 67 and 48%. A dining room waste water mixed with a cutting oil was also examined and gave a good result.
(DE19506770-C2)      In biological systems, esp. composting or cold domestic refuse decomposition, energy is recovered by a system which includes heat exchangers, connected to consumers either directly via a transformer station or, where distances are great, via a heater battery, which may be a self-propelling vehicle or a replaceable container or a trailer. The heat battery contains a circulation pump, a heat pump and a heat exchanger. The heat exchanger, comprising Cu pipes, can be re-used after completion of decomposition.    ADVANTAGE -   The device allows the recovery of large amts. of heat.
(EP830331-A1)      Organic wastes, which are purified by a process in which solids are composted and inoculated with earthworms to form a vermi-compost positioned above a water permeable layer (4), have: (a) leakage water continuously collected on a bottom layer (2), spaced from the permeable layer (4), (b) the water being continuously led away (31) for further treatment, and (c) have waste water from baths, laundry and dish washing supplied to the compost to heat the compost bed from beneath. The water is supplied to the bed by capillary action for desalination and to preserve humidity.    Also claimed is an appts. for purifying organic wastes, having an inner enclosure for a vermi-compost bed, an outer enclosure spaced from the inner enclosure, the bottom of which has an outlet for leakage water, and an inlet and outlet for domestic waste water.    USE -   The process and device are used for biologically purifying, stabilising, dewatering, desalinating, compositing and degrading household wastes and sewage sludge.    ADVANTAGE -   The capital and running costs are low. Growth of mould and pathogens is prevented. Saleable compost is produced, having the texture and smell of ordinary soil.
(EP819099-A1)      Process for the treatment of high concn. waste water comprises solid-liq. sepn., warming, anaerobic digestion and ultra filtration / reversed osmosis membrane sepn.    USE -   The process can be used for the treatment of waste water from animal husbandry, human excretion and other high organic waste. The liq. fertilised is used for water culture and foliar spray.    (JP10510214-W)      Process for the treatment of high concn. waste water comprises solid-liq. sepn., warming, anaerobic digestion and ultra filtration / reversed osmosis membrane sepn.    USE -   The process can be used for the treatment of waste water from animal husbandry, human excretion and other high organic waste. The liq. fertilised is used for water culture and foliar spray.    (US6007719-A)      Process for the treatment of high concn. waste water comprises solid-liq. sepn., warming, anaerobic digestion and ultra filtration / reversed osmosis membrane sepn.    USE -   The process can be used for the treatment of waste water from animal husbandry, human excretion and other high organic waste. The liq. fertilised is used for water culture and foliar spray.
(FR2730601-A1)      The swathe turner consists of a frame (1) with wheels (4), equipped with a swather lifter (12) set across the direction of travel and driven from a tractor pto shaft (28) through a coupling system (24). The tractor (28) also acts as a power unit for the wheel drive and steering systems (5,6,8,9,10), with the wheels situated furthest from the coupling unit being steerable. The swathe lifter (12) is driven through a propshaft system (32), connected to the pto shaft through an angle-turning unit (34) and a propshaft (36). The wheels are driven by hydraulic motor/reduction gear units (5,6) and chain and sprocket transmission mechanism (8,9,10).    ADVANTAGE -   Reasonable operating cost, operating at speeds compatible with obtaining a good level of aeration.
(FR2730602-A1)      Swathe turner consists of a frame on wheels (4) or tracks, and a swathe lifter in the form of an oblique conveyor (12) with at least one toothed endless belt (14), inclined downwards in the direction of the machine's travel. Actuating means (30, 32, 34, 36) for the oblique conveyor are also included. The swathe turner is improved in that auxiliary means (12) are also included to remove and transfer the manure from the oblique conveyor.    USE -   Used for aerating manure or forestry waste to reduce its volume prior to transportation.    ADVANTAGE -   Low cost, simple design and efficient operation with material having less tendency to compact.
(DE19604749-C2)      Two-stage composter for rotting kitchen or garden waste has a covered top opening. Leachate and rotting material are sepd., in a closed system with ventilation. The compost volume has two detachable interconnected casing sections (4,6). The cover (3) opens above the first (4) and below, in the second (6), is the fluid separator (7). Pref. basal openings of the slide-in-lower casing separate rotting material and liquid. The section (6) is clamped (5) against the first casing section and has ventilation openings (10) above the regions for fluid (9). Horizontal separating rods penetrate the upper casing, interconnected externally. A valve allows the fluid to be emptied. In the cover, a vent tube (22) is pref. connected with a roof ventilator.    USE -   A composter for rotting materials, esp. kitchen and garden waste.    ADVANTAGE -   The composter is designed for easy disposal of the rotting material, and emptying of the fluid produced. It takes advantage of the reduction in volume and weight of continuously composted materials, and removes the free water, for simple low volume, low cost disposal of the waste. The system is closed with respect to odour and fluid release, at the same time enjoying forced ventilation, hence it can be used indoors. This improves on earlier closed types, and cleaning is simpler. Fluid from the compost is collected separately, rather than saturating the material. The rod grid separates the composting stages, at the same time allowing continuous operation. Special provisions improve ventilation.
(JP2655822-B2)      Treatment of fowl droppings comprises culturing microorganisms e.g. photosynthetic bacteria, lactic acid bacteria, and actinomycetes and adding to sewage contg. fowl droppings so that the fowl droppings are fermented and decomposed.    The treating device comprises: a henhouse (100) having a water passage in which circulation water to receive the fowl droppings flows; a sewage treating tank (200) which stores the sewage including the fowl droppings and effects fermentation and decomposition with the microorganisms; and a spawn tank (300) to receive the sewage and fresh water from the sewage treating tank and to culture the microorganisms.    ADVANTAGE -   The fowl droppings can be treated without generation of malodour to the environment.
(US5700687-A)      Compost curing system has air delivered to a plenum beneath a floor on which partially cured compost is deposited. Air passes from the plenum (14) into the compost through slits in the floor. The slits narrow from bottom to top. In 1 aspect the slits are 1/16 in. wide at their top. The floor is made of planks (12), each is a longitudinally extended polyhedron with a trapezoidal cross section and the planks are laid with their longer parallel side uppermost so the slits are at the apex of generally triangular trenches.    Also claimed is a method of curing compost as above.    ADVANTAGE -   The system gives uniform air distribution which avoids clogging and resultant system downtime Emissions to the atmos. are dispersed and water is conserved within the system.
(US5714379-A)       Air containing volatile organic contaminants (VOCs) is incorporated into a liq by generating a foam. The liq contains a surfactant, nutrients and micro-organisms which metabolically degrade the VOCs into CO2 and other components. A bioreactor for performing as above has a foam generator (15) connected to a reaction pipe. The pipe (20) is long enough and the foam flows through it slowly enough for the VOCs to be degraded within it. The pipe connects to a defoamer (25) with a CO2effluent port (62).    A foam has a liq phase containing nutrients and VOCs degrading micro-organisms and a gaseous phase containing VOCs. The liq phase contains no substantial source of C as a feedstock for the micro-organisms.    USE -   Biodegradation of airborne VOCs.    ADVANTAGE -   A cost effective vapour phase bioreactor which maintains a controlled uniformly thick biofilm and does not biofoul.
(JP8171928-A)      The external reactive gas supply manifold is connected to the internal manifold in each of the stacked cell blocks.    ADVANTAGE -   Reactive gas can be distributed uniformly into cells.
(JP2829900-B2)      Germination inhibiting compost is produced by fermentation of raw materials by inoculation of seed culture of long chain fatty acid producing microorganisms.    Raw materials pref. contain 50-80 wt.% far animal faeces, seed culture is prepd. by fermentation of raw materials contg. rice bran and waste molasses at concns. of at least 50 wt.% in total by inoculation of long chain fatty acid producing microorganisms, partic. Aspergillus candidus KGM4403 (FERM P-14701), Mortierella sp. KGM3801 (FERM P-14700) and/or Kluyveromyces sp. KGY4701 (FERM P-14702), aerobic fermentation at 30-80 wt.% of water content and at 30-70C.    Seed culture with microorganisms including Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida lipolytica and Rhodotorula gracilis is carried out on nutrients (e.g. rice bran, waste molasses, wastes of breweries and tea, and starch). The seed culture is inoculated to raw materials contg. 50-80 wt.% of farm animal faeces in 3 steps of pre-culture and 1st and 2nd main culture to give compost.    ADVANTAGE -   Control of weeds.
(JP3090403-B2)      Device is equipped with a fermentation chamber (A) in which fermentation bed (B) is installed; a water content sensor (C) that detects water content of (B); a temp. sensor (D); a heater (E) that heats (D); another heater (F) that heats (B); and a controller (G).    ADVANTAGE -   Water content of fermentation bed can be kept on optimum condition for growth of garbage-decomposing microorganisms.    In an example, (3) is the fermentation chamber; (6) is the controller; and (13) is the water content sensor.
(JP3157998-B2)      Device is equipped with fermentation chamber (A) in which fermentation bed is installed; a heater (B) which heats (A); and an on-off junction (C) made of bimetal. (B) is insulated thermally from the air. On-off of (B) is carried out using a controller (D) by the prefixed duty-ratio according to the temp. outside of the device.    (A) is pref. also equipped with a thermistor which detects temp. outside of device and supplies it to (D).    ADVANTAGE -   Device is able to heat fermentation chamber with high efficiency, besides able to prolong the life of bimetal owing to the variable duty ratio of bimetal according to the temp. outside the device.    In an example, (3) is the fermentation chamber; (6) is the controller; (13) is the thermistor; and (21) is the heater. Duty ratios are prefixed for the temp. outside the device, i.e. if the case temp. is lower than 5 deg.C: 85% (on = 850 ms and off = 150 ms), if the case temp. is 5-15 deg.C: 70% (on = 70% and off = 30%), if the case temp. is higher than 15 deg.C: 50%.
(JP3090402-B2)      Device (A) decomposes garbage (B) with microorganisms, equipped with a sensor (thermistor) (C) that detects the water content of (B), another sensor (thermistor) (D) that detects the temp. outside of (A), a controller (E) that controls water content-adjusting means (F), and a controller that corrects the output of (C) w.r.t. output of (D).    ADVANTAGE -   Device is able to hold garbage on the optimum condition for garbage decomposing microorganisms.    In an example, (2) is a sensor (a thermistor) that detects water content of garbage, (3) is a fermentation chamber and (18) is a thermistor that detects the temp. outside of this device. Precise water content of fermentation bed (garbage) can be obtd. by correcting the differences between the outputs of (C) and (D) with the outputs of (D).
