The solid electrolyte comprises a solid polymeric matrix and an electrolyte compsn. comprising an effective amt. of an electrolyte salt having formula (I): R'-O-{[CR2]n-Z-[CR2]n}x-ALi+    where A = SO3- or CO2-; Z = O, sulphide SH2 or NR; x = 1-10; R' = 1-5 C alkyl, or opt. substd. aromatic gp. having 6-11 C; n = 1-5; R = H, 1-5 C alkyl, opt. substd. aromatic gp. having 6-11 C, provided that when A = SO3-, Z = sulphide or amine.    Also claimed are: (i) an electrolytic cell which comprises an anode, a cathode and interposed between a solid electrolyte as above; and (ii) the mfr. of an electrochemical cell comprising providing an anode and a cathode; and forming a solid electrolyte as above between the anode and the cathode.    ADVANTAGE -   The use of the electrolyte salts in the solid electrolyte results in improved conductivity and cumulative capacity in the electrochemical cells. The salt is expected to be less volatile than conventional salts.
A transparent carbon nitride film is 40 nm thick, contains 36% nitrogen and has a transmittance of 95% compared to glass for photons with energies of 0.5-3 eV.    Also claimed is a film as described which has 95% transmittance throughout the visible spectrum.    Also claimed are compsns. of matter having 1 transparent film as previously described.    USE -   The film is used for optical and solar devices.    ADVANTAGE -   the films are transparent and hard, and so are scratch resistant.
The alkaline secondary cell comprises an anode, a cathode having a collector structure in which paste, contg. hydrogen occluding alloy powder, conductive material, and binder is filled, a separator placed between the anode and the cathode, and alkaline electrolyte. The binder of the cathode contains hydrogenated butadiene acrylonitrile rubber.    ADVANTAGE -   Hydrogen occluding alloy powder and conductive material can be firmly held on the collector. Gas absorbing capability of the cathode can be improved. Deterioration of the binder through repeated charge-discharge cycling is suppressed. Consumption of the alkaline electrolyte is reduced, and charge-discharge cycle life improved.
The glass mat for the lead storage battery consists of one kind or at least two kinds of glass fibres having average dia. of 13-20 m and length of 10-30 mm. The glass mat is prepd. by wet system paper making method and has fibre orientation in longitudinal direction.    USE -   The glass mat is used for the lead storage battery by placing it at the side of the anode plate together with the separator.    ADVANTAGE -   Glass mat having good gas penetrating property and reduced electric resistance can be obtd.
The device comprises rectangular batteries arranged to be electrically connected with one another in a case. The case is composed of perforated outer light alloy casing, and a fibre-reinforced synthetic resin layer partly fitted into perforations in the casing, so as to be monolithically placed on the inside of the casing.    USE -   Used as a package battery device in motor vehicles, etc.    ADVANTAGE -   The device has a lightweight case having good delamination resistance, vibration resistance and impact resistance.
Pt-Al alloy catalyst on a conducting carbon carrier is claimed, in which the atomic ratio of Pt to Al is 80-60: 20-40 and the alloy particles are present on the carbon carrier in carbided form with the structure of the Pt-Al carbide (Pt3AlC0.5). Prodn. of the catalyst is also claimed.    USE -   The catalyst is used as an electro catalyst in phosphoric acid fuel cells (PAFC) or in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFC).    ADVANTAGE -   The catalyst has higher activity and improved ageing stability.
An electrolyte compsn. comprises: (i) a salt; disposed in (ii) a matrix comprising the reaction prod. of (a) a diene-functional alkylene oxide; (b) a difunctional thiol; and/or (c) a multifunctional reactant having a functionality greater than 2 comprising a multi-ene-functional thiol. The relative amts. of (a)-(c) are such that (I) the compsn., when formed into a shape, has sufficient mechanical integrity to retain the shape under operating conditions; and (II) the compsn. exhibits an ionic conductivity of at least 1x10-6 S/cm when measured in the absence of solvent at 25 C. Also claimed is a method of preparing the above electrolyte compsn..    USE -   Compsns. are used for prim. and sec. batteries (Li batteries) and other applications, e.g. sensor, capacitor and electrochromic device (optical shutter or display).    ADVANTAGE -   Polymers form lightweight solid (or gelled) films with mechanical integrity but have higher conductivity under ambient conditions. Reactants provide sufficient tack level to adhere electrolyte and substrate.
The ion exchange membrane is reinforced at least at its peripheral parts with expanded porous membranes holding ion exchange resins in pores.    USE -   Ion exchange membranes used for fuel cells, secondary cells or electrolysis appts.    ADVANTAGE -   The reinforcement with expanded membranes including ion exchange resins prevents damage caused by repeated expansion and contraction on process and maintains high ion conductivity.
High mol. electrolytes of formula -[-Al-(XR1)(XR2)-X'-R3-X'-]p- M+ (I) are new. In (I), R1, R2 = up to 20 C chain-like or cyclic alkyl, &lt; 20 C alkenyl, CH3O-(CH2CH2O)m-CH2CH2- (m = 1-21), opt. below 4 C gp.-substd. phenyl, below 20 C aryl, furfuryl or tetrahydrofurfuryl; R3 = up to 20 C alkylene, &lt; 20C phenyl-dialkylene or phenylene, &lt; 20 C alkenylene, -(CH2CH2O)n-CH2CH2- (n = 0-20), &lt; 30 C arylene, &lt; 30 C aralkylene, &lt; 30 C alkylene-diphenylene; X, X' = O or S; M = Li, Na and/or K; p = average number of repetition 1-1000.    Also claimed are high mol. electrolytes prepd. by adding non-protonic solvents to the above described high mol. electrolytes.    Also claimed are high mol. electrolytes prepd. by adding non-protonic high mols. to the high mol. electrolytes.    ADVANTAGE -   The high mol. electrolytes have a large ion migration deg., and a small anion-transport number. When exposed to air and hydrolysed or heat-decomposed, they neither form noxious substance nor explode. Alkali metal batteries comprising anodes occluding or discharging alkali metal ions, the above described high mol. electrolytes and cathodes occluding or discharging alkali metal ions (claimed) are extremely safe.
A polymer solid electrolyte comprises a polyether copolymer having an oligo-oxyethylene side chain and an electrolyte salt cpd. that is sol. in the polyether copolymer, which is a solid random copolymer contg. in the main chain 5-30 mol.% of units of formula (I) and 95-70 mol.% of units of formula (II): The polyether polymer has a degree of polymerisation (n) of oxyethylene units in (I) of 1-12, a number average mol.wt. (Mn) of 100,000-2,000,000, a max. glass transition temp. (Tg), measured by DSC, of -60 C and a max. heat of fusion of 70 J/g.    Also claimed is a battery contg. the above polymer solid electrolyte.    USE -   in electrochemical devices, e.g. batteries, (large capacity) capacitors, sensors, display devices e.g. electrochromic displays, etc.    ADVANTAGE -   the polymer has an ion conductivity superior to that of prior art solid electrolytes, superior processing and moulding characteristics and superior mechanical strength and flexibility.
The solid electrolyte includes a complexing agent that is incorporated into the solid matrix to provide for more effective transfer of current in an electrochemical cell or battery. The complexing agent immobilizes anions in the solid electrolyte so that at least a substantial majority of the charge transport is due to the cations, e.g., lithium ions.    Preferred complexing agents are derived from aza-ethers. With the solid electrolyte, it is expected that the lithium transference number should approach unity.    ADVANTAGE -   Electrolyte exhibits reduced polarisation and cell has improved cycle life and capacity.
Mfr. of conductive substrate/polymer solid electrolyte composite films (M) comprises: (1) coating a mixt. (A) of fluid low mol.wt. organic silicone cpd. (A1) contg. ethylene oxide unit(s) of -CH2 -CH2-O- in a mol. and Li supporting electrolyte (A2) on the surface of a conductive substrate (B); and (2) polymerising (A) by means of plasma.    USE -   (M) is suitable for mfg. conductive substrate/polymer solid electrolyte composite films which are used in electrochemical elements which utilise oxidn.-redn. function of conductive substrates such as Li sec. battery and electrochromic element.    ADVANTAGE -   (M) needs neither polymerisation initiator nor crosslinking agent. Conductive substrate/polymer solid electrolyte composite films mfd. by means of (M) and good in uniformity of qualities and adhesion strength between conductive substrates and polymer solid electrolytes.
Prodn. of phosphoric acid type battery matrix includes mixing a non-electron conductive material powder, and fibrillated polytetrafluoroethylene powder; adding an additive to moisten the mixt.; moulding the mixt. by compressing; and then rolling to give the mixt. a film shape.    ADVANTAGE -   The matrix is prevented from cracking, and the film keeps its shape.
The non-aq. battery comprises a synthetic resin cylinder to be stored in the hole provided in the lid in the external container of a battery, and an insulating spacer member between the electrode body and the inner surface of the lid.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents the lead wire connecting the electrode pin and electrode body from contacting the external container and lid to cause short circuit with reduced number of parts and hence assembly time.
The radiation-selective absorber, for converting electromagnetic radiation into heat, consists of a tube covered with foil(s) having a radiation-selective coating. The surface of the coating has high absorption for solar radiation, esp. a deg. of solar absorption of 0.8, and a low absorption for thermal radiation, esp. a deg. of thermal emission of &lt; 0.3.    Also claimed are a method and appts. for producing the absorber.    USE -   The adsorber is used in a solar collector, parabolic channel collector or storage collector (all claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   The absorber has better optical quality, can be mfd. on a large scale at favourable cost. The geometry can be varied and various materials can be used for the tube.
A solid, single-phase, solvent-contg. electrolyte comprises: a solid matrix derived by polymerising an alkane multifunctional acrylate from 1,4-butanediol diacrylate, 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate, 1,2,6-hexanetriol triacrylate, 1,12-dodecanediol diacrylate and/or 2,4-pentanediol diacrylate; a salt; an electrolytic solvent; and a viscosifier.    Also claimed are an electrolytic cell comprising a C-based intercalation anode comprising graphite and a cathode comprising an insertion cpd., sepd. by the above electrolyte, the choice of alkane multifunctional acrylates further including trimethylol propane triacrylate; and a process for mfg. the cell.    ADVANTAGE -   The electrolytes demonstrate improved conductivity and charge transfer, increasing cell/battery capacity.
A solid polymer electrolyte battery has a solid polymer electrolyte contg. (i) and (ii) as an electrolyte, and an aprotic organic solvent. (i) is an alkaline metal salt; and (ii) is a block-graft copolymer consisting of (a) at least one polymer block chain A having polymerisation degree of 10, and consisting of a repeat unit of formula (1); and (b) at least one polymer block chain B having polymerisation degree of 300, and consisting of a repeat unit of formula -(CH2 -C(R1)(M))- (3).     In the formulae, R1 = H, a methyl gp., or an ethyl gp.; R2 = H, or a methyl gp.; R3= H, an alkyl gp., an aryl gp., an acyl gp., or a silyl gp.; n = 1-45.     Graft chain of formula -(CH2 -CHR2 -O)n -R3 (2) in formula (1) has a number-average molecular wt. of 45-2000. In (2), M = -CH=CH2 , -CH(CH3 )=CH2 , -COOCH3 , -COOC2 H5, a phenyl gp., or a substd. phenyl gp.    USE -   The solid polymer electrolyte compounded with the aprotic organic solvent is used for a battery.    ADVANTAGE -   The solid polymer electrolyte has high film strength. The resulting solid polymer electrolyte battery has less accidents, including internal short circuit due to bent film or pressed film. The thin solid polymer electrolyte battery has stable battery characteristics, and high energy density.
Electrolyte has a basis constituent component consisting of a polymer cpd. with a crosslinked structure and an oxidn. redn. set of which comprises combination of I and I cpd. or Br and Br-cpd.    USE -   The electrolyte is suitable for a solar cell.    ADVANTAGE -   The electrolyte has improved anion conductivity and mechanical strength.
Vehicle roof ventilation cover is provided including a solar panel of cells linked to create a single circuit electrical supply source mounted on a backing sheet of clear material which defines a central section external depression for receiving the panel with a waterproof seal.    Pref. the sheet is a silicone or acrylic sheet.    USE -   For providing power for a caravan burglar alarm unit.
Reactor for photocatalytic purificn. of waste liquor has a solar cell (1) of spaced laminated plates of thermoplastic extrudable, transparent or translucent plastics contg. a photocatalyst, through which the liquor can flow.    Also claimed are the bridge laminates per se.    USE -   The laminates are used as solar cell for purifying waste liquor (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   The reactor uses a stable, lightweight and esp. cheap solar cell.
Closo-carbonate anions and their salts of formula CBaH(n+1)-xRx1- (I) are new. In (I), n = 5-13; x = 2 to n + 1; and R = (halogenated) hydrocarbon and halo.    Also claimed are (i) closo-borate anions or their salts of formula BmH(m-y)Ry2- (II) (where m = 6-14; and y = 2 to n); (ii) hemicloso-carboranyl radicals of formula CBnH(n+1)-xRx (III); (iii) hemicloso-boranyl radical anions of formula BmH(m-y)Ry1- (IV), or their salts, (iv) a method for synthesising cpds. (I), (II), (III), (IV) comprising (a) reacting in a solvent a mono-substd. closo-carbonate anion of formula CBnHnR1- (V) or a closo-borate anion of formula BmHm2- (VI) with a strong alkylating agent, including a means to remove generated acid, to generate (I) and (II), and (III) and (IV); (b) (electro)chemically oxidising said anion to generate the respective anions; (v) (co)polymers comprising repeating units selected from anions (I) and (II), and radicals (III) and (IV); and (vi) ionic complexes of metals with cpds. (I), (II) and (IV).    USE -   The anions are weak nucleophiles and are esp. useful in batteries and electrochromic display, e.g. signs, windows and aeroplane canopies.    ADVANTAGE -   The cpds. are stable and soluble.
Block assembly of positive and negative plates is formed by enveloping at least one row of alternately positive and negative plates (11) in a separator material (10) which is sealed together along the bottom of each plate, and between adjacent plates, and accordion-like folding the enveloped row to form a block of alternate positive and negative plates sepd. by separator material. As claimed there may be pairs of seals between adjacent plates, forming hinges to permit easy folding, or there may be temporary seals between each side seal and the side edge of each negative plate to hold the negative plate aligned with the positive plate during assembly but to rupture on expansion of the negative plate. The plate assembly produced is also claimed.    USE -   Used for producing a block of plates for use in an electrochemical cell, partic. a metal hydride cell.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides a method which minimises the time required for forming the plate assembly while ensuring accuracy of alignment and minimising contact between plates or with dust from the other polarity plates.
Improved lithium ion battery has an anode comprising a positive active material capable of reacting with lithium ions in discharging the battery and releasing lithium ions in charging the battery, the anode having two opposing major faces; a cathode comprising a negative active material capable of releasing lithium ions in discharging the battery and intercalating lithium ions in charging the battery, the negative electrode having two opposing major faces; a non-aq. electrolyte contg. a lithium salt capable of ionic dissociation; a first current collector in contact with a distal major face of the anode; a second current collector in contact with a distal major face of the cathode; and metallic electrical lead means in juxtaposed content position with of external face of each of the current collectors. The first current collector is an electroconductive, continuous and coherent polymer layer, the polymer layer consisting essentially of an electrically non-conductive, continuous and coherent polymer laminate having a thickness, and having dispersed in it more than 35 vol.% electroconductive particles e.g. titanium nitride, zirconium nitride, fine carbon, carbon black or carbon fibres. The conductive particles has major and minor dimensions.    USE -   The current collectors are used in lithium ion batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   The current collectors reduce corrosive interaction with the electrode fuse.
Solid polymer electrolyte for use in electrochemical cell comprises a soln. of 1 Li salt in 1 polymer host. The solid polymer electrolyte also includes a solid soln. of Li Ge oxide and Li V oxide of formula Li3_ =x Gex V1-x O4where x = 0.2-0.8.     Pref. the Li salt is e.g. Li perchlorate, Li tetrafluoroborate, Li trifluoromethane-sulphonate or Li hexafluoro-arsenate. The polymer host is at 1 polymer e.g. polyethylene oxide, polyacetylene, poly(alkylthiophene), polyaniline, phenylene or phenyl-sulphide. The Li ion conducting solid ceramic material is a solid soln. of Li Ge oxide or Li V oxide (pref. Li3 .6 Ge0 .6 V0 .4 O4).    USE -   The solid polymer electrolyte is useful in solid state polymer electrolyte batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   The solid polymer electrolyte has increased conductivity, allows the mfr. of cells in any geometric shape and provide inherent safety advantage over liq. electrolytes which may leak out.
Non-aq. electrolyte sec. battery is composed of negative electrode(n), positive electrode(p), and non-aqueous electrolyte. (n) contains C material as negative electrode active material carrying material, and binder resin (r). (p) contains positive electrode active material and (r). (r) contains polyamideimide resin contg. amine residual radical of dicyclohexyl-methane and/or isophorone or mixt. of polyamideimide resin and epoxy resin.    ADVANTAGE -   The process provides non-aq. electrolyte sec. battery having good cycle characteristics, using polyamideimide resin prepd. from dicyclohexylmethane diisocyanate or isophorone-diisocyanate, having toughness and adhesion to metal, resistance to non-aqueous electrolyte, and good workability at preparing paste for negative electrode, and at forming negative electrode.
The battery is constituted by a flexible substrate (1) on which a first and a second electrodes (2,4) are positioned with a photoelectric conversion semiconductor layer.    A fluororesin solution is coated on this substrate which is then dried to form a weather resistant resin film (7). This film is attached to the substrate using a glass fibre mixed adhesive agent (8).    ADVANTAGE -   The solar panel has good wind withstanding properties. Damage to the battery is prevented.
An ion conductor is formed contg. alkaline metal salt and an organic solvent in at least fluorine-contg. polyether of formula (1) or (2). m 1; n 102; R1, and R2 = H, opt. substd. 1-16C alkyl gps., alkenyl gps., fluorine-substd. alkyl gps., fluorine-substd. alkenyl gps., phenyl gps., alkyl-substd. phenyl gps. or (meth)acryloyl gps.    Pref. alkaline metal salt is Li salt, Na salt, esp. Li salt, including LiClO4, LiCF3SO3, LiPF6, LiBF4, LiAsF6, or LiI. Pref. organic solvent is ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, gamma-butyrolactone, dimethyl sulphoxide, or methyl pyrrolidone. The ion conductor consists of a 10-85 wt. %-block copolymer, 1-10 wt. %-alkaline metal salt, and a 10-80 wt. %-organic solvent.    USE -   The ion conductor is used for a surfactant partic. for a lithium battery. It is also used in an electrolytic capacitor, a sensor, or an electrochromic device.    ADVANTAGE -   The ion conductor is suitable for forming a film exerting high electrical conductivity. A block polyether contg. an acryloyl gp. or a methacryloyl gp. at its terminal is useful as a crosslinking body for the ion conductor.
A cylindrical air battery comprises a collector made by dispersed plating of a nickel-PTFE, a catalyst formed around the collector, and a water repellent porous resin film placed around the catalyst, and permeable to gas.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents creeping, and provides high charging characteristics during long reservation.
The nonwoven fabric is prepd. by plating a nonwoven fabric (1) to prepare a metal porous body (15), and making it to a material of metal porous body (15) for a battery electrode plate. The number of fibres (2) of the nonwoven fabric (1) to 30-130/mm2.    ADVANTAGE -   Increased amt. of adhered metal per fibre, thus increasing tension. Due to the small number of fibres, the gap between fibres becomes large, the metal can adhere the surface of the fibre of the inner layer part, and uniformity of amt. of adhered metal between the surface and the back side outer layer part and the inner layer part can plan. The void ratio can also increase, life of the electrode is increased by increasing the filling amt. of active substances.
A complex oxide with organic disulphide cpd. comprises a compsn. having a disulphide cpd. and polyaniline undergoing cleavage between the sulphur-sulphur bond by an electrolytic redn. to form a sulphur-metal ion (including a proton) bond and regenerating the original sulphur-sulphur bond from the sulphur-metal bond by an electrolytic oxidn. and carried on a metal silver foil in a monolithic way.    USE -   Used for a battery, electronic display device and sensor.
A terminal for anode and a terminal for a cathode have a connecting terminal, respectively. An insulating layer consisting of UV curable resin is provided on at least a portion in close proximity to the terminal or the connecting terminal for the other electrode. The UV curable resin contains a cationic polymerisation initiator activated by UV.    USE -   The connecting terminals have the insulating layer, each using the UV curable resin.    ADVANTAGE -   Adding the cationic polymerisation initiator to the UV curable resin promotes a polymerisation reaction in the resin starting from the portion irradiated with UV even if the uncured portion exists due to no irradiation with UV. The result completely adheres and cures the resin. The completely stuck and cured resin prevents rusted connecting terminals due to the existence of the uncured portion and resin cracks because of gas generated due to corrosion. The connecting terminals and the battery have superior continuous reliability.
A terminal for anode and a terminal for a cathode have a connecting terminal. An insulating layer consisting of a UV curable resin is provided on at least a portion in close proximity to the terminal or the connecting terminal for the other electrode. The photopolymerisable prepolymer of UV curable resin consists of a urethane acrylate resin. The photopolymerisable monomer of the UV curable resin consists of an acrylic cpd.    USE -   The connecting terminals have an insulating layer, each using the UV curable resin.    ADVANTAGE -   The UV curable resin contg. the urethane acrylate resin as the prepolymer has very high resistance to environmental stress, including thermal shock. The resulting connecting terminals and the battery with the terminals have superior reliability.
The sheet has a baked paint film 0.1-15.0m thick comprising 100 pts. wt. of polyvinyl butyral, 50-100 pts. wt. of butyl phthalate, 5-50 pts. wt. of a crosslinking reactant like an epoxy resin and 20-200 pts. wt. of graphite powder, carbon black or acetylene black formed on one side of it.    ADVANTAGE -   The sheet does not cause delamination after drawing into the can.
The 6V, 120Ah battery has its casing (2) divided into compartments (9) by sidewalls (12). Positive and negative terminals (6,7) are carried on the cover (3). The material of the casing is a blend of polyaminocaprolactam (-NH-(CH2 )5 -CO-)n or another polyamide (-NH-(CH2 )6 -NH-CO-(CH2 )4 -CO-)nwith preferably 20 to 50 wt.% of either polyethylene, polypropylene or a copolymer.     The permeability to H2 is 400 cm3 /m2 /day measured at 25 C on a 100 m film under absolute pressure of 2 bars and relative humidity 75%. Permeability to O2 is 150 cm3 /m2/day measured in the same conditions.    ADVANTAGE -    High energy storage density is combined with improved sealing to both O2 and H2.
A cation exchange membrane comprises a polymer having cation exchange gps. with dispersed inorganic filler, the polymer in the bulk of the membrane being substantially free of metal catalysts.    Also claimed are: (1) a membrane and electrode assembly comprising a cation exchange membrane of polymer having cation exchange gps. with an electrode formed on its surface(s): (i) having inorganic proton conductor of conductivity at least 10-4 S/cm dispersed within the polymer or (ii) the electrode comprising a layer of electroconductive, catalytically active particles and binder polymer having cation exchange gps. dispersed with inorganic filler; (2) an electrochemical cell comprising an anode compartment, a cathode compartment and the cation exchange membrane of (1)(i) serving as separator and electrolyte between them; (3) a fuel cell for operation with a direct feed organic fuel comprising an anode compartment contg. an anode, a cation compartment contg. a cathode and the membrane of the main claim serving as separator and electrolyte between them; (4) prepn. of cation exchange membranes comprising dispersed inorganic filler comprising forming a membrane of polymer having cation exchange gps. and dispersing inorganic filler in the membrane by in situ pptn..    USE -   The cation exchange membranes are useful in electrochemical cells and fuel cells (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   The membrane has a low fuel crossover rate and improved mechanical properties e.g. stiffness. Membranes contg. inorganic proton conductors have increased proton conductivity.
A flexible primary battery (10) comprises: (a) flexible current collectors (12a, 12b), each comprising a polymeric sheet (22) having a metal foil (26) on a first surface and a metal film (24) on a second surface and each being exposed at the perimeter of the first surface; (b) a polymeric wall (20) sealingly abutting polymeric sheets (22) at exposed perimeter to form a cavity; (c) a lithium anode (14) within the cavity; (d) a flexible lithium electrolyte membrane (16) overlaying the lithium anode (14); (e) a flexible cathode (18), overlaying the membrane (16), comprising an inorganic powder of lithium inter-calation cpd. and lithium salts dispersed in a polymeric binder; and (f) leads associated with the current collectors (12a, 12b).    Methods for forming a flexible primary battery as above are also claimed.    USE -   The battery is suitable for microelectronics applications esp. in self-contained, self-powered portable devices such as radio frequency identification tags and smart cards.    ADVANTAGE -   The battery is thin and flexible which enables it to be used in the above applications. It can be readily and reliably mfr. by mass prodn. using methods employing well accepted processing techniques.
A house having an energy conversion system comprises a physical energy conversion structure such as a solar system or a wind power generator and a bio-energy conversion structure with plants, animals or bacteria organically combined with the physical conversion system.    USE -   For supplying electric power to houses while waste is treated.
Star-shaped block polymer of formula (I) is new: where R1= opt., substd. 1-16 C aliphatic hydrocarbon residues; R2= H, opt. substd. 1-16 C alkyl, alkenyl, F-substd. alkyl, F-subst. alkenyl, phenyl, alkyl-substd. phenyl, acryloxy, or methacryloyl; m1; and n1; L=3-8. Also claimed is prepn. of the block polymer, in which trifluoro propylene oxide of formula (II) is reacted in the presence of alkaline metal hydroxide, with an adduct prepd. by reacting polybasic alcohol contg. 3-8 of hydroxyl and ethylene oxide to give a block alcohol contg. ethylene oxide units, and trifluoropropylene oxide block units. Further claimed are ion-conductors composed of the block polymer, and alkaline metal salts.    USE -   The block polymer is used as lithium battery.
High mol. solid electrolytes (EL) contain: (a) organic high molecule contg. units of formula (I); (b) metal salts; and (c) organic solvents compatible with (a) and (b). (where, n = integer pref. 2-6).    USE -   The solid EL are used as electrochemical device materials including high energy density batteries e.g. Li battery.    ADVANTAGE -   They have ion-conductivity equal to that of electrolytic soln. even at near room temp. and good film-formability, flexibility and mechanical strength.
The electrode comprises an organic resin and a carbon particle. The organic resin is about 1-10%by weight. The resin comprises of 70-99.99mol% of one or more kinds of unsaturate double bonded ethylene member or a conjugate bonding of aliphatic hydrocarbon monomer. Anhydrous acids which are subjected to the hydrolysis are provided.    A copolymer containing 0.01-20mol% of ethylene and a hydroxyl bonding or a carbon salt is also provided in the organic resin. The carbon particle contains an ethanol water mixture having a pH value of 6-9. This particle is covered with a water soluble macromolecule.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids separation of carbon particle. Attains superb bonding power. Avoids peeling of electrode. Maintains high capacitance.
A new compsn. for cathodic de-polariser mixts. used in "Leclanche" (R) batteries contains a polymer with conjugated bonds: this may be polyaniline, polypyrrole, polythiophene, or polyparaphenylene, in association with a complexing agent which will combine with heavy metals contained in the natural minerals of MnO2. The complexant is 1,10-phenanthronile, ethyldiamine, triaminotriethylamine, triethylenetriamine, tetraethylenepentamine, EDTA, EGTA, or dimethylglyoxime.    USE -   The compsn. relates to the formation of a cathodic compsn. which enables the fixation of heavy metals dissolved in the electrolyte. The polymer improves the rheology of the cathode mass without appreciably affecting the conductivity.    ADVANTAGE -   The renewed interest in "Leclanche" (R)-type saline batteries (due to disposal problems and environmental pollution of Hg-contg. batteries) has involved the increased use of natural minerals as well as synthetic MnO2. Heavy metals are undesirable and deleterious to battery performance. The invention uses a mixt. of a conductive polymer and complexant to deal with this problem.
A solar cell module (101) has a weather resistant film, solar cell elements, a filler for burying the elements and a reinforcing back plate. A flat planar non-generating area (102 - 105) of the module is moulded and / or contains thinner filler than the generating area.    In different aspects of the above:    (1) the thin and thick parts of the filler are connected by a sloping part, the thin part is folded;    (2) the thick and thin fillers are different.    A method of mfg. a module as in any above aspect.    Also claimed are both aspects (1) or (2) above in which each element has a conductive substrate, a metallic electrode layer, an amorphous Si semiconductor layer, a transparent conductive layer and a grid electrode. In a further aspect these Si elements are connected in series.    USE -   Solar cell modules for installing on roof esp. of a new building    ADVANTAGE -   The cells are durable against temp., humidity and shock. The module is mechanically reinforced by the folded filler and not by a frame; this simplifies construction. (Reissue of the entry advised in week 9635 based on complete specification)
The solar battery cell consists of thin film semiconductor photoelectric conversion layer between electrode layers on a flexible substrate. An electroconductive adhesive agent (6) seals a lead wire (2) and the electrode of the cell. The binding resin covers the cells at both sides by a surface protection material. Heating process is carried out in order to harden the electrically conductive adhesive agent and to seal the resin. Sealing and wiring process are performed.    ADVANTAGE -   Shortens mfg process. Uses cheap aluminium for cell electrode. Avoids characteristics deterioration or discolouring by heating. Avoids deformation of plastic film of substrate.
0.01-0.1 wt % of cpd. comprising indium to zinc alloy powder and less than 0.02 wt.% of surface active agent of formula:    CnF2n+1-CONH-(CH2CH2O)m-CONH-CnF2n+1    are contained in a gel style zinc negative electrode. In the formula, n = 4-10 and m = 20-180.    ADVANTAGE -   Generation of hydrogen gas in the battery and deterioration of performance of the battery can be prevented.
A solar panel is provided including a heat exchanger and a cover for use in reducing heat loss from the panel due to wind passage. The panel cover is translucent or transparent and facilitates passage of solar energy to the heat exchanger but does not include frame elements which would cause shadows on the panel.    Pref. the panel is curved and pref. is a section through a true cylinder or is flat. Pref. the heat exchanger is a turbulent flow type. Pref. the cover is made of fibre glass such as polymethyl methacrylate GRP. Pref. the cover has a matt surface.    ADVANTAGE -   Increased efficiency.
A polyphosphazene polymer of formula (I) or (II) is new:    (NP(O(CH2)mCH3x(OCH2CH2OCH2CH2OCH3)y)n (I)    (NP(OCH2CH(CH2O(CH2CH2O)m'R) (OCH2CH2)m'R)2)n (II)    x+y = 2; m = 1-20; m' = 0-3; n = 15000; and R = CH3.    USE -   Used as a solid solvent for ionic conduction in rechargeable high energy storage batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   The polymer is soluble in a wide range of organic solvents and in water, has a low Tg. and is amorphous, flexible and allows high ion mobility which promotes high room-temp. ionic conductivity.
An electrochemical cell contains an expanded screen current collector (100), with at least a section of the opposing side edges of the collector being coined inwardly by an amt. sufficient to prevent any sharp areas from extending outwardly.    Also claimed are: (i) an electrode structure for the cell, comprising the above current collector having sharp lines along opposing side edges mounted with cathode material, and with a separator material (112) adjoining the anode (114) and current collector; and (ii) a means for fabricating the current collector by forming the collector by forming the collector greater than a predetermined height and coning the opposing side edges to reduce the height.    USE -   For surgically implanted electronic devices in humans and animals, such as a cardiac pacemaker, as well as devices for stimulating and/or sensing w.r.t. the brain, spinal cord, muscles, bones, nerves, glands, or other body organs or tissues.    ADVANTAGE -   Damage to a polymeric separator caused by the sharp edges resulting in short circuiting to the anode material is avoided. The current collector can be cut to match the length available between slots in a cell housing. The collector can be less than 0.025 inches thick, of material having good reliable current collection, important when demands on cell power are high for implantable devices contg. RAM, ROM LSI and other electronic devices.
In a lithium (ion) battery, a gel electrolyte is obtd. by mixing a polymer with an organic electrolyte contg. at least one of cyclic ester or its carbonate. The formation of the gel electrolyte is obtd. by gelatinising the mixt. of the polymer and the organic electrolyte using thermal change or by applying intermolecular crosslinking for a monomer or a macromer to a mixt. of the organic electrolyte and a monomer or a macromer and by using a chemical bond. The monomer or macromer contains ethylene oxide and/or propylene oxide in major skeleton. Ratio of organic solvent to polymer oxygen atom for configuring the organic electrolyte, A/B, is 0.5-1.0. A = one mol. of solvent mol. contg. at least one of the cyclic ester or the cyclic eter carbonate in the organic solvent for forming the organic electrolyte; and B = oxygen atom contained in the polymer.    USE -   The gel electrolyte is used in a lithium (ion) battery.    ADVANTAGE -   The use of the ratio of the organic solvent mol. to the polymer oxygen atom, A/B, of 0.5-1.0 highly reduces the fusion pt. of the solvent. Selecting a macromer structure for forming a polymer network structure and type of solvent gives the gel electrolyte having high thermal stability. Forming the blending ratio for the polymer into thermally stable blending ratio prevents electrolyte shrinkage due to thermal change and prevents the solvent from coagulation at low temps.. Low ion conductivity at low temp. provided by the polymer is compensated to prevent dramatic decrease in battery low temp. characteristics.
Electrical insulating film consists of resin film (3B) which is hardened with coating on a surface of sheathing can (1) coated on the whole circumference which is a circumferential face of the sheathing can (1), and including a sealing radius part (1A) or one part of the sheathing can (1). The part is a face facing a lead terminal (2) which is connected to a sealing plate (4) and a circumferential face of the sheathing can (1) and including the sealing radial part (1A). The resin film (3B) insulates electrically between the sheath plate (4), on a coin cell with lead terminal, the cell has a sheath can (1) which is one side pole terminal and a sealing plate (4) which is another side pole terminal, and a lead terminal (2) and electrical insulating film is formed on a surface of the sheathing can (1).
In a battery module with several electrochemical storage accumulators (cells) and with the cells having electrically insulating units acting also as channels for a temp. control liq., the unit is formed as a pouch, with internal temp. control units (3,3',3'') for a liq. coolant, closed hermetically from the inlet and outlet. The size of the unit towards the flat side (4) of a cell case (5) of a cell (6) corresponds to the flat side (4), and lies against the flat side (4) to allow of heat-transfer.    ADVANTAGE -   Effective temp. control is obtd. over the vol. of the module.
A high energy capacity battery comprises a case (10) contg. (a) a cathode(s) (20) comprising a mixt. of 10-90 (pref. 40-60) wt.% finely divided sulphur and 90-10 (pref. 60-40) wt.% finely divided graphite packed about a solid graphite electrode; (b) an anode(s) (12) comprising a reactive metal(s), spaced from the cathode positioned in the case; and (c) an electrolyte at least partially filling the case and in contact with (a) and (b), comprising particles of a cation chelated resin including a resin substrate having bonded thereto an alkyl sulphide cpd. carrying an agent selected from the gp. consisting of H2S, HS- and/or S2- dispersed in a polar solvent. Also claimed is the mfr. of the above battery where the mixt. is surrounded by a porous separator after it has been packed around the graphite electrode.    USE -   The rapid recharge ability of the battery makes it suitable for e.g. electrically powered cars.    ADVANTAGE -   The battery is reversible and inexpensive and has high energy storage and light weight. The use of the non-reactive plate material provides a very long and deep cycle life, eliminating electrode warping and break-down. Recycling is easy as concentrated acids and hazardous metals are not used.
Bipolar battery has a stack of at least two cells arranged in series. Each cell contains negative and positive electrodes (4,5), porous separator (6) contg. electrolyte, first conductive polymer outer layer (2) contacting the outer surface of the negative electrode and second conductive polymer outer layer (3) contacting the outer surface of the positive electrode, the layers being sealed peripherally to a non-conductive polymer to form a sealed enclosure for the electrodes, separator and electrolyte.    USE -   Esp. with primary or electrically rechargeable electrochemical wafer cell, e.g. cells contg. nickel and metal hydride electrodes.    ADVANTAGE -   Bipolar battery construction for rechargeable multi-cell batteries overcomes prior art problems. The batteries have improved energy storage capacity whilst providing stable and efficient battery performance.
A solid polymer electrolyte comprises a composite of (a) (i) a polymer obtd. from cpd(s). contg. a structure derived from a polyhydric alcohol (I) having 3 OH; and/or (ii) a copolymer comprising above cpd(s). as comonomer(s); and (b) electrolyte salt(s). In (I), 2 H of alcoholic OH are replaced by a unit of formula: CH2=C(R1)C(=O)(O(CH2)x(CH(CH3))y)2NHC(=O)OR2- (i) (where R1 = H or CH3; and R2 = divalent organic contg. oxyalkylene(s) and opt. other atoms than C, H or O; x and y = 0-5; z = 0-10; and units of (CH2) and (CH(CH3)) may be arranged irregularly).    Also claimed are (i) a battery; (ii) a process for mfg. the battery; (iii) an electrode; (iv) an electric double layer capacitor; and (v) a process for mfg. the capacitor.    USE -   Electrolyte is used for mfg. thin electrodes, batteries and electric double layer capacitors (all claimed) and can be moulded into a free-standing film of &lt; 50 thickness, a plate or a disk. Batteries can be used as power source for electric prods. e.g. portable device, as back-up power source or large capacity source for electric vehicles etc.    ADVANTAGE -   Electrolyte has good film strength, processability and high ionic conductivity. Mfd. prods. are free from leakage of any soln. High ionic conductivity is maintained at room temp. and lower. Batteries can operate at high capacity and high voltage, and have high electrochemical activity and flexibility; good polarisability, strength and contractability. Battery is highly reliable with large take-out current.
An Li battery with an active surface area S and an initial charge capacity Q0 and cycle life 0 is rapidly charged by applying several charging currents Ik each for a time period Tk &lt; 2T0, such that Q0 = S~EIkTk where k is an integer from 1 to m representing the time serial order of charging steps in one charging one-half cycle, and m is an integer greater than 1 representing the charging steps in one charging one-half cycle. Q0 is established by applying a constant current I0 over a length of Time T0 such that Q0=SI0T0.    Also claimed is a method of extending the cycle life of a rapidly charged lithium battery to its initial charge capacity over many cycles.    ADVANTAGE -   Prolonged cycle life and battery life due to use of non-uniform charging current. The cell has increased ability to retain at least one half of its initial charge capacity over many charge-discharge cycles.
The electrolyte system (40) is provided for use in connection with an electrochemical cell (10) e.g. a capacitor. The cell (10) includes a positive nickel alloy electrode (20) and a negative antimony-bismuth (30) electrode, and an electrolyte system (40) composed of poly (2-hydroxyethyleneacrylate or polyacrylamide disposed between them. The electrolyte system includes a polymer matrix fabricated of a poly(2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate) material. The polymer material is adapted to engage in electro-active species. Examples of electro-active species may be either an acid or a base electrolyte, such as KOH, LiOH, NaOH, H3PO4 or H2SO4.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For radio communication, satellites, portable computers, and electric vehicles. Electrolyte system combines mechanical stability and freedom from leakage offered by solid electrolytes, with high ionic conductivity characteristic of aq., liq. electrolytes.
The combination of an alkaline electrochemical cell and a cell condition indicator comprising a multi-layered structure including an electrically-resistive layer and an electrically-conductive adhesive part of the resistive layer contacting one of the cell terminals; the adhesive having a resistivity of less than 2.0 x 10-4 .m, and the part of the terminal contacting the adhesive comprising Sn.    USE -   Used as on-cell condition indicators for batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   One end of the indicator can be easily permanently attached to one of the cell electrodes with high conductivity, even when exposed to elevated temp. and high humidity conditions and urban environments contg. sulphurous gases.
A solar power system (1) consists of a collector (13, 15), a storage container. The covering plate is mfd. from translucent material mounted on the container.    USE -   Solar energy collection systems for domestic or industrial use.    ADVANTAGE -   The insulator protects against the cooling wind while retaining the capable amt. of solar energy. Both combined or separate collectors and storage containers are possible.
A battery comprises air diffusion paper, a water-repellent film, a cathode oxygen reducing catalyst, a separator and a zinc powder anode contg. up to 2.5 wt.% of mercury laminated in a cathode case having air intakes formed in its bottom, and uses an alkaline electrolyte contg. an organic inhibitor consisting of polyoxyethylene.    ADVANTAGE -    The battery can suppress generation of H2during storage.
The battery has a porous Li ion conductive polymer film of polyacrylonitrile, etc..    Also claimed is a film retaining a Li salt-contg. non-aq. electrolyte and covering all or part of the interface between the electrolyte and each of a cathode and an anode.    ADVANTAGE -   Good charging and discharging properties over a long period of time.
During the starting of a system, a 1st valve (50) is fully opened and a 2nd valve (54) is fully closed. In a PEFC (12) and a methanol modifying device (20), only heat exchanged hot water is caused to flow in through a heat exchange device (48) and battery temp. is rapidly increased. From battery humidity and electrolytic film resistance, defective wetting of a solid high molecular electrolytic film is decided. According to the battery humidity and the electrolytic film resistance, the openings of the two valves are regulated and the temp. of cooling water flowing in the PEFC (12) is regulated to a high or low value so the PEFC (12) is cooled or heated by inflow of cooling water having a low temp. or a high temp..    ADVANTAGE -   The size of the fuel battery system is reduced and operation efficiency is improved.
The appts. for the deposition of a layer of liq. monomer material comprises a substrate to receive the deposited layer, movable within a vacuum chamber, a vacuum chamber surrounding the movable substrate, and included in the chamber, degassing appts. for the liq. monomer, and a deposition unit with a nozzle for flowing the degassed monomer onto the surface of the moving substrate.    Also claimed are: (i) an appts. similar to that claimed above, for depositing a layer of liq. monomer, and including a mechanical spreader for spreading the monomer fed from the nozzle of the deposition unit uniformly over the substrate surface; and (ii) an appts. similar to those claimed above, additionally including devices for vacuum deposition of an oxide or metal layer onto the deposited monomer layer.    USE -   Used for mfg. multilayer laminate structures of polymers, metals and/or oxides, and esp. for forming solid polymer laminates under vacuum. Applications include, e.g., electronic devices packaging materials or solar reflectors.    ADVANTAGE -   Forming the polymer layers in a vacuum, allows faster curing and fewer impurities in the polymer than current techniques, with a small or min. requirement for photoinitiator. Material properties are improved, having no trapped gases, higher density and a smoother finish. The fabrication can be carried out almost simultaneously in a single vacuum chamber.
A solar collector element (1) has a metallic absorber plate(2) or strip arrangement connected in thermal contact with a section of a liq. circulation piping (9), the novelty being that the piping (9) consists of an elastic synthetic material, pref. an elastomer, esp. an ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymer rubber, a thermoplastic elastomer or silicone. Pref. at least the sunlight-exposed surface of the absorber plate (2) or strips is selectively coated with a combination of bright nickel and black chromium or with titanium (oxy)nitride or sputtered ceramic.    USE -   Esp. for domestic water heating.    ADVANTAGE -   The element can be supplied as a finished component or easily assembled on the building and addn. of antifreeze to the heat carrier liq. is not required since the elastic piping is not sensitive to freezing and thawing.
A battery cell interconnect fuse has a conductive layer with a strip (92) extending between two end regions (95, 96), and an insulating layer (94) on each major surface of the strip. The insulation is pref. of polymer, partic. 'Mylar' (RTM), 'Kapton' (RTM), and/or other polyester or polyimide. A paper-base material or an epoxy resin or glassy coating could also be used as insulation. Alternatively, the conductive layer may be located on an electrically insulating flexible circuit board which acts as at least one of the insulating layers. The strip is pref. narrower than the end regions and has a U- or V-shaped stress relief section (108).    USE -   E.g. for use with a two-way portable radio or cellular telephone.    ADVANTAGE -   Is of small size and low cost, and is resistant to breakage by impacts in normal use.
The solid high molecule type fuel battery includes a solid high molecular electrolytic film formed in such a manner that the thickness of the central part is decreased and that of the peripheral part is increased. The solid high molecular electrolytic film is a film of perfluorocarbon resin.    ADVANTAGE -   Gas sealing between an electrolytic film and an electrode and packing is easily and reliably practicable.
The peripheral part of a solid high molecular electrolyte film of a solid high molecule type fuel battery is reinforced by a fibre material. The solid high molecular electrolytic film is a film of perfluorocarbon sulphonic acid resin.    ADVANTAGE -   The occurrence of a voltage fall is reduced and breakage does not occur by Teflon (RTM) fibres.
A closed sec. cell comprises a pole plate gp. comprising an anode plate, a cathode plate and a separator each stored in a battery jar. An elastic synthetic resin spacer for pressing the pole plate gp. expanded by increase of pressure of gas generated during charge of the pole plate gp. is disposed on the outside in a lamination direction of the pole plate gp..    ADVANTAGE -   A pole plate gp. can be pressed even when the thickness of the pole plate gp. is thin or a battery jar is expanded.
The thin film electrolyte comprises impregnation of the vacant pore of a porous macromolecule film having a hydrophilic radical with an electrolytic soln of phosphoric acid or sulphuric acid.    USE -   Used for solid macromolecule-type fuel batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   Surfactant conventionally used in impregnation of electrolyte soln is not necessary.
Fuel cell (1B) comprises a cell (5) with solid high-molecule electrolyte membrane (51), a sheet-stainless-steel separator (4) with corrugated grooves (411) in the middle area (41), a seal (31) of elastic material for fuel gas, a unit fuel cell (3) with a seal for oxidant gas, a current collecting board (12), an electric insulating board (13), pressurising boards (14, 15) and a seal (11) for cooling fluid.    USE -   For making a smaller sized solid high-molecule electrolyte fuel cell.
A display system (10) comprises a housing (12) containing a switch (14) actuated by a manually operated pushbutton (18) and a light source (16). A display system (22) is disposed at one end of said housing (16). A display system (22) is disposed at one end of said housing (12), and comprises an outer panel (26) exposed to ambient light with a layer (28) of indicia adjacent its inner surface. Said outer panel is made from methyl methacrylate and is provided with a thin coating of a monomer of methyl methacrylate. The entire outer surface (34) of said outer panel (26) is formed into an array of pyramidal projections (36), which minimises the amount of specular reflection when the panel is exposed to direct sunlight. The inner surface of said panel (26) is roughened by abrasive spray or sandblasting. With the switch (14) energised and the light source (16) illuminated, the indicia becomes visible to an observer, even in bright sunlight, but becomes invisible when the light source (16) is switched off.    USE -   For use as a display system.    ADVANTAGE -   Indicia is readable, even in bright sunlight, when the light source is energised, but invisible when the light is switched off.
Electrochemical hydrogen storage cell comprises a cathode fabricated of a hydrogen storage alloy material capable of reversibly electrochemically storing and discharging hydrogen; an anode; and a polymer electrolyte comprising a polymeric support structure selected from polyacrylic acid, polyacrylamide-co-acrylic acid, polyacrylamide, polyacrylamide crosslinked by N,N'-methylene bis-acrylamide, polyurethane, polyvinyl alcohol, polyethylene oxide, polyvinylidene fluoride, blends, copolymers and combinations, and having dispersed in it an electrolyte active species, which is either acidic, selected from H2SO4, H3PO4, HCl and combinations, or basic, selected from KOH, LiOH, NaOH and combinations.    ADVANTAGE -   The improved electrolyte provides a battery cell free from electrolyte leakage and has ionic conductivities which allow for an efficient use of the metal hydride electrodes.
Cell of the gel electrolyte (GE) is formed by heat change of mixt. of a polymer and an organic electrolyte (OE) or crosslinkage between a monomer and the OE. An organic solvent forming the OE contg. a cyclic ester and/or cyclic ester carbonate, mixing ratio of the organic solvent and the polymer is a ratio of which m.pt. of the organic solvent in the GE is dissipated.    USE -   The cell is suitable for power source of IC card.    ADVANTAGE -   The GE is thermodynamically stable and the cell is produced at lower cost.
Electrolyte contains an organic acid in a polymer matrix. Part or all of the organic acid is a fluorinated organic acid or fluorinated organic sulphonic acid and part or all of the matrix is a fluoropolymer.    USE -   The cell is suitable for using H2 or an alcohol or a hydrocarbon.    ADVANTAGE -   The electrolyte has higher proton conductivity and is capable for use at high temp.
Cell using a solid state electrolyte of cation exchange film (CEF) is made of a perfluorocarbon polymer having a sulphonic acid gp. The (CEF) has a laminated structure made of at least 3 layers polymer films (PF) having different water content (WC), the (WC) of the (PF) facing positive pole and negative pole is 110-200 wt.% and greater than that of intermediate (PF).    USE -   The cell is suitable for high output power one.    ADVANTAGE -   The cell has 0.56 V of cell potential at 0.6 A/sq.cm. whereas single layers one is 0.21 V of cell potential at 0.6 A/sq.cm.
The thin type battery comprises a sealing material with a polyolefin resin modified by an unsaturated carboxylic acid or its deriv. and the sealing material is crystalline.    USE -   For electric cars.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves crystallinity of sealing material, and inhibits permeability between inside and outside of battery.
A method of fabricating a three-dimensional photovoltaic device comprises: forming a photovoltaic device including a crystalline semiconductor layer, providing a flexible substrate on the device by applying a resin soln., cutting the device into several photovoltaic elements while leaving the substrate uncut at an area of cutting, and then deforming the substrate at least at the area of cutting the photovoltaic device, thereby bringing the photovoltaic device into a three-dimensional shape.    Also claimed is a method that involves arranging a photovoltaic device on a flexible substrate, bonding a shape memory member, which has a memorised prescribed three-dimensional shape, on the substrate, and then restoring the member to the prescribed three-dimensional shape for deforming the substrate and bringing the photovoltaic device into final three-dimensional shape.    Also claimed are methods in which either the photovoltaic device is arranged on a shape memory member, or the photovoltaic device is formed on an insulating film on the shape memory member.    ADVANTAGE -   The methods allow simple fabrication of photovoltaic devices, having a complicated three-dimensional shape and excellent photoelectric conversion characteristics, and provide a simple modular connection structure for interconnecting small area photovoltaic elements.
An electrochemical storage device comprises: (a) an organic 1st electrode consisting of a conducting polymer e.g. polyaniline, polypyrrole, polythiophene, poly(3-(p-chlorophenyl)-thiophene), poly(3-(p-fluorophenol)-thiophene), n- or p-doped conducting polymers or their combinations; (b) an inorganic 2nd electrode made of a material e.g. Al, Fe, In, Mn, Mg, Sb, Mo, Cr, Ni, W, V, Au, Ru, Ir, Co, Zn, Sn, Bi, Cd, Pb, Ag, their alloys, their oxides or mixts.; and (c) a polymer electrolyte, in contact with and between the electrodes, comprising polyvinyl alcohol a proton conducting electrolyte active species e.g. H3PO4, H2SO4, HCl, or their mixts. dispersed in it.    USE -   The electrochemical storage device is useful in rechargeable batteries and/or electrochemical capacitors.    ADVANTAGE -   The devices have high ionic conductivities, provide high power and high energy, and can be fabricated of relatively environmentally benign materials. The device is simple, inexpensive and readily reproducible.
A heat generating body (2) heated by a current output by a solid high molecular electrolytic type fuel cell (1) is formed at the portion of a collecting plate (91) brought into contact with the outer surfaces of separators, positioned at least at the two terminals of the laminate of a unit fuel cell.    ADVANTAGE -   Distribution of temp. in lamination direction of a unit fuel battery is made uniform.
The thin type polymer solid electrolyte battery is composed of a 1st polymer electrolyte layer (3) bonded with the surface of positive (1) or negative electrodes (6), the 2nd polymer electrolyte layer (13), which one surface is adhered to (3) and other surface is adhered to the other electrode.    ADVANTAGE -   Produces a thin type polymer solid electrolyte battery, which prevents inferior sealing caused by leakage of the polymer solid electrolyte forming compsn. contg. polymerising prepolymer, at polymerising hardening of it.
The electroconductive macromolecular oriented membrane is produced by obtaining, by monoaxial orientation-treating, a lyotropic liq. crystal soln. of an electroconductive macromolecular deriv. bearing a branch R1 of formula (I). In (I): A=-S-, -NH- or -CH=CH-; B = -CH=CH- or single bond; R1=-(CH2)mSO3H or (-CH2)m-CO2H; m = 0-2; and n is at least 2.    Also claimed are electroconductive macromolecular oriented membranes.    USE -   Used for battery materials and display devices.    ADVANTAGE -   The electroconductive macromolecular oriented membranes are oriented in an arbitrary direction w.r.t. the membrane surface, esp. a vertical direction.
An organic electrolyte battery comprises a metallic oxide anode, a cathode of PAD having a poly:acene structure of 0.5-0.05 of H/C at ratio, and a non-proton organic solvent soln. of Li salt as an electrolyte.    ADVANTAGE -   The internal resistance is low, and the capacity and voltage are high.
The battery includes an anode including a metallic oxide, a cathode of PAS, and a non-proton organic solvent soln. of Li salt as an electrolyte. Atomic ratio of H/C in PAS is 0.5-0.05.    ADVANTAGE -   Internal resistance is low, and a capacity and a voltage are high.
The battery has an anode including a metallic oxide, a cathode of PAS having polyacene structure, and a non-proton organic solvent soln. of Li salt. The total quantity of Li is more than 500 mAh/g, and that of the cathode is more than 100 Ah/g.    ADVANTAGE -   The internal resistance is low, and the capacity and voltage are high.
The organic electrolytic battery comprises anode or cathode or both with an organic semiconductor having a poly-acene frame structure and the gasket with a polyamide resin coated with a sealing agent.    USE -   For coin-type or button-type organic electrolytic battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves heat resistance, facilitates reflow-soldering, and improves moisture-proofness.
Prodn. of cell pack comprises charging an elastomer between the inner face of a case and power limiting element settled in the case to cover the element with the elastomer. The element may be composed of parallel connected resistors.    USE -   Used for making power sources for portable radio telephones.
The air-conditioning mat (10) consists of a mat (20), which is laid on the floor surface (A) mutually, with the help of the opening (B) set up inside the mat. Multiple heat transfer pipes are arranged substantially, along the horizontal direction of the mat. A construction filling member (30) is provided on the peripheral edge side of the mat.    An opening coating layer (36) covers the upper surface of the mat and the construction filling member. Multiple carpets (40) are arranged sequentially on the opening coating member.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides comfortable walking on mat by persons. Cancels sense of incompatibility.
The structure consists of a pair of panel main bodies (1) which are separated by a reinforcing material (4). The thickness of the reinforcing material is as same as that of the main bodies. The length of the reinforcing material is made lower than that of the main body.    A hot water pipe (2) with an U-shaped part (8) is embedded inside a groove (3) formed in the main body. The floor heating panel is provided on the floor surface in order to raise its temperature.    ADVANTAGE -   Maintains uniform temperature in floor surface.
A resin film of high m.pT. is overlapped on a surface of a foam compact having a coarse surface, through a resin film of low m.pt..    USE -   Used for a battery shield.
A fire-retardant gel electrolyte comprises a gelled soln.composed of a non-aq. solvent and a salt of an electrolyte dissolved in the non-aq. solvent with the gel electrolyte having an ionic conductivity of 1 mS/cm at a temp. of 25 C.    Also claimed is a cell comprising the gel electrolyte and positive and negative electrodes.    USE -   The fire retardant gel electrolyte can be employed ina lithium-type secondary cell.    ADVANTAGE -   The material has excellent fire retardant properties and an enhanced electrochemical resistance to an oxidation/reduction reaction. The cell has excellent discharge capacity.
A solar plant for central heating and hot water comprises an arrangement of a solar collector, heat pump, insulated pipes and thermal storage. The controller includes temp. programming and safety units. The blackened solar absorber receives antifreeze-free water. It lies on the roof insulation (2) and can be covered by a sliding insulation slab (3). Outside is a rain proof, transparent thermal barrier (4). Below, the circuit includes solar water circulation pump, non return valve (5), bypass solenoid valve (6) and insulated hot water tank (7). In this are the domestic water heat exchanger (8) and heat pump (10) exchanger (9). The other heat pump exchanger is a ground heat absorber (11). There is an integral heat pump controller (13) and hot water temp. sensor (1).    USE -   Used as a solar heating system with supplementary ground thermal storage and recovery, providing hot water and central heating in houses and flats, hotels, schools, hospitals and offices, etc..    ADVANTAGE -   Improved year-round effectiveness and economy. The thermal barrier or window allows the solar collector to operate at high thermal efficiency and is also a thermal barrier against light frosts. In extreme frost, an insulating plate is advanced between the transparent sheet and the solar collector. Any excess solar heat is collected and stored.
A rechargeable solid polymer electrolyte cell comprises a composite cathode including an electro-active material, a solid polymer electrolyte, and a metallocene redox reagent maintaining proper mass transport for steady overcharge protection and preventing internal shorting by scavenging Li dendrites.    USE -   In the prodn. of solid state Li batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   The metallocene provides chemical overcharge protection and also scavenges Li dendrites, increasing cycle life.
The photovoltaic assembly, which concentrates light and cools solar cells at the same time, has a container (1) with transparent coolant filling points (9), for one or more solar cells (2) fitted on a socket (3). The coolant fluid (4) surrounds the solar cells in the container and a pressure equalising container (5), with filling points (10), takes coolant fluid which expands through heat. The side (7) of the container towards the sunlight (6) is transparent and, together with the coolant fluid, forms a light-gathering optical array. The container wall (8) directs the sunlight striking at an angle towards the solar cells, through total reflection of a part. Mirrors direct the incoming sunlight to the solar cells, in the solar cell container. The assembly has a system to align the structure with the sun. The pressure equalising chamber is a polyethylene bag, with a variable vol.    ADVANTAGE -   The assembly has a low cost, with solar cell cooling without the use of tubing, pumps and control. A receiving angle of 6 and 6-times light amplification are possible through the total reflection of the container wall. The solar cells are wholly protected, and the concentrated lens action only operates when the container is filled.
The flat solar collector comprises a plastic absorber. The covering pane, transparent to the sun's rays, is transparent to the ray wavelengths. The heat reflecting layer is a coating on the side towards the absorber.    USE -   Used for e.g. gathering solar energy.    ADVANTAGE -   The collector is resistant to corrosion from sea water and contaminated water, with the same efficiency as metal collectors. The collector is economically produced.
A fusible solid polymeric electrolyte comprises: (a) a solid polymeric matrix; (b) an inorganic ion salt; (c) a compatible electrolyte solvent; and (d) dispersed particles of an inner fusible material. Also claimed is the following: (i) a secondary electrochemical cell comprising an anode of a compatible material; (ii) a cathode of a compatible material; and (iii) a fusible solid polymer electrolyte of dispersed particles of an inert fusible material interposed between them.    USE -   The fusible solid electrolyte is used in solid electrolyte batteries, in particular, lithium batteries. Overheating and thermal runaway under abusive usage are prevented.
The plate comprises a C material having 18-26% pore rate and 140 kcal/mhr.C thermal conductivity and a coating layer of fluoride resin at the one end of the material.    USE -   Used for a phosphoric acid-type fuel cell.    ADVANTAGE -   The plate has lower gas permeability and improved productivity and is produced at lower cost.
Cell has a power generation part (PGP) made by reciprocal lamination of an elemental cell and a exothermic agent and an insulating layer for thermal insulation of the (PGP). The thermal insulating layer is made of synthetic resin.    USE -   The cell is suitable for 5 - 10 years storage.    ADVANTAGE -   The cell has stable discharge character because of its shock proof property.
The method involves setting up of a slot (6) at the top marginal part (2g) of a metal frame (2). The metal frame has a ditch (2a). A gasket (4) which has a butyl rubber material (5) is set up. The gasket consists of a clamp part (4c) which fits a top face part (14) to an exterior termination (1a) of a solar battery module panel (1). Butyl rubber material in the gasket is softened by heating the metal frame. The solar cell is connected between the upper transparent member and the lower protection sheet through the filling material.    The exterior termination is connected to the butyl rubber through the slot. The butyl rubber material is permeated between the top face part of the lower protection sheet and the extension top marginal part of the upper transparent member. The butyl rubber is then stiffened by natural cooling.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves exterior finish. Reduces work burden. Realizes quick processing and airtight connection. Avoids poor sealing. Prevents deterioration of solar cell. Avoids permeability of rain water and salt.
The sealing material comprises 100 pts.wt. of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer and/or ethylene-(meth)acrylate copolymer, 0.01-4 pts.wt. of condensn. prod. of penta- or more hydric alcohol, or its deriv. and benzaldehyde having aldehyde gp. equiv. 1.8-2.8 times as much as hydroxyl gp. of the polyhydric alcohol or its deriv. and 0.01-4 pts.wt. of silane coupling agent having least two gps. of amino, glycidyl, and mercapto.    USE -   The sealing material is useful for bonding solar cell elements with a substrate in prepn. of the solar cell module.    ADVANTAGE -   Sealing material for the solar cell, having improved transparency, bondability, heat-resistance, humidity resistance, and light resistance can be obtd.
A gasket comprises a main body obtd. by compounding at least 20-70 pts. wt. of one of carbon black or dry silica as reinforcer with 100 pts. wt. of a fluorine system elastomer, vulcanisation moulding and film covering the main body.    ADVANTAGE -   The gasket has good mechanical strength at high temp., electric insulation and phosphoric acid-proof property without drop of surface natural resistance when dipping into phosphoric acid.
Resin is applied around a vertical area of an L-shaped pole of a terminal section of a lead accumulator. The shaped pole comprises a horizontal area and a vertical area. the lower end of the resin is above an upper plane of the horizontal area. The horizontal area is bent.    USE -   Used for providing a terminal section of a lead accumulator which can lower the height of the lead accumulator itself.
The battery comprises an Al electrode box cathode. A liq. or paste obtd. by mixing a thickener into an electrolyte of Cu acrylate and chloride salts, is poured into the cathode, and a C-Cu anode is inserted into the centre.    ADVANTAGE -   The Al battery can be obtd. at low cost by utilising a reproduced Al can.
Cation exchange film used as a solid high mol. electrolyte is composed of a layered member of at least two perfluorocarbon polymer films of different water contents.    ADVANTAGE -   Fuel cell using a solid high mol. electrolyte of low electric resistivity, is obtd.
Zinc alloy is used as an active substance, and a surfactant, contg. a polyethylene oxide at a hydrophilic portion and an alkyl fluoride gp. at a lipophilic portion, and gallium hydroxide, is included in an alkali electrolyte.    ADVANTAGE -   Stability and low environmental pollution are assured.
A zinc alloy, not including Hg, Pb, Cd or In but including less than 1 ppm Fe and Bi, or Bi and Ca, is used as an active substance. A surface active agent contg. a polyethylene oxide in a hydrophilic portion, and alkyl fluoride gp. at a lipophilic portion, is included in an alkali electrolyte.    ADVANTAGE -   Stability can be improved.
A positive electrode pin is composed of Al (alloy) and the positive electrode pin is caulked to a battery can or cover through a high mol. insulator including 1-85 wt. % filler.    ADVANTAGE -   The electrically insulating property and airtightness can be improved.
A positive electrode pin is composed of Al or Al alloy and the pin is caulked to a battery can or cover through a high molecular insulator.    ADVANTAGE -   The electrically insulating property and the air-tightness are improved. The can or cover for battery is mfd. at low cost.
A segmented metal hydride battery system comprises: a containment can; a stack of hydrogen-metal oxide cells, defining a hydrogen-metal oxide battery, disposed within the containment can, each cell comprising at least a positive and a negative electrode; a hermetically enclosed hydrogen storage vessel containing a metal hydride material being capable of releasably absorbing and discharging gaseous hydrogen, and including an aperture in the vessel; a communication means disposed between the hydrogen-metal oxide battery, and the enclosed hydrogen storage vessel for permitting a reversible communication of a hydrogen gas stream flow between them; a means for selectively opening and closing the communication means to permit and restrict hydrogen gas flow between the battery and the enclosed storage vessel; a filter comprising a thin film material disposed in the hydrogen gas stream flow between the battery and the enclosed metal hydride material, the filter being capable of diffusing hydrogen therethrough but being essentially impervious to O2, CO2, and water vapour, the filter providing an effective enclosure for inhibiting O2, CO2, and water vapour from reaching the metal hydride, hydrogen storage material.    USE -   Used as metal hydride batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   The hydrogen storage means is isolated from the electrochemical cells to avoid self-discharge and also to provide control of when the charged battery begins to provide electrical power, provides passive purification of the hydrogen gas stream to remove O2, CO2 and water vapour entrained within the hydrogen gas.
The solar battery module has a photo-voltaic element (101) and a surface resin film (103).    A resin film (110) including a transparent organic molecule resin is formed between the surface resin film and the photo-voltaic element, such that it contacts with a metal member mounted on the photo-voltaic element.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents reduction in photoelectric conversion efficiency. Provides solar battery module with high reliability. Prevents deterioration of transparent organic molecule resin. Prevents damage to mounting member from exterior. Improves impact nature and scratch proof nature, selectively.
The solar battery module comprises a transparent organic macro mol. resin layer (102) formed at the light incident surface of a photovoltaic element (101). A surface protection film (103) is formed on the upper surface of the organic mol. resin layer. Thus, an uneven covering member contg. 2 layers covers the organic macro mol. resin layer.    The difference between the height of the recess and that of the projection of the covering member lies between 5-500 m. The distance between the vertex of the recess and that of the projection lies between 0.1-10 m.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides good sealing with organic resin and bonding power to surface film. High reliability is assured even on prolonged outdoor exposure. Peeling of film is prevented.
The cell has a laminate of unit cells, electrical connecting terminals integrated with separators for each opposing cell, electrical insulating intermediate plate between side face of reaction gas flow trench and inter electrical connecter between the terminals.    ADVANTAGE -   The cell is easily maintained, the troubled unit fuel cell being replaced in a short time by using the terminal integrated with the separator, and the cell has improved reliability.
Cell has an oxidised gas flow trench at a cathode opposing surface of a current collector and a fuel gas flow trench at an anode opposing surface of a current collector. Depth of the oxidised gas flow trench is gradually increased from the gas inlet side to the gas outlet side.    USE -   The cell is suitable for a polymer electrolyte fuel cell.    ADVANTAGE -   Discharge of produced water is easy by action of gravity.
The cell includes an elastomer type binder contg. 0.01 wt.% of antioxidant.    USE -   The cell has lower cost and improved safety.    ADVANTAGE -   The cell has improved storage life.
An anodic cpd. material contains a binder of anodically material, an electrically conductive agent and an ion-conductive polymer solid state electrolyte. The electrically conductive agent comprises main conductive agent and auxiliary conductive agent.    USE -   The cpd. is suitable for Li cells.    ADVANTAGE -   Cells using the cpd. allow high efficiency discharge without lowering packing density.
A crosslinking polyacrylate type water-absorbing polymer (whose dispersion density for a 0.5% by wt. soln. at 25 deg C is over 15,000 cps and particle diameter is 100 to 900 um) and a normal chain polyacrylic acid (whose dispersion viscosity for a 0.5% by wt. soln. at 25 deg C is over 20,000 cps) are used as gelatiniser.    ADVANTAGE -   The battery has good vibration-proof property and impact property on discharge.
A number of metal-air cells (20) each include a metal anode made of zinc (36), and an air cathode (38). Anode and cathode electrolyte absorbers (40,42) are adjacent the cathode and anode respectively separated by a separator (44).    An input (26) supplies electrolyte to the absorbers at a supply side (24) of the cell. A drain (30) drains excess electrolyte from the absorbers at a drain side (28) of the cells. Each of the cells is inclined so that the drain side is lower than the supply side.    ADVANTAGE -   Relatively inexpensive, efficient, capable of numerous recharge/discharge cycles, reduces electrolyte leakage.
An electrochemically active polyacetylene-co-polysulphur material which in its oxidised state has formula -(-C2Sx-)n- (I) and does not contain aliphatic or aromatic moieties, is new. In (I), x = 1-100; and n is 2.    Also claimed is an electric current producing cell comprising (a) an anode composed of a metal selected from Gp. IA, and Gp. IIA, (b) a cathode material composed of a polyacetylene-co-polysulphur material of formula (I) and (c) an electrolyte.    USE -   The polyacetylene-co-polysulphur material is used for the prodn. of rechargeable batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   The batteries have improved storage capacity and cycle life at ambient and sub-ambient temps..
The roof material consists of an insulated flexibility substrate (1). A solar battery cell (2) is provided on the substrate. A film (4) containing prevention on moisture material is provided on the solar battery cell through a sealing agent layer (5).    The moisture prevention material has reduced moisture transmittivity. A back ground material (3) is formed below the substrate. An Al foil is sandwiched in the fluororesin layer. The Al foil has water proofing, thermal insulation and fire proof function.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves conveyance work. Manufactures roll work continuously. Excels in mass production nature. Does not cause trouble in laying work on roof.
A base sheet is formed from a high polymer resin by injection moulding. The base sheet has a gas emission amt., under vacuum conditions of 1.3 m Pa.m/sec. or lower.    USE -   The base sheet is useful in magnetic, photomagnetic, photo-electric conversion layers in recording media and thin film solar cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The gas emission from the base sheet exerts no influence over a photo-magnetic layer, photo-electric conversion layer, etc. when the layers are formed under vacuum conditions. Excellent properties of such layers can be achieved.
A mobile type washing toilet comprises fuel storage parts; a fuel cell to generate a power by the fuel; and washing devices to which the generating power of the fuel cell is fed to wash a human body.    USE -   Used for a patient, a physically handicapped person, and an aged man in a hospital or a home.    ADVANTAGE -   Mobile type washing toilet is used in an arbitrary place without using a large and heavy charge type battery or a commercial source, and a sufficient high performance washing function is provided.
The battery (1) has an electric generation component (3) contained in a receptacle (2) by drawing deep a metal plate to form a cathode. A cover is attached to the upper part of the receptacle and forms an anode to its opening part.    The cover is made up of polyamide and its lower coating layer consists of an epoxy phenol resin system. The resin composition of the cover adheres to the receptacle when the anode formed is heated.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables easy thermobonding simply by heating cover. Reduces mfr. cost and because use of expensive device, e.g. YAG laser is unnecessary. Does not need precise processing of cover and prevents electrolyte from leaking. Can fully retain internal pressure.
A composite comprises (i) a porous material and (ii) a polymeric solid electrolyte composed of at least a polymer cpd and an electrolyte (ii) is present in the pores of (i).    Also claimed is the prepn. of the composite by impregnating (i) with a mixture of monomer and electrolyte and, then polymerising the monomer.    USE -   The composite is a photoelectric conversion device, such as a solar cell (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   The composite has good ionic conductivity and a good electrical connection is obtained, so that photoelectric conversion devices produced from the composite have good conversion efficiency. The composite is simply and easily produced. The electrolyte is solid so there is no fear of leakage of electrolyte soln and the long term stability is improved.
An organic photoconductor consists of an organo-silicon macromolecule having a repeating unit contg. Si and an aromatic ring, and having at least one Si and aromatic ring bond site. The organo-silicon macromolecule has a repeating unit of formula (I):    -[(SiR1R2)m-Arn]- (I)    Ar is an aromatic gp.; R1 and R2 = H, or hydrocarbon gps.; and m and n = at least 1. The organic photoconductor is formed of a combination of the organic silicon macromolecule and an electron attracting substance consisting of clustered C having a closed shell structure and contg. Cu.    Also claimed is an element formed of a combination of the organic photoconductor, and at least one of a metal, a metal oxide, an inorganic semiconductor, and an organic semiconductor.    USE -   The organic photoconductor and the element are used for an electrophotographic photoreceptor or a solar battery.    ADVANTAGE -   The organo-silicon macromolecule generates a carrier with visible light irradiation to form the photoconductor. The use of other material, including the electron attracting substance for increasing carrier generation with the organic silicon macromolecule further increases quantum efficiency. The organic photoconductor efficiently generates the carrier with visible light irradiation.
The solar battery compsn. article is sealed in a container (2) which consists of a transparent silicon resin (3). A glass board (12) with a solar cell (1) on the top surface is provided inside the container. The transparent silicon resin is used to form an amorphous silicon layer (11) on the back side of the glass board.    A slot part (22) is formed in between a circumferential edge part (13) and a suspending part (23) which is provided as the marginal part of the containment case. The reverse side surface of the solar cell is sealed by the transparent silicon resin.    ADVANTAGE -   Long life is ensured and the article is not affected by weather conditions.
The solid electrolyte sec. battery is composed of a positive electrode, a cathode of C-based material which can occlude and release Li ions, and a polymer electrolyte, e.g., a Li salt of F-contg. Lewis acid. The Li permeable C thin film is formed on the surface of the cathode.    ADVANTAGE -   The battery has good charging and discharging characteristics, since it has good joining property at the interface between cathode and polymer solid electrolyte.
The button type cell comprises a gasket having U-shape cross-section, of which inner periphery of the button has ring shape protruded part (1d).    ADVANTAGE -   The cell, in which active substance is not reduced, and inner liquid does not leak, is obtd.
The ion conductor comprises a fluorine bearing polyether of formula (I) incorporated with an alkali metal, and organic solvent. In (I): n = 10-2 to 10-5.    USE -   Used for lithium batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   The ion conductor provides high conductivity, and gives a soft and strong film.
Photoelectric conversion device has: a substrate (1) of first type; surface impurity region (3) of second type; SiO2 gate (5) formed on the impurity region; dielectric layer (6,7) formed on the gate SiO2; and gate electrode (8), the dielectric layer having the same shape as the gate electrode. The dielectric layer is pref. a nitride layer (6) and an oxide layer (7). In an embodiment, the gate electrode is polySi and dual layer metallisation (11,12) is added with interlevel insulation (10) of polyimide.    Methods for forming the device are claimed.    ADVANTAGE -   Device can be mfd. in few steps and has a pn junction with very low reverse bias leakage.
A non-aq. electrolyte system for use in batteries, capacitors or electrochromic displays comprises: (a) an alkali or ammonium salt; (b) a solvent mixt. comprising a mixt. of: (i) ethylene carbonate (EC); (ii) gamma-valerolactone (GVL); and opt. (iii) additional solvents selected from other organic carbonates, other lactones, ester and glymes; and opt. (c) a polymer. The system is opt. confined in a separator.    Also claimed is a method for the prepn. of the above electrolyte system comprising mixing the solvents, dissolving the salts in the mixt. and opt. adding a thickening agent to the soln..    USE -   The electrolyte is used in lithium batteries, supercapacitors, electrochromic devices such as 'smart windows'.    ADVANTAGE -   The system can be used for a broad voltage range, it has a conductivity higher than 10-3 S/cm at room temp. and it has a high stability against redn. in addition to a high oxidn. stability. It allows the construction of rechargeable lithium batteries with a cell voltage above 4V and supercapacitors with a cell voltage above 3V. The solvent mixt. combines the pref. characteristics of (i) and (ii) and provides high electrochemical stability against the negative electrode and forms a high performance passivation layer. It shows a lower irreversible loss of active material and a superior cycling efficiency w.r.t. prior art EC/gamma-butyrolactone mixts. and the capacity of an electrochemical cell is sustained through a high number of cycles.
Composite systems (VS) comprise substrate(s) (1) made of a hard transparent plastic (TK) with a firmly adhering composite layer (2) consisting of an elastic, transparent plastic material (VK) with an elasticity modulus (DIN/ISO 527) of not more than 1000 MPa, contg. energy recovery elements (5) that convert solar energy into other forms of energy.    USE -   Used as modules for converting solar energy into other forms of energy for local power supplies (claimed). Applications include bus and train stops, facades, information boards, advertising displays etc. The solar energy absorbed during daylight can be converted into electrical energy, stored in an accumulator and used at night. The system can also be integrated with energy-saving lamps and built into noise-protection walls etc.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides composite systems with easily incorporated integrated energy recovery elements which are protected from damage (impact, deformation, theft etc.) by the plastic matrix and from the effects of dust, water droplets etc. which cannot normally be removed without causing damage. The system also has a greater corrosion resistance than prior-art systems, esp. at the element/plastic interface.
A photovoltaic element comprises a semiconducting material resulting from the decomposition of a silicon polymer having an organic substituent.    Also claimed is the prodn. of the semiconducting material.     Pref. the silicon polymer is of repeating units of formula (I), (II) or (III): R1 ,R2 ,R' = H, 1-12C (halogenated)hydrocarbon gp., silyl gp. of formula (IV): R3 R4 R5 Si (IV) where R3 , R4 , R5are 1-8C alkyl, 6-10C aryl. The silicon polymer may crosslinked within and between each repeating unit.    USE -   The photovoltaic element is used in the prodn. of solar cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The produced photovoltaic element is pollution-free and capable of quantity production at a large unit size.
A porous metal body containing Al as a principal component, having a porous structure of 3-D network provided with interconnected pores of porosity of 90 % or higher and having at least 10 pores per cm, which comprises metallic skeleton parts of average sectional form satisfying the relationships represented by the formulae: S1/S2 2 and L1/L2 0.1, wherein S1 = area of closed region in 1 metallic skeletal section, S2 = area of a region filled with at least 1 metal in a closed region in 1 metallic skeletal section, L1 = maximum thickness of 1 metallic skeletal section and L2 = outer peripheral length of 1 metallic skeletal section.    Four processes for producing porous metal bodies are also claimed.    USE -   The porous metal body can be used as a battery plate used as a positive electrode in a battery provided with a non-aqueous electrolyte containing Li ions. Porous metal body is used as a carrier of any various substances.    ADVANTAGE -   Porous body has a large effective surface area and a high space utilisation factor and can be used as an excellent filter or battery plate.
The ion-conductive polymer contains covalently bound ion complexes of one of the formulae (Ia)-(Ic). In the formulae: M+ = H+, Li+, Na+ or K+; m = 0-4; m' = 0-7; m'' = 0-8; R5 and R6 = H, 1-5C alkyl, opt. substd. phenyl, phenylcarbonyl or 1-6C alkanoyl; R7 = H, 1-5C alkyl, 2-5C alkenyl or alkynyl, or substd. phenyl; R is: (i) halogen, -CO-O-, -CO-O-M+ or -SO2-O-M+, cyano, nitro, 1-5C alkoxy, opt. substd. phenyl or substd. phenoxy, -CONR5R6, -NR5R6, -N(R5)-CO-R7, R7-CO-, R7-O-CO-, R7-CO-O-, R7-O-CO-O-, cycloheptatrienyl; or (ii) an ion complex as (Ia)-(Ic) above, provided the R gp. in the second ion complex is not a further ion complex; or (iii) 2 R gps. bound to 2 adjacent C-atoms may together form a divalent, 3-8C aliphatic or alicyclic gp. having at least C=C double bonds, carbonyloxycarbonyl, carbonylthiocarbonyl, -CO-N(R7)-CO-; and a = either a direct bond to the polymer backbone or a bond through an intervening gp..    Also claimed are: (1) an electrochemical battery comprising as the electrolyte a polymer as above; and (2) a proton exchange membrane fuel cell comprising as the electrolyte a polymer as above in which M+ = H+.    USE -   The polymer is used as an electrolyte in electrochemical devices, e.g. fuel cells (claimed) and rechargeable batteries (claimed) for mobile telephones, portable music and video systems, video camcorders, laptop computers, etc.    ADVANTAGE -   The polymer has the high ionic conductivity required for batteries and fuel cells.
A mailbox with a solar-powered illuminated address number has a bottom tray pivoted to the mailbox and holding display circuitry with a battery connected to an external solar collector (15) and to a number display with a frame fixed to the box and holding a transparent display with reflective numerals attached to its undersurface and reflective tape along its polished edges, leaving a small light opening on one edge. Light is passed from an emitter through the opening so that virtually all reflects off the tape and numerals, which are pref. of white 'Mylar' (RTM). The collector may envelope an outer surface of the box, or may be remotely located. The box is pref. of plastics with downward hinge lugs.    USE -   For urban or rural mailboxes.    ADVANTAGE -   Eliminates the need for a mains electrical connection and provides a brilliant even display.
A solid polymer electrolyte inc. a soln. of at least one Li salt and at least one polymer host, and also a plasticising agent.    Also claimed is an electrochemical cell includes (a) an anode selected from Li metal, Li alloy, LiC6, graphite and petroleum coke, (b) a cathode selected from Ag2CrO4, CuO, Bi2O3, Bi2Pb2O5, CrOx, MnO2, LixMnOy, MoO3, LiNiO2, V2O5, V6O13, LiCoO2, CuS, FeS, TiS2, MoS2, CrxV1-xS2, Ni3S2, CuF2, (CF)n, CuCl2 and AgCl and (c) the above solid polymer electrolyte.    USE -   The electrolyte is used in the prodn. of non-rechargeable or rechargeable electrochemical cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The presence of the Li salt and a plasticiser improves the ionic conductivity of the polymer host.
The appts has a sending chamber (21) in which a conveyance roller (34) is provided. The flexible substrate (1) from the sending chamber is conveyed to a film forming chamber (22). The required voltage is applied between a pair of electrodes (41,42) in the film forming chamber and film forming process is performed.    After film formation, the substrate is conveyed to a rolling up chamber (24). A rolling up roller (35) that is cooled by the flow of coolant (37) is made to contact the substrate to reduce its temperature. Thus the wrinkles are removed.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents damage of photoelectric transducer. Shortens production time by improving operativity. Offers easy attachment and detachment work even for lengthy substrate. Reduces appts occupancy area.
A cell stack tightened with small-size plates is placed in a space between large-size plates (1, 1') via elastic material like a coil spring (11) or a rubber bush. The top large-size plate (1) is fastened with the bottom large-size (1') using bolts and nuts at four corners while displacement of the cell stack is moderately absorbed by the elastic material.    ADVANTAGE -   The cell stack is fastened by uniform fastening force, keeping proton conductivity between catalyst electrode and high-molecule electrolyte layers.
The power feeder has a fixed part (1) supported to the ground side of an electrical vehicle (6). A movable object (2) induces attitude changes along a horizontal surface by energising the vehicle through an electric supply coil (5). If the vehicle stops, it indicates a constant attitude change.    A receiving coil (8) is fixed to the electrical vehicle and contacts the movable object to provide optimum magnetic coupling. When the direction of movement of the vehicle changes wrt the direction of the movable object, both the movable object and the electric supply coil change attitude in the electric vehicle.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   In battery chargers of an electrical vehicle. Requires no skilful operation. Provides good power transmission efficiency. Improves electromagnetic induction action.
