US5509945-A  A. P. Ginsberg et al., Inorg. Chem., 21, 3666 (1982);  B. L. Booth et al., J. Chem. Soc. Dalton Trans., 1415 (1987);  B. L. Booth et al., J. Chem. Soc. Dalton Trans., 2959 (1987);  D. D. Whitehurst, Chemtech, 44 (January 1980);  D. Darensbourg et al., Inorg. Chem., 33, 175 (1974);  DE4207299-A1 (J. Albrecht et al.) (25/11/93), Chem. Abstr., 120, 191994f;  DOE/PETC Grant 426-03-00-0058;  F. Mercier et al., J. Organomet. Chem., 462, 103 (1993);  G. J. Kubas et al., Inorg. Chem., 20, 2667 (1981);  J. Hoots, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Illinois (1984);  J. Hoots, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Illinois (1984), pages 133-183;  L. M. Stock et al., Energy and Fuels, 3, 651 (1989);  NSF Grant 420-21-00-0000;  R. S. Amos et al., J. Org. Chem., 49, 2637 (1984);  T. Mohan et al., Energy and Fuels, 7, 222 (1993);  T. N. Mitchell et al., J. Organomet. Chem., 436, 43 (1992);  W. H. Calkins, Fuel, 73, 475 (1994);  Y. Chen et al., Yingyong Huaxue, 6, 1 (1989), Chem. Abstr., 112, 98793q;  A. B. Garcia et al., "Comparative Performance of Impregnated Molybdenum-Sulfur Catalysts in Hydrogenation of Spanish Lignite," Fuel, 68, 1613-1616 (Dec. 1989);  A. B. Garcia et al., "Hydrodesulfurization of a High Organic Sulfur Spanish Lignite with Impregnated Nickel Sulfate," Coal Preparation, 9, 185-197 (1991) Month not available;  A. Iannibello et al., "Modeling the Hydrotreating Reactions of a Heavy Residual Oil in a Pilot Trickle-Bed Reactor", Ind. Eng. Chem. Process Des. Dev., 24, 531-537 (1985), Month not available;  A. P. Ginsberg et al., "Disulfur and Diselenium Complexes of Rhodium and Iridium," Inorg. Chem., 21, 3666-3681 (1982). (Apr.);  B. L. Booth et al., "A Comparison of the Efficiencies of Polymer-supported Phosphine and Phosphine Oxide Complexes of Manganese(II), MnX2((P))C6H4PPh2) and MnX2{(P)C6H4P(O)Ph2}n (n=2 or 4; X=Cl, Br or I), for the Absorption of Sulphur Dioxide", J. Chem. Soc. Dalton Trans., 2959-2961 (1987) Month not available;  B. L. Booth et al., "The Synthesis of Silica-Supported Phosphine and Phosphine Oxide Complexes of Manganese(II) Iodide and their Reaction with Sulphur Dioxide," J. Chem. Soc. Dalton Trans., 1415-1417 (1987) Month not available;  C. L. Chernick et al., "Thermochemistry of Organophosphorus Compounds, Part III. The Heat of Addition of Sulphur to Triethyl Phosphite, and to Tri-n-propyl- and Tri-n-butyl-phosphine," J. Chem. Soc., 1851-1854 (1957) Month not available;  C. N. Satterfield, "Hydrodesulfurization" Heterogeneous Catalysis in Industrial Practice; Second Edition; McGraw-Hill, Inc.: New York; Chapter 9.9, pp. 378-383 (1991), Month not available;  C. Rong et al., "Quantum Chemical Study of MoS2 Hydrodesulfurization Catalysts," J. Mol. Catal., 64, 321-335 (1991), Month not available;  D. C. McCulloch, "Catalytic Hydrotreating in Petroleum Refining," in Applied Industrial Catalysis, vol. 1; B. E. Leach, Ed.; Academic Press; New York; pp. 69-121 (1983), Month not available;  D. D. Whitehurst, "Catalysis by Heterogenized Transition-Metal Complexes," Chemtech, 44-49, (Jan. 1980);  D. J. Darensbourg et al., "Nucleophilc Addition of a Water-Soluble Phosphine to Aldehydes. Isolation of (1-Hydroxyalkyl)phosphonium Salts and the Crystal Structure of the (1-Methoxy-1-benzyl)-(m-sulfonatophenyl)diphenylphosphonium Salt," Inorg. Chem., 33, 175-177 (1994), Month not available;  D. R. Kilanowski et al., "Kinetics of Hydrodesulfurization of Benzothiophene Catalyzed by Sulfided Co-Mo/Al2O2," Journal of Catalysis, 62, 70-78 (1980), Month not available;  E. J. Markel, "Catalytic Hydrodesulfurization by Supported Organometallic Sulfide Clusters and Topotactic Molybdenum Nitride", Dissertation Abstracts International, 51, 2494-B (Nov. 1990);  G. A. Olah et al., "Reduction of Carbonyl Compounds to Hydrocarbons with Triisopropyl Phosphite: An Inexpensive New Reducing Agent," Synlett, 54-56 (Jan. 1990);  G. J. Kubas et al., "Synthesis, Characterization, and Reactions of Iron-Sulfur Clusters Containing the S2Ligand: [Cp2Fe2(S2)(SR)2]0,1+, [Cp4Fe4S5]0,1+,2+, and [Cp4Fe4S6]," Inorg. Chem., 20, 2667-2676 (1981), Month not available;  J. Albrecht et al., "Silica-Supported Phosphine Oxide Catalyst for the Disproportionation of Aryl- or Alkylhalodisilanes to Aryl- or Alkylhalomono- and Polysilanes", German Patent Document DE 4207299 A1 (25/11/1993); Chem. Abstr., 120, Abstract No. 191994f (1994) Month N/A for