(JP2816816-B2)      Fermentation closed vessel is in form of small bucket body (1). A ring-shape projection (13) is provided all over opening of bucket (1). A groove-shape recess (14) is provided all over the circumference of a flexible plastics cover (4). By inserting the ring-shape projection (13) into the groove-shape recess (14), cover (4) is placed on bucket (1). A small hole (17) is provided on the bucket (1) to release fermentation gas. The hole (17) is opened or closed by part of the cover (4) which is deformed by fermentation gas.    ADVANTAGE -   Fermentation can be performed stably without occurrence of decay.
(JP3119564-B2)      Crude waste treatment appts. comprises treatment vessel (12) to store crude waste; stirrers (15) provided in treatment vessel; and heater (20) placed at lower part of treatment vessel for forming culture medium for microorganisms in treatment vessel and controlling culture medium so that crude waste injected continuously is easily decomposed by fermentation decomposition of microorganisms. Air-permeable plates (21, 22) are provided at the bottom and both sides of treatment vessel to provide the spaces at the bottom and both sides.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Used for decomposing crude waste from kitchens by fermentation of microorganisms in domestic homes. Decomposition speed of crude refuse by microorganisms is increased by supplying warm air from heater to treatment vessel via the bottom.
(JP2902317-B2)      Micro amt. of impurities (A) in inert gases (B) are removed by contacting with catalyst (C), comprising noble metal oxide (D) supported on porous inorganic materials (E) at 0-60C. (A) is at least one of methane, hydrogen gas, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen monoxide. (D) is at least one of palladium oxide and silver oxide). Facilities, equipped with a supply system of (B), an absorbing column filled with (E), a filter (F) for treated inert gases, and an outlet of treated inert gases, are claimed.    USE -   Used for producing high purity inert gases for prodn. of semiconductors.    ADVANTAGE -   The method decreases impurities in inert gas down to less than 0.1 ppb with high stability at room temp.
(EP725256-B1)      Nitrogen is sepd. from natural gas contg. 1-8C hydrocarbons by: (1) feeding to a distillation column to produce methane-rich bottoms liq., nitrogen rich overhead vapour and at least one intermediate vapour stream; (2) heat-exchanging the overhead vapour with the intermediate stream(s) to at least partially condense the intermediate stream(s); (3) returning the partially condensed stream(s) to the column to provide reflux; (4) using part of the warmed overhead vapour to provide at least part of the reboil for the column and produce a mixed vapour-liq. stream; and (5) returning the mixed stream to the column to provide further reflux. Also claimed is a plant for carrying out this process.    ADVANTAGE -   Process gives efficient sepn. in a single column (e.g. less than 2 mol.% methane in the nitrogen and less than 0.5 mol.% nitrogen in the methane), works well with low nitrogen-content gases and is tolerant of CO2 and heavier hydrocarbons.
(DE19502856-C2)      The supply (1) to this waste water treatment plant passes to the primary sedimentation tank (2). There is at least one transfer device (20) (recycled activated sludge pump) and thickening system (8,14) for sludge produced. Settled sewage passes to the aerobic activated sludge plant (3). An anaerobic reactor (12) digests the sludge. The original feature is the construction of thickening and/or transfer systems, with the deliberate intention of subjecting micro-organism cells in the thickened sludge to lysis.    Also claimed are: (i) a device to thicken and/or transport sludge, which subjects the cells to lysis, and (ii) a sludge reduction procedure causing lysis as described.    USE -   To construct and run a waste water treatment plant producing less sludge and more sludge gas.    ADVANTAGE -   Significant reduction in sludge production is claimed. Conventional thickening and/or transfer devices may be used, with economy, to break down the cells, as well as more novel methods, such as ultrasound. Plant and personnel requirements do not alter, however the capacity of the sludge digester to produce methane for power generation is increased, together with the digestion rate of the sludge. Problem micro-organisms and poisons have less effect.
(US5678496-A)      A method for the pyrolytic treatment of waste containing organic material, particularly for treating municipal solid waste comprises loading the waste to be treated onto transport trolleys; insertion of the trolleys, which contain the waste, into a treatment tunnel in which a pyrolysis chamber is formed; indirect heating of the waste inside the pyrolysis chamber up to a temperature adapted to cause waste pyrolysis, with extraction from the pyrolysis chamber of gaseous-phase substances generated by the pyrolysis; and extraction of the trolleys from the tunnel to unload solid residues remained in the trolleys.
(US5672806-A)      A method for calibrating a gas detector having a sensor exhibiting electrical characteristics in response to exposure to gas and having an array of fixed resistors for calibrating the electrical output characteristics of the sensor, the method comprising the steps of:    (a) exposing the sensor to a predetermined concentration of a selected gas;    (b) applying heat to the sensor;    (c) allowing the sensor to cool to an optimal sensing temperature;    (d) taking a measurement of the electrical output characteristic of the sensor while the sensor is at the optimal temperature;    (e) removing the sensor from the predetermined concentration of gas;    (f) comparing the measurement to a chart having a list of resistor combinations corresponding to electrical output characteristics of the sensor; and    (g) implementing a resistor configuration within the array indicated by the chart to produce a desired electrical output characteristic of the sensor.
(JP2816815-B2)      Closed vessel is used for preparing compost by sprinkling raw fertiliser powder fermented by anaerobic microorganisms on crude waste discharged from each home with the waste is injected to the vessel, closing the vessel tightly, keeping the waste in the closed vessel for 1-3 weeks to ferment the waste nearly completely at a low temp., and burying the fermented prods. under the ground to use them as compost. The closed vessel comprises a small plastic bucket shaped body (1), a hand (16) for hanging, a leg (7) at the bottom of the body, a water discharge hole (3) with a plug at the leg and connected to the bottom, a disc shaped filter (5) detachably fixed on the bottom of body. A lid (4) free to open to close the opening of the bucket shaped body, and safety valve at the body or lid and opened or closed by a fermentation pressure.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Used for treating crude waste discharged from homes. Small sized closed vessel is easy to handle and ferments crude waste by using anaerobic microorganisms.
(JP2862804-B2)      Several kinds of compost raw materials supplied from feed supply conveyor (9), are crushed by dropping them onto upper part of rotation blades (1) radially attached to shaft (4) rotated by motor (7). Materials are mixed by scattering them by the rotation blades rotating in their rotation direction.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Used for crushing and mixing lumps of compost raw materials. Different kinds of compost raw materials can be crushed and mixed to form compost having good qualities without clogging of appts. by materials or mixing of impurities.
(JP2767095-B2)      Excrement-treatment appts. comprises a rectangular fermentation tank (A) having both sidewall and ventilated from its base; running rails (1) placed on upper edges of both sidewalls; running truck (B) equipped with circular track (2) and placed on rails for running and rotating truck (D) placed on circular track and equipped with cutting machine (C) loaded so that lower end of cutting machine approaches bottom of fermentation tank. Deodoriser comprises fine mist spray nozzles (3a,3b,3c) placed at upper part of cutting machine, and chemical liq. tank (4) and power sprayer (5) placed on the rotating truck. Chemical liq. in the tank is ejected from fine mist nozzles by the power sprayer.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Used as deodorisers for excrement-treatment appts. to ferment excrement for compost mfr. Malodours carried by stirring excrement with the cutting machine are removed by spraying deodorising liq. which forms fermentation gas which suppresses release of malodours to the atmos.
(JP3192900-B2)      A petroleum type hydrocarbon assimilation microorganism is added to the waste water so that an oil/fat and/or a mineral oil is removed from the waste. The microorganism belongs to genus Corynebacterium or Debaryomyces.    USE -   The process is partic. useful for treating waste water from a petrochemical factory or bilge which contains a petroleum type hydrocarbon (mineral oil), as well as for treating sewage and waste water from a food factory which contains an oil/fat etc..    ADVANTAGE -   Without adding a surfactant, the oil/fat and mineral oil is efficiently and easily removed. The facility does not require much space and the cost is low.
(ZA9600105-A)      Sepn. of 1-5C hydrocarbon(s) from a gas mixt. (I) comprising 1-5C hydrocarbon(s) and N2, O2 and/or Ar by a pressure swing absorption process in a bed of adsorbent which selectively adsorb the 1-5C hydrocarbon(s), comprises (a) pressurising the bed of adsorbent to 2.0-4.1 bar by concurrently flowing the gas mixt. into the bed; (b) concurrently purging the bed of adsorbent with hydrocarbon-enriched prod. at the adsorption pressure, so that hydrocarbon-depleted gas is formed; and (c) concurrently depressurising the bed of adsorbent so that the adsorbent is regenerated and hydrocarbon-enriched prod. is produced.    USE -   To recover low. m.wt. hydrocarbons (e.g. methane) from gas mixts. in coal and petroleum deposits etc., and those produced in industrial processes.    ADVANTAGE -   The process is part suitable for the sepn. of flammable gases (hydrocarbons) from O2-contg. gas mixts.
(DE19500649-C2)      A rectangular composting container (30) is closed overhead by a top (28) incorporating a lid (31) which opens to admit the charge. A sieve base (51) extends from wall-to-wall (46) within the container covering the container floor (44).    The novelty is that the container (30) is linked to a clutch (76) by means of which it is rotated (75, 75a) around an axis (A) by a drive. The whole unit (44, 28, 46) with overhead frame (48) forms a drum rotating about a longitudinal axis.    USE -   The assembly is a container in which refuse can be both collected and composted. As the container rotates, the charge is sorted into layers of similarly-sized particles which migrate classified through the sieve for discharge.    ADVANTAGE -   The composting process is improved.
(US5552088-A)      A malodorous warning composition of matter which is nonflammable and non-ozone depleting for introduction into a pressurized air breathing system of a facility to warn a person of danger, comprising: about 1 part by wt. of a liq. malodorous substance selected from the gp. consisting of methyl mercaptan, ethyl mercaptan, propyl mercaptan, butyl mercaptan, and tetrahydrothiophene; from about 2 to about 6 parts by wt. of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane; and from about 0.2 to about 0.4 parts by wt. of an inert gas under pressure.