The board (s') arranges a fixed and mobile metal moulds. Resin composed material is poured into this arrangement, by injecting moulding technique. The mobile metal die is detached and the product is subjected to shaping process. A solar battery (2) is inserted into the product.    Then, the mobile metal die is attached to the fixed die. Again, transparent resin composed material is poured by injection moulding. The mobile metal die is removed followed by shaping process.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves watertight nature and water resistance characteristics. Realizes high economical value.
The solar battery comprises a positive electrode which has a heterocyclic ring compound polymerization film.     The film is formed with TiO2through solid or liquid state electrolyte.    ADVANTAGE -    Controls generation of discharge such as CO2, nitrogen oxide and sulphur oxide.
The lithium secondary battery has a case (1) with positive electrode terminal, a sealing board (2) with negative electrode terminal and a gasket (3) made of polypropylene. A positive electrode (4) having V2O5 are provided in contact with the case.    A negative electrode (5) having compound or alloy of lithium and a NiO5 is provided in contact with the sealing board. An organic electrolyte melts the lithium salt where re-charge is done. An aluminium electrode with 3-20 wt % is added to the positive electrode.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves battery with high reliability. Improves overcharge characteristic in high temperature atmosphere.
The fuel battery consists of a fuel pole (7) and an air pole (8) and an electrolyte impregnation board is provided in between them. Two or more air-passage slots (11) are formed on the surfaces of a separator (10) which lets fuel or air to pass to the other side. Two poles are positioned so that the air passage slots are mutually perpendicular to each other.    Between the fuel and air poles, multiple cells supporting a porous board which impregnates an electrolyte, are layered through the separator and a stacked cell structure of rectangular parallelepiped shape is formed. The side edge part parallel to the air-passage slot, connects a manifold which supplies fuel or air to the air passage slot. A gasket (16) or a sealing agent (14) is interposed between the electrolyte impregnation board and the separator. The air passage slot and a parallel conducting slot (15) are provided at the sealing surface of each separator. The outer side of each manifold provides opening for both ends of the conducting slot.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents leakage of gas. Avoids burning of stacked cell structure. Improves gas sealing efficiency.
The fuel battery has a separator (1) which supplies gas and a stack (4) consists of an electricity generation object. The separator consists of a fuel gas supply slot (22) and an oxidising agent gas supply slot (33). A humidification water supply header (25), a humidification water coupling (26) for fuel gas humidification and a humidification water supply header (35) for humidity oxidising agent gas are provided in the separator.    Mixing of the fuel gas and the oxidising gas with water is performed by applying moisture to each gas supply slot of the separator. The gas and the water mixture are supplied to the electricity generation object at the same time.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids need for using receptacle for humidification. Provides compact battery by using thin piping. Improves battery efficiency. Avoids need for heater power.
The mfg method involves preparing a solution containing 0.1-50% weight of perfluoro ion exchange resin which acts as an adhesion agent and is dissolved in non-fluorine alcohol. The solution is applied to a gas diffusion electrode and to a perfluoro ion exchange processing film.    The gas diffusion electrode and the perfluoro ion exchange processing film are then joined with each other.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides high bonding intensity. Improves operativity. Controls physical properties. Decreases internal resistance of battery.
The battery has an opening part (7B) which is provided in a retainer (7B) to hold a pillar like cathode (2) in the centre of the frame. A pair of anode insulators (81, 82) are positioned at the top frame part (71) and a bottom frame part (72). A board like anode (1) returns all the seas water oxygen which is dissolved between the anode and the anode insulators.    The cathode has a core (12) arranged at one edge face. The cathode is inserted into the opening part such that one edge face positions towards the retainer through a second cathode insulator (9B). The other edge of the cathode is press fitted with a first cathode insulator (9A). The dissolved sea water oxygen is returned to obtain an electromotive force.    ADVANTAGE -   Performs switching of cathode easily and discharge of battery by core efficiently.
The method involves grinding the surface of a porous carbon board (3) using a milling machine (1). The milling machine has a milling machine board placed on both sides of the porous carbon board.    A slot is formed by using a metal saw in the surface of the porous carbon board and cutting it.    ADVANTAGE -   In phosphorous acid type fuel battery. Reduces jamming ball in surface of substrate. Obtains uniform gas transparency.
The material is obtained by applying graphite conductivity coating material onto a metallic mesh. The graphite conductivity coating material contains vinyl chloride, epoxy resin, polyamideimide or water glass as a binder along with an electrically conductive substance along with graphite.    A stainless steel wire, a nickel wire or a nickel plated stainless steel wire is used as a metallic mesh. Thus a collective layer (3) is obtained which is used in an air pole (1).    ADVANTAGE -   Increases internal resistance. Provides strong load discharge characteristic of air cell.
The battery consists of a positive electrode plate, a retainer plate and a negative electrode plate arranged alternately inside the airtight battery case. The retainer consists of two layers namely the positive electrode contact layer which is in contact with positive electrode and the negative electrode contact layer which is in contact with the negative electrode.    The positive electrode contact layer is made up of fibres of smaller diameter packed densely. The negative electrode contact layer is made up of fibres of larger diameter than that of the positive electrode contact layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Offers superb airtight lead storage battery with good initial capacity. Improves cycle lifetime characteristic of battery. Controls self-discharge since impure metal on negative electrode is masked.
The lead storage battery has a plate matrix made of a calcium alloy. The middle of the gas exhaust path is provided with a water column manometer.    The water column manometer is formed with a porous body made of a resin composition in the range of 400 mm -700 mm, at the time of air ventilation. An exhaust hole (3) is provided to one side of a base opening part (1) for exhalation.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves performance without need for maintenance at high temperature.
The safety device has a positive electrode collector object (10) and a positive electrode material. A separator or solid state electrolyte holds the electrode. The multilayer body of each member is enclosed in an armour object (3). An opening part (3a) for the terminal holding member (6) is provided at the armour object.    The opening part is sealed by a terminal holding member using rubber or resin. Two terminals (7, 8) are penetrated into terminal holding member which deforms due to inner pressure rise. Between the terminal, a clearance is provided and nitrogen gas is allowed to pass outside.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents occurrence of accidents due to increase in nitrogen pressure. Improves safety of battery.
The battery consists of a metal bushing (1) which is embedded to the electric pole penetration part of a lid main part (2). The lid main part is made up of polyolefin system resin. A ring-like slot part (5) is formed to the bushing, which surrounds a lower end part (1e) between the bushing and the lid main part.    A halogenated polyolefin, is applied to an inner-wall surface (5a) of the ring like slot part and a sealing layer (4). An epoxy-resin filling part (3) is formed by filling the ring-like slot part with epoxy resin.    ADVANTAGE -   Increases adhesiveness of lid main part and epoxy resin filling part because sealing layer follows thermal expansion and contraction of lid main part. Prevents leakage of electrolyte from electric pole mounting part of battery.
A shell catalyst (I) contains (A) one or more metals of Gp. VIII and/or IB on (B) a powder or formed support, these metals being in finely divided form within a shell 1200 (pref. not more than 100) nm thick, with crystallite sizes of 10 (pref. &lt; 3) nm, in concns. of 0.05-35 wt.% w.r.t. dry wt. of catalyst.    Also claimed is (i) a process for the prodn. of (I) by coating the support with aq. solns. of 1 preformed, mono- or bi-metallic colloids of the above catalyst metals, stabilised with strongly hydrophilic surfactants; (ii) an electro-catalyst contg Gp. VIII metal(s) on a conductive support, obtd. by coating the support as above.    USE -   Used (i) for the hydrogenation or oxidn. of single and/or conjugated double bonds not forming part of an aromatic system, and of carbonyl cpds., carboxylic acids and derivs., and unsatd. C-N cpds., (ii) for the redn. of N-O cpds., (iii) for the hydrogenolysis of C-O and C-X cpds. (X = F, Cl Br or I) and (iv) as electro-catalysts in fuel cells (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   Provides shell catalysts in which the catalyst metals are easily accessible, enabling high activity in various reactions as above. In addn., the method of prodn. of (I) overcomes the disadvantages of prior-art processes by enabling the prodn. of shells with a higher concn. of the catalyst metal from more concd., stabilised colloidal solns.
A heat storage unit for a heating circuit system, has members for taking up and feeding thermal energy from various heat sources, for heating rooms, surfaces or individual components such as radiators. The storage unit is an earth tank in the form of a thermos flask. The wall of the unit consists of a polystyrene/concrete mixt. and the container is filled with fine quartz sand. Heating circuit pipes are embedded in the sand.    USE -   The unit is used for heating rooms.    ADVANTAGE -   The heat storage unit is simple and effective.
Absorber foil for solar heat collectors, pref. based on metal foil up to 0.01 mm thick, a metal foil with good thermal conductivity, pref. based on Cu, is bonded to a glass fibre mat, pref. coloured black, with a mass/unit area of 25-100 g by a current technical lamination process, pref. with hot melt or multicomponent adhesive.    USE -   The process is useful for making extremely light wt. heat absorption and transport foils for heating air and water in all types of collector systems.    ADVANTAGE -    The foils ensure optimum heat absorption, low reflection, high storage capacity and extremely long life of all these parameters. The heat yield is practically the same as that of CrO2-coated Cu foils. The process is cost-effective and saves material. The foils are compatible with the environment and give high energy yields.
The thermal accumulator consists of individual storage modules, which can be assembled into, or enlarge, a thermal storage battery of greater volumetric capacity. The accumulator is novel in that all modules are insulated together, as a single unit.    Pref. the fluid filled modules are connected as a temperature cascade, such that a hotter module is connected to the top of the next cooler module below it. As far as the number of modules permits, the arrangement is further implemented to assure that hotter modules are entirely surrounded by cooler ones, these in turn surrounded by even cooler ones, and so on.    USE -   To build a thermal storage system for heating and hot water.    ADVANTAGE -   The system is useful in conjunction with solar energy, and fossil fuel boilers, where it may be used both to reduce burner control cycling, and as a buffer store. Biomass is a further heat source considered.The system builds thermal storage accumulators up to several cubic metres in size, suitable for a household. It may conveniently fill a cellar, leaving room for passage. It is very economical in comparison to a conventional large storage tank, and readily employs the principle of thermal stratification for heat conservation and control. Unlike in a single tank, a quasi-transverse thermal gradient is possible, improving thermal retention. It is ideal for smoothing the availability of solar heat, and can be coupled efficiently to existing systems. The matching multi way control valve is designed for high reliability in this application. The sectional thermal jacket system minimises thermal leakage at the joints, which conveniently snap together.
The photoresponsive (PR) device comprises a PR zone having first and second major surfaces, on which are provided a first and second electrodes respectively. The PR zone comprises a polymer blend and has regions of first and second semiconductive (SC) polymers, which are phase-sepd.. The second SC polymer has a greater electron affinity than the first SC polymer so that, when the device is used, a photocurrent between the first and second electrodes, resulting from light incident on the PR layer, comprises electrons travelling through the second SC polymer and holes travelling through the first SC polymer.    Also claimed are: (1) a PR semiconductor comprising the above phase-sepd. SC polymer blend, in which the second SC polymer has an electron affinity greater than that of the first SC polymer, so facilitating charge sepn. between the first and second SC polymers; and (2) a PR semiconductor as (1) above in which the first SC polymer comprises poly(p-phenylene vinylene) (PPV) substance with at least one alkyl, alkoxy, halogen or nitro gp. and the second SC polymer comprises a cyano-subst. copolymer of PPV.    USE -   The PR device may be used to replace any prior art PR device from an amorphous silicon pin diode to a device with a very large PR surface, e.g. a solar cell.    ADVANTAGE -   A PR device comprising the SC polymers offers relatively high quantum yields at low light intensities and provides more efficient energy conversion than has been achieved with prior art devices. Improved excitation dissociation through charge transfer in the bulk of the polymer blend provides a broad spectral response curve. The device, or an array of devices, may be flexible to allow application to a non-planar surface. Mfr. of the device may be by continuous processing from roll to roll of flexible substrate.
A (semi-)solid stage electrolyte composite comprises an electrically-insulating ribbon of expanded or perforated plastic film coated with and embedded in an ionically-conductive (semi-)solid state matrix including an ionically-conductive liq. complexed with an alkali(ne earth) metal trifluoromethane sulphonate (triflate) salt and polyethylene oxide (PEO).    USE -   Used in the prodn. of solid stage alkali(ne earth) metal batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   The composites are highly ionically-conductive, shorting and dendrite-proof, flexible yet mechanically strong, lightweight and thin, and inert to component materials.
Adhesion-promoting layers for an electrolytic cell comprise a dispersed colloidal soln. comprising: polyacrylic acid; a conducting material; and a basic Li cpd.; the adhesion promoter: (a) having a pH of 3.5-4.0; or (b) including 0.05-0.5 equiv. basic Li cpd. per mole polyacrylic acid.    A solid adhesion-promoting layer as above is also claimed.    Pref., the basic Li cpd. is LiOH or Li2CO3; or is an Li salt of a weak acid with an acid dissociation constant less than 1 x 105, pref. from LiCO3, Li acetate, Li propionate, Li tartrate, Li benzoate and Li borate; the conducting material is C, a conducting polymer or metal shavings, and the solid layer is 1-10 m thick.    USE -   In the prodn. of solid batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   The adhesion-promoting layer has reduced acidity, improving Li cyclability, the lower H+ levels increasing Li+ concn. and reducing Li+ migration across the electrolyte.
A rechargeable Li battery comprises an anode (202) a cathode (208), a separator (207) positioned them, and an electrolyte soln. in contact with the anode and the cathode. The anode substrate (201) is covered with a coating (209) covering at least the part of the anode substrate opposite the cathode. The coating consists of a metal oxide material having a standard electrode potential difference or emf of 1.5 or less w.r.t. Lithium, and capable of intercalating or de-intercalating Li ions for a battery reaction. Prodn. of the anode is also claimed.    USE -   The battery is useful in load-levelling at power generating plants, in electric vehicles and in portable electrical devices.    ADVANTAGE -   A highly reliable, high performance battery is provided, which has excellent fast-charging characteristics, energy density and charge/discharge cycle life. It provides sufficient service capacity without causing the growth of dendritic Li.
Photovoltaic solar module is used as a cladding panel or roofing element. Its outer sheet faces the incident light with a second sheet behind, forming an interspace. These are held apart by an all-round edge seal, and between them solar cells embedded in e.g. sheets of cast resin have a novel conductor system, allowing adjacent solar cells to make connection (8,10) at their edges.    Connecting terminals (2,4), which may be a plug and socket arrangement are also brought out for the main circuit. The covering sheets are pref. silicate glass, esp. white glass. The embedding material for the solar cells is pref. polyvinylbutyral (PVB), ethylenevinylacetate (EVA) or a monomer mixture based on an acrylate.    USE -   To make an edge connecting photovoltaic solar module, with a transparent enclosure and suitably sealed electrical connections.    ADVANTAGE -   The electrical connections are positively made with good mechanical stability. Fault free electrical contact is realised. The system is easily installed by the unfamiliar, and can resist rough handling. Units connect edge to edge together for smooth appearance. A diode may be included to bypass faulty panels automatically.
An electrocatalytic structure article comprises a film of a SiOxCyHz matrix with a catalytic amt. of dispersed non-supported discrete particles of a catalytic material.    Also claimed are a process for forming the dispersion, an electrode, an electrolytic cell and a gas reaction fuel cell.    USE -   Electrocatalytic structure is used in chemical reactions e.g. to catalyse the electrochemical reactions taking place in fuel cells employing gaseous fuels.    ADVANTAGE -   Increased utility of catalysts in fuel cells and other electrochemical reactions by improved effectiveness and efficiency.
The mfr. comprises kneading foaming resin to mould a resin foam column, slicing the resin foam column into thin films, firing the foaming resin, adhesive, water and binder for heat decomposition, sintering the thin films and removing oxide from the surfaces of the thin films.    ADVANTAGE -   An active material holding substrate can withstand large current and is resistant to peeling.
The sealed electrical device includes a liq. with a metal container open at one end contg. the internal electrical assembly. The container acts as a first electrical terminal (15). A metal cover is sealed at its periphery to the open end of the container.    A liq. fill port is located on the device's outer surface, with a second terminal on the outer surface. The improvement comprises a unitary assembly comprising the fill port and the second terminal. The assembly is remote from the seal at the periphery.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Relates to port and terminal constructions for electrical devices such as batteries or capacitors comprising organic electrolytes. Combines filling and sealing of device using fill port that is subsequently used as electrical terminal assembly.
Geothermal solar building has a solar collector roof web mfd. from glass fibre-reinforced plastic webs, which are bent into a curved shaped and bent up at the end as stiffening. Cu laminate platelets are mixed into the plastic resin in powder form. The surface of the roof web is also coated with highly-polished Cu platelets and sealed. The internal surface of the roof is reflective and small gutters are provided at the inner edge. By convexities in the middle of the roof, the length is shortened, so that a hollow body is formed when installed on a flat roof.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces timber usage, is rigid while being light and flexible.
A solar heating cover is made by positioning straight spreader members (36) between a pair of nip rollers to extend through the nip at grooves (102a, 104a) in at least one roller, and guiding a pair of preheated plastic sheets through the nip on opposite sides of the members, rotating the rollers to advance the sheets which are laminated except at the members where passages are formed between them. The rollers are separated periodically to open the nip and form transverse headers between the sheets and communicating with the passages.    Pref. a vacuum is pref. drawn (108) in cavities (106) spaced around one roller between the grooves to form flotation bubbles between the sheets. The sheets are pref. bonded peripherally and are e.g. 4-mils polyethylene or 5-mils PET.    USE -   Partic. as a floating solar heating cover for a swimming pool.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides an effective and inexpensive cover.
The module includes a filament structure (20) arranged in a semiconductor layer which is set up at the peripheral surface of a collector pole (21). The collector pole consists of a linear conductive material. A collection electrode (10) is arranged on the contrary side of the light incidence side, which is connected with the peripheral surface of the filament structure. The surface of the collection electrode comprises a material which has optical reflection conductive nature.    The peripheral part comprises a protection member (30) provided with a filling cover layer (31) made of soft silicon resin of a covering layer (32) made of hard silicon resin. The protection member fills up the space part in a ditch part (11) and covers the light incident side of the filament structure. The collection electrode has a groove (13) of U or V shaped, which is prolonged along the longitudinal direction. The width of the groove is more than the thickness of the filament. The filament structure is arranged on the focal zone of the collection electrode in each ditch, which acts as a concave mirror.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves photoelectric conversion efficiency, weather resistance and endurance. Prevents invasion of water, gas etc inside solar battery module.
The solar battery has a first electrode layer (2), a photoelectric conversion semiconductor layer (3) and a transparent second electrode layer (4) which are layered sequentially onto a flexible substrate (1). An adhesive agent layer (72) is formed over a moisture prevention film (82). An optical dispersion polymer film (6) is inserted between the transparent second electrode layer and the transparent moisture prevention film (81).    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces surface reflection factor. Excels in productivity. Improves photoelectric conversion efficiency.
The mfg. method involves coating the surface of a polysilicon substrate (11) with liq. photosensitive resin. A mask (81) is set up at predetermined portions on the surface of the resin corresponding to a slot or recess to be formed in the substrate. Etching is performed on the resin to form an opening part (82). A number of grinding particles (24) are injected into the opening part onto the surface of the substrate to perform air blasting.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves short circuit current. Increases mass production nature and hence reduces cost. Improves photo electric conversion efficiency. Reduces processing time by forming many slots simultaneously.
Dipolyoxyethylene alkylamide as hydrocarbon system surfactant and polyoxyethylene alkyl ether fluoride as fluorine system are added to alkaline electrolyte.    USE -   Used for battery with zinc negative electrode.    ADVANTAGE -   Corrosion resistance and discharge performance of zinc can be improved.
The gas diffusion electrode comprises catalyst and perfluoro ion exchange resin contg. alkali metal ion as counter ion.    USE -   The electrode is used as the electrode for the fuel cell, or for electrolysis.    ADVANTAGE -   Catalyst having no corrosion resistance in acidic condition can be stably operated. For the carboxylic acid type perfluoro ion exchange resin, the alkaline metal salt type perfluoro ion exchange resin has higher degree of dissociation, accordingly higher conductivity.
Battery has pressure control valve with a valve cylinder and a valve body for controlling pressure in the battery. A mixt. of a silicone oil and a vegetable oil is inserted between the valve cylinder and the valve body. Content of the vegetable oil is 2-10 wt.% per 100 wt.% of the silicone oil.    USE -   The battery is suitable for closed type lead battery.    ADVANTAGE -   The battery has improved life by using the vegetable oil.
A collector to collect and detect radiation emitted by reflected from or transmitted through a scanned information medium comprises: (a) a photodetector assembly (7, 8) with 1st and 2nd sides extending the width of a scanned information medium (9), with a detection surface parallel or perpendicular to the medium; (b) a 1st planar mirror assembly (1, 2, 3) parallel to the photodetector assembly (7, 8), having a lower edge adjacent the medium (9) and an upper region adjacent the 1st side of the detection surface; and (c) a 2nd planar mirror assembly (4, 5, 6) parallel to the assembly (7, 8) with an upper region adjacent the 2nd side at the detection surface. The lower edges of the mirror assemblies are spaced apart and form an aperture (12) for passing the radiation. The assembly (7, 8) and mirror assemblies (1-6) are configured such that all radiation passing through the aperture (12) strikes the photodetector assembly either directly or after a single reflection from the 1st mirror assembly, and such that the 2nd mirror assembly reflects radiation reflected by the photodetector assembly with only a single reflection back to the photodetector assembly. The 1st mirror assembly reflects radiation only once before it hits the photodetector. The mirror assemblies include specularly reflective mirrors comprising an acrylic substrate with a vacuum deposited Al coating.    USE -   For reading the image stored in a photostimulable storage phosphor, and for collecting and detecting the radiation emitted from the phosphor during scanning by stimulating radiation.    ADVANTAGE -   Collection efficiency and flare attenuation are improved, and diffuse reflectivity minimised.
Solar drying appts. comprises a solar panel which produces hot air used for drying the prod. The panel comprises a box covered by a translucent or, pref., transparent material, usually a polycarbonate sheet, and including a mat of porous polypropylene filled with graphite to a thickness of 1-2 cm. The mat is formed as parallel bands which divide the box into compartments through which air entering by the base of the box must pass.    USE -   Used esp. in tropical or very sunny countries for drying food prods. such as cereals, fish or cocoa.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduced drying time which reduces risk of prod.deterioration. Appts. works independently of external energy source so can be used in remote areas. Simple-to-assemble modular construction. Simple and cheap to use.
Conductive paste comprises an epoxy resin having the mol. wt. &gt; 100, a silver powder whose ratio to the epoxy resin by wt. ranges from 4-10, and twofold or more of the min. amt. required to cure the epoxy resin of imidazole curing agent.    Also claimed is a method for formation of electrodes by mixing the silver powder with the epoxy resin above in the wt. ratio above, adding the imidazole curing agent to the epoxy resin in the addition amount of two fold or more of the minimum addition amount required to cure the epoxy resin, applying the conductive paste by screen printing and a heating to cure the conductive paste at 150-200 C. Also claimed is a solar battery having the electrodes formed in the above method for formation of electrodes above.    SE - To produce solar batteries, in particular, for mass prodn. of the electrodes at low prodn. cost.    ADVANTAGE -   Since using the conductive paste can form easily the electrodes for the solar batteries by screen printing process, it is suitable for mass production of the electrodes. Also soldering by reflow process with solder paste or by solder dipping process is possible. Since the curing agent to cure the epoxy resin is the imidazole curing agent, the pot life can be lengthened and therefore, a heating semi-cure state can be formed for a long time, so the electrodes can be more easily formed. Using this conductive paste can obtain sufficient tensile strength of terminals. The solar battery produced by using the conductive paste and the method for formation of electrodes can form ohmic contact and can prevent drop in photoelectric conversion efficiency.
A binder for batteries comprises an aq. or non-aq. dispersion/powder of fine core-shell composite particles (A) having an average dia. of 0.05 and composed of a fibril forming polytetrafluoroethylene as the core and a non-fibril-forming polymer as the shell in a wt. ratio of the core to the shell or 98:2-50:50. Also claimed are: (1) a compsn. for electrodes contg. 0.1-10 wt.% of (A) and the rest electrode materials; and (2) a non-aq. electrolyte battery comprising a non-aq. electrode and a positive electrode comprising conductive agent contg. Li cpds. as the activating material integrated by the above binder.    ADVANTAGE -   The binder can resist the negative effects of water.
The solar battery includes a first electrode layer (2), a photoelectric conversion semiconductor layer (3) and a second electrode layer (4) which are layered sequentially on the surface of a flexible insulating substrate (1). A first moisture prevention film (71) is formed on the surface of the second electrode layer, through a first adhesive agent layer (61).    A second moisture prevention layer (72) is formed on the other surface of the substrate, through a second adhesive agent layer (62). Each adhesive agent layer comprises an acrylic resin film whose surface is hidden by a PVDF resin. An UV ray absorption agent is added to the acrylic resin.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves moisture resistance characteristics of solar battery. Offers damp proof and weather resistance of solar battery.
The solar battery includes a first electrode layer (2), a photoelectric conversion semiconductor layer (3) and a second electrode layer (4) which are formed sequentially on the surface of a flexible insulating substrate (1). A moisture prevention layer (71) is formed on the second electrode layer, through an adhesive agent layer (61). The adhesive agent layer consists of an adhesive agent such as hot melt type nylon-12.    ADVANTAGE -   Offers weather resistance to battery. Prevents moisture invasion. Increase life period of battery.
The cell has a solid-state polymer electrolyte film (SPEF), a H2 pole and O2 pole having a gas diffusion layer (GDL) set opposed via the SPEF, and a gas feeding system. A catalyst layer is formed on the GDL of the H2 pole and/or the O2pole, an eutectoid layer of active component is formed at least one surface of the SPEF, and the SPEF is in a body junction with the poles and the GDL.    USE -   Used for high density cell.    ADVANTAGE -   The cell has 1.5 times output power density.
The battery uses a Zn can contg. &lt; 30 ppm Pb, and free of added Hg and Cd. A polyethylene glycol is added to the battery.    Pref. electrolyte contains 0.01-0.5 wt.% of the polyethylene glycol.    USE -   The battery is used to reduce pollution problems.    ADVANTAGE -   The Zn can has improved corrosion resistance.
A group of solar cell elements is obtained by connecting a number of solar cell elements (200,210) in series or in parallel by metal foil pieces (202) where an insulating tape (204) is stuck parallel with the metal foil pieces on and across the back faces of the solar cell elements arranged next to each other.    Also claimed is a method for producing a solar cell module as above where the solar cell elements are afterwards covered with a polymeric organic resin.    USE -   Useful for producing a solar cell module as a clean energy source. In partic. useful for amorphous Si-based cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The solar cell elements are produced in high yield and operate with high reliability.
The grid electrode for collecting voltage from the cells of a solar panel includes coating layers. The electrode (101) is formed of a metal of low resistivity using conventional wire forming techniques. Thin metal layers (103) can be applied to the surface of the wire. These layers can provide protection against corrosion and oxidation and be formed from precious metals.    A coating layer (102) is added and formed from heat cured conductive adhesive, or thermoplastic conductive adhesive. This coating allows the wire to be mechanically and electrically connected to the photovoltaic element substrate through thermocompression bonding processes.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides a long term reliable electrode that avoids short circuits and paint solvent penetration and has low resistance
Bipolar substrate has electrodes secured to form a bipolar battery cell, where the substrate comprises a backbone having overlapping strands of carbon and a mix of carbon particles and fluoroelastomer in voids between the carbon strands, cured to form a monolithic composite having strength, flexibility and conductivity is new. Also claimed is the method of making the bipolar substrate.    USE -   The battery may be used to power an electric vehicle.    ADVANTAGE -   A rechargeable lightweight bipolar battery capable of storing large amounts of energy and of delivering energy at very high power level is produced. The substrate is substantially inert to acid and battery electrolyte.
Liq. electrolyte fuel cell stack subassembly comprises: (a) a first electrode flow field plate for use in a first cell in a stack, having parallel reactant flow passages extending transversely across one face of the plate, and being porous and capable of absorbing the electrolyte so as to act as an electrolyte reservoir plate for the stack; (b) an electroconductive carbon separator plate adjacent to the side of (a) not having the reactant flow passages; (c) a first melted and resolidified hydrophobic resin film layer bonding (a) to (b); (d) a second electrode flow field plate formed from a homogeneous mixture of graphite flakes and a hydrophobic resin binder for use in said adjacent fuel cell in the stack with its passages perpendicular to those of (a) and being essentially non-porous and hydrophobic, and incapable of acting as an electrolyte reservoir plate; and (e) a second melted and resolidified hydrophobic resin film layer bonding (d) to (b). Also claimed is the method of producing the subassembly.    USE -   The subassembly is used in a phosphoric acid fuel cell.    ADVANTAGE -   The graphite flakes impart a coefft. of thermal expansion as low as 2 ppm/F to the second electrode flow field plate (claimed) giving a fuel cell of improved integrity.
A solar heat collecting roof shingle has a fluid-filled tube through a transverse opening (16) in an upper segment (12) which is thicker than a lower segment (14). The opening can be aligned with openings in adjacent shingles and is substantially larger than tube diameter to accommodate shingle misalignment.    The lower segment pref. extends from the top of the upper and can be placed over the top of a similar but lower shingle. The shingle may have a second transverse opening parallel to the first and the same or a second tube extends through this. The shingle is pref. of rubber and the tubes are of PVC.    ADVANTAGE -   Is inexpensive, and is easy to install and align with other shingles.
A pressure spacer (3) has three-layer structure comprising a plate-form material (6) formed of polyester resin and having high rigidity; a thermal expansive particle layer (7) formed of a polyvinyl chloride vinylidene copolymer and contg. a thermal expansive microcapsule having b.pt. hydrocarbon in a shell; and a resilient material (8) formed of butyl rubber. A pressure spacer (2) is arranged so that the resilient material (8) is pointed to the pole plate gp. (2) side and the thermal expansion particle layer (7) is pointed to the inner all surface side.    ADVANTAGE -   Local absorption reaction of oxygen gas does not occur.
The cell comprises a cathode layer, a separator and an anode layer impregnated with an electrolyte sequentially laminated in a closed vessel whose inside is decompressed and which is formed out of a laminated sheet prepd. by sandwiching an aluminium interlayer between polyethylene films.    ADVANTAGE -   Inside resistance is reduced, to provide uniform discharge.
A lead storage battery comprises a macromolecular non-ionic surfactant in an electrolytic soln. of dilute sulphuric acid.    ADVANTAGE -   The battery has larger capacity without reducing discharging performance and lifetime.
A solid macromolecule electrolytic-type fuel battery comprises a solid macromolecular electrolytic film with its adjacent face including that of the electrode and its margin at the corner greater than at its side.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves jointing strength between reaction layer and solid macromolecule electrolytic film.
A non-aq. electrolytic liq. battery comprises a non-aq. electrolytic liq. contg. 1-20 wt.% of at least one polymer from an epoxy resin, acrolein (deriv.) homopolymer, acetone, formaldehyde resin or melamine resin.    USE -   Used for high density energy batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   The battery improves the reservation characteristics.
A rechargeable battery has a separator between an anode and cathode, with an electrolyte or electrolyte soln. in contact with the electrodes. At least the anode has an active material-retaining body comprising an electroconductive material and an insulating or semiconductor material able to allow an ion for battery reaction to pass through but not able to allow the active material to pass through upon charging. The active material body is at least 10% porous. Also claimed are: (i) the anode itself; and (ii) a process for forming the anode and the battery comprising: (a) applying a compsn. of the electroconductive material, the insulating or semiconductor material and a material capable of forming pores, on to a substrate, and (b) removing the pore-forming material in the applied coat to form the porous anode active material-retaining body.    USE -   In Li and Zn rechargeable batteries, for power supply applications, electric cars, for storing 'dump' power from electricity generation and portable electric devices such as video cameras, etc.    ADVANTAGE -   The anode is always highly rated and stable, and exhibits excellent battery performance while preventing the generation or growth of a dendrite upon repeated charging and discharging, contributing to long cycle life. High electric capacity and high energy density.
A chemical current source is equipped with thermo-sensitive spacers permeable for the electrolyte and made of a non-melting porous material impregnated by an inert low-melting substance and placed between the positive and negative electrodes.    The resistance of the spacers increases sharply during melting of the low-melting substance, causing drop of the current in the source to close the zero. During heating to the failure temp. of a polypropylene separator, the electrodes are reliably insulated.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Construction of chemical current sources with manganese dioxide-lithium systems. Elimination of fire-explosion hazard during short circuiting and temp. increase.    Bul. 27/27.9.95
Prodn. of macromolecular solid electrolyte comprises: removing a dispersed medium from a mixed dispersion of high-polar macromolecular particles and low-polar macromolecular particles having crosslinking reactivity. The macromolecular particles are coagulated and fused to form a macromolecular matrix consisting of a high-polar macromolecular phase and a low-polar macromolecular phase. The macromolecular matrix is soaked in an electrolytic soln. to improve the high-polar macromolecular phase in the electrolytic soln. In forming the macromolecular matrix, the following processes include: (a) soaking a macromolecular matrix precursor in a good solvent of the low-polar macromolecular phase before completing the coagulation and the fusion of the low-polar macromolecular particles; (b) heating the matrix to at least the crosslinking reaction temp. of the low-polar macromolecular to crosslink the low-polar macromolecular phase.    USE -   The method produces a macromolecular solid electrolyte used for a sec. lithium battery.    ADVANTAGE -   The macromolecular solid electrolyte has high ion conductivity and mechanical strength.
The grating comprises expanded work from a composite laminate of thick lead plate and resin sheet. The sheet is made by laminating a substrate of non-modified polyolefin type resin and a binder layer made of maleic anhydride modified polyolefin type resin, and then the sheet is adhered to the lead plate via a binder layer by hot pressing.    USE -   The grating is suitable for squeezing.    ADVANTAGE -   The grating needs less material and has improved quality.
Prodn. of a bladder comprises: (a) forming the bladder with a moulding material and a gas shielding layer placed in the moulding portion of a shaping mould in which a burr forming portion is provided at the end, the end of the gas shielding layer being placed on the burr forming portion; (b) cutting and removing a burr portion from the bladder.    USE -   The method produces the bladder used for an accumulator.    ADVANTAGE -   On cutting and removing the burr portion from the bladder, the cut end face of the gas shielding layer is exposed flush against the cut end surface of an elastic material layer. The result approaches the end face of the gas shielding layer to the end face of the elastic material layer to prevent gas leakage. In filling the moulding material in the shaping mould, the moulding material flows to the burr forming portion. The result laminates the gas shielding layer on the elastic material layer without looseness. Cutting and removing the end of the gas shielding layer substantially removes the portion generating wrinkles in preliminary moulding. The gas shielding layer is prevented from sepn. or cracks.
The anode catalyst is composed of 1-70 at.% Ni, Co, Mn or Au and the remainder Pt, Pd or Ru as alloy.    ADVANTAGE -   A large current is obtd. stably and for a long time, free from poisoning by CO, using the anode catalyst.
A heater comprises:    (a) a honeycomb core (3) formed of a plane assembly of hollow columnar cells (2);    (b) a heat generating sheet (5) made of resin mounted on one opening end face (4) of the honeycomb core (3) and generating heat through energisation; and    (c) a board body (7) mounted on the other opening end face (6) of the honeycomb core.    USE -   Used as a panel heater.    ADVANTAGE -   Weight is reduced and handling is facilitated.
Prepn. of the cell using a vinyl fluoride resin or a vinyldiene fluoride resin as a binder for a cell active material includes heat treating after fabricating the cell.    USE -   The cell is suitable for a smaller size electronic device.    ADVANTAGE -   Cycle life of the cell is 2 times improved by the method.
The electrode-high polymer electrolyte jointed body comprises electrodes contg. electroconductive particles having function as catalyst, and high polymer electrolyte jointed with the electrodes. Electroconductive particles exist in the joint interface between the electrodes and the high polymer electrolyte.    USE -   The electrode-high polymer electrolyte jointed body is used for fuel cell, oxygen and/or hydrogen generator, and oxygen or hydrogen sensor.    ADVANTAGE -   For the electrode-high polymer electrolyte jointed body. Contact area of the electrode and high polymer electrolyte film is improved.
The metal parts of the phosphoric acid type fuel cell comprise metallic substrate coated with resin coating film. The coating film comprises polyarylene sulphide resin compsn. consisting of 100 pts.wt. of polyarylene sulphide resin and 3-50 pts.wt. of tripolyphosphate powder.    USE -   As the cooling device or manifold of a phosphoric acid type fuel cell.    ADVANTAGE -   Improved durability for use in corrosive atmos. for long period. Prepn. of the metal parts is at lower cost than that for conventional type parts.
A laminate battery has opposing anode and cathode plate and an anode active substance, solid electrolyte, and a cathode active substance between them, and thermo-jointing resin frame body jointing mutually the peripheral region of the plates and a laminate of thin batteries with a frame body protrusions reaching outside the peripheries and jointed together to unify the batteries.    USE -   For electronics machine and appts.
Polyalkylene oxide having a wt.-ave. mol. wt. of 1,000-1,000,000 is allowed to react with polyol, and an isocyanate cpd. in the presence of an amine-based and/or a tin-based catalyst to obtain a thermoplastic water-absorbing polyalkylene oxide modified substance. A compsn. consisting of the 100 pts. wt.-thermoplastic water-absorbing polyalkylene oxide modified substance and a 0.1-20 pts. wt.-inorganic oxide is formed. The formed compsn. is irradiated with an electron beam of 5-500 KGy. An electrolyte and a non-aqueous organic solvent are impregnated into the compsn.    USE -   The gel-like electrolyte is used for a battery or an electrochemical device material.    ADVANTAGE -   The gel-like electrolyte exerts good ion conductivity, and produces high crosslinking density by electron beams irradiation. The high crosslinking density results in superior mechanical strengths. Thin film formation is available though the electrolyte contains the inorganic oxide. Thin film formation is provided to the resulting battery and electrochemical device material. The use of the electrolyte for a lithium battery provides the thin lithium battery with high voltage, large electrical capacity, flat discharge characteristics, good low-temp. characteristics, and wide temp.-range application.
Solar panels having a glass front panel and a rear support panel between which solar cells are situated, in which the cavity between the front and rear panels is filled with a curable polyether-polyurethane casting resin compsn..    USE -   In the fabrication of large sized solar panels for use in buildings and vehicles.    ADVANTAGE -   The polyether-polyurethane resins have excellent transparency w.r.t. light, esp. in the near infra red region, to give solar panels with high efficiency. Good mechanical properties and durable adhesion to the front and back panels to give panels with safety glass-like properties. Good resiliency to avoid the formation of stresses and deformation of the panel when subjected to temp. changes. Excellent resistance to deterioration, discolouration and ageing when exposed to UV, moisture and weathering, thus giving panels with a long useful life and high resistance to weathering and yellowing at the edges.
The part of an accumulator plate where the connection lug is to be formed is made of a plastic mesh (12). It may be metallised with Cu and Pb-Sn alloy. This part of the plate is fed between two metal strips (13,14) through a set of rollers (15,16) where the strips are forced into the plastic. Heat is applied to at least one roller in order to soften the strips but without harming the plastic mesh. The lug is then formed on the plate by cutting in a stamping machine (21).    ADVANTAGE -   A stable, solid and mainly metallic lug is formed on the plate using a plastic mesh which is not damaged during the process A conduction bridge of Pb (alloy) can be easily cast onto the lug.
A prismatic casing (11) comprises openings joined to cell cavities (24) allowing airflow into the cavity. The casing also contains a valve (40) with at least one opening.    The wall and valve surfaces are adapted to allow movement of the valve across the wall between open and closed positions. In the open position, valve and wall openings at least partially overlap, in the closed position, they do not. The wall and valve are of ferromagnetic material providing an attractive magnetic force.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduced susceptibility to oxygen attack and moisture loss, suitable for intermittent use, easy and economic manufacture.
An electrochemical sensor for monitoring electrolyte content in an electrolyte contg. body, comprises: (a) at least two electrically conductive conduit wires, where sufficient space exists between the wires so as to prevent short circuit, (b) a porous, electrically non-conductive conduit in physical contact with the wires and having a similar pore size distribution as the electrolyte contg. body, and (c) a means for measuring the electrical resistance between the wires.    Also claimed is a fuel cell and a method of monitoring electrolyte content.    USE -   The electrochemical sensor is used to monitor the electrolyte content in an electrochemical cell.    ADVANTAGE -   The amount of migration of the electrolyte through individual cells and across cells in a fuel stack can be determined during fuel cell operation.
Thin film of photoactive material (42) is deposited on a glass superstrate (40) and includes an Ag pad (44) for terminating electrical conductors of the thin film layer. The layer and pad are covered by a protective layer (46) of insulating material, pref. comprising a silicone. A hole (58) extends through the protective layer and a terminal body (48) includes a base portion (60) and stand-off portion (62), with a bore (50) that extends through the terminal body. A spring (52) is inserted through the bore and contacts the Ag pad. A sphere (54) rests on the lower end of the spring. A set screw (56) urges the sphere against the spring.    ADVANTAGE -   Mechanically robust, weather resistant and electrically reliable.
Compsn. comprises (A) a silicone polymer and (B) a cpd. having a sterically hindered amine and ester gp. in the molecule at the same time.    USE -   The compsn. can be used for charge protection film, solar cell material and electromagnetic shielding.    ADVANTAGE -   The compsn. has improved shapability and provides a film or coating of improved light stability and mechanical properties.
A photovoltaic material is mfd. by: (a) coating a substrate with a transparent conducting film, and directing a vapour stream of carbonaceous precursor, in a vacuum; toward the conducting film; (b) exposing to a flux at atoms suitable to produce a p-type layer, while simultaneously bombarding with an ion beam of 1-20 keV for a time to rupture sufficient C-H bonds in the precursor to form an amorphous p-type carbonaceous residue; (c) directing a vapour stream of siloxane precursor to the p-type layer, while simultaneously bombarding with H ins of 0.5-2 keV to produce a siloxane film; (d) directing a vapour stream of carbonaceous precursor at the siloxane film; (e) exposing to a flux of atoms suitable to produce an n-type layer where the siloxane film, while simultaneously bombarding with Ar or N ions for a sufficient time to produce an n-type layer with a low H content; and (f) depositing metal atoms onto the n-type layer in at least two defined strips.    Also claimed is a method similar to the above where the n- and p-type layers have the opposite conductivity.    USE -   Solar cell mfr.    ADVANTAGE -   The process is non-toxic and can be carried out at low temps., allowing the use of polymer substrates. Electrical connection scan be formed by thermal evapn., in the same appts. in which the doping takes place.
The method involves forming a lower electrode layer (4), a photoelectric conversion layer (5) and a transparent electrode (6) sequentially on surface of macromolecular substrate (1). The photoelectric conversion layer consists of a thin semiconductor film. A facing electrode layer (7) is formed at the backside surface of the substrate. A through hole is formed in the substrate.    The transparent electrode layer and the lower electrode layer are connected with the facing electrode layer by an electric conductor that paves along the through hole. A through hole is formed in the substrate with low transmittivity by using a laser light.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents damage of layers. Shortens mfg. time. Provides high speed processing.
Outer circumference of anode case of the cell is coated with ultra violet curable acryl resin film having thickness 0.05-10.1 mm. The resin is dried by an irradiating high mercury lamp of 200-400 nm at 30 secs. Insulation between negative terminal and the positive case is secured.    ADVANTAGE -   Coating state of the insulated resin film is easily detected by observation by adding dye or pigment to the resin.
The carrier plate (1) is surrounded by a polymer film (2). The solar cells are arranged on the film and are covered by a further polymer film (4). The second film is in contact with the first film in the region between cells.    The polymer film material is pref. a silanised fluoropolymer. The support plate is pref. made of a fibre reinforced plastic.    USE -   Used on roof and/or wall sections.    ADVANTAGE -   The solar plate is simple to produce and has a good reliability.
A propylene type resin compsn. consists of 100 wt. pts. of (A) propylene type resin not contg. phenol type antioxidant, 0.01-1 wt. pt. of (B) hindered amine type optical stabilizer and 0.01-1 wt. pt. of (C) aromatic phosphorus type antioxidant.    ADVANTAGE -   The resin compsn. can depress yellowing and exhibits excellent weather resistance when it is used for an alkali storage battery casing alkali using e.g. potassium hydroxide as electrolyte.
The battery is made up of Li-contg. stacked electrochemical cells comprising a continuous flexible, folded, mobile Li ion-contg. polymer laminate electrolyte (8) sandwiched between discrete electrode plates and provided with current collectors (14,16). The stacked cells are assembled from fan-folded laminates comprising stacked parallel sections enfolding the electrode plates and flexible elbow sections (10,12) devoid of the electrode plates, one collector in electrical contact with each of the support laminates.    ADVANTAGE -   Batteries of such configuration overcame the "dog-bone" distortions of the stacked fan-folded Li cells (see patent US 5300373A) and can also avoid short-circuiting.
The photovoltaic receiver has one or more cells coupled to bypass diodes to form a package (6) with the cell rear surfaces secured to a heat sink (10) via a dielectric film (39) with adhesive (41,42) on both sides and extending beyond the cells on all sides. A second dielectric film (37) of similar size to the first is positioned over the package and a transparent top cover and is secured to the first layer. The films encapsulate the assembly to prevent the entry of moisture.    Also claimed is a process of assembling a photovoltaic receiver, a photovoltaic receiver and a process of constructing a photovoltaic receiver.    ADVANTAGE -   The receiver gives a higher power output, allows more cells to be incorporated, and minimises the danger of failure due to water penetration.
An alkaline battery comprising a positive electrode and a gel-form negative electrode avoiding mercury and contg. a zinc or zinc alloy powder and a fibre material mixed with an alkaline electrolyte; the fibre material being rayon, vinylon, acryl, vinyon, polyamide, polypropylene, polyethylene, mercerised pulp and/or linter pulp.    Pref. battery further comprises a positive pole container member with a closure cap and a negative pole collector, the closure cap and collector being formed of (solder-plated) brass. The gel-form negative electrode is formed by dry mixing powdered (hydr)oxide(s) of indium, lead, gallium, bismuth, with zinc or zinc alloy powder; and dispersing the dry mixt. in a gel-form alkaline electrolyte.    USE -   As an alkaline battery.    ADVANTAGE -   The battery is mercury-free, has improved vibration strength and impact resistance.
The polymer electrolyte comprises a polymer matrix comprising a low polar polymer phase and a high polar polymer phase in which an electrolyte liq. is immersed, where the low polar polymer phase has a crosslinked structure and the polymer component of the low polar polymer phase has double bonds and internal or inter molecular crosslinking made by bonding by a part of the double bonds.    USE -   The electrolyte can be used in a lithium dry cell etc.    ADVANTAGE -   The electrolyte has a high ionic conductivity and mechanical strength.
An underwater flipper system (10) comprises a flipper (12) having embedded therein a piezoelectric element (14) formed from multiple layers of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) material. Stress caused by movement of the flipper in water is converted into electrical energy by the PVDF element (14), which is connected via rectifying elements (36) and wires (28) to conditioning circuitry (16). Circuit wires (30) lead from the condition circuitry (16) to a connector (34) and thence to the device to be powered (32). The entire system is watertight. Alternatively, the system can be attached to the surface of the flipper, being protected by watertight seals. Power from the system is rectified by means of diodes, may be voltage regulated, and may be stored in a capacitor. The power thus produced may be used to operate a range of electrical devices, including lighting, communications, photography equipment, a sonar transducer, a battery charger, a location identifier, and similar devices.    USE -   To produce electrical power to operate various underwater equipment.    ADVANTAGE -   Uses waste energy from swimming underwater with the aid of flippers to generate useful electrical power to operate a variety of electrical devices.
The surface treating material applied to the battery isolating layer of high density polyethylene, silica and a plasticiser includes a vinyl-tris silane, vis-tetra sulphone, vinyl-tris silane, isopropyl-tris-cetearoyl-titanate, isopropyl-tris-dodecyl benzene sulphone titanate, vinyl-trimethoxy silane, gamma-chloropropyl tri ethoxy silane. The wt. ratio of surface treating material is 0.1-10 phf.    ADVANTAGE -   The layer reduces electric resistance, has good peel strength, and gives improved productivity.
Polymer electrolyte compsns. are claimed for LPB (lithium polymer electrolyte battery) electrochemical generators comprising positive and negative electrodes and an electrolyte. The electrolyte has a polymer matrix comprising a mixt. of: (a) one (crosslinkable) homo- or copolymer of the type commonly used for LPB batteries, which has a mol.wt. higher than 25,000, a good capacity for solvated Li salt and is capable of adhering to the electrodes; and (b) one polymer of mol.wt. below 20,000 which is chemically compatible with (a) and has multi-dimensional crosslinking bonds to enable to prodn. of films of electrolytes which are stronger and thinner.    ADVANTAGE -   Polymer(a) has a crosslinking density that is low enough to ensure good adhesion of the electrolyte to the electrodes while polymer (b) provides the mixt. with mechanical strength and any terminals gps. in it that are potentially reactive toward the electrodes are pref. deactivated (claimed).
The adhesive layer is formed on one side surface of vinylchloride gp. resin sheet and linear grooves are formed on the other side surface of the sheet. Angle A and B in the Fig. 1 satisfy relation: A is smaller than B, B is smaller than 5A, A is 5-40 de., B is 20-90 de., and total area of grooves is 30-90% of film surface area.    ADVANTAGE -   The process of this invention can provide the vinylchloride laminated sheet which can control the amt. of injecting solar light into the chamber. The sheet is adhered to a window.
Proton-conductive solid polymer electrolyte is obtd. by compounding (a) block-graft copolymer having a degree of polymerisation of at least 310 and (b) proton-contg. cpds.     (a) is composed of at least one block chain A having a degree of polymerisation of at least 10 and consisting of repeat units of formula (I) and at least one polymer block chain B having a degree of polymerisation of at least 300 and consisting of repeat units of formula -(CH2 -C(R4 )(M))- (II). In the formulae, R1 = H, CH3 or C2 H5 ; R2 = H or CH3 ; R3 = H, alkyl, aryl, acyl or silyl; n = 1-45; the no. average mol. wt. of graft chain of formula -(CH2 -CH(R2 )-O)n -R3 (III) in formula (I) is 45-2,000; R4 = H, CH3 , or C2 H5 ; M = -CH=CH2 -, -CH(CH3 )=CH2 , -COOCH3 , -COOC2 H5, phenyl or substd. phenyl. The wt. ratio of the block chain A to the block chain B is 1:30-30:1.    USE -   The solid polymer electrolyte is used in fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The solid polymer electrolyte has high proton conductivity and membrane strength.
The catalyser cork includes a device (3) which consists of a screw part, which contains the resin composition with volume resistivity less than 10 power 6 ohm cm. The main circumferential surface of remaining part (2) that is other than the screw part is covered by a cover (4). The volume resistivity of the remaining part is more than 10 power 12 ohm cm. The cover is made up of blended carbon and polypropylene. An explosion protection filter (5) is mounted on the surface of the device.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents generation of static electricity by friction caused when catalyser cork is removed or mounted on battery jar lid. Increases safety, since leak current does not flow to main circumferential surface of remaining part.
A battery comprises (a) a composite positive electrode having an ion conductive high-molecular cpd. contg. one or more ionic cpds. in dissolved state; (b) an electrolyte consisting of the ion conductive high-molecular cpd; and (c) a composite negative electrode comprising the ion conductive high-molecular cpd or a negative electrode comprising the ion conductive high molecular cpd. or a negative electrode comprising an alkaline metal.     The ion conductive high-molecular cpd. consists of one or more of (1) an organic cpd. of formulae R1 -(CH2 CH2 O)m -(CH2 CHR2 O)n -C(O)-C(R3 )=CH2 (I), CH2 =C(R4 )-C(O)-(CH2 CH2 O)k -(CH2 CH(R5 )O)l -C(O)-C(R6 )=CH2 (II) and/or (III) (where R1 -3 = H or 1C alkyl gps; m 1; n 0; n/m = 0-5; R4 -6 = H or 1C alkyl gps; k 3; 1 0; l/k = 0-5; R7 -8 = H, or 1C alkyl gps; p1 3; p2 3; p3 3; q1 0; q2 0; q3 0; q1/p1 = 0-5; q2/p2 = 0-5 q3/p3 = 0-5; q1+p1 10; q2+p2 10; q3+p3 10); (2) an ionic cpd.; (3) an organic gp. dissolving the ionic cpd.; and (4) iodide selected from CaI2, Kl, NaI, and LiI.    USE -   The battery comprising ion conductive high-molecular cpd. is used for a power supply for memory backup.    ADVANTAGE -   The use of the ion conductive high molecular cpd. Results in simplified battery prodn. processes, ion conductivity, and mechanical characteristics. Advantages are: 9a) no external electrolyte leakage, continuous reliability; (b) very high working, part. no initial discharging; and (c) high performance and high energy density.
The method forms a kneaded mixture of carbon system powder, an inorganic metal oxide and a poly tetrafluoroethylene resin. Alcohol is added and the kneaded mixture is dried. A grounding process is carried out to reduce particle diameter of the mixture constituents from 2000-10,000 micrometers range to 300-1200 micrometers by rubbing it against a wire net. A liquid lubrication agent like alcohol is added to the pulverized object and then kneaded. The kneaded object is rolled with a roller to form a sheet.    ADVANTAGE -   Promotes fibrillation of PTFE resin. Improves coupling power. Provides excellent mechanical strength. Improves discharge performance.
The battery consists of a thin resin pad part (9) set-up at a resin sealant (5) which carries out sealing of an opening in a metal case (4). A paper cover (11) of transparent nature is provided between the thin resin pad part and a gel like negative electrode (2).    ADVANTAGE -   The battery prevents adhesion of negative electrode with thin pad part; provides operation of explosion protection mechanism reliably; and provides higher degree of safety.
The solar cell module comprises: (i) a solar-cell panel; (ii) a frame disposed on the periphery of panel (i); and (iii) an adhesive layer disposed between the second surface of panel (i) and the flange of frame (ii). Panel (i) comprises a light-transmitting plate having two opposing surfaces, and solar-cell elements disposed on the second surface. Frame (ii) has a flange on which the solar cell panel is supported on the second surface while the first surface is free. Layer (iii) comprises a reactive hot-melt adhesive comprising a urethane prepolymer obtd. by reacting a polyhydroxy cpd. with an excess amt. of a polyisocyanate.    Also claimed is process for the prodn. of the above module.    USE -   Cells are installed outdoors in modules which form arrays, e.g. for use in tropical regions.    ADVANTAGE -   The module produced is high quality and reliable. The adhesive has high durability, w.r.t. heat resistance, water resistance, etc.. the prodn. of the module is easy and quick.
The battery cell has a metal-organosulphur positive electrode which has one or more metal-sulphur bonds in which the formal oxidn. state of the metal is changed when the positive electrode is charged or discharged.    The positive electrode general formula (1) includes any multi-valent metal (M) and an organic gp. (R) in which there are 1 to 20 carbon atoms comprising organic moieties provided that the gp. does not include fused aromatic rings.    ADVANTAGE/USE -   Gives an improved rechargeable cell which can be in gel, solid-state and liq. forms with high conductivity and energy density while presenting more cycle life and ability to perform well at low temps.
The solid state rechargeable electrochemical cell comprises a lithium intercalating composite cathode (C), a solid polymer electrolyte separator (P) and a composite anode (A). The separator (P) is composed of a polymer network, a lithium salt and propylene carbonate plasticiser optionally mixed with one or more other solvents. The anode (A) contains graphite as the lithium intercalating active material, a polymer electrolyte of the same compsn. as that in the separator (P), and 12-crown-4-ether at 5-21 wt.% based on graphite.    USE -   Used in solid state rechargeable sec. battery.
A solid single phase electrolyte comprises a solid polymer matrix and a solvent comprising an ionically conducting amount of an alkali metal polyoxyalkylene sulphonate of formula RSO2O(R'O)pM (I) , where R is 1-6C alkyl as perfluoroalkyl, phenyl, 7-12C alkylphenyl, or phenyl substd. by up to 3 1-4 C alkyl or alkoxy, F, Cl or Br substituent; R' is (CR3R4)q where each R3 and R4 is H or 1-4C alkyl and q = 1-6; M is Li, Na or K and p = 2-6.    USE -   The electrolyte is used in electrochemical cells for solid batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   The electrolyte contains a reduced number of impurities as the use of inorganic ion salts during mfr. is reduced or eliminated, and the batteries obtd. have increased capacity.
An appts. comprises at least one Zn negative electrode (3) including a Zn active material (21), Ba or Sr hydroxide and a conductive matrix (22) including an oxide of a metal which is more electropositive than Zn (23).    Also claimed is an appts. as above in which the Zn electrode further incudes a porous hydrophobic element between two electrode assemblies as above, a current collector, and a gas recombination catalytic element contg. the oxide above which abuts the hydrophobic element and the collector.    USE -   Used as a sec. rechargeable, battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Cycle life without degradation is increased (over 200 cycles), shape change is reduced and gas recombination is increased so that venting is hardly needed.
Battery (10) comprises (a) a cathode body (12) having an active material (20) of metallic lithium, which faces (c) an electrolyte separator (16) comprising a solid matrix material and an electrolyte having a salt of lithium. Layer (b) (36) is put between (a) and the matrix material of (c) and is electroconductive and ionically conductive of lithium ions. Process comprises a polymer and iodine dispersed with the polymer. The polymer has a number of monomers, which each have an electron donor pyridine-based unit forming a charge transfer complex with the iodine for reducing passivation of (a). The pyridine-based unit is selected from vinylpyridine monomers opt. carrying substit(s) off of the pyridine ring, polycyclics where the vinylpyridine constitutes one of the fused rings, and mixts.. Also claimed are (1) a combination comprising (a) and an electrolyte body consisting of a solid matrix material; and (2) a battery comprising (a) and a positive electrode body (14) including an active material (24) having a reversible lithium insertion ability, which have an electrolyte body between them, and which have a layer (b) between the matrix material and the surface of (a).    USE -   The combination is used in electrochemical batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   Improved electrode and electrode-current collector assembly is obtd. The battery maintains its integrity over a prolonged life-cycle. Passivation at the surface of the anode adjacent the electrolyte is prevented.
An article having a metal surface has a diffusion barrier comprising an agent of formula (I) deposited on the metal surface, HS-(CH2)11-COOH (I). Also claimed are (1) a mirror comprising a reflective layer of metal encapsulated by a substrate and a diffusion barrier comprising a passivating agent of formula (I) adsorbed to the reflective layer; (2) a photovoltaic device comprising light-incident electrodes and a diffusion barrier comprising a passivating agent of formula (I) adsorbed to the electrodes; (3) mfr. of a long-lasting mirror for use as an effective reflector in solar collector applications comprising depositing a planarising reflective layer of metal on the substrate and coating it with a diffusion barrier of formula (I); and (4) mfr. of a long-lasting photovoltaic solar cell for use as an efficient energy producer in solar collector applications comprising coating the light-incident electrodes with a diffusion barrier of formula (I).    ADVANTAGE -   The diffusion barrier has protective and adhesive qualities for metallised surfaces. (I) forms a very dense, transparent, organised molecular assembly or layer that is impervious to water, alkali and other impurities and corrosive substances.
Mfr. uses a insulated spacers (2,3) which are made of fibre reinforcement plastic (5). A superconductor (1) is set at predetermined space inside a stainless steel receptacle (4). The insulated spacer provides interposition arrangement between the superconductor and the receptacle inner wall.    The direction of the superconductor and the fibre reinforcement plastic is positioned in the direction between the superconductor and the receptacles. The fibre tape is wound around the periphery of the fibre reinforcement plastic. The shaping of fibre tape into the fibre reinforcement plastic is carried out pressure application.    ADVANTAGE -   Bearing rise by contacting surface of superconductor and spacer is obtd.. Peeling of insulated spacer is prevented.
The air cell consists of a PTFE film (11) which is provided between a positive electrode case (4) and an air pole (6). A net like polyolefin film is laminated on whole surface of the PTFE film and a concavo-convex part is formed. The concavo-convex part is formed towards the positive electrode case side.    ADVANTAGE -   Diffusion paper is not needed and oxygen diffusion to the air pole is obtd.. A leak proof air cell is obtd..
The battery consists of a negative electrode, a positive electrode and an electrolyte. The organic solvent used in the electrolyte is a mixed solvent of ethylene carbonate and diethyl carbonate.    A Li salt is added to the mixed solvent. An aromatic compound is heated and used in the negative electrode. The atomic ratio of hydrogen atom and carbon atom in the polymer is in the range of 0.5-0.05.    ADVANTAGE -   The battery has high capacity.
The battery has a diaphragm, interposed between a positive and a negative electrode, comprising a porous resin film in which a set of pillar parts (11) are formed along the film thickness direction. The length of the pillar-like parts in the film thickness direction is `L' and the length is `D' when the pillar-like pts. are prolonged in a direction parallel to the positive and negative electrode.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves lifetime of battery and cycle characteristics.
The alkali battery consists of a sealing packing (6) interposed between a positive electrode can (3) and a negative electrode cup (4). The positive electrode can contains a compsn. of positive electrode active material (1) and doubles as a positive electrode terminal. The negative electrode cup contains a negative electrode agent and doubles as a negative electrode terminal.    The sealing packing is formed from a drying coating film which contains carbons in petroleum system aromatic hydrocarbons of density 1-20 wt.%, a polyamide system resin, and an alkyl gp. thereby forming a mixed solvent with alcohol content ranging from 1-5 %. The rate of alcohol to hydrocarbon content in the mixed solvent is 0.05-30 % vol.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves homogeneity of dry coating film and sealing agent dryness coating film, and provides leakage resistance.
The alkali battery has a gel like negative electrode (4) which comprises zinc negative electrode active material and sodium. A positive electrode active material (2) is formed by potassium hydroxide and shaped to a gel by a gelling agent like poly acrylic acid soda. The quantity of sodium in the negative electrode is made less than 0.25 weight% of zinc and forms the gel like alkali electrolyte.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides with high discharge reliability. Prevents internal short circuit due to zinc oxide formed by discharge.
The battery consists of a negative electrode terminal assembly (9) provided with a metal case (1) used as sealing. A cut part (11) which emits superfluous gas into the battery, is provided at the terminal assembly.    A positive electrode active material (2) and a gel like negative electrode (4) used as electricity generation elements are provided inside the metal case. A tongue piece (12) is provided inside the negative electrode terminal assembly.    ADVANTAGE -   Bursting of battery is prevented. Safety is improved. Scattering range of gas emitted on periphery of battery is reduced.
The battery consists of an electricity generating element (9) provided between a positive electrode terminal assembly (4) and a negative electrode terminal assembly (5). An insulated sealing material layer (6) is provided which consists of thermoplastic resin of low melting temp.. A polyester film (7) which consists of macromolecular material with high m.pt. is interposed between a pair of polyethylene layers (8). The interposed layer set-up is provided between the circumferential parts of two terminal assemblies.    ADVANTAGE -   Secures insulation between two terminal assemblies. Avoids short circuitry.
Assembling lithium polymeric electrolyte accumulator batteries comprising an anode film contg. an electrochemically active material, an electrolyte film comprising a polymer and a Li salt, and a cathode film of Li, comprises (1) heating the electrolyte film to a temp. above the softening or melting temp. of the crystallites that it contains and cooling back to ambient temp., (2) laminating the positive electrode film to one face of the electrolyte film and (3) applying the negative to the other face of the electrolyte.    ADVANTAGE -   Heat treatment of the electrolyte film prior to lamination with the anode prevents the formation of wrinkles in the collector of the positive electrode and gives excellent adhesion between the electrode and the electrolyte films.
Battery cell comprises, in order: a case with, in order, a bevelled member, a negative current end plate, a negative contact, and a closing ring; a negative current collector in a bottom of the case; a staggered electrode assembly in order of a cathode, and a second separator about a mandrel hole in the case where the cathode engages the negative current collector; a positive current collector with a spring tab in the case where the positive current collector engages the anode; a spring in the case; a seal ring and a seal with a vent pellet engaged in the case; an upper closing ring and a positive contact member in electrical communication with the spring tab where the cathode and anode are offset w. r. t. each other.    USE -   Battery cell for electric vehicle or communications equipment.    ADVANTAGE -   Contains internal safeguards, e.g. automatic internal cell disengagement and re-engagement, internal cell pressure relief; filled under vacuum assistant.
A lithium ion conductive electrolyte with high conductivity comprising a soln. contg. a Li salt selected from perchlorate, chlorate, nitrate, acetate, tetrafluoroborate, thiohalodialuminate, trifluoromethane sulphonate, haloaluminate, halodialuminate, 1-fluoro-1-chloro-2,2-difluoro-2-chloroethanesulphonate, perfluoromethane sulphonimide, or mixts. of these and a small proportion of an anionic polymer Li salt sufficient to stabilize the soln. against crystallisation. The soln. is prepd. by fusion or aq. dissolution followed by cooling and/or drying to yield an ionic liq. at 100C or lower.    USE -   As electrolytes in high energy solid state batteries, also photochromic devices and solar cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The electrolytes have the following properties: high ionic conductivity, eg a conductivity of ca. 10-1.2 -1 cm-1 at 100C and 10-3 -1 cm-1 at 25C; conductivity by Li cations to avoid undesirable cell polarisation problems; a rubbery consistency to permit deformation of the electrolyte as needed to accommodate vol. changes during charging and discharging cycles; a wide electrochemical window permits use a anode/cathode combinations giving high voltages; and good adherence to the electrode surfaces to avoid mechanical/electrical problems during charging and discharging cycles.
The photovoltaic element has a semiconductor layer. A semiconductor layer consists of a pair of PN junctions. An upper transparent electrode is formed at the light incidence side of the semiconductor layer. The photovoltaic element comprises laminated electrode which consists of first and second electric conduction layers (107,108). The first and second electric conduction layers consist of an epoxy resin system conductivity paste and a phenol resin system conductivity paste, respectively.    The epoxy gp. contained in the epoxy resin system and the hydroxy group contained in the phenol resin system are bonded chemically. Thus, a stacked model grit electrode is obtained.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides stabilised adhesion. Obtains low resistance stacked electrode. Provides characteristic photovoltaic element. Produces electrode with high reliability.
The high polymer solid electrolyte comprises high polymer matrix consisting of lowly polarised high polymer phase, and highly polarised high polymer phase in which electrolyte is impregnated. The highly polarised high polymer phase has crosslinked structure.    Pref. the highly polarised high polymer phase has double bonds. Intramolecular or intermolecular crosslinking is formed by breaking the double bonds.    USE -   Used for lithium secondary cells and the other high energy density cells.    ADVANTAGE -   Stable high polymer solid electrolyte having improved ion conductivity and mechanical strength can be obtd.
Thermoelectric cell comprises: unit cells (1) and a heat emitting chemical (2) capable of heating an electrolyte to generate electric power; and a bottom layer contg. resin and glass fibres forming an insulative lid that is heat proof and shock resistant. The lid resin compsn. is selected from polyphenylene sulphide, melamine, phenol, polyimide, silicone resin, unsaturated polyester and their derivatives.    ADVANTAGE -   Lid material is resistant to shock and is not destroyed by impulses of up to 25 G. Utilisation factor of unit cells are improved during high rate discharge. Stable output voltages are obtd. and discharge lifetime is increased. Stable ignition is provided by heat insulative properties of lid.
Mfr. of LiNiO2 (Li2O.N2O3) comprises firing a mixt. of Li-cpd. and Ni-cpd. and annealing at a temp. lower than that for firing Li sec. battery using LiNiO2 as a positive electrode, is also claimed.    ADVANTAGE -   Process provides LiNiO2 which can prevent redn. of discharge capacity and cycle characteristic caused by crushing and/or washing.
The cadmium negative plate has an active material layer formed by applying an active material paste that contains binder, on a collector object. The active material paste is dried and a non-changed polarisation board is formed. The electrolyte has a solution that contains potassium hydroxide and indium hydroxide. The ratio of methyl cellulose to the cadmium powder is more than 4.5*105. The methyl cellulose is used as the binder.    ADVANTAGE -   Controls expansion of binder and active material layer. Decreases migration of electrolyte into active material layer. Prolongs life of battery.
NOVELTY - The solar battery has an insulation film substrate (1) on which a first electrode layer (2), a photo electric conversion semiconductor layer (3) and second electrode layer are sequentially formed. Then, two transparent moisture prevention films (61) interposed with a water supplement layer (8) are formed. Then, the whole structure is laminated by forming a nylon film above the prevention film.    ADVANTAGE - ADVANTAGE Prevents efficiency reduction due to invasion of moisture. Provides weather proof battery. Enhances life span of battery. Improves adhesiveness of water supplement layer.
The rechargeable battery has an anode formed of conductive material (100) with surface protrusions (110), which are covered with an insulating or semiconductor film (101), leaving an opening between adjacent protrusions such that conductive material is exposed in the opening for contact with the electrolyte.    Also claimed is the process for forming a rechargeable battery, including coating protrusions on an anode conductive material with an insulating or semiconductor material to form the above structure, the coating method being anodic oxidn., anodic or cathodic deposition, electro-polymerisation or electrophoretic deposition.    USE -   The battery is used esp. with rechargeable Li and Zn-series batteries. (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   Generation or growth of Li or Zn dendrites is inhibited (claimed) so that battery cycle life, capacity and energy density are improved.
A sealed storage battery has a casing (3) containing an electrode group (7) and an electrolyte. The group has alternatively piled positive and negative electrode plates with separators between them. Sealingly fitted to an opening in the casing is a synthetic resin lid (2) with a safety vent. Between the casing and the lid is a welded part (5) on which is formed a protrusion (1). The protrusion is orthogonal to the electrode group (7) and/or the welded part.    Pref. the casing has ribs (4) parallel to each other and the electrode plates. Ribs facilitate cooling air flow over the casing.    Also claimed is a method of mfg. a battery as above.    USE -    A compact high capacity sealed storage battery. e.g. Pb, Ni/Cd and H2types for use in video cameras, lap-top computers, electric vehicles, etc..    ADVANTAGE -   Effective cooling of battery without redn. of energy density is obtained.
A resealable safety valve comprises: (a) a safety valve body having a through hole at the centre of the inner bottom surrounded by a circular extrusion; (b) a safety valve cover having a vent hole, unitised with the safety valve body by means of bonding or fusion bonding method to provide a space within; (c) an elastic valve component made up of a valve seat and a rubber pad unitised into one-piece unit, the top part of which is inserted inside of a coil spring so that the top surface of a flange part of the valve component is pressed by the coil spring, which is housed within the space. The elastic valve component presses itself with the bottom surface of rubber pad to the circular extension inside the safety valve body and closes the through hole. Also claimed are sealed alkaline rechargeable batteries equipped with the above resealable safety valve.    USE -   The valve is used in sealed alkaline rechargeable batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   The valve exhibits stable and reliable valve operation under adverse environmental conditions such as vibration and shock. The rechargeable battery has a longer life cycle and high reliability.
The device has a first electrode layer (30), an SC light active layer (60) and a second electrode layer (70) electrically connected in series by connection domains. The connection domains with the greater thickness form electric power generation drains (20).    A first electrode (30c) is positioned on the insulated surface of a substrate (10). A protection film (150) is bonded by thermocompression on entire second electrode (70c) through a thermoplastic resin adhesive agent (160) at a temperature of more than 120 degree centigrade.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides thin adhesive agent on connection domain. Avoids generation of internal stress. Avoids generation of wrinkles.
Battery consists of a plate gp. (2) which is accommodated in a battery jar with electrolyte. A double layered film made up of a copolymer of ethylene vinyl acetate twisted around a polyethylene film of low density. The double layered film is twisted tightly two or more times around the plate group.    ADVANTAGE -   Increases life of battery.
The battery consists of an anode and cathode. The cathode uses lithium as the active material. The battery also consists of a macromolecular solid electrolyte. The composite object of the electrolyte uses a number of copolymers. Each copolymer is made up of any three monomers from ethylene oxide, acrylonitrile, epoxy, vinylidene fluoride, ethylene, styrene, urethane, polysiloxane, sulphone.    ADVANTAGE -   Reaction of macromolecular gel-like electrolyte with negative electrode is avoided. Battery excels in charging and discharging characteristics. Even on repeated charging and discharging, its internal resistance increases.
The secondary battery consists of a positive electrode and a negative electrode which are made up of an active material such as lithium. In addition to the above electrodes, the battery is also provided by an electrolyte. This electrolyte consists of a salt with macro molecules. The electrolyte is composed of gel of e.g. polyamide, polyimidazole, polyimide, polyoxazole, poly tetrafluoroethylene, polymelamine form of amide, poly carbonate or polypropylene. This electrolyte is impregnated into the battery by using a solvent of non-proton type.    ADVANTAGE -   Excels in charging and discharging characteristics.
The solid state electrolyte battery consists of a positive electrode and negative electrode. The electrodes are made of lithium an active element. A macromolecule solid state electrolyte is composed of macromolecule of salt of carbonic acid ester group or a lactone group.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents high ionic conductivity due to macromolecules of electrolyte. Offers high rate of discharge capacitance.
Supporting structure of a building has an outer wall consisting of a rendered layer (10) and a solar energy absorber system installed between the rendered layer and the structure (2). At least one metal or polypropylene capillary tube (5) is provided on mats (4) positioned on a thermal insulation layer (4) provided over the structure, for flow of a heat transport fluid. Pref. the capillary tube consists of two parts connected in parallel with a spacing of 10-15 mm. The tubing is pref. embedded in a reinforcing material (9) contg. C and/or polyacrylnitrile fibres with mineral and/or organic filler.    ADVANTAGE -   Gives additional opportunities for saving primary energy.
A current collector comprises: a) a conductive support; b) a conductive primer layer applied to (a); and c) an electrode layer adhered to the primer layer. Layer (b) comprises (i) a crosslinked polymeric material which is the result of a polymeric material having pendant carboxylic acid gps. crosslinked with a multifunctional crosslinking agent; and (ii) a conductive filler.    Also claimed is a battery contg. the above collector.    Polymeric material having pendant gps. is pref. an acrylic (co)polymer, esp. an ethylene/acrylic copolymer. Multifunctional crosslinking agent is aziridinyl. Conductive filler is C black.    USE -   Current collector may be used for making batteries (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   Electrode material exhibits good contact and adhesion to metal. Overall efficiency and life of battery are improved. Primer layer is resistant to corrosive components and organic solvents used in cells.
In a rechargeable battery comprising an anode, a cathode, an electrolyte (soln.) and a housing, the anode is structured to have a size larger than that of the cathode.    USE -   In rechargeable Li or Zn cells for domestic power storage; portable computers, video cameras and portable telephones; and electrically-powered vehicles.    ADVANTAGE -   Dendrite formation in the batteries is reduced, providing improved long-term performance.
The solar battery uses an insulated substrate (1) over which an electrode (2), an amorphous semiconductor layer (3) and another transparent electrode (4) are layered sequentially. A transparent adhesive agent layer (61) and a transparent moisture preventing layer (71) are layered on the transparent electrode surface.    The moist preventing layer constitutes inorganic moisture absorption agent which is mixed with an adhesive agent. The moisture absorption agent is composed of powdered zeolite or acrylics acid soda system resin.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents invasion of moisture to battery on both sides. Improves damp-proof nature. Extends life of battery.
A conductive polymer compsn. comprising: (A) a polymeric component comprising: (1) 25-75 wt.% polyethylene (polymer 1): and (2) 25-75 wt.% polymer 2 comprising units derived from ethylene and an acrylate, CH2=CHCOOCmH2m+1, m = 4; and (B) a particulate conductive filler dispersed in (A). Also claimed are (I) an electrical device, an assembly and (B) a battery, pref. a nickel/metal hydride or nickel/cadmium battery, which is electrically connected to (A).    USE -   The compsn. is useful in preparing electrical devices (claimed), e.g. circuit protection devices, heaters, sensors and resistors, esp. circuit protection devices for use in battery applications (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   The electrical devices have lower resistivities, higher positive temp. coefficient anomalies, and better thermal and electrical stability than devices comprising conventional conductive polymer compsns..
A solid polymer electrolyte consists of complexes between poly(vinyl sulphone) and lithium salts.    Also claimed is a solid-state electric current producing rechargeable cell comprising an anode, cathode, and a solid polymer electrolyte, consisting of poly(vinyl sulphone) and a Li salt.    The Li salt is a low lattice energy Li salt comprising LiAsF6, LiN(SO2CF3)2, LiClO4, LiPF6, LiSO3CF3, LiC(SO2CF3)2 and/or LiMR4 where M is Al or B and R is halogen, alkyl or aryl group.    The anode of the cell is lithium, a lithium alloy or insertion compound, or carbon. The cathode is MnO2, LiMn2O4, LiNiO2, LiCoO2, TiS2 or V6O13.    USE -   The electrolyte is used in solid state rechargeable Li batteries, producing electric current.    ADVANTAGE -   The electrolyte has high ionic conductivity, mechanical strength and anodic stability.
The current collector for a photovoltaic cell comprises one or more conductive wire and conducive fibres or filaments in contact with the conducive wire and in contact with the photovoltaic cell. The fibres or filaments collect current generated by the photovoltaic cell and conduct the current to the conductive wire. The wire collects current from all of the fibres or filaments and conducts the current to the major bus bars and terminals of the cell.    ADVANTAGE -   The current collector is more robust than prior art conductive paste systems, reduces the risk of shorts, and simplifies the mfr. of photovoltaic modules.
A composite cut-resistant laminate (25) for encapsulating and protecting the light-incident surface (22) of a photovoltaic module (10), consists of a plurality of stacked layer pairs (25a,b/25c,d/25e,f). Each pair consists of a thermoplastic layer (25b,d,f) and a sheet of woven or non-woven glass fibre material (25a,c,e). The composite is completed by a transparent protective surfacing layer (25g). Composite laminate (25) is simultaneously laminated and bonded to surface (22) of photovoltaic module (10) under heat and pressure in press (38,40). Under heat and pressure, thermoplastic layers (25b,d,f) soften and penetrate glass fibre sheets (25a,c,e) to form a void-free whole.    ADVANTAGE -   The composite laminate protects photovoltaic modules from cuts and mechanical damage to standards prescribed by Underwriters Laboratories.
The ion conductor contains a redox system in a solid state. The redox system consists of a high molecular wt. cpd..    ADVANTAGE -   Offers excellent conductivity. Increases photoelectric conversion efficiency.
A structure for absorbing thermal radiation has a layer of material (I), which (partly) transmits thermal radiation in the 2-200 m range and has a refractive index n &gt; 1 for thermal radiation, on a substrate material (II) having a high absorption capacity for the thermal radiation.    USE -   The structure is used for a solar collector, comprising a hollow body with walls of (II), or for a cold chamber with a layer of (II) on the inside (all claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   The structure increases utilisation of thermal radiation, esp. by controlled transport.
An electrochemical cell comprises a gp. oxidisable anode, and electronically conductive cathode and ionically conductive contacting electrolyte. The cathode comprises a metal oxide matrix comprising V oxide and Cu and Ag-contg. constituents and has a formula Cu0.16Ag0.67V2Oz, where x = 5.5, or Cu0.5Ag0.5V2Oz, where z = 5.75. Also claimed is the cathode for the cell above, formed as a reaction prod. of thermal decomposition or addn. of V oxide and Cu and Ag cpds., and having the formulae above.    USE -   In medical applications, such as cardiac defibrillators, where high energy density and pulse voltage delivery are needed.    ADVANTAGE -   Delivery capacity is high and voltage delay at high rate is reduced; costs are less because of the reduced use of Ag.
The battery device with integral circuit substrate packaging comprises at least one energy cell (122) coupled to a flexible film circuit-carrying substrate (105) which forms a housing for the cell.    Also claimed are three further battery devices with integral circuit substrate packaging, a battery device and a device comprising a battery cell pack, etc..    USE -   Used e.g. for a portable radio or cellular telephone.    ADVANTAGE -   The battery reduces the size and wt. while retaining or improving power output capacity.
The negative plate consists of a collector object (1) over which an active material paste is applied so as to form an active material layer (2). A number of through holes (1a) are formed in the active material layer after it is subjected to pressurisation processing. A set of coating parts (3) with positional relevance to the through holes are set-up along the surface of the active material layer.    Crystals (5) of beta type cadmium hydroxide with larger average particle dia. are filled into the through hole not bearing portions of the active material layer. Crystals (4) of smaller average particle diameter are accumulated in the through hole bearing portions of the active material layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides for variation of cadmium hydroxide into active material layer. Obtains good oxygen absorption ability. Prevents redn. in filling density of active material.
The solar panel consists of a set of solar cells. Each of the cells is made up of an amorphous silicon system semiconductor layer positioned on a permeation substrate (1). A heating insulation material (7) is adhered to the surface contrary to the light receiving surface of the solar cell.    ADVANTAGE -   Panel obtains stable output for long periods, performs water-proof function with high reliability and has controlled optical degradation.
The solar battery module consists of an insulated layer on which a solar cell is mounted through a first filling material layer. An optical conversion layer is constituted by the solar cell. A second filling material layer is formed on the light incidence side surface of the solar cell. The second filling material is made up of single fibre type inorganic cpd.. A resin fluorine layer is formed on the second filling material layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Module avoids deterioration to min. extent during long term operation, improves dimensional stability of filling material layer, provides pollution free energy source, improves prodn. yield, reduces mfg. cost of module and prevents peeling of layers due to heat generation.
The secondary battery consists of a non-aqueous electrolyte, a negative electrode and a positive electrode. A separator is set up between the two electrodes. The collector object holds the active material of the negative electrode using a binder. Similarly, the collector objects of the positive electrode holds its active material through a binder. The binder is prepared from a polymer of vinylidene fluoride. The electron beam irradiation crosslinks the electron beam to the polymer.    ADVANTAGE -   Exhibits good charging and discharging cycle characteristics.
The secondary battery consists of a non-aqueous electrolyte, a negative electrode and a positive electrode. A separator is set up between the two electrodes. The collector objects of negative electrode and the active materials are combined using a binder. The collector object of the positive electrode and the electrode active material are combined through a binder. The binder is prepared from a polymer of vinylidene fluoride. The amine group content of polymer makes heat bridge.    ADVANTAGE -   Exhibits good charging and discharging cycle characteristics. Adheres active material to collector object strictly through binder.
The battery pack consists of multiple batteries with a switching unit (3) between them. The switching unit comprises a substrate (4), a thermosetting element (8) and a lead tab (6), which are formed one above the other and are connected mutually.    The thermosetting element of the switching unit has a predetermined thickness. A planar surface of the substrate is connected to the planar pole of battery, whereas the lead tab is connected to the projection pole of the battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids use of insulation member. Improves product yield. Reduces mfg. cost. Interrupts current properly. Provides safe battery pack. Detects battery temperature correctly.