Abstract;  J. G. Speight, The Desulfurization of Heavy Oils and Residua; Marcel Dekker, Inc.: New York (1981). (Title page and table of contents (pp. vii-ix), Month not available;  J. G. Verkade, "31P NMR Spectroscopy in the Analysis of Coal Materials" in 31P NMR Spectral Properties in Compound Characterization and Structural Analysis; L. D. Quin et al., Eds.; VCH Publishers: New York; Chapter 28, pp. 373-384 (1994), Month not available;  J. G. Verkade, "Heteronuclear Probes of Coal Structure and Reactivity", Abstract of Department of Energy Grant No. FB22-92PC92531. This abstract was obtained from the Dialog online database Federal Research in Progress. Apr. 1994;  J. G. Verkade, "Heteronuclear Probes of Coal Structure and Reactivity", Abstracts and Research Accomplishments of University Coal Research Projects (Jun. 1994);  J. G. Verkade, "Heteronuclear Probes of Coal Structure and Reactivity", Abstracts and Research Accomplishments of University Coal Research Projects, 20-21 (Jun. 1993);  J. Hoots, "Desulfurization of Solid-State Metal Sulfides," Ph.D. Thesis, University of Illinois, pp. 133-183 (1984) Month not available;  J. J. Eisch et al., "Desulfurization of Organic Compounds and Coal-Derived Liquids by Novel Transition Metal Complexes," Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Fuel Chem., 27, 78-84 (1982), paper presented at the American Chemical Society, Division of Fuel Chemistry Meeting, Kansas City, Mo., Sep. 12-17, 1982;  J. Laine et al., "The Effect of Composition and Pretreatment on the Activity of Nickel-Molybdenum Based Hydrodesulfurization Catalysts," Ind. Eng. Chem. Prod. Res. Div., 18, 329-332 (1979), Month not available;  J. Surygala et al., "Study of the activity of coal liquid hydrogenation catalsts. Hydrogenation and hydrodesulfurization of model compounds", Abstract of Koks. Smola, Gaz., 32, 154-157 (1987), Month not available;  K. Chatterjee et al., "Toward Organic Desulfurization. The Treatment of Bituminous Coals with Strong Bases", Energy & Fuels, 5, 704-707 (1991) (Jun.);  K. Erdmann et al., "31P Solid-State NMR Study of Coals Derivatized with Phosphorous Reagents", Energy & Fuels, 9, 354358 (Mar./Apr. 1995);  L. M. Stock et al., "Sulfur Distribution in American Bituminous Coals," Energy & Fuels, 3, 651-661 (Nov./Dec. 1989);  M. Nagai et al., "Desulfurization of Benzonaphthothiophenes and Dibenzothiophene with a Raney Nickel Catalyst: Its Relationship to pi-Electron Density" in Polynuclear Aromatic Compounds; L. B. Ebert, Ed.; American Chemical Society: Washington, D.C.; pp. 357-366 (1988) Month not available;  M.-C. Ye et al., "New 119Sn NMR Tagging Reagents for Labile Hydrogen Functional Group Analysis," Energy & Fuels, 8, 172-178 (1994), Month not available;  P. Grange, "Catalytic Hydrodesulfurization," Catal. Rev.Sci. Eng., 21, 135-181 (1980), Month not available;  Phosphorus-31 NMR Spectroscopy in Stereochemical Analysis; J. G. Verkade et al., Ed.; VCH Publishers, Inc.: Deerfield Beach, Florida (1987). (Title page and table of contents, pp. xi-xvi), Month not available;  R. A. Amos et al., "Reductive Cleavage of Aromatic Disulfides Using a Polymer-Supported Phosphine Reagent," J. Org. Chem., 49, 2637-2639 (Jan. 1984);  R. Badilla-Ohlbaum et al., "A Study of Nickel-Molybdate Coal-Hydrogenation Catalysts Using Model Feedstocks," Fuel, 58, 309-314 (Apr. 1979);  T. Engelbach, "Ueber die Destillationsproducte fossiler und anderer Substanzen als Beleuchtungsmittel, and Untersuchung der Destillationsproducte des bituminosen Sandes von Heide in Holstein", Ann. Chem. Pharm., 1-26, (1857), Month not available;  T. Mohan et al., "Determination of Total Phenol Concentrations in Coal Liquefaction Resids by 31P NMR Spectroscopy," Energy & Fuels, 7, 222-226 (1993), Month not available;  T. N. Mitchell et al., "Approaches to New Water-Soluble Phosphines," J. Organomet. Chem., 436, 43-53 (1992);  W. H. Calkins, "The Chemical Forms of Sulfur in Coal: A Review," Fuel, 73, 475-483 (1994) Month not available;  Y. A. Dorfman et al., "Oxidative phosphorylation of butanol by red phosphorus", Kinet. Katal., 32, 188-91 (1991); Chem Abs., 114, Abstract No. 247402g (1991), Month not available;  Y. Chen et al., "Synthesis of Polysiloxane-Supported Phosphine-Platinum, Phosphine-Rhodium Complexes and Their Catalytic Behavior for Hydrosilylation of Olefins", Yingyong Huaxue, 6, 1-5 (1989): Chem. Abstr., 112, Abstract No. 98793q (1990) Month not available