(WO9739177-A1)      The feed device for moist material under high steam pressure conditions, e.g. pre-hydrolysed cellulose material, comprises a material supply means (3), e.g. screw conveyor, forming a homogeneous flow of material to a sluice feed inlet; a sluice feed (5) consisting of two wheels rotating in opposite directions, both of which have cog-like parts; and a pipe (6,7) from the sluice feed outlet, forming a wad of material travelling towards the pipe exit (11), the material being compressed enough so that in conjunction with the material in the supply means and sluice feed, a gas seal is created.    USE -   The material being dispensed by the device is, e.g., brown coal, bagasses, sewage sludge, paper pulp, plant or fruit waste or sugarbeet waste.    ADVANTAGE -   Leakage or backflow of steam is prevented.    (Reissue of the entry advised in week 9629 based on complete specification)    (EP912793-A1)      The feed device for moist material under high steam pressure conditions, e.g. pre-hydrolysed cellulose material, comprises a material supply means (3), e.g. screw conveyor, forming a homogeneous flow of material to a sluice feed inlet; a sluice feed (5) consisting of two wheels rotating in opposite directions, both of which have cog-like parts; and a pipe (6,7) from the sluice feed outlet, forming a wad of material travelling towards the pipe exit (11), the material being compressed enough so that in conjunction with the material in the supply means and sluice feed, a gas seal is created.    USE -   The material being dispensed by the device is, e.g., brown coal, bagasses, sewage sludge, paper pulp, plant or fruit waste or sugarbeet waste.    ADVANTAGE -   Leakage or backflow of steam is prevented.    (Reissue of the entry advised in week 9629 based on complete specification)
(JP2816532-B2)      Long-type fermentation tanks having two sidewalls and effecting breathing through a bottom are provided. Running rails are installed on upper edges of two sidewalls of long-type ferment of the tanks. Rotating vehicle is formed such that running truck equipped with circular track rail is caused to span between the rails for running, and lower end of chain with rotary blade slide over surface of inclining body of turning machine approaches bottoms of fermentation tanks. Rotating vehicle spans between circular truck rails.    Also claimed is excreta disposing device having a vibration device arranged on back of inclination body of the turning machine.    ADVANTAGE -   Fermentation composting disposing capacity of excreta is improved.
(JP3110634-B2)      Refuse disposing device comprises disposer body to dispose of garbage; and an agitating tank (2) arranged in the body to agitate garbage. Rotary shaft (4) having blade (9), is horizontally arranged in agitating tank (2). A detecting sensor (3) to detect atmosphere in agitating tank (2) is at attached to inner surface of sidewall of agitating tank (2) to which rotary shaft (4) is attached. Sensor (3) comprises mounting base sheet (25) having hat shaped cross-section attached to inner surface of sidewall of agitating tank (2). A detecting sensor body is contained in the mounting base sheet. Edge of mounting base sheet (25) is curved to contact the inner surface of the sidewall of the agitating tank (2).    ADVANTAGE -   Detecting sensor is worked as usual and functions with high precision.
(JP2627058-B2)      Liq.-dropping device includes a cylinder communicated with a hole at the lower part of a container in which solid and liq. are contained in mixed state, a piston displaceable inside the cylinder, and a mechanism for vertically moving the piston in cylinder. The peripheral wall of the cylinder allows passing of liq. discharged from the container.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Device is used for discharging liq. produced during enzyme decomposition of organic waste with microorganism. Liq. can be sepd. from solid.
(JP3172821-B2)      Odorous gas is passed through a tower filled with bacteria-loaded supports while water is sprayed intermittently. The supports are active carbon or blocks which are obtd. mixing char and coal or petroleum pitch binder. The mat is then moulded and fired. The char is obtd. by low temp. carbonisation. In another claimed process, the blocks are obtd. by mixing char, coal or petroleum pitch binder, and cracking coal powder.    USE -   For deodorisation of odorous gas produced from sewage or human waste treatment plants or chemical factories.    ADVANTAGE -   The blocks provide a larger wet surface contacting the odorous gas. The water retained in the capillaries of the blocks provides a good culture base for bacteria by preventing an increase in the oxide concn. in the biological decomposition of odorous gas.
(FR2729156-A1)      Complex of non-pathogenic Bacillus and Lactobacillus strains capable of converting a nitrogen source to bacterial protein are new, where the nitrogen source is selected from inorganic nitrogen cpds., esp. ammonia, nitrates and nitrites, and organic nitrogen cpds., e.g. urea, urates, amino acids, nitrogen-contg. bases and any other nitrogen cpds. of low mol.wt.    USE -   The cultures are useful for digesting and sanitising biological waste materials, esp. livestock excreta and litter, manure, lagoons, vegetable waste, farmyard slurry, sewage, animal cadavers, septic pits or compostable materials (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   Combinations of Bacillus and Lactobacillus sp. have synergistic effects. w.r.t. nitrogen utilisation, protein synthesis and elimination of pathogens such as Clostridium, Bacteroides, Listeria, Salmonella and Staphylococcus sp. and coliform bacilli.    (US6025187-A)      Complex of non-pathogenic Bacillus and Lactobacillus strains capable of converting a nitrogen source to bacterial protein are new, where the nitrogen source is selected from inorganic nitrogen cpds., esp. ammonia, nitrates and nitrites, and organic nitrogen cpds., e.g. urea, urates, amino acids, nitrogen-contg. bases and any other nitrogen cpds. of low mol.wt.    USE -   The cultures are useful for digesting and sanitising biological waste materials, esp. livestock excreta and litter, manure, lagoons, vegetable waste, farmyard slurry, sewage, animal cadavers, septic pits or compostable materials (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   Combinations of Bacillus and Lactobacillus sp. have synergistic effects. w.r.t. nitrogen utilisation, protein synthesis and elimination of pathogens such as Clostridium, Bacteroides, Listeria, Salmonella and Staphylococcus sp. and coliform bacilli.
(JP3131545-B2)      Decomposition device to decompose plant chips in a treatment container comprises a device to mix cold fermentation bacteria and its cold nutrient resource in the plant chips; a device to damage the surfaces of the plant chips and a device to introduce air into the treatment container.    The decomposition device (1) pref. has a horizontal barrel-shape treatment container (2), in which wood chips, the bacteria to decompose the wood chips, and a nutrient source can be fed. In the treatment container (2), an agitating device (4) having screw-shape fins is used to be rotatable. The wood chips, bacteria, and the nutrient source are mixed, and the surfaces of the wood chips are rubbed with each other to damage the surfaces of wood chips each other. A spray device (5) to adjust the moisture in the treatment container, a temp. regulator (6) to regulate the temp. in the treatment container, and an aeration port (7) to aerate the inside of the container are used in the treatment container (2).    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Used to compost plant chips. The plant chips can be rapidly composted.    In an example, the bacteria was added to the treatment container (10 l) filled with wood chips. As the nutrient source, fresh waste produced in each home was added. The humidity was adjusted to 60 - 70% and the temp. was held at 28 deg.C.
(JP3121506-B2)      An agitating device to agitate the interior of a disposing tank (1) and sensor (3) to detect the moisture content of garbage disposing material are arranged in the material to effect decomposition disposal of garbage are arranged in a disposing tank (1). A controller controls agitating device (2); it is effected right before measurement by the moisture content detecting sensor (3). The moisture content of each part in the disposing tank (1) is levelled by agitating by the agitating device (2), then moisture content is measured by the sensor (3).    ADVANTAGE -   The detecting error in a moisture content of a moisture content detecting sensor is reduced.
(JP2657048-B2)      Device comprises a tank (1) to store organic waste (M); an agitator (1) located to run horizontally and effect fermentation decomposition disposal of organic waste through agitation. The agitator (6) has a pressure receiving plate mechanism (20) to run the agitator is arranged at the agitator (6). The pressure receiving plate mechanism (20) comprises a transmission device (21) having a chain (25) surrounding the agitator (6) therewith; a pressure receiving plate (22) fixed to the chain of the transmission device (21) and running forward the agitator by being pressed from the rear side by organic waste scraped up by the agitator (6). There is a pressure receiving plate driving device (23) to move the pressure receiving plate (22) to the opposite side to the running direction of the agitator by driving the transmission device (21).    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Used for fermentation decomposition of excermentitious matter of domestic animal and refuse. Installation work is facilitated and the height of a waste decomposing container is not increased.
(JP2615433-B2)      Prodn. of methane comprises: reacting carbon dioxide and hydrogen by using cobalt cpd. contg. rare earth metal as catalyst.    Pref. catalyst used is that contg. lanthanum-cobalt gp. alloy as main component and at least one member of oxides of aluminium, silicon, titanium, magnesium, and zirconium as the third component. Catalyst in which active component is lanthanum-cobalt gp. oxide and carrier is at least one member of aluminium dioxide, silicon dioxide, titanium oxide, magnesium oxide and zirconium oxide.    ADVANTAGE -   Methane can be efficiently produced from carbon dioxide because present catalyst exhibits high conversion rate even in high speed reaction under comparatively mild condition and high activity can be kept for long time. The method contributes to relaxation of warming up of the earth and saving of hydrocarbon resources e.g. petroleum.
(US5562588-A)      A process for the in situ bioredn. of Cr(VI)-bearing solids comprising: adding to the Cr(VI)-bearing solids a solid or semi-solid organic material contg. bacteria, nutrients, a sufficient amt. of mineral acid or base to maintain the mixt. to a pH between 6.5-9.5, and water, and thoroughly mixing the Cr(VI)-bearing solids and additives in place without removal to another location to thereby effect a complete biochemical redn. of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) in situ.    (GB2296494-B)      In situ bioreduction of Cr(VI)-bearing solids (I) comprises: (a) adding organic material, bacteria, nutrients, mineral acid or base to maintain pH 6.5-9.5 and water to (I); and (b) mixing thoroughly to effect reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) in situ.    USE -   The process is used for treating e.g. soils, sediments and wastes, partic. chromite ore processing residue (COPR) contaminated with Cr(VI).    ADVANTAGE -   The process provides simple, effective and efficient in situ biological redn. of Cr(VI) to the less mobile, less toxic Cr(III) valence state.    (JP9225449-A)      In situ bioreduction of Cr(VI)-bearing solids (I) comprises: (a) adding organic material, bacteria, nutrients, mineral acid or base to maintain pH 6.5-9.5 and water to (I); and (b) mixing thoroughly to effect reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) in situ.    USE -   The process is used for treating e.g. soils, sediments and wastes, partic. chromite ore processing residue (COPR) contaminated with Cr(VI).    ADVANTAGE -   The process provides simple, effective and efficient in situ biological redn. of Cr(VI) to the less mobile, less toxic Cr(III) valence state.