The composite electrolytic film consists core material consisting of polyolefin having a proton conductive functional gp. on entire region, and an exchange capacity of 1-15 milli-equiv./g and an ion exchange resin component having an exchange capacity of 0.9-15 mill-equiv. The polyolefin component uses a sulphonic acid gp. as the proton conductive functional gp. The ion exchange resin component consists of a fluorine-based ion exchange resin having exchange capacity of 0.9-2 milli-equiv./g., and uses a sulphonic acid gp. as a proton conductive functional gp. The electrolytic film has a film thickness of 1.1-200 (10-100)m.    USE -   The composite electrolytic film is used for a fuel cell, a primary battery, a sec. battery, an electrochromic device, or a sensor.    ADVANTAGE -   Uniformly introducing proton conductive functional gp. in the core material using the ion exchange resin component yield composite electrolytic film having reduced value of resistance. The surface of the polyolefin component has the functional gp. The result increases affinity to the ion exchange resin component, partic., the fluorine-based ion exchange resin component to firmly bond the polyolefin component to the ion exchange resin component. Uniformly providing functional gp. in the polyolefin component allows core material to function as electrolyte, enhancing proton conductivity.
Pt catalyst fuel cell is operated by: supplying H2 and/or alcohol fuel to the anode and O2 to the cathode and operating the cell at not above 250 C; providing a first interruptable external circuit taking current flow from the cell flowing from cathode to anode; providing a second external circuit which supplied current to the fuel cell in a reverse direction; and operating the two external circuits alternately, the period for the first circuit being at least 10 times that for the second circuit whose period is not more than 0.25 sec.. Appts. for operating a fuel cell as above is claimed.    ADVANTAGE -   Pt anode catalyst which may be poisoned by CO can be de-toxified in a simple, low-cost manner.
An electrochemical cell comprises a negative electrode and a positive electrode having a thermally reversible conducting electrolyte gel between them. The gel comprises an organic solvent, an electrolyte soluble in the organic solvent and a gelling agent selected from dibenzylsorbitol, dibenzylidene sorbitol, 4, 4`dimethyl dibenzylidene sorbitol, 4, 4`-dichlorodibenzylidene sorbitol and 4, 4`-bis(methylthio)dibenzylidene sorbitol. Also claimed is a cell where the gel comprises propylene carbonate, 1, 3:2, 4-dibenzylidene sorbitol, tetrabutyl ammonium perchlorate and polyvinylacetate.    USE -   The gel can be used in batteries for consumer prods. fuel cells and various sensing devices which measure current flow.    ADVANTAGE -   The gel has the conductivity of a liq. electrolyte. When it contains the polymer it has improved strength and dimensional stability. The gel is non-corrosive, self supporting, dimensionally stable and not subject to leakage.
Mfr. of a rechargeable battery structure comprises arranging contiguously a positive current collector (49), a positive electrode (47), a separator (45), a negative electrode (43) and a negative current collector (41), and bonding each of these elements to contigous elements at their interfaces by applying heat and pressure (46) to form a unitary flexible laminate. Each of the electrode and separator elements (43,47,45) comprises a flexible polymeric matrix film. Each collector (41,49) comprises a flexible electrically conductive foil which has been surface treated with a polymer compatible with the matrix of the contiguous electrode.    USE -   The laminate can be die punched into discs for use in button batteries or can be rolled with an interposed insulator to form a compact high density battery.
The battery has a composite positive electrode (2) and a composite negative electrode of alkali metal. The battery has a electrolyte (3) which consists of a specific ion conductivity high molecular compound in a semi-solid state.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves resistance to leakage of electrolyte. Improves reliability over long period. Improves charge/discharge characteristics and operativity of mfg process of battery. Improves mechanical strength. Prevents short circuit in charging/discharging circuit during cell production.
The alkali manganese dry element battery has a can (1) whose one end is closed. The electric power generating element comprises a negative electrode (3), a separator (4) with zinc and gel-like electrolyte and a positive electrode (2). The electric power generating element is attached in the opening part of the can object by caulking.    A sealant (6) made up of a nylon resin has a penetration hole in the centre and a negative electrode collector object (8) is attached through the hole. A dimethyl silicone oil film (7) is formed on the inner surface of the can.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces leakage of hydrogen gas.
The carbonaceous insertion cpd. comprises pre-graphitic host C with organised and disorganised structural regions and atoms of element B incorporated in the host C without affecting the organised regions of the host.    Also claimed is a further carbonaceous insertion cpd. comprising a pre-graphitic carbonaceous host C with organised and disorganised regions, atoms of an alkali metal A inserted into the host C, the amt. of A being greater than or equal to 0, and atoms of an element B incorporated into and compatible with the host C, the amt. of B being greater than 0. Element B is capable of forming alloys with metal A and the structure of the organised regions of the host C is unaffected by the incorporation.    Also claimed is a non-aq. battery comprising a cathode comprising a lithium insertion cpd., a non-aq. electrolyte comprising a lithium salt dissolved in a mixt. of non-aq. solvents and an anode comprising the carbonaceous insertion cpd. as above.    USE -   Used as an electrode in an electrochemical device, pref. a battery and esp. a non-aq. battery having an Li insertion cpd. cathode, non-aq. Li salt soln. electrolyte and the above C insertion cpd.(s) as anode (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   The insertion cpds. have better capacity than the C host alone while maintaining good cycling capability of the host for Li.
A multilayer composite (I) consists of (A) an organic, pref. ceramic, substrate, (B) a layer of organosilane coupling agent and (C) an outer layer or organic polymer, with another layer of coupling agent (D) between (B) and (C), consisting of metal oxide and epoxy resin-contg fluoropolymer. Also claimed is a process for the prodn. of (I), by coating substrate (A) with a 0.5-5% aq. soln. of organosilane (II), applying layer (D) by electrostatic spray, stoving at 250-300 deg.C and applying an outer layer (C) of E/CTFE by an electrostatic method.    USE -   Used e.g. as an electrically conductive support for active material in lead-acid batteries, or as an electrical insulator.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves the bond strength between the silane-coated substrate and the outer polymer layer, so as to prevent delamination due to penetration of moisture beneath the outer layer, even at high moisture levels.
A hot water storage tank (1) is enclosed in a foamed plastic insulation jacket (5,6) comprising inner (12) and outer (13) foamed layers. Inner layer (12) temp. resistance is greater than the outer layer (13) and inner layer (12) thickness is sufficient to maintain outer layer (13) temp. below the max. usable temp. for the material of that layer (13).    USE -   The insulation jacket is for retaining heat in a hot water storage tank.    ADVANTAGE -   The two layer construction increases temp. resistance in the insulation, is cheaper than polyurethane insulation and can be recycled.
A flexible protective cover (14) for a flexible solar cell (12) has the effect of increasing cell output. Solar cell (12) is of known type, consisting essentially of a plurality of silicon spheres (16) fixed to a conductive sandwich (18), typically consisting of aluminium foil layers (20,22) separated by an insulating coating (24). Cover (14) is a flexible transparent material (60) with a planar upper surface (64) and an irregular lower surface (66). Surface (66) includes portions (68) that conform to polar regions of spheres (16), interspersed by regions (72) of prism-like convexity between spheres, defining spaces (78) bounded by a reflective surface (20T) of soil (20). Light falling directly on surface (20T) is unproductive in prior art, but regions (72) of cover (14) direct some of this light to spheres (16) where it is converted in known manner to electrical energy. The respective refractive indices of cover (14) and spheres (16) are such that suitable diffraction of light occurs.    ADVANTAGE -   The cover increases the efficiency of the cell by about 25 percent.
A pressure vessel (12) and a shear panel (18) are connected by a heat transmitter. The panel forms part of a larger external surface of a spacecraft and acts as a radiator for dissipating heat from the vessel. The transmitter is mounted on the panel and has layers of heat conducting graphite fibres (28a-28c) arranged in two halves which join together to restrain the vessel.    USE -   A device for transferring dissipated heat from a pressure vessel, e.g. electro-chemical batteries, in a spacecraft.    ADVANTAGE -   Light wt, low cost and easily mfd. device.
The process arranges negative electrode terminal assembly (10) and a annular packing (11), sequentially on base cylinder zinc can (1). A heat shrink resin tube (9) is wound on the periphery of zinc can so that the circumference encloses the annular packing. An armour can (12) is mounted on the periphery of the resin tube which binds the annular packing and a negative electrode terminal assembly (10) tightly through the heat sink resin tube.    The annular packing dries the paper material with an air permeability of 0.5-0.6 g/cm density, for 6-10 seconds and makes the rate of impregnation 4% or less. The water repellent substance consists of mixture of polybutene, paraffin wax and polyethylene which is used for impregnating paper material.    ADVANTAGE -   Stabilises rate of impregnation of water repellent substance. Inhibits leakage resistance.
The gas manifold sealing device has a multi-layer body into which air is supplied through supply parts, attached to its four sides. A sealing member (30) is mounted on a U-slot (30a), which is connected to an end part of the gas manifold (15a,15b,16a,16b).    A U-slot formation part is made of cured fluorine and rubber and forms the U-slot. A non-cured fluorine rubber part contacts the multi-layer body at its end. The multi-layer body contacts the end portion of the sealing member.    ADVANTAGE -   Maintains sufficient elasticity for long time. Provides high sealing performance. Obtains high reliability and high space factor.
The battery includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode made of alkali metal and an electrolyte. The electrolyte is composed of macromolecular substance and molecular compound high ion conductivity.    The anode is built from electrochemical active substance and binder having molecular compound of high ion conductivity. Similar compsn. in used for the cathode.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides high operativity. Attains high reliability and provides safety. Operates for long period of time. Improves battery characteristics and performance.
NOVELTY - The photovoltaic device includes a metal wire which is arranged on a face of a photovoltaic element. The wire collects power generated by the element. The wire is coated with an electroconductive adhesive over its entire length. It is fixed onto the element using the adhesive. The wire may be made from copper, silver, gold, nickel or aluminium. The electroconductive adhesive is formed of a hot melt type resin or a thermosetting resin. A conductor collects power from the metal wire. An electrode of the element is a metal wire or metal bar which is treated so as to prevent rust and is coated with an electroconductive resin.    USE - USE/ADVANTAGE For electricity generation. Low connection resistance. High reliability. Improved reliability due to rust prevention. Higher efficiency due to even application of conductive adhesive. Reduces waste of energy and environmental damage.
The fuel cell assembly includes modular cells (10,12,15) inside a pressure vessel (64). Each modular cell has electrolyte between fuel and oxidant electrodes, and is enclosed by a housing (18) which can withstand temps. greater than 600C. The pressure vessel (64) has inlets for fuel gas (F) and oxidant gas (O), and also for a purge gas (P) which can circulate around the module housings to dilute any fuel gas leakage. The vessel also has corresp. gas outlets.    Also claimed are: (i) the operation of the assembly, which includes the use of pressurised fuel, oxidant and purge gases, and removing exhaust, purge and unreacted fuel gas from pressure vessel (64); and (ii) a process of connecting modular cells together electrically and installing them in a low centre of gravity horizontal pressure vessel.    USE -   Used to generate power within the range 100 kW-50 MW, e.g. useful for supplying a light industrial estate.    ADVANTAGE -   The assembly operates at elevated pressure, thus providing greater efficiency of operation and power generation than conventional generators working at about atmospheric pressure. Emission of nitrogen oxide is eliminated, the assembly is transportable, and its exhaust can be fed to a gas turbine. Safety features are incorporated to cater for start-up conditions.
The fuel cell power plant assembly includes a solid polymer electrolyte membrane (4) located between an anode reactant chamber (6) and a cathode reactant chamber (8). The anode reactant chamber (6) contains a water-methanol soln., and a catalyst (9) is fitted to the cathode side of the membrane (4). The catalyst is such that it does not oxidise any methanol which might diffuse through the membrane. The cathode chamber (8) is supplied (26) with cooling air which also carries water and any diffused methanol to a condenser (32) for separation and recycling to anode chamber (6). Also claimed is a process for operating the fuel cell assembly.    USE -   Used as a replacement for conventional portable lithium batteries of the type used in lawn mowers, boats and vehicles.    ADVANTAGE -   The cell can operate at relatively high temps., thereby promoting efficient fuel utilisation, and the recycling arrangements improve such fuel economy. The problem of membrane dry-out is eliminated, and the overall assembly is relatively light and compact.
A fuel refining equipment is composed of a containing vessel (3), a burner (6) to supply combustion gas (2) into the vessel, refining pipes (5) placed inside the vessel, stuff gas supplying devices (7,10), and refined gas discharging devices (10,8) to discharge refined gas produced through heat exchange with the combustion gas (2). The containing vessel has a heat insulating member (4) made of fibrous material, such as fibre ceramics, inside the outside wall (16) and has low temp. gas supplying device (15), such as thin pipes with small holes, to supply the low temperature gas into the heat insulating member (4). Also claimed is that the low temperature gas is air branched from the air feed pipe upstream of the air preheater (12), whose flow rate is controlled with the valve (14) along with a temperature sensor (25) and a controller (26).    ADVANTAGE -   Heat efficiency of the refining equipment is increased, with an improved heat insulation in the containing vessel.
SiO2-insulating film is mfd. by sputtering, in which a Si target is sputtered using CO2 gas, or a mixed gas of rare gas, and CO2, as a plasma producing gas.    USE -   For solar cells, and transistors.
In a fuel reforming reactor corresp to a desulphuriser (1) and CO converter (3) in a fuel cell power generation plant to treat gas to be treated, feed gas or reforming gas, by passing it through a reaction vessel (5) filled with catalyst, both inlet and outlet of gas to be treated are opened at the nearly central part of cross section of reaction vessel.    USE -   For providing reaction vessels used as desulphurisers or CO converters for reforming fuel in a fuel cell power generation plant.    ADVANTAGE -   An efficiency of reaction of gas to be treated by catalyst is increased, the reaction vessel is miniaturised and piping of reaction vessel is simplified.
The film shape amorphous Si solar battery is composed of a heat-resistant synthetic resin film having a thermal shrinkage ratio of &lt; 2% at 200 C. and having fine projections having a height of 50-400 nm with a density of 50-1000 pieces/2.    ADVANTAGE -   The battery has good flexibility and good photoelectric conversion efficiency.
Crystal nuclei of semiconductor material comprising the gp. IV element are grown on an amorphous, polycrystalline or metallic substrate at up to 500C by thermal CVD. The utilising the crystal nuclei, polycrystal of semiconductor material comprising the group IV element is formed.    USE -   Used for prepn. of gp. IV polycrystalline semiconductor thin film for the large area.    ADVANTAGE -   Polycrystalline semiconductor film having improved crystalline property can be prepd. easily and at lower temp.. Crystal particle size and its orientation can be controlled.
The gas piping through a pressure vessel (12) contains a fuel cell which produces electricity during the reaction of fuel gas (6) and oxidn. gas (8) and discharges the gases after reaction. The fuel gas piping (13) passes through the oxidn. gas piping (15) to make into a double pipe.    ADVANTAGE -   Temp. drop of the fuel gas at the cell inlet piping is reduced, eliminating a heater.
A starting heater (4) and a catalyst burner (5) are installed in a space adjacent to an air flow-in side of the opening of a cell stack (7) in the casing. Air introduced from the casing exterior is supplied to the cell stack interior via the starting heater (4) and the catalyst burner. The end on the air flow-in side is shut off with an air guide (8) installed on the air flow-in port (8a).    ADVANTAGE -   Air is effectively supplied to the space between cells to narrow a temp. distribution range.
O2 contg. oxidn, gas is fed into a H2 rich gas (I) contg,. H2 and lower concns. of CO and MeOH and the mixt. obtd. treated in a selective oxidising unit contg, a catalyst for accelerating CO oxidn, in (I). MeOH concn. in a H2 rich gas contg., H2 and a lower concn, of MeOH is similarly reduced using a selective oxidising unit contg. a catalyst for accelerating MeOH oxidn..    A fuel reformer (30) for MeOH reforming to a H2 contg. gaseous fuel has a reformer unit (32) supplied with MeOH (12) and H2(14) which form a H2 rich reformed gas contg., MeOH and CO. An oxidising gas (39) is fed into the reformed gas and a selective oxidising unit (34) contains a catalyst to accelerate CO oxidn., to CO2 and produce reformed gas contg. H2 and CO2.    USE -   Reformed gas contg,. H2 is fed to a polymer electrolyte fuel cell stack (20) or a phosphate fuel cell.    ADVANTAGE -   MeOH and CO concns. in reformed gas are very low.
Precursor for mfr of a semiconductor thin film is an oxide film of a dopant of IA, IIA. IIB, VA or VB metal and IB and IIIA metals as main components. The dopant may have a graded concn across the film thickness. The precursor may comprise two or more oxide films in which the dopant concns are different; or the precursor may comprise alternative IB-IIIA oxide films and dopant oxide films.    Method for mfg a semiconductor thin film having a chalcopyrite structure comprises heating the above precursor films in an atmos contg a VIA element. In a typical process, a doped CuInO precursor film is heated in H2Se to form a doped CuInSe semiconductor film.    USE -   Semiconductor films are esp useful as absorber films in solar cells. (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   Chalcopyrite structure semiconductor film prod has high energy and uniform efficiency when used as a photoabsorptive layer.
Pt-Al alloy catalyst on a conducting carbon carrier is claimed, in which the atomic ratio of Pt to Al is 80-60: 20-40 and the alloy particles are present on the carbon carrier in carbided form with the structure of the Pt-Al carbide (Pt3AlC0.5). Prodn. of the catalyst is also claimed.    USE -   The catalyst is used as an electro catalyst in phosphoric acid fuel cells (PAFC) or in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFC).    ADVANTAGE -   The catalyst has higher activity and improved ageing stability.
An electrochemical cell comprises an electrode, a membrane in contact with 1 side of the electrode, a current bus on the other side of the electrode, and a conductive inflatable part between the bus and the electrode providing uniform electrical contact. An electrochemical cell for directly producing dry halogen gas from anhydrous H halide using the inflatable member as above is also claimed.    USE -   In the treatment of HCl by-prod. from chlorination reactions, e.g. in the prodn. of PVC, isocyanates and chlorinated/fluorinated hydrocarbons; other H halides may also be processed; and the cell may also be a fuel cell.    ADVANTAGE -   Uniform pressure can be maintained over very large areas, even with variation in thickness of the cell components, thus allowing increases in the fabrication tolerances and thus reduction of cost, and changes in cell dimensions can also be compensated for, enabling higher current densities to be run over the life of the cell. The pressure in the part is easily adjustable, enabling optimum cell performance to be obtd., and it may also be used to remove heat from the cell using a low cost cooling fluid, e.g. water.
An electrochemical cell comprises an electrode, a membrane in contact with one side the electrode, and a current distribution system in contact with the other side distributing current by electronic conduction and comprising a conductive polymer composite with bulk resistivity less than 1 x 10-3 Ohm.cm. Electrochemical cells for the prodn. of dry halogen gas from anhydrous H halide, including the current-distributing polymer composite in contact with the oxidising electrode (providing a barrier between the current bus and the H halide/halogen gas).    USE -   In the treatment of HCl by-prod. from chlorination, reactions, e.g. in the prodn. of PVC, isocyanates and chlorinated/fluorinated hydrocarbons; other H halides may also be processed; and the cell may also be a fuel cell. The cell can also be used in wet processes.    ADVANTAGE -   Dry HCl can be processed without dissolution in water, requiring fewer processing steps and less capital investment; and the conductive polymer composite is able to withstand attack from the H halide/halogen gas.
During immersion of silicon chips in a soln. of a surfactant, its mols. are adsorbed on the surfaces of the chips forming a monomolecular film with different degrees of filling of the surfaces and having dense sections while the film of surfactant acts as a mask determining the characteristics of etching. During vertical position of the chips at determined distances from each other, the hydrogen generated during the etching reaction rises carrying the etcher through the gaps between the chips ensuring intensification of etching. The concn. of the surfactant is selected using the summed area of the processed chips and an empirical coefft. while the chips are placed at a distance from each other determined using empirical coeffts. equal to 0.07-0.11 cm/l/mol. and 0.01-0.05 cm. respectively.    USE -   Used for the mfr. of semiconducting photoconverters, esp. solar elements.    ADVANTAGE -   Increased reflection coefft. of textured chips and better reproducibility
A gas turbine is driven with high temp. and high pressure combustion gas to generate electric power and afterwards, high temp. exhaust gas of which the temp. is 400-650C and the pressure is normal is used as a heating source. High purity hydrogen is also mfd. using a hydrocarbon vapour modification device which has a hydrogen separating permeation film and obtd. high purity hydrogen is supplied to a fuel cell and electric power is generated.    ADVANTAGE -   Very high generating efficiency can be obtd. using the hydrocarbon fuel cell.
A gas turbine is driven with high temp. and pressure combustion gas to generate electric power and then high temp. and pressure exhaust gas of 650-850C and 1-5 kg/cm2pressure is taken out. High purity hydrogen is then mfd. using a hydrocarbon vapour modification device which has a hydrogen sepg. permeation film using the exhaust gas as a heating source and the obtd. high purity hydrogen is supplied to a fuel cell and electric power is generated.    ADVANTAGE -   Very high generating efficiency can be obtd. using the unit hydrocarbon fuel cell.
The filter press type electrolysis vessel or the fuel cell comprises an anode main electrode (1) and a cathode main electrode (2) at the both ends of the vessel, unit cells connected in series between the main electrodes, and a binding member for unifying the main electrodes and unit cells. Each unit cell comprises an anode side of a depolarisation plate (9), an anode feed member (7), an electrode junction member membrane (3) formed by a solid polymer electrolytic membrane, a cathode feeder member (8), and a cathode side of the adjacent depolarisation plate (9). Porous spacers (25) are interposed between the depolarisation plate (9) and the electrode junction member membrane (3) at the outer periphery of the respective headers of the depolarisation plate (9). Each porous spacer (25) is obtd. by taking out a required shape from a rubber sheet (29) formed by burying a layer (28) of synthetic resin hollow yarn or metal micro tubes.    ADVANTAGE -   Conventional problems e.g. hydrogen embrittlement, creep, cracking, etc., are solved and various processing is simplified.
A hole transport material of formula (I) is new. Where R1-16 are H, halogen, opt. substd. alkyl, opt. substd. alkoxy, opt. substd. thioalkoxy, cyano, amino, mono-s or di-substd. amino, hydroxy, mercapto, opt. substd. aryloxy, opt. substd. arylthio, opt. substd. carbocyclic aromatic ring, opt. substd. heterocyclic aromatic ring or opt. substd. heterocyclic ring with neighbouring substits. opt. forming opt. substd. aliphatic ring, opt. substd. carbocyclic aromatic ring, opt. substd. heterocyclic aromatic ring or opt. substd. heterocyclic ring; and X is O, S, N bearing opt. substd. alkyl, carbonyl thiocarbonyl, divalent aromatic ring residue or divalent alicyclic ring residue). Also claimed are organic electroluminescent devices (OELD) and electrophotographic receptors both using the hole transport materials.    USE -   The hole transport materials are useful for photoelectric conversion devices, solar batteries, image sensors and organic photoconductive materials for printing plates. The OELDs are useful for surface light sources and display.    ADVANTAGE -   The hole transport materials have excellent hole transport properties. The electroluminescent devices have high luminance, high luminescent efficacy, low luminescence deterioration, a longer life and high reliability. The electrophotographic receptors have excellent sensitivity, hole transport properties and initial surface voltage and less dark decay.
The ion exchange membrane is reinforced at least at its peripheral parts with expanded porous membranes holding ion exchange resins in pores.    USE -   Ion exchange membranes used for fuel cells, secondary cells or electrolysis appts.    ADVANTAGE -   The reinforcement with expanded membranes including ion exchange resins prevents damage caused by repeated expansion and contraction on process and maintains high ion conductivity.
A composite material has a base of a porous ceramics, and a fine matrix filled in pores of the base. A difference of an average hot wire expansion coefft. of the base and that of the fine matrix is 0.05 - 0.5 x 10-6/ K.    ADVANTAGE -   The properties of various kinds of ceramic materials can be selectively utilised.
A new hydrocarbon fuel reformer is equipped with a device by which a hydrocarbon fuel is sepd. into methane and other hydrocarbons; a reforming catalyst layer by which steam and the sepd. methane are reacted to form H2-contg. fuel, and a heating means to heat the reforming catalyst layer. The other hydrocarbon sepd. is used as a fuel for combustion in the heating means.    USE -   Used for fuel cell systems.    ADVANTAGE -   Only methane is reacted with steam in the reforming catalyst layer so that no carbon is deposited on the catalyst and the catalyst can be kept active at all times.
A benzoxazole or benzothiazole cpd. of formula (1) is new. In (1), X = O or S; R1, R2, R4, R5 = H, alkyl, phenyl, alkoxycarbonyl, acyl, sulphonyl, sulphonamide or carbamoyl all opt. substd. by halogen, cyano or nitro; R1 and R2, R4 and R5 may combine to form ring; R3 = single bond, sulphone, sulphoxide or S atom; Y1 = H, opt. substd. alkyl, alkoxy, opt. substd. alkoxycarbonyl, opt. substd. acyl, opt. substd. carbamoyl, halogen, cyano or nitro; Y1 may combine with other atom to form ring; l = 1-4.    USE -   Cpd. (1) is useful as an acceptor cpd. for an electrophotographic photoreceptor, a solar battery, an organic electroluminescent element, etc.    ADVANTAGE -   Cpds. (1) have good acceptor properties and good solubility or dispersing properties in binder resin.
Producing a semiconductor constructional element in which a first semiconductor layer (P) is deposited on a TCO electrode layer (ES) by plasma-enhanced CVD (PECVD), comprises carrying out the following steps before depositing the first semiconductor layer: (a) treating and cleaning the surface of the TCO electrode layer (ES) in a plasma generator with a CO2 plasma; (b) stopping the supply of CO2and reducing the plasma output to a min. without extinguishing the plasma; (c) introducing the gas or gas mixt. required for the CVD deposition of the first semiconductor layer (P); and (d) increasing the plasma output of the plasma generator to the deposition conditions for the first semiconductor layer and at which the plasma deposition is started.    USE -   The process is used for producing solar cells made of amorphous silicon having a pin structure (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   The boundary surface between the TCO and semiconductor layers is improved thus giving solar cells having greater efficiency.
Power generation gas flow paths are formed around planar cells and coupled to a gas exhaust section in the fuel battery.    Temp. gradient in the cells can be minimised.
The process comprises disconnecting the load from the fuel battery in response to a power generation stop command, supplying purging gas to the anode and cathode electrodes of the fuel battery, connecting a power dissipation unit to the fuel battery, and shutting down the fuel battery when the battery output voltage drops to a predetermined value.    ADVANTAGE -   Overvoltage output can be prevented after load disconnection.
A water return pipe is connected to steam separator through a flow control valve to use water form the fuel cell as cooling water.    ADVANTAGE -   Heat from fuel battery can be utilised effectively.
Branch pipes from the loop piping connected to the fuel cell are coupled to output port of the coolant circulation pump.    ADVANTAGE -   Heat from the fuel cell can be utilised efficiently.
The power generation system has a steam injector coupled to a steam turbine which is driven by steam generated by heat from the fuel battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Power generation efficiency can be improved.
Cell units are connected in series. Fuel gas from the fuel refresher is introduced into the cell units by a blower.    ADVANTAGE -   Fuel gas can be used efficiently.
A temperature sensor is attached to the steam separator and connected to a steam flow valve controller.    ADVANTAGE -   Safe battery operation can be ensured.
The fuel cell is composed of unit cells consisting of solid electrolyte polymer film electrodes on both side surfaces of a gas distributing plate to supply reactive gas to each electrode arranged at the opposite side of each electrode of the unit cell. At least one separator is porous C having a three-dimensional net structure.    ADVANTAGE -   The fuel cell has high performance over a high current density range, by supplying reactive gas uniformly and improving gas supply ability.
A gas supply chamber is connected to the cells in the cylindrical cell assembly. A honeycomb gas flow rectifier is assembled in the gas supply chamber.    ADVANTAGE -   Gas is supplied uniformly to cells.
A cathode gas flow path is formed between the central plate and the cathode mask plate.    ADVANTAGE -   The pressure loss of cathode gas can be minimised.
The centre plate of the separator is placed between the anode side mask plate and the cathode side mask plate, then the plate edge sections are welded to one another.    ADVANTAGE -   The life of battery can be extended.
The composition comprises an indium oxide powder containing tin (ITO) which is mixed with fluorine content inactive organic liquid such as resin by surface treatment.    The weight of this organic liquid is in range of 0.1-5% of that of quantity of powder.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For heat resistance resin substrate, surface heat emitting body, antistatic electrophotographic recording. Offers superb optical characteristics along with superb electrical properties. Improves transparent nature. Improves conductivity with low resistance. Improves dispersibility of ITO powder.
A photosensitive polyimide-based resin compsn. contains: (a) a polyimide resin precursor having repeating units of formula (I) and a wt. ave. mol. wt. of 20,000-100,000 (where, X = a tetravalent organic gp.; Y = a divalent organic gp.; R and R1 = group of formula (II); R1, R2, and R3 = 1-8C monovalent organic gps. or H); (b) a dihydropyridine cpd. of formula (III) (where, R4 = an (un)substd. hydrocarbon gp.; R5 and R6 = alkyl gps.; R7 and R8 = -COOR' -COR', or -CN; R' = an alkyl group); and (c) a hexaaryl bi-imidazole of formula (IV) (where, R9, R10, and R11 = (un)substd. aryl groups).    USE -   The photosensitive polyimide-based resin compsn. is used in a protective and insulating film for a semiconductor device, an orienting film for a liq. crystal device, or an insulating film for a multilayered printed substrate.    ADVANTAGE -   The compsn. has sufficient heat resistance as a protective film for an electronic component, high purity, and sensitivity. The photosensitive polyimide-based resin compsn. consists of a positive photosensitive material. The result enables development in an alkali soln. dissolution rate adjustment, and less decrease in the film thickness.
In a plate type reformer (1) consisting of combustion chambers (3) and reforming chambers (3) laminated alternately. The combustion chamber consists of a dispersion chamber (5) and combustion catalyst chambers (4) filled with combustion catalyst and placed at both sides of dispersion chamber. Combustion gas is supplied to the dispersion chamber from its inlet side, air is supplied to the combustion catalyst chamber from its inlet side, numerous dispersion holes (7) are provided near the inlet side of dividing plate (6) between the dispersion chamber and combustion catalyst chamber, and throttle part (8) is formed by protruding a part of dividing plate having dispersion holes to the combustion catalyst chamber.    USE -   Used as plate type reformers used in molten carbonate type fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -   Combustion gas can smoothly be supplied to the combustion catalyst chambers by forming the throttle parts to increase speed of air.
The image pick-up element consists of a P-type Si substrate (17). A charge transfer area (17c) is formed on the surface of the Si substrate. A charge generation area is formed on the charge transfer area. The charge generation area generates charge from the light projected to it, by the photoelectric conversion. The charge transfer area transfers the generated charge. The charge generation area, serves as the positive electrode.    A hole prevention layer, a sensitization layer and an electronic pouring prevention layer are sequentially formed on the charge generation area. A wide band gap layer is formed between the sensitization layer and the positive electrode. The wide band gap layer, has band gap larger than that of the sensitization layer and the hole pouring prevention layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces residual image value by balancing reduction of number of gap levels and hole pouring prevention characteristic. Increases efficiency of solid state image pick-up element mfr.
New electronic device comprises electrodes and functional membranes formed on the electrodes. The functional membranes contain specific polymer main chains selected from polysilane, polygermane, polystannan, or their copolymers. The membranes are bonded to the surface of the electrodes through oxygen atoms which are chemically bonded to the specific polymer main chains.    USE -   For EL elements, EO elements, photosensitive devices for electrophotography, or solar cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The functional membranes are durable and hardly peel off, providing excellent optical and electrical performance.
Plate-type refining equipment has a fuel preheater made by piling combustion chambers (Co) and refining chambers (Re) alternately with heat transmitting partition walls (13) between them. The combustion chamber (Co) is composed of a distribution chamber (14) and a pair of combustion catalyser chambers (15), while the refining chamber (Re) is composed of a preheater chamber (11) and a pair of refining catalyser chamber (12). In the preheater chamber (11), the gas is led from manifold (16a) through regions A, C to B1, where it is led to the refining catalyser chamber (12) through holes there. In the refining catalyser chamber (12), the gas is led from B1 via B2, D to A passing through a refining catalyser placed at D2 and D3, and is discharged from the manifold (16e).    ADVANTAGE -   The refining equipment has the function of fuel preheater and reduces heat loss from sidewalls of the refining chamber.
A plate-type refining appts. refines a raw material gas into refined gas by a refining catalyser along with heat transfer from combustion gas through a partition wall. The hollow cylindrical-type refining appts. is composed of an inner pipe (11), outer pipe (12), and combustion chambers (Co) and chambers (Re) alternately piled with a heat transmitting partition wall (13) between them. Each chamber is divided into regions A-G and regions A-E have the corresp. manifolds (16a-16c) connected with a through opening. The combustion chamber (Co) is composed of a distribution room (14) and a couple of combustion catalyser rooms (15). In the distribution room (14), the fuel gas is led from the manifold (16d) through D to A clockwise which is ejected into the combustion catalyser room (15) through holes provided at regions E,F and A. In the combustion catalyser room (15), air is led from (16c) through C to B and (16b) clockwise, passing through a combustion catalyser placed at regions E to A. In the refining chamber (Re), the stuff gas is led from (16a) through A to E and (16e) anticlockwise, passing through a refining catalyser placed at regions G and F.    ADVANTAGE -   The refining appts. avoids excessive thermal stresses at structure corners and supplies refined gas maintaining high temp..
A gas sepn. membrane is placed between the fuel electrode and the built-in fuel refresher to separate hydrocarbon.    ADVANTAGE -   Off-gas flow from the fuel refresher can be minimised.
An actuator is connected to the moving tank holder coupled to an air duct with air discharge nozzles.    ADVANTAGE -   Deposited water can be rejected quickly.
An exhaust oxygen gas concn. detector is connected to the combustion air flow valve controller connected to the fuel battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Reaction air and combustion air can be controlled optimally.
Fused carbonate fuel battery comprises porous body having 0.1-0.3 m fine pore with a volume greater than 60 % to the total fine pore volume in the fused carbonate type fuel battery having electrolytic plate having a porous material with a holding material, and electrolyte with mixed carbonate.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces running off of the electrolyte in the electrolyte plate, and inhibits electrolyte plate resistance from increasing, and gas crossover from taking place, and provides long life.
Prodn. of phosphoric acid type battery matrix includes mixing a non-electron conductive material powder, and fibrillated polytetrafluoroethylene powder; adding an additive to moisten the mixt.; moulding the mixt. by compressing; and then rolling to give the mixt. a film shape.    ADVANTAGE -   The matrix is prevented from cracking, and the film keeps its shape.
The phosphoric acid fuel cell comprises an electrode substrate in which at least the oxidising agent electrode is a preliminarily water-treated plain porous C plate, an electrode catalyst layer supported with its one surface, and a porous member phosphoric acid migration path portion placed in one plate in the oxidising agent electrode periphery and held with the matrix and reservoir plate in the phosphoric acid fuel cell mfd. by laminating unit cell, and interposing gas impermeable sepg. plate electrode.
The laminated phosphoric acid fuel cell comprises a cooling plate provided with a metal cooling pipe having an insulating and corrosion-resistant sheath and embedded between a set of C cooling substrates via a conductive filler and an insulation member placed between a conductive filler near the cooling substrate end surface and cooling pipe, and protruding partly from the cooling substrate end surface.    ADVANTAGE -   The cell maintains conductivity between cooling substrates sufficiently and inhibits electrochemical corrosion.
The fuel battery comprises stacked cells each of which have a polyelectrolyte film sandwiched between a hydrophilic porous fuel-electrode and an oxidiser electrode which have gas guide grooves. A water-repellent porous water transmission layer is inserted into each cell.    ADVANTAGE -   The fuel battery exhibits high power generation efficiency.
A lipid membrane contg. a fluorine-contg. mesoporphyrin deriv. or its metal complex is new.    USE -   The lipid membranes are useful as cation transport media conjugated with the electron transmittance system in the biomembrane and for drug transportation. They may also be useful as sensors for trace amts. of metals and image sensors for solar batteries and cameras.    ADVANTAGE -   The lipid membranes have excellent metal ion-trapping ability.
A process for coating substrates with ZnO by CVD comprises preparing the surface to be coated by bombardment with ions or electrons in a gaseous atmosphere containing Ar and oxygen prior to the deposition of ZnO.    USE -   The process is used in the manufacture of solar cells.    ADVANTAGE -   A defect-free surface coating is obtained with coating thickness of less than 200 nm.
Mfr. of a graphitised composite article, comprises (i) forming a uncured composite article of carbon fibre felt embedded within a matrix of a carbon filler, a thermosetting resin and a solvent, (ii) removing the solvent from the uncured article; (iii) applying pressure and heat to the uncured article to produce a cured compressed composite article; (iv) heating the cured article to a first temp. to produce a carbonised composite article, where the fibres, the filler and the resin are carbonised; and (v) heating the carbonised composite article to a second temp. higher than the first temp. to produce the composite article. The graphitised composite article is impermeable to gases and liquids.    Also claimed is a method as specified above but where step (iii) is carried out in two stages namely (iiia) applying heat and pressure to the uncured article to produce an uncured compressed article and (iiib) applying heat and pressure to the uncured compressed article to produce a cured compressed article.    Also claimed is a graphitised composite article made by the above method.    Also claimed is a graphitised composite article, which comprises graphitised carbon fibres, a graphitised carbon filler and a graphitised resin char, such that the article is impermeable to gases and liquids.    USE -   The graphitised laminate can be used as a separator plate for a fuel cell.    ADVANTAGE -   The separator plate prevents permeability of reactants for up to and exceeding 40,000 hours. There is additionally improved prod. reliability, reduced sensitivity to isolated defects within a single composite article when a laminate is formed of several composite articles, significantly increased yield due to the redn. of warping problems
A reduced amount of aluminium paste is used for coating the solar cell to form back surface field (BSF), where part of the surface is coated with Al and Ag electrode. The coating area of Al paste is decreased to 10 - 50 %, and the bending of the solar cell is prevented.
Surface processing, e.g. surface reforming using plasma etc.; film forming by sputtering, plasma chemical vapour deposition, etc.; is applied on a continuously running sheet-shaped material (W) in a vacuum processing chamber (12). The processing is applied on the continuously running sheet-shaped material while directing the width direction of the material vertically.    USE -   The method is suitable for production of solar cells; liquid crystal surface display boards; functional films stuck on a glass plate for protecting hazing, IR rays, UV rays, etc.    ADVANTAGE -   Dangling of the sheet-shaped material caused by its own weight is suppressed and the sheet-shaped material can be run smoothly and continuously while reducing pulling force in the running direction.
Heat collector is connected to a dc-ac power converter coupled to a fuel reformer which converts supplied fuel gas to H2-rich gas.    ADVANTAGE -   A system with high thermal efficiency can be implemented.
A structural element, with reversibly changeable surface shape, has a gastight elastomeric housing (2) contg. one or more pressure spaces (5) in which are embedded electrochemical cells (6) which, during charging, generate gas to enlarge the or each pressure space (5) and, during discharging, eliminates the gas to decrease the pressure space size. Pref. the pressure spaces (5) are contained in ordinary polyurethane foam (4) and the cells (6) are contained in open-pored polyurethane foam (5a) in the pressure spaces. Each cell (6) pref. comprises an outer cathodic casing of braided carbon fibre with a catalytic Pt coating, an inner potassium hydroxide gel electrolyte and an anodic braided silver wire core.    USE -   For incorporation in the surface of an aircraft wing (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   The structural element allows controlled surface shape variation at low energy cost without the use of compressed air and is inexpensive to mfr..
Method of increasing the flame temp. of combustion gases, used with a furnace of the type having a shell, an air inlet for introducing a furnace fuel into the shell, and a fuel preheat chamber disposed outside of the shell and integral with the shell, comprises: (a) introducing a low temp. furnace fuel into the fuel preheat chamber; (b) flowing the fuel through the preheat chamber such that the fuel is in heat transfer relationship with combustion gases thereby heating the low temp. furnace fuel to produce a high temp. furnace fuel; (c) flowing the high temp. furnace fuel to the fuel inlet; and (d) combusting the high temp. furnace fuel and air, thereby creating the combustion gases, the gases having a flame temp. of 2100 - 2700 F. Also claimed are: (i) a furnace to provide combustion gases by combusting a furnace fuel and air, the furnace having a shell, an air inlet for introducing the air into the shell, a fuel inlet for introducing the furnace fuel into the shell; and (ii) an improved fuel cell power plant of the type having a fuel processing appts. to provide a product gas by steam reforming a hydrocarbon fuel and steam.    USE -   Used for processing fuel using an improved furnace for a fuel cell power plant.    ADVANTAGE -   The improved furnace design increases the temp. of the fuel and/or air prior to their introduction into the furnace, giving lowered costs with efficient prodn.
The manifold comprises attaching phosphoric acid-resistant resin sheet, formed by bending its corner portions and heating joining portion, on an internal face of the manifold.    ADVANTAGE -   The manifold has good electric insulation property, and corrosion-resistance.
A plate type reforming appts. is composed of a combustion chamber Co, a reforming chamber Re, and a partition wall (not shown) between them, and a fuel gas entering to the reforming chamber Re is processed to a reformed gas to be supplied to the anode of a fuel battery by heat transfer through the partition wall. The inner sidewalls (51) are provided in the reforming chamber Re so as to limit the reforming reaction domain (52) to the portion of the partition wall, which is heated from the combustion chamber Co to the almost uniform temp.    ADVANTAGE -   This enables to improve the reforming efficiency, preventing redn. in reforming rate.
The generator has a catalyst burner for mixing and burning gas branched from feeding line for anode and cathode exhaust gas to a burning chamber of a improver and exhaust gas returning line for returning exhaust gas in the burner to exhaust gas circulation line.    ADVANTAGE -   Abnormal rise of temp. of the burner and overheat of the improver in low load operation can be prevented.
The device used for the manufacture of a lamination type amorphous solar battery formed in such a manner that pin structures are vertically laminated in stages includes vacuum chambers (2-9) positioned in an upper and a lower part each having a vol. of up to half of that of a centre vacuum chamber (1) arranged to the four sides of the centre vacuum chamber (1).    ADVANTAGE -   Device cost is reduced and space is saved.
Electrolyte has a basis constituent component consisting of a polymer cpd. with a crosslinked structure and an oxidn. redn. set of which comprises combination of I and I cpd. or Br and Br-cpd.    USE -   The electrolyte is suitable for a solar cell.    ADVANTAGE -   The electrolyte has improved anion conductivity and mechanical strength.
Cathode temp. control in fuel battery appts. comprises a fuel battery which generates electricity from an anode gas including hydrogen and from a cathode gas including oxygen, and a cathode circulation line which circulates a part of a gas exhausted from the cathode of the fuel battery again to the cathode. A heater for heating the circulated gas that has been exhausted from the cathode is provided to the cathode circulation line.    USE -   For decreasing a fluctuation in an amount of a circulated gas that has been exhausted from a cathode because a temperature of the gas exhausted from the cathode is controlled.
The solid macromolecule fuel battery system comprises an ejector placed in a circulation line, device for aspirating the residual gas exhausted from the fuel battery proper, and mechanism for transferring the residual gas to the supply line.    ADVANTAGE -   Dispenses with high sealing technique to prevent residual gas from leaking. Improves devices and total system reliability. Reduces the electric power to drive device to transfer the residual gas and increases output of the total system. Improves system efficiency in terms of energy, hence provides efficient solid macromolecule fuel battery system.
The fuel battery power generation arrangement comprises an instrument to detect pressure at which city gas is supplied, and at least either an upper limit of gas pressure decrease per time, or a lower limit of gas pressure decrease during a certain period prescribed to determine the time to change the line for supply city gas to the one for supplying liquefied propane gas, introduce the liquefied propane gas to the fuel battery proper and continue operation with the propane gas in case city gas is cut.    ADVANTAGE -   Facilitates prompt change of the gases.
The inner reformed fused carbonate fuel battery comprises a porous metal body with which the gap between the end section of corrugated plate traversing the fuel channel and the inner wall surface of the separator plate is filled.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents the force exerted by expansion of the corrugated plate from being applied to the plate, and the anode gas from going through the gap. Improves efficiency with which the reformed catalyst and anode gas contact.
The phosphoric acid fuel cell comprises a plate anode catalyst layer, porous anode electrode substrate, anode electrode, plate cathode catalyst layer, porous cathode electrode substrate, cathode electrode, and matrix. The anode electrode substrate and cathode electrode substrate central sections are made water-repellent, and the other sections are hydrophilic.    ADVANTAGE -   Phosphoric acid is not liable to overflow to the channel. Volume shrinkage of phosphoric acid overflowed in the channel does not prevent fuel gas and oxidising agent gas from being supplied.
Reactor for photocatalytic purificn. of waste liquor has a solar cell (1) of spaced laminated plates of thermoplastic extrudable, transparent or translucent plastics contg. a photocatalyst, through which the liquor can flow.    Also claimed are the bridge laminates per se.    USE -   The laminates are used as solar cell for purifying waste liquor (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   The reactor uses a stable, lightweight and esp. cheap solar cell.
A metal-air electrochemical cell having a discharge mode and a recharge mode in which H gas may be formed comprises a case with an opening (18) and containing an air cathode (14) permeable to O gas but not to water so that the cell can receive and discharge O and an anode (12). There is also an H-O recombination catalyst on a recombination electrode and an aq. electrolyte contacting all three electrodes.    Also claimed is a cell as above: (i) in which current flows between the cathode and recombination electrode during recharge and the latter is inactive during the discharge mode and catalyses recombination during the recharge mode, there is a sensor to detect current flow between the two and a current comparator to indicate when the desired amt. of recharge has been reached, and (ii) in which the nature of the cathode is not specified.    USE -   Lightweight power supply of high energy density which may be repeatedly charged and discharged.    ADVANTAGE -   Loss of water on overcharging is controlled by H-O recombination to reform water and the end-of-charge indicator and drying out failure is prevented.
Transparent electroconductive film is formed by forming SnO2film on a glass substrate by thermal CVD process while the substrate is carried on a conveyor belt. A heat resistant sheet comprising refractory adiabatic fibres for high-temps., having surface area larger than of the glass substrate, is inserted between the conveyor belt and the glass substrate.    USE -   For amorphous Si-solar cell devices.
Fuel reformer comprises a reforming vessel, reforming tubes (3) filled with reforming catalyst and placed in the reforming vessel, and combustion chamber (17) which is a flowing space of high temp. combustion gas. A sleeve (18) surrounds the reforming tubes along their axial lines to form combustion gas passages, and a thermal insulation cap (19) is placed at the tops of reforming tubes. The lower end of thermal insulation cap is extended from the upper end of sleeve to a lower direction to eliminate the pts. of reforming tubes exposed to the combustion chamber.    USE -   Used to provide fuel reformers suitable for fuel cell power generation systems.    ADVANTAGE -   Temp. of combustion gas at the inlet of combustion gas is equalised and dispersion of temps. at the tops of reforming tubes are equalised.
A self-supporting connection element, in planar high temp. fuel cells or high temp. electrolysis cells has the compsn. (I)    Li1+dMgxAlyCr1-x-yO3+/ -e (I)    d = 0 to 0.1, pref. 0.03, x = 0.02 to 0.1, pref. 0.05, y = 0.1 to 0.2, pref. 0.17 and e = 0 to 0.1.    ADVANTAGE -   The lanthanum chromite-based material has a thermal expansion coefficient (20-1000 deg.C) of 9.7 -10.4 x 10 power K power 1, a linear swelling (at 1000 deg.C and p(02)-10 power 18 bar wrt. air) of max. 0.06%, an electrical conductivity of at least 5 S/cm. in air at 1000 deg.C and at least 1 S/cm. in fuel gas with p(02)-10 power 16 bar at 1000 deg.C, long term resistance to hydrolytic decomposition, dense sinter ability at max. 1650 deg.C, increased sintering activity and reduced toxicity.
A thermocouple is inserted into the gap formed perpendicular to the gas flow channel between laminate separator sheets.    ADVANTAGE -   Thermocouple can be inserted without affecting gas flow.
The air electrode and the fuel electrode are provided at both sides of an electrolyte of stabilised zirconia, to generate electromotive force by electrochemical reaction of O2of the air electrode side and fuel gas of the fuel electrode. The air electrode is formed by the material having perovskite structure of formula La(1-x)Sr(x)MnO(3), and 1-15 % of Mn is substd. by Cr.    ADVANTAGE -   The process can provide a solid electrolyte type fuel cell, which is free from cracking and peeling of the air electrodes.
The stainless steel comprises (by wt.): 0.15% C, 2% Mn, 10-25% Cr, 7-30% Ni, 0.8-4% Si and 0.1-3% Mo, with over 2% Si+(2 x Mo).    USE -   For separators and collecting plate of fused carbonate fuel cells.
In a methanol reformer comprising a heat source and reforming feed gas supply part (10) to prepare reforming feed liq. contg. methanol and water and supply it to a part for reforming the feed liq. to fuel gas contg. hydrogen, the reforming feed gas supply part comprises a reforming feed liq. vapourisation part (14) to vapourise the reforming feed liq., reforming feed gas passages (15) capable of exchanging heat feed liq., reforming feed gas passages (15) capable of exchanging heat with the heat source and flowing the reforming feed gas vapourised exchanging heat with the reforming feed gas, a given amt. of particles (22) to fluidise by the flowing reforming feed gas and porous members (20,21) fitted with holes smaller than the particles and placed in the reforming feed gas passages to place the particles at given positions in the passages.    USE -   For reforming feed liq. contg. methanol and water to fuel gas contg. hydrogen gas.    ADVANTAGE -   Amt. of thermal energy supplied is increased and temps. of reforming feed gas flowing in a fluidised layer are equalised.
The battery is constituted by a flexible substrate (1) on which a first and a second electrodes (2,4) are positioned with a photoelectric conversion semiconductor layer.    A fluororesin solution is coated on this substrate which is then dried to form a weather resistant resin film (7). This film is attached to the substrate using a glass fibre mixed adhesive agent (8).    ADVANTAGE -   The solar panel has good wind withstanding properties. Damage to the battery is prevented.
The mfr. involves forming a surface metal electrode layer (13), a photoelectric conversion layer (14) and a transparent electrode (15) sequentially on the surface of the flexible substrate (11). A connection electrode layer (12) is formed at the bottom surface of the flexible substrate. A wrap around part in a through a hole of the transparent electrode contacts the wrap around part in the through hole of the connection electrode layer.    An electromotive force is applied from the connection electrode side. The upper part of the transparent electrode layer is then removed to make it thin by plasma etching process.    ADVANTAGE -   The method reduces connection resistance with connection electrode, avoids decrease in transmission of light through transparent electrode by thickening wrap around part in through hole of transparent electrode, reduces series resistance component, and improves conversion efficiency.
A fuel cell power generation system is provided with a steam reforming unit for reforming raw fuel into a hydrogen-based fuel gas by steam reforming reaction using a catalyst, and a fuel cell for extracting electrical energy by causing the fuel gas to react with oxygen in the air, and has the conduit leading the reformed fuel gas to the fuel pole of the fuel cell. The raw fuel is input to the pre-reformer charged with a precious metal catalyst, the output of the pre-reformer is input to the steam reforming unit, and the pre-reformer bypass line is installed which links the input-side line and output-side line of the pre-reformer.    USE -   Used to improve the fuel-cell power generation system so that it does not cause carbon pptn. in the catalyst of the hydrogen reforming unit.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents carbon from precipitating in the catalyst and maintains high performance.
Reducing-gas component concn. distribution in the fuel gas on the fuel electrode is measured. Unusual battery conditions are detected from the measured data.    ADVANTAGE -   Battery operation can be dependably monitored.
A active-carbon tank and ion exchange resin tanks are placed in the water output line of the built-in cooling-water purifying equipment and shunted by a bypass water line through a switch valve.    ADVANTAGE -   The cooling-water purifying equipment can be replaced easily and economically.
Fuel city-gas supply failure detector is connected to a fuel selector in which fuel supply is switched to the built-in emergency liq. fuel tank when city gas supply failure is detected. A fuel gas generator is connected to the liq. fuel tank.    ADVANTAGE -   Uninterruptable power generation can be implemented.
The cell structure comprises (a) electrolyte film, (b) the anode and the cathode which are laminated with sealing material on both surfaces of the electrolyte film, and (c) and the separators, having fluid feeding grooves to feed fluid to the electrodes, which are placed on the respective electrodes. In the cell structure, the part of the electrolyte film to attach to the sealing material, and if necessary, the part of the electrolyte film to be faced to gaps between the electrode and the sealing material shall be plasma=treated for a certain time to effect polymerisation based on functional gp. of higher polymer for development of net-work of high polymer chain on the parts of the electrolyte film.    USE -   The cell structure for sealing part of the electrolyte film is used for the SOE and SOFC.    ADVANTAGE -   Electrolyte film, having improved mechanical strength of its outer circumference, can be obtd.
The high temp. solid electrolytic type electrochemical oxygen cell comprises an yttria-stabilised zirconia solid electrolyte consisting a perovskite type oxide of formula: La1-x Srx MnO3(where x is 0.35-1).    USE -   For aq. vapour electrolysis device reversible oxygen pole.
The solid electrolytic fuel battery separator comprises a lanthanum chromite of formula: LaCr1-x-y Mx Ny O3(where, M = Mg and/or Al; N = Ni, Fe, Co, Zn, Al, Cu, Mn, V, and/or Ti; x = 0-0.2; and y = 0-0.1).    ADVANTAGE -   Facilitates dense sintering provides sufficient mechanical strength, minimises difference in thermal expansion between ambient atmosphere and fuel atmosphere.
The battery separator comprises a ceramic layer formed on the surface of a stainless steel plate, and made by baking the coated paint made by adding 100-300 pts.wt. of an inorganic filler to 100 pts.wt. of a precursor ceramics polymer, and dissolving or dispersing the mixt. in an organic solvent.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves resistance to fused carbonate.
Coating a substrate to produce a solar collector is claimed. Coating takes place by means of a combined CVD-PVD process.    Also claimed is a solar collector obtained by the proposed method. The coating containing amorphous hydrocarbon or fluorided amorphous hydrocarbon and a metal sputtered from a target (7) consists of different layers with stepped change in the composition and/or at least one layer with at least almost continuously varying concentration. At the same time, the metal concentration close to the substrate (8) is greater than that close to the coating surface.    USE -   In manufacture of solar cells.    ADVANTAGE -   Production of durable coatings with high optical selectivity is made possible.
Processing waste inorganic materials comprises: (i) anaerobically digesting organic materials with fermenting and reducing microorganisms in the presence of gypsum and, if necessary, nitrates or other N cpds.; and (ii) using the resulting gaseous and dissolved reducing agents as electron donors for generating electricity in a fuel cell or galvanic cell and for producing biogas (CH4 , H2, etc.).    ADVANTAGE -   Allows waste materials to be disposed of with high energy recovery efficiency, and is readily integrated into existing power station operations.
A cation exchange membrane comprises a polymer having cation exchange gps. with dispersed inorganic filler, the polymer in the bulk of the membrane being substantially free of metal catalysts.    Also claimed are: (1) a membrane and electrode assembly comprising a cation exchange membrane of polymer having cation exchange gps. with an electrode formed on its surface(s): (i) having inorganic proton conductor of conductivity at least 10-4 S/cm dispersed within the polymer or (ii) the electrode comprising a layer of electroconductive, catalytically active particles and binder polymer having cation exchange gps. dispersed with inorganic filler; (2) an electrochemical cell comprising an anode compartment, a cathode compartment and the cation exchange membrane of (1)(i) serving as separator and electrolyte between them; (3) a fuel cell for operation with a direct feed organic fuel comprising an anode compartment contg. an anode, a cation compartment contg. a cathode and the membrane of the main claim serving as separator and electrolyte between them; (4) prepn. of cation exchange membranes comprising dispersed inorganic filler comprising forming a membrane of polymer having cation exchange gps. and dispersing inorganic filler in the membrane by in situ pptn..    USE -   The cation exchange membranes are useful in electrochemical cells and fuel cells (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   The membrane has a low fuel crossover rate and improved mechanical properties e.g. stiffness. Membranes contg. inorganic proton conductors have increased proton conductivity.
Method of mfg. a module with long-term stability contg. a non-heat-resistant substance, esp. a sensitiser, in which edge sealing structure based on glass solder and the non-heat-least one suitably shaped feed aperture opening (78.1) after heat-sealing of the glass plates, is novel that, on the inside linear ribs (10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3) are used to produced spatially-discrete chambers using selective coating with at least one of the glass plates is heated to a temp. in the region of or above the transformation temp. of this glass plate to ensure that the plates (1,2) are levelled or the distance between them is minimised.    Also claimed is the module mfd. by the above method in which a non-heat-resistant substance, esp. a sensitiser or an electrochromic-activatable substance is diffusion-tightly enclosed in a module inner chamber formed between two glass plates. The module inner chamber is subdivided up into several chambers with cells of similar functionality by linear ribs. The module is novel in that an edge sealing structure and the linear ribs consist of glass solder and that the glass plates are 100 m or less apart.    USE -   The module is used as a solar cell.    ADVANTAGE -   The module has a service life of several years.
Sulphonated aromatic polyether-ketones (PEK) contg. units of formula -[Ar-O]p-Ar-[(CO-Ar')x-O-Ar]m-[CO-Ar']y-[O-Ar]n-CO]- (II) are claimed, in which 1-100% of the -O-phenylene-CO- units are substd. with a SO3M gp., sulphonated and unsulphonated -O-phenylene-CO- gps., and sulphonated and unsulphonated -O-phenylene-O- gps. in any sequence. In (II), Ar = p- and/or m-phenylene (p- and/or m-Phe); Ar' = phenylene, naphthylene, biphenylene, anthrylene or other arylene; M = H, NR4+ (R = H or 1-4C alkyl) or a metal, pref. an alkali(ne earth) metal or sub-Gp. 8 metal; x, n and m = 0 or 1; y = 0, 1, 2 or 3; and p = 1, 2, 3 or 4.    Also claimed are: (i) a process for the prodn. of (II); (ii) a polymeric electrolyte soln. contg. (II); and (iii) a film with a thickness of 5 m to 1 mm contg. (II).    USE -   Solns. (ii) are used for the prodn. of asymmetric membranes and compact films to give intimate contact between two polymer electrolyte surfaces and for producing a porous or rough surface after contacting the soln. with a pptn. agent (claimed). Polymers (II) are used for the prodn. of polymeric electrolyte solns. and/or polymer films, and in electrochemical cells, esp. fuel cells or electrolysis cells (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   Enables the controllable prodn. of new sulphonated PEK polymers by sulphonation of PEK under mild conditions including the sulphonation of -O-phenylene-CO- units (-O-Phe-CO- units). Polymers with more than a certain deg. of sulphonation are soluble.
Sulphonated aromatic polyether-ketones (PEK) of formula(II) are claimed, in which 1-100% of the -O-phenylene-CO- units are substd. with a SO3M gp., with sulphonated and unsulphonated -O-phenylene-CO- gps. in any sequence: -(Ar-O-Ar'-CO-Ar'-O-Ar-CO-Ar"-CO)- (II) Ar, Ar', Ar" = opt. substd. 1,2-, 1,3- or 1,4-phenylene; M = H, NR4+ (with R = H or 1-4C alkyl), or an alkali or alkaline earth metal or Sub-Gp. 8 metal, pref. H, NR4+,Li, Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe or Pt.    Also claimed are: (i) a process for the prodn. of (II); (ii) a polymeric electrolyte soln. contg. (II); and (iii) film with a thickness of from 5 microns to 1 mm contg. (II).    USE -   Solns. (ii) are used for the prodn. of asymmetrical membranes (e.g. for nano-, ultra- or micro-filtration) and compact films, for obtaining partic. intimate contact between two polymer electrolyte surfaces, and for producing a porous or rough surface after contacting the soln. with a pptn. agent (claimed). Polymers (II) are used for the prodn. of polymeric electrolyte solns. and/or polymer films, and in electrochemical cells, esp. fuel cells or electrolysers (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   Enables the controllable prodn. of new sulphonated PEK polymers by sulphonation of PEK under mild conditions, including the sulphonation of -O-phenylene-CO- units (-O-Phe-CO- units).
A hollow tubular crystalline body is grown in appts. including a furnace with crucible or molten material and a capillary die having an endface in the form of the required polygon with a capillary system for feeding material to its endface. An elongate hollow tubular seed is held in contact with a film of melt on the endface of the die and then moved away from it to grow a crystalline body. A radiation shield having a polygonal configuration conforming to that of the die face is located within the perimeter of the latter and confronts but does not contact molten material in the crucible. Supported on it is a hollow tubular after-heater, while a tubular after-heater surrounds the seed when the latter is in contact with molten material. The outer edge of the shield is formed by multiple faces and contoured to create a temp. gradient along the endface of the die that minimises thermal stress in the growing body.    USE -   Growing octagonal or nonagonal bodies to produce wafers for photovoltaic solar cells.    ADVANTAGE -   Redn. of internal stress enables prodn. of flatter wafers.
A gas mixture whose main constituent is hydrogen and contg. carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide, is added with gas contg. oxygen then their mixture is made to contact with catalyst (A) carrying cation type Pt compound (B). (B) is (Pt(NH3)4) is divalent cation. Specific compounds of the catalyst carrier and method of producing gas contg. hydrogen utilising this method are also claimed.    USE -   Used for eliminating carbon monoxide selectively from gas mixture for fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -   Oxidn. of carbon monoxide in the gas mixture contg. a relatively large amount of carbon dioxide at high temp. with high efficiency.
The reactor comprises rod heat transfer heaters for catalyst rise arranged in a reactor filled with catalyst and heat transfer fins on the outer peripheries of the heat transfer heaters to be projected into a surrounding catalyst layer.    ADVANTAGE -   When the reactor is activated, catalyst can be uniformly and efficiently heated to a preset temp. in a short time.
The process comprises placing combustion chambers via heat transfer partition plates across reforming chambers and placing fuel or air dispersing chambers via dispersing plates outside both combustion chambers, so that fuel or air may be supplied into the dispersing chambers from the outside, air or fuel supplied into the combustion chambers to exhaust combustion gas and reformed material gas supplied into the reforming chambers to exhaust reformed gas.    ADVANTAGE -   A plate reformer can be easily assembled using less parts.
The reformer comprises a double-structured catalyst layer in a reforming tube, a precious metal based catalyst layer on the entrance side of material gas formed on steam and fuel and a base meal based catalyst layer on the exit side of the reformed gas.    ADVANTAGE -   The pptn. of carbon in a steam reforming process for fuel is prevented and an increase in the amt. of methane prod. in the reformed gas is restricted.
The reformer comprises spacers arranged at the first or second annular section to keep the space between an inner tube and a middle tube or between the middle tube and an outer tube constant.    ADVANTAGE -   High quality reformed gas is obtd. whilst maintaining a lower max. temp. of a reforming reaction tube.
New particles are the hybridisation of (a) Al and/or Al oxide ultrafine particles and (b) M1 metal and/or M1 metal oxide ultrafine particles (where M1 = Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Pt or Au). The prodn. of the particles is also claimed, where source material of aluminium and M1 is heated and fused in an inert gas atmos. contg. oxygen and the vapour is reacted with the oxygen to give the hybridisation of (a) and (b).    USE -   For methanol synthesis from CO2 and H2 and conversion to fuel gas contg. CO2 and H2.    ADVANTAGE -   The new particles have a higher purity, providing higher catalytic activity, selectivity and durability even at high temp., e.g., 400 C.
A heat exchanger made up of plates and with a reformer is fitted with 2 types of channels (3,5). A heat exchange medium (G1) flows through one type of channel (3) whilst the gas mixture (G2) to be reformed passes through the other (5). This 2nd type of channel (5) contains material    USE -   To make use of heat from a stack of fuel cells for reforming gas mixtures.    ADVANTAGE -   By combining this heat exchanger with fuel cells, the energy demands of the reformer are covered and operating costs are improved.
Silicon solar cell comprises a p-type silicon substrate (1) with an n-type diffusion layer (2) formed on one surface and a p+ layer (3a) formed on the other. The p+ layer has a high doping concentration of an ion implanted group III element which has a greater atomic radius than silicon. Also claimed is a solar cell as above, having an oxide film (6) with opening formed on the p+ layer and an electrode (5) formed on the oxide layer, connected to the p+ layer through the opening.    USE -   Used as solar cells, esp. silicon space cells used in satellites.    ADVANTAGE -   A high output solar cell is provided with improved radiation resistance. Oxygen gettering is effected by the ion implanted Al in the p+ layer improving the radiation resistance across the whole of the back surface of the substrate. The atomic distortion caused by this implantation also reduces the energy of hot carriers, avoiding output reduction from ultraviolet rays.
A solar cell module (101) has a weather resistant film, solar cell elements, a filler for burying the elements and a reinforcing back plate. A flat planar non-generating area (102 - 105) of the module is moulded and / or contains thinner filler than the generating area.    In different aspects of the above:    (1) the thin and thick parts of the filler are connected by a sloping part, the thin part is folded;    (2) the thick and thin fillers are different.    A method of mfg. a module as in any above aspect.    Also claimed are both aspects (1) or (2) above in which each element has a conductive substrate, a metallic electrode layer, an amorphous Si semiconductor layer, a transparent conductive layer and a grid electrode. In a further aspect these Si elements are connected in series.    USE -   Solar cell modules for installing on roof esp. of a new building    ADVANTAGE -   The cells are durable against temp., humidity and shock. The module is mechanically reinforced by the folded filler and not by a frame; this simplifies construction. (Reissue of the entry advised in week 9635 based on complete specification)
A prodn process for a perovskite composite oxide ppte comprises adding a fluoride ion scavenger to a mixture of: (1) an aq or hydrofluoric acid soln of a rare earth metal and/or alkaline earth metal M1 fluorocomplex and/or fluoride; and (2) an aq of hydrofluoric acid soln of a transition metal and/or Gp 3B metal M2 fluorocomplex and/or fluoride, to form a ppte of a perovskite composite oxide contg M1 and M2.    Pref M1 is a rare earth metal and M2 is Mn, Co, Cr or K; or M1 is an alkaline earth metal and M2 is Ti; and the fluoride ion scavenger is boric acid.    USE -   For fuel cell electrodes or electrolytes, oxygen sensors, oxygen enrichment membranes, heating elements, catalysts, dielectrics, magnetic substances, superconductors and so forth.    ADVANTAGE -   The prodn method uses a simple device without the need of heating for crystallisation, and is particularly suitable for preparing thin films on large-area and complex shaped substrates.
A composite membrane comprises: (a) an expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membrane having a porous microstructure of polymeric fibrils; and (b) an ion-exchange material impregnated throughout the membrane. Membrane (a) has a Gurley number of more than 10000 secs. Material (b) impregnates membrane (a) so as to render an interior vol. of the membrane occlusive.    USE -   Membrane is useful in electrolytic processes and other chemical sepns., esp. for polymer electrolyte fuel cells, in chloroalkali applications to separate brine mixts. and in areas of diffusion analysis, e.g. polarity-based chemical sepns., electrolysis, fuel cells and batteries, pervaporation., gas sepn., dialysis sepn., industrial electrochemistry, as super acid catalyst as medium in enzyme immobilisation.    ADVANTAGE -   Membrane is air-impermeable, strong and has long-term chemical and mechanical stability. Material is uniform, having continuous impregnation, i.e. no pinholes or discontinuities.
The solar battery cell consists of thin film semiconductor photoelectric conversion layer between electrode layers on a flexible substrate. An electroconductive adhesive agent (6) seals a lead wire (2) and the electrode of the cell. The binding resin covers the cells at both sides by a surface protection material. Heating process is carried out in order to harden the electrically conductive adhesive agent and to seal the resin. Sealing and wiring process are performed.    ADVANTAGE -   Shortens mfg process. Uses cheap aluminium for cell electrode. Avoids characteristics deterioration or discolouring by heating. Avoids deformation of plastic film of substrate.
Prepn. of a cell having an anode, a cathode and an electrolyte of aprotic organic solvent soln. in which the salt is dissolved comprises: (a) attaching the formed body layer consisting of (1) insol. and non-melting base material of heat treated aromatic condensed polymer having polyacene skeleton structure with at. ratio of hydrogen to carbon of 0.05:0.5 and (2) F-contg. polymer binder having fluorine to carbon at. ratio of 0.75:1.5 to a metal foil to prepare the anode and cathode; (b) impregnating the anode and cathode with solvent; (c) laminating or winding the anode and cathode together; and (d) drying.    USE -   Used for prepn. of lightweight, organic electrolyte cell.    ADVANTAGE -   Peeling-off of the electrode active substance from the electrodes can be prevented.
In the battery, fuel flows in from a flow-in opening to be distributed to each single battery. A fuel rectifying member, shaped to a specified thickness by a porous body that permeates fuel, is set in a distribution route spaced away from the flow-in opening.    USE -   Used for rectifying fuel in a distribution route and for uniformly supplying fuel to each single battery.
A fuel inlet manifold with a fuel inlet nozzle is set to one side of a fuel battery laminate body. A fuel outlet manifold with a fuel outlet nozzle is set to one side of the fuel battery laminate body. An air inlet manifold with an air inlet nozzle is set to one side of the fuel battery laminate body. An air outlet manifold with an air outlet nozzle is set to one side of the fuel battery laminate body. Fuel gas is supplied from the fuel inlet nozzle to the fuel battery laminate body. Air is supplied from the air inlet nozzle to the fuel battery laminate body. Purge inlet pipe arrangements are provided to the fuel inlet manifold and the air inlet manifold. When stopping the operation of the appts. itself, an inert gas for exchanging gases is supplied.    USE -   Used for making the amt. of an inert gas that flows through each cell uniform.
The water generated by the reaction of a battery is temporarily stored until one oxygen cylinder and / or one hydrogen cylinder has been used. The generated water is then stored in the empty cylinders in order. A large amt. of generated water can therefore be stored without making large a size of an oxygen and water separating appts. Generation of electricity does not have to be stopped when the generated water is fully filled in a storing container.    USE -   For sufficiently filling water generated by a reaction of a fuel battery in a storing container without requiring a large sized storing container.
Single cells, where an electrolyte layer is held between a fuel pole and an air pole, are piled up. A fuel gas is supplied to the fuel pole and air is supplied to the air pole. Through an electrochemical reaction, power can be obtd. The potential difference in the same electrode plane of a body of a fuel battery is measured. According to such potential difference. The amt. of generated power is controlled.    USE -   For safely protecting a fuel battery without damaging the fuel battery even when the supplied amt. of oxygen is small.
A fuel battery comprises: (a) a fuel battery laminate body made from alternately placed single cells (provided with a fuel pole, an air pole, and an electrolyte matrix) and separators which supply a fuel gas and an oxidising agent gas respectively to the single cells; (b) two fuel battery headers which supply the fuel gas and the oxidising agent gas to the separators or exhaust them; and (c) a gas system where each output gas from the header at an air exhaust side should be made into an off-gas through a heater exchanger. A part of the off-gas is recycled inside the header at the air exhaust side.    USE -   For decreasing the scattering amt. of an electrolyte in the whole of a laminate body of fuel battery cells.
An electrolyte layer made from a matrix containing phosphoric acid, a fuel terminal, and an air terminal form the body of a fuel battery. A quality improved fuel gas flows through a heat exchanger. Moisture contained in the gas is condensed and removed, and it is supplied to the fuel terminal.    At the same time, air is supplied to the air hole. Electric power is obtained by an electrochemical reaction. Temp. of the heat exchanger is controlled to correspond to an operation temp. of the body of a fuel battery.    USE -   For preventing damage of a single cell which may be caused by a reaction gas that passes through an air hole generated in a matrix.
The film transparent electrode is produced by forming a transparent conductive thin film of indium tin oxide (ITO) on a film substrate, by sputtering. The prodn. of the film transparent electrode comprises: (a) using the sputtering equipment having a mechanism for continuously running the film substrates; (b) supplying DC power from a DC power supply connected to an ITO target serving as a sputtering target; (c) monitoring visible light transmission and resistance value against the thin film of the ITO and the film substrate to provide a thin film of ITO having a film thickness of 10-160 nm or a surface resistance value of 10-500 ohms/square with a film thickness profile of 10% and a surface resistance value profile of 15% and a visible light transmission profile of 3%; (d) continuing sputtering with a sputtering gas flow rate or oxygen concn. in a sputtering gas controlled; and (e) continuously forming the thin films of ITO.    USE -   Used for the prodn. of a film transparent electrode for an LCD panel, or for use in a transparent sheet heating element, analogue input touch panel or organic electroluminescence.    ADVANTAGE -   The process continuously produces film transparent electrodes with good uniformity and a large area. The resulting film LCD panel has improved optical characteristics, mechanical characteristics, electrical characteristics and reliability.
A coloured layer is sandwiched between a skin layer and a dial substrate to which a solar cell is assembled.    ADVANTAGE -   A colourful dial can be provided.
A process for the generation of electrical energy in an internal reforming high-temp. fuel cell, comprises: (a) steam and / or CO2 reforming of a hydrocarbon feed gas in contact with a catalyst having activity in the steam-reforming of the carbonaceous gas to fuel gas and being arranged within the fuel cell in a heat-conducting relationship with electrochemical reactions proceeding in the cell; and (b) electrochemically reacting the fuel gas in an anode compartment of the cell for the generation of electrical energy, wherein the steam-reforming activity of the catalyst has been reduced by including in the catalyst one or more salts of metals selected from group IA, IIA, IVA and VA.    USE -   Used to produce electrical energy in a high-temp. fuel cell.    ADVANTAGE -   The internal reforming catalyst is passivated, thereby improving the temp. profile within the cell. Thus the cell lifetime is prolonged. Poisoning of the catalyst by alkaline cpds. has less of an impact on the passivated catalyst.
A dome shaped structure (20) formed by a translucent thin film or a translucent thin plate is floated on the water surface (13b) to form an enclosed space (21). Solar battery cells (1) directed toward the sun are held in the enclosed space (21) near the water surface (13a). Floating bodies (14) incorporating electrodes (16a and 16b) for conducting electricity generated by the solar battery cells in the water are floated and partition plates (18) for stopping flow of gaseous matter and passing gas ions selectivity are placed vertically under the floating bodies. Anode electrodes (16a) and cathode electrodes (16b) of the solar battery cells are connected in rows so as to astride the partition plates while making polarities of the adjoining solar battery cell rows sepd. by the partition plates equal.    Water passages are provided in the respective partition plates while forming the whole or a portion of the anode electrode side surfaces of the partition plates by anion exchange films for pasing anions selectivity and forming the whole or a portion of the cathode electrode side surfaces of the partition plates by cation exchange films for passing cations selectively.    ADVANTAGE -   High efficiency solar electric power generation can be realised while converting solar energy to chemical energy state while requiring no expensive facilities.
An O ion electrically conductive member is mainly composed of LnxSi6O(3x/2)+12 (Ln is a trivalent rare earth element of La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb and Dy, and 6 &lt; x &lt; 12), and a crystalline system of a main phase of a sintered body baked at &gt; 1300 C is hexagonal.    USE -   Effectively used in an oxygen sensor and a solid battery.
The fuel reformer consisting of one or more than one reforming tube for producing a reformed gas contg. mainly hydrogen via steam reforming by heating a raw material gas obtd. by mixing hydrocarbons and a steam, a storage container for storing the reforming tube, a raw material gas tube for introducing a raw material gas into the reforming tube, and a burner for producing a combustion gas for heating the reforming tube is effected in that a tubular heat exchanger for preheating the raw material gas is placed in the exhaust gas in the storage container is discharged.    USE -   In a fuel cell power generating system.    ADVANTAGE -   A preheater for raw material gas can be downsized or eliminated.
A fuel reformer comprises a reforming tube and a burner placed inside the reforming tube. The reforming tube comprises a cylindrical intermediate cylinder, an inner cylinder and an outer cylinder interposing the intermediate cylinder, a catalyst layer formed by filling granulated reforming catalyst in a space between the intermediate cylinder and the inner cylinder, and fins formed on the catalyst layer side surface of the inner cylinder. The catalyst layer comprises individual catalyst layers formed by filling the granulated reforming catalyst on partition plates provided along the raw fuel flow direction while forming spaces between the individual catalyst layers and respective partition plates adjoining in the raw fuel flow direction. Through holes for passing the raw fuel and/or reformed gas are formed in the respective partition plates.    USE -   The fuel reformer is used for mfg. of fuel for a fuel battery etc.    ADVANTAGE -   Collapsing of the granulated reforming catalyst under a severe operating condition is suppressed.
The appts has an AC power supply (10) which supplies power for amplitude modulation of a carrier wave by a signal wave. The percentage of amplitude modulation is in the range of 5-95%.    The frequency of the signal wave is in the range of 5 Hz-1 MHz. Then the glow discharge of a gas is performed by amplitude modulation by which an amorphous semiconductor thin film is formed.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves film characteristic. Improves conversion efficiency. Enables large utilization of solar battery.
Mono cells sandwiched by separators with reaction gas supplying and discharging holes are layer-built and fastened by two fastening boards to make a stack subject to the fuel gas and oxidant gas. The gastening boards include honeycomb boards with end plates fixed via plate packings.    ADVANTAGE -   The honeycomb fastening boards make the fastening boards lightweight, for ease of prodn. and transportation.
A solid electrolyte fuel cell of cylindrical cell type comprises an air electrode (18), a fuel electrode (20) and an inter-connector (16) exposed on the outer face of the cylindrical cell (6), wherein gas introducing tubes (9, 10) are installed on a space between cells sepd. by outer walls of abutted cylindrical cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The gas introducing tube supplies the fresh fuel gas or air to the surrounding of the power generating cells to optimise the electro-chemical burning reaction, increasing the cell durability.
A heat insulation structure located on a partition between two differentiated high-temp. spaces includes concentric multilayer circular tubes on tube plates (1, 2), wherein a heat insulating board of ceramic material (6, 9) is installed on the planes of high-temp. and low-temp. space sides of the high-temp. and low-temp. side tube plates, respectively.    ADVANTAGE -   A difference in thermal elongation and deformation is reduced, preventing damage on the concentric multilayer tubes.
The fuel supply system for fuel battery comprises a package container for generating hydrogen, a hydrogen supply device for supplying the hydrogen generated in the package container to the fuel battery and water recovery device for recovering the water vapour produced in the fuel battery.    USE -   For outdoor small portable fuel battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Dispenses with piping, vessel, and reformer.
The fuel cell power generator comprises a fuel cell main (1) to generate DC power by electrochemical reaction, a reformer (2) to supply fuel gas to the fuel cell main, a cooling water circulation system and a steam separator (3) with a steam supply system to the reformer (2). A sensor (8) is provided to detect the flow of the cooling water discharged to the circulation system.    ADVANTAGE -   Unusual operation of the cooling water discharging system is identified via the sensor, enabling action to be taken at an early stage.
In a fuel cell system comprising a reformer to generate hydrogen-rich gas by reforming hydrocarbon compounds and a hydrogen gas tube (26) to connect the reformer to a fuel cell for feeding the hydrogen-rich gas, the reformer and the fuel cell are housed in an air-tight container. The air-tight container includes a valve for relieving the gas to atmosphere which is closed when the fuel cell is not in service.    USE -   The valve for relieving the gas is closed when the fuel cell is not operating to prevent the ingress of atmospheric air into the reformer or fuel cell.
A system comprises a pressure recovery turbine (27, 28) working by a supplied pressure of either fuel gas or oxidant gas, and a compressor (15, 16) driven by the pressure recovery turbine to supply either residual hydrogen gas or residual oxygen gas discharged from the fuel cell main for recirculation by the compressor (15, 16).    ADVANTAGE -   Residual hydrogen or residual oxygen is recirculated without using a conventional compressor, increasing the power output of the entire system.
Fuel cell mfr. comprises making the width of the protuberance of the channel for oxygen bearing gas smaller than that of the channel for hydrogen bearing gas.    ADVANTAGE -   Increases oxygen bearing gas diffusibility in the channel, preventing deterioration of output voltage in high current density domain, and improves energy efficiency in total system.
The phosphoric acid type fuel cell comprises an asymmetric cooling plate with grooves vertically and horizontally crossed on the major surface at the fuel pole side.    ADVANTAGE -   Facilitates long and continuous operation.
The paper plate on gas side includes porous carbon paper plate (1) with the gas permeation hole (2) in the middle and the peripheral part treated free of gas permeation, and the manifold (5) and dowel pin holes (6) for passing gas and cooling water. The paper plates on the gas side are built up on both sides of the conductive gas non-permeation material and made into one piece for the plate of fuel cell.    ADVANTAGE -   The plate for the fuel cell is thin, compact and lightweight, good cooling efficiency.
The fuel battery comprises the catalyst layer having a layer making a contact with the solid macromolecule electrolyte film, and performing mainly an oxidising reaction of a hydrogen, and a layer performing mainly oxidising a carbon monoxide, and resting at the side of the gas diffusion layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Exhibits excellent discharging characteristics even if fuel gas contg. CO is used.
Anion exchange mouldings are made from a soln. of: (a) polymer with reactive functional gps. contg. halogen: and (b) tert. amine (I) by evapn. of the solvent or phase inversion. The polymer is a polyether (II), which is soluble in the solvent mixt. and has a main chain of ethylene oxide gps. contg. structures of formula -(CR1R2-CR3R4-O-)n- (IIA). At least one of R1-4 = CH2Z, where Z = halogen. (I) contains 2 or more tert. amino gps..    USE -   The mouldings are used as diaphragms for fuel cells, microporous substrates for gel electrophoresis and selective layers for gas sepn. or pervaporation membranes, for making charged reverse osmosis, ultrafiltration and microfiltration membranes and for ion-conducting bonding of ion exchange membranes (all claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   The universally-applicable strongly basic anion exchanger can be made in any physical form (e.g. blocks, granules, coatings on substrates and for bonding). Although strongly basic, it is made without using toxic (carcinogenic) chloromethylating agent. It is chemically stable (esp. towards high and low pH values and oxidn.), has satisfactory mechanical stability and can be made cheaply and easily.
Electroconductive ceramic of less than 1 % of porosity, is of formula (I).     (La1-x Ax Cay )k (Cr1-m-n Cum Bn )O3(I)    (where A is at least one of Sr, Ba and Ca, B is at least one of Mg, Zr, Al, Mn, Fe, Ce, Co and Ni, x+n is 0.05-0.30, y is 0.001-0.05, k is 0.90-1.05 and m is 0.001-0.10).    ADVANTAGE -   Cost of cell is reduced when the ceramic is used in a collecting member of a fuel cell.
Formation of a crystalline semiconductor film on a insulating layer of a substrate, is claimed. An element of the semiconductor film is applied using a plasma chemical vapour deposition process (PECVD) and performing a step which improves the semiconductor film crystallisation. The process gas in the PECVD process is a mixt. of Ar and a chemical substance contg. an element of the semiconductor film.    Also claimed is the above method where i) a silicon film is formed having an absorption peak intensity at 2090 cm-1 is above that at 2000 cm-1 when using IR absorption spectroscopic methods; and ii) the semiconductor film has a pillar like configuration.    USE -   Thin film semiconductor device is applicable to an active matrix type LCD and a crystalline semiconductor film applicable to a solar battery.    ADVANTAGE -   This provides a stable and simple mfg. method for high quality crystalline semiconductor films. The use of low process temps. (&lt; 400C) cheap glass may be used, reducing both the prod. price and distortion due to the dead wt. of the glass, allowing a high quality semiconductor film to be formed over a wide area.
The formation comprises: (a) laminating a Cu-In-S layer (the mol. ratio of Cu to In = 1 or greater) and another Cu-In-S layer (the mol ratio of Cu to In = a value less than 1 and the mol ratio of S to Cu + In = a value greater than that for the first layer but less than 1) sequentially upon a substrate: and (b) heat treating the laminate in atmos. of S-contg. gas.    ADVANTAGE -   The film has high crystallinity.
The photoelectric transducer consists of a glass substrate (1). A semiconductor layer (3) is formed on the substrate through a molybdenum electrode layer (2).     A CuInGaSe2thin film layer (4), a CdS thin film layer (5) and a ZnO thin film layer (6) are sequentially laid in the semiconductor layer. The substrate contains alkali earth metals like Na, K, Ba, Sr and Ca of weight less than 1%.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves variation in photoelectric conversion efficiency. Improves mean conversion efficiency of transducer.
The phosphoric acid fuel cell generator comprises a reformer (1), a CO converter (4) to react CO in reformed gas, from the reformer, with steam in the presence of a catalyst, a fuel cell (5) to generate power from the reformed gas after passing through the CO converter, an acidic gas/steam separator (6) to obtain hot water to cool the fuel cell and steam necessary for the reformer, and a heat recovery appts. (10) connected to the steam separator to obtain condensed water from excess steam. The CO converter comprises catalyst (4a), a vessel (4b) connected to the outlet of the reformer at one end and to the fuel pole side of the fuel cell at another end, a hot water tube (13a) provided in the vessel for flowing hot water from the steam separator to cool the catalyst and low temp. water tube (13b) provided in the vessel to flow condensed water recovered at the heat recovery appts. to cool the catalyst.    USE -   Used to obtain electrical power from reformed gas and acidic gas.    ADVANTAGE -   The temps. or temp. distribution of the catalyst layer of the CO converter can be improved and the concn. of CO at the outlet of the CO converter is easily decreased.
During the starting of a system, a 1st valve (50) is fully opened and a 2nd valve (54) is fully closed. In a PEFC (12) and a methanol modifying device (20), only heat exchanged hot water is caused to flow in through a heat exchange device (48) and battery temp. is rapidly increased. From battery humidity and electrolytic film resistance, defective wetting of a solid high molecular electrolytic film is decided. According to the battery humidity and the electrolytic film resistance, the openings of the two valves are regulated and the temp. of cooling water flowing in the PEFC (12) is regulated to a high or low value so the PEFC (12) is cooled or heated by inflow of cooling water having a low temp. or a high temp..    ADVANTAGE -   The size of the fuel battery system is reduced and operation efficiency is improved.
NOVELTY - Cut-off valves (13, 14, 17, 24) are individually arranged in a gas feed passage and a gas discharge passage selectively cutting off each gas feed passage and each gas discharge passage. A storage part stores and discharges gas in a fuel gas flow passage running from a fuel gas feed passage (15) to a fuel gas discharge passage (23) according to a pressure in a fuel gas flow passage. The storage part is communicated with a given spot between the cut-off valve in the fuel gas feed passage (1) and the cut-off valve in the fuel gas discharge passage (23).    USE - Fuel battery device.    ADVANTAGE - Entrance of outside air due to reduction of an internal pressure does not occur.
The fuel cell comprises layer-built unit cells with a matrix layer (14) holding electrolyte inserted between a fuel electrode (15) and an oxidant electrode, and cooling plates for supplying or discharging coolant installed for every specified number of unit cells. The cooling plates (13) includes a first and second boards with a heat transfer tube (23) inserted. The sides of a cooling plate are covered with a heat-resistant, corrosion-resistant, insulating resin layer (33).    USE -   Used for the prevention of corrosion of the cooling plate and heat transfer tube caused by entrance of electrolyte into the cooling plate interior.
The mfr. of thin film semiconductor devices, comprises depositing Cu + (Se,S) on an (In,Ga)x(Se,S)y layer on a substrate, to form Cu-poor film Cu(In,Ga)(Se,S)2 having a ratio of 0.8 &lt; Cu/(In,Ga) &lt; 0.99. Cux(Se,S) may be deposited to form stoichiometric Cu(In,Ga)(Se,S)2 having a ratio of 0.9 &lt; Cu/(In,Ga) &lt; 1.2, and additionally (In,Ga) + (Se,S) deposited thereon to form Cu(In,Ga)(Se,S)2 having a ratio of 0.8 &lt; Cu/(In,Ga) &lt; 0.99.    Also claimed is the mfr. comprising depositing a seed layer of (In,Ga)x(Se,S)y on a substrate; depositing Cu + (Se,S) or Cux(Se,S)y to form a Cu-rich layer with 10 &lt; Cu/(In,Ga) &lt; 100; and additionally depositing (In,Ga)+(Se,S) thereon to form Cu(In,Ga)(Se,S)2 having a ratio of 0.8 &lt; Cu/(In,Ga) &lt; 0.99.    USE -   Used for the thin film mfr. of semiconductor devices.    ADVANTAGE -   The film is of better quality, and more predictably and consistently laid than other known processes allow. Accurate control of the Cu/(In,Ga) ratio is not essential, hence commercially viable.
Display device has battery cells and solar cells, with its available surface divided into symbol segments and background elements, at least part of the surface of the background elements being used for solar cells. The function and design of battery cells and display elements are identical and use a first electrolyte, an inactive coloured display element operating as a battery together with background elements of the symbols, using the first electrolyte.    A portion of a background element using the first or a second electrolyte serves as a solar cell from which energy is stored in the batteries. Upon switch-over of a display element from an inactive coloured to an active transparent state, the stored energy is distributed to other inactive elements serving as batteries.    USE -   As a symbol display for e.g. electronic shelf-edge price marking labels.    ADVANTAGE -   Surface demanding functions such as display elements, solar cells and batteries are integrated within the same surface, maximising the surface available for symbol presentation.
Activation of electro-chemical generator includes, filling with electrolyte, passage of reagents and connection of load. Before connection, a delay of 0.1-6.0 hours is carried out, before the reagents are replaced by inert gas and reagents are passed again.    USE -   Operation of electro-chemical generators with liq.electrolyte.    ADVANTAGE -   A better working environment is obtd. while maintaining mass-size parameters.
A water vapour separator with a heat exchanger is connected in parallel with a water-cooled gas transformer which converts CO in fuel gas to CO2.    ADVANTAGE -   The serviceable life of the battery can be extended.
Fuel gas flow grooves are formed in the cell stack by a fluoro-resin packing and a carbon separator which does not transmit gas.    ADVANTAGE -   Current leak between cells can be prevented.
Oxidiser gas flow lines are formed by ribs and webs in a porous gas sepn. plate facing the electrolyte matrix in the cell stack.    ADVANTAGE -   Electrolyte can be stored enough to ensure long-term operation.
A region for condensing phosphoric acid vapour is formed at the reactive-gas discharge port side of the electrolyte matrix.    ADVANTAGE -   The loss of phosphoric acid is minimised.
The ferritic stainless steel comprises (by wt.) up to 0.08% C. 0.01-2% Si, up to 1% Mn, 8-22% Cr, up to 2% Mo, 0.1-3% Ti, opt. 0.1-0.2% Cu, Fe and incidental impurities.    USE -   For molten carbonate type fuel cells used as separators and collectors.
Components such as H2 , hydrocarbons, and carbon disulphide are produced at at most 200 C, pref. at the ordinary temp. or lower when required, by introducing hydrocarbons, esp. methane or a methane-rich gas, and H2S into a reaction tower contg. a catalyst and a hydrogen absorbing alloy.    USE -    Applied to H2-producing equipment, fuel cells, and prepn. of carbon disulphide.    ADVANTAGE -    Methane can be used at low temps. to produce H2 and CS2 , which can be used as additive to fuels. H2can be produced at low cost.
Solid polymer fuel cell has anode (12), electrolyte/diaphragm (13), cathode (11) and a supply and exhaust of gases on the anode and cathode side, the anode having catalyst areas (15) and non-catalyst moisture absorbing areas (19), the catalyst areas comprising strips bounded on their long sides by the non-catalyst areas which have a min. width of 1mm. Pref. the cathode is similarly designed, with catalyst areas (14) and non-catalyst moisture-yielding areas (18).    ADVANTAGE -   Provision is effectively made at each point of the active portion of the anode for compensation of depletion in moisture by water mols. being carried along together with H+. The need for a complex serpentine supply and exhaust of gases is avoided.
Liq. phase epitaxy for forming thin crystalline layers of device quality Si having &lt;3x1016 Cu atoms/cc as impurity comprises: (a) preparing a satd. liq. soln. of Si in a Cu/Al solvent at 20-40 at.% Si at 840-1,100 C in an inert gas; (b) immersing or partially immersing a polycrystal Si substrate in the satd. liq. soln; (c) super saturating the soln. melt by lowering the temp.; (d) holding the substrate in the satd. soln. melt for sufficient time to cause growing Si to ppte. out of soln. and form a crystalline layer of Si on the substrate; and (e) withdrawing the substrate from the soln..    USE -   Used for producing thin crystalline layers of device quality Si at low process temps. using an improved solvent of Cu/Al. Partic. suitable for low grade polycrystalline Si substrates for low cost photovoltaic solar cells.    ADVANTAGE -   Smooth, device quality Si layers on Si substrates of any orientation are obtd. with improved wetting of substrate. Impurities are retained in the solvent and residual solvent is easily removed. Fast formation is achieved at relatively lower temps..
The solar battery has a number of photoelectric conversion areas that are connected in series. The photoelectric conversion area consists of a flexible insulating substrate (1). A rear electrode layer (3), an amorphous semiconductor layer (4) and a transparent electrode (5) are sequentially formed on the substrate. A connection electrode layer (2) is formed at the backside of the substrate. The rear electrode layer and the connection electrode layer of the photoelectric conversion area are connected through a first through hole (11). The extended part of the amorphous semiconductor layer is made to spread through the peripheral part of the through hole to the back side of the substrate.    The first through hole penetrates the rear electrode layer, the substrate and the connection electrode layer. The adjoining transparent electrode layer and the connection electrode layer are connected through a second through hole (12). The extended part of the transparent electrode layer is adhered to the inner wall of the second through hole. The second through hole penetrates the electrode layer, the amorphous semiconductor layer, the rear electrode layer, the substrate an the connection electrode layer.    ADVANTAGE -   The battery improves electricity generation effective area factor, and is simply mfd..
The solid high molecule type fuel battery includes a solid high molecular electrolytic film formed in such a manner that the thickness of the central part is decreased and that of the peripheral part is increased. The solid high molecular electrolytic film is a film of perfluorocarbon resin.    ADVANTAGE -   Gas sealing between an electrolytic film and an electrode and packing is easily and reliably practicable.
The power generating system is composed of air sepn. equipment to produce oxygen enriched air(a), reforming equipment to produce reformed gas(r) by combustion of steam and fuel gas by using (a) with existence of combustion plasma, and fuel cell to generate power by using (r) and (a).    ADVANTAGE -   The process can provide the power generating system of fuel cell, having improved operation ratio and overall generating efficiency.
The mfg method involves forming a desired patterned colour filter (2) on a transparent substrate (1) forming a first functional film. The colour filter absorbs or shades the light of specific wavelength. A black ink layer (11) covers the upper surface of the substrate forming a second functional film. The black ink layer has material of a shading film (3) like photopolymer.    The black ink layer is hardened on exposing it to the light of specific wavelength. The hardened black ink layer is now exposed from its front side using a photomask (20). The same hardened black ink layer is exposed from its back using the colour filter as the mask layer. The negatives are developed. A shading film (3) is thus formed between the colour filters.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids generation of clearance. Provides smooth high surface of polymerization. Improves adhesion of shading film. Does not generate seal debonding. Improves shock resistance and high temperature proof and high humidity nature. Improves ability of display grace.
A bore is penetrated through the bottom of a crucible. The outer shape of the bore at its lower portion is of a reverse conical having a vertical angle of 10 - 120 with the centre line at the bore as the axis.    Also claimed is the prodn. of a thin line silicon by: (a) fusing the silicon in the crucible; (b) withdrawing th silicon from th bore in the bottom of th crucible; and (c) solidifying the silicon.    The crucible is used for producing the thin line-like silicon having a thickness of up to 1 mm, pref. up to 800 micrometres, more pref., up to 500 micrometres. The silicon is used for a waveguide for light at the infrared ray region, solar battery, strain gauge, or micromachine.    No silicon melt is expanded at the lower surface of th crucible, yet is stably released at constant speed. Adjusting temp. and pulling down speed stably produces th thin line-like silicon having uniform dia., up to 1 mm. The use of isotropic graphite, vitreous graphite, or pyrolytic graphic for the crucible material assures continuous operation and stable pulling down conditions. The result stably produces the thin line-like silicon. No material loss is observed in cutting the silicon. The crucible is repeatedly used to reduce the crucible cost.
The crucible-consists of vitreous carbon. A bore is penetrated through the bottom of the crucible.    Also claimed is the prodn. of a thin line-like silicon by: (a) fusing the silicon in the crucible; (b) withdrawing the silicon from th bore in the bottom of th crucible; and (c) solidifying the silicon.    The crucible is used for producing the thin line-like silicon having a thickness of up to 1 mm, pref., up to 800 micrometres, more pref., up to 500 micrometres. The silicon is used for a waveguide for light at the infrared ray region, solar battery, strain gauge, or micromachine.    In fusing the silicon. SiC formation is depressed. The crucible does not break elevation or lowering of temp. The result assures continuous operation and stable pulling down condition to stably produce the thin line-like silicon. No material loss is observed in cutting the silicon.
A crucible consists of pyrolytic graphite. A bore is formed through the bottom of the crucible. Also claimed is the prodn. of a thin line silicon by: (a) fusing th silicon in the crucible; (b) withdrawing the silicon from the bore in the bottom of the crucible; and (c) solidifying the silicon.    USE -   The crucible is used for producing the thin line-like silicon having a thickness of up to 1 mm, pref. up to 800 m, more pref. up to 500 m. The silicon is used for a waveguide in the infrared region, solar battery, strain gauge, or micromachine.    ADVANTAGE -   In fusing the silicon, SiC formation is depressed, so that the crucible does not break during thermal cycling. The result assures continuous operation and stable pulling down condition to stably produce the thin line-like silicon. No material loss is observed in cutting the silicon.
Reformer for fuel cell generator, to reform feed gas supplied to a fuel cell generator (G), in which power is generated by electrochemical reaction of fuel gas and oxygen-contg. gas to fuel gas, comprises a mixing part (40) to prepare mixed gas to be reformed by mixing steam with feed gas, and heat exchanging part (50) comprising an exhaust gas flowing part (50H) to flow exhaust gas of the fuel cell generator and mixed gas flowing part (50L) to flow mixed gas to be reformed exchanging the heat with the exhaust gas in the exhaust gas flowing part and to supply the mixed gas to the fuel cell generator. Fibrous Ni is filled in the mixed gas flowing part allowing the flow of mixed gas to be reformed to reform it to fuel gas.    USE -   To reform feed gas supplied to a fuel cell generator to fuel gas.    ADVANTAGE -   Because fibrous Ni as reforming catalyst filled in the mixed gas flowing part is not broken by thermal expansion or contraction, the durability of reformer is increased and small-sized reformers are mfd. at low cost.
The cell includes a PN junction surface (3) formed on the upper surface of a semiconductor substrate (1). A V-shaped slot is formed in the substrate. The slot is formed beneath a collector electrode (5).    A coating layer covers the entire arrangement, except character formation area in the slot. Anisotropical etching is carried out thereby forming PN junction on the substrate containing the slot.    ADVANTAGE -   Realizes high practical value. Prevents breakage of cell. Improves reliability.
The oxygen content of the surface layer of the anticorrosion coating layer of the positive electrode container is less than 2.0 wt% to decrease electric resistance at starting period and to improve efficiency of electric energy at starting period.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides the starting period characteristic improving process for the Na-S battery using positive electrode container whose inner surface is coated with the highly anti-corrosive layer.
A power generation plant with a fuel cell comprises: a fuel cell body for generating power by electrochemical reaction between fuel and oxidising agent; a fuel cell body cooling system for cooling the fuel cell body by circulating cooling water for cooling heat of the reaction, via a steam separator and a circulation pump; a means for feeding steam generated in the steam separator to a steam-utilising system; and a steam processing appts. for taking out the steam generated in the steam separator separately from the fuel cell body cooling system and the steam-utilising system.    ADVANTAGE -   The power generation plant can operate continuously without changing the temp. of a fuel cell body when feed of steam to a steam-utilising system is suspended.
A power generator with a fuel cell comprises an appts. for forming modified gas rich in hydrogen by reacting original fuel from an original fuel feeding means in the presence of a modification catalyst, a means for reducing carbon monoxide concn. in the modified gas by oxidising the carbon monoxide using oxidising gas, and a fuel cell body where a cell reaction is effected between the modified gas low in carbon monoxide at a hydrogen pole and oxidising agent gas at an oxidation pole. A counterflow-preventing means for the oxidising agent gas and the modified gas are installed at an oxidising agent-feeding path and a modified gas-feeding path respectively.    ADVANTAGE -   The power generator is protected from flame and explosion by preventing counterflow in modified gas.
A fuel cell appts. is provided with a fuel cell for generating electric power by oxidizing electrochemically fuel gas formed by a modification reaction, comprises a means for feeding oxygen gas-containing oxidising gas to the fuel gas selectively, a means for detecting lowering of the electric power output emitted from the fuel cell, and a means for controlling the supply of the oxidising gas according to the detection signal.    ADVANTAGE -   The appts. prevents poisoning of an electrode catalyst effectively. Fuel component is effectively utilised.
Mfg. current collector for a fuel cell comprises packing a mould with a material for a current collector, and forming the current collector for a fuel cell by compressing the mould with applying of pressure from a number of directions.    ADVANTAGE -   The performance of a fuel cell can be improved by mfg. a current collector low in intrinsic resistances in every direction.
The body comprises a fluorinated macromolecule sheet.    ADVANTAGE -   The fuel battery separator complex body has high proton conductivity, and high temp resistance.
The prodn. comprises (a) attaching electrode material to an electrolyte membrane (11); (b) a process to swell the electrolyte membrane (11) excluding a local part and (c) a process to fit the swelled electrolyte membrane (11) to the electrode material subject to the heating and press-fitting.    ADVANTAGE -   The swell-free part forms a core material of the electrolyte material, preventing the electrode material from breaking the electrolyte membrane.
The high temperature type fuel battery separator comprises perovskite type complex oxide separator substrate, and a film covering flatly on the substrate, having up to 100m thickness, and having at least one cpd. from silicon oxide, silicon nitride, or Zr oxide.    ADVANTAGE -   Inhibits separator from failing, and being damaged, and improves durability, quality stability, and mfg. yield.
Coating of a substrate with a vitreous material layer(4,6,8,10) is carried out by spraying.    Also claimed is a high temp. fuel cell stack comprising various planar components which are gas-tightly joined together by and mutually electrically insulated by a vitreous material layer produced by spraying.    Pref. the substrate (2) is preheated at up to 600 C and the layer surface (12) is smoothed by a plasma or high velocity flame after spraying.    USE -   For prodn. of a high temp. fuel cell stack (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   The process avoids the use of a binder (and thus deleterious side-effects) and can be carried out under various conditions (e.g. at atmos. pressure or in a vacuum). The power density of a fuel cell stack is not reduced when the process is used for joining the stack components.
An electric energy source comprising acoustic vibration means for effecting cavitation in which the parameters affecting the cavitation are optimally adapted at least momentarily to the operating conditions of the energy source.    Also claimed is a method for influencing the cavitation process in an electric energy source in dependence on the load conditions.    The operating conditions are charging and/or discharging of the electric energy source. The parameters are selected from acoustic, thermodynamic, electric, mechanical, or liquid parameters. The energy source is fitted with a parameter data processing control system for controlling the cavitation process, and a current and voltage measuring means to input data to it.    USE -   Batteries and fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -   Improved efficiency under load or extreme conditions.
An electrode electrolytic structure having an enhanced three-phase boundary (TPB) length for use as a fuel cell, catalyst or sensor comprises a porous surface layer of dense electrolyte over a substrate layer of the same material, with an electrocatalyst on and within the porous material which is continuous on the surface, creating enhanced TPBs with gas present. The structure is integral with a porous anode. Also claimed is a method of forming the electrode.    USE -   As an electrode design for solid-state devices, catalysts, fuel cells and sensors, or gas pumps or separators or methane reformation catalysts.    ADVANTAGE -   The three-phase boundary length is enhanced, low temp. performance is increased, durability is enhanced and there are less corrosion problems.
The O2 -selective permeation membrane is mfd. by dispersing a soln. of oxygen transportation carrier contg. metal complex capable of combining with O2 specifically and reversibly, in a hydrophobic medium having a slow speed of dissolution of CO2.     Also claimed is a cell comprising a cell vessel (3) having air inlets (31a), a gas diffusion electrode (5) to activate oxygen, and the O2-selective permeation membrane (A) placed between the air inlets and gas diffusion electrode.    USE -    Used as O2-selective permeation membranes for air cells or fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -    The membrane prevents intrusion of steam or CO2into a cell to extend the life of cell.
Photovoltaic and photoelectrical components are made of mixed crystals in systems of cpd. semiconductors of mixed types. Prodn. of the components is also claimed.    USE -   The components can be used in single and hetero multilayers in tandem cells, multi-terminal cells, and in solar cells, and as diodes (all claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   The components are able to convert sunlight in electrical energy, and electrical energy into various coloured light.
The appts. to store and generate hydrogen comprises: (i) an inert gas electrode; (ii) a rechargeable battery electrode contg. an active material to store H2 during charging and to release stored H2 during discharging; and (iii) a sealed housing which receives an aq. electrolyte and includes a port for extracting H2.    Also claimed is a process comprising the use of the above appts..    USE -   Used for the storage and generation of hydrogen.    ADVANTAGE -   The appts. provides compact and easy transport and storage of hydrogen, which is economic compared to high pressure or low temp. storage, e.g., as fuel for vehicles or energy storage or conversion (from wind or solar).
The substrate is maintained at a temp. so as not to re-vaporise elements reaching the substrate. An amorphous or finely crystallised thin film consisting of elements of chalcopyrite structure semiconductor is deposited on the designated area on the substrate by sputtering using a target of a chalcopyrite cpd. semiconductor. The deposited thin film is then put in a semi-closed vessel together with a cpd. contg. the required chalcogen, and then heat-treated.    USE -   The method is used for the prepn. of chalcopyrite structure semiconductor thin film, used for solar cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The solar cells have improved efficiency composed of chalcopyrite structure semiconductor thin films having required electric characteristics.
Electrolyte contains an organic acid in a polymer matrix. Part or all of the organic acid is a fluorinated organic acid or fluorinated organic sulphonic acid and part or all of the matrix is a fluoropolymer.    USE -   The cell is suitable for using H2 or an alcohol or a hydrocarbon.    ADVANTAGE -   The electrolyte has higher proton conductivity and is capable for use at high temp.
An ITO transparent electrically conductive film is formed on a base, during discharge of an electrical power density, to accelerate the corrosion of the target to higher than formation of an anoxia layer onto the target surface, for removing the anoxia layer.    USE -   Effectively used for an electrode of a LCD element and a solar battery.
ITO sintered compact is made by compacting a mixt. of indium cpd. and tin cpd., and firing the green compact in the air, oxygen-enriched air, or oxygen atmos., using a tubular furnace, as a firing furnace, in which air or oxygen is introduced from gas inlet of furnace, and flowed out from the exhaust port.    USE -   For liq. crystal displays, and solar cells, as a transparent electroconductive film.
Mfr. comprises:    (1) coating a substrate with an inorganic compsn. prepd. by mixing a condensation compsn. (I) obtd. by mixing 1 mol. of tetraalkoxysilane of formula (A), 2 - 8 mol. of a basic aq. soln. of pH 10.0 - 12.0 and 10 - 30 mol. of an inorganic solvent and a condensation compsn. (II) obtd. by mixing 1 mol. of alkoxysilane of formula (B), 3 - 8 mol. of an acid aq. soln. of pH 0 - 2.6 and 10 - 30 mol. of an organic solvent, so that the wt. ratio of component (A) to component (B) is 0.4 - 2.4; and    (2) keeping the coated substrate in an atmos. having a relative humidity of at least 70%. In the formulae:     SiOR4(A)     (R2 )n Si(OR1 )4 -n(B) R = 1 - 5 C alkyl gp;     R1 and R2= 1 - 5 C alkyl gp.; and    n = 0, 1, 2 or 3.    USE -   Used for spectacle lenses, car windows, solar batteries or optical disks.
The process comprises cleaning a perovskite complex oxide powder having a gp. element, Cr, and least one alkali earth element from Ca, Ba, Sr, or Mg, with a water or acid soln. or both, moulding the cleaned powder, and firing the moulding at 1300-1700C in an oxidising atmos..    USE -   Used for solid electrolytic-type fuel battery separator, gas diffuser or interconnector.    ADVANTAGE -   Dense sintering at lower temp. can be carried out.
A novel silicon semiconductor wafer consists of three mutually canted single crystal regions (6,7,8) forming three sectors with radial boundary faces and lines forming angles (W6,W7,W8) of less than 180 , two of the boundary faces being first order twin grain boundaries between respectively two (111) crystal planes. Pref. the boundary faces are approx. perpendicular to the wafer plane and form included angles (W6,W7,W8) such that W7 = W8 = (360 - W6)/2 and W6 = 1.09.47 2    USE -   For solar cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The wafer permits mfr. of extremely thin and thus material-saving solar cells with high efficiency (up to 20% or more) in high yields, while avoiding excessive risk of fracture.
A soluble, electroconductive polypyrrole has the formula (I).    A- = (i).    Also claimed is a method for preparing the above polypyrrole comprising polymerising pyrrole monomer in an aq. soln. contg. dodecylbenzene sulphonate ions as a dopant in the presence of a persulphate oxidant.    USE -   The polypyrrole is used in electroconductive coating materials and paints, electrode materials for batteries, semiconductor parts, electrolytes for solid electrolytic capacitors, solar cells for producing electricity etc.    ADVANTAGE -   The polypyrrole has superior solubility and may be cast into films and soln.-sprayed into coatings that have a very smooth surface. The smoother surface makes the electromagnetic functions of the conductive polymer more uniform and allows micro-devices to be formed with high reproducibility. Blends of the polypyrrole with other polymers that improve adhesiveness or strength allow smooth films to be formed on glass or polymers. Transparent electrode plates equivalent to glass plates with a transparent ITO coating may be formed.
Thin-film space solar cells are formed of IIB / VIB thin films deposited directly onto transparent conductive oxide (TCO)-coated toughened or un-toughened 'Coverglass' substrates. A pref. cell structure is Coverglass / TCO / n-CdS / p-Cd Te / back contact. The substrate may be special 'Coverglass' designed to protect cells from damage in harsh space environments or may be standard float glass for Low Earth Orbit applications. The cells are formed by: depositing the n-CdS layer on a TCO - coated 'Coverglass' by chemical bath deposition method; and depositing the p-Cd Te layer by any suitable low temp. deposition method, e.g. electro-deposition.    ADVANTAGE -   Deposition of the thin films directly on the 'Coverglass' in a superstrate cell structure reduces cost, time and overall cell weight.
A fuel battery generating device comprises oxidn. gas feeders (14,15,16) to selectively feed oxidn. gas contg. oxygen gas to fuel gas, a modifying reaction part operating state detector (13) to detect the operation state of a modifying reaction part (10) and oxidn. gas feed controller (17) to control operation of the oxidn. gas feeders (14,15,16) based on a signal from the modifying reaction part operation state detector (13).    ADVANTAGE -   From a time right after starting, generating is effected by a fuel battery part.
An exhaust device (5) is provided to mix at least one of exhaust gas, inherent to a fuel battery generating system and discharged from a battery body and a reactor, and exhaust gas from ventilation air of each partition chamber and discharge the mixt.    ADVANTAGE -   Corrosion of an exhaust duct is reduced and the generation of white smoke is reduced.
The stainless steel comprises (wt.%): up to 0.15 C; 0.3-2 Si; up to 2 Mn; 15-30 Cr; 7-35 Ni; 0.2-5 Ti; and balance Fe.    USE -   Used for structural parts of molten carbonate-type fuel cells.
Converter comprises: (a) a cylindrical reformer (3) to mfr. reformed gas contg. hydrogen as a main component; (b) hollow cylindrical vessel placed around the reformer through an thermal insulation material (9); (c) catalyst layer (50) filled with catalyst and placed at the inside of the cylindrical vessel; (d) inlet (46) placed at one end of vessel to supply reformed gas; (e) outlet (47) placed at another end to flow out reformed gas after passing through the vessel, the first cooling tube provided at the outer surface of vessel and extended from the inlet to the outlet and second cooling tube (53) placed near the exit at the inner surface of vessel.    USE -   Used for converting carbon monoxide formed in a reformer of fuel cell to carbon dioxide.    ADVANTAGE -   Temp. distribution of converter can be maintained at the optimum condition to decrease the concn. of carbon monoxide significantly.
Burner for reformers comprises a burner body (3) placed under a reformer, having a bowl shape with a bottom and open upper part, and having a supply part (3a) to supply liq. fuel and air to a part of circumferential wall surface, a heater (2) to heat the burner body electrically to the vapourisation temp. of liq. fuel, and a flame-forming cylinder (4) provided at the upper part of supply part in the inside of burner body and having a closed upper surface, open lower surface and brim-shaped flange extending at the opening surface. Flame forming holes are formed on the circumferential wall surface of the flame-forming cylinder to emit combustion flame of liq. fuel to the inner circumferential wall surface of burner body to heat the burner body by the flame emitted from the flame forming holes, and vapourisation of liq. fuel supplied to the burner body is maintained by the transmitted heat to continue the stable combustion of liq. fuel.    USE -   Used for reforming feed gas supplied to fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -   Liq. fuel can be heated continuously and stably and, completely fired to heat reformers effectively.
The solar battery module mfg oven includes several auxiliary units (10). Several shelves are arranged in a module layout unit. An annular pipe (7) connects both ends of the layout unit.    An air blower is arranged at one end of the module layout unit. The air current generated by the air blower flows through the annular pipe. A heat source is located between the air blower and the layout module unit.    ADVANTAGE -   Increases size of solar battery module. Improves device reliability.
The mfg method uses a p type semiconductor substrate (1) which an N type diffusion layer (2) is formed. Multiple P+ type area are formed by the desired portions of the diffusion layer, such the bases of all the P+ type area are embedded in to the substrate sufficiently through heating.    A reflective layer (9) is formed on the portion of the N type diffusion layer other than an electrode connection part (6). Multiple application layer are formed in the predetermined area of the reflective layer, touching the P+ type areas. The application layer contains the coating material including aluminium.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents thermal destruction of PN junction. Improves mfg process. Eliminates influence of reverse bias by shadow effect.
The structure has SnO2 transparent electrode (2) set up on a glass substrate (1). Above this electrode, a CdS film (3) is layered using sputtering method. A thin film (4) constituting a compound mixture of CuInx Ga1 -xSey S2-y is formed above the CdS film.    On this thin film, a metal electrode (5) made up of molybdenum or metal is set up. Finally, a sealing (6) constituting moisture prevention resin material is formed over the metal electrode.    ADVANTAGE -   Improved mfg. process with reduced cost. Enables use for laser patterning technology.
The solar battery consists of a metal substrate (1), with an electrode layer. An N type semiconductor light absorption layer (2), a semiconductor window layer (3) and a transparent electric conduction layer (4) are sequentially layered on the metal substrate.    The conductivity type of the semiconductor window layer is opposite to that of the optical layer. The window layer is mainly composed of ZnxMgx in semisolid form.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves energy conservation efficiency. Raises transmission quantity of light.
The solar battery consists of a P type silicon substrate (1). A slot (2) is formed in the light receiving surface of the substrate. The slot has a predetermined depth. An electrode (7) is formed inside the slot suitably.    ADVANTAGE -   Eliminates reflective loss by electrode. Improves photoelectric conversion efficiency. Effects miniaturization of electrode.
Mfr. involves forming a PN compound semiconductor junction layer constituting III-V group elements using vapour phase epitaxy method. The area where predetermined thickness is higher is doped using acceptor or donor impurities.    The area of lesser thickness corresp. to the central part is also doped. The area where donor impurities are formed acts as high concentration region.    ADVANTAGE -   Achieves superb tunnel junction. Raises carrier density near PN junction surface.
A fuel cell system comprises a reformer (3) of material fuel gas into hydrogen-rich gas, a converter (4) from carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide, a fuel cell main (5), start-up burner (7) to increase temp. of the fuel cell main a steam generator (8) and a piping system for feeding the generated steam to the surrounding of the converter (4) to increase the temp.    ADVANTAGE -   The converter can be heated up in a short time at start-up without an extra heater.
The phosphoric acid-type fuel battery comprises at least one fuel or oxidising agent flow passage returning from the central portion in each unit cell to both end portions.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents battery undergoing early property deterioration caused by local cross leaking, and provides high reliability, and improved life.
Carbon powder is treated by oxidn. to form acidic functional gp. on surface. The carbon powder is soaked into soln., contg. platinum complex cpd. cation as dissolved seed, to exchange ion existing in the functional gp. on the surface of the carbon powder with the platinum complex cpd. cation and to have the cation carried on the carbon. The cation is reduced.    USE -   Used for prepn. of platinum catalyst to be used for the fuel cell or hydrogen oxidn., or electrochemical processes.    ADVANTAGE -   Improved highly active platinum catalyst can be prepd.
The electrochemical cell comprises catalyst particles distributed so as to make the dia. of the cluster particle closest to at least one catalyst layer macromolecular electrolyte film smaller, and the dia. of the cluster particle closest to the collector greater.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves catalyst efficiency, and facilitates supply of reaction gas and exhaustion of produced gas.
Evapn. comprises heating metallic chloride powder in a heat resistant boat to evaporate the metallic chloride gas. The metallic chloride powder is enclosed by heat resistant ceramic particles to fill them in the board. The top surface of the filled powder is covered with heat resistant ceramic wool. The ceramic wool is further covered with a porous ceramic plate.    ADVANTAGE -   Even when the metallic chloride contains water to some extent, the water passes through the gaps of the ceramic particles so that the powder is not sealed by an airtight cover which prevents explosion. If a gas ejection occurs, the ceramic wool and porous ceramic plate protect the emission of metallic chloride powder to outside.
The fuel reformer comprises a reforming part where a reformed gas contg. hydrogen and carbon monoxide is produced from methanol and water and an oxidn. part where the reformed gas and oxygen are introduced and carbon monoxide contained in the reformed gas is oxidised. The oxidn. part comprises at least two stages, and the earlier stage contains a catalyst which prioritises the oxidn. of carbon monoxide to the oxidation of hydrogen.    USE -   Hydrogen-rich fuel gas with a very low concn. of carbon monoxide can be produced from methanol and water.The reformer can be mounted on a vehicle.    ADVANTAGE -   The hydrogen-rich fuel gas produced with the reformer contains carbon monoxide at a very low level. Also the equipment can be down-sized.
The photovoltaic assembly, which concentrates light and cools solar cells at the same time, has a container (1) with transparent coolant filling points (9), for one or more solar cells (2) fitted on a socket (3). The coolant fluid (4) surrounds the solar cells in the container and a pressure equalising container (5), with filling points (10), takes coolant fluid which expands through heat. The side (7) of the container towards the sunlight (6) is transparent and, together with the coolant fluid, forms a light-gathering optical array. The container wall (8) directs the sunlight striking at an angle towards the solar cells, through total reflection of a part. Mirrors direct the incoming sunlight to the solar cells, in the solar cell container. The assembly has a system to align the structure with the sun. The pressure equalising chamber is a polyethylene bag, with a variable vol.    ADVANTAGE -   The assembly has a low cost, with solar cell cooling without the use of tubing, pumps and control. A receiving angle of 6 and 6-times light amplification are possible through the total reflection of the container wall. The solar cells are wholly protected, and the concentrated lens action only operates when the container is filled.
In a thin film solar cell with a transparent conductive window layer (5'') on a buffer layer on top of an absorber layer (3a) of (pref. chalcopyrite-based) semiconductor material, the buffer layer contains a Cd-free metal component, oxygen and sulphur. Pref. the buffer layer comprises a ternary cpd. of In or Sn, O and S.    Also claimed are thin film solar cells, esp. as above, in which the absorber layer (3a) contains: (a) at least 5 at.% alkali metal; or (b) an alkali metal from a precursor layer of alkali metal-contg. cpd., on which the absorber layer is deposited by a process involving precursor layer heating.    Further claimed are processes for prodn. of the above thin film solar cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The solar cell has high efficiency and is produced by a relatively simple and environmentally compatible process.
A method is claimed for making semiconductor particles, consisting of the steps: (a) defining a number of spaced-out piles (26) of semiconductor feedstock upon a refractory layer (18); and (b) directing optical energy (30) of sufficient energy onto the feedstock piles to melt them at least partially and form semiconductor particles.    USE -   Provides a method of making semiconductor spheres for highly efficient solar cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The feedstock is almost instantaneously fused to desired particles, precluding growth of any oxide and minimising heat loss to the underlying refractory layer and transport surface.
Mfr. of a La1-xSrxCr1-yO3 ceramic oxide gel. The method involves (a) heating a colloidal soln. of polyhydroxy-organic chelating agents and metal salts to form a mixed metal oxide precursor, (b) adding organic acid, water or both to peptise the metal ions, (c) heating the peptised precursor to evaporate the solvent to produce a handleable gel. The chelating agents are selected from ethylene glycol and citric acid. The metals of the metal salts are selected from La, Sr, Cr and Mn. Each salt is present in an amt. necessary to provide the stoichiometric amt. of metal ions required in the ceramic oxide gel. x and y are independently 0 or 1.    Also claimed is a ceramic oxide precursor colloidal soln. for making La1-xSrxCr1-yMnyO3 ceramic oxide where x and y are independently 0 or 1. The mixt. solubilises the metal salts in a mixt. having an effective amt. of a chelating agent to maintain solubility of the metal ions and an effective amt. of a peptising agent. The counterions of each metal ion or the hydrolysis prods. of the counterions in the mixt. are decomposable. The amt. of peptising agent is the minimum necessary to maintain the solubility of the metal irons by peptising the ions to a colloidal soln. and to minimise the particle size so as to enhance fibre and film formation.    USE -   Ceramic oxide cpds. which are formable into fibres, films, etc., which are useful as heating elements, fuel cell connectors, oxygen sensing elements and other electronic applications.    ADVANTAGE -   The ceramic materials can be made into virtually any desired shape or form and may be cast or extruded.
A melt carbonate type fuel battery comprises a separator (5) to separate and guide oxidant gas; a fuel battery stack (26) to alternately laminate the separator and cells; a fuel gas feed pipe (42) to feed fuel gas to a fuel gas flow passage; an oxidant gas feed piping (3) to feed oxidant gas to an oxidant gas flow passage; and melt carbonate mist feeding device (40) to feed melt carbonate mist to at least one of the fuel gas flow passage and the oxidant gas flow passage.    ADVANTAGE -   Carbonate is supplied to a battery in a short time.
Cell of an electrolyte layer having electrode on both surfaces is inserted in between a fuel gas stream path (FGSP) and an oxidn. gas stream path (OGSP). At least the (OGSP) out of the (FGSP) and the (OGSP) is bent at inner plane vertical to the electrode.    USE -   The cell is suitable for high power generation.    ADVANTAGE -   The cell has improved output power by improving flow of oxidn. gas stream to surface of the negative pole.
The plate comprises a C material having 18-26% pore rate and 140 kcal/mhr.C thermal conductivity and a coating layer of fluoride resin at the one end of the material.    USE -   Used for a phosphoric acid-type fuel cell.    ADVANTAGE -   The plate has lower gas permeability and improved productivity and is produced at lower cost.
The combustion device has a pair of burners (13, 14) for heating a reactive unit. A high and a low calorie gas supply paths (8, 10) are provided to supply fuel individually to a fuel gush part (17) through a small diameter nozzle (15) and a large diameter nozzle (16) respectively.    A control valve (20), at an opening (21), is provided in the low calorie gas fuel distribution system path. The mixing of air to the high calorie gas is obstructed by this control valve. The pre-fixing of air with the low calorie gas in the opening of the control valve is then carried out.    ADVANTAGE -   Burns each fuel of natural gas and unreactive gas reliably. Reduces flame to large extent during burning. Reduces size by providing small structure.
The combustion appts incorporates a burner (11) to heat a reactive device. The burner includes a flame hole part (11a,11b) for low calorie gas and high calorie gas respectively. A fuel supply pipe (14) for low calorie gas is connected directly to first hole part through a low calorie gas fuel supply part (13).    A high calorie gas gush nozzle (18) is installed in a fuel gush part (20) for high calorie gas. The high calorie gas sent by a high calorie gas fuel supply pipe (21), is passed into the flame hole part and a fuel supply part (15) for high calorie gas, through the gush nozzle.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables complete burning.
The fibres are produced by mixing an aluminium cpd. of aluminium salt, aluminium oxide, aluminium hydroxide or hydrate, and organic aluminium cpds., a lithium cpd. e.g. lithium hydroxide or basic lithium carbonate, and a solvent capable of dissolving the lithium cpd. at between room temp. and the b.pt. of the solvent, drying the resultant slurry gradually at 50C to the b.pt., cooling at room temp.-50C and gradually drying again at 50C-the b.pt..    USE -   Used as a reinforcing material for the molten carbonate salt electrolyte plates used in fuel cells or used as blankets for fusion reactors.    ADVANTAGE -   -lithium aluminate long fibres having dimensions 4-5 times larger than conventional dimensions can be produced in a simple manner.
The method involves setting up of a slot (6) at the top marginal part (2g) of a metal frame (2). The metal frame has a ditch (2a). A gasket (4) which has a butyl rubber material (5) is set up. The gasket consists of a clamp part (4c) which fits a top face part (14) to an exterior termination (1a) of a solar battery module panel (1). Butyl rubber material in the gasket is softened by heating the metal frame. The solar cell is connected between the upper transparent member and the lower protection sheet through the filling material.    The exterior termination is connected to the butyl rubber through the slot. The butyl rubber material is permeated between the top face part of the lower protection sheet and the extension top marginal part of the upper transparent member. The butyl rubber is then stiffened by natural cooling.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves exterior finish. Reduces work burden. Realizes quick processing and airtight connection. Avoids poor sealing. Prevents deterioration of solar cell. Avoids permeability of rain water and salt.
The patterning of a reverse electrode (4) of a solar battery module comprising a transparent conduction film (2), an amorphous silicone layer (3), and a back electrode, is applied to a transparent insulating substrate (1) by laser beam. During mfr. of the solar battery module, after patterning of the back electrode (4), the patterned solar battery module is exposed to an oxidising gas atmos..    ADVANTAGE -   The working battery module has improved efficiency.
The battery has an ITO thin film electrode (3) forming a Schottky barrier layer on a layer structure. The layer structure contains an n type SrTiO3 layer (1) and In2 O3interface layer (2) layered sequentially.    ADVANTAGE -   Obtains semiconductor oxide solar battery corresponding to practical usage. Converts UV ray to electric energy effectively. Extends application range.
The solar battery has an electrode formed on a P-type silicon semiconductor substrate using an electrically conductive paste. The paste contains 60-90wt% of solid part, that has about 85-98.5wt% of silver dust, 0.5-10wt% of aluminium powder and 1- 10wt% of glass frit.    The paste also contains 10-40wt% of organic material.    ADVANTAGE -   Secures good ohmic contact and soldering nature of electrode.
The electrically conductive paste consists of organic material silver powder and a glass frit substance. An N type impurity layer is formed at the surface of a P type silicon semiconductor substrate. A conductive electrode is formed on the surface of the N type impurity layer.    The combination weight ratio of the glass frit substance and the silver powder material is 1-5. The combination weight ratio of the phosphorus content and the silver powder is 0.5-5.    ADVANTAGE -   The paste reduces electrode formation time.
A doughnut-type cell and a number of circular separators are provided. The circular separators comprise centre manifolds for the cathode gas, primary manifolds and secondary manifolds for the anode gas, a pair of doughnut-type reaction areas, so that the anode gas and cathode gas respectively flow along one of its sides in a radial manner.    USE -   For decreasing short-circuiting between cells and generation of migration.
The method comprises a process for making rough a surface of an electrolyte film, a process for attaching a metal of uniform thickness as a catalyst to the surface of the electrolyte film, and a process for filling carbon particles whose sizes are adjusted so as to match concave areas on the surface of the electrolyte film.    USE -   For effectively utilising a catalyst and improving the quality of a battery itself.
Part of a body of water which should be used for cooling a high molecular cpd.-type fuel battery is directly supplied to an electrolyte film of a battery. The electrolyte film is humidified.    USE -   Used for humidifying an electrolyte film by using part of a body of water for cooling a high molecular cpd. type fuel cell without using hydrogen gas.
The cell comprises composing unit cell consisting of anode and a cathode having device for supplying the electrode with reduction soln., between which an electrolytic layer is interposed, and supplying unit cell laminated member with fuel gas and oxidising agent gas.    ADVANTAGE -   Drop of cell output, due to overwetting of cathode electrode catalyst layer is prevented.
A gasket comprises a main body obtd. by compounding at least 20-70 pts. wt. of one of carbon black or dry silica as reinforcer with 100 pts. wt. of a fluorine system elastomer, vulcanisation moulding and film covering the main body.    ADVANTAGE -   The gasket has good mechanical strength at high temp., electric insulation and phosphoric acid-proof property without drop of surface natural resistance when dipping into phosphoric acid.
Porosity, at gas flow side, of at least one of an anode and a cathode, is 65-85 %, and porosity at electrolyte matrix side of the electrode is lower than that by 5-25 %.    ADVANTAGE -   Overpotential, generated by the electrode process, is easily lowered.
The sputtering target material is made by sintering an ITO green compact comprising Sn oxide and In oxide in an oxidising active atmos. in which 0.01-5 vol.% of one or more of H2 O2, hydroxyl radical and single oxygen atom are generated.    USE -   Used for forming ITO thin film used as transparent electrodes of liq. crystal displays, electroluminescent elements and solar cells.
Sn sulphide film is made by forming the film on a matrix surface by vacuum plating with a deg. of vacuum of 133.3x10-4-133.3x10-10 Pa. The matrix temps. are regulated to 120-140C and film forming rate is 0.05-0.5 m/min. to give orientation to the film in a direction of (040) plane.    USE -   Used for high conversion efficiency solar cells and exothermic devices.
An electroless plating liq. including a heavy metal, is poured into a catalyst slurry obtd. by dispersing a noble metal (alloy) catalyst into hot water, and alloying the noble metal (alloy) catalyst plated by the heavy metal, at 850 - 950 C for 2 - 10 minutes.    ADVANTAGE -   A specific surface area of the catalyst can be kept large, and the mass activity of the catalyst can be improved.
The solar battery uses a CdTe film (3) formed on a glass substrate (1). The CdTe film is formed by sintering of pulverized Cd and Te powders.    The derivation peak angle of CdTe film is 39.73 deg which is formed by X-ray diffraction on the film at an angle of 2 theta.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves performance of solar battery. Obtains good solar battery characteristic.
The solar battery module comprises a transparent organic macro mol. resin layer (102) formed at the light incident surface of a photovoltaic element (101). A surface protection film (103) is formed on the upper surface of the organic mol. resin layer. Thus, an uneven covering member contg. 2 layers covers the organic macro mol. resin layer.    The difference between the height of the recess and that of the projection of the covering member lies between 5-500 m. The distance between the vertex of the recess and that of the projection lies between 0.1-10 m.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides good sealing with organic resin and bonding power to surface film. High reliability is assured even on prolonged outdoor exposure. Peeling of film is prevented.
The amorphous solar battery uses an i type semiconductor layer consisting of amorphous semiconductor material, formed between p type and n type semiconductor layers. This i type semiconductor layer has a minimum band gap value which gradually decreases towards the p type semiconductor layer side.    Multiple low light absorption layers (16) having band gap more than that of i type semiconductor layer are also formed.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides high open discharge pressure. Obtains high reliability. Minimises optical deterioration. Improves efficiency.
A seal structure uses a metal sealing material which softens at the operating temp. of the fuel battery.    ADVANTAGE -   High strength sealing can be implemented at a low contact pressure.
A turning fixture is attached to the cell stack of the fuel battery, then the position of the cell stack reversed. The cell stack is then disassembled from the bottom section.    ADVANTAGE -   Safety component handling can be ensured.
When charging the battery, the valence state of the anode is changed from one to another. After charging, the battery is operated so that the anode active material of the first valence state can be left in the electrolytic soln..    ADVANTAGE -   Electrode deterioration can be minimised.
Method has processes which comprise: (a) removing an electrolyte contaminated by formic acid, from the cell; (b) adding an organic solvent to the electrolyte for extracting the formic acid into the solvent; (c) separating the organic solvent from the electrolyte to remove the formic acid and (d) sending the electrolyte back to the cell.    USE -   Suitable for improving cell life.    ADVANTAGE -   The method is operated in the plant site.
Electrolyte contg. up to 1.5 mol/l of V concn. and 2-4 mol/l of sulphuric acid concn.    USE -   The electrolyte is suitable for a cell at power station for controlling balance of demand and supply.    ADVANTAGE -   The electrolyte contributes stable operation of the cell, since no deposition of V is generated.
A sterilising heater is connected to the water collection tank coupled to the fuel reformer in a fuel battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Germ growth in the water collection tank can be prevented.
A nitrogen gas supply cylinder is connected to a manifold in which the cell stack of a fuel battery is enclosed.    ADVANTAGE -   Gas leak testing can be simplified.
A method for starting the unit fuel cell comprises either an oxidiser electrode with active oxidiser gas contg. O2 or a fuel electrode with active fuel gas contg. H2 , being kept in a gas atmos. contg. O2and maintaining one in inert gas atmos..    USE -   The method is suitable for starting fuel cell using phosphoric acid electrolyte.    ADVANTAGE -   The cell has homogeneous potential property.
A battery operation control data processor is connected to a memory in which battery performance data are registered.    ADVANTAGE -   The performance of the battery can be maintained at the max. condition.
Appts. has a detecting means for lowering output of the cell, and poisonous state of catalyst, and a controlling means for lowering dynamic pressure of reaction gases to electrodes when the catalyst is in poisonous state and thus lowering the output power.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves lowering of output power, thus controlling output power of the fuel cell.
A gas supply controller is coupled to the fuel electrode of at least one cell in the cell stack of the fuel battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Fuel gas is supplied economically to the cell stack.
A heat exchanger is connected to the blow-down water drain pipe line coupled to the battery cooling water line. The flow of blow-down water is controlled in reference to the output of the built-in water temp. detector.    ADVANTAGE -   High-efficiency power generation is obtd.
An electrolyte mist generation unit and a carrier gas supply unit are connected to the manifold coupled to the fuel cell stack.    ADVANTAGE -   The electrolyte in the cell stack can be prevented from drying.
An electrolyte layer contg. phosphoric acid is sandwiched between the fuel electrode and an air electrode to which a phosphoric acid cooler is connected.    ADVANTAGE -   Phosphoric acid exhausted from the air electrode can be condensed.
Electrolyte is filled between the fuel electrode and the oxygen electrode in the cell in which an impurity gas remover is placed in the oxidiser gas supply path.    ADVANTAGE -   Redn. in battery performance can be prevented.
A pressure differential gauge is connected to the fuel electrode or oxidiser electrode in the battery container, to which an inert gas supply is connected through a gas flow control valve.    ADVANTAGE -   The pressure in the battery container can be controlled exactly.
A cell comprises lamination of planar unit cells, flow trenches for fuel and oxidn. gases and separators. The separator has anode current collector plate, cathode current collector plate, anode edge plate and interconnector for sepg. the gases. Surface of at least one of the anode current collector plate and the cathode current collector plate has concave and convex portions.    USE -   Used as a fused carbonate-type fuel cell.    ADVANTAGE -   The cell has homogeneous thickness, since different thickness portions of the cell are absorbed by the concave and convex portions. Improved contact is achieved between cell elements.
A positive catalyst electrode and a negative catalyst electrode are formed respectively on the surfaces of the ion exchange film of the battery cell in which a current-collecting plate is attached to the cell separator.    USE -   Used as a fuel battery for an electric car.    ADVANTAGE -   Overvoltage generation due to reaction is prevented.
Cell has an electrolyte plate made of integrated laminate of which a reinforcing sheet made of ceramic fabrics having openings with 3-2000 mm2area is inserted between two matrix sheets including the electrolyte and the reinforcing material. The two matrix sheets are connected by a matrix component filled in opening of the reinforcing sheet.    USE -   Used as a long-life fused carbonate fuel cell.    ADVANTAGE -   The cell has improved power generation characteristic for long time, since generation of crack is prevented, increase of corrosion and resistance are avoided.
Cell has an oxidised gas flow trench at a cathode opposing surface of a current collector and a fuel gas flow trench at an anode opposing surface of a current collector. Depth of the oxidised gas flow trench is gradually increased from the gas inlet side to the gas outlet side.    USE -   The cell is suitable for a polymer electrolyte fuel cell.    ADVANTAGE -   Discharge of produced water is easy by action of gravity.
A hydrophilic film is formed on the surface of the fuel gas flow path between power generation layer and electrolyte layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Water in the fuel path can be rejected positively.
Positive and negative catalysis electrodes are formed on the surfaces of the ion exchange film of the battery cell, and contact porous guides between which a reaction gas passage is formed.    ADVANTAGE -   Overvoltage generation due to reaction can be prevented.
Variable resistors and ammeters are connected respectively in the cell stacks to which a dc-ac inverter is connected.    ADVANTAGE -   The current difference between cell stacks can be avoided.
Electrolyte circulation type total V redox cell includes positive pole (PP) electrolyte made of 4/5 valence V and a negative pole (NP) made of 2/3 valence V which are flowed into (PP) and (NP) chambers via manifold in the cell for charge/discharge by oxidn. and redn. reaction. The poles are made of at least 2 layers of a higher reactive layer (HRL) with V and higher electric conductive layer. The HRL is arranged at a diaphragm side.    USE -   The cell is suitable for high current density.    ADVANTAGE -   The cell has less pumping power and improved energy efficiency. It is easy to mfr..
Device (A) has an irradiation part (1) which irradiates a high energy ion beam (2) towards a sample (5). A filter (7) classifies anti hydrogen ions from the sample. A semiconductor detector (8) detects the anti hydrogen ions which are classified by the filter.    A dispersion ion (6') is generated along with an anti hydrogen ion (6) based on the deflection quantity of anti hydrogen ions during passing inside of a magnetic field or an electric field. A quantity filter (11) is the provided between the sample and filter to isolate the anti hydrogen ion from the dispersion ion.    ADVANTAGE -   Performs depth distribution measurement of hydrogen in sample with high precision. Reduces variation in energy loss or initial energy sharply. Improves depth resolution. Reduces maximum value of energy of dispersion ion.
A high temp. lithium-based battery having at least one cell having hermetically sealed seal comprises: (a) an insulating material (100) forming at least a portion of a cell enclosure; (b) a first member (102) of an electrically conductive material forming a bottom of the cell enclosure; (c) a first thermocompression seal (104) securing the first member (102) to the insulating material (100); (d) a second member (106,106') of electrically conductive material forming a top of the cell enclosure, the second member forming at least a portion of a bottom of a further cell enclosure; and (e) a second thermocompression seal (104') securing the second member to the insulating material.    USE -   The Li-based battery is for high temp. use.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides improved peripheral seal to make bipolar stacks of cells viable.
The fuel cell (20) comprises a porous electrolyte matrix(22) interposed between an air electrode (24) and a fuel electrode (26). The matrix, the air electrode and the fuel electrode each comprise a solidified plasma and are laminated together.    USE -   Used for fuel cells and components of fuel cells, or other electrochemical devices, e.g. for power plants.    ADVANTAGE -   A molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) or solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) can be made by plasma spraying to yield high prodn. rates and large-scale, high-quality integrated cell package components.
The method mixes metal powder to the agar-agar solution, to produce a slurry. A porous material (6) is impregnated with the slurry after which the impregnated porous material is heated at a temperature below the sintering temperature of the metal powder and dried.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves quality. Does not rise residual carbonization amount. Does not generate degreasing waste fluid.
The method mixes the metal powder with the align acid sodium solution to produce slurry. A porous material is employed on which the slurry is impregnated.    The impregnated material is heated at a temperature below the sintering temperature of the metal powder, followed by drying.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides good quality porous metal.
The appts. which oxidises and removes carbon monoxide from a hydrogen-rich fuel gas has first and second oxidn. sites loaded with an oxidn. catalyst for selectively removing carbon monoxide from the fuel gas, connected in series in the direction of the fuel gas flow. The first means of supplying an oxidising gas, together with the fuel gas, is connected on the upstream side of the first oxidn. site, and the second means of supplying an oxidising gas together with the fuel gas which has been treated at the first oxidn. site is connected upstream of the second site.    USE -   The appts. is used for removing carbon monoxide from hydrogen-rich gases which are supplied to fuel cells operated at low temps. such as phosphoric acid and solid polymer electrolyte fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The concn. of carbon monoxide in the fuel gas supplied to a fuel cell can be decreased to less than 100 ppm.
The appts. for removing carbon monoxide from a hydrogen-rich fuel gas consists of an oxidn. reactor loaded with catalyst, a flow detector for detecting the flow rate of the fuel gas supplied to the reactor, a means of supplying an oxidising gas to the reactor, a temp. detector and a means of adjusting the amt. of oxidising gas supplied form the oxidising gas supplier according to the temp. detected with the temp. detector.    USE -   The appts. is used for removing carbon monoxide from hydrogen-rich gases supplied to fuel cells operated at low temps. such as phosphoric acid type and solid polymer electrolyte type fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -   Carbon monoxide is removed efficiently with the appts. even immediately after start-up, and a fuel gas constantly contg. carbon monoxide at a certain level or less is supplied to a fuel cell.
A base sheet is formed from a high polymer resin by injection moulding. The base sheet has a gas emission amt., under vacuum conditions of 1.3 m Pa.m/sec. or lower.    USE -   The base sheet is useful in magnetic, photomagnetic, photo-electric conversion layers in recording media and thin film solar cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The gas emission from the base sheet exerts no influence over a photo-magnetic layer, photo-electric conversion layer, etc. when the layers are formed under vacuum conditions. Excellent properties of such layers can be achieved.
A mobile type washing toilet comprises fuel storage parts; a fuel cell to generate a power by the fuel; and washing devices to which the generating power of the fuel cell is fed to wash a human body.    USE -   Used for a patient, a physically handicapped person, and an aged man in a hospital or a home.    ADVANTAGE -   Mobile type washing toilet is used in an arbitrary place without using a large and heavy charge type battery or a commercial source, and a sufficient high performance washing function is provided.
A system comprises a reformer comprising a vaporising section for vaporising a hydrocarbon fuel and a reforming section for reforming the vaporised hydrocarbon fuel to produce a hydrogen-rich gas and a burner for producing a heat-source gas which is sent to the vaporising and reforming sections of the reformer. The burner has a cooler by spraying cooling water.    USE -   The hydrogen-rich gases obtd. can be used as fuel gases for fuel batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   As the burner is cooled using the heat of vaporisation of water which has a large heat capacity, the cooling efficiency is improved e.g. the conventional method using air for cooling and the temp. of the reformer and burner can be controlled more accurately.
The following are claimed: (A) peptides or peptide analogues of formula (I), and salts of (I): R-A-B-C-D-E-OH (I) A = Ala, Gly or Leu; B = Ala, Ser, Gly-Gly or Ser-Ser; C = Ala, Ala-Ala, Leu-Leu, Ala-Ala-Ala, Arg-Gly-Asp or Leu-Leu-Leu; D =Ala or Ser; E = Ala, Leu or Pro-Lys; R = H, HS-Alk-CO, HS-Alk-CO-NH-Alk'-CO, Trt-S-Alk-CO, Trt-S-Alk-CONH-Alk'OCO or 1,2-dithiocyclopentan-3-(CH2)4-CO; Alk, Alk' = 1-11C alkylene; Trt = triphenylmethyl; Provided that R can only be H when at least one of A-E is other than Ala. (B) Synthetic peptide layer comprising one or more peptides (I) which are linked via sulphur bridges to a gold surface. The C-terminal gps. are linked (via an amide bond) to a further peptide sequence with donor properties, so that bonds to corresp. acceptor molecules may be prepd. (C) Synthetic cell membranes comprising a gold carrier which is covalently linked with a peptide (I) via a sulphur bridge. The C-terminal side of the peptides is linked with lipid residues, which in turn form a membrane-analogous lipid bilayer with liposomes which are present.    USE -   The peptide layers may be used for research into acceptor molecules. They may be used, e.g., for screening of inhibitors or ion pumps, or for construction of sensors of substrates or inhibitors of pump proteins. For example, herbicides which inhibit the photochemical reaction centre may be tested. The layers/membranes may also be used as solar cells or membrane models.
The battery consists of an electrode (2) on which a semiconductor light absorption layer (3) is installed. A semiconductor window layer (5) is formed on absorption layer, whose band gap is larger than band gap of absorption layer. A transparent electrode (5) is formed on the semiconductor window layer.    The band gap of the junction part of absorption layer is equal or smaller than band gap of an inclination composition layer (6) that is installed between absorption layer and window layer. The film thickness of inclination layer is equivalent to thickness of a depletion layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Obtains high energy conversion efficiency and high release voltage.
A cooling part and/or a piping connection body for fluid for cooling and/or a collecting plate is formed on a separator of an accumulation body of unit fuel cells. An electric insulation plate is formed such that a heat dissipation factor at the two end parts of the accumulation body of the unit fuel batteries is decreased.    ADVANTAGE -   Temp. distribution in a lamination direction of a unit fuel cell is uniform.
In a fuel cell, a cooling plate (2) comprises first cooling plates (2a) arranged at the two end parts of a laminate (3); and a second cooling plate (2b) arranged at an intermediate part. Amt. of cooling water flowing to the first cooling plates (1a) is regulated by a cooling water amt. regulator (10).    ADVANTAGE -   Temp. distribution of all cooling plates is made uniform.
The fuel battery generating plant comprises current detectors (4) to individually detect a current flowing through each series connection battery gp., and oxidant feed amt. regulators, consisting of an oxidant flow rate control valve (23) and an oxidant flowmeter (24) to individually regulate an amt. of an oxidant fed to a fuel battery body of p (n p 1) pieces of each series connection battery gp. at each series connection battery group based on an individual current detecting value obtd. by each current detector (4).    ADVANTAGE -   The time of work and cost for replacement of a fuel battery body are reduced.
Fuel cell comprises an electrolytic film (20); and collecting electrodes (40) to nip two gas diffusion electrodes (30) between which the electrolytic film (20) is nipped. A surface on which the collecting electrode (40) makes contact with the gas diffusion electrode (30) is filled with a number of short fibres (52) with a size of 5 m and a length of 100 m.    ADVANTAGE -   Water produced in a flow passage for a fuel for a fuel cell is rapidly discharged.
Fuel battery is formed in so that an electrolytic film (20), a gas discharge electrode (30), and a collecting electrode (40) are laminated together. Ribs (42) are formed on a contact surface between the collecting electrode (40) and the gas diffusion electrode (30). A gas flow passage (40) and the gas diffusion electrode (30). A gas flow passage (44) for oxide gas or fuel gas is formed between the ribs and the surface of the gas diffusion electrode (30). The surface of the gas flow passage is filled with short fibres (52) with a size of 5 m and a length of 100 m and coated with polytetrafluoroethylene giving water repellency.    ADVANTAGE -   Water produced in a flow passage for fuel for a fuel battery is rapidly discharged through a flow passage.
Hydrogen filling appts. (1) comprises: (a) a valve (4) for controlling the supply of hydrogen from a hydrogen tank (20) to a hydrogen absorbing alloy tank (3); (b) a temp. sensor (6) to detect a temp. of hydrogen absorbing alloy tank; (c) a pressure sensor (5) to detect a pressure of hydrogen absorbing alloy tank; (d) a first controller to control the opening or closing of the valve so that the upper limit of detected values of temp. sensor is maintained to a given temp.; and (e) a second controller to control the filling to finish it when a detect value of pressure sensor reaches a pressure corresp. to the first temp. at the completely filling state based on a PCT characteristic of hydrogen absorbing alloy (31).    USE -   Used for filling hydrogen absorbing alloy tanks with hydrogen to use them as small-sized fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -   Hydrogen absorbing alloy tanks can be filled by hydrogen completely without calculation of an amt. of hydrogen absorbed and the supply of hydrogen is easily controlled.
A membrane forming method comprises: (a) introducing fine powder material into a plasma generator composed of a quartz tube and having a high frequency voltage applied coil disposed around its circumference by using inert gas as carrier gas, (b) melting the material by plasma energy, and (c) jetting the molten material onto a substrate disposed in an inert gas atmos. to form a membrane on the substrate by accumulation.    USE -   Used for silicon for a solar cell, etc.    ADVANTAGE -   A membrane contg. no contaminant and few voids can be formed speedily.
The solar battery compsn. article is sealed in a container (2) which consists of a transparent silicon resin (3). A glass board (12) with a solar cell (1) on the top surface is provided inside the container. The transparent silicon resin is used to form an amorphous silicon layer (11) on the back side of the glass board.    A slot part (22) is formed in between a circumferential edge part (13) and a suspending part (23) which is provided as the marginal part of the containment case. The reverse side surface of the solar cell is sealed by the transparent silicon resin.    ADVANTAGE -   Long life is ensured and the article is not affected by weather conditions.
The thin film solar battery has a TiN film (11) and an Mo Film (2) formed on a soft glass substrate (1). A CuIn/Se dispersing plating film (3) formed on the Mo film by distributed plating method, is heat treated in a gas atmosphere with Se, in order to convert it into a CuInSe2 film (4).    A CdS film (5), a reflection prevention film (6) and a transparent electrode film (7) are then formed over the CuInSe2 film.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents debonding of Mo film or CuInSe2 film. Improves yield.
The method involves forming a copper layer on an electrically conductive substrate. An electro-coating indium layer using an indium plating bath carries out distributed suspension of selenium colloid particles on the electrically conductive substrate.    The size of the selenium colloid particles are less than 1 micrometer. The electro-coating layer is heat treated to form a copper indium selenium alloy absorption layer (3) on the electrically conductive substrate.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides stable absorption layer without any defect.
In the fuel cell, a multilayer body (1) is formed by the lamination of a number of unit cells, each composed of a pair of electrode plates with an electrolyte layer between. The fuel cell comprises a device (3) to clamp the multilayer body (1) in its laminated direction, a device (4) to charge and discharge reaction gas, and a device (5) to heat the clamping system.    ADVANTAGE -   Reliable temp. increase in the fuel cell is obtd. w.r.t. the multilayer body.
In the fuel cell, bridges (25,27) are formed to separate the fuel gas passageways (24,26) of the collector electrode (20) into two sections, and bridges (35,37) are formed to separate the fuel gas passageways (34,36) into three sections, and the fuel cell has laminated structure to attain matching state between the fuel gas passageways (24,34).    USE -   Used for miniaturised fuel cells.
Carbon dioxide sepn. appts. for a fuel cell comprises an inlet port (22) and an outlet port (23) of the condensed water provided respectively against upper side and lower side surfaces of the body (21); three stepped trays (24) disposed in the body (21), and a number of pierced holes (24a) formed in each tray. The condensed water is passed through the body from the inlet port to the outlet port, while air is passed through the body from the outlet port to the inlet port.    USE -   To provide the carbon dioxide sepn. appts. for a fuel cell, by which solute carbon dioxide in the condensed water is removed efficiently even if the height of the body is lowered.
In the fuel cell power plant, a water injection nozzle (12) is engaged into an inclined gas pipe (11a) branched from the main gas piping (11) which has a drain pot (15) at its lowermost end. The nozzle (12) is connected to a water feeding pipe (13) through a water feeding valve (14) being in periodic operation, and the drain pot (15) is connected to a drain discharge pipe (16) having a drain (18) underneath through a drain valve (17).    USE -   Used as a fuel cell power plant by which undesirable effects of the electrolyte and/or electrolyte cpds. for the plant performance is avoided. Arresting frequency of the plant is highly improved.
The operation control appts. for a fuel battery comprises a fuel stopping step; a fuel absorption step; and a stopping time control step.    USE -   Used for completely stopping operation of a fuel battery for a short time and for re-starting the fuel battery also for a short time.
Quality improving appts. and a steam heater are connected to a fuel cell electrode. A cooling system of the body of fuel cell is formed from an air and water separator, a circulation pump, a pipe arrangement for guiding a cooling water, and another pipe arrangement for exhausting the cooling water. A condenser is connected to the quality improving appts. through an air pre-heating equipment. The condenser is connected to the air and water separator through water processing equipment. The water processing equipment is connected to the air and water separator through a supplementary water control valve.    A steam generator is placed between the air pre-heating equipment and the condenser. The steam generator is connected to a steam heater through a pipe arrangement for quality improved steam. The water processing equipment is connected to the steam generator.    USE -   For improving efficiency for generating power, by making small load of water processing equipment and a pump.
The method involves adjusting the quantity of water added to fuel gas to the optimal concn. of added water beforehand, found from a measured voltage between the anode and cathode of the fuel cell having water added to the fuel gas.    ADVANTAGE -   Suppresses precipitating carbon in fuel gas piping, to improve power generating efficiency.
The mfr. comprises forming a green compact made of a mixt. consisting of 'Ni-16Cr-7Fe Inconel 600' (RTM), etc. and a binder e.g. stearic acid, adding a sintering aid into the compact and sintering the compact in an inert gas atmos. under reduced pressure to obtain a cell base.    ADVANTAGE -   The cell has thermal stress resistance and good mechanical strength.
An electrode having catalyst comprises a structure with greater diffusion of reactive gas in the output side than that in the input side.    ADVANTAGE -   Probability of contacting reactive components and catalyst is increased, reaction can be activated, and reaction in a plane direction on the electrode is made uniform.
A cooling plate of the cell comprises a cooling tube for flowing coolant, provided with corrosion-proof covering layer and two substrates holding a portion of the tube through filler.    ADVANTAGE -   Corrosion of a metal tube due to faults in the layer are prevented and a cell of long life and reliability is obtained.
PEM (polymer electrolye membrane) fuel cell consists of strip membrane(s) (17) with 2-10000 flat individual cells on both sides of a membrane (10) of an electrode films (11-13, 14-16) on polymeric solid electrolyte, in which the individual cells are connected in series. The contacted plates (18, 19) on both sides of the this membrane have conducting and insulating zones (20, 21) arranged to prevent a short circuit between individual electrodes on one side of the membrane.    ADVANTAGE -   The cell has high output voltage, is of very simple construction and can be made cost-effectively.
Prodn. of tenside-stabilised colloids (I) of mono- and bimetals of Gps. VIII and Ib having particle sizes of 1-10 nm, comprises: (a) reacting metal salt with chemical redn. agents (II) in the presence of strongly hydrophilic tensides (III); (b) opt. with addn. of alkali carbonates and/or ammonium chloride; and (c) isolating the precursors from the solns. at greater than 100 mg atom metal/l. (II) are e.g. hydrides, hydrogen or alkali formates. (III) are amphiphilic betaines, cationic tensides, fatty alcohol polyglycol ethers, polyoxyethylene-carbohydrate-fatty alkylesters and/or anionic tensides and/or amphiphilic sugar tensides. The reaction is at 0-100 C normal pressure in tetrahydrofuran (THF), alcohols or water. (I) are characterised by a surface area coverage of (III). Also claimed are carrier fixed heterogeneous metal colloid catalyst contg. the above materials.    USE -   (I) are useful for prodn. of metal colloid-heterogeneous catalysts by adsorption from aq. soln. onto inorganic or organic carrier materials (claimed). Platinum-activated carbon, palladium-carbon and palladium/platinum-carbon catalysts obtd. as above are useful for partial oxidn. of prim. alcohol functionalities in carbohydrates (claimed). Palladium colloid-activated-carbon and palladium-colloid-calcium carbonate catalysts are useful for selective cis-hydrogenation of -C=C- (claimed). Ruthenium-lanthanoid oxide-heterogeneous catalysts are useful for selective hydrogenation of benzene to cyclohexene (claimed). The catalysts are also useful as electrocatalysts for fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The prods. are long-term stable in water and have solubilities as high as 450 mg atom metal/l water (in examples) and the process is economical, compared to traditional in-situ methods.
The solar cell is made by forming a Cu-In-Se plating layer on an electroconductive film formed on a substrate. The plating liq. comprises dispersed Se-particles in a soln. contg. Cu ions and In-ions. Heat treating the plating layer converts it into a Cu-In-Se alloy film, in which an organic acid capable of forming complex ions of Cu and In is added to the plating soln..    USE -   Used for making thin film solar cells having an absorption layer of cpd. semiconductors contg. IB, IIIB, and VIB gp. elements.
The fuel reformer comprises: (a) a combustion part for producing a heat source gas by burning a combustion agent together with an oxygen-rich combustion improver gas; (b) a vaporiser part for heating and vaporising a reforming liq. fuel, consisting of a hydrocarbon or alcohol and water, using the hot source gas to produce a reforming raw material gas; and (c) a reforming part for converting the reforming raw material gas from the vaporiser part to a hydrogen-rich reformed gas, by steam reforming in the presence of a reforming catalyst. The reformer has: (i) a means of detecting the temp. of the reforming part; (ii) a means of electrically heating the reforming part when the temp. detected by the reforming temp. detecting means is lower than a given temp.; (iii) a means of detecting the temp. of the vaporiser; and (iv) a means of controlling the supply amts. of the combustion agent and combustion improver gas to the combustion part, so that the temp. of the vaporiser is kept in a range sufficiently higher than a given temp..    USE -   The fuel reformer is used in a fuel cell generator.    ADVANTAGE -   The fuel reformer can be downsized.
A patterning laser beam is scanned along the film substrate's surface on one feed roller of a substrate feeder.    ADVANTAGE -   Because no patterning stage is needed, the cost of patterning can be minimised.
Water-soluble noble metal catalyst precursor comprises a carboxylic acid in combination with a noble metal compsn. selected from Pd, Pt, Rh and their oxides.    Also claimed are: (a) noble metal catalyst prepn. comprising a dilute aq. soln. of an -hydroxy carboxylic acid in combination with a noble metal compsn. selected from Pd, Pt, Rh and their oxides; (b) prepn. of the water-soluble noble metal catalyst precursor; (c) water-soluble noble metal catalyst precursor comprising lactic acid in combination with a noble metal compsn. selected from Pd, Pt, Rh and their oxides; and (d) noble metal catalyst precursor comprising the reaction prod. of an -hydroxy carboxylic acid and an aq. noble metal selected from Pd, Pt, Rh or its oxides.    USE -   The resulting catalysts are suitable as automotive catalysts, stationary pollution abatement catalysts, hydrocracking catalysts and for use in fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -    The new water-soluble catalyst precursors when subjected to thermolysis do not release NOx , chloride or SOx. (Reissue of the entry advised in week 9622 based on complete specification)
The use of a fuel cell in an industrial hydrogenation process that is net hydrogen-consuming is claimed.    USE -   Used in the hydrogenation of nitrogen oxides to hydroxylamine, the hydrogenation of nitriles to amines or aldehydes and ketones to alcohols, the hydrogenation of aromatic cpds. to cycloaliphatic cpds. and the hydrogenation of unsatd. hydrocarbons (all claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   The use of a fuel cell allows H2 in the drain-gas flow to be converted directly to electric current and is more energy-efficient and safer than combustion. The optimum H2 partial pressure may be used in the hydrogenation process. This partial pressure is higher than that used in the prior art processes, where drain gas processability must be considered, increasing the hydrogenation reaction rate and prodn. capacity of a reactor of a given size.
The ion-conductive polymer contains covalently bound ion complexes of one of the formulae (Ia)-(Ic). In the formulae: M+ = H+, Li+, Na+ or K+; m = 0-4; m' = 0-7; m'' = 0-8; R5 and R6 = H, 1-5C alkyl, opt. substd. phenyl, phenylcarbonyl or 1-6C alkanoyl; R7 = H, 1-5C alkyl, 2-5C alkenyl or alkynyl, or substd. phenyl; R is: (i) halogen, -CO-O-, -CO-O-M+ or -SO2-O-M+, cyano, nitro, 1-5C alkoxy, opt. substd. phenyl or substd. phenoxy, -CONR5R6, -NR5R6, -N(R5)-CO-R7, R7-CO-, R7-O-CO-, R7-CO-O-, R7-O-CO-O-, cycloheptatrienyl; or (ii) an ion complex as (Ia)-(Ic) above, provided the R gp. in the second ion complex is not a further ion complex; or (iii) 2 R gps. bound to 2 adjacent C-atoms may together form a divalent, 3-8C aliphatic or alicyclic gp. having at least C=C double bonds, carbonyloxycarbonyl, carbonylthiocarbonyl, -CO-N(R7)-CO-; and a = either a direct bond to the polymer backbone or a bond through an intervening gp..    Also claimed are: (1) an electrochemical battery comprising as the electrolyte a polymer as above; and (2) a proton exchange membrane fuel cell comprising as the electrolyte a polymer as above in which M+ = H+.    USE -   The polymer is used as an electrolyte in electrochemical devices, e.g. fuel cells (claimed) and rechargeable batteries (claimed) for mobile telephones, portable music and video systems, video camcorders, laptop computers, etc.    ADVANTAGE -   The polymer has the high ionic conductivity required for batteries and fuel cells.
Cell has an amorphous-Si hydride type thin film, a p-layer made of amorphous-SiC hydride and an amorphous-SiGe hydride, and 1 pair of pin junction of i-layer and n-layer. The p-layer uses Si thin film contg. 13% of bond water and p-type fine crystal phase having 65-92 vol.% of bulk structure.    USE -   The cell is suitable for home use device    ADVANTAGE -   The cell has improved photoelectric transfer efficiency and lower prodn. cost.
The method involves decomposing a compound gas onto an amorphous semiconductor layer. The layer is deposited on a substrate (3) by plasma chemical vapour deposition or a hot wire chemical vapour deposition.    An hydrogen atom and tungsten coating are introduced into the amorphous semiconductor layer by repeatedly using a diamond coated heat filament (7) as a heat source.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves quality. Improves stability of film. Enables simplified composition.
A cell stack tightened with small-size plates is placed in a space between large-size plates (1, 1') via elastic material like a coil spring (11) or a rubber bush. The top large-size plate (1) is fastened with the bottom large-size (1') using bolts and nuts at four corners while displacement of the cell stack is moderately absorbed by the elastic material.    ADVANTAGE -   The cell stack is fastened by uniform fastening force, keeping proton conductivity between catalyst electrode and high-molecule electrolyte layers.
One of a pair of gas passageway members (G) in a fuel cell is pressed toward a cell integrator (NC) by a pressing member (14). The pressing member (14) undergoes press-back force to the cell integrator (NC) using an energiser (H), while allowing the pressing member (14) to move toward the direction away from the cell integrator (NC). The other of a pair of gas passageway parts (G) is held by a stopper (13) for blocking movement toward the energiser (H).    ADVANTAGE -   Air tightness in a junction is maintained under increased temps..
An exhausted cathode gas is returned to an inlet of cathode gas passage (5) via a return flow path (23) for reuse of the cathode gas, while keeping a required volume of cathode gas. Coolant is supplied to a passage located between mono-cells, to cool a stack.    ADVANTAGE -   The remaining carbon dioxide in the cathode exhausted gas is reused in the cathode, permitting use of hydrogen as fuel gas.
Hydrogen (10a) generated by thermochemical reaction (100) using reactive metal like aluminium and magnesium (9) and water (2), together with oxygen with its density increased by an air compressor, is supplied to a fuel cell (72) for power generation.    USE -   Using hydrogen by thermochemical reaction, power is directly generated through a hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell.
A hydrogen occluded alloy container with one or more hydrogen occluded alloy tank (11) includes partially a heating element (5) which heats up by the chemical reacton such as metal powders reacted with air for prodn. of oxidant heat or acidic soln. blended with alkaline soln. for prodn. of neutralisation heat.    ADVANTAGE -   Hydrogen occluded alloy discharges hydrogen gas stably at low temps. in start-up for power generation of a fuel cell.
A pulse laser beam having a wavelength up to 400 nm is made into a large area or longer length with a beam expander (2), and is radiated onto the combined film (11) composed of light transmissive electroconductive film and metallic electroconductive film. The pulse laser beam is collected into a linear pulse beam by a cylindrical lens (4) to form one or more grooves (5).    USE -   Used for pulse laser beam working, for mfg. solar cells.
The board (s') arranges a fixed and mobile metal moulds. Resin composed material is poured into this arrangement, by injecting moulding technique. The mobile metal die is detached and the product is subjected to shaping process. A solar battery (2) is inserted into the product.    Then, the mobile metal die is attached to the fixed die. Again, transparent resin composed material is poured by injection moulding. The mobile metal die is removed followed by shaping process.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves watertight nature and water resistance characteristics. Realizes high economical value.
The solar battery comprises a positive electrode which has a heterocyclic ring compound polymerization film.     The film is formed with TiO2through solid or liquid state electrolyte.    ADVANTAGE -    Controls generation of discharge such as CO2, nitrogen oxide and sulphur oxide.