(EP746534-B1)      Prodn. of compost with high water absorbing and retaining capacity which improves soil fertility comprises: (a) dehydrating compost material produced from wood industrial waste material transformed to plant absorbable mesure (sic) and decomposed under aerobic conditions, to 30-35% water content; (b) sieving and putting into prism while adding 1.5-3.0 wt.% water absorbing and retaining adjuvant during prism formation process; (c) turning over the prism several times by power machine homogenising the mixt; (d) covering with black foil, and (e) maintaining and controlling water content at 30-35%.    USE -   The compost is useful in agriculture and is esp. used during dry or rainless periods or in desert or semi-desert areas by storing the water for the plant. It is used in areas where the soil water retaining capacity is low.    ADVANTAGE -   The compost has high water absorbing and retaining capacity and improves soil fertility. The compost remains refillable several times by natural or artificial methods after discharging its water content, thus providing the water supply for the plant according demand.
(JP2657046-B2)      Waste decomposition treatment appts. comprises a storing chamber (10) to store organic waste, and stirring machine (100) running along length direction of storing chamber to stir organic waste to decompose it by fermentation. Storing chamber consists of divided tanks (11) capable of dividing in its length direction and connected by connection tools (12) to each other. Air supply tubes (30) are provided at the bottom of storing chamber to supply air to the stored organic waste.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Used for decomposing organic waste e.g. livestock excrement and crude refuse from domestic homes by fermentation. Storing chamber capacity is easily changed by connecting or disconnecting the divided tanks.
(JP10509910-W)      A biological waste treatment plant has a new arrangement, with a mixer comminutor (2) which can be closed to treat a raw bio-waste, and a feeder (5) for additives. The measuring device (3) yields raw material data which is loaded into the programmable controller (4) connected to the feeder (5) for additives. These are supplied in accordance with the measurements. At least 1 automatic classification and sorting device follows the mixer comminutor. The raw material supply is selected from delivered bio-waste or stored compost made from it.    USE -   A plant for the treatment of biological waste produced by small communities.    ADVANTAGE -   The plant described may be used for smaller quantities of communal organic waste material, with economic and ecological benefits. Odour is reduced to a min. within and outside the plant. Hand sorting is obviated. Putrefaction processes taking place at low pH (acid) in the waste as collected, are cut short by admixture of lime. An homogenised, quickly composted material with neutral odour is produced, avoiding a pre-composting stage, saving time and space. Size redn. followed by automatic sepn. stages reduce the need for manual operations.
(JP3028112-B2)      Device (A) has a fermentation bath (B) and a mixer (C), (B) is cylindrical and its bottom is conically shaped (C) is spiral and installed vertically in the centre of (B) so that its axis is parallel to the wall of (B) A cylinder tube (D) with protruding rods from its bottom end is installed vertically to cover (C). Axes of (C) and (D) are identical. (C) and (D) are made to rotate reversely each other. An inlet of air is installed at the bottom of (B). Cutting blades are installed above the top of (D).    USE -   Used for decomposing waste.    ADVANTAGE -   The method is able to cut waste into small pieces and to ensure homogeneous mixing and rapid fermentation.
(JP3179665-B2)      Perishable organic matter is contacted with a decomposition medium formed of a porous material in which microorganisms can live; both of them are agitated and mixed; and the perishable organic matter is completely decomposed by penetrating hot air through the mixture from below to above.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Used to decompose organic matter (animal and plants waste as the industrial refuse or perishable organic matter such as refuse as the general wastes) into water, carbon dioxide, and ammonia. No public hazard occurs since the organic matter is turned to harmless inorganic matter. Further, the amount of the decomposition medium against organic matter can be minimized.
(US5687918-A)      Appts. used to decompose crude waste biologically by injecting crude waste in a treating tank (1) contg. saw dust (14) as decomposing agent and stirring and mixing them, comprises a heater (11) to heat the decomposing agent in the treating tank, temp. detector to detect a temp. of the decomposing agent in the treating tank and water detector to detect the amt. of water of the decomposing agent based on a temp. detected by the temp. detector.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Used to decompose crude waste discharged from domestic kitchens by fermentation. The amt. of water of the decomposing agent can be rapidly and accurately measured.
(JP2647804-B2)      Garbage or condensed garbage is fluidised under high pressure and temp., and anaerobically digested to recover methane, or fluidised material is liq.-solid sepd. and the sepd. liq. digested and methane recovered. The sepd. liq. is digested and methane is recovered. The sepd. solid component is incinerated or converted to organic fertilizer.    ADVANTAGE -   The garbage treating process is economical.    (US5707417-A)      Garbage or condensed garbage is fluidised under high pressure and temp., and anaerobically digested to recover methane, or fluidised material is liq.-solid sepd. and the sepd. liq. digested and methane recovered. The sepd. liq. is digested and methane is recovered. The sepd. solid component is incinerated or converted to organic fertilizer.    ADVANTAGE -   The garbage treating process is economical.
(JP2754346-B2)      A waste decomposing device (A) comprises: a fermentation bath (B) with a mixer (C), a temp. sensor (D), a ventilator (E), which introduces outside air into (B), and a controller (F). (F) controls the flow rate and temp. of the air intake according to the output of (D). (F) also controls the running of (B) when the temp. detected by (D) reaches the upper or lower limit of a prefixed temp. range. (A) is also equipped with a gas sensor (G) and a gas decomposing device (H). The waste is mixed with a microorganism having waste decomposing enzymes.    ADVANTAGE -   This method is able to produce an optimum environment for the waste decomposing microorganism by controlling the temp. and the rate of introduced air into the fermentation bath.
(JP2811154-B2)      The equipment has (A) a first reaction tower having: (a) an inflow portion for receiving drainage contg. organic matter or organic residual sludge from a biological treatment system, for drainage; (b) a portion for filling a solid filler eluting a silica component; (c) a diffusing portion located under the filling portion and (d) an output portion for releasing humic sludge contg. the spored useful microorganisms; and (B) a sec. reaction tower having: (a) an inflow portion for receiving the humic sludge contg. the spored useful microorganism from the first reaction tower; (b) a portion for filling a solid filler eluting a silica component; (c) a stirring portion located under the filling portion and for forming an ascending current toward the filling portion; and (d) an output portion for releasing the sludge contg. the budded useful microorganisms. The sec. reaction tower is hermetically sealed.    USE -   The equipment is used in obtaining seed sludge for various waste water treatment fertiliser, artificial humic soil, a soil conditioner, or garbage (kitchen refuse) compost.    ADVANTAGE -   The sludge is available without the fermentation process. The sludge contains useful microorganisms. The propagation of putrefying bacteria, Escherichia is continuously depressed.
(US5589601-A)      Dimerisation, co-dimerisation or oligomerisation of olefins, comprising contacting the olefins under effective conditions with a catalytic composition which results from mixing at least one tungsten oxyhalide, at least one aryl isocyanate and/or diisocyanate, and at least one alkylaluminium halide.
(DE4439710-C2)      Degradation of toxic substances present in contaminated wood comprises fermenting a mixt. of shredded wood with liq. manure. Fermentation is performed under conditions which produce heat.    USE -   The method is used to reduce the concn. of toxic substances, e.g., hydrocarbons, halogenated hydrocarbons and mineral oils, in contaminated wood, such as railway sleepers and roofing timbers.    ADVANTAGE -   The method requires only one procedure and installation for the disposal of two waste types (liq. manure from animal rearing and contaminated wood) and converts these into a useful prod. in the form of a compost-like material, which can be used as a soil improver. It also saves expense in the purificn. and storage of liq. manure.
(DE4437717-C1)      A main fermenter for bio-technical processes consists of a pressurised vessel with a superior inlet for the biomasses, a lower outlet for the fermented sludge, an upper outlet for gaseous substances, and a mixer. The novel features are that the main fermenter (6) volume is variable, it is constructed with hard load-bearing points, and is linked to a superior overflow vessel (21). The vessel (21) incorporates free space for the gaseous substances and space for displaced biomass. The free space in the vessel (21) is linked in a closed circuit with a pressurised storage vessel (32).    Further claimed is that a fermentation sack (19) is suspended within the main fermenter (6) pressure vessel (9), which has an inlet (5) for the biomass, an outlet (10) for the fermented sludge, which is linked to a rising gas pipe (20), and which is surrounded by a pressurised medium.    USE -   The assembly is a multi-stage main variable-volume fermenter, esp. for biological refuse, generating gas for power supplies.    ADVANTAGE -   All parts of the biomass are incorporated in the reaction as a result of alternating pressure and pressure relief on the biomass, and the associated mass displacement. The improved inter-mixing of layers, linked with alternating and increased pressures within the fermentation space, results in a better gas yield and thus a reduction in fermentation times. The biogas supplied and the sludge discharged is of consistent and uniform quality. Further claimed is that the main fermenter is of simple construction, of low-cost manufacture, and economic in operation.
(US5712052-A)      The cell (200) comprises a reformer (216a) generating hydrogen gaseous fuel from original fuel. A pair of electrodes, carrying a catalyst, receives the fuel gas, generating an electromotive force by electrochemical reaction. The concentration of carbon monoxide in the fuel gas is measured (1) and the reformer controlled (230) accordingly, to decrease this measurement.    The fuel cell generator may have a first flow path supplying gaseous fuel to the cell and another discharging residual gas from the fuel cell. The carbon monoxide sensor may be in the second flow path. Alternatively, both flow paths may have sensors, of differing sensitivity. These sensors may comprise an electrolyte membrane, with two electrodes carrying a platinum based catalyst arranged across the membrane.    ADVANTAGE -   Cancels catalyst poisoning, improving fuel cell performance, by early detection.
(EP710636-B1)      A composting device comprises a tunnel-like box (1) with a base (26) to receive the material. The base (26) consists of several adjacent rails (15) running in the longitudinal direction of the box. A charging device (4) is provided at one end of the box and a discharge device (4) on the other end for the prepared compost (24). The rails (15) can be pushed forwards together and simultaneously, to transport the material for composting from the charging end to the discharging end. The rails are returned to their starting position individually and successively.    ADVANTAGE -   Adequate ventilation and uniform transport.