The fuel supply device supplies hydrogen gas to a fuel battery. Methanol from a methanol tank (26) and water from a water tank (30) are supplied to a quality change device (20). The quality change device forms the hydrogen gas with the steam mixture. The hydrogen gas with steam is then supplied to a buffer tank (18).    The buffer tank regulates the quantity of steam mixture in hydrogen gas by controlling the temperature of the hydrogen gas. The hydrogen gas with adjusted steam mixture is then supplied to a PEFC (12) through a hydrogen gas supply pipe line (16).    ADVANTAGE -   Stabilises output of fuel battery. Avoids use of humidifier. Sets fuel battery in suitable moist state. Enables simplified composition. Prevents obstruction of electrode in battery.
The fuel battery consists of a fuel pole (7) and an air pole (8) and an electrolyte impregnation board is provided in between them. Two or more air-passage slots (11) are formed on the surfaces of a separator (10) which lets fuel or air to pass to the other side. Two poles are positioned so that the air passage slots are mutually perpendicular to each other.    Between the fuel and air poles, multiple cells supporting a porous board which impregnates an electrolyte, are layered through the separator and a stacked cell structure of rectangular parallelepiped shape is formed. The side edge part parallel to the air-passage slot, connects a manifold which supplies fuel or air to the air passage slot. A gasket (16) or a sealing agent (14) is interposed between the electrolyte impregnation board and the separator. The air passage slot and a parallel conducting slot (15) are provided at the sealing surface of each separator. The outer side of each manifold provides opening for both ends of the conducting slot.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents leakage of gas. Avoids burning of stacked cell structure. Improves gas sealing efficiency.
The material of fuel battery has a carbonic acid lithium and a composite oxide which contains iron and nickel as a main component. An alcoholic solution of oxalic acid of twice the quantity is used to produce the atom of iron and Ni in the ratio of 0.1-2.5    ADVANTAGE -   Increases endurance of separator. Surpasses electrical conductivity and salt corrosion resistance.
The cooling tube has multiple kinds of quality of the materials, where thermal expansion is differed.    The stainless steel or high nickel group alloy of phosphoric acid proof nature are used in the external layer of the ferrite layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves phosphoric acid proof nature. Improves stress corrosion crack and phosphoric acid etching sharply.
The fuel battery has a multilayer body (1) which is formed by impregnating an electrolyte and a pair of porous electrode in an electrolyte layer. Gas supply manifold and gas discharge manifold are positioned on the side of the multilayer body. A cooling board (4) for every cell (2) is formed inside the multilayer body, cooling water supply manifold (9) and cooling water discharge manifold (10).    The cooling water entrance side of heat transfer tubes (3a-3c) are embedded in the central part of the cooling board.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents shortening life time of fuel battery by drying electrolyte. Recovers phosphoric acid in central part of cell.
The method involves arranging a metal coil (201) in the central part of an electrolyte matrix (31). The electrolyte matrix is positioned at the boundary of a single cell (2) which also has a fuel pole (26) and an oxidising agent electrolyte (46). A manifold (11) for a stack (115) is formed by layering a separator board which forms a gas flow path. A wet sealing part (6) is provided with a fuel side (6a) and an oxidising agent side (6b.    Al is sprayed either on the surface of the wet sealing part or on the sealing surface of the manifold, and this forms an Al sprayed layer (103). A paint which contains Al is applied over the Al sprayed layer and an Al paint layer (108) is formed. Then heat treatment is carried out followed by drying and baking which results formation of Al diffusion layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents crack produced on electrolyte matrix. Improves internal manifold sealing. Increases corrosion resistance. Provides stable performance for long time period. Controls deposition of nickel particles. Provides high mechanical reliability. Controls creeping of oxidising agent electrode at time of temperature rise.
The device (32) consists of an air compressor (18) rotate by a gas turbine (17). Compressed air (7) is supplied to a cathode pole (S) of a fuel battery (1). The water recovery processing device recovers water contained in a modifier exhaust gas (10a) from combustion side of a modifier (10). Exhaust gas from a turnbine is fed to a boiler (27) through a water purifying device (26).    The exhaust gas is stored in a receptacle main part (34) of a heat exchange unit (35). A carbondioxide extraction mouth (37) introduces carbondioxide (24) through a mist splitter (36) for the purpose of condensation. A condensation splitter (33) consists of an air blowing in nozzle (39) arranged between the bottom surface of a wire mesh (38) and a water saving surface (23a).    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces size of device. Increases operational efficiency.
The fuel battery has a separator (1) which supplies gas and a stack (4) consists of an electricity generation object. The separator consists of a fuel gas supply slot (22) and an oxidising agent gas supply slot (33). A humidification water supply header (25), a humidification water coupling (26) for fuel gas humidification and a humidification water supply header (35) for humidity oxidising agent gas are provided in the separator.    Mixing of the fuel gas and the oxidising gas with water is performed by applying moisture to each gas supply slot of the separator. The gas and the water mixture are supplied to the electricity generation object at the same time.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids need for using receptacle for humidification. Provides compact battery by using thin piping. Improves battery efficiency. Avoids need for heater power.
The fuel battery system consists of a modifier (2) which changes the ingredients of a material gas into a gas containing hydrogen as the main ingredient. The gas from the modifier is supplied through a fuel battery (1) which generates electricity. A cooling air supply unit (5) supplies cooled air to the fuel battery.    An air exhausting heating unit (4) is set-up to heat the exhaust gas coming out of the fuel battery. The heated gas is then supplied to a heat exchanger (3). The heat exchanger generates steam by using the heated exhaust gas obtained from the air exhausting heating unit. The steam generated by the heat exchanger is then supplied to the modifier for obtaining a gas having hydrogen as the main ingredient.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides compact system. Improves tracking nature of load. Improves efficiency.
The method involves an electrolyte matrix (30) formed by a fuel gas side electrode (23) and an oxidising agent gas side electrode (20). The fuel gas and oxidising agent gas are circulated within the cells through a bipolar board (1). A fuel gas supply and exhaust valve connected to the cell regulates the supply and exhaust of the gases. The gas are sealed by the fuel electrode side, bipolar board, an electrode circumference sealing part (16) and a fuel gas sealing part.    The electrode circumference sealing part and the oxidising agent gas sealing part are separated by a set of corrugated type recesses (19, 23). The oxidising agent electrode side, electrode circumference sealing part and oxidising gas sealing part are connected together.    ADVANTAGE -   Seals gases stably. Prevents fracture of electrolyte matrix. Increases life span of battery. Prevents leakage of gas. Increases stability of battery.
The battery consists of multiple solid state electrolytes (1,1a). The gap between the solid state electrolyte is formed by an electrode.    The mixture which contains the material of solid state electrolyte and the material of the electrode is positioned in the gap.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves productivity. Reduces stress produces between electrode and solid state electrolyte. Provides electrode without bend. Provides good characteristics. Enables mass production.
A shell catalyst (I) contains (A) one or more metals of Gp. VIII and/or IB on (B) a powder or formed support, these metals being in finely divided form within a shell 1200 (pref. not more than 100) nm thick, with crystallite sizes of 10 (pref. &lt; 3) nm, in concns. of 0.05-35 wt.% w.r.t. dry wt. of catalyst.    Also claimed is (i) a process for the prodn. of (I) by coating the support with aq. solns. of 1 preformed, mono- or bi-metallic colloids of the above catalyst metals, stabilised with strongly hydrophilic surfactants; (ii) an electro-catalyst contg Gp. VIII metal(s) on a conductive support, obtd. by coating the support as above.    USE -   Used (i) for the hydrogenation or oxidn. of single and/or conjugated double bonds not forming part of an aromatic system, and of carbonyl cpds., carboxylic acids and derivs., and unsatd. C-N cpds., (ii) for the redn. of N-O cpds., (iii) for the hydrogenolysis of C-O and C-X cpds. (X = F, Cl Br or I) and (iv) as electro-catalysts in fuel cells (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   Provides shell catalysts in which the catalyst metals are easily accessible, enabling high activity in various reactions as above. In addn., the method of prodn. of (I) overcomes the disadvantages of prior-art processes by enabling the prodn. of shells with a higher concn. of the catalyst metal from more concd., stabilised colloidal solns.
Photoconductor comprises material selected from fullerene(s) and deriv(s). with amorphous structure. Also claimed are a method of producing the photoconductor and the prods. obtd..    USE -   The photoconductor is used as charge generating layer in a photoreceptor also having a charge transport layer (claimed), e.g. for electrophotographic copiers and printers, holographic equipment, photoconductive toners, resists, optical memories, photo-sensors, photo-gating switches, photo-modulators and solar cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The photoconductor has high charge generating capacity when exposed to light.
A semiconductor device has a substrate bearing a mixt. of a metal (2a) and a semiconductor (2b), the semiconductor being soluble in the metal at below the substrate softening point and heat treatment being carried out to form crystalline laterally extended grains of the semiconductor material in the mixt. Also claimed is a process for prodn. of the above device.    USE -   For a solar cell or flat display screen (claimed), esp. for a polycrystalline silicon thin film solar cell.    ADVANTAGE -   The semiconductor material quality is improved, while allowing use of an inexpensive substrate having a temp. resistance below 650 C.
Multilayer interconnection incorporates a metal wiring which is made of a first metal (2) contg. Al or an alloy of Al. An electrically conductive oxide of Sn or In comprising a second metal (5) is formed on the first metal. A transparent electrically conductive film (4) is wired on to the second metal.    USE -   The multilayer interconnection is used for a solar battery of a display device, video appts, etc.    ADVANTAGE -   Obtains stable low contact resistance of second metal.
A process for thin film formation comprises evaporating or sublimating components of the film from independent vapour deposition sources and evaporating or sublimating at least one of the components into a vacuum chamber from at least two vapour deposition sources to deposit it on a substrate.    USE -   It is used in high efficiency thin film solar battery.    ADVANTAGE -   The film has good controllability of composition and high reproducibility.
A portable fuel cell comprises a cell stack (3) made of layered power generating cells (40), a recovery manifold (5) located at the bottom of the cell stack (3) to recover exhaust gas including the unreacted H2and an exhaust gas feed-out tube (14) from the recovery manifold (5) to a catalyst burner (13). Moisture absorbing material (62) is laid on the inside of the manifold (5) to absorb moisture in exhaust gas at start-up when a temp is low.    ADVANTAGE -    Moisture accumulated in the manifold will not pass into the gas feed-out tube, supplying H2.
In a fuel cell power plant comprising a reformer (13) to generate fuel gas, a burner (15) to heat the reformer (13), a fuel cell (10) to generate electric energy and a unit for substituting the fuel and oxidant gas for inactive gas, a heater is provided for heating the inactive gas to be supplied to the fuel cell (10).    ADVANTAGE -   Supplying the heated inactive gas to the fuel cell keeps the temp. of the fuel cell, preventing a drop of voltage.
Natural and propane gas lines are connected to fuel supply lines of pilot and start burners (17, 11a) via a selector. Fuel supply lines include solenoid valves and adjustable orifices to switch the natural to the liquefied propane gas supplying line if a pres. of the natural gas has dropped.    ADVANTAGE -   A temp. of the reformer can increase at the optimum temp. rise time.
A fuel cell comprises a flat electrolyte plate (t), a flat anode (a) and cathode (c) an conductive separator boards (22). The separator boards (22) contain a first anode gas passage (26) for flowing anode gas including hydrogen, second anode gas passages (32) for introduction of anode gas to the centre of the first anode gas passage (26) and a cathode gas passage (27) for flowing cathode gas including carbon dioxide and oxygen.    ADVANTAGE -   An excessive reaction heat due to diluted anode gas is prevented, decreasing a temp. at the cathode area and increasing the cell life.
The power supply system uses a fuel cell for generating power by receiving hydrogen from a hydrogen storage alloy. An objective device receiving emergency power is cooled, using cold observed in releasing the hydrogen from the hydrogen storage alloy.    USE -   The power supply system for emergency supplies power to the objective device on commercial power interruption.    ADVANTAGE -   The hydrogen from the hydrogen storage alloy is used for power generation for the fuel cell. The cold released from the hydrogen is used for cooling the objective device. The power supply system simultaneously uses the two functions exerted by the hydrogen storage alloy, efficiently providing power supply for emergency and preventing the objective device from thermorunaway.
A new deuterium producing plant comprises: a pure water producing apparatus; an electrolysis apparatus in which pure water is electrolysed to produce O2 gas and a mixed gas contg. H2 and D2 ; a gas separating apparatus where the mixed gas is separated into H2 and D2 ; and a fuel cell where the separated H2 gas and the O2gas are reacted to generate electricity and heat.    USE -   For producing a large amt. of deuterium.    ADVANTAGE -    By-produced H2 and O2are recovered as heat or electrical energy so that the new plant has a higher energy efficiency.
The appts. for producing heavy water consists of an appts. for producing pure water from source water, electrolysis equipment for electrolysing the obtd. pure water to oxygen and a gas mixt. of hydrogen and heavy hydrogen, a separator for separating the gas mixt. to hydrogen and heavy hydrogen, a fuel cell for reacting the heavy hydrogen obtd. with the separator and the oxygen obtained with the electrolysis equipment to obtain heavy water and at the same time for recovering energy in the form of electricity, and a fuel cell for reacting the hydrogen obtained with the separator and the oxygen obtained with the electrolysis equipment to recover energy in the form of electricity and heat.    The appts. for producing pure water pref. employs one or a combination of methods of evaporation (multi-flash evaporator or multiple effect evaporator), reverse osmosis, ion-exchange and electrodialysis.    ADVANTAGE -   Heavy water can be obtd. efficiently on a large scale.
A gas flame tube is inserted into a double reaction barrel and connected to a burner.    ADVANTAGE -   Reaction for reforming fuel gas can be accelerated.
The appts. comprises an electrolyte tank, an H2 dissociation catalyst at the anode, a hydrogen recombining catalyst at the cathode, a means to apply a DC voltage between the electrodes, a means to circulate H2 from the cathode to the anode, a heat absorber adjoining the outer wall of the anode, and a heat dissipator at the outer wall of the cathode. The dissociation catalyst and recombination catalyst are Pt black or hydrogenase.    USE -   For vehicles and houses.    ADVANTAGE -   Improved working lifetime, as there are no moving parts, reducing maintenance. More efficient thermoelectric conversion than a Peltier element. The appts. is simpler and more compact.
The electrolytic tank positions both the anode and cathode. Hydrogen is supplied to the anode and oxygen is supplied to the cathode, by the respective supply devices. The power generator circuit connects the electrodes. A heat operation stage is used for dissociation and ionisation heat absorption of hydrogen molecules, at a part close to the anode of the electrolytic tank outer wall surface.    USE -   Endothermic reaction in the anode of the fuel cell which uses hydrogen as fuel, is used as a 'cold-heat' generation source. Freezing appts. operates with power generation from the fuel cell.    ADVANTAGE -   Coolant compressor is not required. No unwanted sound or vibration is generated. Appts. life is extended. The structure is simplified for industrial use.
The molten carbonate fuel cell contains a hydrocarbon fuel reforming catalyst which is obtd. by reducing a precursor obtd. by: (i) intimately mixing a Feitnecht cpd. of formula Mex 2+ Mey 3+ (OH- )2x+3y-2zA2- z.nH2 O with a non-calcined alumino-silicate clay, where Mex 2+ = Ni2+ , Me3+ = Al3+ and/or Cr3+ , A2-= a divalent or two monovalent anions, x/y = 1.5-4/1, z/x + y = 0.05-2 and n/x + y = 0.25-1.0; (ii) adding a stabilising additive for reducing Si species loss comprising an alkaline earth and/or rare earth cpd., and opt. an alkali metal cpd.; and (iii) calcining.    ADVANTAGE -   The catalyst maintains activity for prolonged periods under cell operating conditions.
Photovoltaic solar module is used as a cladding panel or roofing element. Its outer sheet faces the incident light with a second sheet behind, forming an interspace. These are held apart by an all-round edge seal, and between them solar cells embedded in e.g. sheets of cast resin have a novel conductor system, allowing adjacent solar cells to make connection (8,10) at their edges.    Connecting terminals (2,4), which may be a plug and socket arrangement are also brought out for the main circuit. The covering sheets are pref. silicate glass, esp. white glass. The embedding material for the solar cells is pref. polyvinylbutyral (PVB), ethylenevinylacetate (EVA) or a monomer mixture based on an acrylate.    USE -   To make an edge connecting photovoltaic solar module, with a transparent enclosure and suitably sealed electrical connections.    ADVANTAGE -   The electrical connections are positively made with good mechanical stability. Fault free electrical contact is realised. The system is easily installed by the unfamiliar, and can resist rough handling. Units connect edge to edge together for smooth appearance. A diode may be included to bypass faulty panels automatically.
The appts has a base (1) with an exhaust tube (3) and a gas introduction pipe (4). A bell like jar (2) is installed on the base through a pair of rings (7). A pair of valves (5,6) are provided for the exhaust tube and the gas introduction pipe, respectively. A thin film solar battery to be processed and Se powder are placed inside the recess at a lower heating jig (11). The lower heating jig has a heater and a temperature sensor that is provided inside the bell like jar at its lower part. An upper heating jig (21) with a heater and a temperature sensor is set up on the lower heating jig.    The lower and upper heating jig are surrounded by a pair of thermal insulation boards (19,29) respectively. A pair of struts inside the jar support the base. A pair of support parts (32) provided at the lower part of a support board (33) supports the upper heating jig. A pair of support boards (41,42) are mounted between the struts such that it supports a screw shaft (34). A rotary shaft (45) is provided with a pair of bevel gears (46,47) and a handle (49). Thus the upper heating jig is vertically moved from exterior, by operating the handle. Both the upper and lower heating jigs are heated by the heater. A CuInSe alloy is formed by the reaction of Se with thin film solar battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces amount of Se to be used. Provides air tight space between upper and lower heating jig thereby promoting chemical reaction fully. Performs heat treatment at vacuum thereby avoiding usage of Ar gas. Reduces heat consumption.
A conductive intermediate layer for preventing reaction of Mo and Se is arranged between Mo conductive Cu-In-Se alloy layer.    USE -   Thin film solar battery having CuInSe2 as an absorption layer is provided.    ADVANTAGE -   Reaction of Mo and Se can be controlled and sepn. of Cu-In-Se layer can be prevented.
The generator comprises a carbon monoxide removal system formed into partitioned reaction sections, each of which having a catalytic layer to carry or fill oxidising catalyst.    ADVANTAGE -   The concn. of carbon monoxide in hydrogen enriched fuel gas supplied to fuel cells is reduced to 10 ppm. or less.
The generator comprises a temp. control means to keep the temp. of cooling water in an active temp. zone, for selective oxidising catalyst used for carbon monoxide oxidn. and removal.    ADVANTAGE -   The concn. of carbon monoxide in hydrogen enriched fuel gas supplied to fuel cells is reduced to 10 ppm. or less.
In the fuel-cell (1) there is a chromium-bearing connection element (3) connected between the cathode (2c) of an electrochemical plate (2) to the PEN-anode (2a) of a corresponding electrochemical plate (2) in a neighbouring cell. This acts as a current collector, temperature equaliser and heat exchanger to warm the air (35a,33a) for the cathode reaction. The free area of the connection plate (3) that comes into contact with the heated air (33a) has a ceramic covering layer (8) that acts as a barrier to chromium-oxide at the working temperature. This reduces the transportation of gaseous chromium-oxide and prevents the damage caused by deposition of chromium-oxide.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces the damage caused by the transportation and deposition of chromium-oxide in the fuel-cell.
Integrated fuel processing appts. for a fuel cell power plant has a containment vessel with a cylindrical shell (12). The vessel is divided by a plate (18) into an upper gas reformer portion (16) and a lower shift converter portion (54) with a burner (32) discharging combustion gas into the upper portion. A number of reactor tubes (20) contg. catalyst provide heat exchange to the combustion gas and form a process gas flow-path through the tubes. After heat exchange with the tubes the combustion gas passes to an outlet plenum (36) above the dividing plate and a combustion gas outlet (40). A process gas reactor outlet plenum (52) is located below the dividing plate and is connected to reactor outlet tubes (26) which pass from the reactor tubes through the combustion gas outlet plenum and the dividing plate. A shift converter (56) contg. a bed of catalyst (58) receives process gas from the process gas outlet plenum and passes it to a process gas outlet line (68).    USE -   Fuel processor is used for a fuel cell power plant.    ADVANTAGE -   The integrated unit combines multiple components within a single vessel to provide a lower cost assembly with a smaller footprint and volume. It also decreases the external piping and lowers heat loss.
Feed distribution of cathode gas at a high temp. part in a cell surface is higher than that at a low temp. part. Pref. fill amt. of catalyst on the fuel gas outlet side is higher than that on the fuel gas inlet side and a cathode gas flow rate in cell surface on the anode gas flow passage outlet side is higher than that on the anode gas flow passage inlet side.    ADVANTAGE -   Unevenness in temp. distribution does not occur and an increased life is provided for battery.
A CO removing device (34) to remove CO in H2-rich fuel gas by oxidn. comprises: (a) first reaction part (40) arranged on the upstream side of the fuel gas, having selective oxidn. catalyst carrying pts. (44) and cooling layers (46) to cool the selective oxidn. catalyst carrying pts. (44) so as to keep within the active temp. range; (b) second reaction pt. (42) arranged in series with the first reaction pt. (40) on the downstream side of the fuel gas, having combustion catalyst carrying pts. (48) and cooling layers (50) to cool the combustion catalyst carrying parts (48) so as to keep within the active temp. range; (c) an oxidising agent supply device to supply the oxidising agent to the first and/or second reaction pts.; (d) fuel gas switching unit; (e) temp. detectors (68), (70) provided in the first and second reaction parts; and (f) control device.    USE -   Used to remove CO in the H2-rich gas to be supplied to a fuel cell which operates at lower temps..    ADVANTAGE -   The concn. of the CO2 in H2-rich fuel gas to be supplied to a fuel cell can be reduced exactly down to 100ppm.
The solar battery has a first electrode layer (2), a photoelectric conversion semiconductor layer (3) and a transparent second electrode layer (4) which are layered sequentially onto a flexible substrate (1). An adhesive agent layer (72) is formed over a moisture prevention film (82). An optical dispersion polymer film (6) is inserted between the transparent second electrode layer and the transparent moisture prevention film (81).    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces surface reflection factor. Excels in productivity. Improves photoelectric conversion efficiency.
The mfg. method involves coating the surface of a polysilicon substrate (11) with liq. photosensitive resin. A mask (81) is set up at predetermined portions on the surface of the resin corresponding to a slot or recess to be formed in the substrate. Etching is performed on the resin to form an opening part (82). A number of grinding particles (24) are injected into the opening part onto the surface of the substrate to perform air blasting.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves short circuit current. Increases mass production nature and hence reduces cost. Improves photo electric conversion efficiency. Reduces processing time by forming many slots simultaneously.
The mfg method involves forming a transparent electrically conducting film (21-24), an amorphous silicon layer (31-34) and a back side electrode (41-44) sequentially on surface of a transparent substrate (1). A pulse laser light is irradiated after forming the backside electrode. The quality change of the amorphous silicon layer is carried out and conducting layers (31b-33b) is formed between the electrically conducting film and the back side electrode. Hence, an electric contact is carried out between the electrically conducting film and back side electrode and suppresses any overlap in conducting portion as much as possible.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies mfg processes. Enables production of efficiency solar battery.
The element consists of a P type CuIn sulphur object layer (3) on which a N type semiconductor layer is set up through an interface layer (4). The semiconductor layer consists of IIb group element. The interface layer consists of Ib, IIIb and halogen elements such as S, Se, Te of the periodic table.    A compound layer of the interface layer has a mole ratio of IIIb group elements to that of Ib group elements which is higher than that of mole ratio of In and Cu of CuIn sulphur object layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Controls deactivation by recombination of electron hole generated by optical irradiation. Improves conversion efficiency.
The battery is formed from a compound semiconductor which comprises a mesa isolated type light receiving part (A) set up on a n type GaAs layer (12). The light receiving part is composed of a p type GaAs layer (13) and a window layer (14), upper surface of pn junction part of the mesa structure is hidden by the film (15) made up of either As2 S3or selenium compound.    ADVANTAGE -   Realizes higher reliability. Raises quantum efficiency.
Fused carbonate fuel cell comprises a flat electrolyte plate (t), flat anode (a) and cathode (c), an anode and conductive separator boards (22). The separator boards (22) include an anode gas passage (26), a cathode gas passage (27) and an air introduction passage (32), to reduce the max. temp of cathode gas.    ADVANTAGE -   Temp. at the outlet of fuel cell is reduced while keeping temp. at the inlet, reducing the loss of electrolyte in high-temp. section.
During shut-down of a fused carbonate fuel cell, carbon dioxide density on the cathode-side exhaust gas line (4) and hydrogen density on the anode-side exhaust gas line (5) are detected. If the density of carbon dioxide or hydrogen is lower than specified, gas mainly contg. carbon dioxide or air or mainly contg. hydrogen is supplied to the gas inlet line on cathode or anode side (2,3) respectively.    ADVANTAGE -   Progress of deterioration due to minute internal short-circuit is prevented during shut-down of the fused carbonate fuel cell.
The load current and voltage of a fuel cell (10) are measured with a measuring device (16). Change of the measured current and voltage with elapse of the operation time is recorded for comparison with a change of the fuel cell (10) due to deterioration of catalyst to evaluate the state of the fuel cell (10). In accordance with the evaluation results, a flow of fuel or air is controlled through a flow controller (18).    USE -   For stabilising the characteristics of a fuel cell by controlling the reaction gas volume of fuel or oxidation agent to the optimum for conditions of the fuel cell.
The power generator comprises a gas separator for introducing a mix air of hydrogen and carbon dioxide from a reformer (10). A hydrogen return gas line (24) to the reformer (10) and a carbon dioxide supply line (25) to the inlet of a high-temp. blower (22) supply generated carbon dioxide directly to the cathode.    ADVANTAGE -   The time for supplying carbon dioxide is shortened, improving the restriction of a changing speed of load.
Fuel cell power generator (1) comprises a current reference meter (26), a regulator (28), a regulator (29) for output of a signal (2a), a controller (2) with a current detector (813) for output of a signal (813 a) and a power converter (7 A) for converting an output current (3a) to a constant value.    ADVANTAGE -   The power fed to a loading unit is increased using an output current from the fuel cell unit, while the max. output current is restricted.
Fuel cell power generator with a reformer (10), for reforming fuel gas (1) to anode gas (2), comprises a nitrogen gas supply line (53), a control valve (52) for a flow of nitrogen gas (51) and a sensor for measuring the temp. of a combustion room (Co) of the reformer (10).    USE -   For controlling temp. of the combustion room by controlling the flow of nitrogen gas.
In a fuel cell comprising an electrolytic layer, an electrode for a power generating layer and a collecting electrode (40) with a rib (42) for fuel passage. The contact face between the fuel in the passage (44) and the rib (42) has a non-flat shape to diffuse the fuel over the area by more than a specified distance from the edge of the contact face.    USE -   For improving diffusion of electrode fuel for increased serviceability of electrode and reducing contact resistance.
A spraying unit (20) sprays water droplets to a passage between the anode or cathode and a separator panel while anode gas (2) or cathode gas (3) passes through the cathode, to keep the anode, cathode and separator panel at 500 C and to evaporate the droplets by Leidenfrost method for cooling the fuel cell.    ADVANTAGE -   Heat of water is utilised to equalise a temp. of a cell, improving the cell performance.
A germanium substrate is polished and pickled prior to coating with gallium arsenide. Pickling is carried out using a 2-20% solution of ammonium fluoride and hydrofluoric acid.    After pickling the substrate is rinsed, possibly washed and dried. After pickling the surface is kept free from contact with oxygen.    USE -   Making solar cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The battery has a higher yield compared with one in which the substrate is coated without pickling the germanium surface.
Conductive paste comprises an epoxy resin having the mol. wt. &gt; 100, a silver powder whose ratio to the epoxy resin by wt. ranges from 4-10, and twofold or more of the min. amt. required to cure the epoxy resin of imidazole curing agent.    Also claimed is a method for formation of electrodes by mixing the silver powder with the epoxy resin above in the wt. ratio above, adding the imidazole curing agent to the epoxy resin in the addition amount of two fold or more of the minimum addition amount required to cure the epoxy resin, applying the conductive paste by screen printing and a heating to cure the conductive paste at 150-200 C. Also claimed is a solar battery having the electrodes formed in the above method for formation of electrodes above.    SE - To produce solar batteries, in particular, for mass prodn. of the electrodes at low prodn. cost.    ADVANTAGE -   Since using the conductive paste can form easily the electrodes for the solar batteries by screen printing process, it is suitable for mass production of the electrodes. Also soldering by reflow process with solder paste or by solder dipping process is possible. Since the curing agent to cure the epoxy resin is the imidazole curing agent, the pot life can be lengthened and therefore, a heating semi-cure state can be formed for a long time, so the electrodes can be more easily formed. Using this conductive paste can obtain sufficient tensile strength of terminals. The solar battery produced by using the conductive paste and the method for formation of electrodes can form ohmic contact and can prevent drop in photoelectric conversion efficiency.
The conductive ceramic comprises a perovskite complex oxide main crystalline phase having a metal element at least from a Gp. IIIa element, and at least one alkaline earth metal from Cr, Ca, Ba, Sr, or Mg, and 0.1-40 vol.% of a 2nd crystalline phase having at least one oxide from Ca, Ba, Sr, Mg, Y or rare earth element.    USE -   Used for solid electrolyte-type fuel battery cell separator, gas diffuser or interconnector.    ADVANTAGE -   High strength and a high mfg. yield are obtd..
The process consists of: (1) preparing fused alloy, (2) cooling under supercooling conditions, (3) extruding, and (4) sintering.    ADVANTAGE -   The process provides combined oxide having large specific surface area, and having wide usage field.
A porous substrate is immersed in zirconia suspended soln., dried and burned.    USE -   Used as a solid electrolyte in cells and sensors.
The appts. for supplying reforming raw material liquids of a methanol reformer for a fuel cell which steam-reforms methanol to supply hydrogen to a fuel cell where hydrogen and oxygen are electrochemically reacted, has a methanol storage tank, a reforming raw material liquid storage tank which is placed below the methanol storage tank and connected with the supply pipe of water discharged from the fuel cell and stores a liquid mixt. of methanol and water, and an inflow controller which is placed between the methanol storage tank and reforming raw material liquid storage tank and controls the amt. of methanol inflow from the methanol storage tank to the raw material liquid storage tank so that the mixing ratio of methanol and water becomes a given value.    ADVANTAGE -   The appts. can be used in cold places because the mixing ratio of methanol and water is controlled at a given value and the raw material liquid does not freeze. Also since water is circulated in the fuel cell system, the appts. can be downsized.
Membrane electrode composite comprises a membrane contg. a polymeric cation exchanger with carboxylic, phosphonic or sulphonic acid gps., which is soluble in a solvent, and finely-divided metals, catalysing the formation of water from H2 and O2, applied to at least one side of the membrane. The novelty is that the part of the membrane covered with metal is porous but contains no closed pores and the metal can also be present in the pores.    Also claimed is a method for making the composite. The membrane is provided with a porous surface by a phase inversion process; treated with a soln. of a reducing agent for H2PtCl6; rinsed to remove reducing agent adhering to the surface; and placed in H2PtCl6 soln., so that Pt is deposited on its surface. Alternatively, the membrane with the porous surface is (partly) converted to salt by treatment with an aq. soln. of a K, Rb, Cs or ammonium salt and then on at least one side with H2PtCl6 to deposit a hardly soluble hexachloroplatinate on the surface, then rinsed and treated with reducing agent, so that Pt is deposited on the surface as firmly adhering aggregates. The non-solvent used in the phase inversion stage is water, opt. mixed with a polar aprotic solvent, or an aliphatic alcohol. After treatment with the first solvent, electroconductive C, opt. charged with metal catalyst, may be applied before rinsing or spraying with a second solvent, which is miscible with the first solvent but is a non-solvent for the membrane.    USE -   The composite is used in electrochemical cells, esp. as membrane/electrode unit in fuel cells and electrolysers (all claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   The unit has very large catalyst/fuel gas and catalyst/electrolyte specific interfaces and can be made easily. It also has very high activity.
The method manufactures thin-film solar cells, wherein a layer of copper indium selenide (3) is applied in one manufacturing step on a structure which includes a metal layer (2) forming an electrical back contact in the solar cell.    The back contact is applied to a glass substrate (1). A layer (6) containing an alkali metal is formed on the structure prior to applying the copper indium selenide layer.    A cadmium sulphide layer (4) is applied to the copper indium selenide and a zinc oxide layer (5) applied on top. Electrical power is produced by sunlight falling on the cell between the electrical contact comprising the zinc oxide layer , and the electrical back contact metal layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Produces high efficiency solar cells.
The heat battery operates with an external thermal source. A terminal (2) is formed on a lithium heat source (4) and a DBE (5), then calcium (6) is deposited on top of the heat source (4). A collector (7) having a terminal line (3) id deposited on top of the calcium (6). The heat source (4) detects melting of lithium when temp. rises over 180C and the DBE is melted in a chain reaction to form electrolyte.
The method involves arranging a number of solar cells (2) which are surrounded by a sealing resin (3), on the surface of a flexible water-proof roofing base material (1). An adhesive agent (61) is bonded to the sealing resin, to a protective film (4) to form a solar roofing (10).    A number of surface protection boards are applied with another adhesive agent (62) such as a resin. These surface protection boards are attached to the solar roofing where the two adhesive agents are bonded with each other, by heat bonding. The refractive index of the resin is 20% within the limits of the refractive index of the surface protection board.    ADVANTAGE -   The battery reduces reflection loss, prevents invasion of moisture excellently, eases construction, offers inexpensive method by using cheap solar roof, and improves lifetime of solar battery.
The module (100) includes a thin film solar battery (103) surrounded by a filling agent (104). The solar battery along with a filling agent is provided between a transparent surface film (101) and a back side film (102). The terminations of the transparent surface film and backside film are bonded with a hot melting adhesive (105) at their end portions.    ADVANTAGE -   Offers solar battery module with good characteristics. Increases life time of battery. Improves reliability.
The solar battery includes a first electrode layer (2), a photoelectric conversion semiconductor layer (3) and a second electrode layer (4) which are layered sequentially on the surface of a flexible insulating substrate (1). A first moisture prevention film (71) is formed on the surface of the second electrode layer, through a first adhesive agent layer (61).    A second moisture prevention layer (72) is formed on the other surface of the substrate, through a second adhesive agent layer (62). Each adhesive agent layer comprises an acrylic resin film whose surface is hidden by a PVDF resin. An UV ray absorption agent is added to the acrylic resin.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves moisture resistance characteristics of solar battery. Offers damp proof and weather resistance of solar battery.
The solar battery includes a first electrode layer (2), a photoelectric conversion semiconductor layer (3) and a second electrode layer (4) which are formed sequentially on the surface of a flexible insulating substrate (1). A moisture prevention layer (71) is formed on the second electrode layer, through an adhesive agent layer (61). The adhesive agent layer consists of an adhesive agent such as hot melt type nylon-12.    ADVANTAGE -   Offers weather resistance to battery. Prevents moisture invasion. Increase life period of battery.
The solar battery unit (20) includes a transparent protection part (1) which encloses a photovoltaic element (2). The photovoltaic element converts the light of visual region wavelength into electricity. A number of uneven shaped parts (1a,1b) are formed on the surface of the transparent part, at the condensing surface side of the photovoltaic element. A pattern which forms a character and a picture pattern is positioned.    The transparent protection part is made up of a multi-layered body comprising a pair of transparent resin layers, whose material quality differs from each other. The first resin layer which is formed on the photovoltaic element, provides good electric insulation. The second resin layer which is formed on the first resin layer has good weather resistance.    ADVANTAGE -   Easy designing and display of various important patterns on outer surface of appts. is enabled. The wt. is reduced by providing compactness. The operativity is improved.
Mfg. process includes thermally decomposing an organo-cadmium sulphate complex body to form the CdS film.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves short circuit current density, release voltage, and curve factor characteristics.
The thin film comprises a P-type chalcopyrite-type cpd. layer (3) on which an N-type cpd. semiconductor layer (5) is set up. A chalcopyrite cpd. interface layer (4) is provided between these P-type and N-type layers. The P-type cpd. layer consists of Ib gp. or IIIb gp. elements and chalcogen elements, e.g. S, Se or Te with small molecular ratio. The N-type semiconductor layer consists of IIb and VIb gp. elements.    ADVANTAGE -   The recombination between P-type and N-type layers ia controlled. A high photoelectric conversion efficiency is obtd..
The mfg method involves using a CdS thin film (2) formed on a substrate (1). The surface of the CdS thin film is subjected to chemical processing. Then, a CdTe layer (4) comprising a Cd layer and Te layer, is formed on the surface of CdS thin film.    ADVANTAGE -   Offers high optical sensitivity in broad wave length domain. Produces high opening discharge pressure.
An ion conductive substance contg. an oxidn.-redn. seed is provided between two electrodes, at least one of which is a semiconductor. The ion conductive substance consists of a macromolecular solid electrolyte contg. a polymer obtd. from at least one cpd. selected from ester (meth)acryloyl carbamate of formula CH2 =CR1 -CO(OQ)2 -NHCOOR2 (1) or ester (meth)acryloyl oxyalkyl carbamate and/or a copolymer using the cpd. as a copolymerising component. R1 =H, or a methyl gp.; R2 =an organic chain contg. at least one oxyalkylene gp. The organic chain=straight chain, branched chain, or cyclic structure and may contain at least one element except carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; Q=consists of -(CH2 )x-, and -[CH(CH3)]y- (x and y = 0 or 1-5), and an alkylene gp. bonded in arbitrary order. x and y are not simultaneously 0; z = 0 or 1-10.    Also claimed is prodn. of a solar cell comprising: (a) providing a polymerising monomer mixt. contg. at least one cpd. mentioned above or the polymerising monomer mixt. contg. a plasticiser in a cell structure or placing the polymerising monomer mixt. or the polymerising monomer mixt. contg. the plasticiser on a support; and (b) polymerising.    ADVANTAGE -   The macromolecular solid electrolyte forms a thin film having good film strength and exerts high ion conductivity. There is no possibility of corrosion or liq. leakage, resulting in continuous and stable application. Mfr. is easy.
Solid polymeric fuel cell comprises a fuel cell laminate having unit cells provided with a manifold and a power generator via a conductive separator, and a device for clamping the fuel cell laminate. The device comprises a first means for clamping a manifold-existing region and a second means for clamping a power generating part-existing region.    USE -   For a solid polymeric fuel cell using a polymer ion exchange membrane as an electrolyte.    ADVANTAGE -   The fuel cell has improved sealing capacity and power generating efficiency, without increased weight.
The fuel cell power generation appts. comprises a fuel cell for generating power using an oxygen-contg. cathode gas and a hydrogen-contg. anode gas, a reformer for burning anode exhaust gas using cathode exhaust gas and reforming water steam-contg. fuel gas into the anode gas using generated heat, a circulation line for circulating partially the cathode exhaust gas to a cathode and a line for feeding cooling combustion exhaust gas from the reformer and feeding it to the circulation line, where heat exchange is effected between the anode gas discharged from the reformer and the combustion exhaust gas fed from a cooled gas feeding line for feeding the cooled combustion exhaust gas to the combustion chamber of the reformer in order to control temp. of the anode gas.    USE -   Used for generating power using a molten carbonate-type fuel cell.    ADVANTAGE -   The appts. can omit a fuel preheating means and a by-pass system.
A fuel cell power generation appts. comprises a circulation blower set parallel to a turbine compressor for compressing air, a circulation line for introducing dewatered combustion exhaust gas to the suction side of the circulation blower and a circulation gas flow amt. controlling valve installed in the circulation line.    USE -   Used for a fuel cell power generation appts. using a molten carbonate type fuel cell.    ADVANTAGE -   The appts. facilitates the cost redn., simplification and compactness the whole equipment.
A fuel changeover type fuel cell power generation system comprises a gas analyser for detecting the total amt. of carbon atoms contained in fuel fed to a reformer and a control means for changing a control mode in an ejector according to the detected total amt. when normal gas fuel is changed over to gas fuel for emergency, where mix of normal fuel gas and water steam mixed in the ejector is fed to the reformer in order to form hydrogen-rich gas. The hydrogen-rich gas is fed to a fuel cell body and the evaporated fuel gas for emergency is used when the normal fuel gas in interrupted.    USE -   Used in operating of a fuel cell body capable of using preliminary fuel.    ADVANTAGE -   The system can continue operating of a fuel cell body when normal feel gas is interrupted.
Process comprises measuring the O2 concn. of an anode exhaust line during operation, setting the value of the O2concn. within an explosion lower limit and stopping the operation of a generator in a range where the measured value does not exceed the set value.    ADVANTAGE -    The O2concn. of gas compsn. is measured and monitored for proper operation.
Electrolyte comprises soln. contg. phosphoric acid and an organic solvent impregnated into pores of a polymer porous film.    USE -   The cell is suitable for a car or smaller size cogeneration power plant.    ADVANTAGE -    The electrolyte contributes to prodn. of smaller size cell and squeezing prodn. costs. The cell has 0.18 W/cm2of output power density at 0.80V.
The fuel cell comprises a water passage formed in an electrolytic membrane ranging from one electrode side to the other electrode side, and an electrolytic shut-off layer formed between the electrolytic membrane and either one electrode to shut off the water passage.    ADVANTAGE -   The electrolytic membrane is prevented from damage and fuel gas is humidified.
Formation of a phosphorus-contg. titanium oxide film comprises: (a) supplying titanium cpd. and phosphorus cpd. under a gas state on the surface of a substrate heated to a predetermined temp.; and (b) forming phosphorus-contg. titanium oxide film consisting of a reactant of the titanium cpd. and the phosphorus cpd.. Prodn. of a solar battery comprises: (a) forming irregularities having a predetermined difference in their height on the surface of a p type silicon crystal substrate; (b) forming the phosphorus-contg. titanium oxide film on the surface of the substrate; (c) applying heat treatment at a predetermined temp. to the substrate to form a pn-junction by diffusing phosphorus from the phosphorus-contg. titanium oxide film, and forming an antireflection film consisting of the phosphorus-contg. titanium oxide film on the surface portion of the substrate; (d) forming a rear electrode on the rear of the substrate; and (e) forming light-receiving surface electrodes on the surface of the substrate. Appts. for producing the solar cell is also claimed.    USE -   To form the phosphorus-contg. titanium oxide film and produce the solar cell.    ADVANTAGE -   Supplying the titanium cpd. and the phosphorus cpd. under the gas state on the surface of the substrate forms the phosphorus-contg. titanium oxide film having uniform film thickness even on the surface of the substrate having fine irregularities. The result forms the antireflection film having uniform film thickness. The resulting solar cell has a high short circuit current. Simultaneously forming the pn junction and the antireflection film reduces the number of processes. The equipment uses a carrying belt to reduce time for cooling the substrate and for increasing temp. and to eliminate the need for mounting the substrate during solar cell prodn. to reduce costs.
A group of solar cell elements is obtained by connecting a number of solar cell elements (200,210) in series or in parallel by metal foil pieces (202) where an insulating tape (204) is stuck parallel with the metal foil pieces on and across the back faces of the solar cell elements arranged next to each other.    Also claimed is a method for producing a solar cell module as above where the solar cell elements are afterwards covered with a polymeric organic resin.    USE -   Useful for producing a solar cell module as a clean energy source. In partic. useful for amorphous Si-based cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The solar cell elements are produced in high yield and operate with high reliability.
The grid electrode for collecting voltage from the cells of a solar panel includes coating layers. The electrode (101) is formed of a metal of low resistivity using conventional wire forming techniques. Thin metal layers (103) can be applied to the surface of the wire. These layers can provide protection against corrosion and oxidation and be formed from precious metals.    A coating layer (102) is added and formed from heat cured conductive adhesive, or thermoplastic conductive adhesive. This coating allows the wire to be mechanically and electrically connected to the photovoltaic element substrate through thermocompression bonding processes.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides a long term reliable electrode that avoids short circuits and paint solvent penetration and has low resistance
The gas detector has an e.g. carbon monoxide sensor (1) which incorporates an electrolyte membrane (10) with a pair of electrodes (12,14) arranged across the membrane to form a sandwich structure, where a gaseous fuel is supplied to one electrode (12) via a conduit (28) and the other electrode (14) is exposed to the atmosphere. A pair of meshed metal plates (16,18) disposed across the sandwich structure prevent deflection of the structure which is supported by holders (20,22) connected by an insulating member (24).    The membrane is composed of a solid polymer, such as fluoro-resin, to be proton-conductive. The electrodes are made of carbon cloth weave of carbon fibres, where carbon powder with a platinum catalyst is inserted into the pores of the carbon cloth. The potential difference across a resistor (32) connected across the electrode terminals (20T,22T) is measured by a voltmeter (32).    ADVANTAGE -   Provides high precision detection of organic compound in hydrogen rich reactant gas.
Two variations of construction are given Fig. 1: The spectrally selective sandwich construction of dielectric layers (3) and absorbing layers (4), and the layer with low emission properties (2) are built on the high thermal conductivity substrate (1). Above this there is a low refractive index, anti-reflection layer (5). Fig. 2: Spectrally selective layers (6a-d) of a mixture of absorbent and dielectric material are sputtered on the substrate (1), the concentration of the absorbent material increasing from the substrate (1). Nitride, chromium nitride or comparable compounds are used for the absorbent material. The absorption property of the panel is 90 to 96 percent and the emission from 3 to 10 percent.    USE -   For solar energy collectors.    ADVANTAGE -   High efficiency, mechanically robust construction is obtd.
A liq. organic fuel cell (10) uses a solid electrolyte membrane (18). Organic fuel, such as a methanol/water mixture, is circulated past the anode (14) of the cell, while air or oxygen is circulated past the cathode (16). The electrolyte membrane is pref. mfd. from the co-polymer 'Nafion'.    Carbon electrode structure performance is improved by using high surface area carbon particle/PTFE binding, which has been immersed in a 'Nafion'/methanol mixture for impregnation. The anode may be mfd. by depositing metal alloy on the electrode from a perfluoro-octane-sulphonic acid soln.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Improved direct-type liq. feed fuel cell, not requiring sulphuric acid electrolyte, achieving adequate electrode wetting, and using solid polymer membrane allowing operation at temps. up to 120 degrees C, with newly-developed fuels tri-, di-methoxymethane and trioxane.
Liq. electrolyte fuel cell stack subassembly comprises: (a) a first electrode flow field plate for use in a first cell in a stack, having parallel reactant flow passages extending transversely across one face of the plate, and being porous and capable of absorbing the electrolyte so as to act as an electrolyte reservoir plate for the stack; (b) an electroconductive carbon separator plate adjacent to the side of (a) not having the reactant flow passages; (c) a first melted and resolidified hydrophobic resin film layer bonding (a) to (b); (d) a second electrode flow field plate formed from a homogeneous mixture of graphite flakes and a hydrophobic resin binder for use in said adjacent fuel cell in the stack with its passages perpendicular to those of (a) and being essentially non-porous and hydrophobic, and incapable of acting as an electrolyte reservoir plate; and (e) a second melted and resolidified hydrophobic resin film layer bonding (d) to (b). Also claimed is the method of producing the subassembly.    USE -   The subassembly is used in a phosphoric acid fuel cell.    ADVANTAGE -   The graphite flakes impart a coefft. of thermal expansion as low as 2 ppm/F to the second electrode flow field plate (claimed) giving a fuel cell of improved integrity.
The operation of a H2-air fuel cell that is fed by the in situ generation of hydrogen by contacting H2O with ground or crushed Fe, the Fe being ground or crushed in situ to enhance its activity. The operation comprises: (a) providing a fluidised bed of Fe, initially in pellet form prior to grinding or crushing, and a source of H2O in combination with a H-air cell; (b) generating H2 for the fuel cell by reacting Fe with H2O at max. temp. of 450 C; (c) grinding or crushing the Fe in situ within operative cell cycle to produce enhanced activity Fe particles to generate H in (b) at a rate about 2% per minute; (d) supplying the generated H to the cell; (e) generating H2O and electricity in the H-air fuel cell; and (f) using at least some of the generated H2O from (e) to resupply H2O for (b).    USE -   For generating H2 for use in H2-air fuel cell.    ADVANTAGE -   Produces H2 in situ at faster rate by activated Fe. The spent metal particles are easily and cheaply regenerated. The operation has lower cost and improved safety. The fuel cell is less delicate than conventional metal hydride systems.
Prodn. comprises: (A) forming an n+ layer on a P-type silicon substrate; (B) forming an antioxidation layer on the n+ layer; (C) printing an aluminium paste and drying; (D) printing the aluminium paste and drying to form a BSF layer; (E) forming electrodes on front and back sides of a solar cell and drying; and (F) thermally processing the solar cell.    USE -   Used for prodn. of solar cell.    ADVANTAGE -   The solar cell has improved conversion efficiency.
An organic semiconductor consists of an insoluble and infusible base having a polyacene-based skeleton structure and formed of an aromatic condensed polymer consisting of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen or formed by applying heat treatment by gradually increasing temp. from 200 to 800 (400 to 600) C under a non-oxidising atmos. (including vacuum) to aromatic condensed polymer consisting of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. The aromatic condensed polymer of the heat treatment applied aromatic condensed polymer is obtd. by irradiating UV laser at the base having an atomic ratio of hydrogen carbon of at least 0.15. The organic semiconductor has: (a) an electrical conductivity of 10-12 - 102S/cm.; (b) an absorbency of formula: D = D1180-1280/D1560-1640 obtd. from an infra-red absorption spectrum of up to 3.0 (where, D1180-1280 = absorbency obtd. from the max. absorption peak of 1180-1280 kaysers at the infra-red absorption spectrum; and D1560-1640 = absorbency obtd. from the max. absorption peak of 1560-1640 kaysers in the infra-red absorption spectrum); and (c) a bond between two carbons constituting a benzene ring conjugate system as a major bond.    USE -   The organic semiconductor is used for a diode, transistor, or solar battery.    ADVANTAGE -   The organic semiconductor has a very thin film and a fine shape.
The module (10) has a solar battery cell group (14) consisting of a semiconductor electromotive force layer, a set of first electrodes and a set of second electrodes arranged on a glass substrate (12). An extraction electrode (16) is formed on the glass substrate to output signal from the solar battery cell group.    A resin sealing layer (18) hides the exterior of the solar battery cell group. An external frame with a front frame (20) is attached to the periphery of the glass substrate. A spacer (24) is positioned within the resin sealing layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Obtains high voltage withstanding characteristics. Provides high area efficiency and conversion efficiency.
The mfg method involves sequential formation of a diffusion layer (2a), an oxide film (3) and a reflection prevention film (4) on a light receiving side of a crystal silicon substrate (1). An electrolytic layer (2b) and a backside electrode (5) are formed on another side of the substrate. A surface electrode (6) is baked in the light receiving surface side diffusion layer. The laminated thickness (T) of the reflection prevention film is made to differ in wavelength. The baking temperature of the surface electrode is increased in proportion to the increase or decrease of the laminated thickness of the reflection prevention film.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves photoelectric conversion efficiency.
The solar battery module (12) has a solar battery cell (13) made up of a semiconductor layer (17) comprising solar light reactive elements such as amorphous Si. This cell is layered in a glass substrate (14). The circumferential part of the glass substrate is attached to an Al frame.    Electrically conductive layers such as a SnO2 layer (16) and Al layer are formed at the inner portion close to the substrate, and two or more insulating layers (24,25) are formed at the circumferential part near the frame.    ADVANTAGE -   The module improves reliability of high breakdown voltage characteristics of module, and avoids redn. in yield due to prodn. of defective modules.
Electrode catalyst layers (5) are laminated on electrode base materials (4A,B) to produce an electrode (6). The electrode catalyst layers (5) of the two electrodes (6) are arranged facing each other with an electrolytic layer (8) between to constitute a battery. A hydrophilic part (12A) is formed at the end part of at least one electrode base material (4A) of two electrodes.    ADVANTAGE -   The fuel battery has high operability.
The method consists of (A) prepn. of a mixt. soln. from an aq. soln. of water soluble La cpd. and another aq. soln. contg. other metal elements (a), (B) the mixt. soln. added with hydrazine to give a precursor (b) contg. La and (a), and (C) to produce oxide powder with perovskite structure by heating (b).    USE -   Used for producing La system oxide with perovskite structure.    ADVANTAGE -   The method is able to produce La system oxide with perovskite structure with lower cost and at lower temp. (1000 C) than conventional methods.
In the methanol reformer for fuel cells which steam-reforms methanol to supply H2 to a fuel cell where H2 and O2are electrochemically reacted, the reforming section and the chemical heat source section which radiates heat in the form of oxidn. heat, are connected by heat pipes which convey heat through the latent heat of vaporisation of the operating fluid, and an electrical heat source section which assists the chemical heat source section is placed in such a manner that it can exchange heat with the heat pipes.    ADVANTAGE -   The temp. of the reforming section can be kept constant and a high reforming rate can be maintained.
The mfg. method involves using a table side cover sheet (3a) which consists of a number of photoelectric conversion objects (1) which are sequentially arranged in a horizontal row. The photoelectric conversion objects are welded with ultrasonic welding processing and comprise a PET film. The photoelectric conversion objects are provided with a wiring (4) through which the objects are electrically connected.    A sheet like PVC is attached at the backside of cover sheet by a high frequency fusion. At the time of high frequency fusion, a shielding board covers the electromagnetic field and is provided at upper part of photoelectric conversion objects.    ADVANTAGE -   Improved work efficiency. Deterioration of photoelectric conversion characteristics are prevented.
The battery comprises an N type Si substrate (11) over which a P type Si semiconductor layer (12) is formed. An amorphous Si semiconductor layer (16) with hydrogen, is layered on the back side of the substrate.    An N type fine crystal Si semiconductor layer (17) with hydrogen is formed by distributing the amorphous layer. Then, the crystal Si layer is formed by irradiating the laser light towards the amorphous Si layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves photoelectric conversion efficiency. Controls variation of PN characteristic and light receiving surface.
The solar cell has a junction which consists of a Si semiconductor layer. Over the semiconductor layer, more than one layer of non-monocrystal Si layer or non-monocrystal Si alloy layer is formed to a non-silicon alloy layer. The layers are formed at the portions other than the electrode extraction part on the semiconductor layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Raises photoelectric conversion efficiency. Provides low cost solar cell.
The structure includes a glass substrate (1) with which positive four pyramids are connected. A transparent electrode, an amorphous Si and back side electrodes are formed onto the glass substrate.    ADVANTAGE -   Increases light receiving area.
The mfr. involves forming a transparent electrode (2) and N type layer (3) on a substrate (1). Above the N type layer, a polycrystalline semiconductor layer (4) which consists of at least one of Cd-Te, Cd-Se and Cd-S is formed. Then above the surface of semiconductor layer, a CdCl2 layer (7) is formed. Above the CdCl2 layer, a CdCl2 soln. is deposited. Then, the semiconductor layer is heated.    ADVANTAGE -   The method enables uniform application of CdCl2 soln., raises energy conversion efficiency, and forms solar battery simply.
The formation method involves using a normal pressure CVD furnace (1) in which a substrate (10) is arranged. A mixed gas of SlCl4 ,H2 O and D2 O is used as a source of oxygen, to form a SNO2film on the substrate.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves conversion efficiency. Improves homogeneity of crystal growth.
The semiconductor film prodn. device has a pair of microwave introduction windows (106). These windows are located adjacent to the cooling jacket (107) enclosing the film formation chamber. A thermal insulation structure is located at the microwave introduction window. The surface temp. of the inner wall of the film formation chamber is at a lower temp. compared to the film formation temp. by 100 .    ADVANTAGE -   Maintains stable discharge, increases film productivity and improves microwave power utilisation efficiency.
A fuel cell stack comprises a cell laminated body composed of laminated cells, current collecting members disposed at the sides of the cell laminated body, a clamp member for holding the current collecting members outwardly, and a metallic fixing tool passing through the cell laminated body, the current collecting member, an electrically insulating member and the clamp member and clamping them together. Each of the current collecting members is provided with a through-hole for the metallic fixing tool and is fixed to maintain an electrical insulation to the metallic fixing tool.    USE -   Used as a fuel cell stack formed by assembling unit cells.    ADVANTAGE -   A cell laminated body can be held with necessary strength and insulation between current collecting members and tie rods.
A phosphate-type fuel cell comprises a laminate body formed from laminated unit cells with an electrolyte layer between a pair of electrodes and cooling plates disposed within a desired space, and a gas manifold body for feeding and exhausting gases connected to the side of the laminate body, in which a closeable maintenance part is installed at the gas manifold.    USE -   The cell is used to convert chemical energy into electric energy.    ADVANTAGE -   The phosphate type fuel cell prevents the corrosion and degrading of a gas manifold body and facilitates maintenance of a laminate body.
Mfg. a redox flow-type battery electrolytic liq. comprises preparing an aq. HCl soln. contg. Cr ions, and impurity metal ions other than Cr, mixing an organic solvent with the aq. HCl soln., extracting the impurity metal ion in the HCl soln., sepg. the organic solvent contg. impurity metal ions, and the HCl soln. contg. Cr ions, and removing the HCl soln. contg. Cr ions.    USE -   Used for power storage.
The hydrogen supply system generates hydrogen by decomposing fuel mainly contg. alcohol such as methanol or ammonia in a decomposing reactor, hydrogen is passed through a hydrogen sepg. membrane provided in the decomposing reactor.    USE -   The refined hydrogen@ used as fuel for a fuel cell battery.    ADVANTAGE -   The system can be initially started in a short time and increased in hydrogen conversion efficiency even at a low temp..
The battery comprises cells with fuel and air poles and cell cooling plates alternately laminated to obtain electricity with electrochemical reaction, and a voltage sensor to measure obtd. voltage.    ADVANTAGE -   The voltage sensor can be easily mounted and demounted without giving damage to the cooling plates.
The system comprises a gas replacing means to replace reformed gas, which resides in at least one of a fuel reformer, a CO remover and a fuel cell, with combustion gas exhausted from a combustor for the fuel reformer when the fuel cell generating system is stopped.    ADVANTAGE -   The system is very safe when restarted, and has a low generating cost.
The generator comprises a pressure detector to detect pressure at the outlet of an air compressor, a valve to be closed at starting a fuel cell, an auxiliary suction line connected to the way of a bypass line on the upstream side of an air blower, a pressure control line connected to the way of an inlet line and a pressure control valve provided on the way of the pressure control line.    ADVANTAGE -   The guide of lubricant to the fuel cell is avoided after starting.
The method comprises supplying air from an air blower to a starting hot air generating furnace, so that gas in a cathode circulation line is circulated and supplying material gas from a material blower to the starting hot air generating furnace.    ADVANTAGE -   Temp. rise in a reformer is performed without using exhaust gas from the starting hot air generating furnace.
The battery comprises a stack formed by stacking DC power generating cells via separators and a heat medium flow passage to distribute cooling or heating medium into the stack for each or several of the cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The drying of a solid high polymer electrolyte membrane and the condensn. of produced water are prevented during low load and normal operations.
The plant comprises a means to part all or part of cooling water, an absorption refrigerator which uses parted cooling water for input, a means to combine cooling water again after passing through the absorption refrigerator and a means to control the temp. in a steam separator.    ADVANTAGE -   The discharge energy of cooling water is utilised while maintaining the water quality easily.
The controller comprises an air flow meter to detect the total air flow rate and issue a corresp. signal, and a function converter, to convert an output instruction to a fuel cell into a function, and give the corresp. signal.    ADVANTAGE -   The controller is simplified, as it does not use an air release pipe or air blower pressure control valve.
The generator comprises a fuel cell with a cathode and an anode, a reformer with a reforming chamber and a combustion chamber, a turbine compressor to supply compressed air to the cathode in the fuel cell, a low temp. blower, and a reformer combustion air flow control valve.    ADVANTAGE -   Abnormal temp. rise in the combustion chamber of the reformer, is prevented.
A solid macromolecule electrolytic-type fuel battery comprises a solid macromolecular electrolytic film with its adjacent face including that of the electrode and its margin at the corner greater than at its side.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves jointing strength between reaction layer and solid macromolecule electrolytic film.
The battery comprises cells formed with high polymer electrolyte membranes held between gas diffusion electrodes and grooved separators to supply fuel gas to one gas diffusion electrode and oxidising agent gas to the other, both being alternately laminated.    ADVANTAGE -   Gas sealing in each cell is ensured and current collecting resistance is reduced.
Mfg. the plate comprises heated a metal filler, melting, placing between a cooling pipe and a cooling pipe holder and then cooling down to room temp. to form a heat conductive medium.    ADVANTAGE -   The cooling performance is increased.
Mfr. of film includes irradiating a particle beam having at least one element from He, Ne, Ar, Kr or Xe.    USE -   Used for solar battery transparent electrode.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides low resistance and high permeability.
Matrix for use in carrying carbonate electrolyte in a fuel cell comprises: (a) support material contg. support particles of a first size; (b) crack attenuator particles of a second size larger than the first size distributed in the support material and having a platelet shape. (II) Also claimed is the matrix as (I) with at least a portion of them porous. (III) Also claimed is the method of making the platelet particles by: (a) forming a slurry contg. sub-m sized particles of ceramic; (b) tape casting the slurry; (c) heating the tape to sinter it; (d) fracturing the sheet to form sub-m platelets.    USE -   For mfr. of carbonate fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -   Increased resistance to cracking.
The novel feature in a polymeric cation-exchange membrane contg. contg. sulphonic acid gps. and having on at least one side finely-divided metal which can catalyse water formation from H2 and O2is that the polymer is soluble in aprotic-polar solvents and contains units of formula (I) and (II) which are at least partly substd. by sulphonic acid gps..     (Ar1X) (I)     (Ar2Y) (II)     Ar1 and Ar2= divalent arylene; X = S or O; and Y = carbonyl, sulphoxide or sulphonyl.    ADVANTAGE -    Membranes are provided which have a well-adhered layer of high specific area catalytic metals such as Pt, this layer being applied eg. by a simple chemical deposition method and the membrane being suitable for high current density(A/cm2) use in fuel cells.
The solar cell includes a structure with a sequentially laminated transparent electrode layer, thin film semiconductor layer and back electrode layer on an insulating transparent substrate. The back electrode layer comprises a transparent conductive metal compound layer (e.g. tin oxide) with a lower refractive index than the semiconductor which constitutes the thin film semiconductor layer. Cadmium sulphide is used for the transparent conductive metal compound layer.    A second thin film solar cell has a sequentially laminated transparent electrode layer, thin film semiconductor layer and back electrode layer on an insulating transparent substrate. The back electrode layer comprises a laminate of an intermediate thin layer containing silver, oxygen and constituent metal elements of a transparent conductive metal oxide and a silver thin film, and zinc is particularly suitable for the constituent metal element of the transparent conductive metal oxide.    ADVANTAGE -   Has improved bonding strength and reflectivity of back electrode layer.
A poisonous gas removing device, to remove air pollutants such as NOx from air, includes a panel-shaped baseplate upon which a photocatalyst is carried. The baseplate is a transparent substrate of a solar cell. TiO2, sintered to transparency, covers the surface of the transparent substrate, as the photocatalyst layer.    ADVANTAGE -   By using during daylight, in sunlight, poisonous gases contained in air are removed and solar power is generated.
Coating an essentially planar, plate-shaped component (partic. a bipolar plate and/or an electrode) of a high temp. fuel cell, with an electrically conductive, easily deformable layer is done by fine spraying. A ceramic and/or metal contact material powder (10, 12) with a particle size distribution from 0.1-50 m is mixed with a bonding system (18). The bonding system contains at least one organic and/or inorganic bonding agent (14) and at least one solvent (16).    USE -   Used in the mfr. of high temp. fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -   Uniform functional layers with just tiny thickness fluctuations are produced in an esp. simple process.
A precursor of organo-metal is coated on a heat resistant metal plate. The plate is set into a vacuum chamber. The precursor is heated during UV irradiation to form a polycrystalline thin film of electroconductive oxide cpd.    USE -    For forming LaCoO3polycrystalline thin film at lower temp. i.e. 600 C.    ADVANTAGE -   The separator has improved electroconductivity, mechanical strength and chemical stability.
A precursor organo-metal cpd. is coated on a substrate, the substrate is dried and set into a vacuum chamber, and then heated with simultaneous UV irradiation.    USE -   The method is suitable for prodn. of electronic parts.    ADVANTAGE -   The method capable for producing yttrium-doped stabilised zirconia at lower temp., i.e. 330 C.
An electrolyte plate (EP) contg. fused carbonate salt (FCS) is inserted between a cathode and an anode, a cathode gas is fed into inlet of the cathode via cathode circulating line (CCL) and an anode gas is fed into inlet of the anode via anode circulating line. An aq. soln. of hydroxide for main component of the FCS is fed onto cathode side of the EP via the CCL, and the aq. soln. on the EP is converted to FCS by feeding of CO2 onto the EP via the CCL and then the FCS is fixed on the EP.    USE -   For feeding electrolyte during operation.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves running life of the cell with stability.
Gasket prepd. by curing mould of an elastomer compsn. material made of 100 wt. pts. of tetra-fluoro ethylene propylene copolymer and 20-70 wt.pts. of carbon black and/or dry silica. The gasket has up to 50% of compression strain, at least 40 kgf/cm of crack load at higher temp., at least 1015 .cm of vol. specific resistance, at least 1019 .cm surface specific resistance and up to 1.5% wt. change on a phosphoric acid test.    ADVANTAGE -   The gasket has improved phosphoric acid resistance, heat resistance, mechanical strength and electrical insulation.
Cell has an air pole at one side of a solid state electrolyte (SSE) and fuel pole at the other side of the SSE, and has a current collector. The fuel pole is made of a composite oxide of formula Lax AyB2 Cru Cv(I). In the formula; A = at least one element of gp. IIIa excluding La: B = at least one of Ca, Sr or Ba; C = at least one of Mg, Mn, Fe, Co or Ni. x/(x+y+z)=0.4-1.00: y/(x+y+z)=0-0.20: z/(x+y+z)=0.01-0.40: v/(u+v)= 0-0.30 and (x+y+z)/(u+v)=1.002-1.30.    USE -   The cell contributes improvement of SSE and inter-connector produced by gas phase process.    ADVANTAGE -   Lowering of electrode character is prevented, since resistance to corrosion by halogen gas at forming of the SSE is improved.
The fuel reformer consists of a reaction tube for passing a raw material gas, the first catalyst zone set in the reaction tube, the second catalyst zone set at a distance from the first catalyst zone, and a heater to heat the reaction tube and having a catalyst bed in which the axial lengths of the catalyst zones are set in such a way that the temps at the first and second catalyst zones are kept at temps which avoid the deposition of carbon.    USE -   The fuel reformer can be used in a fuel cell system and hydrogen prodn equipment.    ADVANTAGE -   Since the reaction temp is kept at temps higher than the deposition temp of carbon the deposition of carbon is inhibited and the efficiency of fuel cell system can be improved.
The solar cell includes a semiconductor thin film (22) and a transparent electrode (23) which are sequentially formed on main field of a metal substrate (21). An insulating film (24) and a metal film (25) are sequentially formed on main field of other surface of the metal substrate. A through hole (26) is formed such that the metal film and the transparent electrode are electrically connected.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces power loss by transparent electrode. Improves yield.
The conversion object consists of a transparent layer (103) on which a semiconductor junction layer (104) and a reflected prevention layer (108) are sequentially formed. A second oxide layer (B) containing the zinc or titanium and a first oxide layer (A) containing one element among the elements of cadmium, indium and tin are formed alternatively on the prevention layer.    The thicknesses of the oxide layers (A,B) are found to be 20 nm and 10 nm respectively. The particle diameter of the particles contained in the crystal grain elements of the second oxide layer is found to be 20 nm. A collector electrode (111) is formed on the designed portion of the reflected prevention layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves conversion efficiency. Enables working in small areas also.
Square battery comprises: edge of an upper cover (21) formed integrally with a chassis (20) and an opening edge of a square case (23) welded together and closed for integral formation. One plate of laminated negative and positive plates (14, 10) is electrically connected through lead plates (5, 8) and connected to the chassis. The other plate gp. of the laminated negative and positive plates (14, 10) is electrically connected through the lead plates and connected to the other battery terminal (3).    ADVANTAGE -   Displacement of position of an electrode and internal short-circuit at an assembly process do not occur.
The electrode-high polymer electrolyte jointed body comprises electrodes contg. electroconductive particles having function as catalyst, and high polymer electrolyte jointed with the electrodes. Electroconductive particles exist in the joint interface between the electrodes and the high polymer electrolyte.    USE -   The electrode-high polymer electrolyte jointed body is used for fuel cell, oxygen and/or hydrogen generator, and oxygen or hydrogen sensor.    ADVANTAGE -   For the electrode-high polymer electrolyte jointed body. Contact area of the electrode and high polymer electrolyte film is improved.
The hydrogen preservation type power generation system comprises a prim. power source, the water electrolysis equipment to form hydrogen by feeding power from the prim. power source, and gas drying equipment to remove moisture from hydrogen formed in the water electrolysis equipment. The hydrogen preservation equipment occludes and releases hydrogen using hydrogen occluding alloy, and the power generating equipment operated with fuel hydrogen released from the hydrogen occluding equipment. Power generated from the prim. power source is prevented converting it into hydrogen. According to requirement, the hydrogen is utilised to generate power.    USE -   The hydrogen preservation type power generation system can be used for emergency power supply or at peak power demand time.    ADVANTAGE -   The hydrogen preservation type power generation system can be operated for power cost only 1/4 as much as that of the sec. cell. Its work life lasts for a period of 3 times as long as that for the sec. cell.
A fuel cell power plant comprises a cylindrical steam compressor (4) installed on a mid way of a steam supply pipe between compressor (4) installed on a mid way of a steam supply pipe between a steam generator and a steam header, a steam pressure detector (7) to detect steam pressure on the sec. side of the steam compressor (4) and a controller (10) to boost pressure inside the steam header when the detected steam pressure is lower than the pressure inside the header.    USE -   Used as a steam pressure booster for a fuel cell power plant.    ADVANTAGE -   Steam out of the fuel cell power generator is boosted to a pressure greater than the steam pressure inside the steam header, improving the comprehensive efficiency.
A unit cell (1) of a fuel cell comprises electrolyte layer (2), a fuel electrode (3) and oxidant electrode (4), ribs (7) and reaction gas supplying grooves (8), a reaction gas space (7C) and rib rows (11) staggeringly arranged in the reaction gas space and reaction gas passages (12) interconnected with the reaction gas supplying grooves (8) to increase the contact of off-gas with the rib peripheral surface.    ADVANTAGE -   The phosphoric acid deposited to the rib periphery or condensed is absorbed by the electrode substrate, reducing a loss of vaporised phosphoric acid.
The metal parts of the phosphoric acid type fuel cell comprise metallic substrate coated with resin coating film. The coating film comprises polyarylene sulphide resin compsn. consisting of 100 pts.wt. of polyarylene sulphide resin and 3-50 pts.wt. of tripolyphosphate powder.    USE -   As the cooling device or manifold of a phosphoric acid type fuel cell.    ADVANTAGE -   Improved durability for use in corrosive atmos. for long period. Prepn. of the metal parts is at lower cost than that for conventional type parts.
Solar panels having a glass front panel and a rear support panel between which solar cells are situated, in which the cavity between the front and rear panels is filled with a curable polyether-polyurethane casting resin compsn..    USE -   In the fabrication of large sized solar panels for use in buildings and vehicles.    ADVANTAGE -   The polyether-polyurethane resins have excellent transparency w.r.t. light, esp. in the near infra red region, to give solar panels with high efficiency. Good mechanical properties and durable adhesion to the front and back panels to give panels with safety glass-like properties. Good resiliency to avoid the formation of stresses and deformation of the panel when subjected to temp. changes. Excellent resistance to deterioration, discolouration and ageing when exposed to UV, moisture and weathering, thus giving panels with a long useful life and high resistance to weathering and yellowing at the edges.
An electrochemical sensor for monitoring electrolyte content in an electrolyte contg. body, comprises: (a) at least two electrically conductive conduit wires, where sufficient space exists between the wires so as to prevent short circuit, (b) a porous, electrically non-conductive conduit in physical contact with the wires and having a similar pore size distribution as the electrolyte contg. body, and (c) a means for measuring the electrical resistance between the wires.    Also claimed is a fuel cell and a method of monitoring electrolyte content.    USE -   The electrochemical sensor is used to monitor the electrolyte content in an electrochemical cell.    ADVANTAGE -   The amount of migration of the electrolyte through individual cells and across cells in a fuel stack can be determined during fuel cell operation.
Thin film of photoactive material (42) is deposited on a glass superstrate (40) and includes an Ag pad (44) for terminating electrical conductors of the thin film layer. The layer and pad are covered by a protective layer (46) of insulating material, pref. comprising a silicone. A hole (58) extends through the protective layer and a terminal body (48) includes a base portion (60) and stand-off portion (62), with a bore (50) that extends through the terminal body. A spring (52) is inserted through the bore and contacts the Ag pad. A sphere (54) rests on the lower end of the spring. A set screw (56) urges the sphere against the spring.    ADVANTAGE -   Mechanically robust, weather resistant and electrically reliable.
Calcopyrite structure semiconductor thin film is made by depositing it on a substrate. The thin film is deposited by heating from the surface side of the substrate.    USE -   For making high efficiency thin film solar cells.
The sputtering target material comprises four-component composite oxide of In, Sn, Zn, and Nb, having a compsn. comprising (by wt.) 5-20% SnO2, 0.3-7% ZnO, 0.3-7% Nb2O5, but 1-10% ZnO+Nb2O5, and balance of In2O3, and incidental impurities.    USE -   For forming In-Sn oxide thin film transparent electrodes of liquid crystal displays, electroluminescence, and solar cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The material has high strength and high electrical conductivity.
Compsn. comprises (A) a silicone polymer and (B) a cpd. having a sterically hindered amine and ester gp. in the molecule at the same time.    USE -   The compsn. can be used for charge protection film, solar cell material and electromagnetic shielding.    ADVANTAGE -   The compsn. has improved shapability and provides a film or coating of improved light stability and mechanical properties.
The sintering includes coating a crystalline powder surface with a small amt. of an amorphous or ultrafine crystalline precursor, and sintering the powder to make a porous or dense body.    USE -   For fused carbonate type and solid electrolyte type fuel batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   The sintering temp. can be reduced.
A ceramics comprises a perovskite type crystal structure of formula (La1-x , Ax )a (Cr1-y-z , My , Bz )b , O3(where x is &gt; 0 and 0.2; M = Co or Ni; A = Ca or Sr; y is &gt; 0 and 0.1; B = Al or Mg; and z is &gt; 0 and 0.1).    USE -   For solid electrolyte type fuel battery member.
A photovoltaic material is mfd. by: (a) coating a substrate with a transparent conducting film, and directing a vapour stream of carbonaceous precursor, in a vacuum; toward the conducting film; (b) exposing to a flux at atoms suitable to produce a p-type layer, while simultaneously bombarding with an ion beam of 1-20 keV for a time to rupture sufficient C-H bonds in the precursor to form an amorphous p-type carbonaceous residue; (c) directing a vapour stream of siloxane precursor to the p-type layer, while simultaneously bombarding with H ins of 0.5-2 keV to produce a siloxane film; (d) directing a vapour stream of carbonaceous precursor at the siloxane film; (e) exposing to a flux of atoms suitable to produce an n-type layer where the siloxane film, while simultaneously bombarding with Ar or N ions for a sufficient time to produce an n-type layer with a low H content; and (f) depositing metal atoms onto the n-type layer in at least two defined strips.    Also claimed is a method similar to the above where the n- and p-type layers have the opposite conductivity.    USE -   Solar cell mfr.    ADVANTAGE -   The process is non-toxic and can be carried out at low temps., allowing the use of polymer substrates. Electrical connection scan be formed by thermal evapn., in the same appts. in which the doping takes place.
The method involves forming a lower electrode layer (4), a photoelectric conversion layer (5) and a transparent electrode (6) sequentially on surface of macromolecular substrate (1). The photoelectric conversion layer consists of a thin semiconductor film. A facing electrode layer (7) is formed at the backside surface of the substrate. A through hole is formed in the substrate.    The transparent electrode layer and the lower electrode layer are connected with the facing electrode layer by an electric conductor that paves along the through hole. A through hole is formed in the substrate with low transmittivity by using a laser light.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents damage of layers. Shortens mfg. time. Provides high speed processing.
The film is made by oblique angle vapour depositing ferromagnetic metal on the surface of film. Incidence of intermediate incidence angle component of the ferromagnetic metal vapour flow is interrupted, and high and low-incidence angle components are discontinuously vapour deposited to laminate, then ionised oxygen gas is blown to the high-incidence angle component.    USE -   For vapour deposition tapes as a high recording density medium, functional thin film for orienting liq. crystals, and solar cells.
A car has at least three heat absorbing and generating vessels which have a heat exchange and contain metal hydride and a compressor of hydrogen gas and an inlet side transfer pipe part with which each vessel is communicated with the inlet port of the compressor through a valve to transfer the hydrogen gas and an outlet side transfer pipe path with which each vessel is communicated with the outlet port of the compressor through a valve to transfer the hydrogen gas and a controller which changes any communication sequentially between each vessel and both pipe paths with opening or closing each valve and a power source which generates the power with compressed hydrogen gas which is supplied with the outlet side transfer pipe path through valves.    ADVANTAGE -   Structure of the device is simple, supply of the hydrogen gas to a fuel cell (2) is controlled stably and usage of fluorine gas is prevented.
Method for the preparation of a silicon rod by forming a rod by subjecting a melt of Si to a unidirectional solidification followed by a treatment of the floating zone method.    Also claimed is a solar cell made from a Si wafer produced using the method.    USE -   Si Solar cells.    ADVANTAGE -   Method is simpler and cheaper.
Article having a region formed of Si(alloy or cpd.), is mfd. by: generating a silane in a cell using Si (precursor) and H+ species generated by the cell; and using the resulting silane to deposit the Si material. A pref. Si precursor is a silicide, esp.Mg silicide.     Also claimed is appts. for mfr. of device or article as above which includes a deposition chamber (20), silane generating cell (60), and a gas line (40) supplying the silane from the cell to the chamber. The electrochemical cell includes a first electrode (62) for generating supply of H+ions, a silicon contg. precursor in contact with a first electrode, a second electrode, and a receptacle for retaining an electrolyte.    USE -   The articles mfd. by the above process are used in semiconductor, waveguide or photoconductive devices.    ADVANTAGE -   Method and appts. avoid need for long-term storage and transport of silane gas.
A ceramic sheet has: (i) an area of 400 cm2 min. and a thickness of 0.4 mm max., (ii) a waviness height of 100 micron max. and a warp of 0.1% max., and (iii) a frequency of generated cracks of less than 10% when successive tests are applied comprising: a load-bearing test where the ceramic sheet is interposed between high density, flat alumina sheets and a load of 0.1 kgf/cm2 is applied to the whole face of the ceramic sheet; a deflection test where forces parallel to the surface of the sheet are applied to opposite sides of the sheet so as to deflect the sheet by a height h (mm)given by    h = 0.002 x d/t2    where d = width of sheet, t = thickness of sheet, h is less than or equal to 0.1 x d; and the test is repeated six times at one second intervals alternately in front and back directions.    Also claimed are: (a) a prodn. method where the green sheet is calcined when fully interposed between porous sheets which have a density of 30-85% of the theoretical density and which shrink by 5% max. during calcination; and (b) a prodn. method as described in (a) where one porous sheet as described is placed on the green sheet.    USE -   The sheet is useful as a sensor part, an electrolytic film for a fuel cell (claimed), a setter for calcination, a substrate for a hybrid IC circuit and a sliding member.    ADVANTAGE -   The ceramic sheets have good heat insulating and electrical insulating props..
A dispersion coating process comprises forming a coating on a material using a coating liq. produced by dissolving one or more metal ion types in an aq. soln. contg. dispersed colloidal particles.    Also claimed are (a) a similar dispersion coating process in which the aq. soln. contains dispersed 10-100 nm size particles of a Se colloid produced by redn. of selenic acid with hydrazine sulphate, and (b) a solar cell prodn. process.    USE -   Esp. for prodn. of a cpd. semiconductor coating for use as the absorber layer in a thin film solar cell.    ADVANTAGE -   The coating process provides high utilisation of the dispersed particles, has reduced costs and does not require use of extremely toxic chemicals.
The carrier plate (1) is surrounded by a polymer film (2). The solar cells are arranged on the film and are covered by a further polymer film (4). The second film is in contact with the first film in the region between cells.    The polymer film material is pref. a silanised fluoropolymer. The support plate is pref. made of a fibre reinforced plastic.    USE -   Used on roof and/or wall sections.    ADVANTAGE -   The solar plate is simple to produce and has a good reliability.
Method for the fabrication of an electrochemical cell having an electrolyte based on molten carbonate comprising: bringing a cell stack to an elevated temperature, where an electrode/current collector assembly is provided comprising an electrode to be sintered and a metallic current collector, placing a functional layer between. The electrode is an LiCoO2 based material, and the functional layer and the electrode are attached to each other prior to forming the stack.    Also claimed is an electrochemical cell contg. green components.    Pref. the electrode and the functional layer are attached to each other by a tape casting technique using the same solvent/binder system.    USE -   Mfr. of molten carbonate fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The fuel cell has a low transition resistance between electrode and current collector.
(I) Process utilising an in-situ controlled cooling procedure for producing a junction between a diffused region and a bulk Si region within a Si substrate while preserving carrier bulk lifetime within the bulk Si region and while permitting selective adjustment of the depth of the diffused region within the Si substrate comprising: (a) applying a material containing a dopant to a surface of the Si substrate; (b) applying heat from a light radiating source to cause diffusion of the dopant into the Si substrate to form a diffused region and a junction within the Si substrate; (c) reducing the heat at a first cooling rate which preserves the carrier bulk lifetime within the Si region, the rate being slower than the natural cooling rate to ambient temperature; (d) allowing to cool to ambient after a duration at the first cooling rate, the duration being proportional to the depth of the diffused region in the Si substrate. (II) Also claimed is a process for making a solar cell using the method of (I) with the provision of electrical contacts to the front and back faces of the Si substrate before the heating process.    USE -   Used in the mfr. of solar cells.    ADVANTAGE -   Inexpensive production method.
Carbon black is treated to modify the surface properties by exposing the carbon black to a room temp. He gas plasma.    Also claimed are processes as above, where the gas plasma is Cl2, F2, NO, CF4 or NO2.    USE -   The modified carbon blacks are used in fuel cell systems, batteries, paint, rubber and tyre industries, double layer capacitors, gas filters and chemical and electrochemical reactions where carbon is used as a catalyst support.    ADVANTAGE -   The plasma treatment is simple to carry out and is relatively rapid (e.g. treatment times of 5 mins. or less). No hazardous prods. are formed so that the gas can be vented to the atmos. after completion of the treatment.
Generating electric energy from biological raw materials comprises using biological raw materials which are sufficiently free of sulphur of natural origin. A combustion gas is generated from biological raw materials in an oxidation reactor by partial oxidation, thereby adjusting and maintaining an oxygen/biological raw material proportion of ingredients and a gas phase temperature which ensure a combustible gas phase temperature which ensure a combustible gas virtually free of nitrogen oxides.    USE -   After removing suspended matter from the combustible gas in a separator, the combustible gas is converted into electric energy in fuel cells having a porous anode, a porous cathode and a suitable electrolyte.
The structure has a transparent insulated substrate (1) over which a first transparent electric conduction film (2) is formed by back patterning. An amorphous silicon photoelectric conversion layer (3) is formed on first conduction film. A second transparent electric conduction film (4) is layered over photoelectric conversion layer. A transparent insulating film (6) is formed, accumulating electrodes (5) by laser scribing. Over the insulating film, a back side reflection film (7) is formed.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents poor processing shape and electric short circuit during integrated processing. Improves yield and reliability. Improves photoelectric conversion efficiency.
The converter has a transparent oxide electrode laid on a glass substrate. The surface of this electrode is made to undergo plasma processing using oxygen ions. Then a p-type semiconductor layer is positioned over the surface. I-type and N-type amorphous semiconductor layers and an electrode layer are laid sequentially on the p-type semiconductor layer.    ADVANTAGE -   The converter has enhanced photoelectric conversion, and improved terminal voltage which has high curvilinear factor.
The transducer has a transparent electrode (11) positioned over a substrate (10) which is constituted by a single or multilayer of stannic oxide or indium-tin oxide. A metal oxide layer (12), an I-type and a N-type amorphous semiconductor layer (13, 14) and a silver electrode (15) are positioned sequentially on the transparent electrode.    The metal oxide layer is constituted by indium oxide and zinc oxide compound. The structure is constituted by multilayers of Ti oxide, W oxide Ni oxide or Cu oxide or single layers of iridium oxide or these combination.    ADVANTAGE -   Stabilises surface of transparent electrode. Provides high rectification characteristics. Improves curvilinear factor of photoelectric converter.
An inner cell (21) is formed so that a fuel electrode (21c) is formed on either the inner or outer surface of a cylindrical solid electrolyte (21a) and an air electrode (21b) is formed on the other surface. The inner cell (21) and an outer cell (22), formed in a similar manner as the inner cell, are concentrically disposed with a given gap in between. The two cells (21,22) are electrically interconnected through a conductive member (25) having elasticity.    ADVANTAGE -   Rigidity is improved and mfr. is facilitated.
An air electrode (23) acting as a support pipe in the shape of a cylinder which is deviated in a peripheral direction and rigidity, is provided by a thick section part. By arranging an interconnector (24) on the outer periphery of a thickest section part (23a), conductor loss is reduced.    ADVANTAGE -   High generating efficiency and rigidity are maintained and conductor loss is reduced.
Solid electrolytic plates (21) on the two surfaces of which, electrodes (22,23) are formed, are laminated through a separator (24). In a so formed plate-form solid electrolytic fuel battery, in comparison of an area in a direction extending at right angles with a lamination direction, the area of the solid electrolytic plate (21) is narrower than that of the separator (24). In a part where there is no solid electrolytic plate between the separators (24), a gasket (25) is nipped between the separators.    ADVANTAGE -   Contacting surface precision is ensured and sealing between manifolds for feeding gas is improved.
An exhaust line (4) of a fuel battery body (2) is coupled to the middle of a combustion exhaust line (3) of a modifier (1) and a condenser (5) is arranged on the downstream side of a coupling part. A water processing line (6) is connected to the condenser (5). A water tank (7), a water processing device (8), and a feed pump (9) are located in the water processing line (6). A battery cooling water line (10) is connected to the end part on the water feed pump (9) side of the water processing line (6). A water processing line switching valve (21) is located in a spot situated upper stream from the water tank (7) of the water processing line (6). A water discharge is connected in a state to branch from a part situated upper stream from the water processing line switching valve (21) of the water processing line (6). A discharge line switching valve (23) is arranged at the inlet part of the discharge line (22).    ADVANTAGE -   Pollution of the interior of a water tank does not occur and the load of a water processing device is reduced.
The equipment has a decarboxylation tower for evaporating carbon dioxide melting in condensed water condensed by condensn. heat exchanger, pressure detector for detecting pressure in a water tank, and alarm.    USE -   The equipment is provided with device for predicting performance deterioration of the tower to prevent unpredicted stopping of a generator.    ADVANTAGE -   The unpredicted stop of the generator due to shut down of the tower can be prevented.
A heat-exchanger (22) for heating gas is arranged between a low temp. carbon monoxide transformer (4) and a heat-exchanger (5) for heating steam. A part of fuel gas from the high temp. carbon monoxide transformer (2) is branched through a bypass piping (21) for a heat-exchanger. Fuel gas is fed to a heat-exchanger (3) for heating gas bypassing after it bypasses the heat-exchanger (3) for regulating a gas temp. The heat-exchanger (22) for heating gas recovers the heat of fuel gas from the bypass piping (21) for heat-exchanger and fuel gas flowing out through the outlet of the low temp. carbon monoxide transformer (4) is heated by utilising the heat.    ADVANTAGE -   Operation of a system is started as rapidly as possible.
A steam condensate circulating device for a fuel battery generating device comprises: (a) a steam flow meter (11) to detect an amt. of steam from a steam separator (5) to heat recovering equipment (31); (b) a condensate flow meter (12) to detect an amt. of water returning from the condensate pump (33) to the steam separator (5); (c) and a flow rate regulating valve (13). A flow rate of condensate is controlled by the two flow rates.    ADVANTAGE -   The amt. of steam generated by a steam separator is stabilised.
Unit cells (1) in layers from one block (6) and a cooling plate (2) is laminated between the blocks. By the flow of pressurised cooling water (9) through a cooling pipe (4) running through a direction extending along the laminate surface of a cooling plate, the operation temp. of a laminate fuel cell (20) is maintained at a constant value. In cooling of the laminate fuel cell, cooling water passing through a cooling plate, e.g. a cooling pipe (4), positioned at an intermediate part in a laminate direction is made to flow in series to a cooling pipe (4A) of a cooling plate (2A) positioned at an end in a laminate direction.    ADVANTAGE -   Temp. distribution in a laminate direction is made uniform and the reaction efficiency of a unit cell is also made uniform. Output voltage is improved through the increase of the efficiency of generating reaction.
The device comprises a humidifier (3) to humidify reaction air coupled to a reaction air feed system; a phosphoric acid density computing part (7) to determine a correction value (7S) of phosphoric acid density based on the detecting values of a lamination fuel battery temp. sensor (6), a reaction air humidity sensor (4), and a reaction air pressure sensor (5); and a control device (8) to control steam generating amt. of the humidifier (3).    ADVANTAGE -   Deficiency in gas and damage of a fuel battery do not occur.
An electrode protrusion part (30) protruding into manifolds (15, 17) for feeding fuel gas and oxidant gas from the side of laminated unit cells is formed on the end parts of gas diffusion electrodes (3a, 3b). The dia. of the pore of the electrode protrusion part (30) is increased to a value higher than that of a porous material of which the gas diffusion electrodes (3a, 3b) are formed.    ADVANTAGE -   Electric energy is obtd. with high conversion.
Sets of series stacks (1) where fuel battery stacks (2) having the same rating are interconnected in series, are prepared, and the output currents of sets of the series stacks are fed in parallel to a common AC load circuit through an inverter (4) and an transformer (5). In a so formed fuel battery generating device, diodes (8) are connected to the two ends of each of the series stacks in such a state that the flowing direction of a generating current is a forward direction. Sets of the series stacks (1A, 1B) are interconnected in parallel through the diode.    ADVANTAGE -   Deterioration of the properties of a fuel battery does not occur.
Fuel pole contg. metal, ceramics and wax material for heightening wettability of the metal and the ceramics in the battery operation temp. area as main component, is arranged opposite to oxidising agent pole through solid electrolyte.    USE -   The cell having high performance is provided.    ADVANTAGE -   A drop of the fuel pole performance due to bad wettability of the metal and the ceramics can be prevented and cell life can be improved.
High temp. heat recovered water from a direct contact heat exchanger (3) is circulated to the heat exchanger (3) via the heat supplier (11). Limestone is filled in a part (16) of the heat recovered water piping (9) to react CO2and carbonic acid ions with the limestone to form water soluble calcium bicarbonate.    ADVANTAGE -   Part of the calcium bicarbonate is pptd. and acts as a protection film for the piping preventing corrosion and deposits of slag.
The reformer which consists of a container contg. more than one reforming tube filled with a reforming catalyst bed and in which a reaction gas consisting of a mixt. of a raw material fuel and steam is introduced into the reforming tubes and a heating fluid such as a combustion gas is sent to the outside of the reforming tubes to heat the reforming tubes and reform the reaction gas into a fuel gas contg. mainly hydrogen, has a noble metal catalyst packed at the entrances to the catalyst beds in the reforming tubes.    ADVANTAGE -   Since hydrocarbons with a number of carbon of at least two contained in the raw material fuel are completely decomposed to methane with the ruthenium catalyst, the deposit of carbon on the nickel catalyst can be prevented.
A rolled film has an average moisture absorption of 30-100% of an equilibrium moisture absorption at 25 C and 60% RH, and a distribution of the moisture absorption at any portion of the film within +/- 30% of the average moisture absorption.    USE -   The film is used in solar cells, magnetic media, etc.    ADVANTAGE -   Good flatness and heat resistance. The film is readily processable by e.g. surface treating, slitting, coating or laminating, vapour depositing or sputtering with reduced dimensional change.
Raw gas contg. carbon monoxide is made to pass through multiple chambers (A) in series, in which oxidising catalyst is installed respectively. Chambers are equipped with an inlet (B) of oxygen gas respectively. (B) is installed at the upstream of every chamber. Amt. of catalyst installed in an upstream chamber is smaller than that of other's situated downstream.    USE -   Used for removing carbon monoxide from raw gas.    ADVANTAGE -   The method is able to keep the catalyst in every chamber on the optimum temp. for oxidising carbon monoxide, so that oxidn. reaction can be carried out in the optimum condition.
The solar battery has a polycrystalline Si film (4) formed on a substrate (1) made up of glass or metal. The co-efficient of thermal expansion of the polycrystalline Si film and the substrate are different. An amorphous SiGe layer or an amorphous SiSn layer (3) is formed between the substrate and the polycrystalline Si film.    ADVANTAGE -   The battery prevents defect arising due to stress, distortion in boundary face; and improves photoelectric conversion efficiency.
The battery has a transparent bottom board (7) placed on a substrate (6). A first coloured diffusion layer (10) and an interference filter layer (11) are provided at the bottom and top of the bottom board respectively. An upper board (8) which has a second coloured diffusion layer (9) at the lower surface is placed on top of the bottom board.    ADVANTAGE -   The generation of warpage in the board is prevented. A character board of good quality is provided.
The structure is constituted by laying of metal electrodes (10) on the selected portions of the glass substrate (1). A transparent electric conduction film (5), a p-type layer (3) and i-type layer (2), a n-type layer (4) and a reversed type metal electrode (6) are layered sequentially over these metal electrodes.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For use in industries. Minimises required number of mfg. process. Enables easy mfg. of large sized cell.
Square mono-cells with different sizes (11), are built up alternatively with square separators (12) in a truncated cone shaped container (14). Corners of the individual mono-cells (11) and separators (12) are engaged with the inner periphery of the container (14) at specified levels, to restrict the downward movement.    ADVANTAGE -   Filling fused glass for gas sealing in the container will not move the mono-cells and separators, preventing degradation in sealability.
One end of a metallic bellows (24) is welded to the full round of manifold (5,7), and the other end is welded to the lower holder (11) at the portion meeting the manifold (5,7). An end separator (23) is indirectly connected to the lower holder (11) which has a different thermal expansion rate from the end separator.    ADVANTAGE -   Because of indirect connection between the end separator and the lower holder, deformation of the end separator is prevented at high temp..
A fuel cell is fastened to an opposed face of the manifold (5) and an insulator (4). The manifold and the insulator are slanted so that the component force of the fastening may act on a space enclosed with the manifold (5), the insulator (4) and sealing material, to prevent the insulating members (41) from movement in accordance with the expansion of the manifold (5) toward outside.    ADVANTAGE -   Sealing material and ceramic powders between the manifold and insulator prevent the movement of insulating members along with the expansion of manifold, increasing the sealability.
A gas manifold (10) to supply and discharge fuel and oxidant to and from a gas diffusing electrode is installed on the side of a cell body (1). The gas manifold (10) comprises a frame (11) connected to the side of the cell body (1) via a sealing material (6) and a cover (12) to shut off the opening of the frame (11).    ADVANTAGE -   Inspection and repair of the fuel cell is available only be removing the cover to relieve the manifold.
A fuel cell body (1) housed in a case (2) is supported at a side vertical to the laminations of cell and separator. When the fuel cell body (1) expands thermally toward the laminating direction of the cell and separator, the fuel cell body (1) extends toward both top and bottom directions of lamination.    USE -   For reducing the deformation on piping due to thermal expansion of the fuel cell.
An air blower (29) for supplying air to a cathode (Ca) of fuel cell (5) runs normally under a low speed. In the event the plant emergency stop command (37) is issued, the air blower (29) is kept turned for specified duration to retard the rapid pressure drop on the cathode (Ca) side before stopping the turning of the air blower (29), retaining the differential pressure between the anode (An) and cathode (Ca) sides and the housing container (8) interior.    USE -   For preventing damage to the fuel cell due to large differential pressure at emergency stop of the plant.
A multiple-stage reacting fuel cell comprises fuel cells (20a, 20b, 20c) with hydrogen-contg. anode gas (2) and oxygen-contg. cathode gas (3) for power generation, anode and cathode gas lines (24a, 24b, 25a, 25b), a recycling line to circulate cathode gas and air supplement lines (27a, 27b). Temp. of cathode gas effluent from fuel cells is reduced while keeping the inflowing gas temp. at temp. not solidifying the electrolyte.    ADVANTAGE -   Temp. of cathode gas at the exit of fuel cell is reduced without decreasing the temp. at the entrance, reducing the vaporisation of electrolyte.
A controller comprises a compressor (23) to supply pressurised air to a fuel cell (1), a detector for the fuel cell outputs, and a fuel cell output controller controlling supply of pressurised air to the fuel cell. A low-pressure, small-vol. pressurised air is supplied to an active polarised area and high-pressure, large vol. pressurised air is supplied under specified output condition to the resistance polarised and density polarised area.    ADVANTAGE -   Loss in drive of compressor is minimised, while keeping the good energy efficiency of a fuel cell.
A power generation system comprises a fuel cell (3) for generating power (34) by reacting pressurised air (42, 43) with fuel via a solid electrolytic membrane (3), a combustor (7), a gas turbine (81) to drive a power generator (83), an air compressor (4) to produce the pressurised air (42, 43) and a re-heat exchanger (51) for heating the pressurised air (42, 43) using the exhaust from the gas turbine (81).    ADVANTAGE -   Heat efficiency of the re-heat exchanger on air side is improved in heat recovery, increasing the power generating efficiency of the gas turbine.
A combustion system comprises a boiler (3) for combustion of hydrocarbon gas and a fused carbonate fuel cell (7) with hydrocarbon gas used as material of anode gas, where the fuel cell (7) is located on the inside of the combustion chamber (2) of the boiler (3).    ADVANTAGE -   Fuel cell uses a surplus heat out of combustor, contributing to the effective use of heat.
A controller comprises a compensation air flow operation unit (10A) and an air control valve drive (11A) to control a combustion air flow, based on the generated power output of fuel cell and the measured temp. of a reformer (1), to heat raw fuel while keeping the temp. of the reformer (1) at set temp., and a compensation raw fuel flow operation unit (30) and a raw fuel control valve drive (31) to control a flow-in rate of the raw fuel.    ADVANTAGE -   Temp. of the reformer is kept at set temp. despite a change of raw fuel compositions or reforming reaction.
Solid high-molecule fuel cell comprises a power generating element (5) with electrode components positioned on both sides of high-molecular electrolytic membrane (2) and cells (1) with a pair of gas separating members (6,7) for making a passage (15) for reacting gas, the gas passage (15) in vortex shape is provided with a gas supplying port in one end and a gas discharging port on the other end.    ADVANTAGE -   Discharging efficiency of water produced is improved, preventing a dead spot.
Cell comprising many laminates of separators and unit cells with structure of an electrolyte plate is inserted between an oxygen pole and fuel pole, while passing oxidn. gas to the oxygen pole and fuel gas to the fuel pole. Passage of oxidising gas is kept counter-current on each layer.    USE -   The cell is suitable for power station.    ADVANTAGE -   The cell has improved power generating factor and running life, since temp. distribution is homogeneous in planar direction of unit cell.
An opening (30) is provided to an end separator (25) which is at the end of a manifold for supplying oxidant gas (7) and manifold for supplying fuel gas (9). A recessed end cap (32) is joined to the outer periphery of the opening (30) to make a gas collecting section (33) at the inside of the end cap (32).    ADVANTAGE -   Gas distribution is uniform.
Structure of a seal material is a laminated surround of a current collector with 5 layers structure, comprising anode current collector, anode catalyst layer, ion exchange film, cathode catalyst layer and cathode current collector in body junction.    USE -   The structure is suitable for cell stack structure at fuel cell.    ADVANTAGE -   The structure needs less parts, easy to assemble and capable of complete gas seal and improves output power.
A hydrogen ion conductor consists of an amorphous material having a hydrogen ion conductivity of 10 -1-10-6 S/Cl at room temp.    The material is a phosphate, esp. Zr phosphate. the ratio of P to Zr is 80:20 - 40:60 as expressed in terms of the molar ratio P2O5:ZrO2. other phosphate used include Ti and W phosphate. The material is prepd. by a sol-gel method.    USE -   The conductor may be used in inorganic ion exchangers, oxygen-hydrogen fuel cells, electrolytes for electrolysis of water, solid electrolyte sensors, e.g. hydrogen sensors, solid electrolytes for completely solid type nickel-hydrogen cells, acid catalysts and membranes for electrodialysis, etc.    ADVANTAGE -   The material is prepd. by a sol-gel process, which allows films of easily controlled thickness or bulk materials to be produced on an industrial scale without requiring high temps., e.g. of 1000 C or more. it includes a large amt. of hydrogen ions and molecular water and has a large number of sites available for hydrogen ion migration, which gives it excellent hydrogen ion conductivity. It also has good long-term stability of electrical conductivity. Phosphate glasses contg. an additive to prevent deliquescence can incorporate large amts. of hydrogen ions and show an improved electrical conductivity.
An Al alloy steel includes less than 0.1 wt.% of C, less than 1 wt.% of Si, less than 1 wt.% of Mn, 15-25 wt.% of Cr, 20-30 wt.% of Ni, 3-5 wt.% of Al, less than 0.04 wt.% of N, 0.0005-0.005 wt.% of Ca and Mg in total and Y, REM, B, Ti, Ba, Ta and Zr when necessary.    USE -   Effectively used as a gas sealing material for fuel battery.
A conductive ceramic comprises a complex oxide of Gp 3-a element (M) excluding La, and at least one from alkaline earth element (A) of Cr, Ca, Ba, Sr or Mg, and atomic ratio of the metal elements of formula M(x+u) Ay Crz(I) where 0.0001 u/ x + y + 0.2, 0.01 y/x + y + z 0.2, x + y/z=1 (when A is Ca, Ba and Sr); x/ y + z = 1, 0.0001 u/x + y + z 0.2, 0.01 y/x + y + z 0.2 (when A is Mg)    USE -   For fuel battery collector.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides high electric conductivity and dense body.
The catalytic-combustion and heat-exchange type reformer consists of a horizontal tubular plate, a cylindrical container which is attached to the tubular plate at the top and closed at the bottom, a partition which is placed in the container with the top end fixed to the bottom of the tubular plate, the bottom end at a given distance from the bottom of the container, and the both sides contacting the container, the first header with a raw material gas supply port and the second header with a reformed gas discharge port, which are both placed above the tubular plate on opposite sides of the partition below, the third header placed below the bottom end of the partition in the container, an exhaust gas discharge port provided on the upper wall of the container below the first header, a fuel gas supply port provided on the upper wall of the container below the second header, the first gp. of tube which pass through the tubular plate and connect the first and third headers, and the second gp. of tubes which pass through the tubular plate and connect the second and third headers, a combustion catalyst is packed in the container to a given height, a reforming catalyst is packed in the first and second gps. of tubes to almost the same height as that of the combustion catalyst and in the third header, a raw material gas is supplied from the raw material gas supply port to produce reformed gas using the reforming catalyst, a fuel gas is supplied from the fuel gas supply port and burned with the combustion catalyst, and the exhaust gas is discharged from the exhaust gas discharge port.    USE -   The reformed gas can be used in fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -   Reformed gas can be produced stably with a low-calorie combustion gas.
An electronic equipment comprises a substrate and an organic film with a high dielectric strength. The film is formed on the surface of the substrate and consists of a F-contg. polymer having a molecular structure whose main chains are oriented at a right angle with respect to the surface of the substrate. The film has an insulation strength at least 1x108V/m. Also claimed are the following: (1) electronic equipment in which the thin film consists of a crystalline F-contg. polymer; (2) electronic equipment, in which the polymer has the formula (I) (where, when R1 and R2 = CF3, x = 0, y = 0; or R1 and R2 = F, x = 2, y = 0; or R1 = H and R2 = F, x = 1, y = 1); and (3) a semiconductor comprising an element having at least one pn-junction exposed to the surface and an organic thin film as described.    USE -   The thin film is used as solar batteries, displays or EL elements.    ADVANTAGE -   Because the dielectric strength is high the thickness of the film is about 1/10 of that of known thin film, so the transparency of the film is better than that of known films.
A device, for converting electromagnetic radiation energy into electrical energy, has a semiconductor layer onto which the radiation is directed to produce charge carrier pairs, the novelty being that the semiconductor layer is coated with a radiation energy absorbent layer.    USE -   Esp. as a solar cell.    ADVANTAGE -   The device is extremely thin and has minimised prodn. costs and optimised operating parameters.
An aromatic polyamide film contg. 0.001-10 wt.% of fine inorganic or organic particles and having, on at least one surface, 102-107 (mm-2) projections with a height of 0.01-0.05 m, 0-5 (cm-2) projections with a height of 0.27 to less than 0.54 m, 0-2 (10 cm-2) projections with a height of 0.54 to less than 0.81 m, and 0-0.5 (100 cm-2) projections with a height of 0.81 m or above. The film has both slipperiness and surface smoothness. The film is produced by sufficiently dispersing fine inorganic or organic particles in a solvent for aromatic polyamides, filtering the obtd. dispersion, preparing an aromatic polyamide soln. by using the dispersion as the solvent, filtering the obtd. soln., and forming a film.    USE -   Useful as an insulation film for rapidly rotating electrical appliances, a base film for magnetic recording media, a base film for solar cells, and a flexible printed wiring board.
A bipolar interconnection plate for placement between individual fuel cells in a stacked, multiple fuel cell power generation system, each fuel cell unit comprising an anode member, a cathode member, and electrolyte material positioned between the anode and cathode members. The bipolar interconnection plate comprises a first side with a number of elongate gas flow channels and a second side with a number of elongate fuel flow channels. The plate consists of a catalytic intermetallic compound capable of catalysing steam contg. hydrocarbon fuel compsns. into H2, CO and CO2 during operation of the fuel cell power generation system. The intermetallic cpd. is selected from NiAl and Ni3Al. The plate further contains at least one ceramic filler compsn. randomly dispersed therein in order to form a porous plate structure having a low coefficient of thermal expansion compared with plate structures comprised of the intermetallic cpd. which lack the ceramic filler compsn.. Also claimed is a multiple fuel cell power generation system with a number of individual fuel cell units and bipolar interconnection plates separating fuel cells. Further claimed is a method for producing the bipolar interconnection plate comprising the steps: (i) combining Al, Ni and ceramic filler powders in a mixt. where Al:Ni = 1:1; (ii) compressing mixt. into a compressed product; and (iii) heating product to a temp. 600-1000 C to form metallic matrix within plate consisting of intermetallic NiAl with randomly dispersed ceramic filler powder.    USE -   Catalytic bipolar interconnection plate for use in a stacked fuel cell system.    ADVANTAGE -   Economical and efficient mfr. of plates with increased shock resistance, electrical conductivity and high degree of catalytic activity.
A process for a columnar-grained polycrystalline sheet substrate for a solar cell comprises applying granular Si (200) to a setter material (100) having an upper release coating (110), preheating and applying a thermal profile to melt 20-95% of the Si from the top down so that the partly melted material below the melt acts as a net to stabilise the melt, to prevent it contacting the release coating, and to nucleate subsequent crystal growth. The melt pool is transported to a zone where the thermal profile promotes columnar growth (400) with vertical grain size exceeding 20 microns and the grown sheet is transported into an anneal zone (500) which promotes low-stress cooling. The sheet is removed from the setter, which is reused.    Also claimed are a substrate and solar cell made as above.    USE -   In the mfr. of solar cells for electric power generation.    ADVANTAGE -   The process is low-cost and forms low-stress columnar-grained sheets having low-activity grain boundaries and thus avoiding degradation.
A seal plate, a current-collecting plate, an insulation plate, and a tightening plate are piled in order on both sides of a laminating end plane of a laminate body of a single cell in which phosphoric acid is the electrolyte. A specified plane pressure is added to a laminating plane. A cut area is made on an outer circumferential area of a plane of the seal plate, which electrically contacts the current-collecting plate. An insulation plate, whose outer circumference is larger than that of the current-collecting plate, is set in a space formed in the cut area.    USE -   For producing a stack provided with an insulation structure with excellent processing and damage-resisting characteristics.
An electrolytic ozone generator is combined with a fuel cell. Hydrogen gas and oxygen gas secondarily generated from the ozone generator are solely at simultaneously fed to the fuel cell, respectively. The hydrogen and oxygen gases are used as reaction gas for the fuel cell.    USE -   For disinfection, sterilisation water purificn. decay or deteriorating prevention, deodorisation of perishable or processed foods.    ADVANTAGE -   The combined system saves energy and resources.
An electricity generating plant for a fuel battery comprises a fuel battery body which guides fuel gas and an oxidising gas to a fuel pole and an oxidising agent pole and generates electrical energy by electrochemical reaction, and a fuel quality improving appts. which improves quality of an original fuel gas. Inert gases are supplied to at least one of the fuel pole and the oxidising agent pole while the electricity generating plant for the fuel battery has been operated. Exhaust gas is removed from the fuel quality improving appts..    USE -   For removing exhaust gas and maintaining fuel battery.
A cooling water system for a battery comprises a cooling pipe arrangement which forms a circulation route of the cooling water, and a vapour separator which separates the cooling water for the battery to a steam and a hot water. A water processing apparatus is connected to the cooling water system for the battery through a feed pipe. A steam injector is connected to the water processing apparatus through another feed pipe. The steam injector is connected to the steam separator through other feed pipe and a steam pipe.    USE -   For providing electricity generating facilities whose efficiency for generating electricity is high and an operation reliability is also high.
An electricity generating appts. comprises fuel battery, main fuel supplying system, preparatory fuel supplying system and control appts. The main fuel supplying system comprises pressure measuring tool, control valve for a main fuel, and non-return valve for the main fuel. The pressure measuring tool sends a signal indicating trouble in pressure to control appts. The preparatory fuel supplying system comprises preparatory fuel control valve, and a non-return valve for the preparatory fuel. The control apparatus comprises a setting change tool.    USE -   For shortening a halt time of an electricity generating appts. when some abnormality is detected in a main fuel supplying system.
A dry inert gas is continuously or intermittently supplied to a fuel pole and an oxidising agent pole. If alternating resistance of fuel battery deviates from a specified value, a dry gas contg. hydrogen is supplied to the fuel pole, if voltage of the fuel battery is above the specified value while the dry gas is supplied, the fuel pole and the oxidising agent pole are electrically shorted through a voltage suppressing resistance.    USE -   For suppressing movement of phosphoric acid in a fuel battery.
A fuel battery has several batteries in which an electrolyte layer has been inserted between an oxidising agent pole and a laminated fuel pole. A fuel gas and an oxidising agent gas are respectively supplied to the fuel pole and the oxidising agent pole, then exhausted. Electrical energy generated by the electrochemical reaction is removed between poles.    USE -   For preventing leakage of gas, and deterioration of battery.
Metallic material comprises (by wt.) 15-40% Cr, 5-15% W, balance Fe and impurities. It has an average thermal expansion coefft. ranging from room temp. to 1000C of 1210-6 -1310-6(-/K).    USE -   Used for the separator of solid electrolyte fuel cell.    ADVANTAGE -   The Cr-W-Fe or Cr-W-B-Fe material has similar mechanical strength and heat resistance as stainless steel, and thermal expansion coefft. greater than stainless steel and equiv. to stabilised zirconia.
Beta-alumina solid electrolyte is made by preparing a slurry of a mixt. of alumina, sodium, and a stabiliser, followed by granulating, pressing, and firing. A binder is used contg. a bonding material, and at least one plasticiser, lubricant, and dispersant.    USE -   For membranes of Na-S cells.
The prepn. of a hydrogen-contg. gas, for fuel cells, comprises reforming a fuel for hydrogen prodn. which can be converted by reforming to a fuel gas contg. at least hydrogen, mixing an oxygen-contg. gas and the reformed gas contg. mainly hydrogen and also CO2 and CO, and selectively oxidising and converting CO to CO2by passing the gas mixt. through a catalyst bed. Part of the oxygen-contg. gas is mixed with the reformed gas in several separated portions during the process of passing the gas through the catalyst bed.    USE -   The hydrogen-contg. gas obtd. can be used as a fuel for fuels cells operated at low temps., such as phosphoric acid type, KOH type, and polymeric solid electrolyte type fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -   When the hydrogen-contg. gases obtained are used as fuels for fuel cells, poisoning and deterioration of platinum catalysts on the negative electrodes can be inhibited.
The sheet employs an insulation film (1) and an electrically conductive paste is adhered on the surface of the film. Hardening is carried out resulting in formation of multiple stripes. At the bottom of the structure, N type semiconductor paste (3) and P type semiconductor paste (4) are adhered followed by hardening process.    The paste are adhered alternately at equal space. The adjoining region of the paste, are also hardened. An insulated coating material (6) is applied on the whole surface of the insulation film. Leads (7) are extracted from lower left and upper right of the semiconductor paste.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables continuous mfr. Lowers cost. Increases overall efficiency.
The semiconductor device (11) has a substrate (100) over which a semiconductor film (1) is placed. A peeling layer (10) is placed in between the substrate and the semiconductor film. A number of penetration holes (2) are provided in the film. A diffusion layer is provided in the inner wall surface of the semiconductor film, at the periphery of the penetration hole.    A pair of electrodes are provided at the diffusion layer and the back side of the semiconductor film respectively. The contact parts with the electrodes are removed by sliding the semiconductor film in parallel with the substrate surface. The semiconductor film is covered with an insulating film.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves productivity and performance. Reduces number of assembly process.
The structure comprises a transparent ZnO electrically conducting layer, a semiconductor layer and a transparent electrode (108) formed on surface of an electrically conducting substrate (101) sequentially. The ZnO transparent electrically conducting layers consists of two layers which are ZnO crystal layer (103) and ZnO amorphous layer (104). The ZnO layer is deposited at lower temperature and with high speed than that of ZnO crystal layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves reliability and efficiency and lifetime of battery. Stables high conversion efficiency.
The method uses a material gas which contains the compound containing the general formula R1 COR2 as the hydrogen carbide substitution group where R1 and R2 are methyl groups. The main ingredients of the alloy are carbon, silicon and hydrogen and the band gap of the alloy is about 2.5 eV or more.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves photoelectric characteristics. Avoids defect generation.
The cell comprises a lamination of a fuel pole, electrolyte, and an air electrode in order on a porous ceramic tube substrate. The fuel pole comprises a lamination of a NiO-YSZ graded material-A layer and a NiO layer and NiO-YSZ graded material-C layer in order. The content of NiO in the graded material-A is gradually lowered towards the tube substrate and increased towards the NiO layer and the content of NiO in the graded material-C is gradually increased towards the NiO layer and lowered towards the electrolyte layer.    USE -   Used for a cell with improved running life.    ADVANTAGE -   The fuel pole shows no cracks and exfoliation, since thermal stress on it is relaxed.
The cell comprises a cation exchange membrane, of which an electrode contg. fullerenes carrying metallic catalyst effectively acting for dissociation and adsorption of hydrogen, or an electrode contg. fullerenes carrying the catalyst and carbon not carrying the catalyst, or an electrode contg. fullerenes carrying the catalyst and carbon carrying the catalyst, or an electrode contg. fullerenes not carrying the catalyst and carbon carrying the catalyst, is jointed with one surface, and an electrode contg. no fullerenes is jointed with the other surface.    USE -   As fuel cell, electrochemical oxygen migration cell, electrochemical hydrogen migration cell, and water electrolysis cell.    ADVANTAGE -   When used as fuel cell, there is no need to supply gas to the cathode side. When used as the water electrolysis cell, only oxygen can be generated with no hydrogen generated.
The device comprises a reclaimer into which air-off gas and exhaust ga are guided to directly contact supplied water for condensing and reclaiming water and discharging treated gas, and a decarbonator into which air-off gas is guided to directly contact supplied water for condensing and reclaiming water and discharging treated gas.    ADVANTAGE -   Low concn. carbon dioxide-contg. reclaimed water is obtained without sacrificing generating efficiency.
The ventilator comprises a duct with a built-in ventilating fan and a ventilated air flow passage so that upward ventilated air flow from the ventilating fan is guided in a horizontal direction and downward flow is guided counter to the horizontal direction and discharged.    ADVANTAGE -   The ventilator has excellent performance and efficiency.
The device comprises a transformer to detect the output voltage of an inverter, a current transformer to detect the output current of the inverter, a variation computer to compute the variation in the output power of the inverter and a voltage adjuster to adjust voltage applied to a heater for a steam separator.    ADVANTAGE -   Fuel cell is protected against shock and deterioration prevented.
The plant comprises a current detector to detect individual currents flowing in a series-connected battery gp. and a fuel supply adjuster to adjust the individual flow rates of fuel to be supplied to the series-connected battery gp..    ADVANTAGE -   The fuel/oxidiser utilisation factor and the voltage of a fuel cell battery are kept at the desired level.
The pipe comprises an upstream-side pipe and a downstream-side pipe connected by bolting the respective pipe flanges in such a manner that an insulating piece having the cylindrical portion and the flange portion on the outer periphery of one end are provided for the connection.    ADVANTAGE -   The cooling water pipe is usable if the flow of cooling water is increased and inner pressure is higher.
The battery comprises a square columnar cell stack formed by laminating single cells with pairs of porous electrodes and cell cooling plates and manifolds provided with reaction gas flow passages and arranged on the side face of the cell stack, to supply and exhaust reaction gas.    ADVANTAGE -   The fuel cell battery provides stable operation without resupplying electrolyte over service life period.
The plant comprises a combustible gas leakage detecting means provided at the exhaust part or in its vicinity of a package to detect the leakage of combustible gas from a fuel cell battery mainframe and its peripheral elements into the package.    ADVANTAGE -   The operation rate of the fuel cell battery main frame is improved without extra load.
The method comprises connecting a steam separator to a water collector via a valve, so that cooling water can be supplied from the steam separator to the water collector and returned to the steam separator via the water resupply pipe by opening and closing the valve when the operation of a fuel cell generator is stopped.    ADVANTAGE -   The temp. of cooling water is dropped during stopping operation to cool a fuel cell battery itself down to a safe temperature of 100C or lower.
A solar cell array is expanded and maintained at room temp. exceeding th max. limit temp. which causes th damper heater operation to switch ON. Then the air is cooled to below the min. limit temp. and then returned to room temp.
A metal electrode is formed by removal of pinhole. The method includes a 1st process to form an amorphous silicon layer (3) and bonds a transparent metal electrode (2) to a transparent glass board (1), a 2nd process to fill a photosensitive insulation layer (4) in the pinhole (10), a 3rd process of heating by radiating an UV from a glass board (1), and a 4th process to form a metal electrode (5) on the amorphous silicon layer (3).    ADVANTAGE -   Improves productivity of solar cell.
The method produces a high heat generating material to ignite a heat pellet by its instant generation of 483.5 cal/gr. The method comprises: mixing 79 wt.% granular BaCrO4 79 with liquid 21 wt.& Zr under stirring for an hour in a mixer while adding a small amount of water to obtain a gel of the mixture; and filling the gel mixture in a cylinder of a ceramic absorption paper to be dried into a heat bar for the final product.    USE -   For prodn. of high heat generating material.
A melted raw material is coagulated to grow a single crystal. The single crystal growth is effected where dust, including SiO, SiO2evaporated and separated from the melted raw material adsorbed with a metal material generating static electricity. Also claimed is the appts. for growing the single crystal having a device for adsorbing dust evaporated and separating from the melted raw material.    USE -   For growing the single crystal used for a semiconductor device, including an IC, an LSI, or a solar battery.    ADVANTAGE -    Adsorbing the dust, including SiO, SiO2prevents the dust from being dropped in the melted raw material. The result reduces the dislocation of the single crystal, increasing yields and reducing prodn. costs.
The film forming device is furnished with a vacuum chamber (18) within which a flexible substrate (13) is installed. The substrate is bent, into circular form, thus making its two ends to meet at a point between a pair of guide roller (12,14). The space enclosed within the substrate is permeated by a film forming decomposable gas. Into that enclosed portion, plasma discharge is carried out. Due to the reaction between plasma and the film forming gas, a thin semiconductor film is formed on the inner walls of the bent substrate.    USE -   \    ADVANTAGE -   In e.g. solar battery. Controls homogeneous nature of film. Controls diffusion of film forming material when applied to formation of multiple films which differ in composition. Suppress interactive mixing of components. Provides for continuous plasma formation. Reduces installation area
The device includes a dummy resistance (20) which is connected to one end of a changing switch (22). A set of PEFC modules (10A-10N) constituting the fuel cells, are provided. Each of these modules holds a solid state macro molecular electrolyte film with anode and cathode terminals. This electrolyte reacts with the fuel gas introduced into the module and initiates electrochemical reaction.    The output of this reaction stabilizes after a predetermined time. Thus, upto the attainment of this stabilization, each of the module terminals is linked to the dummy resistance through the changing switch, once a start switch is activated. This is carried out sequentially and after stabilization, the whole unit is linked to an external load (16).    ADVANTAGE -   Fastens stabilization of output voltage thus shortening time for initialization.
A wet operating electrolyte, curved shape, oxygen-redn. fuel cell comprises gas-pervious, curved current-collecting electrodes shaped to mate one with another, gas-dissociating catalyst zones at each electrode and a proton transport electrolytic member constrained between the current collecting electrodes, the current collecting electrodes are load-bearing structures acting to compress the electrolytic member characterised in that at least one of the electrodes includes a coiled winding acting to assist compress the electrolytic member.    Mfr. of the fuel cell is also claimed.    USE -   Used for the mfr. of hydrogen fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The cell is rapidly initiated at room temp., is lightweight and portable and helically wound electrodes assist compression of the electrolytic membrane and provide novel and efficient current collection means.
Formation of a fluorine-contg. silicon oxide film on a substrate comprises plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition using a fluorinated silicon source of formula (I). R1-R6 = F and remaining R = H, F, non-fluorinated-, partially fluorinated- or perfluorinated-: alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl aryl or benzylic gps., or CxH2x when R1, R2 and/or R3 is connected to R4, R5 or R6 by bridging gp. CyH2y; x = 1-6; y = 0-6; M = Si or C; n = 0-6; R7 = H, F, CzH2z+1 or CrHsFt; z = 1-6; r = 1-6; s = (2r+1-t); and t = 1-(2r+1).    Also claimed are: (a) a fluorine-contg. silicon oxide film supported on a substrate comprising SiOpFq, p = 2-q; and q = 0.03-0.6; (b) the compsn. of matter comprising F2Si(CH3)CH2CH2Si(CH3)F2; (c) the compsn. of matter comprising F3SiCH2CH2CH2CH(SiF3)C2H5; and (d) a process for forming a fluorine-contg. silicon oxide film on a substrate.    USE -   Used for forming fluorine-contg. silicon oxide films on electronic material substrates requiring a barrier layer e.g. silicon oxides, silicon dioxide, intermetallic layers, titanium nitride and silicon nitride, polysilicon and metal layers, used in semiconductor devices and solar cell mfr.    ADVANTAGE -   Lower dielectric constants are obtd. c.f. pure silicon dioxide by controlling the fluorine content of the films and the dielectric constant. The high vapour pressure fluorinated alkylsilanes are easily delivered into a CVD reactor. The optimum quality of oxide and deposition rates and temps. is obtd., with less hazardous liq. c.f. silicon tetrafluoride compressed gas.
The solar battery has an N type crystal line silicon substrate (1) over which an intrinsic amorphous silicon layer (2), a first P type boron doped layer (3), a P type boron doped amorphous silicon layer (4), a second P type boron dopant layer (5) and a third P type boron dopant layer (7) are formed on one side.    On the other side of the substrate, a first N type phosphorus dopant layer (8), a first N type phosphorus doped fine crystal line silicon layer (9), a second N type phosphorus doped layer (10), a second N type phosphorus doped fine crystalline silicon layer (11) and a third N type phosphorus doped layer are formed. A transparent electric conduction film (13) and a metal grid electrode are formed at the light incident side of the structure. A metal backside electrode (15) is formed at the other end of the substrate.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves electricity generation performance. Improves junction characteristics.
The solar battery has a p-type crystal silicon substrate (1) over which an n-type diffusion layer (2) is formed on the light incidence side. Two silicon oxide films (3,4) are formed on both sides of the substrate. Contact holes are formed in both the silicon oxide films. A n+ diffusion layer (10), a first n-type dopant layer (5), n+ polycrystalline silicon layer (6), a second n-type dopant layer (7), a second n+ polycrystalline silicon layer (8) and a third n-type dopant layer (9) are formed sequentially to the contact hole part of the first silicon oxide film.    A p-diffusion layer (16), a first p-type dopant layer (11), a p+ polycrystalline silicon layer (12), a second p-type dopant layer (13), a second p+ polycrystalline silicon layer (14) and a second p- type dopant layer (15) are formed onto the contact hole part of the second silicon oxide film. The diffusion layer diffuses into the crystalline silicon substrate to a depth of 50-1000 .    ADVANTAGE -   Improves electricity generation performance. Improves characteristics of solar battery. Reduces carrier recombination of electrode sharply.
The mfg method involves forming an ABX2compound where A is IB group element, B is III b group element and X is either S, Se or Te. A thin film is formed by sputtering using S,Se or Te as sputter gas and is then heat treated in a gas environment which contains S, Se or Te.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves characteristic of solar battery. Provides uniform chalcopyrite.
The solar battery has a p-type silicon substrate (1) furnished with a light emitting surface. An n+ type layer (2) and an n-type domain (2a) are formed on the substrate surface. Carrier density of the n-type domain in the edge face is lesser than the density in the main junction portion.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents recombination of optical pumping carriers. Improves optical characteristics. Increases conversion efficiency to 24%.
The solid macromolecular fuel battery includes a pressure application object (42) provided with a dish spring (423). The fuel battery has multiple cells (3) and several multilayer components (2) furnished with a pressurising device (4). A pair of separators (31A,31B) are provided at the external surface of the fuel battery in the upper portion. A pair of C contact boards (41) are provided at the two right and left terminal points of the battery. A pressurising object (42) is provided in the bottom portion of the fuel battery.    ADVANTAGE -   The battery improves reliability, simplifies device structure, and reduces cost.
The fuel battery includes a water processing system (5). The return pipe (11) returns a part of the water discharged by the second pump (9b) to a water tank (6) after being processed by a filter (7). The water pipes are fabricated using an alloy contg. copper, zinc, lead or a combination of these three metals. The wire mesh used in the filter and metal piece (12) immersed in the water tank are also made from a similar alloy.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents generation of microbe. Does not required UV ray stabilizer. Performs continuous operation for extended period.
The device connection system has a discharge quantity control valve (40) provided at the condensed water discharge pipe (25) of a thermoelectric power generator (21). The pressure of a steam splitter (5) is detected by a pressure detector (12). This detected pressure is compared with the set point of the battery cooling water pressure. A suitable signal is output to the condensed water discharge quality control valve when the variation in the cooling water pressure is detected.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves output of thermoelectric power generated.
The device has a desulphurisation receptacle (1) which desulphurises some amt. of a fuel gas. The gas is heated to a predetermined temp. beforehand. A modifier (4) heats the desulphurised gas and performs quality change. A transformer (6) transforms the quality changed gas. The transformer outputs such as transfer gas is fed to fuel battery which performs electricity generation. A heat emitting steam splitter (3) is connected to the fuel battery to generate steam. A recycling path (11) is furnished in the device to boost-up a part of the transfer gas and supplied to the receptacle. A steam executor (10) is provided in the recycling path to desulphurize the transfer gas. Another steam splitter supplies steam to the steam executor.    ADVANTAGE -   Obtains sufficient electricity generation rapidly. Makes use of desulphurization receptacle effectively. Stabilizes operation desulphurization receptacle effectively. Reduces amount of inert gas used at time of start.
The fuel battery comprises a center plate (18) which provides a set of concavo-convex parts (14,15) for the gas flow path. The concavo-convex part is provided at both sides of a central portion which becomes a reaction part (20). A pair of sealing plates (25,26) which includes a hole (27) and a pair of punched board parts (25a,26a) are arranged to cover the concavo- convex part. A separator (24) is connected to the circumference of the center plate, in the circumference of the sealing plate. A cell (4) used for inserting a tile (1) with an anode (2) and a cathode (3) is layered through the separator. The sealing plates makes the electrodes to contact the separator.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents gas leak. Improves sealing nature. Eases mfg process. Eases handling of tile.
The high-Cr, high-Ni alloy contains (by wt.) up to 0.1% C, 0.2% Si, 0.5% Mn, 15-35% Cr, 35-60% Ni, 1 0.05-2% Al, 0.005-0.05% Y, having Ni/Cr ratio of at least 1.3.    USE -   For separators of fused carbonate fuel cells.
Proton-conductive solid polymer electrolyte is obtd. by compounding (a) block-graft copolymer having a degree of polymerisation of at least 310 and (b) proton-contg. cpds.     (a) is composed of at least one block chain A having a degree of polymerisation of at least 10 and consisting of repeat units of formula (I) and at least one polymer block chain B having a degree of polymerisation of at least 300 and consisting of repeat units of formula -(CH2 -C(R4 )(M))- (II). In the formulae, R1 = H, CH3 or C2 H5 ; R2 = H or CH3 ; R3 = H, alkyl, aryl, acyl or silyl; n = 1-45; the no. average mol. wt. of graft chain of formula -(CH2 -CH(R2 )-O)n -R3 (III) in formula (I) is 45-2,000; R4 = H, CH3 , or C2 H5 ; M = -CH=CH2 -, -CH(CH3 )=CH2 , -COOCH3 , -COOC2 H5, phenyl or substd. phenyl. The wt. ratio of the block chain A to the block chain B is 1:30-30:1.    USE -   The solid polymer electrolyte is used in fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The solid polymer electrolyte has high proton conductivity and membrane strength.
Solar battery mfr. involves deposition of first and second metal layers (102,103) on a substrate (101). A transparent layer (104) is formed on the second metal layer. A semiconductor layer (105) is formed on the transparent layer. The metal layer comprises two layers consisting of two metals.    The first metal is selected from Au, Ag, Cu or an alloy formed from these metals. The second metal contains Ag selected with a reflection factor of 85% or more. Before forming the second metal layer an annealing process is carried out. After forming the semiconductor layer a transparent electrode (109) and a collector electrode (110) are deposited.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces cost. Increases conversion efficiency.
CdS paste layer including CdCl2, is roasted under atmos. contg. CdCl2 to form CdS sintered layer and to promote formation of crystal grain growth, and remove residual CdCl2 by heat treatment.    ADVANTAGE -   The process provides printing-roasting process CdS/CdTe solar cell, which can improve transparency by increasing crystal grain diameter, and can improve short circuit current and open voltage characteristics, and improving conversion factor by suppressing formation of mixed crystal layer.
A C fibre-Si composite material consists of a stranded wire consisting of pieces of a C fibre, and a base material comprising mainly Si and filled between each C fibre in the stranded wire.    USE -   For a filament structure for a solar cell.    ADVANTAGE -   Filling the base material between each carbon fibre reduces voids causing cracks on a semiconductor junction layer. The outer surface of the stranded wire is covered with the base material, reducing the radially protruded stranded wire. Even if the radially protruded stranded wire exists, the base material fixes and removes it. The use of the composite material for a first current collecting electrode provides superior photoelectric conversion efficiency and mechanical strength.
The fuel battery has a unit cell multilayer body (1) along whose circumference a reaction gas is supplied and discharged. The multilayered body has two or more unit cells sandwiching an electrolyte layer between an oxide pole and a fuel pole. The surface of the flange part (8c) has an insulated coating (10) of sufficient film thickness that touches the inside of the gas manifold (8).    ADVANTAGE -   Excels in corrosion-proof nature. Provides high reliability. Improves peeling endurance.
The mfg method involves formation of metal oxide film or inter connector film (3) on the surface of the porous cylindrical base (1). The film covers the domain other than the masking film formation domain. A masking film (6) is covered by CVD or EVD method. The masking film is then removed by a removal process.     The masking film consists of a slurry of oxide compound mixed with La and Mn with stable ZrO2of a mean particle diameter of 5 micrometer or more. The masking film has a thickness of 30-100 micrometers and carries out immersing application of the cylindrical base into the slurry.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides easy peeling removal after film formation. Prevents bad influence to base by halogenated gas. Improves mfg yield.
The fuel battery is furnished with a main part (1) and uses phosphoric acid as an electrolyte. A hydrocarbon fuel is processed and resultant (4) is supplied to a fuel pole (1b) in the main part. The main part is furnished with a matrix (1a) impregnated by the electrolyte and sandwiched between the fuel and air poles (1c). An air supply device (6) supplies air (10) to the air pole. From air (12) exhausted from the battery main part, heat is recovered by a set of heat exchangers (13-16).    The surface of heat exchanger which comes in contact with the exhaust from the battery, is coated with a phosphoric acid corrosion resistance member. And main heating surface of each heat exchanger is arranged perpendicular to the exhaust flow direction to enable phosphoric acid condensn. at the lower surfaces of the heat exchangers.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   In power plants generating 10-1000 kW electricity. Avoids corrosion and degradation of heat exchanger and associated redn. in performance.
The method involves using ceramics containing a heat-proof alloy of nickel, cobalt or iron group. The ceramics exists in the form of a matrix and the heat proof metal is dispersed in the ceramics. The ratio of the heat-proof metal to the ceramic for a given cross-section varies from 1:2 to 2:1.    The object board is covered precisely to interrupt the shaping board with a powder formed of the heat-proof metal and ceramic formed due to baking. Baking is carried out under a nitrogen atmosphere with an oxygen content less than 1000 ppm. A load of 21-30 g/cm is used for baking.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents cracks and deformation. Simplifies mfg. process. Produces flat and smooth ceramic efficiently.
Prodn. of (a) preparing a soln. of a 2C or more organic cpd. having at least a trifluoromethyl gp. and oxygen; (b) keeping or applying the soln. in contact with or to a heated substrate and (b) growing a fluorine -contg. tin oxide film.    ADVANTAGE -   Oxygen in the organic cpd. effectively supplies fluorine as dopant to the film. This effectively reduces electrical resistance. The fluorine-contg. tin oxide film produces a transparent conductive thin film having low resistance.
The solar cell module comprises: (i) a solar-cell panel; (ii) a frame disposed on the periphery of panel (i); and (iii) an adhesive layer disposed between the second surface of panel (i) and the flange of frame (ii). Panel (i) comprises a light-transmitting plate having two opposing surfaces, and solar-cell elements disposed on the second surface. Frame (ii) has a flange on which the solar cell panel is supported on the second surface while the first surface is free. Layer (iii) comprises a reactive hot-melt adhesive comprising a urethane prepolymer obtd. by reacting a polyhydroxy cpd. with an excess amt. of a polyisocyanate.    Also claimed is process for the prodn. of the above module.    USE -   Cells are installed outdoors in modules which form arrays, e.g. for use in tropical regions.    ADVANTAGE -   The module produced is high quality and reliable. The adhesive has high durability, w.r.t. heat resistance, water resistance, etc.. the prodn. of the module is easy and quick.
Prepn. of a fluorenone deriv. of formula (III) comprises reacting a cpd. of formula (I) and a cpd. of formula (II) in an organic acid. In the formulae, R1 = H or nitro gp.; R2a-R2e = H, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, alkoxyl, phenoxy, pyrrolyl, alkyl halide or halogen atom; adjacent 2 gps. of these may condensate to form a condensed ring.    Also claimed is a prepn. by reacting a cpd. of formula H2N-NR3R4 (IV) and a cpd. of formula (V).    USE -   Prod. is used as an electron transporting agent in electrophotosensitive material and a solar cell.    ADVANTAGE -   Prepn. results in ease of purification and uses low reaction temp. c.f. the conventional method, thus reducing the prodn. cost.
A cylindrical porous sintered ceramic body has a complex perovskite type crystal contg. at least La and Mn, a three dimensional network structure with up to 30 vol.% of fine pores having 0 of at least 4 to the total fine pore vol. and ratio of the thickness to outer dia. of the sintered body of 0.04-0.27.    USE -   Used for support tube of cylindrical type fuel battery cell.
Mfg. conductive ceramics includes moulding a mixed powder prepd. by adding 0.01-30 wt.% of gp. IIIa element oxide, 0.01-30 wt. % of MgO to perovskite type complex oxide powder contg. at least La and Cr metal element, to a given shape, and firing the moulding at 1300-1700C in an oxidising atmos.    USE -   For fuel battery cell separator, gas diffuser, and interconnection.
The methanol reformer consists of a burner, a reforming tube which is coiled and placed in such a way that it surrounds the burner, a liq. evapn. part which is provided near the entrance of the reforming tube and contains a gas-permeable filler, a reforming catalyst which is packed in the reforming tube on the downstream side of the liq. evapn. part, a CO-modifying tube which is connected to the reforming tube, coiled, and placed outside the reforming tube, a CO-modifying catalyst which is packed in the CO-modifying tube, and an outer cage which consists of a heat insulating material. Methanol and water are fed from the liq. evapn. part of the reforming tube to conduct methanol reforming and CO modification.    USE -   The methanol reformer can be used to produce fuels for fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The methanol reformer has a compact and simple structure.
The watch consists of a case (1) with a glass (2), a dial with hands (4) and works (3) powered by silicon photoelectric cells on the inside of the glass. The cells are made from a number of superimposed layers (11, 12, 13, 14) forming at least two p-i-n diodes, connected in series. They are situated round more-or-less the whole of the periphery of the glass, leaving a central window through which the dial and hands are visible. The first of the p-i-n diodes is made from amorphous silicon carbide or silicon nitride, a second is of amorphous silicon or silicon carbide, oxide or nitride, and a third of amorphous silicon or an alloy of germanium and amorphous silicon.    ADVANTAGE -   Has sufficient of photoelectric cells exposed at all times to power works.
Plate reformer comprises: (a) a reforming chamber (2) sandwiched by combustion chambers (4) with heat transfer plates (5) between the reforming and combustion chambers. Gas flows between the chamber exits and entrances are opposite to each other and the chambers are partitioned into entrance side and exit side sections; (b) a reforming reaction entrance side section (2a) of the reforming chamber filled with a reforming catalyst (1) and partitioned by a gas permeable wall (8) with a heat exchanger exit side section (2b) filled with heat transfer balls (10); (c) a combustion reaction entrance side section (4a) of the combustion chamber filled with a combustion catalyst (3) and partitioned by a gas permeable wall (9) with a heat exchange exit side section (4b) filled with heat transfer balls (10). Plate reformers with a fuel introducing pipe (11) with dispersion holes (11a) inserted into the combustion chamber and with fuel introducing chambers with dispersion holes sandwiched between combustion chambers are claimed.    USE -   A plate reformer for producing fuel gas for introduction to the anode of a fuel cell in a fuel cell power generation system.    ADVANTAGE -   The most appropriate arrangement of the reaction sections of the reformer and the combustion chamber and of reformed gas temp. at the reforming chamber exit may be achieved. Efficient heat removal from gases emitted from the reaction sections of the chambers is provided. The location of the graph peaks of the reformed gas and the combusted gas in their temp. distribution are coincident with each other without using large amounts of expensive catalysts. By inserting the fuel introducing tube into the combustion chamber reactions section reduction in size of the whole system may be achieved.
The stack of fuel cells (10) are arranged inside a protective housing (2) that has sealed inlets for anode fuel gas (5) and cathode fuel gas (7) and outlets for burnt anode (6) and cathode (8) gases. These gases are circulated within the protective housing (2). The circulating used cathode and anode gases combine in a mixing zone (9) and are directed to a fan (4) which blows them, along with fresh air, through a catalytic burner and heat exchanger (3) that burns the remaining fuel. The surplus gas is then removed by an exhaust flap.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduced need for electrical insulation, simplified piping giving low hydrodynamic resistance and minimum loss, low temperature differences and heat-stress.
Photovoltaic material is produced by treating the rear face of a silicon chip which is not to be exposed to photon rays in order to produce a back field as well as electrical contact points. The front face is treated to form a thin emitter layer, a low depth P-N junction and a sub-structure having a heavily doped plane with several crystalline and electrical interfaces such as two L-H type and two crystalline hetero-interfaces. The emitter face is heat treated in order to produce an hetero-structure of different materials or different crystallite material such as monocrystalline Si/amorphous or modified Si/monocrystalline Si coinciding with the doped profile adopted and comprising intrinsic fields of mechanical and electrical stress at the transition zones.    USE -   For making solar cells for converting solar rays into electrical energy.    ADVANTAGE -   Besides absorbing visible light, it can absorb infrared esp. wavelengths above 3200 nm. It can also increase the yield from UV light.
The prodn. involves forming a doped thin metal film (2) such as Ti on a substrate (1) made of quartz. Doping elements e.g. P, B are formed in the metal film by vacuum deposition or sputtering method. A polycrystalline Si thin film (3) is then formed on the metal film low pressure CVD process.    The polycrystalline Si film is heat treated at 800 deg. C in an inert gas (He,Ar) or nitrogen gas atmosphere. Then, a P or N type doping layer (4) and a Si ghost layer (5) are formed.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables removal of impurities in metal, avoids oxidn. of doping layer, secures simple compsn. and compact structure, reduces resistance between metal and substrate, secures heat proof property and reduces cost.
The defective cell detection method involves formation of a fuel pole (2) and an oxygen pole (3) inside a fuel battery (1). A set of boat shape cells (C) are formed along a surface facing an oxygen rich gas flow path (S). A fuel gas flow path (f) is formed near the oxygen rich gas flow path.    The fuel and the oxygen poles are placed in a stacked state. A block (B) is formed with specific number of cells. A fuel utilization factor is obtained based on the reaction of fuel gas with the fuel pole during normal operation. The change in output voltage during normal operation of each block is detected and the defective cells are found.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves reliability. Obtains required output voltage. Increases fuel utilization factor thereby reducing consumption of fuel gas. Reduces inspection time and cost with high accuracy.
The contact piece (1) includes an electrolytic film (2). A catalyst reaction layer (3) consists of a catalyst, C particles and water repellent resin. A gas diffusion layer (4) is provided with a C fibre which adheres to the catalyst reaction layer. The contrary side of the gas diffusion layer gets entangled with the C particles.    ADVANTAGE -   The piece improves diffusion nature of gas and drainage nature of remaining water, improves output characteristics when high load is applied, secures intensity of diffusion layer, improves polarisation density and prevents redn. in battery performance.
The material contains composite oxide contg lanthanide(s), rare earth elements, copper and noble metals. where materials wt ratio to composite oxide is 0.03 to 1.3% by wt and is composed of one from Pt and Rh.    USE -    The material is used for detecting reducing gases e.g. NO and CO, hydrocarbon gas e.g. propane and oxidised gas e.g. NO2.    ADVANTAGE -    Absorption of NO or NO2gas can be heightened and gas sensitivity and response are improved.
Affixing a conductive foil sheet to semiconductor members mounted in a conductive foil matrix comprises: (a) providing a cell matrix including the conductive foil matrix with the members mounted therein and an insulating layer disposed on each of the members; (b) removing a portion of the insulating layer from each of the members to expose a portion of the members; (c) forming a cell sandwich between an upper pressure pad and a lower pressure pad, the cell sandwich including the cell matrix and the conductive foil sheet; (d) disposing the cell sandwich within a clamshell; (e) heating the cell sandwich; and (f) affixing the members to the conductive foil sheet by directing the cell sandwich within the clamshell through a roll press thereby compressing the cell sandwich.    Also claimed is a process for making an array of solar cells.    USE -   Used for affixing semiconductor members to a conductive sheet. The process is partic. applicable to solar cell fabrication.    ADVANTAGE -   The process time and costs are reduced. The manufacturability is improved and good ohmic contact is provided.
The conductive nylon-6 complex film having more than 1.210-3s/cm of conductivity and having more than 68% of transparency is prepared by (i) dipping nylon 6 film having 10-45% of the crystallinity in pyrrole monomer at 0-80C; (ii) removing pyrrole monomer from the surface of the film with a filter paper; and (iii) polymerising the adsorbed pyrrole chemically by dipping the nylon 6 film adsorbed with the pyrrole into the water solution of ferric chloride.    USE -   The obtd nylon 6 complex film is useful for a solar cell, a reflecting mirror of transparent sheet, a displaying plate for gas flow and a displaying device of liquid crystal.
Porous layer (5), each pore of which has small opening and inwardly diverged shape, is formed onto compact sintered part (1), and then the hot sprayed film (8) is formed.    USE -   Provides process to mfr. the laminate, by which good bonding characteristics are assured.
Lid of firing container has openings are located centering around the crossing points of hypothetical lattice. The ratio of the total area of the openings to the area of the substrate, (opening area rate), differs between the peripheral zone having an approximate width of 3-10cm from the edge of substrate and the inner zone. The opening area rate at the inner zone is larger than that at the periphery zone. An electric insulation transparent glass plate is coated by CdS and CdTe films successively. The plate is placed on a boat, the applied film facing away from the heat, in a container with the lid.    ADVANTAGE -   CdS films having uniform quality are produced The CdS/CdTe solar cells are produced in a high production yield.
Reformer for fuel cells comprises a reaction tube (2) filled with reforming catalyst and placed vertically, heating chamber (10) formed along the outer wall of reaction tube, combustion device (7) placed under the heating chamber and thermal radiation member (20) placed in the heating chamber to radiate the heat by heating. The shape of thermal radiation member is set so that the geometrical view factor to the reaction tube becomes larger toward the downstream side of heating gas.    USE -    Used to mfr. H2-enriched gas from natural gas to use it as fuel of fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -   Temp. of reforming catalyst is rapidly equalised to increase the efficiency of reforming of feed gas.
Prodn. of a molten metal-resistant moulding, contg. silicon dioxide and silicon nitride, involves (a) preparing a castable aq. slip of alpha silicon nitride powder and silicon dioxide in powder and opt. fibre form with an alpha Si3 N4 :SiO2wt. ratio of 20-1:1; (b) casting the slip in a suction mould to form the moulding on the slip-contacting faces of the mould and then removing excess slip; (c) pre-drying the moulding and removing the mould; and (d) drying the moulding and heating it to a final temp. of 1300-1400 deg.C.    USE -   Prodn. of an ingot mould for crystallisation of silicon (claimed) or a crucible for melting metals, esp. a mould for prodn. of a polycrystalline silicon body suitable for photovoltaic uses.    ADVANTAGE -   The moulding is simple and inexpensive to produce, is resistant to metal melts and is resistant to adhesion of molten silicon so that cracks are avoided in cast silicon.
Formation of CdTe polycrystalline film having grain sizes above 20 m comprises placing a substrate within a vacuum chamber contg. a CdTe effusion cell, evacuating to at least 10-6 torr, heating the cell to give a molecular CdTe beam, heating the substrate, and depositing CdTe on the substrate. The CdTe is then heated under inert gas at such annealing temp. that CdTe grains grow to sizes greater than 20 m.    USE -   In terrestrial photovoltaic applications, esp. for solar energy conversion.    ADVANTAGE -   Large grain films are formed which facilitate the flow of charge; minority carrier lifetimes are increased from 40 to 200 ps.
An electrochemical fuel cell stack for producing electrical energy and reaction product from a fluid fuel stream and a fluid oxidant stream comprises: a first end plates; a second end plate; at least one fuel cell assembly interposed between the first and second end plates, and a membrane electrode assembly having a catalytic active region and further having at least one opening formed there extending through the catalytically active region; a compression assembly comprising at least one restraining member extending within the at least one opening, fastening means disposed at opposite ends of the at least one restraining member, and compressive means interposed between at least one of the fastening means and at least one of the first and second end plates; whereby the fastening means and the compressive means urge the first end plate toward the second end plate, thereby applying compressive force to the at least one fuel cell assembly.    USE -   Electrochemical fuel stack.    ADVANTAGE -   Design increases both volumetric and gravimetric power density of the fuel cell stack.
A prepared substrate assembly (1) for semiconductor film devices comprises: (a) a substrate (2) for supporting a semiconductor film (15); and (b) a single-layer back-contact film (3) deposited on the substrate for bonding the semiconductor film to the substrate. The back-contact film comprises a multiphase film of M-Mo where M = Cu, Ga or mixtures thereof. The film layer has a columnar microstructure to provide regions (4) which are pure Mo and interstitial microchannels (5) of pure ductile M-metal which partially penetrate the film layer. The Mo is inert to constituents of the semiconductor film. The ductile microchannels reduce residual stress in the back contact film and provide good ohmic contact. Upon deposition of the semiconductor layer, the M-metal in the microchannels is partially leached and becomes partly incorporated in the semiconductor film to provide good mechanical adhesion thereof, thus reducing delamination and improving efficiency and fill factor characteristics of the active solar cell layers deposited thereon.    USE -   Useful for solar cell mfr. esp. for copper indium di:selenide (CIS) solar cells.    ADVANTAGE -   Good electrical and mechanical adhesion properties are obtained by the multiphase back-contact layer. Resulting solar cells have greater photovoltaic conversion efficiency, fill factor, uniformity and longer life.
Lithium carbonate is mixed with an aluminium cpd. contg. lithium, aluminium and a carboxylic acid salt, and sintered at 500-700 C.    USE -   The cpd. is used for electrolytic plates in fuel elements with carbonate electrolytes, and in ceramic materials for the nuclear industry.    ADVANTAGE -   The process is simple, the process temp. is lower than in the previous process, and the yield is increased, with prodn. of alpha-lithium aluminate of 99% purity compared to a previous product contaminated with lithium carbonate.
Mfr comprises using a substrate (1) over which an amorphous SiGe film (2) is formed. Then, GeH4gas is introduced into the newly formed film in order to form a fine crystalline Ge distributed layer (3), employing plasma CVD process. Following that, formation of a second amorphous SiGe film (4) is carried out. Subsequent annealing processing results in the formation of a polycrystalline silicon film (5) by proper combination of the two SiGe films.    ADVANTAGE -   Used in solar battery mfr. which uses polycrystalline silicon film as its optically active layer. Improves characteristics of solar battery. Enables formation of crystalline particles having larger diameter. Film growth at low temperature. Controls spatial distribution of crystalline particles.
The fuel battery consists of a stacked cell (21) accommodated in a stack receptacle (23). A press board (25) is fixed at the upper part of the stacked cell so that it slides vertically inside the stack receptacle.    A pressure chamber (26) is formed by the press board and the inner wall of the stack receptacle. A pressure fluid is supplied into the pressure chamber so that a predetermined press power is applied on the stacked cell.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids need of tubes for applying pressure. Reduces number of parts. Improves reliability. Prevents damage of pressure application mechanism.
The fuel reforming appts. consists of combination of fuel reforming units, which are composed of partial oxidn. reactors, reforming reactors, and heat transfer plates.     In the drawing, (4) is raw gas, (7,33) are H2-rich reformed gas, (22) is heat transfer plate, (27) is reforming reactor, which produces (7) from (4), 28 is pre-mixed fuel, mixt. of hydrocarbon or alcohol and air, (32) is partial oxidn. reactor, which produces (33) from (28), and (36) is fuel reforming unit.    ADVANTAGE -    The process can provide fuel compact reforming appts. having good starting, load response, and high fuel conversion efficiency to H2.
The battery consists of a set of electrolyte sheets (12,16) and a set of maintenance material sheet (14,15) incorporated between a fuel pole (10) and an air pole (18). An electrolyte is made to dissolve and the maintenance material sheets are made to impregnate. The electrolyte mass of the electrolyte sheet is regulated to be within 50% of the pore capacity of the fuel pole and air pole, and 100% of the pore capacity of the maintenance material sheet.    ADVANTAGE -   Obtains highly efficient battery. Prevents crack generation during electrolyte board moulding. Aims at high performance and long life of battery.
Fuel battery has a contact piece (11) which is used to establish connection of an electrode with either sides of an electrolyte film. The control piece is supported by a pair of collector objects (22,23). The contact piece is pushed into a gas flow path and a set of projections (22a,23a) provided in the supporting collector objects effect deformation of the contact piece, so as to make it have a waveform-like structure.    Oxidising gas is supplied to one surface of the contact piece, while fuel gas is supplied to the its other face. The two gases are made to react chemically due to the presence of contact piece and consequently generate electricity.    ADVANTAGE -   Is applicable to stacked model fuel battery. Reduces contact resistance between fuel cells. Increases gas reaction area. Improves energy efficiency and battery performance. Improves productivity.
The fuel battery has a fuel pole (11) to which fuel gas is supplied. At an oxygen pole (12) oxygen contg. gas is supplied. An electrolyte film (2) is arranged between the two poles. A cation exchange nature portion (21) is arranged touching the fuel pole. An anion exchange nature portion (22) is arranged touching the oxygen pole.    ADVANTAGE -   The battery has improved performance due to water formed by battery reaction.
The fuel cell includes a hollow flat surfaced substrate (3') which is formed using the electrode material. Gas flows into the substrate through a gas flow entrance (9) and flows out through the gas flow exit (10) which are arranged on the inner side of the substrate. A stair like level difference part is provided between the two flow paths.    An electrolyte layer (1) is formed on one side of the substrate. An electrode (2) is formed in piles, in the upper part of the electrolyte layer. A set of electric power cells are generated by forming a collector layer in the surface which is opposite to the electrolyte layer of the substrate. The generated electric power cells are then layered.    ADVANTAGE -   Raises reliability with high endurance. Simplifies structure of gas flow path, reducing prodn. cost.
Fuel battery is furnished with an electrically conductive connection member formed from a mixture of oxide ceramic (10-40 wt. %) along with a nickel-chromium alloy. This connection member is used to establish connection between an air pole, a fuel pole and a solid electrolyte film. The connection member is formed by powder flame spraying.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces cost and applies lesser thermal impulse onto composition members of battery. Forms connection member which conforms to thermal expansion characteristics of other constituent members. Maintains high degree of electrical conductivity under oxidising and reduction atmospheres. Requires lesser amt. of oxide ceramic.
Fuel cell consists of a set of fuel battery cells (11). An air pole (19) and a fuel pole (17) are formed on both sides of a solid state electrolyte (15) which includes a hilt part (13). An insulating substance (23) is used for inserting the fuel battery cells into an attachment pole (25) which supports the hilt part.    The pair of interchange connectors (29,43) are connected with each other electrically. The first interchange connector conducts electrically by the fuel pole of the cell. The second interchange connector conducts electrically by the air pole of the battery cell.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces manual work. Simplifies process. Reduces mfg cost.
NOVELTY - The solar battery has an insulation film substrate (1) on which a first electrode layer (2), a photo electric conversion semiconductor layer (3) and second electrode layer are sequentially formed. Then, two transparent moisture prevention films (61) interposed with a water supplement layer (8) are formed. Then, the whole structure is laminated by forming a nylon film above the prevention film.    ADVANTAGE - ADVANTAGE Prevents efficiency reduction due to invasion of moisture. Provides weather proof battery. Enhances life span of battery. Improves adhesiveness of water supplement layer.
The thin film solar battery is formed on an insulated substrate (1). A first electrode layer (2) and a transparent second electrode layer (4) are formed on one side of the substrate while a third electrode layer (5) is formed on the other side of the substrate. Through holes are also formed in the substrate to connect the second and third electrode layers.Slots (81,82) are formed in the first and second electrode layers and the third electrode layer to isolate the electrode segments.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves production efficiency. Realises solar battery module with several solar batteries connected in series.
A photoelectric conversion semiconductor device is mfd. by forming ZnO on a semiconductor film, as a matrix, for forming hetero or homo-junction in an atmos. contg. O2, laminating a high resistivity transparent insulating film on the matrix, and forming ZnO on the laminate in a H2-contg. atmos., allowing Gp. IIIA elements to be present in the ZnO, and laminating a low resistivity transparent electroconductive film onto the high resistivity transparent insulating film.    USE -   For high-efficiency solar cells, or display devices.
Prodn. of crystalline Si thin films comprises a process in which Si layer is deposited on a substrate and eutectic layer of Ag-Si is formed on the Si layer and the eutectic layer and gradually penetrated into the silicon layer to crystallise it. New prodn. of solar cells is also claimed, where crystalline Si thin film is formed on an electrically conductive substrate, a pn junction is formed in the thin film, a counter electrode and a reflection preventing layer are formed on the thin film.    USE -   For producing solar cells.    ADVANTAGE -   Low cost solar cells with higher efficiency can be produced at lower temp..
Removal of CO from reformed gas is effected by treating reformed gas with a hydrogen purifier to reduce the ratio of the concns. of components except H2 and H2 to a level below that of reformed gas and converting CO contained in the gas treated with the hydrogen purifier into a gas except CO through reaction.    USE -   The method can be applied to systems which use reformed gas as a fuel gas of fuel cells, esp. solid polymer fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -   CO contained in reformed gas can be removed and at the same time high-purity hydrogen is obtd..
The fuel cell (10) has temperature sensors (61,63) at the inlet and outlet of channels (34p) for gaseous fuel. An electronic control unit (70) receives detection signals from the temperature sensors and estimates the degree of poisoning of the electro-catalyst on the anode (32) from the signals. When the control unit determines that the electro-catalyst is poisoned it changes the direction of the fuel flow through the channels using solenoid valves (51 - 54). The change of direction of flow allows a place with electro-catalyst carbon monoxide poisoning to be exposed to the gaseous fuel with a relatively low concentration of carbon monoxide.    ADVANTAGE -   Detects and cancels poisoning of the electro-catalyst without delay.
Solar cell (I) has a chalcopyrite absorber layer (4,5) contg. Na, K or Li in amt. of 104-106 atmos per cm2.    Prodn. of (I) is also claimed.    ADVANTAGE -   The presence of the alkali metal in the absorber improves the degree of activity of the cell.
The vapour coating device consists of a holding unit (2) for the material to be vaporised, surrounded by a rotatable cylindrical reflector body (6) with a slit-shaped opening (7). The body (6) is heated and can rotate around the unit (2) so that the opening can be in any required position.    USE -   Used esp. for producing thin filmed solar cells.    ADVANTAGE -   Large areas can be coated with the vapour flow direction easily controlled. Coating from above is also possible.
Feedstock comprising organic fuel and an O2 source is injected at high velocity into a catalyst mass contg. Cu and precious metal moieties using multipoint entry to cause a significant pressure drop and obtain a H2 prod. A reactor for the prodn. has a feedstock inlet (5) with a restricted multipoint entry into the mass via a porous ceramic tube (7) and a prod. outlet (4).    USE -   Self starting and sustaining H2 generation usable in fuel cell powered vehicles (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   Continuous energy input is not needed. Pressure drop prevents prod. backflow and oxidn. of H2 prod. Start-up is from ambient temp.
The formation appts. has two chambers separated by a partition (6). The inlet door (3) and an exhaust door (4) are set up at both ends of a cylindrical housing. A substrate transfer mechanism (5) is provided for each chamber. The diffusion gas inlet (7) and the diffusion gas exhaust port (8) are set up in each chamber.    A heater is provided in each chamber. The temperature of the first chamber is raised to 700 - 900 deg. C. and N2 gas supplied to the chamber. The inlet door is opened and the substrate is conveyed to the chamber. The diffusion gas such as POCl3 is supplied to the first chamber. The second chamber is heated to 750 - 950 deg. C., which is used for reheating the substrate.    ADVANTAGE -   Diffusion and reheating is performed in a single device. Diffusion processing time is shortened. Temperature conditions for diffusion and reheating can easily be altered.
The mfg method involves forming a first reflection prevention film (3) on a main surface of a semiconductor substrate (1) with PN junction part. A pair of electrodes (5,6) are formed on the main surface and back side surface of the semiconductor substrate.    A second reflection prevention film (7) is formed on the first reflection prevention film, a reactive ion milling is carried out to perform surface roughing of the second reflection prevention film surface.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces processing time. Reduces mfg cost. Provides uniform reflection surface.
The organic photovoltaic element has on one side, a composition which includes a transparent electronic acceptance nature organic matter layer. The layer forms a rectifying junction between two electrodes. An electronic grant nature organic matter layer is formed as under layer. To the other side, a surface protection layer in the transparent substrate surface which also sets up certain electrode composition. The main ingredients of the surface protection layer are carbon or carbon created by vapour phase epitaxial method.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides element of long life due to protection layer. Provides element which is harmless to environment. Prevents peeling due to sufficient resistance power. Improves adhesiveness of surface protection layer.
Mfg. thin chalcopyrite structure semiconductor film includes applying sputtering with the chalcopyrite cpd. semiconductor as a target to a given domain on a substrate to deposit a thin film at a substrate temp. at which the constituent element does not re-vaporise, depositing a thin chalcogen film on the thin film, and heating the deposit to make a thin chalcopyrite structure semiconductor film.    USE -   Used for high efficiency thin film solar batteries.
The fuel cell battery has a cell multilayer body (6) in which number of cells (4) are stacked. Above the multi-layer body, a top plate (19) is setup. At the lower part of the multilayer body, a gas connector plate is provided.    A pair of heat insulation layers (13,22) at the lower and upper part of the multilayer body are used to cut-off heat transfer of cell layer from lower part to upper part of multilayer body.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces heat loss and difference of temperature distribution between cells. Aims at equalization of cell characteristics. Increases life span of cell.
The fuel battery has a number of cooling boards (8) and a number of sub-stacks (9) that contains a number of simple cells (1), arranged in certain proportion. The both ends of a cooling pipe (12) in the cooling boards are connected to a water supply pipe (14) and a drainage pipe (15) respectively. A flow control unit (30) is provided in the drainage pipe (15) respectively. A flow control unit (30) gives resistance to flow of cooling water and controls the cooling water flow.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves lifetime. Maintains uniform temperature distribution cell surface. Increases cooling effect of distribution in cell surface. Prolongs lifetime of battery. Increases battery voltage.
The operation method involves using a solid state electrolyte contg. a fuel pole and oxidising agent pole. A separator is provided in between made of heat-proof alloy with Cr content. An oxidn. gas passage is also provided in the separator. The rate of supply of O2gas is increased at frequent intervals. The chrome is removed as a mixt. along with the sublimation material by chrome removal operation.    ADVANTAGE -   Prolongs lifetime of battery and increases electric power efficiency.
The solid-state electrolyte type fuel battery cell has a support pipe (1) with an air pole (2), a fuel pole (4), and a solid state electrolyte (3) formed along the peripheral surface of the support pipe. The material for the support pipe is constituted by 50% Al2 O3 , 20-50% SiO2 , 20-50% MgO, and 30-97% oxides of Ca, Ba, Sr and Ti. From these cpds., 3-7 wt.% of the material is selected from the gp. of Al2 O3 , MgAl2 O4 and SiO2.     The proportion of Al2 O3is 15-50 mol.%. The proportion of porous ceramic material with open blow holes is 20-45 mol.%. A cpd. is chosen from Mg, Ca, Ni, Fe and Zn in oxide form to the extent of 50-85 mol.%.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces baking temp. and increases thermal endurance. Reduces cost.
The battery consists of a battery stack (6) made of cell, each having an electrolyte board (1), an anode and a cathode (3). An insulator (8) is positioned by an external manifold (7). A sealing unit (9) carries out sealing of the battery stack with the insulator. An electrolyte injection hole (81a) is set at the external exposure surface of the insulator.    An electrolyte supply mouth (81b) is set up in the sealing unit. A connection hole connects electrolyte injection hole with electrolyte supply mouth. The electrolyte is thus poured from injection hole and is supplied to sealing unit side through the supply mouth.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents shortage of electrolyte within fuel battery. Provides highly efficient discharge characteristics for long time.
The fuel battery has several separators (12,16,17). Air is supplied to an air pole electrode (15) through the first separator. The fuel is supplied to a fuel pole electrode (14). The second separator isolates the circulating fuel and air. A spacer (18) is formed around the circumference of an air discharge hole (23). A fuel supply slot (44), air supply slot (45), fuel discharge slot (46) and air discharge slot (47) are formed between the spacer and the second separator.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces cost. Isolates fuel and air with high reliability. Reduces number of parts.
In an insulated electric wire having an electric wire and an insulating layer around the electric wire, the improvement is that the insulating layer is formed by impregnating an inorganic fibre cloth tape with a heat resistant compsns. to be transformed into inorganic material, and winding the tape around an electric wire.    USE -   Suitable for use in a high temp. environment of atomic power generator, fuel cell or geothermal power plant, etc.    ADVANTAGE -   The insulated electric wire shows excellent heat resistance at temp. higher than 400 C.