(EP738752-A1)      A method of enzymatically degrading synthetic polymer comprises degradation carried out using a manganese-dependent peroxidase in the presence of manganese ions.    Pref. degradation in the presence of at least one additive selected from phosphoric, succinic and acetic acid and their salts. The Mn depending peroxidase is isolated from a wood-deteriorating basidiomycetes. The peroxidase is sepd. from NK-1148. The peroxidase is sepd. from Phanerochaete chrysosporium. The conc. of the above manganese ion is 0.1-10 mM. The amts. of added phosphoric acid, succinic acid and acetic acid are 2-40 mM, 2-300 mM and 70-1200 mM, respectively. The synthetic polymer is polyamide or polyolefin.    USE -   The method is useful in the resolution of the environmental problem of synthetic polymer wastes.    ADVANTAGE -   The method enables various synthetic polymers, particularly polyamides and polyolefins, to be degraded more efficiently.
(JP10506797-W)      A parts washer (10) comprises a first chamber (20) such as a sink and a second chamber (80) such as a tank. The first chamber (20) has a false bottom member (36) covering a support grid (40) supporting a porous medium (38) above a bottom panel (22) having a drain opening (24) allowing washing liquid (82) to drain to the second chamber (80). The first chamber (20) is also provided with a flexible faucet (48) and a brush (123). The second chamber (80) incorporates a modular controller (100) which includes a heater (110), thermostats (111,112), a level probe (116) to monitor the level of washing liquid (82) as well as other safety features. A circulation mechanism (124) directs hot water to the first chamber (20) whenever movement therein is sensed. A biological component in the form of microorganisms is added to the washing liquid to break down organic wastes, and the porous medium (28) traps particulate matter. The washer is preferably made from plastics material, most pref. a polyolefin.    USE -   For washing parts contaminated with organic matter.    ADVANTAGE -   A simple, low cost parts washer that uses a washing liquid and biological agents in place of mineral spirits and chlorinated solvents.
(JP3011226-B2)      Stirring device has two rectangular tanks. The end parts are closed with a sidewall (2a) having the width of the tank as the radius to form a loop-shaped fermentation tank. (1) A carriage (3) is positioned on the sidewalls of the fermentation tank (1), which can make a reciprocating motion in the linear part. A stirring and turning device (6) for the material supplied into the tank is mounted on the carriage (3). The stirring and turning device (6) can be turned in the direction against the carriage at the moving end positions of the carriage. The turning axis (11) is located at the centre of the carriage (3).    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Used to stir and turn material e.g. sewage sludge, in a composting device. The material in the fermentation tank may be stirred uniformly, and a continuous operation may be effected.
(JP2593803-B2)      Appts. comprises fermentation tank storing organic waste; porous air opening area formed at lower portion of fermentation tank; inhalation pipe; and stirring wing provided in fermentation tank. Exhaust opening connection tube is formed on inhalation pipe. This tube is adhered to inhalation pipe at specific angle so that water droplets formed by steams absorbed by inhalation pipe effectively fall into inhalation pipe. Air circulates in porous air opening area interior of fermentation tank, and airtight inhalation pipe through blower.    ADVANTAGE -   Effectively stirs materials and reduces fermentation time.
(WO9612687-A1)      Prepn. of nutrient base (NB) for growing medium comprises mixing food processing waste (FPW) and matrix material (MM).    USE -   GM are used as multi-purpose composts for plants and are suitable for seed sowing, root cuttings, container growing and in general purpose garden use. A wide variety of food processing effluent materials may be used including meat wastes such as abattoir wastes, vegetable processing wastes, industrial fermentation process wastes from e.g. yeast prodn., and/or dairy waste esp. from cheese and/or whey processing.    ADVANTAGE -   GM has excellent nutrient supplying capacity and do not suffer from the disadvantage of prior art materials in partic. those of peat-based and sewage-based growing media, e.g. heavy-metal contamination and high pathogen content and environmental aspects related to peat extn. The present method permits the addn. of unusually high proportions of nutrient with no adverse effect on germination and plant growth at salinity levels &gt; 800 S/cm3 that in other growing media would result in severe phytotoxicity. The addn. of matrix material such as bark eliminates or reduces noxious odours from the waste and provides a use as a means of waste treatment. GM has a high nutrient supplying capacity making it suitable for a wide range of growing media uses.
(JP2556961-B2)      Fermenting machine to stir compost stored in a pit (P) running on the compost automatically comprises a shifting stand (1) moving back and forth on a pair of pit rails (PR) automatically, and conveyor (2) supported by the shifting stand at one end of its frame so that another end if placed in a lower inclining direction to place it near the bottom of the pit. The conveyor comprises a driving shaft and driven shaft placed at one end and another end of its frame, respectively, chains (7) hung between the driving shaft and driven shaft to rotate between them, scooping members (33) attached to each chain along the circulation direction at specific pitches and cutting claws (4) attached between chains adjacent to the driven shaft.    Also claimed is livestock excretion fermentation and treatment appts which comprises the pit, the fermenting machine, a livestock house, ventilator, and water jet means to suppress the generation of malodours during mixing compost in the pot and replenish water.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Used to mfr fertilisers from livestock excretion or organic industrial waste. The fermenting machine is miniaturised and the appts gives pollution free livestock excretion fermentation and treatment.
(JP3136458-B2)       Iron oxidising bacteria (resistant to chloride ions) are propagated in activated sludge by blowing O2-contg. gas into an aeration tank through which waste water contg. Fe(II) ions or Fe(II) and chloride ions is passed. The activated sludge is cultured in an organic waste decomposing plant (where factory waste water which is discharged from ironworks and is diluted with sea water). The pH of the aeration tank is kept within 1.0-3.0. Nitrogen-contg. cpds. and phosphorus-contg. cpds. are put in the aeration tank.    USE -   For propagating iron oxidising bacteria in a biological treatment system of waste water contg. Fe(II) and chloride ions.    ADVANTAGE -   Iron oxidising bacteria resistant to chloride ions can be propagated in industrial or domestic waste water.
(DE19521220-C2)      An assembly processes refuse, at least some of which may be composted. The refuse is pre-sorted into silos (10a -10c) classified (A) from industrial and hard bulky items, (B) bio-degradable domestic refuse, and (C) vegetable matter. The lower output (18) from the selection assembly supplies material to a bio-reactor vessel (20), while the overflow (26) is linked to a composting line (38) supplying a stratified compost heap (40). The selection assembly is preceded by a common dosing bunker. A mixer pump is placed before the bio-reactor vessel, which is connected to a gas membrane. A de-watering pump is positioned after the bio-reactor.    USE -   The assembly sorts and composts domestic and commercial refuse.    ADVANTAGE -   Different types of refuse are classified and composted at low cost by a single assembly.
(JP2670981-B2)      Mixt. of fermented soybeans or cooked and seasoned soybeans and alginic acid salt aq. soln. is moulded, frozen and contacted with calcium salt aq. soln. to form an ice layer on the surface.    ADVANTAGE -   Stickiness of fermented soybeans is reduced and the solid state is maintained for a specified time after removing from the freezer. Processing of fermented soybeans is easily carried out.
(ZA9507900-A)      Self-foaming, soap-free shaving gel compsn. comprises (by wt.): 65-85% H2O; 4-16% N-(10-20C)acyl sarcosine (I); 1-6% organic amine base (II) to solubilise (I) and provide pH 4-8; 1-8% self-foaming agent (III); 1-8% nonionic surfacant (IV); and 1-10% non-volatile paraffinic hydrocarbon fluid (V).    ADVANTAGE -   The soap-free foaming shave gel compsn. maintains superior performance attributes while avoiding the harshness and drying associated with soap-based preparations.    (JP10506110-W)      Self-foaming, soap-free shaving gel compsn. comprises (by wt.): 65-85% H2O; 4-16% N-(10-20C)acyl sarcosine (I); 1-6% organic amine base (II) to solubilise (I) and provide pH 4-8; 1-8% self-foaming agent (III); 1-8% nonionic surfacant (IV); and 1-10% non-volatile paraffinic hydrocarbon fluid (V).    ADVANTAGE -   The soap-free foaming shave gel compsn. maintains superior performance attributes while avoiding the harshness and drying associated with soap-based preparations.    (EP782436-B1)      Self-foaming, soap-free shaving gel compsn. comprises (by wt.): 65-85% H2O; 4-16% N-(10-20C)acyl sarcosine (I); 1-6% organic amine base (II) to solubilise (I) and provide pH 4-8; 1-8% self-foaming agent (III); 1-8% nonionic surfacant (IV); and 1-10% non-volatile paraffinic hydrocarbon fluid (V).    ADVANTAGE -   The soap-free foaming shave gel compsn. maintains superior performance attributes while avoiding the harshness and drying associated with soap-based preparations.
(JP3154173-B2)      Excess sludge, leached coffee and tea residue, sludge contg. diatomaceous earth, and calcium carbonate cakes, are mixed with seed material (A) and their mixture is then composted. (A) Is made by composting mixt. of excess sludge, organic food waste, cattle excreta and calcium oxide. Mixing ratio of organic waste to (A) is 100:(1.5-15).    Facilities are also claimed.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Used for composting organic waste. Method is capable of composting organic waste without generating malodours.
(JP3095952-B2)      Solid organic material is resolved and liquefied by anaerobic fermentation while waste water and waste are mixed and restored.    USE -   Mixed waste water and waste drained from kitchens are purified and treated.    ADVANTAGE -   Resolution of the organic material may be promoted and treatment efficiency improved.
(JP2846600-B2)      Prodn. of yoghurt comprises keeping a mixt. of milk with a seed yoghurt in a vessel in a rice boiling kiln at the external temp., and heating the vessel to mature the mixt. at a 1st temp. and then a 2nd temp.    USE -   Used for making yoghurt and boiled rice.