The fuel battery has multiple single cells and cooling boards connected to a stack (17) with end plates (18). The piled stacks are bonded by a binding rod (31) which has an internal hole for supply and exhaust cooling water, reaction material to stack.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides fuel battery of simplified structure. Provides compact and light weight fuel battery. Facilitates for easy assembly of fuel battery.
The fuel battery cell stack consists of several macromolecular electrolyte films stacked between the upper and lower steel plates used for fastening. In each of these films, an internal manifold (13) is provided. A gas supply passage is provided in each cell, connected with others in series to pave way for gas flow between the anode and cathode.    ADVANTAGE -   Supplies reaction gas to all cells and increases gas utilisation. Improves gas distribution reliability. Stabilises output. Increases power generation efficiency. Removes steam or condensed steam reliably.
The fuel battery consists of a front stage processing appts and a latter stage processing appts. The front stage is a deoxidation appts which removes oxygen from exhaust gas upto a considerable percentage. Further removal of oxygen is carried out to the order of ppm, by the latter stage processing appts. The gas without oxygen is supplied as purge gas.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides inexpensive and compact inert gas mfg installation. Avoids liquid nitrogen installation. Eliminates constraints in installation conditions.
The fuel battery water recovery system includes a condensed water pool. It is installed in the condensed water deposition system of exhaust gas condensation water recovery appts. A water sealing structure is provided at the extraction part of condensation water exit tube which discharges water to the external pool.    ADVANTAGE -   Controls blockage of condensed water exit tube. Increases reliability.
Raw fuel gas, e.g. methane, is supplied to a fuel cell, through an internal heating reformer, and a CO modifier, and part of the exhaust gas is recycled to the reformer, to increase H2 yield, to improve the efficiency of the generating system and to reduce CO2exhaust.    ADVANTAGE -    The process increases H2yield by recycling part of the exhaust gas from the fuel cell to the reformer.
The fuel battery electric power generator has several functional sub systems. The connection inlet of a water supply system supplies water (27) to a fuel pole (5) and an oxidising agent pole (11). A electric output switching device (24) changes a load (17) between external power supply (23) and a fuel battery cell stack (4). A supply gas system switching appts (25) switches the fuel gas and oxidising agent gas. A exhaust gas processing system switching device (28) changes the exhaust gas processing system by switching either the exhaust gas of the oxidising electrode or the exhaust gas of fuel electrode.    ADVANTAGE -   Performs electrolysis of water and supplies fuel to fuel receptacle.
Fuel reformed gas contg. H2 is fed to a fuel cell. A buffer process is arranged between the fuel cell and the fuel reformer. The gas is temporarily reserved at the buffer procedure, and then fed into the cell with required pressure.    USE -   Used for car with fewer pollution problems.    ADVANTAGE -   The fuel cell is resistant to sudden road change by using the buffer process.
The system consists of a pair of modifiers (1,2). The second type modifier consists of a burner part (2a) into which materials like fuel gas, steam and air for combustion are supplied. The burnt material is supplied to a quality changing part (2b) which raises the hydrogen density.     Similarly the first modifier is also supplied with materials which are then modified into high density H2gas. The high density fuel gas from the two modifiers are added and is supplied to a battery main part (4).    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces energy required for recycling process. Simplifies structure of device.
The single unit fuel battery has several manifolds arranged in a vertical sequence. An air preheater is provided in the first four manifolds (M1-M4). A modifier is provided in the 5th-9th manifolds (M5-M9). Predetermined manifolds are cross coupled (M8- M3,M9-M7,M4-M2). A fuel preheater is connected to the 11th-15th manifolds. The high temp. blower is connected between the second and sixteenth manifolds. The cathode exhaust gas is supplied to the turbine compressor from the seventeenth manifold.    ADVANTAGE -   The battery reduces device area as well as installation area, and controls heat dissipation loss.
The battery includes a cooling board (90). The cooling board divides two or more flow path slots (80) into two sets. The space between the flow path slots is enlarged by the cooling board.    A temperature slope is generated by circulating water on both sides of the slot groups with different temperatures. The flow path is defined so that it goes from a high temperature region to a low temperature region.    ADVANTAGE -   Stabilizes electrochemical reaction in cell. Improves battery performance. Prevents rapid drying of cell.
H2 is obtd. by the partial oxidn. and/or steam reforming of CH3 OH using a low temp. Cu/ZnO/Al2 O3 catalyst. A porous metal or ceramic wall (2) separates the reaction chamber (4) from where the H2 is drawn off (5) and is coated on the reaction chamber side with a layer of Pd/Ag alloy. The reaction chamber (4) temp. is about 220 C and the pressure 5-30 bar. The pressure in the drawing off chamber (5) is 1-5 bar. The reaction is carried out with a mixt. of CH3 OH, steam and a controllable amt. of O2 . Also claimed is the appts. for carrying out the above process, having a temp. adjusting tube (3) passing through the middle of the porous tube (2). Also claimed is a similar appts. with a fluid passing through tube (3) to control the temp. Heat transfer walls which are remote from the Pd/Ag layer on the porous wall are coated with a layer of the Cu/ZnO/Al2 O3catalyst. The reaction mixt. passes between the heat transfer walls and the porous walls.    USE -    To obtain H2for use in fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -    Selective sepn. of the H2leads to a high purity prod. which, being free of CO, is suitable for use in fuel cells. The appts. is simple and capable of being used for a technical scale process.
The solar modulus is made by building up alternate layers of thin solar cell material (E2, E4) and TCO-electrode material (E1, E3, E5) on a transparent substrate (1). The solar cell material which may be pin- or nip-type is structured to interconnect them by using a laser beam. This produces solar cells within one layer with a parallel connection and solar cells in different layers with series connection. By focussing the laser beam on the bottom surface of the first solar cell material (semi-conductor), this material is blown off from the bottom electrode material and in the cases where other material is on top of this layer, such as material from layers (E3, E4, E5), this is removed at the same time.    USE -   Used as photo-voltaic cells.    ADVANTAGE -   By blowing off the material instead of vaporising, there is less danger of producing unwanted structure lines which could lead to short circuits, because the energy required for structuring is independent of the depth of the lines, the process is quicker and consumes less energy.
An oxidn. catalyst comprises a porous alumina support, as pellets or powder, which has captured thereon a complex of gold, alumina and a transition metal comprising cobalt or manganese; the gold concn. is less than 2 wt.% of the catalyst and the gold to transition metal atomic ratio is 1:10-200.    USE -    The catalyst oxidises CO and hydrocarbons and is useful in motor vehicle exhausts, gas masks, air purificn. in mines, purificn. of industrial effluents, and for recycling CO2in lasers and fuel cells.
Composite mixed oxygen ion electronic conductors (I) contain (a) 5-95 vol.% of an oxygen ion conducting phase with grain boundaries comprising Bi2-x-yM'xMyO3-z, Ce2-x-yM'xMyO2-z or Th2-x-yM'xMyO2-z where M' is an Er, Y, Tm, Yb, Lu and/or Nd etc. stabiliser, M is Cu, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co and/or Ni dopant, x is 0.1-0.3, y is 0-0.3 and z is a number to satisfy valence requirements and (b) 5-95 vol.% of a continuous electronic conducting phase contg. at least one metal oxide, a perovskite material or metal. (I) have non homogeneous mixed microstructure.    USE -   (I) can be fabricated into thin membranes for O2 sepn. at elevated pressure (claimed). Other utilities are in fuel cells, sensors, cogeneration systems, electrosynthesis, catalysts etc.    ADVANTAGE -   (I) have high ionic and electronic conductivity. Efficiency of O2 sepn. from air is high. Operating temps. are lower.
Rust prevention in a solar cell involves switching an incorporated work anode corrosion-preventing circuit from the solar cell to an auxiliary power source when the current from the cell is lacking, e.g. at night.    USE -   The method is used for preventing buildings, vehicles, etc., from rusting.
The solid electrolytic ceramics has 5-10 mol.% Y2 O3 , 0.5-15 wt.% Al2 O3 , up to 0.5 wt.% of impurities, and the remainder ZrO2. The mean crystal grain dia. is 5-15 m.    USE -   Used for an oxygen sepn. film device and a solid electrolytic-type fuel battery.
Mixed gas containing CO, O2 , and less than 3 vol.% impurities of at least one of methanol, formic acid, and formaldehyde, is contacted with noble metal catalyst, to selectively oxidise CO to CO2.    ADVANTAGE -   CO concentration in gas is decreased to under 100 ppm. The gas can be used for fuel for a fuel cell, avoiding poisoning of Pt electrode and improve performance.
The reformer in which hydrocarbons contg. hydrocarbons and/or oxygen atoms and a gas contg. water and oxygen are mixed and gasified and the hydrocarbons are partially oxidised, decomposed. The reformer has a catalyst for partial oxidn., decomposition, and reforming and a heating resistor.    USE -   Used to feed hydrogen to fuel cells of electric cars.    ADVANTAGE -   Since the heating resistor is contained in the reformer, the start-up of the reformer is quick and thermally efficient and the recovery rate of hydrogen is improved. The reformer can be down-sized and consumes less electricity than conventional reformers.
The system for producing high purity H2, by reforming hydrocarbons contg. hydrocarbons and/or oxygen atoms to produce H2-contg. gases and sepg. H2 from the produced gases, is equipped with sources of hydrocarbons, water, and oxygen, a gasification chamber, and a reforming chamber with a catalyst for steam reforming and partial oxidn. and a membrane for sepg. hydrogen. The sources of hydrocarbons, water and oxygen are connected with the gasification chamber. The gasification and reforming chambers are thermally connected.    ADVANTAGE -   Since the system has high H2 productivity and heat conductivity, high purity H2 can be produced at low cost.
A unitary assembly for sealing, masking, and supporting a F-contg. solid polymer ion exchange membrane in an electrochemical appts. comprises an ion exchange layer comprising a F-contg. solid polymer electrolyte membrane with a seal layer adhered to (a portion of) one of the surfaces. The seal layer comprises a porous PTFE film and the F-contg. solid polymer electrolyte contacting the ion exchange layer, a portion of the solid polymer electrolyte penetrating into, but not through, the porous PTFE film so that the opposite surface of the PTFE film is free of solid polymer electrolyte. The ion exchange layer and the seal layer are bonded by the solid polymer electrolyte.    USE -   E.g. in fuel cells, H2 generators, de-oxygenation appts., etc.    ADVANTAGE -   The porous PTFE layer can be applied early in the manufacturing process and is securely adhered to the membrane, to provide reinforcement and support, serve as a mask in subsequent manufacturing steps, and act as a seal in the electrochemical appts.
Composite is mfd. by: loading one or more polymers with soluble metal cpds., the polymer particles having a size 10-15000 nm; contacting the loaded polymers with a support; and removing the polymers to form a composite.    Also claimed is that the support is contacted with a first set of loaded polymer(s) and the polymer(s) removed to form a composite; and this composite is then contacted with a second set of loaded polymer(s) and these polymer(s) are then removed to form a further composite.    Composite prods. are claimed formed of a support carrying domains of inorganic cpds., the domains having a dia. of 0.4-1000 pref. 0.8-700 nm.    USE -   As a catalyst, esp. with a honeycomb monolith support, fuel cell, emissive coating, optoelectronic coating, superconductor or ceramic. (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   Method allows good control of stoichiometry, size, spacing and location of the inorganic domains.
A Cr-containing alloy body is coated with a chromate of general formula M3 (CrO3 )n, where M is an n-valent metal or a mixture of metals from the transition metals of groups 1B to VIIIB.    USE -   Esp. for coating bipolar plates in a high temperature fuel cell.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevent corrosion occuring as the chromium oxide evaporates from the surface. The coated surface remains chemically and thermodynamically stable as high temperatures with no diffusion of components between layers. The body retains excellent electrical conduction.
In the prodn. of photoelectrochemical elements, the paste used is prepd. from 1-10 pts. nanocrystalline TiO2 (I) and the sol 1-10 pts. hydrated TiO2(II) peptised with a weak acid.    USE -   The elements are useful for solar cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The elements can be made economically, since cheap materials are used and the energy and process costs remain within acceptable limits. They have satisfactory efficiency for the conversion of solar energy into electrical energy.
Carbon black powder (I) is contacted with nitrogen contg. ions (II) of 0.01-1000eV energy to fix nitrogen to the surface of (I) at less than five atom layers below its surface and form a catalyst material (III). The crystal and atomic structure of (I) remains unmodified by the affixation of nitrogen.    USE -   (III) is a fuel cell catalyst support useful in phosphoric acid fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -   (III) is acid resistant in oxidn. and acidic environments, is stable over long periods and has increased current density and catalytic activity.
Mfr. includes: (a) forming on junction by diffusion treating single crystal silicone; (b) forming rear and front electrodes by a screen printing; (c) etching using HF; and (d) dropping a mixing soln. of isopropyl alcohol and tetraisopropyl titanate to form an antireflection layer by spin coating.    ADVANTAGE -   Improved short current density.
The solar battery uses an insulated substrate (1) over which an electrode (2), an amorphous semiconductor layer (3) and another transparent electrode (4) are layered sequentially. A transparent adhesive agent layer (61) and a transparent moisture preventing layer (71) are layered on the transparent electrode surface.    The moist preventing layer constitutes inorganic moisture absorption agent which is mixed with an adhesive agent. The moisture absorption agent is composed of powdered zeolite or acrylics acid soda system resin.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents invasion of moisture to battery on both sides. Improves damp-proof nature. Extends life of battery.
The fuel battery control system has a steam generator to generate steam using the de-heating operation of the fuel battery main part (5). A quality varying appts changes the quality of gas passing through the steam generator. The quality varying appts has an executor (2) and a modifier (3). The executor has a low pressure drive. The gas steam mixture ratio is varied based on the amount of steam supply.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves efficiency. Reduces system cost.
The temp. dependence of resistance of the semiconductor gas sensor is found. The type of gas is determined in reference to the found temp. dependency of the sensor resistance.    ADVANTAGE -   Gas type can be found exactly from the temp. response of the gas sensor.
The porous body material surrounds a space completely. The porous body material is not formed inside the space. The center axis of space along longitudinal direction agrees with a temperature slope.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides good thermal conductivity.
Prepn. of a H2 -contg. gas for fuel cells reforming a fuel for hydrogen prodn. which can be converted by reforming to a fuel gas contg. at least H2 , mixing an O2 contg. gas and the reformed gas contg. mainly H2 CO2 and CO, selectively oxidising and converting CO to CO2 by bringing CO into contact with a catalyst. The selective oxidn. of CO is controlled such that the concn. of residual O2in the exhaust gas emitted from the reaction system becomes 0.2-2 vol.% and that of CO becomes up to 100 ppm.    USE -    The H2-contg. gases for fuel cells obtd. can be used as fuels for fuels cells operated at low temps., such as phosphoric acid type, KOH type and polymeric solid electrolyte type fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The efficiency and lifetime of fuel cells are extended.
Load responsive hydrogen generator for releasing H2 from a particle hydride bed comprises:    (a) an enclosed housing adapted for contg. hydrogen gas under pressure;    (b) an hydride storage compartment disposed within the housing for storing a mass of hydride particles dispersed in a matrix, and further including a corrugated, perforated support structure adapted to accommodate volumetric expansion of the hydride particles upon conversion of hydrogen to hydroxide;    (c) a liquid water storage removed from the hydride storage compartment, the liquid water storage structure including a macroporous water absorbent material for storing liquid water;    (d) a liquid water transfer device disposed between the liquid water storage structure and the hydride storage compartment for permitting passage of the liquid water from the storage structure to the hydride storage compartment, the transfer device being impervious to passage of hydrogen gas from the hydride storage compartment to the liquid water storage structure while permitting passage of liquid water storage structure to the hydride storage compartment;    (e) a distributor for receiving the liquid water from the liquid water transfer device and for distributing the liquid water directly to the hydride particles, thereby permitting hydriding reaction to generate hydrogen gas into the hydride storage compartment; and    (f) a gas communicating device for removing the hydrogen gas from the hydride storage compartment upon load demand.    USE -   The generator is used for releasing hydrogen gas from a particle hydride bed as demand for hydrogen warrants, e.g. for filling meteorological balloons, for electric power generation in fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The combination of the corrugated cartridge structure and the wicking material dispersed throughout the cartridge allows complete utilisation of the hydride and water in a demand responsive mode.
Homogeneous polymer blend contains: (A) at least one sulphonated aromatic polyetherketone; (B) at least one aromatic polysulphone; and (C) 5-30 wt.% of at least one hydrophilic polymer chosen from polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyglycol dialkylether, polyglycol dialkyl ester or poly-[1-(2-oxo-1-pyrrolidinyl) ethylene-co-1-(acetyloxy)ethylene]. The wt. ratio of (A) to (B) is 1-99:99-1. Also claimed is the prepn. of the blend by removing an aprotic organic solvent from a soln. contg. (A)-(C).    USE -   The blends are suitable for the prepn. of moulded articles, films, (a)symmetric membranes, coatings, fibres or iron exchange membranes (claimed), esp. membranes for electrolysis cell, fuel or ultra-filtration.    ADVANTAGE -   The blends have improved mechanical properties (esp. tear strength), stability to acids and bases, and working temp. compared with e.g. sulphonated polyetherketones, the properties remaining unaffected in spite of the hydrophilic component addn.
The prodn. comprises: (i) depositing a first film of p-type CuInSe2 (CIS) on a metal back contact; (ii) chemically depositing from soln. a thin film of Zn(OH)2 on the CIS; (iii) converting the Zn(OH)2 to a transparent, insulating ZnO thin film; and (iv) depositing a second film of n-type transparent ZnO on the transparent, insulating ZnO thin film.    USE -   Used for the prodn. of film heterojunction solar cells formed from semiconductors.    ADVANTAGE -   The device has high efficiency, improved open circuit voltage, does not contain CdS and gives economical mass prodn. with a high yield.
The peltier element consists of a thermoelectric material and metal electrode which are hidden and supported by electric insulation material. The water repellent processing is performed over a part of energizing portion and electric insulation. The thermo electric material is energized by DC current, due to which heating or cooling process takes place.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves endurance sharply. Prevents formation of water layer, even when moisture adheres by dew condensation. Prevents corrosion due to moisture.
An organic photoconductive layer is sandwiched between two electrodes. The organic photoconductive layer contains a gallium phthalocyanine pigment of formula (I). X = Cl, OH or OCH, Y1, Y2, Y3 and Y4 = halogen; and k, l, m, and n = 0-4. The gallium phthalocyanine pigment consists of: (a) a chlorogallium phthalocyanine crystal having the highest diffraction peak at a Bragg angle (2 theta + 0.2 deg) against CuKalpha characteristic X-ray of 27.1 degs. in the X-ray diffraction spectrum; (b) a chlorogallium phthalocyanine crystal having major diffraction peaks at Bragg angles (2 theta + 0.2 deg) of 7.4 degs. 16.6 degs. 25.5 degs. and 28.3 degs. (c) a chlorogallium phthalocyanine crystal having major diffraction peaks at Bragg angles (2 + 0.2 deg) of 6.8 degs. 17.3 degs. 23.6 degs. and 26.9 degs. or (d) a chlorogallium phthalocyanine crystal having major diffraction peaks at Bragg angles (2 + 0.2 deg) of 8.7-0.2 degs. 17.6 degs. 24.0 degs. 27.4 degs. and 28.8 degs.    ADVANTAGE -   The gallium phthalocyanine in the photoconductive layer produces a organic photovoltaic cell (solar cell) having a large area and high photoelectric exchange efficiency at lower costs.
The solar battery consists of a glass substrate (11). A divided substrate side electrode (12) is arranged on the glass substrate. A first p-type semiconductor layer (13) is formed on the surface of the substrate side electrode. An i-type semiconductor layer (14), n-type semiconductor layer (15), a p- type layer (16), i-type layer (17) and a n-type semiconductor layer (18) are formed sequentially, on the first p-type semiconductor layer. A semiconductor layer division separating slot is provided, which separates the formed semiconductor layers except the first p-type layer.    A back side electrode (19) is formed on the surface of the first n-type semiconductor layer. The back side electrode is adjoined with the substrate side electrode, through the semiconductor layer division separating the slot. The film thickness of the first i-type layer detaches the end side of the separating slot of the first p-type layer, which is five times or more than the separating slot.    ADVANTAGE -   Connects each generation of electric power unit in series. Avoids reduction of efficiency. Reduces cost.
Mfg. thin film solar battery includes making the energy of laser beam reaching the opposite side of the substrate lower than a given level in performing laser finishing of layers in the battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents the opposite side of substrate from being damaged.
The amount management device consists of a matrix layer (3) which has the electrolyte. A fuel electrode (1) and an oxidizing electrode (2) are arranged on either sides of the matrix layer. A resistance measurement unit (5) measures the resistance between a pair of insulated signal lines (4). An amount calculation unit (6) calculates the amount of the electrolyte remains of the matrix layer based on the resistance value in matrix layer that is measured by the resistance measurement unit.    ADVANTAGE -   Operates fuel battery safely. Supplies suitable quantity of electrolyte for suitable time. Obtains high cell characteristics.
The operation method gets effected when the catalyser layer on the cathode electrode gets wet and becomes ineffective. The circulating hydrophilic organic functions group removal gas removes the oxidizing agent gas at the cathode electrode.    The hydrophilic organic functions group in the carbon surface holder of the cathode electrode catalyser and the remaining gas of the above is removed and the operation of the fuel battery is now restarted by the supply of the oxidizing agent to the cathode electrode.    ADVANTAGE -   Maintains electrical output characteristics. Terminates operation with temperature rise. Ensures high conversion efficiency.
The battery includes number of cells (8) each comprised by a pair of electrode board (10,11) sandwiching an electrolyte layer (9). An electrolyte of same dimension as that of the electrodes is impregnated as initial electrolytic mass layered via a gas isolation board (15). A cooling board (17) placed in every cell at a predetermined pitch results in a multilayer body.    The fuel battery generates negative charge on the top face and positive charge in the bottom face of the multilayer body. The electrode pair has slot formation (13,14) on its back to receive supply of fuel gas (5) and oxidizer gas. The battery design maintains electrolytic mass of other cells (8b-8e) equal to initial electrolytic mass of cell (8a).    ADVANTAGE -   Ensures trouble-free performance; prevents damage due to electrolyte flooding; and contributes to longevity.
The cell has an electrode catalyst layer, in which ruthenium powder-retained carbon grains are bound together with fluororesin, laminated on a porous carbon electrode base.    ADVANTAGE -   The cell prevents a drop in cell voltage and corrosion in the carbon electrode base respectively due to carbon monoxide, and is cheaply mfd..
The structure comprises multiple domains (3) formed on surface of a substrate (1). A level difference (4) is formed between the adjacent domains. The position of a grain boundary (8) is controlled by the level difference, by reflecting the concave and convex shape of the substrate.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   In thin film transistor as channel layer. Provides uniform electrical property. Provides good switching characteristics.
The fuel battery system has a main-part (10) to which fuel gas is sent from a fuel gas supply passage (20). An oxidized gas supply passage (30) sends oxidized gas to the main-part. A fuel gas discharge passage (40) is used to discharge the exhaust gas from the main-part. An oxidized gas discharge passage (50) is used to discharge the oxidized gas from the main-part.    A circulation passage (60) connects the oxidized gas discharge passage with the fuel gas supply passage and enables circulation of exhaust gas. The exhaust gas from the oxidized gas discharge passage contains oxidized gas and water particles. Water particles are formed by the reaction of oxygen in the exhaust gas with hydrogen in the fuel gas.    ADVANTAGE -   The system is compact and has improved efficiency.
The fuel battery based electricity generator has a fuel gas supply part which supplies fuel gas to the battery. An oxidn. gas supply part (2) supplies oxidn. gas to the battery. An exhaust circulation part supplies exhaust stream from the battery to the exit side of the oxidn. gas supply part. A mixt. temp. control part detects the temp. of the mixt. of oxidn. gas and exhaust stream, then controls the supply capability of the exhaust circulation part. An oxidn. gas cooling part (5) is connected to the end of the oxidn. gas supply part to cool the oxidised gas. An amt. detector detects the amt. of the reaction inside the battery. An oxidn. gas temp. control part (7) provides a control variable to control the temp. of the oxidn. gas based on the output of the amount detector. An oxidn. gas temp. setting vessel (9) provides input direct current to the oxidn. gas temp. control part. A current sensor (8) senses the output current and sets up a temp. control set point for the operation of the oxidn. gas temp. control part.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids scattering of electrolyte. Increases lifespan. Prevents increase in oxidization gas flow supply rates.
The fuel battery comprises a cell supporting an electrolyte (10) by a pair of electrodes (20,30). A separator (60) is setup between the cells having a flow path slot (40) for fuel gas flow whose depth is shallower towards an exit side (40e) than an entrance side. A rectification board (42) is setup in the flow path slot made of resin of U-shaped cross-section. The rectification board divides the flow path slot into a pair of gas flow path (40a,40b).    ADVANTAGE -   Improves battery performance and lifetime. Obtains electrically conductive equalization of electrolyte.
Impregnation involves arrangement of a pair of fuel pole and air pole electrodes inside a battery cell. A porous carbon board with an acid storage rib is placed along the fuel and air flow paths. An electrolyte is impregnated on a matrix (1) accommodating the carbon board. An affinity agent facilitates the impregnation of the electrolyte contg. phosphorus acid upto a predetermined amount. A portion of the electrolyte gets coated on the sides of the matrix.    ADVANTAGE -   Automates work. Enables mass production. Avoids accidents by combustion. Enables easy impregnation and smooth migration of acid.
The solar battery connection structure has a thermosetting film substrate which has an electric conduction layer (22). An electrode layer, an amorphous silicon layer and a transparent electrode layer are formed on an insulated portion of the film substrate. An electrode extraction part is formed on the battery and has a notch and a hole. One side of the substrate is connected to the electrode extraction part.    The substrate is connected to an internal circuit through a connection spring. A set of constriction parts (22c) are formed on the electric conduction layer and are connected to the substrates. A contact part is formed at the ends of an output electrode of the battery. An anisotropic conductive layer (24) is connected to the output electrode.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents conduction defects. Simplifies structure. Improves stability and reliability. Reduces trouble generation.
The holder comprises a first member having a first setting surface, and a second member having a second setting surface, the second setting surface being opposed and spaced parallel to the first setting surface so as to define between a volume for the receipt of one or more ceramic sheets.    There is a spacing member to retain the first and second setting surfaces in spaced relationship. There is also a holding member to hold the first and second members against any forces applied by the or each of the sheets during firing.    ADVANTAGE -   Solves problem associated with curling of sheets around their edges.
Utilisation of electro-chemical generators includes forcing liq. from combustion chamber by inert gas into intermediate container connected to compensation tank before passage of hydrogen into combustion chamber of fuel element-combustible. The vol. ratio of the intermediate and combustion chambers is 1-10.    USE -   Operation of electro-chemical generators.    ADVANTAGE -   Better life by maintaining active layer of fuel element-combustible.
Semiconductor grade Si is obtd. as follows. Sand contg. up to 90% SiO2 is treated with HF in conc. H2 SO4 , and resulting SiF4 is purified by freezing to -80 to -90C or contacting with activated charcoal, washing with deionised water and reducing the resulting H2 SiF6with atomic H.    USE -   Used in the mfr. of solar cells.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduced cost with lower level of P and B impurities.
Anti-contamination low reflection glass is made by forming a reflection preventing film comprising porous matter by treating the surface of a glass matrix with an inorganic acid, treating the surface of the reflection preventing film with a fluoroalkylsilane having molecular chain length of at least 1.5 nm, then with a fluoroalkylsilane of under 1 nm molecular chain length.    USE -   For front glass of personal computers, solar cells, and solar hot water unit.
The anode catalyst for fuel cells contains an alloy consisting of 1-70 at.% Ge and/or Mo and at least one of Pt, Pd, and Ru.    ADVANTAGE -   Poisoning of catalytic metals by carbon monoxide contained in fuels is inhibited and the fuel cells can be operated for a longer time. Also the purification of fuels to remove carbon monoxide is unnecessary.
The solar panel consists of a set of solar cells. Each of the cells is made up of an amorphous silicon system semiconductor layer positioned on a permeation substrate (1). A heating insulation material (7) is adhered to the surface contrary to the light receiving surface of the solar cell.    ADVANTAGE -   Panel obtains stable output for long periods, performs water-proof function with high reliability and has controlled optical degradation.
The solar battery module consists of an insulated layer on which a solar cell is mounted through a first filling material layer. An optical conversion layer is constituted by the solar cell. A second filling material layer is formed on the light incidence side surface of the solar cell. The second filling material is made up of single fibre type inorganic cpd.. A resin fluorine layer is formed on the second filling material layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Module avoids deterioration to min. extent during long term operation, improves dimensional stability of filling material layer, provides pollution free energy source, improves prodn. yield, reduces mfg. cost of module and prevents peeling of layers due to heat generation.
The formation method involves forming a multilayer structure on a substrate. The multilayer structure comprises a non-monocrystal n-type layer (203), with silicon atoms, a non- monocrystal i-type n/i buffer layer (251), a non-monocrystal i- type p/i buffer layer (261), and a non-monocrystal p-type layer (205).    The plasma processing of the multilayer structure is performed in the presence of the hydrogen gas along with silicon atom content gas. The gas does not get deposited near the boundary face at which p-type and n-type layers touch.    ADVANTAGE -   Obtains stable discharge. Prevents diffusion of impurity from n-type layer. Improves efficiency of photovoltaic element. Stops reduction in characteristics such as increase in series resistance. Prolongs lifetime. Performs optical irradiation under high temperature and high humidity.
The photovoltaic element formation method involves using a substrate, on which a multilayer structure is formed. A non- monocrystal n type Si layer (103), a n/i buffer layer (151), a p/i buffer layer (161), a p or n type layer (105) are comprised sequentially in the multilayer structure.    The plasma processing of the multilayer structure, is performed in the presence of hydrogen gas along with the silicon atom content gas which does not gets deposited near the boundary portions formed in the n/i buffer layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides stable discharge. Performs optical irradiation even under high temperature and high humidity. Stops reduction in characteristics such as increase in series resistance. Prevents diffusion of impurity of i type layer from n type layer.
The solar battery includes a fine crystal silicon substrate (3) over which a semiconductor thin film (4) is layered. Over the semiconductor thin film, an amorphous silicon carbide layer (5) is formed. A mixed layer containing n type or p type crystal is formed in the thin film semiconductor of pillar or cone shaped in perpendicular direction.    ADVANTAGE -   Lowers cost of battery. Simplifies mfg method.
The photovoltaic element formation method involves forming a multilayer structure on a substrate. The multilayer structure comprises a non-monocrystal n-type layer containing silicon atoms, a non-monocrystal i-type n/i buffer layer, a non- monocrystal i-type layer, a non-monocrystal i-type p/i buffer layer and a non-monocrystal p-type layer.    The plasma processing of the multilayer structure is performed in the presence of hydrogen gas containing third group element. The employed third group content element gas does not get deposited near the boundary portion of the p-type layer and the p/i buffer layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Prolongs lifetime. Obtains stable discharge. Prevents diffusion of impurity into chamber wall surface. Stops reduction in characteristics such as increase in series resistance. Performs optical irradiation under high temperature and high humidity. Improves efficiency.
Thin film semiconductor comprises a transparent oxide layer (603) sputtered through a metal layer (602) which covers the surface of a highly reflective metal substrate (601). A transparent electrode (612) is deposited over the transparent oxide layer. A set of semiconductor films (605-607,609-611) is layered between the transparent oxide layer and transparent electrode to form semiconductor junctions.    The oxide layer is formed by a sputtering process using an oxide target composed of crystals, with grain sizes less than 15 m. Ratio resistance of the oxide target is less than 5 /cm. Ar gas is discharged and 0.1-10% of oxygen gas is mixed with it during sputtering action.    ADVANTAGE -   Raises energy conversion efficiency and reliability by increased absorption of light to thin film semiconductors. Prevents reduction in resistance and in degree of transparency. Prevents current leakage. Stabilizes film formation. Reduces defect generation.
Forming required thickness of film comprises repeating processes of: (a) foaming a semiconductor thin film on a substrate by plasma decomposition of cpd. contg. Si; (b) surface treating the film by plasma of cpd. contg. halogen atom; and (c) treating the surface by H2 gas plasma.    USE -   Used for prodn. of high quality crystalline semiconductor film of solar cell.    ADVANTAGE -   The cell had improved reliability and conversion efficiency.
The fuel battery has a square shaped cell stack (1) formed by layering a set of rectangular unit cells. Each unit cell consists of a pair of electrodes with an electrolyte. The cell stack is constituted by a set of gas manifolds (2-5) and an air supply and discharge pipes (8,9) and a fuel supply and discharge pipes (6, 7) which are connected to the four sides of cell stack.    A set of drain slots (20, 21) are arranged to a lower end plate (17) of the lower part of the cell stack. The water generated during discharging of battery overflown out of the cell stack is discharged through drain pipes.    ADVANTAGE -   Decreases height of battery. Excels in insulating between gas manifold and gas piping.
The fuel battery consists of a multilayered cell body (1) formed by stacking a number of unit cells. A pair of bundle boards (2a,b) are placed on the top and bottom surfaces of the multilayered body, respectively and are tied together tightly with the help of a tie rod (3) using a number of nuts (5).    The lower board projects because the its area is less than that of the multilayered body. A clearance is thus provided in the bottom surface of the multilayered body.    ADVANTAGE -   Increases life time of battery and prevents invasion of phosphorous acid into contact with the surface of multilayered body with bundle board.
The mfg method involves formation of a multilayer body. The multilayered body consists of an air pole, a solid electrolyte layer, a fuel pole and a collector layer. Due to heat treatment, the interface layer acquires a value for rate of contraction which lies inbetween the values for rate of contraction of the other two layers, interposed between the layers and performs cofiring.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents crack generation during cofiring. Enables mass production. Reduces number of processes. Obtains high reliability.
Raw methanol (1) is mixed with raw water (3), and mixed with recovered methanol (5) and supplied to a methanol reformer (101). Unreacted methanol removed reformed gas (4) from (101) is passed to a CO oxidising reactor (114).    ADVANTAGE -   The reformed gas supplying system reduces generation of CO, efficient supplies reformed gas for a fuel battery and recovers unreacted methanol.
The fuel battery has a unit cell (1) consisting of a phosphorus acid electrolyte layer (2) inserted between a pair of electrode boards (4a,4b). Two or more unit cells are layered through a gas sepn. board (9) and a cooling board (10) is installed to form a multilayer body. A battery stack (8) has a reaction gas supply tube (19) and a discharge manifold (21) that are provided at a multilayer body. A bypass circuit (23) is provided to bypass a part of reaction gas to a reaction gas supply manifold (18). The bypass circuit contains a phosphorus acid storage receptacle.    ADVANTAGE -   Offers long life for battery. Improves bathing characteristics.
The operation method involves using a fuel gas supply part (1) to supply fuel gas. A reaction part (5a) of a modifier (5) modifies the quality of gas. An anode side (7a) of the fuel battery main part (7) receives the modified gas whereas the cathode side (7c) receives the air. A burner part (5b) of the modifier performs combustion of the remaining gas, sent from the anode side, using the heat supplied from the combustion heat supply part (3). Simultaneously an oxidizing agent supply part supplies oxidizing agent to the burner part of the modifier. A first temperature detector detects the temperature of the fuel gas coming from the fuel gas supply part.    A second temperature detector (11) detects the temperature of the fuel gas after modifying its quality. A third temperature detector (12) detects the temperature of the remaining gas coming from the anode side. A fourth temperature detector (13) detects the temperature of the fuel gas after combustion. A fifth temperature detector (17) detects the temperature of the oxidizing agent before entering into the combustion chamber. An operating processing appts (14) is employed to adjust the fuel gas supply regulation valve (2) and an oxidizing agent supply regulation valve (8) based on the signal from the detectors. A fuel gas and oxidizing agent supply regulation valve control unit (15,16) controls the regulation valves, based on the signal from the processing appts to regulate the flow rate.    ADVANTAGE -   Generates power efficiency. Attains stable combustion range, even if rapid rate of flow variety of remainder gas. Obtains fuel gas of different quality.
The prepn. method forms an electrolyte (13) to isolate an anode (11) and a cathode (12). The electrolyte board is made up of zirconia or alumina powder. The zirconia powder is formed by a process which combines the condensed powder of Li aluminate and other cpds. of Li together. The powder is then suspended in a liq. to form a soln which is then purified by ultrasonic cleaning processing.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   In molten carbonate-type fuel battery. Controls generation of gas crossover effect. Increases life time of battery.
The fuel battery includes an electrolyte holding matrix which is sandwiched between numerous cells and cooling boards (8). A fuel pole and an air pole are installed opposite to each other. Air is made to pass through an air gas flow path slot (5) formed by the air pole and fuel gas is passed through a fuel gas flow path slot (4) formed by the fuel pole.    Thus electricity is obtained by electro-chemical reaction. The difference between the fuel gas density and air density in the cell surface is made small. The rate of change of slot occupancy/unit volume in the fuel gas and air flow path slots is reduced. The temperature variation in the cell surface is also controlled.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents damage caused to cell. Increases life span of cell. Reduces temperature variation in cell.
The battery has a flat surfaced cell (3) with an air pole (6) and a fuel pole (5). An electrolyte (4) is contained between the two pole sides. A main part (1) is constituted by an electrically conductive board (12) and a heat resistant layer (11). The heat resistant layer further consists of a set of gas circulation slots (11a) and a set of projections (11b). The main part is connected electrically to the air pole and fuel pole. The structure looks like an internal connection to air pole and external connection to fuel pole.    ADVANTAGE -   Operates stably for longer time. Prevents mixing and combustion of fuel gas and air. Improves utilisation factor of fuel.
The battery consists of a porous gas positive electrode and porous negative electrode arranged opposingly. An electrolyte is interposed between the two electrodes. Positive and negative electrode reaction gas flow paths (125,126) are set up at the back of the positive and negative electrode surfaces. The negative electrode is composed of multiple division (101- 104). A set of parts (131-134) constitute the positive electrode. The rate of pores present in the partition set up along the partitions of the electrodes, is varies so as to determine critical current density.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces temp. difference within battery. Reduces polarisation loss. Improves reliability and reaction substance utilization factor. Reduces cost and increases size.
The composite electrolytic film consists core material consisting of polyolefin having a proton conductive functional gp. on entire region, and an exchange capacity of 1-15 milli-equiv./g and an ion exchange resin component having an exchange capacity of 0.9-15 mill-equiv. The polyolefin component uses a sulphonic acid gp. as the proton conductive functional gp. The ion exchange resin component consists of a fluorine-based ion exchange resin having exchange capacity of 0.9-2 milli-equiv./g., and uses a sulphonic acid gp. as a proton conductive functional gp. The electrolytic film has a film thickness of 1.1-200 (10-100)m.    USE -   The composite electrolytic film is used for a fuel cell, a primary battery, a sec. battery, an electrochromic device, or a sensor.    ADVANTAGE -   Uniformly introducing proton conductive functional gp. in the core material using the ion exchange resin component yield composite electrolytic film having reduced value of resistance. The surface of the polyolefin component has the functional gp. The result increases affinity to the ion exchange resin component, partic., the fluorine-based ion exchange resin component to firmly bond the polyolefin component to the ion exchange resin component. Uniformly providing functional gp. in the polyolefin component allows core material to function as electrolyte, enhancing proton conductivity.
LCD comprises a reflection LCD panel and a transmission LCD panel. A solar battery is connected to a drive sec. battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Multi-media information can be displayed.
Pt catalyst fuel cell is operated by: supplying H2 and/or alcohol fuel to the anode and O2 to the cathode and operating the cell at not above 250 C; providing a first interruptable external circuit taking current flow from the cell flowing from cathode to anode; providing a second external circuit which supplied current to the fuel cell in a reverse direction; and operating the two external circuits alternately, the period for the first circuit being at least 10 times that for the second circuit whose period is not more than 0.25 sec.. Appts. for operating a fuel cell as above is claimed.    ADVANTAGE -   Pt anode catalyst which may be poisoned by CO can be de-toxified in a simple, low-cost manner.
An electroconductive oxide has the formula M'xM''yInzO(x+3y/2+z/2)-d' where M' is Mg and/or Zn, M'' is Al and/or Ga, x:y = 0.2-1.8:1, z:y = 0.4-1.4:1, and the O deficit, d, is within the range of 3E-5 to 0.1 times the value of (x+3y/2+3z/2).    Also claimed are: (i) an electrode comprising a transparent and an electroconductive layer as above; (ii) a method of mfg. an electrode as above where crystal faces (00n) of electroconductive cpd. are oriented parallel with the substrate surface and the oxide above is formed by sputtering a target of the above formula, while heating the substrate at 100-900 deg.C under a pressure of 5E-4 to 1 torr; (iii) a method as above in which the formed film is then implanted with cations.    USE -   In LC and EL displays and solar cells, for defogging heaters and for reflectors.    ADVANTAGE -   Electrical conductivity is excellent, and transparency extends over all the visible range, including below 450 nm, where ITO absorbs.
A polycrystalline silicon thin film, having a grain size of 60-300 microns, is produced by depositing an amorphous silicon thin film on to a substrate and heat treating the film at 450-550 deg. C and a pressure of 0.001-1 Torr. During heat treatment, the coated substrate is placed on a copper or brass susceptor in the heating furnace.    USE -   Polycrystalline silicon thin films are used in the fabrication of thin film transistors (TFT) for liq. crystal displays and static random access memory (SRAM), solar cells, and silicon on insulator (SOI).    ADVANTAGE -    The grain size is at least 12 times larger than that of thin films produced by prior art methods, permitting the mobility of the electrons and positive holes in the thin film to be increased to a level found in a single crystal. The SiH4 source gas irmproves the homogeneity of the thin film and is less expensive than the previously used Si2 H6. Lower heat treatment temps. allows the use of a wider range of substrates.
A catalytic reformer has a cylindrical housing (4) with a domed wall (6) at one end and on the opposite end (8) wall a burner directed towards the domed wall. The burner has a hot gas tube (60) extending towards the domed wall. The reformer contains circular arrays of tubes (16) and annular baffles (26) which are all concentric with the burner. Each tube is filled with catalyst and its end (24) facing the domed wall is capped. Each baffle is interposed between two arrays. The baffles direct hot gases (A) deflected from the domed wall so they are evenly distributed (C) through the arrays.    USE -   Catalytic reforming of natural gas, propane, naphtha, etc to form a hydrogen rich gas for use in a fuel cell.    ADVANTAGE -   More even heat distribution and hot gas flow through the reformer.
Reformer comprises an inner cylinder (2), outer cylinder (3) surrounding the inner cylinder, top plate (7) to close the upper opening of inner cylinder and reforming tube having the heating space surrounded by the inner cylinder and top plate, and catalyst layer (10) provided between the inner cylinder and outer cylinder to pass fuel gas used for reforming reaction, and the upper surface of catalyst layer is placed under the top plate. On the catalyst layer, laminated heat transmission particle layers are provided placing the upper surface of heat transmission particle layers under the top plate, and on the heat transmission particle layers a catalyst push plate (13) is placed and pushed by a spring (14).    USE -   Used to reform natural gas or methanol to hydrogen-enriched gas used in fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -   To prevent the surface of catalyst layer from inclining to reduce a difference of temp. distribution of catalyst layer.
The battery has an n-type GaAs layer (3,5), n-type thin film layer (4), p-type GaAs layer (6,8), p-type thin film layer (7), p-type AlGaAs layer (9) and p-type GaAs layer (10) which are formed sequentially over an n-type substrate (1). A pair of electrodes (11,12) are formed over the upper surface of the p-type GaAs layer and lower surface of the substrate respectively. A p-type semiconductor layer (13) and an n-type semiconductor layer (14) are inserted between the substrate and p-type GaAs layer. Thus, the refractive index of thin film layer is made lower than the refractive index of the semiconductor layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Realises efficient, thin solar battery. Reduces mfg cost. Obtains sufficient photoelectric conversion efficiency.
The battery consists of a plastic film substrate on which a first electrode layer, an amorphous semiconductor layer and a transparent second electrode layer are stacked. A transparent adhesive agent is formed on the surface of the second electrode layer. The adhesive agent is made up of an ultraviolet ray absorption agent, an antioxidant and a metal inactive agent.    ADVANTAGE -   Battery resists moisture permeation, prevents UV ray permeation and degradation by influence of oxygen on other heavy metal, and excels in weather resistance.
The gas piping attachment structure includes an end plate (7) with a penetration hole (11). A gas supply pipe (10) is inserted into fuel battery through a penetration hole without touching the end plate and attached with an insulated board (6) by a gas piping attachment structure part (8).    The fuel gas supply pipe is connected to a gas flow path (3) through a gas passage (9) and a gas piping attachment structure part and fuel is supplied to gas flow path. The gas pipe is positioned to setting member, which is set up between end plate and cell object.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies structure. Reduces cost. Prevents cooling of gas pipeline. Prevents electric flow in gas pipe. Prevents corrosion of piping. Prevents reduction in reaction. Excels in endurance.
The appts consists of a reaction tube (2) and a burner (3). A catalyst (1) is filled up in the reaction tube. A first temperature detector (5) is placed near the entrance mouth of the reaction pipe to detect the temperature (Ti) of the catalyst entering into the tube. A second temperature detector (6) is placed near the exit mouth of the pipe to detect the temperature (To) of the catalyser, coming out from the tube.    The burner heats the reaction pipe. The heating process by the burner is controlled, according to the detected temperature of the second temperature detector. And the temperature of the fuel gas supplied to the tube is controlled, according to the output of the first temperature detector.    ADVANTAGE -   Controls amount of hydrogen generation. Eliminates rising temperature at any instant. Improves operational reliability of appts. Prevents over heating of catalyser. Reduces temperature of fuel gas entering into tube. Employs less usage of fuel
The method involves using a solid electrolyte (3), air pole (2), fuel pole (4) and an interconnector (5). In the first process, a substance is taken in the form of a powder and moulded to form a cylindrical shaped object.    The second process produces a sheet like compact with powder for air pole formation and solid electrolyte formation. The third process twists the sheet like compact of the air pole and the solid electrolyte for the cylindrical shape substance and produces a cylindrical layer object and finally, the layer is baked at the same time to have a cylinder like object.    ADVANTAGE -   Facilitates mass prodn.. Reduces mfg. cost.
The battery consists of an electrolyte board (1) inserted between an anode (2) and a cathode (3), to which fuel gas and an oxidising agent gas are supplied, respectively. A pair of repair materials (4a,4b) which are made up of insulated porous material are placed on either sides of the electrolyte board facing the anode and cathode respectively.    Fusion temperature of the repair objects is set to be more than the operational temperature of the battery. A gas crossing generation part (10) formed from low fusion point having material is set up between the two repair materials. The repairing objects fuse and dissolve to stop gas crossing from anode to cathode due to raise in internal temperature.    ADVANTAGE -   Operates at high temperature. Enables gas crossing to be prevented effectively.
The cell includes an insulating substrate (1), over which a first electrode layer (2) is formed. A photoelectric conversion layer (3) and a second electrode layer (4) are formed sequentially on the first electrode layer. The second electrode layer is processed by irradiating the laser light ray. After processing, the width of the second electrode layer is made bigger than the width of the first electrode layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves effective area. Lowers energy density.
The cylindrical solid state electrolytic fuel battery mfr. involves the connection of electrodes (12) to a fuel pole and an air pole. An electrolytic fuel and an interconnector are connected to the surface of a porous pipe along with the electrodes. A central masking board (14) is connected to a number of windows (13) whose widths reduced along the axial direction of the porous pipe. The thickness of the electrodes reduce towards the end of the porous pipe.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids crack generation on electrode surfaces. Enables formation of electrode with film thickness of 400 microns. Reduces quantity of electrode material adhering to end.
Water-insol. membrane and a fuel cell contg. the membrane are claimed, the membrane comprising acid-stable polymer mols. each having at least one ion-conducting polymer segment of formula (I) covalently bonded to at least one flexible connecting polymer segment of formula (II) or (III) such that continuous H ion-conductive channels penetrate the membrane with the channels being regions contg. anionic species in an elastic matrix of (II) or (III).    An esp. pref. membrane consists of a styrene/(ethylene-butylene)/styrene copolymer (SEBS) with the styrene component being sulphonated. R1-R4 = H or lower alkyl; R5 = H, Cl or lower alkyl; R6 = H or Me; R7 = mixt. of H with -SO3H, -P(O)(OR8)OH, -R9.SO3H and/or -R9.P(O)(OR8)OH; R8 = H or lower alkyl; R9 = lower alkylene; Ar = phenyl; and m, n, p and q = 0 or 50-10,000.    ADVANTAGE -   A mechanically-stable membrane is provided which allows ion diffusion but prevents both the flow of electrons and the diffusion of gases.
A flexible protective cover (14) for a flexible solar cell (12) has the effect of increasing cell output. Solar cell (12) is of known type, consisting essentially of a plurality of silicon spheres (16) fixed to a conductive sandwich (18), typically consisting of aluminium foil layers (20,22) separated by an insulating coating (24). Cover (14) is a flexible transparent material (60) with a planar upper surface (64) and an irregular lower surface (66). Surface (66) includes portions (68) that conform to polar regions of spheres (16), interspersed by regions (72) of prism-like convexity between spheres, defining spaces (78) bounded by a reflective surface (20T) of soil (20). Light falling directly on surface (20T) is unproductive in prior art, but regions (72) of cover (14) direct some of this light to spheres (16) where it is converted in known manner to electrical energy. The respective refractive indices of cover (14) and spheres (16) are such that suitable diffraction of light occurs.    ADVANTAGE -   The cover increases the efficiency of the cell by about 25 percent.
The transparent substrate (1) is coated by III gp. thin film (2), and heat treated under atmos. contg. VI gp. element (3) to form III-VI gp. thin film (4), and coated by I gp. thin film (8), and heat treated under atmos. contg. VI gp. element (3) to form chalcopyrite thin film (6).    ADVANTAGE -   The chalcopyrite structure semiconductor thin film composed of I, III and VI gp. metals, is produced by simple process, and solar cell having good productivity and high energy conversion efficiency, is attained.
The mfg method involves forming a crystal semiconductor thin film (5) and an electrode (9) on the main field of a metal substrate (2). A part of the crystal semiconductor thin film is formed as an amorphous layer or as a fine crystal layer. By irradiating the amorphous layer with X-rays, the amorphous layer gets crystallized.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides high quality crystal thin film at low temperature than thermal crystallization temperature.
The sealing material for solid-state electrolyte type fuel battery consists of a porous insulation ceramics of 70-99% porosity that is used as sealing material.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents gas leakage. Improves fuel utilisation factor.
The interconnector of the solid electrolyte type electrochemical cell comprises perovskite type oxide having compsn of the following formula, (La1-xMAx)l-z(CryMB1-y)O3, where MA=alkaline earths metal, MB=transition earths metal, MB=transition metal, x=0.01-0.2, y=0.70-1, z=0.01-0.2.    USE -   The interconnector is used for the solid electrolyte type electrochemical cell, as the high temp steam electrolysis equipment, or the fuel cell.    ADVANTAGE -   The interconnector of the solid electrolyte type electrochemical cell is structurally stable even in reducing atmos.
The removal method involves infiltration of a carbonic acid electrolyte into an electrolyte board (1). The board is inserted in a cell (C) having an anode (3) and a cathode (2) on both sides through a separator (4). An oxidation gas (OG) is supplied by the cathode side of each cell, through a gas passage (5). Fuel gas (FG) is supplied by the anode side of each cell through a gas passage (6).    A wet sealing part (13) is maintained at the peripheral part of each electrolyte board. A liquid metal ion is poured into the carbonic acid salt. The anode and cathode are short circuited and the cell is removed from the battery stock.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids fear of etching. Provides simple method. Provides reliability.
The module structure comprises a fuel battery consisting of an electric power generation chamber (18) in its main part. A reaction pipe (17) is installed in the chamber. A catalyser (20) to perform the internal change is located in the reaction pipe. The fuel and vapour are supplied to the reaction pipe. A SOFC (23) is employed into which the steam from the reaction pipe is supplied to a fuel coupling (22).    ADVANTAGE -   The electric power generation efficiency is improved. The mfg. cost is reduced. The need for a discharge pipe is eliminated. The temp. of the chamber is kept constant by keeping the amt. of air constant.
The control device supplies reaction gas consisting of hydrogen and oxygen to solid state macromolecule electrolyte type fuel battery (1). The first set of opening and closing valves (6,9) opens and closes the supply of reaction gas to a fuel battery. A second set of opening and closing valves (14,25) are set up at the exhaust tube which emits the remaining reaction gas from fuel battery to outside atmosphere. The source of inert gas is attached to the reaction gas supply system of fuel battery.    The fifth opening and closing valve (46) opens and closes the supply of inert gas to fuel battery, which is stored in inert gas source. During stopping the operation of fuel battery, the first set of opening and closing valves are closed and stops supply of reaction gas to fuel battery. The control device replaces the reaction gas in fuel battery by inert gas when the second set and fifth opening and closing valve are opened.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents generation of pressure difference between two ends, during battery shutdown. Prevents performance deterioration.
The fuel battery purge device has a bomb unit (B) which installs a reducing valve (3) and connects it to a bomb set pipe (2). A nitrogen gas cylinder (1) is connected to the pipe through normally closed main solenoid valve (4) at the fuel battery main part (C). A normally closed solenoid valve (5) is connected in parallel to the main solenoid valve.    The fuel battery purge device opens the solenoid valve (5) and protects the catalyser after opening the main solenoid valve and performs inflammable gas purge of fixed duration, during fuel battery (A) shutdown. A primary pressure adjustment valve (6) is installed in pipe at the entrance of the reducing valve. An orifice (7) with fine rate of flow is arranged in parallel with the primary pressure adjustment valve.    ADVANTAGE -   Performs inflammable gas purge and catalyser protection purge during shutdown.
The system changes a fuel battery main part to an airtight state. A set of valves (11,12) is arranged on anode pole side gas supply path of a battery (1). Another set of valves (13,14) are arranged at the cathode pole side gas supply path of the battery. When the all the valves are closed, an anode pole air tight path (40) and a cathode pole air tight path (41) are formed.    A connection path (44) is connected between the anode and cathode air tight paths. A pair of check valves (20,21) reverses direction of flow gas and is positioned by the connection path. The pressure difference between the anode pole airtight path and cathode pole airtight path of the fuel battery main part, during storage stop time is maintained.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces internal pressure of fuel battery. Secures high reliability. Reduces cost. Improves endurance. Realizes long time performance.
The control device consists of a reaction temp. detector to detect the reaction temp. of the solid-state electrolyte-type fuel battery. The value of the min. voltage required for controlling process, is set according to the detected reaction temp. result. An electric power voltage generation detector detects the electric power generated by the fuel battery. A current limitation device (38) limits the current supplied to the load, when the detected voltage is smaller than the set voltage.    ADVANTAGE -   Damage to the fuel battery is prevented.
The power supply uses a fuel battery for generation of electrical energy. The fuel battery has a case (1) containing a hydrogen storage tank (8), a cover (2) on the top side which closes the case airtight. Then, the chemical energy of the gas is converted into electrical energy. A tank check stick (35) contacts the fuel tank if closed.    The tank check stick is set up at the top plate, back side of the cover to ensure that the case is not closed with fuel tank inside. A switch press stick (36) set up at the top plate of the cover presses the switch (34) to OFF position whenever the case is tightly closed.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents closing of case by mistake without switching OFF. Prevents airtight closing of case with gas tank inside.
The power supply is constituted by a fuel tank (5) containing hydrogen. The tank is connected to a coupler (12) set up through a hydrogen piping member (13). The coupler is connected to a fuel battery (3) through a hydrogen supply piping member (11).    The connection between the fuel tank and the hydrogen supply piping member is carried out by switching action of the coupler. The fuel is thus passed onto the battery where it is converted to electrical energy. A recess is provided for receipt of the coupler when it is released from its connection with fuel tank.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   In e.g. mobile communication system. Simplifies switching action. Prevents breakage of switching element.
The stack structure consists of multiple single cells. A catalyst layer is arranged, which is sandwiched between the multiple single cell and an electrolyte layer, by a separator (3). The separator is a three layered structure (17-19). The first and third layers which touch collector surface of the electrolyte layer are made of high density graphite. The second main layer is formed with amorphous C.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves vol. power density and achieves size redn.
The fuel battery consists of a stack with many layers of single cells (2). These single cells are sandwiched with a catalyst layer arranged on an electrolyte layer (10) on either sides and are sepd. The separator is in the shape of a rectangle. Three pairs of fluid passage with openings are arranged in the direction of stacked cell which encloses the activation domain adjoining the catalyst layer (11). The separator has an activation domain (3a) formed by a concave part (14), which is expanded upto a passage (6) of reaction gas (7).     The H2 supply passage (6a) is formed on the upper right corner and the discharge passage (6b) is formed at lower left corner. The O2supply passage (7a) is formed on the upper left side and the discharge passage (7b) is on the lower right side. The cooling water passages (5a, 5b) are formed between fuel discharge passages (67a, 67b) and oxidising agent discharge passage.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids leakage of gas from reaction gas passage.
The paper bill measurement device includes a CPU (22) which executes computation and judgment functions. Based on the measurement performed by the measurement device, a constant is stored in the EEPROM (26). The CPU computes the lower bound value, upper bound value and the average value based on the most recent measurements performed by the device.    The CPU judges the need for updating the constant already stored in the EEPROM. If the judgment result indicates the need for updating, then the constant is updated based on the measurement results.    ADVANTAGE -   Does not require time consuming correction procedure. Increases measurement accuracy and reliability.
NOVELTY - The photovoltaic device includes a metal wire which is arranged on a face of a photovoltaic element. The wire collects power generated by the element. The wire is coated with an electroconductive adhesive over its entire length. It is fixed onto the element using the adhesive. The wire may be made from copper, silver, gold, nickel or aluminium. The electroconductive adhesive is formed of a hot melt type resin or a thermosetting resin. A conductor collects power from the metal wire. An electrode of the element is a metal wire or metal bar which is treated so as to prevent rust and is coated with an electroconductive resin.    USE - USE/ADVANTAGE For electricity generation. Low connection resistance. High reliability. Improved reliability due to rust prevention. Higher efficiency due to even application of conductive adhesive. Reduces waste of energy and environmental damage.
Device for measuring the concn. of lower alcohols in water or acids comprises a porous anode for electrochemical alcohol oxidn., a cathode for electrochemical O2 redn., an ion-permeable membrane between the anode and cathode, and a diffusion-limiting membrane on the side of the anode not facing the ion-permeable membrane.    USE -   The device is esp. useful for monitoring the anolyte methanol concn. in "direct methanol" fuel cells, i.e. methanol-fuelled fuel cells with a polymer electrolyte membrane.    ADVANTAGE -   The device gives a practically linear response at methanol concentration up to 1M.
The exercise machine has a pair (5,7) of motor driven running or walking conveyors (1, 3). Both motors are coupled to a speed regulating unit (9). A user input control unit (11) is coupled to the regulator in order that the system may be activated.    Specific physiological parameters such as blood pressure and pulse rate may be displayed. Detectors (13, 15), e.g. for acceleration, may monitor the motion of the user. The signals can be evaluated by the regulator to control the speed of the belts.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Walking or running exercise machine. Speed depends upon detected motion of user.
The machine includes electromagnetic restraining device contg an electromagnet member and a retained magnetic member disposed statically in place adjacent each other by magnetic force. A muscular operated linkage is coupled between the magnetic member and the athlete operable by the athlete to break the retained magnetic member away from the electromagnet by overcoming a predetermined restraining force exerted by the electromagnet on the retained magnetic member with an exercise stroke of a body member of the athlete.    A release device is provided for decoupling the athlete from the restraining device when the magnetic force is overcome by the exercise stroke. An electrically variable current control device is incorporated for producing an electromagnetic restraining force between the magnetic members of predetermined variable magnitude selectable by the athlete.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   As athlete exercise machine used in day-by-day training to improve muscular performance. Safe and accurate vernier type control of restraining force imposed on initial portion of athlete's exercise initial stroke.
The foot operated therapeutic exercise device includes a saddle, a load and drive device to propel the load. The drive device further includes a pair of pedal mechanisms, each mechanism including a pedal and a pedal support, the pedal support being mounted for rotation about a pedal axis. A pair of coupling members, each independently couple a corresponding one of the pedals to the support in a manner to allow the position of the pedal to be adjusted relative to the pedal axis, according to the range of motion of a corresponding knee of a patient.    An adjustment device independently adjusts the pedal axis of each of the pedal mechanisms relative to the saddle, according to the corresponding leg of the patient, thereby allowing the exercise regimen for each leg to be adjusted according to its individual limitations.
Appts. comprises base (1), front (2) and rear (3) support areas, driving (4) and driven (5) elements, endless drive belt (6), support frame (7), contacts (9,11) and active working zone (12).    Appts. now has right and left contacts between the front support area and the active working zone of the belt. A manual button starts the drive and during training the sportsman interacts with speed control contacts (9) in zone (12), and after training leaves in the forward direction outside the working zone, interacting with one of the front safety contacts (11), which opens and interrupts a circuit to stop the motor. The athlete then simply runs to the front area (2), ending the front safety effect.    USE -   Appts. concerns trainer devices and running machines used in medicine, physical exercise and sport for prophylaxis, treatment, instruction and training both on earth and in space. Bul. 9/27.3.96
The device has a wire (4) which is provided between fixed structures and is pierced inside the inner pipe of a rotation shaft (5) of a windmill (3). The rotating windmill is arranged corresponding to the central portion of the wire. An electrical power generator (8) that performs electrical power generation is rotated along with the windmill and is hung over the wire.    A set of transfer appts (71,72) transmits the rotation of windmill to electrical power generator. A first positioning part (6) positions the windmill at appropriate position and is provided at the rotating shaft. A second positioning part (61) positions the electrical power generator.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables generation of electricity through water stream by replacing windmill with water wheel.
The device consists of a servomotor used as a rotation core of a shifting ring (3), which includes a moving armature (18) and a stator (19). When rotation power is applied to the armature, the motor starts rotating which couples an electromagnetic force from the stator to the shifting ring.    The rotating shifting ring operates a guide vane (1) to open or close and thus stream flow is controlled.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves reliability of appts with simple composition. Attains labour saving and easy installation. Improves efficiency and stability of appts.
The unit (30) has a concrete mat (1) with a tube (1a). Flexible material is filled in concrete (1b) of the concrete mat. Multiple solar battery panels (2) are provided, from back of which props (3) are projected.    The lower end of the prop is embedded in the concrete, inside to an intersection part (1c) of the tube. The solar battery panel are arranged with the prop on the concrete mat.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides electric power generation for preventing slope from collapsing.
The appts is applicable to an exercise practice support appts such as tread mill (6). Using the biomedical instrumentation mechanism i.e. a sphygmomanometer (1), physiological conditions of an user exercising on the tread mill, is obtained.    Obtained information is passed onto a data processor (3). Based on the evaluation information output by the data processor, operating conditions of the tread mill are regulated.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides optimum exercising motion for user. Indicates amount of necessary exercise as comprehensible index value to user.
The coupling includes a couple of flanges arranged in opposition and connected to the piping on either sides. An holder (16) is integrally formed by extension, to the flanges from the inner peripheral surfaces individually. Multiple rockable rings (12) are individually mounted at right angles to the axial central line and are nipped between the holders.    A rubber lining (13) is supported in the inner peripheral surfaces of the rings, holders and the flanges. An outer cylinder (18) is inserted to cover both the holders through a number of steel balls (14), to allow movement at right angles to the axial centre line and to restrict gap in the axial direction between the holders.    ADVANTAGE -   Absorbs thermal expansion of sea water and core deviation during installation. Eliminates need for high shear power to absorb lateral displacement, in easy composition. Reduces friction between outer cylinder and holders. Reduces piping load acting on pump discharge outlet side.
The appts. includes a solar module (1) with connection conductors and current pickups (11). Provided with the solar module, acting as a free part, are holders (7,9,10) to attach on a light exposed position. The pickups are also made as separate unit with fixings (28) for mounting in suitable positions separate from the solar module.    The solar module is based on a ground plate (2) with solar cells (3) let in or embedded in one side, and manufactured from silicon in an amorphous form. The module is connected in series by conductors (4), the ends (4') of which pass through the ground plate to a terminal (5) and the conductor (6). The holders are of hooks (7) and suction pads (9) which fix the solar module to a car window, and a loop of wire (10) for additional suspension, if needed.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Also suitable for solar power in boat, car. Flexible and capable of being mounted practically anywhere.
The generator has a pair of turbine blades (A,a) coupled together via a common transverse axis (B) and offset from one another by 90 degrees in the rotation direction.    Pref. the angle of rotation of the transverse axis is limited to approx. 90 degrees, to allow the turbine blades to be angled correctly relative to the water flow or wind direction, the transverse axis supported by a perpendicular rotation axis (C) for driving the electrical generator.    ADVANTAGE -   Uniform rotation of generator drive shaft.
An electrical generator plant has a pump (6) directly connected to an electric motor (19) bringing water up from a lower tank (180 to a higher tank (8) via a feed pipe (7). There is a valve (20) controlling the flow rate in the down pipe (14) from the upper tank. The valve control unit (16) acts according to the generator loading.    The generator itself is driven by a Pelton wheel (11) at the mouth of the down pipe, using a common shaft. A percentage of the generator output is tapped off for the pump. The inside diameter of the feed pipe is greater than a limit determined by the down pipe diameter, the velocity of the water hitting the Pelton wheel and the available head.    ADVANTAGE -   Efficient design.
The cycloergometer has a platform which accommodates a supine human body. A loading unit is mounted at the leg end of the platform which is vertically adjustable relative to the platform and includes a pair of joined rotatable pedals. A sensor attached to the human senses the heart rate, and another sensor senses the rate pedal rotation. A central processor receives sensor input and carries out a predefined program. This program determines an average resting heart rate which must be between 50 and 100 beats per minute and calculates a formula for determining a maximum exercising heart rate point=0.8 HRr+46    where HRr is resting heart rate.    Exercise is began by pedalling and the number of pedal rotations to maintain rotations per minute between 45 and 55 are monitored. The heart rate is monitored to stay near the calculated exercising heart rate point, and an indication is made when the heart rate and rotation frequency are outside predefined limits.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves cardiac function, provides control of compliance and provides method conveniently used by lay person.
The module includes a high pass filter followed by a low-pass filter coupled to a variable voltage power output of a speed control circuit. A threshold member is coupled to an output of the high pass filter for passing a signal only if a change in the signal exceeds a predetermined value.    A semiconductor short-circuiting switching device is coupled to the threshold device and coupled to the power terminals of the motor and to the output of the speed control circuit. Such arrangement is used for shorting out the output of the speed control circuit responsive to an abrupt increase in a signal at the output of the speed control circuit which exceeds the predetermined value at the output of the speed control circuit.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   As variable speed motor to control operating speed of exercise treadmill. Provides fail safe operation by quickly de- energising motor when power transistor in PWM speed control unit fails in short circuited mode.
The solar panel has a linear heater (12) formed on the backside of a tempered glass board (11). A snow coverage sensor (26) is provided at a lower corner. A snow removal part (36) removes the snow, covered on the light receiving surface of the solar panel. Intermittence of the heater and intermittence of the solar battery cell are changed according to snow coverage detected by the snow coverage sensor.    That is, in the state of snow coverage an electricity generation is stopped automatically and de-icing is performed and when the snow coverage is removed the solar panel generates electricity.    ADVANTAGE -   Does not contain any mobility part. Removes snow coverage automatically. Increases efficiency.
The pressure cylindrical tube (1) has a double steel shell (2) comprising a segment formed with an outside steel shell (3), an inside steel shell (4), a sway brace (5) and welding connection junction parts (6). Concrete (7) is filled in the steel shell (2). A sheath (9) enforced with PC tension material is wrapped helically around the peripheral surface or the inner wall surface of the outside steel shell to provide compression power.    ADVANTAGE -   Allows construction at site by assumed division of steel shell segment according to size and weight which can be transported to site. Processing and assemblies such as formworks and reinforced concretes contribute to improvement of economy through labour savings and shortening working hours.
The apparatus includes a bladed impeller which is mounted on an axial spindle and is rotatable about an axis by a fluid flow in a direction parallel to the axis of rotation. The impeller has an axial portion, which is attached to the spindle, and radially extending blades.    The blades are capable of limited angular displacement so that when the fluid flow is in one sense parallel to the axis of rotation the blades adopt a first blade angle causing the impeller to be rotated in one direction. When the fluid flow is in the opposite sense the blades adopt a second blade angle causing the impeller to be rotated in the same direction.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Direction of flow through turbine is reversible. For use in e.g. tidal barrage, children's toys.
A flywheel is mounted on a flywheel shaft having a rotation axis, the shaft further supporting a pair of rotational clutches integral with pinion gears in rotational engagement on the shaft. One of the clutches is mounted to be freewheeling in a first rotational sense on the shaft and to be engaged for driving the shaft in a second rotational sense. The other of the clutches is mounted to be freewheeling in the second rotational sense on the shaft and to be engaged for driving the shaft in the first rotational sense. The first rotational sense is opposite to the second rotational sense. An upright exercise arm is pivotally engaged at a lower end on the support, the exercise arm thus being restrained to move in an arc.    A drive arm is pivotally engaged with the exercise arm. A pair of drive racks each provides a set of linearly arranged drive teeth, the drive racks mounted on the drive arm, spaced apart in parallel relationship. Each one of the sets of drive teeth engages one of the pinion gears of one of the pair of clutches. Motion of the exercise arm continuously drives the flywheel shaft through the drive arm, drive racks and clutches in alternate reciprocating power strokes.    ADVANTAGE -   Exercise resistance is provided on both strokes of reciprocating movement.
The device for use with an exercise machine has a support frame, and a reversible, variable speed, constant torque motor fixedly mounted on the frame for providing a user of the exercise machine with independently variable force and speed so that the user can perform a number of exercise protocols including all combinations of isotonic and isokinetic exercises with either a constant or variable force controlled parameter, an active or passive resistance in a uni- or bi-lateral direction. A magnetic particle clutch is mounted on the force creation device for engaging or disengaging a drive shaft connected to and driven by the motor. A gear drive reduction device is fixedly mounted on the frame and mechanically coupled to the magnetic particle clutch by the drive shaft for varying the output speed. A clutch driver controls operation of the magnetic particle clutch.    A motor driver controls operation of the motor. A number of sensors at various locations within the device for sensing information and generating signals. A signal conditioning device receives and conditions signals from the sensors. A    controller receives and processes the conditioned signals from the signal conditioning device to control the clutch driver and the motor driver. A connecting device for connecting handle of the exercise machine to the drive shaft of the motor.    ADVANTAGE -   Features three different levels of safety ensuring total user safety and minimises any chances of mishaps. User force and user speed are controlled in real time to maintain accuracy. Any combination of isotonic, isokinetic, isometric, isotonic/isokinetic, constant, variable, active, passive, uni-directional or bi-directional exercise routines can be performed.
The turbine is positioned on a turbine holding frame (2) set up on a floating ship body (1). Rotation bearings (3,4) are mounted individually to the top and bottom edges of the turbine holding frame. A ballast tank (16) is set up at the bottom of the floating ship body. The turbine holding frame is made rotatable in all directions with the setting up of a circular rail (17) and a stabilizing roller (18). The roller prevents the rolling of the turbine holding frame. Multiple curved plate wings (5) are attached on a middle mounting plate (7) of the turbine holding frame through a wing attachment shaft edge (6).    The middle mounting plate is fixed to a quadrature shaft (8). The curved plate wings rotate when water flows onto it. An accelerating chain wheel (11), a speed increasing gear, a generator and a driving trestle formed at an end of the quadrature shaft are interlocked to an electromagnetic brake formed at the other end of the quadrature shaft. A water directional rudder is fixed to both sides of the turbine holding frame in the lower direction.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For general electric power generation and for industrial application. Obtains clean energy of large capacity.
The appts comprises a liquid crystal panel (24) which is formed by filling a liquid crystal (6) between a pair of glass boards (2,4). A solar panel (16) is formed at the outer surface of this liquid crystal panel. A control circuit (20) applies voltage from the solar panel to the liquid crystal panel.    When solar rays hit the solar panel directly, the applied voltage increases. When it exceeds a predefined value, the supply of voltage to liquid is stopped. Then, the liquid crystal panel becomes opaque and interrupts solar light.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables automatic interruption of sun rays. Avoids glaring. Increases efficiency. Enhances appearance. Prevents reduction of air conditioning effect reliably, thereby preventing wastage of money. Eliminates need for opening and closing of curtain. Eliminates need for external wiring. Avoids need for manual switching.
The system continually monitors the varying operating values, e.g. rotational speed, of a water wheel and turbine, as well as the rise and fall in the generator voltages.    The varying operating values are monitored through a sensor (10), by a load interruption tester (20). The monitored values are fed into a personal computer (50) for analysis, storage, and printing. A printer (60) then prints out the trend graph (61) which is derived from the monitored data, and a test result table (62) which is based on the PCs analysis.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For e.g. water wheel generator, water power station. Shortens analysis time of trend graph and lessens errors in analysis, due to use of PC which prevents trend graphs readout errors. Balances beginners and experts monitoring capability due to automated monitoring. Needs no engineer for analysis, compensated by use of PC.
The modular solar cell has a contact arrangement, comprising a solar cell having a top surface and a series of angled corner edges. A first pair of negative contacts are secured to the top surface of the solar cell proximal to a first adjacent pair of the angled corner edges. A pair of positive contacts are secured to the top surface of the solar cell adjacent a second adjacent pair of the angled corner edges. A second pair of negative contacts are secured to the top surface of the solar cell proximal to the second adjacent pair of the angled corner edges.    The first pair of negative contacts extends along an entire length of the first pair of angled corner edges, with the second pair of negative contacts extending only partially along a length of the second angled corner edges. The pair of positive contacts extend at least partially about the second pair of negative contacts and are positioned in electrical communication with a series of grid lines on the light incident surface of the solar cell.    USE -   To provide electrical interconnection between cells of solar panel.
The turbine has runner vanes (10) arranged in a circular runner (2). The runner vanes are seven in number. Guide vanes which are sixteen in number are arranged around the runner.    Stay vanes which are eight in number are arranged around the guide vanes. The guide vanes coordinates in operation with the runner for energy transfer.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces oscillation stress of runner. Reduces variation in structure for operating with various speeds. Improves safety. Increases efficiency. Avoids resonance phenomenon.
The system covers both sides of a solar battery module with a water proof protection material by a solar roofing material (1). The solar roofing material is set on a field ground plane (2) of roof. The terminal of a module terminal is connected with an interior wiring (4). The connection between the terminal of the module and the interior wiring is performed to both ends, provided at the field ground plane through a penetration part (5).    A lead wire is connected with the upper end of the penetration part and is provided in cavity of a common wiring. The lower end of the penetration part is connected with the interior wiring.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves reliability. Shortens work time. Reduces work of roof top, remarkably.
The hydroelectric power plant has a rotor crown (7) with laminated rotor poles (14) and pole windings (15), around the outer periphery of a rotor star with a rotor hub (3). The stator lamination packet (18) has slots around its inner periphery for reception of the stator winding (28), with a stator winding head (41,42) and winding connections on either side of the lamination packet. The rotor crown and the stator laminations packet have radial cooling slits (19) for a cooling air flow supplied from the rotor hub. Non-magnetic sealing plates (24) are provided on either side of the rotor poles, providing a ring seal separating the machine air gap (17) from the winding head space.    ADVANTAGE -   Optimum cooling of stator winding heads and winding connections.
The counter device determines the training progress of an individual, esp. in connection with fitness or sports appts or medical rehabilitation appts. It can also be used in individual exercises without special exercise equipment by fastening the device onto the moving body or appts. part. The movements made for training cause the body or appts. part to slope.    The movements can be counted using a slope switch. The switch connects an electronic counter module with a digital display (7). The counter may have a socket (3) allowing connection to external switches e.g. on different exercise parts of a multi-gym. Such switches may be e.g. mercury level switches, reed contact switches, infrared light limiters etc.    The count state may be reproduced acoustically via a loud speaker. When a predetermined count is reached, a message may be spoken via the loud speaker. The acoustic output may be supplemented by a continuously adjustable pacemaker. The device may also have a function to allow movements to be counted manually. A handheld keypad may be activated by a switch-over such that exercises not to be counted otherwise can be counted by pressing a button each time.    ADVANTAGE -   Counts movements during training to determine progress in simple to understand manner. Allows training load to be increased. Provides accurate count.
The module (1) has a panel which includes a base (2) that is made of slab. The base is layered with an insulator (3) on which a solar panel (4) is provided. The panel can be arranged at the outer wall or roof slab of a building.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves strength and rigidity of solar panel by using plastic base. Prevents stripping of solar battery module due to wind by arranging it along outer wall or roof slab of building. Ensures efficient solar battery temp. rise by suppressing heat dissipation from solar panel rear side; prevents photodegradation of solar cell; obtains sufficient generation of electricity. Reduces amt. of energy for coordinating building internal temp. Uses amorphous Si semiconductor as solar cell which can be mfd. inexpensively. can be transported easily.
The solar battery (101) includes opto-electric conversion active layers (10) made of amorphous semiconductor which are sepd. by grooves (6a).    A laser scribe unit has a first metal electrode (16b) which adjoins the groove is formed on the active layer through a foundation layer using high energy e.g. sputtering method. An electric generating unit has a second metal electrode (16a) formed on the active layer using low energy e.g. vacuum-deposition method.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents redn. of current flow since laser scribe unit has high conversion efficiency.
The device has a tank (10) that is provided at the lower part of the building and connected with a coarse drainage pipe (30). The tank carries out integration saving of drainage of the building temporatily. The cut off valve (50) is provided at a drainage pipe (40a) that is connected to the exhaust port of the tank. A water wheel chamber (61) is connected to the lower part of the drainage pipe in vertical direction. A water wheel (60) in the water wheel chamber is rotated by the drainage from the tank.    The water wheel and a generator (70) are connected by a torque transfer unit using a belt (80). The generator is rotated by the water wheel to produce power. The power generated is stored in a battery (90). The power from the battery is supplied to electric load in the building through a D/A converter (100).    ADVANTAGE -   Enables power generation during heavy rain also. Improves operation efficiency.
The transmission system transmits a remote monitoring control signal to monitor a hydel power station having two or more sets of main and sub machines. A common call unit (5) transmits the monitoring signal from a control place for monitoring distribution line appts of the power station, a main wire appts, a station appts and a power distribution appts.    The item relating to each main machine is grouped and the signal for monitoring each main machine is transmitted separately through number of call units (1-4) for each machine.    ADVANTAGE -   Performs supervisory control of hydel power station in two modes. Prevents variation in remote monitoring control signal.
The method involves forming through holes (21,22) in a flexible substrate, which comprises a number of photoelectric transducers (1) on its substrate. An adhesive resin (2) is formed on the back side of the substrate which also covers the through holes.    A transparent insulating thin film (5) is formed on the light incidence surface of the substrate.    ADVANTAGE -   Minimises optical loss. Attains satisfactory reliability. Reduces surface reflex and improves characteristic. Ensures safety of work.
A hydroelectric power generation system (20) feeds electrical utility system (72). A controller (42) obtains signal from water head transducer (25) and requested electrical output power from hydro-turbine (70) to regulate the speed of an asynchronous rotary converter (50) coupled to the hydro-turbine unit, and to control its gate position.    The controller may access an updated memory or may include a real-time automatic governor which uses the utilisation system frequency to control the converter output.    ADVANTAGE -   Facilitates the practical application of a variable speed hydro-turbine to deliver controlled power levels to a utilisation system via a rotary asynchronous converter.
The omnidirectional treadmill (1) comprises a frame and a track assembly mounted on the frame. The track assembly has a user active surface (2) for supporting the user (3). It has two supports with each moveable in a different direction. They are driven by an X-axis control motor (7) and a Y-axis control motor (8). Each support has several support members rotatable about axes parallel to the support direction. The combined movements of the user support members result in omnidirectional user movement.    A balance cuff (10) attaches near the user's centre of balance and a hinge (11) at the small of the user's back connects the cuff to a support strut (12). This links the user with the X-Y tracking mechanism (13) of the support frame (14). The controller (4) responds to the directional orientation of the user to selectively control the operation of the first and second drivers. This allows the directional user movement to conform with the orientation of the user on the active surface.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   E.g. rehabilitation, training, exercise or virtual reality equipment. Allows user to walk or run in any direction. Enables user to assume any posture e.g. kneeling, crawling, sitting and lying. Positions user at centre of surface.
The speed control device includes a digital deflector opening control unit (10) and a programmable needle opening controller (40), which detect speed of turbine wheel through a speed sensor (1) and proportionately adjust the openings of a deflector and a needle valve to maintain desired speed corresponding to requirement of electric generator driven by the turbine. The opening of needle valve is set, at starting, through a needle setting device (30) of the programmable controller, which is subsequently adjusted automatically in accordance with the rotational speed of the turbine, being controlled by the opening of the deflector. The deflector opening controller has subtraction devices (10a,10c,10f), an addition device (10b) and a PID controller (10e) which provides output signals to a deflector servo amplifier (11) which controls a deflector servo motor (12) to adjust the deflector opening to govern the speed of Pelton wheel. A deflector opening detector (13) is provided to supply the feed back signal.    The programmable needle opening controller has a starting opening setting device (30), a deflector opening converter (31), a comparator (32) and a keeping relay (33), which operates a circuit logic (34) controlling the normally open auxiliary contacts of a generator circuit breaker (10d1,10d2). When the turbine wheel assumes its normal operating speed after starting , the relay opens a switch (Rs) to disconnect the starting opening setting device and closes another switch (Ss), which connects a needle opening converter (20a) to a comparator (20b) and provides output signal to a needle servo amplifier (21) to control a needle servo motor (22). Feed back signal is provided by a needle opening detector (23) through a converter (24).    ADVANTAGE -   Improves speed control mechanism so that electric generator may assume normal operating speed quickly after starting. Improves speed governing because of independent needle and deflector opening controls.
The visor has a main body (111) where a mirror (121) is formed. The mirror is provided with a cover (123) and a lamp (122). A storage battery, a storage battery are connected to the lamp through a first circuit. The first circuit sends the electric power of the solar battery to the lamp. The electric power stored at the storage battery is sent to the lamp by a second circuit.    A third circuit sends the electric power of the of the solar battery to the storage battery. The first and second circuits are connected at a common switch that interlocks through the opening-and-closing operation of the cover to connect and open the circuits.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves productivity and reduces cost due to simplified structure. Saves motor vehicle battery power due to lamp where electric power is supplied by solar battery.