(GB2293374-B)       Enhancing plant growth properties of composted materials comprises adding free H3 PO4 and/or NHO3and/or organic acid to the compost to reduce the pH to 7.    pref. the acid is added at the end of composting. It is esp. absorbed onto a solid diluent or carrier and this is incorporated into the compost. The acid is provided by a solid material having acidic properties, esp. urea phosphate. The acid is incorporated into the compost while the compost is tumbled to distribute the acid throughout the mixt.. It is esp. added in aliquots to give the desired pH.    ADVANTAGE -   Acidification stops composting at a desired stage, e.g. to prevent excessive vol. redn.. It also improves the benefit to plants.    (EP798283-A1)       Enhancing plant growth properties of composted materials comprises adding free H3 PO4 and/or NHO3and/or organic acid to the compost to reduce the pH to 7.    pref. the acid is added at the end of composting. It is esp. absorbed onto a solid diluent or carrier and this is incorporated into the compost. The acid is provided by a solid material having acidic properties, esp. urea phosphate. The acid is incorporated into the compost while the compost is tumbled to distribute the acid throughout the mixt.. It is esp. added in aliquots to give the desired pH.    ADVANTAGE -   Acidification stops composting at a desired stage, e.g. to prevent excessive vol. redn.. It also improves the benefit to plants.
(JP2636175-B2)      The method consists of contacting a microbe which belongs to Pseudomonas, Bacilus, Escherichia or Serratia genus and is capable of decomposing organic nitro gen cpd. with a substance which contains aromatic organic nitrogen gps. to effect bio-degradation of the cpd.    ADVANTAGE -   The method produces organic nitrogen cpds. from petroleum and coal and makes it possible to refine petroleum and coal at normal temp. under normal pressure.
(EP796232-B1)      Method and process for the treatment of waste organic matter comprises waste containers which are emptied at regular intervals, and humus production units. Waste is ducted into the storage compartment of the waste container and at least part of the contained fluid is separated. The contents of the storage compartment of the waste container are transferred to the humus production unit at regular intervals. Decomposition of the organic waste is started in the storage compartment.    USE -   The process can be used for the treatment of organic waste e.g. in the food industry, stores, restaurants and homes.    ADVANTAGE -   The method and process of the invention provide a substantially air-tight and closed system from the stage of waste grinding to the stage of humus production. The system is more convenient to use than the systems of prior art.    (RU2136639-C1)      Method and process for the treatment of waste organic matter comprises waste containers which are emptied at regular intervals, and humus production units. Waste is ducted into the storage compartment of the waste container and at least part of the contained fluid is separated. The contents of the storage compartment of the waste container are transferred to the humus production unit at regular intervals. Decomposition of the organic waste is started in the storage compartment.    USE -   The process can be used for the treatment of organic waste e.g. in the food industry, stores, restaurants and homes.    ADVANTAGE -   The method and process of the invention provide a substantially air-tight and closed system from the stage of waste grinding to the stage of humus production. The system is more convenient to use than the systems of prior art.
(JP10504302-W)      An aerosol antiperspirant compsn. comprises:(1) an aerosol concentrate comprising: (a) 10-25 wt.% of the compsn. of antiperspirant active; (b) 15-55 wt.% of the compsn. of liquid carrier; and (c) 0.05-3 wt.% of the compsn. of suspending agent; and (2) 20-50 wt.% of the compsn. of propellant. The concentrate has a viscosity of 10-10,000 centipoise.    ADVANTAGE -   The compsn. uses reduced amts. of the liquid propellant without causing clogging of the valve of the aerosol container, and provides for less cloud/gassiness. The compsn. provides drier feel and compact packing allowing easier handling, less waste and better value.
(JP2990016-B2)      A gram-positive bacterium of Rhodococcus (Rhodococcus sp. RH A1, FERM P-14342) which can metabolise biphenyl and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) is new.    USE -   The bacteria can be used in removal or detection of highly stable pollutants, biphenyl and PCB, partic. 2,4,4',4'-chlorinated one, in polluted soil or water.    ADVANTAGE -   By the treatment of pollutants by microorganisms, it is possible to simplify the equipment, reduce energy consumption, make automation simple, recover the metabolised prod. and reduce the total cost.
(WO9606138-A1)      Extn. of carotenoid dyes from natural raw materials comprises extracting the pre-dried raw material with compressed propane and/or butane, opt. in presence of an organic entraining agent, at 20-100 deg.C and 10-200 bars.    USE -   The dyes are used in the food industry.    ADVANTAGE -   The dyes are obtd. in higher concn. and greater yield.    (US5789647-A)      Extn. of carotenoid dyes from natural raw materials comprises extracting the pre-dried raw material with compressed propane and/or butane, opt. in presence of an organic entraining agent, at 20-100 deg.C and 10-200 bars.    USE -   The dyes are used in the food industry.    ADVANTAGE -   The dyes are obtd. in higher concn. and greater yield.
(JP2698967-B2)      Combustion exhaust gas from LNG, is directly contacted with a dehumidifying cooling medium to condense moisture in the gas. The condensed water is discharged inside the dehumidification system as circulating water. The resulting exhaust gas is subjected to indirect heat exchange between the cold LNG before being fed to a combustion unit, thereby solidifying CO2 and discharging. The resulting cooled exhaust gas is fed to a dehumidifying refrigerant circuit, in which circulating water is super-cooled, frozen, and regenerated as the dehumidifying cooling medium for recycling.    ADVANTAGE -   Energy can be saved.
(NL9401179-A)      Prodn. of dendrimers where a starting cpd. is successively reacted in different reaction steps with different reactants the reactant being applied in excess in one step, the excess reactant being extracted in supercritical state with extraction agent.    USE -   For the prodn. of dendrimers.    ADVANTAGE -   Undesirable substances present in the reaction mixt. can be removed rapidly and easily, allowing economical and commercially viable prodn. of dendrimers.
(EP873279-A1)      Installation for the anaerobic digestion of organic waste in a sealed vessel (1) with recovery of the gases produced (20), has organic waste placed in a hopper (4) and ground (2) or broken up mechanically before being placed in a secondary vessel (18) positioned inside the primary digestion vessel (1). Material is recirculated (12, 15) and pumped (13) within the primary and secondary vessels and transferred from the secondary to the primary. It can be introduced into the primary vessel at different levels (17a, 17b). Digested solids (9) and liquid (22) are removed separately.    Also claimed is the treatment process.    USE -   Used to treat organic waste produced by a restaurant kitchen, or other large scale kitchen (claimed) where approximately 25 l of waste are produced per day.    ADVANTAGE -   Waste is treated locally and immediately and does not need to be stored, avoiding unpleasant odours. A useful quantity of methane gas is produced.    (US6059972-A)      Installation for the anaerobic digestion of organic waste in a sealed vessel (1) with recovery of the gases produced (20), has organic waste placed in a hopper (4) and ground (2) or broken up mechanically before being placed in a secondary vessel (18) positioned inside the primary digestion vessel (1). Material is recirculated (12, 15) and pumped (13) within the primary and secondary vessels and transferred from the secondary to the primary. It can be introduced into the primary vessel at different levels (17a, 17b). Digested solids (9) and liquid (22) are removed separately.    Also claimed is the treatment process.    USE -   Used to treat organic waste produced by a restaurant kitchen, or other large scale kitchen (claimed) where approximately 25 l of waste are produced per day.    ADVANTAGE -   Waste is treated locally and immediately and does not need to be stored, avoiding unpleasant odours. A useful quantity of methane gas is produced.
(EP773914-B1)      Intensively mixed and homogenised organic waste is sepd. into a solid-, and a liquid fraction contg. soluble residues, by pressing. Before passing, the waste is passed through several screw conveyors (16) in a closed circuit (1), loosening it. During this treatment the material is moistened and/or aerated.    The speed of conveying may be increased in a part of the circuit, to achieve this loosening. The speed may be varied by the pitch of one or more of the conveying screws.    Appts. for the process is also claimed.    USE -   Used to treat an extremely wide range of organic wastes,of natural and industrial origin, including raw and cooked food residues, agricultural wastes, esp. animal wastes, and plant remains.    ADVANTAGE -   The method minimises bridging by the use of the screw conveyors, which break up the material; after which it is moistened and/or aerated. Treating the material in this way prevents bridge formation, and usefully homogenises both the material, and its moisture content. Temperatures are controlled in order to promote optimum biological activity, and also to ensure as far as possible, that the product is sterilised. Arrangement achieves a high throughput.
(JP3180174-B2)      The process involves bringing exhaust gases into contact with an aq. soln. of sodium thiosulphate in an absorption tower so that nitrogen oxides in the exhaust gases are absorbed by the sodium thiosulphate aq. soln., oxidising nitrogen oxides with the microorganisms supported on a fixed support in the absorption tower, sending the sodium thiosulphate aq. soln. to a fixed bed reactor, and removing the oxidised nitrogen oxides with the microorganisms supported on saddle type ceramics set in the reactor.    ADVANTAGE -    Nitrogen oxides can be removed stably at low cost from exhaust gases contg. NOxat concns. as low as not more than 10 ppm.
(US5690249-A)      A component vessel comprises a no. of ring-shaped plastic vessel sections (A), ventilating baseplate (B) and lid (C). A section of the peripheral edge of (B) has a wall section which forms a ventilating gap with the air-permeable valve part for the lower section of the vessel, allowing air to be introduced into the internal regions of the vessel.    Also claimed are an injection moulding tool and prepn. method for the vessel.    ADVANTAGE -   Air supply to the composting regions inside the vessel is improved. (reissue of the entry advised in week 9604 based on complete specification)
(EP694600-B1)      The procedure consists of subjecting the tyre rubber to thermal destruction or depolymerisation in a medium at a controlled pressure and temperature, adding 1-3 wt.% of calcium oxide to the tyres before the process is started. The thermal destruction process is carried out at a temperature of 100-130C in an atmosphere enriched with saturated water vapour, and the substances obtained from the process are drawn off by forced suction and compressed.    The installation for carrying out the procedure consists of a thermal destruction unit (3) with a top hatch for feeding in the tyres to be processed and calcium oxide from a container (4) and doser (5), a hopper at the bottom for evacuating the residue from the process, and a duct (14) with an automatic valve (39) for drawing off the combustible substances.    ADVANTAGE -   Economical, reliable, automatic and relatively simple to operate, eliminating large quantities of used tyres.
(US5752995-A)      An alkali-free rare earth oxide stabilised, cobalt promoted Ni catalyst for the prodn. of gases rich in H or methane with decreased C deposition is prepd. by: (i) providing a refractory material contg. at least one of the oxides of Al, Si, Mg, Ca,Ti or mixts. thereof; and (ii) supporting on the refractory material, (a) 0.2-15 wt.% single rare earth oxide(s); (b) 0.1-25 wt.% Co selected from elemental Co and/or reducible cpd. of Co; and (c) 0.1-50 wt.% Ni, selected from elemental Ni and/or reducible cpd. of Ni.    A process for the prodn. of H-rich gases including synthesis gas and reducing gas, or for the prodn. of methane rich gases, including town gas and pipeline gas from hydrocarbon feedstock using the above catalyst is also claimed. The operating conditions include temp. 400-2200 F, pressure 0-1500 psig, C1 equiv. space velocity 100-20,000 v/hr/v, and steam:C ratio of 0-3.5, using oxygen-contg. gas which is steam, air, oxygen and/or oxides of C.    The hydrocarbon feedstock includes methyl fuel and a variety of single hydrocarbon or mixts of hydrocarbons including: 1-40C paraffins, naphthenes, olefins and aromatics, natural gas and its condensate, petroleum refinery streams including refinery gases, light naphtha, heavy naphtha and gas oil and petrochemical streams, including hydrocarbon contg. by-prods. from ethylene plants.    USE -   For prodn. of H-rich or methane-rich gases including synthesis gas, reducing gas or town gas from hydrocarbons.    ADVANTAGE -   Improved catalyst which can operate at relatively low steam:carbon ratios without deleterious C deposition on the catalyst. The catalyst has a long life at high operating temps..
(JP2729467-B2)      The appts. comprises a crude refuse decomposition chamber (2) holding a moisture absorption member (1), with bacteria including aerobic bacteria a stirring member (3) to stir the crude refuse and moisture absorption member in the chamber and a ventilator (4) to ventilate the chamber and a deodoriser (5) to deodorise air from the ventilator.    The ventilator has a dividing wall (4A) to separate the inlet side (11) of the chamber connected to a suction hole (10) to supply outside air to the chamber, a discharge side (12) connected to a discharging passage (7) to discharge air in the chamber; and a fan (4B) for forced ventilation of the chamber. The lower end of the dividing wall is at the upper surface of the moisture absorption member or extends in side it.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   To decompose domestic organic refuse. A large quantity of oxygen can be supplied to the aerobic bacteria without increase in the amt. of air for ventilation. Power consumption is decreased, and the refuse is decomposed effectively.
(JP3104777-B2)      The appts. (1) comprises a treating tank (3) which holds a filler material (11) and refuse (12), and has a stirrer (5) to stir the filler and refuse, and a controller (10) to drive the stirrer intermittently. When the stirring is finished, the stirrer is temporarily rotated in the reverse direction.    The stirrer consists of a rotation shaft (6) and stirring blades (7) projecting from the rotation shaft within a semi-circle around the rotation shaft.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   To treat refuse discharged from domestic kitchens. The filler prevents the refuse from drying and so improves decomposition.
(JP3169769-B2)      The appts. (1) comprises a treating tank (3) holding filler (12) and refuse (13); a stirrer (5) placed in the treating tank; a sensor (10) to detect the temp. in the filler; sensor (14) to detect the humidity in the treating tank; and an indicating means (15) to judge the working state of microorganisms in the filler, (from the detected temp. and humidity), and indicate it.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   To treat domestic kitchen waste. Decomposition speed of the refuse can be estimated and the refuse can be introduced in controlled amt. according to the estimated decomposition speed.
(JP8066698-A)      Process for the treatment of liquid waste, mud, and solid waste contg. sulphates and heavy metals comprises: (a) a neutralisation step at a pH of 3-10; and (b) an anaerobic redn. step of the sulphate ion at 20-70C for 5-30 days using a consortium of sulphate-reducing bacteria and lactobacilli and adding whey to the reaction. mixt. as a source of C and N.    Pref. the neutralisation is carried out with the use of sulphuric acid or calcium oxide at a pH of 6-7.5. The anaerobic redn. step is carried out at 35C.    USE -   The process is esp. useful for treating mud deriving from prodn. of Cl2 and NaOH, slag from the prodn. of secondary lead, chalk from the prodn. of Zn, powder from incineration oven etc.    ADVANTAGE -   The anaerobic treatment makes it possible to transform heavy metal ions present in liquid waste, mud, and solid waste into insoluble and inert sulphides.
(WO9613321-A1)      A compsn. for cleaning exhaust gases, esp. used air, comprises a bed loaded with micro-organisms and essentially grape seeds, beer hops and mineral material. Also claimed are methods for cleaning (i) spent air by saturating it with moisture and then passing it at 10-70 C through the bed, and (ii) soil by mixing it with the compsn. and then impinging with a gas, pref. air.    USE -   Suitable for a wide range of applications including the foodstuffs, brewing, paint, furniture, paper, timber, plastics, crude oil, sewage and waste disposal industries for removing malodorous substances from exhaust gases or volatile substances from the soil.    ADVANTAGE -   The filter is cheap and simple to maintain, removes practically all toxic and malodorous components (e.g. toluene or acetone), does not require an expensive moisturising device and the compsn. provides an excellent growth medium for micro-organisms.    (EP788399-B1)      A compsn. for cleaning exhaust gases, esp. used air, comprises a bed loaded with micro-organisms and essentially grape seeds, beer hops and mineral material. Also claimed are methods for cleaning (i) spent air by saturating it with moisture and then passing it at 10-70 C through the bed, and (ii) soil by mixing it with the compsn. and then impinging with a gas, pref. air.    USE -   Suitable for a wide range of applications including the foodstuffs, brewing, paint, furniture, paper, timber, plastics, crude oil, sewage and waste disposal industries for removing malodorous substances from exhaust gases or volatile substances from the soil.    ADVANTAGE -   The filter is cheap and simple to maintain, removes practically all toxic and malodorous components (e.g. toluene or acetone), does not require an expensive moisturising device and the compsn. provides an excellent growth medium for micro-organisms.
(DE4423453-A1)      A two-phase aerobic decomposition of organic matter involves (a) fermentation for 2-20 days in closed container(s), with inlet and outlet of air, controlled in dependence on the temp. and/or humidity during fermentation, and after stopping the fermentation, (b) further rotting of the material from the container, with continuous aeration and with turning the material over at least once.    ADVANTAGE -   The time for composting is reduced using this process.    (EP691316-B1)      A two-phase aerobic decomposition of organic matter involves (a) fermentation for 2-20 days in closed container(s), with inlet and outlet of air, controlled in dependence on the temp. and/or humidity during fermentation, and after stopping the fermentation, (b) further rotting of the material from the container, with continuous aeration and with turning the material over at least once.    ADVANTAGE -   The time for composting is reduced using this process.
(DE19526109-C2)      Strewable additive for addn. to units used for the composting of bio waste, consisting of a porous prod. obtd. from straw by finely chopping the straw, compressing the chopped straw under high pressure and comminuting the compressed straw into a strewable prod.    USE -   The additive is used for spreading onto the fraction of urban refuse, which can be composted, during the composting process. Several layers of the straw prod., each 1-3 cm deep, are spread onto a 10-30 cm layer of bio waste.    ADVANTAGE -   The straw prod. has excellent binding capacity for the liquids and odorous gases, formed during composting, without hindering the composting process.
(FR2722206-A1)      Biological waste e.g. organic kitchen and garden waste, is fermented in a vessel comprising a U-shaped lower shell (2) and a hood (3) with a gas-tight connection to the shell, positioned horizontally and having a stirring mechanism and air pressure flow. The components may be mfd. from steel plate and/or concrete. The hood can be detached from the shell.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   The rounded body of the vessel prevents the drying of the waste in corners. The shape of the vessel allows for a length redn. while still having the same vol. as cylindrical vessels. The vessel has also lower mfg. costs.    (BE1010988-A3)      Biological waste e.g. organic kitchen and garden waste, is fermented in a vessel comprising a U-shaped lower shell (2) and a hood (3) with a gas-tight connection to the shell, positioned horizontally and having a stirring mechanism and air pressure flow. The components may be mfd. from steel plate and/or concrete. The hood can be detached from the shell.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   The rounded body of the vessel prevents the drying of the waste in corners. The shape of the vessel allows for a length redn. while still having the same vol. as cylindrical vessels. The vessel has also lower mfg. costs.
(EP759892-A1)      Organic waste in a hopper (1) is fed into a funnel shaped container (8) in which it is moistened by water or aq. liq. (13, 14). The waste is fed into the container (8) at its lower end (7) and moves upwardly through the container, whose walls diverge at an angle () of 60-160, to overflow the upper side edges and be carried away by the outfeed device (9). The appts. and method are both claimed.    USE -   The device can be used in the treatment of household, slaughterhouse, or hazardous, organic waste material.    ADVANTAGE -   Prior methods were batch systems and the moistening water tended to channel in the waste leading to uneven treatment. The new system provides uniform rapid and efficient degradation of the waste.
(JP8256783-A)      A process for producing a polyester comprises reacting an organic diol with an organic dicarboxylic acid or diester thereof in the presence of a supercritical fluid and a solid esterase enzyme at a temp. of 120C or less and a pressure of 100 psi or more. The reaction temp. in K is from 85% to 120% of the critical temp. in deg.K of the supercritical fluid.    USE -   The process is used to prepare low M.wt. hydroxy-nominated linear aliphatic oligoesters having 3-50 repeating ester units for polyurethane manufacture.    ADVANTAGE -   Molecular wt. can be controlled by varying the presence of the esterification reaction. The polyester produced has polydispersity 1.02-3.5.
(JP2714622-B2)      Plant digesting kitchen waste in water comprises a water tank which has a heater at the bottom, a basket cage in which kitchen waste is held, and an air bubbler which is placed beneath the basket cage. Air bubbles are introduced into the tank and contacted with the kitchen waste decompose of it.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For decomposing kitchen waste with aerobic bacteria. Kitchen waste decomposition and bacteria propagation can be promoted by air bubbling in water. The new plant has a simple structure.    In an example, an air bubbler was made of sintered metal (bronze or stainless steel) fine powder and had a porosity of 40%; 10,000,000 fine air bubbles were generated per 1 cm2 of the sintered metal fine powder. In an example, 20 litres/min of air were bubbled through a bubbler with 300 cm2 of area; 1.0-1.5 kg of kitchen waste were decomposed per day.
(JP2668192-B2)      Appts. comprises a crude waste decomposition chamber (5) to store moisture absorption members (4) supporting bacteria to decompose crude water, a stirring member (6) placed in the crude waste decomposition chamber to stir the crude waste supplied to the chamber and moisture absorption members, exhausting passage (7) to exhaust air from the decomposition chamber to the outside, ozone supply means (8) to supply ozone to the exhaust passage, and ozone discharge prevention means (9) at an outside air suction passage (1) by which the ozone supply means sucks outside air to prevent backflow of air mixed with ozone. The ozone discharge prevention means is an ozone-oxygen conversion catalyst (10) to convert ozone in the air flowing backward to oxygen.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Used to treat crude waste discharged from kitchens of homes. Ozone does not leak when problems occur in fans of crude waste treatment appts..
(JP2663242-B2)      Organic waste in a treating chamber is heated above 100 deg.C then dewatered under vacuum, fermented under atmospheric pressure keeping its temp. on optimum temp. for aerobic fermentation and supplying it with air. Organic waste in the treating chamber is heated above 100 deg.C with steam, dewatered down to 60% under vacuum, fermented aerobically by adding it to aerobic micro-organism maintaining optimum temp. and supplying it with air. Facilities are also claimed.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Used for treating organic waste discharged from food industries or kitchens. Decomposes organic waste with hard tissue or fat and oil owing to the softening or denaturing effect of thermal treatment.    In an example, organic waste supplied to the treating chamber (1) via an inlet (6), and the waste is heated in the closed chamber with high temp. steam (by opening valves 16 and 17) at 120 deg.C under 1.5. kg/cm2 pressure for 30 minutes while mixing it with vanes (9) at the rate of 0.5-3 rpm, then the chamber is evacuated with a vacuum pump (24) and the water content of the waste is reduced down to 60%, the waste is added to aerobic microorganism and kept at 80 deg.C under aerobic condition. After 20 hours granular compost with water content of 15% was obtained. (18=fan, 22=mist separator).
(JP2798886-B2)      Prodn. of L-aspartic acid which comprises making an aspartase-active enzyme material (specifically: cells of microorganism, destroyed cells, partially or totally purified enzyme, fixed enzyme) act on a substrate contg. fumaric acid, ammonia and an alkali metal ion (0.5-1.5 equimolar amt. for fumaric acid; specifically, Na and/or K) to yield L-aspartic acid, then adding a mineral acid to yield L-aspartic acid crystals as ppte. and collecting by filtration while eliminating the alkali metal salt of mineral acid as wastewater, is new.    Fumaric acid or its salts may be dissolved in the reaction medium at a rate of 5-30 wt.%, pref. 1-25 wt.%. Ammonia may be used as liquid ammonia or ammonia water at a concn. of 10-35 wt.%. The alkali metal ion (NaOH, KOH) may be used in amt. 0.5-1.5 mole, pref. 0.9-1.3 mole, partic. 1.10-1.25 mole, for 1 mole fumaric acid. The reaction is carried out at pH 7.5-9.0, pref. pH 8.0-8.5 (optimum pH of aspartase). The enzyme material includes highly aspartase-active cells of microorganisms (e.g. E. coli ATCC 11303, ATCC 9637, ATCC 27325; Brevibacterium) and their processed material (destroyed by ultrasound, grinding, freezing and thawing, treatment with enzymes or surfactants). The fixed enzyme is fixed on cellulose, alginic acid, carrageenan, mannan gel, ion exchange resin, polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylamide, etc.. The reaction is carried out pref. in the presence of 0.1-50 mM, pref. 1-10 mM, Mg salt, e.g. MgCl2, MgSO4, at a temp. below 20-50 deg.C, pref. 25-40 deg.C.
(JP2955608-B2)      An organic substance decomposing microorganism HR-2 (National Institute of Bioscience and Human-Technology, Agency of Industrial Science and Technology, Ferm. P No. 14115) which maintains high protease activity at a temperature over 50 deg.C.    Also claimed is (i) an organic substance decomposing microorganism HR-6 (NIBH Ferm,P No. 14116) which maintains high protease activity at a temperature over 50 deg.C.; (ii) an organic waste treatment process wherein the waste is put in a treatment vessel containing the above-mentioned microorganism HR-2 and/or HR-6 and aerobic environment is maintained.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   The organic substance decomposing microorganism is useful for treatment of garbage, etc. Since the microorganism keeps high protease activity at a temperature over 50 deg.C, the organic waste can be decompsoed efficiently in almost 24 hours, and the resulting treated substance can be re-used as a fertiliser or a feedstuff.    In an example, the high protease activities of the microorganism HR-6 and HR-2 were confirmed by the following example: 31 kg of bean-curd refuse (water content of 75%) was put in a treatment vessel (capacity of 100 l) containing 25 kg of microorganism base (which was obtained by culturing microorganism HR-2 and microorganism HR-6 in coffee refuse for 3 days in the treatment vessel). 3 hours after the introduction of the bean-curd refuse, the temperature inside of the vessel began to increase, and exceeded 60 deg.C after 8 hours then reached the highest temperature (73 deg.C) 10 hours after the start of the experiment (introduction of the bean-curd refuse). The temperature was kept over 60 deg.C for more than 30 hours, and that showed the microorganism HR-2 and HR-6 had high protease activity even at a temperature over 70 deg.C.
(FR2721229-A1)      An aeration/mixing system is mounted in a central cylinder in a liq. effluent tank. A rotating arm has a propeller, anti-vortex units and mixing "blades" which consist of 3-5 mm dia. cables in the form of a semi-circle. These cables ensure intimate gas/liq. contact when compressed gas is injected into the mixing section.    USE -   System is used for domestic and industrial effluents, biotechnological wastes, ozonation, etc..    ADVANTAGE -   System can treat high grease concn. liqs. with minimal foam prodn..
(JP3066244-B2)      Gas reformer comprises a fuel gas passage (8) having a reaction tube (2) contg. catalyst (11), heating medium heating part to heat a heating medium except reformed gas formed by reforming and heating medium passage (5) placed so that the heating medium takes a long way around the reaction tube. The fuel gas passage at the upstream side of reaction tube and heating medium passage at the upstream side of roundabout way part are divided by a heat exchanging plate, and the supply direction of fuel gas and flowing direction of heating medium near the reaction tube are the same direction.    USE -   Used to reform natural gas or methanol, to hydrogen-enriched gas used for fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The catalyst is effectively used and the deterioration of fuel gas passage does not occur.
(DE4416030-C2)      Process for conversion of waste paper or cellulose contg. waste materials into an absorbent easily compostable loose bulk material, comprises comminuting and granulating the waste paper or cellulose-contg. material in a rotating drum with the addn. of water.     Pref. 60-100 l. water is added per m3of waste paper etc.. Pref. the comminuted and granulated material is sieved, esp.through an 8-50 mm. mesh sieve, and the coarse fraction returned to the drum. The fine fraction is pref. rotted by composting. Naturally rottable materials (e.g. peat, wood flour, bark) and/or mineral substances (lime, marl, sand, bentonite) and/or composting bacteria may be mixed with the waste paper etc., to be processed, or naturally rottable materials and/or mineral substances and/or fertilisers (potassium, nitrate, phosphate or sulphate contg. materials) may be mixed with the fine fraction of the comminuted and granulated material.    USE -   The comminuted and granulated prod. has high absorbency and high pore content and is useful e.g. as a filling in biofilters for purificn. of biological effluent gas and effluent air; as a material for absorbing and binding environmentally harmful substances such as petroleum and oil spills on water and on land, and as a soil improvement additive; and after composting, as a mulch or a medium for growing mushrooms.    ADVANTAGE -   When used as a sorbent substance for cleaning up oil spills etc., the spent material can be disposed of by burning (not possible when using sorbent minerals). The comminuted/granulated material composts rapidly and can be used as a replacement for peat in agricultural applications which is environmentally advantageous.
(US5843769-A)      Waste is composted in an arrangement of an inner chain driven drum (1), activated whenever waste is put in the composite via a trap door (3a) and chute (3). The interior of the drum contains mixing and feeding elements including blades for disintegrating and shredding the waste. The drum is surrounded by a fixed thermally insulated outer housing (2), leaving an annular space (7) in which pre-composted material falls through openings (6) at the end of the drum. The outer surface of the drum is fitted with a spiral feed rod (8) which carries the material in a direction opposite the flowing direction within the drum.    ADVANTAGE -   Sepn. of high temp. composting region and pre-composted material.
(EP719768-B1)      Epoxidation of an olefin with hydrogen peroxide comprises sepg. a gas mixt. of olefin and oxygen obtd. from hydrogen peroxide decompsn. from the liq. reaction mixt. Olefin from the gas mixt. is absorbed in a liq. absorbent and an inert gas is added to the oxygen to prevent formation of flammable gas compsns. The liquid absorbent consists of isopropanol and water.    USE -   The process is used partic. in the prodn. of propylene oxide by the catalytic reaction of propylene with hydrogen peroxide which is formed by the oxidn. of isopropanol.    ADVANTAGE -   The inert gas used is methane (claimed). Amt. used is sufficient to avoid the formation of flammable oxygen vapour mixts.
(GB2292386-A)      A homogeneously soluble polyol compsn. comprises (a) cpd(s) having at least 2 isocyanate-active H comprising a polyoxyalkylene polyether polyol; (b) 2-chloropropane; and (c) a blowing agent comprising a 4-6C aliphatic hydrocarbon.    USE -   Used in prodn. of rigid, pref. closed cell, polyurethane foams as domestic appliance and industrial casing insulation, jacketing for hot water tanks and pipes, building insulation, sound and energy absorbing foams, and doors.    ADVANTAGE -   The compsns. enable use of hydrocarbon blowing agents as substitutes for CFC's and HCFC's, while avoiding the separate addn. and mixing of polyol and hydrocarbon immediately prior to foam mfr..
(JP2785103-B2)      Appts. (1) comprises the crushing appts. (2) consisting of traverse flow type rotary cutters (7,8,9) placed in a treatment tank (2) contacting or approaching to each other, in parallel to each other and three-dimensionally, and presser (4) consisting of a pair of rolls (21,22) pushing to each other and placed in the treatment tank forming a row with the crushing appts..    Also claimed is treating crude refuse comprising sepg. water from a fluid material obtd. by crushing and pressing crude refuse by passing the fluid material through a filter and heating it to dry it to obtain fertilisers.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   To treat crude refuse discharged from general homes or restaurants to use as fertilisers. Refuse consisting of solid materials and liq. materials can be changed to fluid materials easy to treat, and to fertilisers. The treatment appts. can be installed at a narrow area.