The alternator comprises a stator (702) and a rotor (710) mounted for rotation within the stator and sepd. from it by an air gap. The rotor has a rotor core defining a number of magnetic poles (716), adjacent ones of the magnetic poles having alternating north and south magnetic fields. The magnetic poles comprise permanent magnet poles (716a,716b) and electromagnetic poles, each permanent magnet pole being defined by a permanent magnet (718). The permanent magnet poles comprise two sets of diametrically positioned permanent magnet poles.    The alternator further includes a temp. monitoring voltage regulator for controlling the bi-directional current flow through a winding of the alternator. The voltage regulator adjusts the output voltage of the alternator according to the temp. of the alternator to limit power output when the alternator temp. approaches a predetermined max. operating temp. The voltage regulator includes a voltage monitoring circuit, a temp. sensor, a switching circuit and a control circuit.    ADVANTAGE -   Produces full rated output voltage and current when the vehicle is operating at idle speed.
The appts has a solar panel (5) which includes a transparent substrate (1). A number of solar cells (2) are stuck on one surface of the transparent substrate.    A frame (6) supports the solar panel. The solar cell included in the part of frame shadow, is used as the dummy element (3). The shadow is produced when the light is incident to the solar panel.    ADVANTAGE -   Eliminates influence of frame shadow. Prevents reduction in output of solar battery.
The runner blade (4) is constituted by a wide angled crown part (6) along one end and a narrow angled strap part (7) along other end.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces frictional loss in runner disc. Improves overall performance. Decreases pressure loss.
The appts consists of branched casings (48-51) which have flexible covers (52,53) fixed detachably at their open end. The periphery of the open ends of each branched casing is provided with two or more bottom terminals (48b-51b).    The terminals project outside and are arranged radially at a predetermined space from the central axis of each branch casing. Flexible connection conductors (54,55) are connected between terminals of each branch casing. During installation in a stationary spot, the flexible cover absorbs vibration or any errors.    ADVANTAGE -   Performs installation work very efficiently. Improves maintenance check effectively. Absorbs installation errors in stationary spots. Reduces temperature rise of terminal and connection conductor.
The fitness machine has a structure (1) supporting a bicycle (2) equipped with a mechanism at the front for attaching the bicycle front fork arms (20). At the rear is a mechanism supporting the rear or drive wheel (21) with an electromagnetic resistance unit (5) providing variable torque resistance based on electrical control signals (V6).    The resistance unit interacts with the drive wheel via a rolling friction transmission element (51), and is connected to a mechanism to vary the electrical control signals. The resistance of the machine to the pedalling action of the cyclist can also be varied using user settable values. Pref. an electric fan is connected to the resistance unit so that its speed varies in accordance with the speed of the transmission element.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Also for simulating other types of physical training. Provides accurate simulation of different road surfaces and gradients. Provides air flow similar to that produced when bicycle moves forward, cooling body.
The wear ring for rotary hydraulic machine, which forms a seal part between an impeller and a casing, has a high pressure entrance part (4a) through which water enters with a whirl velocity (Vw1), and an exit part (4b) through which water leaves with a whirl velocity (Vw2). A radial space (C1) at upstream side grows by a little amount to a space (C2) at about middle (4b1) of the distance between high pressure entrance part and the exit part. With the enlargement of flow area at a central location, pressure is suddenly dropped, but remains well above the cavitation pressure (Pv) and consequently prevents, back pressure (Pmin), from falling below the cavitation pressure.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Used as seal in water pumps and water turbines etc. Reliably prevents damage caused by erosion due to cavitation in rotary hydraulic machines.
The pump turbine comprises a water channel which is arranged in a casing (9). The casing also comprises crown board (10) shroud board and a runner vane (1c). The runner vane is arranged in between the crown and shroud boards. Water is supplied to the water channel through a guide vane (4). The water is also supplied between the crown and shroud boards.    The peripheral parts of all the boards and vane are covered by number of lower cover side rib like projection (12) and upper cover side rib like projection (11). Then the upper and lower cover side rib like projection are radially covered by an upper cover (2) and a lower cover (3).    ADVANTAGE -   Improves reliability. Attains reduction in variation stress of resonant time.
The reversible pump turbine has an entrance angle which is equipped with a stay vane (1).    The stay vane has 3D wings at both ends which are larger than that at its centre and is reduced along the direction of span.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces difference in entrance angle and inflow angle of stay vane. Improves water wheel efficiency. Reduces loss of collision in entrance side.
The roof has a foundation material (10) laid on a field ground plane (11). Multiple sub-modules of a thin film solar battery (2) are arranged sequentially on a substrate (1) of the foundation material. Each sub-module is connected in parallel with common wirings (31,32) provided on either sides in a direction parallel to that of array direction.    Then, insulated conductors (41,42) for connection are pulled out from the respective common wirings for every predetermined number of sub-modules. A tempered glass board (12) with a self fire extinguishing nature material layer (13) formed on its back side, is attached to the foundation material.    ADVANTAGE -   Eases wiring work. Secures fire retardancy nature of roof. Eliminates need for special terminal for connection.
The device has an air damper chamber (3) with a first vent (15) leading to an energy cell (2) provided with an opening (10). The opening leads to the sea. A power generation chamber (4) is positioned on the upper side of the air damper chamber. A second vent (25) is provided between the two chambers. A leading path (19) is positioned to the side wall lower part of the air damper chamber.    The leading path leads the air damper chamber to the atmosphere. Water is accumulated in a water tank (17). The height of an atmospheric side edge part (20) of the water tank is assumed to be below the height of an inside edge part (21) of the air damper chamber. A cover (30) is provided in a pumping mouth (24) in the power generation chamber. A partition (32) is provided with a vent between the pumping mouth and a dynamo (27). A drain pipe (31) is arranged for draining the dynamo chamber.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents power generation chamber being flooded by abnormal rise of water level.
The exerciser includes a structural frame constituting a staircase having hand rails. A pair of chain sprocket assemblies synchronously revolvably inclinedly are disposed in a cyclical manner on the inner side of the two side brackets of the structural frame to constitute a chain conveyor. A number of steps are disposed across the chain sprocket assemblies and capable of moving cyclically following the revolving chain sprocket assemblies. A transmission device is disposed on the outer side of the two side brackets of the structural frame for transmission to the speed controller of the driving torque produced by the chain sprocket assemblies. An electro-magnetic brake adjusts and control the downwardly running speed of the steps driven by the chain sprocket assemblies. A control panel disposed on the front upper portion of the structural frame adjusts the setting of start and stop of the machine and the steps running speed controlled via the speed controller.    ADVANTAGE -   Uses electromagnetic speed controller capable of adjusting running speed of steps and resistance force to suit physical condition of each person.
The solar battery has a solar battery wafer (1) with a light receiving surface (1A) on the upper surface. A surface electrode (2) is formed on the light receiving surface while a rear electrode (3) on the rear side (1B). The two electrodes are connected through the interconnectors (4). A transparent substrate (6) is attached to the light receiving surface through an adhesive agent (5).    The isolated solar cells (8a-8c) include the connection of the isolated solar battery wafers (1a-1c), the isolated surface electrodes (2a-2c) and the isolated back electrodes (3a-3c) isolating slots (7).    ADVANTAGE -   Provides integrated solar battery in high-voltage module with thin wirings. Reduces solar battery size and mfg. cost. Ensures simple output extn. by providing all electrodes at solar battery rear side. Provides series solar battery cells which can be easily connected in parallel. Improves aesthetic value by using silver electrode. can be connected efficiently by fusing solder. Ensures sufficient integration since slots are cut using dicing saw.
The solar battery cell consists of thin film semiconductor photoelectric conversion layer between electrode layers on a flexible substrate. An electroconductive adhesive agent (6) seals a lead wire (2) and the electrode of the cell. The binding resin covers the cells at both sides by a surface protection material. Heating process is carried out in order to harden the electrically conductive adhesive agent and to seal the resin. Sealing and wiring process are performed.    ADVANTAGE -   Shortens mfg process. Uses cheap aluminium for cell electrode. Avoids characteristics deterioration or discolouring by heating. Avoids deformation of plastic film of substrate.
The appts. consist of a wave receptacle tube (1) with a lower opening and an upper part that leads to an intermediate tank through a connecting pipe (2). The lower opening is used to catch the energy of a wave in washing bird droppings and dusts that adhered on the surface of a solar battery. Valves for a flood pipe (4) and an absorption pipe (5) are provided at the lower part of the intermediate tank.    ADVANTAGE -   Recovers performance of solar battery by removing dust and bird droppings on light-receiving surface of solar battery. Provides simple structure allowing routine inspection only. Offers resting place for birds.
The device includes a speed detecting part (1) which detects the rotational speed (FT) of a water wheel and outputs a speed signal (F). A speed comparison part (2) outputs a speed variation signal by comparing the detected speed with a set speed value (FR). Based on the output (FD) of the comparison part, a control part (7) calculates an opening variation signal (GD) of a guide vane of a water wheel, after which a control signal (GC) is output.    When the speed signal is normal, a low value selection part (8) selects a load limitation signal (GL). When an abnormality is detected in the rotational speed, a switching part (11) changes an opening control signal (GS) to an invalid control signal (GX), using a fault signal (F) output from a fault detection part (10). The output of the low value selection part is supplied as a command signal (GR) to control the opening of the guide vane.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables continuation of operation even when speed signal shows abnormality.
The method involves using a support stand to support a hollow winding wire (2) which is provided at the internal diameter side of a stator core (1) of a rotary electric machine. A cooling medium is circulated on the multiple hollow winding wires of a hollow conductor strand (2A) supported by the support stand. A supply and exhaust box (12) which performs the supply of cooling medium and discharges of the hollow winding wire, is fixed to a hollow winding wire termination (2B) by soldering.    A connection part (10) is connected to the supply and exhaust box and passes current between each hollow winding wire. The hollow winding wire termination is inserted in an opening circle formed along the sides of supply and exhaust box. A brazing material (13) is interposed between each hollow winding wire termination. A pair of covers (14A,14B) encloses the opening part at which the brazing material is heated and is pressed.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces generation of void. Prevents short circuit between hollow winding wires due to leakage at supply and exhaust box. Lengthens lifetime of rotary electric machine.
The method involves using a rough transparent electric conduction film (2) which uses an electrically conductive film with more than 5 percent but less than 30 percent haze factor.    A laser light forms the pattern of a back side electrode (4) at the solar battery module which forms the transparent electric conduction film, an amorphous silicon layer (3), and the back side electrode at a transparent insulation substrate (1).    ADVANTAGE -   Provides simple patterning method through irradiation of pulse laser with high energy density. Enables forming solar battery with high efficiency. Improves solar battery module mfg. productivity.
The battery has a reflection preventing layer (10) which includes a transparent electrode (5) and an insulating layer (6). The compsn. material of the transparent insulating layer fills a pin hole (4) made during the formation of a solar battery layer (3).    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents short circuit by filling up pin hole in solar battery layer with insulating material. Provides solar battery with high yield and high conversion efficiency.
An inverter control system uses a command value generator (1), giving command voltage (vt*), command value compensator (2) with output (vt), pulse width modulator (3), and comparator (31) relating (vt) with an output (et) from a triangle wave generator (32). The output PWM pulse (Pt) drives the inverter supplying e.g. an AC motor.    The compactor (31) uses the average of recent instantaneous values of the command voltage (vt*) to predict a new compensated command value.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For mill drive system, elevator drive system, static var compensation system used in electric power system, variable-speed pumped storage power system, PWM cycloconverter for induction motor drive system. More precise pulse width modulation is achieved for high performance control appts. operating with low switching frequencies.
The process involves providing water in an enclosure, exposing the enclosure to sunlight to heat the water and generate vapour, removing the vapour from the enclosure, and passing the removed vapour into the top of a first vertical cylindrical tank which is full of water and which includes a lightweight float upon the water, the float having a size which is smaller than that of the tank so that water can pass around and beneath the float. A vaporisable substance such as ethyl alcohol may be added to the water to increase the generation of vapour.    The removed vapour is allowed to exert pressure on the float to displace and release water from an aperture in the tank, the aperture having a relatively small area compared to the horizontal cross-sectional area of the tank. The released water is directed to operate a power producing device such as a hydraulic turbine to generate power which may be used to charge one or more batteries.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Provides highly efficient generation of hydroelectric power from conversion of steam.
The hydraulic wheel maximises the hydraulic receiving pressure over the water surface and minimises a resistance force in the submerged state by forming a wedge-type vane. The wheel comprises vertical columns (12) built on both sides of parallelly arranged supports (2), and the upper beam (15) fixed to the upper part of the vertical columns (12).    The support device (14) slidably moves up/down in the track of the groove formed on the inner part of the vertical column (12). The balance weight (17) hangs on a wire rope (18), and a guide rod (19) is equipped on the outside of the vertical column and moves up/down.
The draft tube has an exist part whose peripheral speed is defined as Uem/sec. The height from the depressed water surface to the lower end of the runner is Z1(m). The density of the air that compresses the water surface is rhoa(Kg/m3 ). The density of water in the draft tube is rhow(Kg/m3 ). The acceleration due to gravity is set as g(m/sec2). The froude number without dimension is defined as franklin=Ue/(gxDe)1/2.    The non-dimensional coefficient K is defined as K=[rhoa/(rhow- rhoa)]/1/2xfrankline. The size of draft tube in vertical direction is set according to the relation A0.74K+0.26.    ADVANTAGE -   Stabilizes draft tube over long period of time. Enables to perform phase modification operation.
The method begins by setting the measurement conditions using a measuring device (11). The horizontal adjustment of a thrust metal which is an installation standard is measured. The measured data is entered for operation processing. The results of the operation processing is then displayed. The shake adjustment of a shaft is also measured and entered for operation processing whose results are also displayed. The results of the horizontal and shake adjustment measurement are checked. End processings of data files relating to the horizontal and shake adjustment measurement are provided for each measurement routine.    The measurement routines are done in which the shake regulation is selected with the lower portion of a generator as the standard horizontal regulation of the thrust metal, the generator as the independent shake regulation, an intermediate shaft as axial shake regulation, or the water-wheel metal portion as standard horizontal regulation of thrust metal.    ADVANTAGE -   Ensures standard measurement process and installation work. Ensures useful and efficient site measurement.
The solar battery has an insulating substrate (1) surface divided into several areas in which a first electrode layer (2) laminated portion, a semiconductor layer, a transparent-electrode layer (4), and a first electrode layer extension portion are formed. A second electrode layer (5) divided into several areas, adheres on the other surface of the insulating substrate. The transparent-electrode layer penetrates the first electrode layer and the insulating substrate. An insulator mutually separates the first and second electrode layer.    The area in which the second electrode layer is separated mutually by the conductor and from which each division area of the first electrode layer extension unit penetrates the insulating substrate, is connected. Several second electrode layer areas are connected mutually with the transparent-electrode layer. The second electrode layer areas connected directly with the first electrode layer extension portion, is connected to the transparent-electrode layer area.    ADVANTAGE -   Produces arbitrary output voltages efficiently by suitably connecting layer areas on arbitrary substrate.
The dynamoelectric machine has a laminated wound rotor (1) with an outer dia. of about 6 m, with the winding head secured against centrifugal force by an enclosing annular support device, provided by a number of plate-shaped ring sections, secured to an inner ring (7) via tension bolts.    The inner ring is provided by a laminations packet, fitted to the rotor hub (2) in the same manner as the rotor laminations packet (3) and having equip-spaced axial profile slots around its periphery, receiving profile rails for the tension bolts.    USE -   For water-driven slip-ring rotor motor/generator for pumped storage power plant.
The exercise monitor monitors the progress of a user in an exercise regime, and stores parameter values relating to user exercise events monitored, and includes a physical parameter measurement unit (25) arranged to measure physical parameter data during an exercise event, and a preset value memory (32) arranged to store preset values for the physical parameter. A comparator (35) compares the preset value with the measured physical parameter data, and an indicator is arranged to indicate when the physical parameter data differs from the preset value by an amount greater than an allowable tolerance, to indicate to the user a required change in exercise intensity.    An exercise intensity input unit (11) is arranged to enable the input of data indicating the difficulty of a completed exercise, and a preset value adjustment unit (11) is arranged to enable alteration of the preset values in preset value memory in response to inputs operated by the user.    USE -   Monitoring progress of user in exercise regime.    ADVANTAGE -   Facilitates semi-automated monitoring of user's progress in exercise regimen.
The system includes a blade placed in a moving body of water and having a hydrofoil configuration adapting it to undergo lateral movement in response to contact with the moving body of water. A control cable is attached to an upstream end of the blade and applies a condition of tension to the blade. A pair of power cables are attached at first ends to a downstream end of the blade and extend in transverse relationship to the direction of flow of the moving body of water and in opposite directions from blade.    A load mechanism is connected to second ends of the power cables for alternately applying conditions of tension and slack to orient the blade at an angle of attack the causes the blade to undergo lateral movement through an oscillatory path extending transverse to the direction of flow of the moving body of water, to extract energy from the moving body of water. The load mechanism also is operable to cause the blade upon reaching the opposite ends of the oscillatory path to reverse the orientation of the angle of attack of the blade relative to the given flow direction, so that the blade will then respond to the moving body of water and initiate movement in the opposite direction along the oscillatory path.    USE -   Cable-restrained reciprocating blade system for extracting energy from a moving body of water to facilitate conversion to electric energy.
The controller has a main unit (11) which outputs speed command signal (11a) for controlling a rotational speed of a servomotor. A converter (21a) converts speed command signal from the main unit to the opening and closing operation setting constant speed of a ship guide vane (18). A data signal rate converter (21b) converts the amt. of the opening variation in the guide vane.    A multiplier (21c) performs in the servomotor slow down gear ratio which set beforehand and outputs guide vane real speed. A comparator (21d,22a) outputs the speed variation of the guide vane constant and the real speed signal. The speed variation from the comparator inputs in a low limiter (21e,22c) which produces an output from the set value. The low limiter output and the guide vane opening are stored in a guide vane opening position memory (21f) which outputs the stored signal. The stored signal and an input frequency are received and counted respectively by a counter (21g) which produces an output for an alarm.    ADVANTAGE -   Detects reliably abnormal operation of ship guide vane due to abnormal generation of ship speed controller in servomotor.
The appts consists of an electrically operated servo motor (1) which operates a guide vane opening/closing mechanism (5). The servo motor is driven by an electric motor (2). A reduction gear mechanism (3) couples the electric motor with a driving mechanism (4). A shaft (8) rotates and drives the guide vane opening/closing mechanism.    A spring (21) is provided in a cylinder (17) of a dash-pot (15) of the servo motor. The spring is compressed by a piston (18) moving in the cylinder only when the guide vane is set to full open position. The compressed spring gives power to the guide vane in the closing direction. When the servo motor breaks down, the vane closing/opening mechanism is forced to close the vane by the spring power.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces power consumption by electric motor. Enables usage of small capacity electric motor. Eliminates need for using detector to detect power failure or breakdown of servo motor. Simplifies assembly of appts.
the structure installs multiple buckets (3) along the periphery of a rotary side board (2) of a turbine.    Multiple contact bars (4) are provided in the side board to fix the corresponding bucket with it.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves efficiency of hydraulic turbine, remarkably. Realises easy inversion of buckets with respect to side board.
The component has a photovoltaic layer applied to a planar component surface or a number of relatively angled surfaces. The component is divided into photovoltaic sections (1) and sections allowing passage of light and/or air between the outside and the inside of the enclosed space, in alternation.    Pref. the photovoltaic sections are provided by pivoted vanes supported by a frame (3), provided on the inside with a transparent wall (5) which may incorporate ventilation openings.    USE -   For photovoltaic energy generation in domestic dwelling, or factory or office building, or on board vehicle.
The method involves the stacking of a glass substrate (1) with a SnO2 film (2), an amorphous silicon film (3) and an ITO film (4) sequentially one above the other. The ITO film which serves as a back side electrode film is composed of sublimation material.    An ion beam is irradiated to the ITO film to form an open groove part (41) in it. The ITO film is divided by the open groove part.    ADVANTAGE -   Projects energy beam uniformly and prevents damage of other films of photovoltaic appts. Forms fine open groove part. Prevents crack generation.
The connection structure has a light receiving module (1) equipped with a lens (12) to condense the light beam. A socket (2) is connected to a back side (11b) of a package (11). The lens is attached to a predetermined area onto front side (11a) of the package.    A pair of recess parts (14) is provided at a pair of side parts (11c) of the package. A pair of projections (221) are provided on either sides of the socket corresp. to the recesses in the package for press-fitting the socket to the package.    ADVANTAGE -   Has sufficient light receiving capability. Eliminates damage of lens. Improves light receiving performance. Has socket for remote controlled operation of electrical appts. e.g. television, VTR, CD player.
The industrial vehicle (A) has a running truck (1) with adjustable wheels (12) to allow easy movement in the large dia.,of the order of 4-4.5 m, water channel for inspection. A reference centre axis (2) in horizontal direction always coincides with the tube axis through the adjusting mechanism of wheels and a hydraulic cylinder (16). A revolving arm (6) ,which has a cleaning brush (8) attached to its end, revolves about reference centre axis (2) for cleaning the tube walls. A hydraulic cylinder (44) controls the radial length of the revolving arm through sensors and control equipment and keeps the brush pressed against the tube wall at a safe pressure level so that damage to brush may be prevented.    A camera support stand (3) revolves about the reference centre axis along with telecameras (4) which monitor the condition of surface being cleaned by the cleaning brush. A cage (11) is provided on the running truck in which video monitors and recording equipment receive the camera output. In the cage, a safe and controlled environment is maintained for the inspectors and equipment in case of a manned vehicle. In case of an unmanned robot vehicle the video output may be transmitted to outside receiving equipment.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For regular maintenance check of large dia. water channels of hydroelectric power system or water supply system etc. Executes both inspection and cleaning operations simultaneously. Improves accuracy and efficiency of checking operation. Simplifies inspection and improves generality of tube path check industrial vehicle. Ensures safety of operator by providing favourable and safe environment in cage. Prevents damage to brush by controlling brush press pressure against tube wall.
The appts consists of a crank on whose right an left sides, a pair of pedals (6) are provided, with the help of which rotation motion is enabled. An image display unit displays a predetermined recorded image.    A load adjusting unit adjusts a resistive load by compact power applied to pedal. A fragrance generation unit generates a fragrance according to moving image displayed on the display unit.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents user from getting tired. Offers comfortable feeling to user.
The inlet (8) of the pipe is closed by a stopcock, and its outlet (9) is a lateral port. Between the two a turbine set (4) rotates on a coaxial shaft (2) mounted in bearings (3,11).    A cylindrical permanent magnet (5) fixed to the shaft is surrounded by an external soft iron cage (6) which concentrates the magnetic field into a coil (7) with electrical connections (10) to a load. The end of the shaft within the coil is centred by a ball (12) which absorbs axial stress.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Breaks the chain of hand-to-hand transmission of infection; a simple, robust and inexpensive turbogenerator can be made small enough to be fitted easily into the water pipe.
Two separate motorised treadmills (E1,E2) are mounted side by side to correspond to the two legs of a walker. Each treadmill has a rigid frame (5) and a motor (10) driving rollers (8,9) which support an endless belt (2).    The rigid frame (5) may be monoblock or constructed from various members but a part of it (5e) is in sliding contact with the upper section of the belt (2). Each frame (5) is supported by quartz force sensors capable of detecting the three orthogonal components of any dynamic or quasi static force. The sensors are connected to a common baseplate (4).    ADVANTAGE -   The vertical and tangential forces exerted by each leg during walking may be measured independently.
The treadmill comprises an AC drive motor having a rotating member, a treadmill belt, and a device for connecting the rotating member to the treadmill belt to cause the treadmill belt to move in response to rotation of the rotating member. The connecting device includes a device for varying the speed of the treadmill belt when the rotating member is rotating at a constant speed. A DC speed-change motor is connected to the device for varying to cause the device for varying to vary the speed of the treadmill belt in response to operation of the DC speed-change motor.    A device controlling the DC speed-change motor includes a sending device which sends a varying voltage signal to the DC speed-change motor for varying the rate of rotation of the DC speed-change motor. The DC speed-change motor operates in response to the sending device to cause a controlled change of speed of the treadmill belt.    ADVANTAGE -   Control system provides relatively constant rate of speed change for treadmill belt independent of current configuration of treadmill transmission and consequently speed of belt, or load on speed-change motor.
The module (10) includes a transparent filler (13) formed between a transparent panel (11) and a backboard (12). A solar battery (14) is formed and enclosed in the transparent filler.    The backboard is formed by a flexible component with a high thermal conductivity and low resistance.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents breakage and deformation in transparent filler and solar battery. Strengthens module through reinforcement material and provides large solar battery module. Ensures module strength when increasing size of solar battery module without affecting thickness of transparent panel.
The generator includes a melody generation element and a rhythm generation element. A speaker (11) and a lithium battery (16) are provided at a large diametrical part (3) of a cylinder (1). A pushbutton switch (8) is installed on the large diametrical part above the battery.    The termination of a skipping rope is installed at a small diametrical part (2) of the cylinder. The skipping movement is performed according to the sound obtained from the speaker.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables coordinating rope skipping and other exercises in rhythm.
The control method involves detecting the speed of a generator, by a main speed detector (4) and an auxiliary speed detector (6). A pair of abnormality detection units (5,7) detects abnormality in the speed signal detected by the main and auxiliary detection units respectively.    When abnormality is detected by any one of the abnormality detection units, an alarm is generated when abnormality is not detected by the abnormality detection units, based on set conditions, the speed signal from the main and supplement speed detection units is fed to a tone speed control unit (2).    ADVANTAGE -   Performs stable operation. Avoids occurrence of overload operation.
The operational appts has a cycloconverter which receives AC voltage of variable frequency and sends it to a generator-cum- motor linked with a reversible pump-cum-turbine. A capacitor is connected to a cycloconverter through a circuit breaker, for power factor improvement. A parallel circuit of capacitors is connected through a power supply circuit breaker to the system main wire. The power supply circuit breaker and the capacitors circuit breaker are closed. The starting conditions are established at normal power factor of operation. The generator and motor is operated at variable speed.    When abnormality is detected by the capacitors, the generator and motor and the pump and turbine are stopped immediately. The power supply circuit breaker remains closed, but the capacitor circuit breaker opens. The operational mode then selected is for exclusive operation of the capacitor installation, and the capacitor circuit breaker gets disconnected. The pump and turbine and the generator and motor perform recovery operation at variable speed, after other starting conditions are established.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables quick recovery operation of main machines. Improves safety of operation, without stopping main machines. Improves operational rate of plant. Reduces work load on operational member. Ensures continuous supply of power during peak demand period.
The substrate contains an electrically conductive pattern (2) in the form of a paste, on its upper surface and formed on transparent insulation substrate. The paste is baked to a temperature of 450-550 deg C.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves electric conductivity. Excels in adhesive intensity. Improves strength at time of soldering. Improves conversion efficiency. Increases curvilinear factor of solar battery.
The generator has vibration members (11a-11c) which vibrate on receiving wind force or water power. The vibration drives a rotary shaft (13) which acts as a vibration rotation transducer to convert vibration of the vibration member into rotational motion.    The electrical conversion machine unit converts rotary motion of the rotary shaft into electromotive force.    ADVANTAGE -   Requires less installation space. Improves efficiency of power generation.
The water mill includes a couple of pillars (A1,B1) arranged on both sides of the river which hangs with the flow of water. An upper rotation shaft (16) rotates and moves in up-down direction according to the water level.    A gearwheel (22) controls the rotation movement of the rotation shaft through a suspended belt connected to a suspended shaft (15). The gearwheel transmits the value collected from the rotation shaft to a generator (24) which generates the electricity.    ADVANTAGE -   Ensures generation of electricity due to continuous rotation and movement in up-down direction. Less expensive since fuel is not used.
The appts consists of a rack sleeve (30a) formed at the lower peripheral surface of a water mill main shaft (13). A main body (30c) is provided with tooth like part (30d) which is positioned through a main shaft sealing gap (21).    A centrifugal pump (30b) generates hydraulic pressure near the rack sleeve by rotating the main shaft. The centrifugal pump is positioned at a small space (22) provided near the upper part of the main body.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents leakage of water. Makes cleaning of upper surface of water mill unnecessary.
The appts consists of a gate operating ring (1) for opening and closing of a guide vane. A tare weight (4) is used to open and close the gate opening rail. The tare weight is connected to a drive shaft (14). A couple of electric servo motors (10, 11) are provided to adjust the force due to the tare weight on the drive shaft. The force from the tare weight is attenuated by a pair of cylinder devices (20). The cylinder device consists of a cylinder (21) provided with a piston (22). The piston is provided with a piston rod having two penetration parts (26, 27). The inner volume of the cylinder is divided into two, a first chamber (24) and a second chamber (25).    A first piping (30) connected to the cylinder is furnished with two throttles (35, 36) and two check valves (37, 38). A second piping (40) connecting both the cylinder devices balances the damping force caused by the cylinder device on both electric servo motors. The cylinder is filled with a working fluid.    ADVANTAGE -   Balances frictional force caused by servo motor. Eases control of servo motor.
The video game controller (10) includes a front portion (12) which faces a user of the exercise equipment and a rear portion (14) facing away from the user. The front portion and the rear portion are joined together by a flexible connecting member (16).    A gross motion sensor is integrated into the front portion and an output arrangement couples a signal produced by the gross motion sensor to a video game apparatus. The first portion, the connecting member and the rear portion are coupled in a U-shaped configuration so as to facilitate mounting the controller over a handle of the exercise equipment.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   May be used as control input to motorised wheelchair. Controller may be used with different exercise equipment designs or as retrofit for existing apparatus.
The method involves installing a turbine (12) in a flow channel in an isthmus (man-made or natural) between two unenclosed bodies of water across which there is a tidal gradient, particularly in a "Churchill Barrier" (14) laid to seal off one of the eastern entrances to Scapa Flow in the Orkney Islands. A caisson (10) defines a penstock (11) which feeds the turbine (12). After the caisson has been installed a section (13) of the Barrier (14) is removed to allow tidal flow past the turbine.    ADVANTAGE -   Does not involve altering ecology of area. There are no mud flats to affect, fish do not currently pass through lines of barriers and tidal patterns of rest of Scapa Flow were not dramatically affected by original closure. Environmental benefit of project easily exceeds dis-benefit. No navigation considerations apply, thus there will be no need to provide ship access locks.
The system includes a signal processor comprised of a signal mixer connected to a tape input line and microphone input circuit. A tone controller is connected to the tape input line. The signal processor is comprised of a signal attenuator and a level detector. Each of the signal attenuator and the level detector is connected to the signal mixer and has the output of the signal mixer.    The level detector connected in parallel with the signal attenuator is comprised of a device for detecting when the output of the signal mixer exceeds a specified amplitude. The level detector is comprised of a device for providing a signal to the signal attenuator when the output of the signal mixer exceeds a specified amplitude and for causing the signal attenuator to reduce the amplitude of the output of the signal mixer.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides idiot-proof high-fidelity system which is of good quality, is simple to install, and easy to operate.
The wire is provided at a casing (13-1) provided with a flux electric conductor (15) and a feedback electric conductor (16).    Both ends of the flux electric conductor and the feedback electric conductor are arranged in parallel between the wire and the casing. The main wire is formed parallel to the flux electric conductor.    ADVANTAGE -   Cancels bad magnetic and thermal effects at induction flux where current is generated.
The appts. includes a motor, e.g. of low-voltage type, provided with a reduction gearing arrangement. This, together with a speed varying control, enables an output rotation rate of between 50 and 200 turns per minute to be obtained. Power may be transferred from the output shaft via a flexible cable which causes rotation of an element to which can be attached a skipping rope handle. The handle can be readily detached as required, fixing being by retaining clips, magnets, or use of Velcro (RTM).    The appts. can be arranged to resemble a stylised human or animal figure, such as a tortoise, frog, rabbit, or elephant, the motor drive being applied to one of the figure's limbs. The figure thus appears to be turning one end of the rope, the other end being fixed to a passive support. Various configurations are possible, including multiple drives for more than one rope. Power for the motor may be derived from batteries, solar panels, or the mains. A music-playing device can be incorporated.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Play or exercise for one or more children or adults. Avoids need for person to turn rope.
A method of fabricating a three-dimensional photovoltaic device comprises: forming a photovoltaic device including a crystalline semiconductor layer, providing a flexible substrate on the device by applying a resin soln., cutting the device into several photovoltaic elements while leaving the substrate uncut at an area of cutting, and then deforming the substrate at least at the area of cutting the photovoltaic device, thereby bringing the photovoltaic device into a three-dimensional shape.    Also claimed is a method that involves arranging a photovoltaic device on a flexible substrate, bonding a shape memory member, which has a memorised prescribed three-dimensional shape, on the substrate, and then restoring the member to the prescribed three-dimensional shape for deforming the substrate and bringing the photovoltaic device into final three-dimensional shape.    Also claimed are methods in which either the photovoltaic device is arranged on a shape memory member, or the photovoltaic device is formed on an insulating film on the shape memory member.    ADVANTAGE -   The methods allow simple fabrication of photovoltaic devices, having a complicated three-dimensional shape and excellent photoelectric conversion characteristics, and provide a simple modular connection structure for interconnecting small area photovoltaic elements.
The methods involves forming three dimensional deep contact amorphous silicon/microcrystalline silicon (a-Si/c-Si) solar cells which use deep (high aspect ratio) p and n contacts to create high electric fields within the carrier collection vol. material of the cell.    The deep contacts are mfd. using repetitive pulsed laser doping so as to create the high aspect P and N contacts. The deep contacts penetrate the electric field deep into the material where the high strength of the field can collect many of the carriers.    ADVANTAGE -   Results in high efficiency solar cell.
The transducer includes a flexible insulating substrate (2) which has a thin-film photoelectric conversion area (1) set on the surface. The terminal electrodes (31,32) are provided on each end in the longitudinal direction of the substrate.    The terminal electrodes which differ in polarity projects from the upper surface and from the underside surface of the substrate. The electrode projecting from the upper surface is electrically connected to the electrode projecting from the underside surface.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents generation of short circuit, and reliably performs connection through simple process of laying thin-film photoelectric transducer in which terminal electrode is electrically connected to transducer. Reduces prodn. cost since processing is simple.
The appts. includes a tank (2) provided internally with a turbine (1). A diffuser (3) is provided in the internal rear side of the turbine.    The diffuser decelerates a main current after passing from a suction opening (4) which increases the flow rate of a turbine unit. The opening increases effectively the forward work ratio of the turbine.    ADVANTAGE -   No need for expensive dam. Easily compensates diffuser loss. Decreases construction cost since tank capacity is decreased by increasing extension angle of diffuser. Reduces unit price per unit output.
The training appts has a pair of stand still members at the right and left sides supported to a frame. A pair of fluid pressure cylinders (5) expand and contract corresponding to the elevation of each stand still member. A descent speed control circuit (93) has a variable flow control valve (92) and a shuttle valve (106) connected in between a working fluid storage tank (7) and the fluid pressure cylinders.    Whenever the load acting on the fluid pressure cylinder through the standstill member exceeds the reference value, the descent speed control circuit, controls the descent speed of the standstill member by returning the working fluid in the fluid pressure to the side of the working fluid storage tank. The working fluid from the fluid pressure cylinders returns to the storage tank through the shuttle valve and the variable flow control valve.    ADVANTAGE -   Returns standstill member to initial position promptly. Shares shuttle valve between two fluid pressure cylinders. Improves reliability of appts. Reduces size of appts.
The solar battery module mfg oven includes several auxiliary units (10). Several shelves are arranged in a module layout unit. An annular pipe (7) connects both ends of the layout unit.    An air blower is arranged at one end of the module layout unit. The air current generated by the air blower flows through the annular pipe. A heat source is located between the air blower and the layout module unit.    ADVANTAGE -   Increases size of solar battery module. Improves device reliability.
The solar battery has a solar cell (100) that converts the light condensed by an optical system (200) to an electric power. A first n-layer (12b) with high impurity density is set at central part that caries out straight confrontation in the incidence direction.    A pair of second n-layers (12a, 12c) with low impurity density are set at peripheral part. Thereby, the central part is made to have smaller internal resistance than that of the peripheral part.    ADVANTAGE -   Obtains effective optical power conversion efficiency. Reduces voltage drop and heat generation even at heavy current. Obtains power efficiently from solar light of morning, evening and day time. Increases life time of generated carriers such as electrons and holes.
The mfg method uses a p type semiconductor substrate (1) which an N type diffusion layer (2) is formed. Multiple P+ type area are formed by the desired portions of the diffusion layer, such the bases of all the P+ type area are embedded in to the substrate sufficiently through heating.    A reflective layer (9) is formed on the portion of the N type diffusion layer other than an electrode connection part (6). Multiple application layer are formed in the predetermined area of the reflective layer, touching the P+ type areas. The application layer contains the coating material including aluminium.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents thermal destruction of PN junction. Improves mfg process. Eliminates influence of reverse bias by shadow effect.
Prepn. of X-type metal-free phthalocyanine (PC) comprises transferring the crystalline form of -type metal-free PC by a ball mill dry crusher. The crushing treatment is carried out for twice or more times the time ranging from starting of the crushing treatment of the alpha-type metal-free PC by a ball mill to the saturation pt. of the transferring to X-type metal-free PC.    USE -   The X-type metal-free PC is suitable for an optical and electrical converter element, e.g. solar battery, optical sensor, optical switching element, etc., partic. a photosensitive pigment for an electrophotographic photoreceptor.    ADVANTAGE -   The coating compsn. contg. the X-type metal-free PC has good storage stability. The proceeding of the transition of the crystals can be determined by X-ray diffraction pattern or IR spectroscopy.
The method entails connecting a balance pipe (18) and a draft tube (4) through a drainage pipe (12). The balance pipe stems from several pressure chambers (8,9). A second drainage pipe (14) connects a flow path (3a) to the draft tube. The flow path is located in between a runner (3) and a guide vane (2). The drainage pipes have corresp. drainage valves (11,13).    A primary valve (7) and a supplementary valve (15) are installed to a supplementary pipe (16). The supplementary pipe is connected to a primary pipe (6) that stems out of an air tank (5). The primary valve is operated to supply air to the draft tube. Water from the draft tube flows through the second drainage pipe to the runner with the operation of the secondary drainage valve.    ADVANTAGE -   Operates water-powered machine at high speed; drains runner quickly and reliably; shifts between electrical and pumping operations smoothly.
The water-wheel includes a water-wheel centre axis (4) arranged between the ballast tanks (3) on the lower part of a ship (1). A rolling drum (2) is installed on the ship. A vertical curved surface (6) is arranged on the side of the wings. A support material (5) is fixed on the top and bottom of the center axis.    A flowing water cover is attached in a safe fence and a guide roller (10) is arranged on the guide rail. The flywheel (13), brake (14), chain wheel (15), speed-up machine (16) and electric generator (17) are interlocked with the upper part of water-wheel centre axis.    ADVANTAGE -   Ensures mass power of ship and provides power for industries.
The controller includes a screen (5) that divides the water storage (3) of a water tank (1) into an upstream side and a downstream side. The screen prevents the flow of foreign materials, e.g. driftwood and fallen leaves, from the upstream side to the downstream side. An inlet pipe (2) and an overflow pipe (7) is provided at the upper part of the upstream side. An outlet pipe (4) is connected at the lower part of the downstream side.    A first pressure sensor (6a) is placed at the bottom of the upstream side. A second pressure sensor (6b) is placed at the bottom of the downstream side. The pressure difference between the pressure level detected by the first and the second pressure sensors determines the water level difference between the upstream side and the downstream side. A temp. sensor (9) is placed outside the water tank to detect the external temp. Water level coordination level is executed when the external temp. becomes below a predetermined value.    ADVANTAGE -   Stabilises water level coordination control in water tank.
The photovoltaic assembly, which concentrates light and cools solar cells at the same time, has a container (1) with transparent coolant filling points (9), for one or more solar cells (2) fitted on a socket (3). The coolant fluid (4) surrounds the solar cells in the container and a pressure equalising container (5), with filling points (10), takes coolant fluid which expands through heat. The side (7) of the container towards the sunlight (6) is transparent and, together with the coolant fluid, forms a light-gathering optical array. The container wall (8) directs the sunlight striking at an angle towards the solar cells, through total reflection of a part. Mirrors direct the incoming sunlight to the solar cells, in the solar cell container. The assembly has a system to align the structure with the sun. The pressure equalising chamber is a polyethylene bag, with a variable vol.    ADVANTAGE -   The assembly has a low cost, with solar cell cooling without the use of tubing, pumps and control. A receiving angle of 6 and 6-times light amplification are possible through the total reflection of the container wall. The solar cells are wholly protected, and the concentrated lens action only operates when the container is filled.
The apparatus receives an input signal which is indicative of the manual operation of a manually operated device to which the apparatus is attached. The full motion display of stored video is affected by the input signal. The input signal affects the speed of display of the full motion display of stored video so that a realistic variation of the full motion display is effected.    The stored video consists of a recording of a moving scene as if the viewer is moving through the scene. The display provides a full motion display at a rate correlating with the speed of manual operation of the manually operable device.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   E.g. physical exercise apparatus interacting with full motion display and fitness data storage. Provides realistic simulation of outdoor environment to provide motivational feedback. Can provide different exercise programs while minimising human intervention.
The treadmill (10) includes a striding surface (18) formed by an endless belt that loops about a driver roller driven by an electric motor. The polarity of excitation of the motor can be reversed by a switch (40 and 42). The driver roller is at one end of the treadmill, with the belt looping around a idler roller at the other.    The switch is located near the top of a post (30) with its bottom connected to a side (17) of the treadmill midway between the rollers. The switch is located in a handle assembly (22 and 24) connected to the top of the post. The handle has a circular cross section and is bent into the shape of a bell-crank. The reversal of the direction of the treadmill can be delayed.    USE -   For exercising muscles and reflexes associated with bidirectional lateral movement, e.g. in racquet sports or contact sports.
The developer casing is fabricated in two symmetrical half shells shaped to fit the palm of a hand, and has four spring loaded finger keys (41,41,42,44) plus a thumb key (5). A music IC circuit board, a loudspeaker and a battery box are fitted internally. A hand strap (8) is provided for fastening to the hand being    exercised.    Each key has associated internal electrical contacts, which are operated by the key action, and are appropriately wired to the circuit board. The finger keys are connected so as to produce musical tones from the loudspeaker, when activated. The thumb key has 3 positions, each of which correspond to    different tuning modes.    ADVANTAGE -   Overcomes monotony of conventional developers.
The detector has a semiconductor element (12) that is provided with a bias electrode (1) and a charge collection electrode (1). The semiconductor element generates number of electrons that is equivalent to the intensity of the radiation to be detected. the charge collection electrodes collects the generated electrons.    The electrons not collected by the charge collection electrode is nullifies by a charge emitting electrode (3). The charge pouring electrode is provided surrounding the charge collection electrode.    ADVANTAGE -   Suppresses generation of space charge. Prevents distortion of electric field in semiconductor crystal. Stabilizes radiation detection operation.
The detector includes a first capacitor (3a) and first switch (4a) connected parallel to each other and between first input terminal (1a) and first output terminal (1c) of a differential amplifier (1). The second input terminal (1b) and second output terminal (1d) are connected to a second capacitor (3b) and second switch (4b) which are connected in parallel.    The electric charge detected by an X-ray sensor (2) which is connected to the amplifier first input terminal, is equally divided and stored in the two capacitors using a correction capacitor (5). It is output in the first and second output terminal as equally divided voltage (V) when the first and second switch are opened by a controller (6). The influence of the voltage is removed when the switches are closed.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables exact radiation measurement since detection error is prevented when there is change in switch operation and when there is potential change in touched ground potential of negative voltage source.
The device controls AC current in the first converter (1) which converts AC (2) to DC prior to controlling AC in the second converter (4) which converts DC to AC. Both converters employ semiconductor switching circuits. Between the two converters, the common DC is obtained and across the DC terminals, a smoothing capacitor (6) is connected.    To control the AC in the first converter, a first current controller (10) is provided. To control the AC current in the second converter, a second current controller (15) is employed.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Motor control system e.g. for rolling mill or pumped storage hydroelectric power generation system. Minimises variation of DC voltage due to delay in response between first converter and second converter. Reduces value of smoothing capacitor used.
The stator is provided along with a rotor in a water channel, in which an inner wall of a frame (2) is fixed directly to a core (1).    The core is fixed to the frame through aluminium or zinc layer (6) having a high temperature conductivity.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves heat transfer. Reduces thermal resistance between core and frame. Improves cooling efficiency. Achieves strong fixation of core to frame. Prevents rusting by collection of moisture droplets. Increases elastic deformation. Increases heat dissipation.
The electromagnetic brake appts. has brakes (11-14) connected in parallel to a power supply (5). When the generator is to be stopped, necessary current flows through the brakes to stop the rotation of a rotor.    The rotor is held in the stop state by allowing a small current to flow to the brakes through a limiting resistance (2). An opening switch (33) and closing switches (34,35) are connected to the power supply, as the resistance gets disconnected.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces installation space as need for large resistance is obviated. Reduces voltage applied to resistance.
The mfg. method involves using a robot with a suction tip to separate a semiconductor film (2) from a specific substrate (1). The semiconductor film is arranged on a glass substrate (7) through a transparent resin (3).    The glass substrate acts as window to solar battery. A set of p type and n type electrodes (4) are arranged on semiconductor film surfaces by printing. The electrodes are connected by a tab electrode, by soldering.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplified mfg process. Damage of semiconductor film is controlled and yield is improved. Transparent resin of desired uniform thickness is provided. Reduced mfg costs. Improved productivity.
The solar battery has an electrode formed on a P-type silicon semiconductor substrate using an electrically conductive paste. The paste contains 60-90wt% of solid part, that has about 85-98.5wt% of silver dust, 0.5-10wt% of aluminium powder and 1- 10wt% of glass frit.    The paste also contains 10-40wt% of organic material.    ADVANTAGE -   Secures good ohmic contact and soldering nature of electrode.
The recognition appts consists of a pedal shaft with a power measurement element. The amplification digitization of the signal is carried out. An affiliate crank angle is recognised through an angle generator or a time measurement. The shear deformation applied to the pedal shaft between the points and axial coupling parts is extended in two perpendicular direction. The angle of power relating to the shaft is computed by vector calculation. The angle prescribes the direction of power of the crank along the crank axis. The angle of power (F) of the pedal to the coordinate system is calculated.    ADVANTAGE -   Recognizes size and angle of power.
A bolometric detection device has detection and signal reading circuits with associated detection and reading elements (12, 14), each detection element (12) having an IR absorbent coating (18) and producing a signal of intensity varying as a function of the coating temp. Each detection element (12) and the associated reading element (14) are integrated in the same piece (16) of silicon and are thus thermally coupled to one another. Each silicon piece (16) is provided with the coating and they are thermally insulated from one another and rest on a substrate (22) which is thermally insulating at least at the surface. Also claimed are processes for mfg. the above device.    USE -   Esp. in thermography.    ADVANTAGE -   The device has low cost and can operate at ambient temp.
The Pelton water wheel has a first emergency closing valve (32a-32d) mounted to an oil supply tube (5) through an oil supply bypass tube (34). It has a second emergency closing valve (33a-33d) mounted to an oil scavenging pipe (6) through a drain bypass tube (35). A servomotor is energised to close a needle valve in order to let oil flow through the two bypass tubes.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables stopping rotation of water wheel by stopping supply of water to runner, even when power station is unable to operate inlet valve provided at intake of deflector servomotor, due to needle valve function.
The structure has a first ridge-line for the insertion lip termination of a runner blade (4). The first ridge line, whose shape direction changes, is connected to the surface of a rubber band (5).    A variation starting position is located near the rubber band side below the center of the height of a runner entrance. A root section is connected to the downstream side of a second ridge-line for the end of the runner blade.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables controlling cavitation on downstream section of runner by stopping eddy current flow. Reduces size of cavitation repair area.
The machine has cooling water circulation system (7) with a cooling system (14) connected to the downstream side of a first control valve (12). The first control valve is linked to a heat exchanger (16) through a second control valve (13).    A thermometer (23) is provided to detect the temp. of the water flowing through the water intake section (6) of the cooling water circulation system. A controller compares the detection output of the thermometer with a predetermined regulation value, and controls the first and second control valves.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables highly efficient operation, and stabilises prolonged continuous phase modifier operation due to control of cooling water temp. rise.
The appts has a pair of roller practice stands (2a,2b) in which the rear wheels of the bicycles (1a,1b) are loaded. Each roller practice stand has a roller which rotates according to the rotation of the rear wheels of the bicycles. A pair of speed detectors (9a,9b) detect the rotating speed of the roller of each roller practice stand individually. A pair of TV camera (6a,6b) takes the picture of each bicycle provided in each roller practice stand individually. A video display screen (3) is provided between each roller practice stand.    A pair of projectors (4a,4b) move on the rails (5a,5b) along the back and forth direction of each bicycle. The relative position of one bicycle with respect to the other is calculated based on the rotating speed of the roller of each practice stand detected by the speed detector. A calculating part (7) displays the video of the opponent's bicycle on the video display screen by controlling the position of the projector corresponding to calculated relative positional value.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides psuedodummy even if practice opponent is absent.
The appts (1) has a pavement unit (2) over which the person to be trained stands. A pair of toroidal belts (6A,6B) in the pavement unit are rotated corresponding to the left and right feet of the trainee, by a pair of drive units (9A,9B). Thereby,the trainee is made to walk. A pair of belt tension detection units (8A,8B) detect the tensile force generated in the belts, respectively. A pair of belt change position detection units (11A,11B) detect the changed position of the belts respectively.    A pair of speed detectors (7A,7B) detect the speed of the belts respectively. The load characteristics of the pavement unit are set. A control unit (3) drives the pavement unit based on a feedback control rule that makes use of the detected change position, speed and tensile force and the set loading characteristics.    ADVANTAGE -   Facilitates easy change of load characteristics.
The appts consists of a pavement (2) where a training person (U) practices walking. A video display unit (3) is provided in front of training person.    A control unit (5) is connected to a help appts (4). The help appts has a support part (21) that supports the training person. A grasping part (22) is provided that connects upper half of training person to support part using a connection unit (25) adjustably.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables continuous and easy walking.
The device has a help appts (4) that consists of a linkage (4B), a bare (4A) and a grasping part (4C). The help appts has a power sensor (12) that senses the power at the movable end part of the linkage. The person to be trained is made to stand on a walking surface (6). The desired input function parameter is set by an input unit (5C).    A calculation unit (5D) calculates the posture of the person to be trained from an angle sensor information on the linkage. The deviation of the calculated posture from the standard posture is calculated. Based on the deviation, the set point of power input function is obtained. Based on the power input function, the torque to the linkage is decided.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces connection of posture of person to be trained and load.
The rotor consists of a hollow cylindrical rotation shaft (3a) with a female screws (4), formed on the external circumference surface. The rotation shaft is made by injection moulding of resin. A cylindrical permanent magnet (1) is fixed to periphery of the rotation shaft and peripheral surface was magnetized by a number of poles.    A second shaft (5) which executes back and forth motion, has a screw that matches with the female screw of rotation shaft, is formed on the peripheral surface. A free guidance unit prevents the second shaft from rotating about a main line. The casting of the permanent magnet and the female screw is made simultaneously by carrying out injection moulding.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces number of process and parts. Simplifies shaping work.
The production method involves formation of a lower electrode (2), junction layer (3) formed by semiconductor thin film and an upper electrode (4) on the surface of an insulating substrate (1), sequentially. Then laser beam is irradiated on the middle portion of the substrate such that the formed layers are cut into the shape of line and multiple rectangular shaped islands are formed.    An insulating thin film (5) is formed selectively at the cross sectional part of cut portion, by introducing multiple kind of gases through nozzles (8,9). The junction layer and the upper electrode near the cut portion is removed by irradiating the laser beam, such that a portion of the laser electrode is exposed in the shape of a line. Thus, an upper electrode (4A) of the island adjoins the exposed lower electrode (2B) and both these electrodes are connected electrically by a connection electrode.    ADVANTAGE -   Obtains high productivity and high yield.
The solar battery module has a photo-voltaic element (101) and a surface resin film (103).    A resin film (110) including a transparent organic molecule resin is formed between the surface resin film and the photo-voltaic element, such that it contacts with a metal member mounted on the photo-voltaic element.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents reduction in photoelectric conversion efficiency. Provides solar battery module with high reliability. Prevents deterioration of transparent organic molecule resin. Prevents damage to mounting member from exterior. Improves impact nature and scratch proof nature, selectively.
Device (A) has an irradiation part (1) which irradiates a high energy ion beam (2) towards a sample (5). A filter (7) classifies anti hydrogen ions from the sample. A semiconductor detector (8) detects the anti hydrogen ions which are classified by the filter.    A dispersion ion (6') is generated along with an anti hydrogen ion (6) based on the deflection quantity of anti hydrogen ions during passing inside of a magnetic field or an electric field. A quantity filter (11) is the provided between the sample and filter to isolate the anti hydrogen ion from the dispersion ion.    ADVANTAGE -   Performs depth distribution measurement of hydrogen in sample with high precision. Reduces variation in energy loss or initial energy sharply. Improves depth resolution. Reduces maximum value of energy of dispersion ion.
The device includes a ceramic sleeve (10) which is arranged at a periphery of a rotation axis (7). A division arrangement is carried out in the direction of a circumferential periphery of the sleeve. A bearing (9) which is coated with a carbide alloy material or a ceramic material is arranged in a housing (8). A slit (11) through which fluid passes from a supply side to a discharge side, is installed in the housing.    An agitation board (12) is set up at the rotation axis, near the supply side. A filtration board (13a) is installed in the housing. A partition board (16) is provided in a case (14) near a guidance board. The slurry containing large particle diameter in fluid, is passed through the filtration board to the slit.    ADVANTAGE -   Exhibits effective wear proof nature. Improves fluid lubrication characteristics by preventing mixing of foreign material. Improves efficiency. Increases reliability. Ensures safety.
The generator produces an out put sufficient to turn on a MOS-gated device which consists of several planar photogenerators connected in series. Each of the photovoltaic generators is contained in its own respective insulated tub. The insulated tubs are formed by wafer bonding a junction-contg. wafer (11) to a handle wafer (10) with a dielectric isolation layer (12) between them.    The individual tubs are formed at their sides by isolation trenches (40) which enclose each tub and extend to the dielectric layer (12) between the junction-contg. and handle wafers. Each tub is formed of an N-body with a shallow diffusion (20,21,22) N+ contact regions (25,26,27) are formed in the N body and contact strips (70,71) connect the devices of each of the tubs in series by connecting the P+ diffusion of one tub to the N+ contact of an adjacent tub.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For controlling semiconductor switching device.
The machine comprises a vertical cylinder (17), the lower end of which is open, with a piston (18) which vertically reciprocates in the cylinder. A water chamber (14) at the lower end of the cylinder has a water inlet (15) and a water outlet (16) which allows a flow of water. The flow is controlled by inlet (20) and outlet (23) valves.    The water inlet and outlet both open towards the periphery of the water chamber over the major portion of the chamber circumference with the inlet and outlet at different levels. The inlet and outlet valves comprises respective ones of a pair of annular valve members (21,24) which are concentric with each other and the cylinder and are axially movable between a closed and an open position.    ADVANTAGE -   Simple and inexpensive machine which is cheap to install and does not require extensive construction work.
The training system includes a user interface with which a torque is applied. A combined reversible electric machine and driver is coupled to the interface. A selector chooses a simulated training environment. An adaptive movement condition simulator provides a command signal to the reversible electric machine.    The machine develops a motor torque relative to the simulated environment. The movement of the user interface is determined by a resultant torque which is related to the user applied torque and the motor torque. Two actuating members are engaged by the user's limbs.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   E.g. muscular function testing and training for disabled person e.g. in wheelchair. Can simulate different gradients, varying surface hardness and viscosity.
The device controls a valve (10) using an inlet valve servomotor (14) to which oil from an oil tank (11) is supplied through a main valve (13). The valve which is normally closed opens to a predetermined opening position which is sensed by a switching valve (16). The switching valve then supplies oil from the oil tank.    The amount of oil inflow from the tank is limited until the main valve is switched. After switching, a hydraulic operation switching valve (17) cancels the limitation. The speed of opening of inlet valve to the fixed position is controlled to a small value.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids need for excessive control force at time of opening of valve. Suppresses rise of hydraulic pressure.
The power generator includes a storage reservoir (3) and a pair of water tanks (1). A pipe tube which is arranged at the end of the tank, installs an adverse current stop valve at its end. Water is supplied to the tank by an air pressure pump (2).    A siphon type hydraulic pressure iron tube (6) connected to one end of the tank, leads the water to a water wheel (4) which rotates by hydraulic pressure. This causes power generation in a generator (5).    ADVANTAGE -   Enables continuous generation of electricity. Enables efficient circulation of water. Obtains constant power. Raises rotational speed of water wheel.
The installation has a pair of pump inversion water wheels (1,2) and a generator (3). The main shaft (1A) of one of the water wheels is coupled to one end of a rotation shaft (3A) of the generator.    The main shaft (2A) of the other water wheel is coupled to another end of the rotation shaft. The water wheels are connected in series by a channel tube (7).    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids impairment to operation balance of water wheels. Prevents damage to water wheel. Avoids limitation to installation.
The system comprises a speed meter (10). The information stored in a memory of speed meter is output from a pair of signal input terminals (12,14) to an input/output box (20).    The input/output box converts the received signal in a signal mode which is output to a PC (30).    ADVANTAGE -   Obtains actual result data easily.
The device includes a controlling computer (2) which looks up information relating to an exercise program in a storage device (3). This information is used to control an exercise device (1). A simulator sends information to the computer regarding the effort applied by the user.    The received information is used to determine the speed at which images derived from the storage device move past on a video display screen (4), pref. a touch display. Information regarding the user's performance can be stored for subsequent display. The unit can form part of a bank of exercise devices used by a number of users.    ADVANTAGE -   Allows user to train and exercise under monitored conditions for improved performance. Low cost.
The training device provides a processor-controlled electrodynamic resistance force in opposition to the detected tension exerted by the user. The resistance force is provided via an eddy current brake, with the processor adjusting the brake bearing for determining the force amplitude.    The applied tension force is used to draw a rubber cable from a roller acted on by the resistance force, with detection of the tension force via expansion strips measuring the roller deformation.    ADVANTAGE -   Optimum brake force control and tension force detection.
The jogging exerciser comprises a body defining a housing and a series of rollers rotatably mounted inside the housing. A speed reducing motor is mounted within the housing to directly drive a first one of the rollers, the first roller being engaged to an auxiliary geared wheel which is individually mounted in between the rollers such that the rotation of the rollers is in a same direction. A belt of a pre-determined width has magnetic beads for massaging distributed on it, the belt surrounding the external surface of the rollers. A pair of handles are mounted perpendicularly at one end of the housing.    A controller for controlling speed is pref. mounted at one of the handles. The beads are connected by a string or are mounted on the surface of the belt.    ADVANTAGE -   Simulates walking on path of fine stores.
The power usage circuit has a permanent magnet type generator (22) that generates DC voltage when a pedal (3) is operated by the human. A current detector (25) detects the output current of the generator.    A current control unit consists of an amplifier (29), a PWM circuit (31), a wave generator (30) and a drive circuit (32) to control the output of the generator, to obtain a desired torque from the pedal. A booster chopper circuit consists of a MOSFET (23) and a diode (24) to convert the output voltage of the generator. The output voltage of the generator is controlled to be higher than the voltage of a capacitor (103) of a power appts (100) like an invertor that carries out the link.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables efficient usage of power. Enables measurement of energy generated. Controls load torque accurately.
The device has a link connecting a gate operating ring (1) to a guide vane arm (3). A guide vane (2) is joined to the guide vane arm. A rod (9) is connected to the guide vane arm through a first link pin (5).    A second link pin (6) fastens the guide vane arm to a cylinder (8) where the rod is inserted. A spring forces the head (13) of the rod to move along the length of the cylinder. A spring type weak point link (14) is provided on the cylinder at the side of the guide vane arm.    ADVANTAGE -   Protects guide vane from damage without damaging weak point section. Prevents excessive power being applied to guide vane as link expands and contracts when foreign material narrows.
The system encompasses a network (113) to which a host computer (103) and personal computers (110) are connected. The computer may be connected through a controller (111), in which a tuning data (112) is stored, or through an adaptor (114).    Control data for the controlled system is initialised. The system is monitored and when it is determined that the tuning data of the controller and the tuning back-up data which is controlled by the host computer do not agree, the control program is re-tuned. The host computer stores the newest tuning back-up data for use in controlling the system. Tuning may be repeated as required through the host or the personal computer.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces communication channel required for transmission load.
The switching valve (1) consists of several inflow exits (3-6) and a rotatable disc (7). The valve disc is set water tight through an external force to possibly rotate in central space part of each inflow exit and valve main body (2).    The fluid which enters the valve can flow out from either inflow exits according to predetermined rotational displacement of disc and position or direction of fluid passages (8,9) formed on the disc.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Used in electricity generating plant e.g. hydro-electric power plant. Reduces number of pipes to be used in diverting fluid flow to eventually reduce pipe installation costs.
A high-speed hydraulic jet drive arrangement with oscillating blades positioned in a cylinder provides propulsion directly without rotational movement and in which an enclosed area of water is utilised to provide movement in one direction by repulsion of the complete, enclosed volume of water in an opposite direction. No force is dissipated by water repulsion in directions other than the direction opposite to the direction of movement.    The repulsion of water directly rearwards of the system of oscillating blades without any rotary movement being involved, results in a 60 % reduction in noise level compared with propeller systems and, if the cylinder tunnel extends for a considerable length behind the blades, then a 80 % reduction is possible. The theoretical max. speed of the jet drive approaches the speed of sound minus losses due to resistance (drag) below the water line of e.g. a ship, materials strain, resistance (drag) due to collision of water molecules, and the resistance (drag) of the drive itself.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For propulsion of ships, submarines, torpedoes and multifarious types of small craft. Conversion of hydraulic power into electrical power e.g. for the production of electricity in hydro-dam type power-stations. No problems due to cavitation effects, as associated with rotary blade and propeller systems.
The device (6) is installed linearly between a servomotor (1) and a basic board (4) at a link (15) that operates an operation lever (11). The servomotor opens or closes the guide vane. A weight (2) in a shifting ring (3) drives the guide vane and acts in the closing direction of the guide vane.    During normal operating state of servo motor, the link is expanded and the guide vane is opened and closed by the servomotor. During the breakdown state of servomotor, the weight closes the guide vane due to curvature of link by gravity.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables quick and safety stop of water wheel even at breakdown state of servomotor.
The device has multiple runner vanes (4) that are arranged in the peripheral direction of a runner boss (3). The vanes are rotatable around the circumference of the vane shaft center.    The inner surface (10a) of a discharge ring (10) is positioned so as to meet the spherical peripheral surface of the runner vane at the down stream water flow path. The inner surface has spherical nature and slides along the flow direction. An elastic body (14) from a lower part pushes and supports the discharge ring.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides sufficient spigot length required for connection between runner and generator. Reduces increment in leakage loss. Controls reduction in turbine performance.
The device consists of a weight isolation device (6) that is connected between a shifting ring arm of a shifting ring and a second weight (5). A servo motor (3) of small capacity is connected to shifting ring arm and opens/closes the guide vane. The shifting ring arm is also attached to a first weight (4) which is in opposite direction to the second weight.    The weight isolation device couples and isolates the second weight from the shifting ring arm. The first and second weights are made to remain in a balance state abnormal conditions. At abnormal conditions, the isolation device separates the second weight from shifting ring arm thereby enabling the guide vane to closed state.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves reliability of water wheel. Enables safe operation of guide vane. Reduces size of servo motor.
The blade unit has a number of curvilinear shaped thin slots (3). The thin slots are attached on the surface of a front side wall (1) and a rear side wall (2).    The thin slots faces the flow of the fluid near the side wall surface and makes the fluid flow to be smooth.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces circle board friction power loss without using resistance reducing agents.
The pelton wheel consists of a runner (1) on whose periphery a number of buckets (5) are installed. A number of nozzles (3a-3f) are arranged opposite to the runner, that blows off a jet style which collides with the buckets. The amount of water from the nozzle is adjusted with a needle (8). An arm (11) is linked to a head (10).    A suspension type deflector (12) deviates the jet style spouting from nozzle to the surface by the side of runner to the head, during the rotation. The rotational speed of runner in case of re-load operation after load interruption is regulated using the deflector. A running out object (20) projects from a trailing edge termination of the head deflector, that collides with the deflection jet style.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents unusual hydraulic pressure. Stabilises runner control.
The device consists of a projection part that is connected to a division surface of a divided type water wheel runner. A cover plate (2) is fastened surrounding the projection part by using a bolt. A cover (3) has a hole (4) that is attached with surrounding of the runner cover plate.    The fastening state of bolt in the fastening part is checked. A cable bear (5) has multiple members that are joined together and bends in only one direction freely. The cable bear has a recess into which the cable of check device main part (1) is inserted. The guide of the cable bear is fixed into the hole formed in the space between runner cover plate and cover.    ADVANTAGE -   Manages clamping power of cover plate clamping bolt precisely.
The charger comprises a hydraulic turbine (44) that is set up in the middle of a turbo rotation shaft (33) which connects an intake suction compressor (26) and an exhaust steam turbine (28).    An operation oil is injected to the hydraulic turbine through an injection mouth to whose periphery multiple buckets (43) are positioned. The central part of each bucket made to swell in the shape of U. A U-shaped guidance slot (39) is formed between each bucket, that guides the operation fluid to discharging direction.    ADVANTAGE -   Uses energy of operation fluid effectively. Improves drive efficiency of turbine.
The exercise machine includes an alternating voltage generator with at least one voltage output channel, connected to at least two electrodes. The electrodes are applied to a user's body to make ohmic contact so that a current flows through the body. The current is regulated at a suitable level to provide motor nerve stimulation in order to exercise the user's muscles.    Pref. the generator provides four separately controllable channels each connected to two terminals which in turn may be connected to several electrodes. The electrodes are pref. attached to opposite sides of the body in pairs and can take the form of conductive hand grips, surface electrodes or foot shaped plates. The foot plates may be located in a foot spa.    ADVANTAGE -   Exercises user's muscles without requiring user to perform any voluntary movements.
The method involves feeding cells from a cell loading station to a cell soldering station via a cell receiving station. One or more electrically-conductive ribbons are fed from supply rolls to a cell in the soldering station, so that ribbons overlie a cell in the station and can underlie a subsequently received cell in the receiving station.    The ribbons are severed and soldered. Discrete sections of the ribbons are formed, with each discrete section having a leading end soldered to one contact of a cell and a trailing end soldered to the second contact of a second cell. An offset crimp may be formed in the ribbons between cells.    ADVANTAGE -   Interconnects solar cells using flexible electrically conductive wire.
The speed governor includes a speed signal generator (SSG) (2) comprising a SSG inductor (2a) and a SSG probe (2b), a guide vane opening detector (3), a guide vane servomotor (4), a speed/load setting device (5), an elastic restoration device (6), a rigid restoration device (7), a non-inverting type operational amplifier (8), an electrohydraulic converter type guide vane controller (9), a speed detector (10) and a rate of change of speed detector (11).    Any rate of change of water wheel generator (20) speed exceeding a predetermined value is amplified and transmitted to the guide vane servomotor (4) for correcting the guide vane openings accordingly. An abrupt change in speed is dealt with just as abruptly.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves response and stability. Optimizes elastic restoration.
The module has a number of filament structures (10) formed at the junction of semiconductor layers. A first collector pole (1) is formed of stainless steel wire extending from the p type semiconductor layer (2). An I type semiconductor layer (2) and a n type semiconductor layer (3) are surrounded by a transparent conductive film (4) to form the filament structure. The filament structures are arranged at the focal zone of a set of ditches (60) using a silver paste (11).    A second collector pole (6) is formed on the copper board by silver plating. The ditch acts as a concave mirror. When light is incident on a semiconductor junction layer the light reflected by the opposite sides are almost equal. The ditches are either V-shaped or U-shaped to suit requirements.    ADVANTAGE -   Increases photoelectric conversion efficiency.
The equipment has electromagnetic braking (14), which is controlled by a microprocessor, in order to alter the resistance encountered in turning a pedal crank (11). The microprocessor is connected to a switch (16), which has positions (15) for setting different levels of resistance.    The current through the coil of an electromagnet in the braking system, may be altered by the microprocessor, depending on the switch setting. Equipment (18) may also be connected to the microprocessor, in order to indicate a fictitious speed which relates to the pedal speed and the switch setting. A ventilator (19) may also be fitted, and the speed of this may be controlled by the microprocessor, in order to be proportional to the fictitious speed.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides equipment, which can simulate gear changing.
The water mill has a floating body (1) which clings to a rolling element vertical shaft (2). A rotary vertical curved plate wing (3) is provided. A flywheel (4) and an accelerating conduction chain (5) are provided.    A chain wheel attachment axis (8) is connected to the conduction chain. A dynamo (7) and a speed increasing gear (6) are provided. A flywheel roller (9), a quadrature axis twist roller (10) and a vertical shaft twist roller (11) are also provided.    ADVANTAGE -   Facilitates automatic rotation. Reduces electric power for industrial and general use.
The speed controller includes the electromagnetic clutch (44) for engaging or disengaging the mechanical load resistor (45) connected to an output shaft (33) of the electric motor (32). The motor (32) rpm speed is automatically adjusted depending upon the value of the loading resistor (45).    The clutch (44) remains energized and disengaged under normal operating conditions. The exceeding rpm of motor causes the clutch (44) to be energized and engaged for loading the motor (32) with an appropriate value of the resistance (45) depending upon the requirements.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For hydraulic power generation equipment. Smaller size, lower mfg. cost, less maintenance and higher reliability as compared to prior oil hydraulic type controllers. No unnecessary strain on electric motor or other parts because loading resistor remains disengaged under normal working conditions.
The exercise treadmill has a stationary, forwardly placed supporting surface engaged with a foot device of fixed form and with a rearwardly placed supporting surface. A support device is movable relative to the frame of the treadmill, to change the angular relation of the frame and an treadmill tread belt relative to the supporting surface.    The change in incline of the treadmill tread belt is caused by either an electrical power device involving an extensible jack mechanism or by manually operable device including a gas cylinder with an extensible piston rod movable by gas flow within the cylinder, which is in turn controlled by a manually operable valve device. When gas can flow within the cylinder, change in incline of the treadmill tread belt is accomplished by the treadmill user moving relatively forwardly or rearwardly on the treadmill belt.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables either simple manual control mechanism, or electric motor drive, allowing for reprogramming of incline adjustment.
Training device is equipped with the actuating unit (10) connected to the load application unit via the kinematic link (9). The system also contains the load sensor (11), load indicator (14), actuating unit speed and position sensor, series connected speed setter (13), first electric signal comparator (5), speed regulator (3), load setter (4), second electric signal comparator (2), load regulator (6) and controlled converter (7). The position sensor (12) is connected to the speed (3) and load regulator (6) second inputs, the load sensor (11) output is taken to the load indicator (14) and to the second electric signal comparator (2). The controlled converter (7) output is connected to the load application unit based on an electric motor. In the initial position the setters (1,4) determine the actuator (10) speed and the load level. The terminal switch contacts are closed. The speed (3) and load (4) regulator output signals are equal to zero. Zero signal level is also present at the controlled converter (7) output connected to the electric motor (8) armature. In order to produce the load force the electric motor (8) direction of rotation is set in such a way that the actuating unit is rotated opposing the first training phase direction of movement.    When the first training phase is completed the speed setter (13) and sensor (13) voltages add. The operational amplifier is saturated and produces constant output signal. Part of this voltage is fed to the operational amplifier input by the load setter (4) via the resistor. If the load sensor (11) voltage proportional to the actual load is less than the load setting the operational amplifier output voltage increases.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Device is used to train different muscle groups of human body. Load control facility is provided.    Bul. 30/27.10.95
The device has several reinforcing ribs (17) embedded individually in a concrete (7) in the upper and lower sides of the stay column (15), in the lower stay column and in an outside casing (9). It also has an upside rectification body (23) positioned in the channel side of the upper stay column.    The couple of upper reinforcing ribs (30,31) are individually positioned to the upstream and downstream sides of the upper stay column. A couple of lower reinforcing ribs (32,33) are individually positioned to upstream and downstream sides of the lower stay column provided with a lower rectification body (26) in channel side.    ADVANTAGE -   Decreases deflection of stay column because it is reinforced by several reinforcing ribs positioned at proper locations. Prevents generation of high stress in stay column. Achieves cost redn. by decreasing reinforcing ribs.
The game machine has a pedometer (2) which calculates the walking speed of the user. A transmitter (3) sends the pedometer output to a receiver (4) that inputs the sent data.    The character level corresp. the data among the program characters is determined by the receiver. When the data sending operation is completed, the character level for a reception completion signal is regulated by a controller.    ADVANTAGE -   Ensures added feature to game machine by transferring data and increasing character level.
The appts. has a front free roller (11) and back free roller (12) connected by a belt (13). A appts. (1) uses upper surface of the belt as pedestrian walking path of person. A trestle (2) supports the appts. to the floor in inclining position.    A break gear (3) is provided to give the desired braking force to the appts. An operation control panel (5) performs the desired braking force based on the data fed to an input unit (4) and is shown on an indicator (6).    ADVANTAGE -   Provides automatic and accurate instantaneous adjustment; provides smooth operation even if there is strong kick or landing by user; provides good walk feeling while conserving energy due to provided brake. Does not consume large electric power.
The simulation device includes an exercise machine, e.g. a bicycle, running or rowing simulator, and a video monitor which displays a video sequence to the user, e.g. a sightseeing, racing, educational, reaction testing, or fitness testing sequence. A controller adjusts the speed of the video sequence in accordance with speed at which the exercise machine is operated.    Pref. a signal is generated in accordance with the video sequence to control the ease of operation of the exercise machine. This can be done with a solenoid or stepper motor which operates a braking device. Pref. a sound sequence is also generated to accompany the video sequence.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces boredom of exercise routine. Can be used to provide information for educational or advertising purposes.
The monitor includes a single unattended transmitter fixedly positioned at a point along a course. The transmitter is operative for continuously emitting a limited range signal. A receiver device is carried by a user during a repetitive work-out around the course. The receive device is operative for detecting the limited range signal each time the user passes in proximity to the transmitter and for providing a signal to the user during each lap of the course only at the point at which the user passes in proximity to the transmitter.    The receiver device includes a micro-controller pre-programmable with a course length and operative for computing a total work-out distance as the product of the number of laps of the course traversed by the user and the course length. The micro-controller device is further operative for accumulating an elapsed work-out time since the beginning of a work-out by the user. A visual display device is coupled to the micro-controller device.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   As exercise monitor. Computes and displays time, distance, pace and energy expended by user during walk or run around given course.
Cooling liq. passes from a prepg. unit (16) along a pipe (17) to a collector (8) and a gp. of radial openings (18) is used to pass this liq. to the winding (7) of the rotor poles through the outer section of the body of a shaft (1). The cooling liq. is passed into supply tubes (20) and a circular collector (21) and then along a flexible pipe (22) directly to the winding, where it is heated as it passes through its channels.    The heated liq. then passes into a run-off circular collector (8) n the turbine shaft and along a tube (24) and through openings (25, 26) into a run-off collector (9). The liq. from the drainage chambers (12, 13) of the chamber (9) is then passed along pipes (14, 15) and through a pipeline (27) back to the water prepg. unit (16) and is re-circulated, to ensure reliability of heat redn. of the winding (7).    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Construction of hydro-units of electric machines. Increased cooling intensity of winding and prevention of mixing of hot and cold water. Bul. 29/20.10.95
The rotary body has a vertical rotation axis (0) from which arm axis projects right and left symmetrically to form T-shape. A pair of blades (1, 2) are arranged on the symmetrical arm axis on either sides of rotation axis which rotates horizontally with the rotation axis. The arm axis also rotates vertically with respect to a stopper (4). This causes one of the blades to rotate vertically with respect to the stopper and the other to rotate horizontally. The parallel motion is converted into The rotary motion with the rotation axis as the center.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves conversion efficiency.
The movable device consists of a pair of round bars (9A,9B) made of steel. The round bars are positioned on a concrete base (3). The upper round bar is arranged at the right angled direction towards the lower end bar.    A jack (6) of a stator (1) having a leg (7) is positioned on the upper round bar. A friction power generated at the time of moving the stator from a base (2) to the concrete base is reduced by a friction reduction object.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For rotary electric machine e.g. water wheel generator. Avoids problems resulting from installation, thereby reducing cost and space. Reduces slippage of stator by decreasing higher outside power.
The device has a partition board (2) set up at the up stream and down stream end of a water channel (1). The board is also set up inside the water channel to form an upper and lower stage. A first pipe (17) is arranged at the upper end of the upper stage. The first pipe supplies low-density water equally at the side of the channel.    A second pipe (8) is arranged at the upper end of the lower stage. The second pipe supplies high-density water to the water channel. A weir (5) is set up at the downstream of the first pipe. A chamber (6) exhaust the low density water with the high density water.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves accuracy of investigation relating to environmental maintenance associated with water intake, water drainage.
The module comprises a photovoltaic generator with a short circuit current and another photovoltaic generator with another short circuit current which is lower than the first short circuit current, connected in series with the first photovoltaic generator.    A diode is connected in parallel with the second photovoltaic generator so the current flow through the module, when the module is under low current load, reverse biases the diode so that the diode is in a blocking condition and the module discharges at a low current. Current flow through the module when it is under high load, forward biases the diode so that the diode is in a conductive state and the current flow bypasses the second number of cells so that the module discharges at a high current.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For powering radios, trickle charge batteries in parked cars and in night illumination systems. For operating electric motors.
The equipment includes a portable trestle (1) provided with a wheel (2) and a handle (3). The body of the equipment (4) from which water intake and outlet are provided is installed on the trestle. The water-wheel generator is also provided in the body.    The flow regulating valve (8) is installed in the intake side of the water mill (5) casing. An operation steering wheel (14) is provided at intake side of the body to adjust opening of the flow regulating valve. The speed indicator (10), voltmeter (11), and contact breaker (13) are provided in front of the body of.    ADVANTAGE -   Ensures safety during operation while improving operativeness by simplifying connection to water supply and drainage tube.
The cooling device includes several cooling fins (30) installed on peripheral surface of bearing oil tank (19) and winding squarely approximately in tank middle part. The vertical shaft water mill bearing part (13b) and lower part with guide bearing (18) are soaked in lubricant stored in the bearing oil tank along water mill main axis (13).    Cold pipings (21) are positioned downward from bearing oil tank while the other end is inserted in stay vane (21) hollow hole. An exhaust fan (32) installed on a peripheral surface in water mill main axis above the bearing part generates ascending air current in periphery of bearing oil tank while rotating along water mill main axis.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies cooling equipment by omitting passage of cooling pipes into oil tank.
The controller includes a motor (3) which drives the opening and shutting of a dam gate (2). A water level detector (51) detects the water level of a river to determine if the dam gate must be opened.    A control unit (52)) operates the motor to open or shut the dam gate depending on the water level on the river. The river water is stored on a storage area if the water level of the river is above a safe water level.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents water level of river from exceeding safe water level. Performs efficient control of dam gate by automatic control without requiring human operation.
A fluid turbine (10) has a casing (12), an axial inlet (14) and an outlet (16). A rotor (18) is mounted on an output shaft (24). The rotor comprises a disc with channels (20) extending from a central inlet (32) to a circumferential outlet.    The channels are curved so that the outlet is tangential to the circumference of the rotor disc. This allows the rotor to operate under fluid back pressure with minimum resistance to rotation. Fluid enters the turbine travelling through the rotor centre into the channels leaving them at the circumference causing shaft rotation.    ADVANTAGE -   Operates under back pressure.
The appts (6) consists of an indicating appts (22) provided in a casing (12). A hammer (7) is provided to hold the right hand training person (5). A crocodilian target (9) is installed in the casing for the training person to exercise the crocodilian target performs appearance and disappearance movement from the casing. The performance state of the training person is indicated through the indication appts and a CRT (28).    The blood pressure and the pulse information of the training person are gathered by a blood pressure sensor and a pulse sensor respectively. The blood pressure and the pulse sensors are provided to the finger tip of the left hand training person. The appearance pattern and speed of the crocodilian target is controlled by a control part on the basis of blood pressure and pulse information.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   In treatment for sick people. Improves body function of sick person effectively. Prevents excessive load joining to training person. Improves training person's desire.
The drive system has a variable speed/reversible electric motor (14) driving the pump (12) which transfers fluid between the reservoir (11) and the hydraulic actuator (10).    In this way, the speed and/or direction of operation of the actuator is controlled without the need for additional valve arrangements. A second pump may return fluid from the actuator to the reservoir.    ADVANTAGE -   Speed can be controlled by microprocessor and not manually. Retains benefits of both electric and hydraulic controls.
The exercise appts. consists of a base frame (12) on which, at one end, a brake drum system (14, 16) is mounted together with a drive roller (18), chain-driven by an electric motor (24). A tachometer (26) is provided to coordinate the rotation of the roller with a programme displayed on a monitor screen (32) at the other end of the apparatus. The monitor is mounted on a video player (34), such as a CD ROM player or VTR, and a computer (30).    In use, a suitable programme is displayed on the monitor such as a road scene with uphill and downhill sections. Under control of the computer, the roller mechanism provides a variable resistance to the motion of the cycle wheels to match the conditions shown on the screen. The electric motor may be arranged to rotate the roller to simulate travel downhill travel.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   May also be configured as a running board, for training humans or animals such as dogs or race horses. Increased interest for user and any bystanders. Effort exerted matches that expended in real cycling situation.
The running machine comprises a handrail coupled to a base, a pair of longitudinally spaced rollers, one of the rollers being motor driven, and an endless belt extending between the pair of rollers. The motor driven roller includes two motors, a motor housing, having a respective hollow shaft tube extending respectively from each end of the housing, and two sets of sun and planet gear units respectively coupled to the two motors, each of the sets of sun and planet gear units being located inward of a respective motor.    A number of transmitting gears is located between the two motors, and a rotatable cylinder surrounds the motor housing. Each gear unit includes three planet gears engaged with a sun gear, and a ring having an inner toothed surface engaged with the planet gears. The sun gear is coupled to the rotor output shaft, and the three planet gears are connected pivotally to a bracket, having a centre rod extending from it. A flat plate member is coupled to the base between the pair of rollers, for supporting the endless belt on it, and a lower surface of the endless belt is lubricated.    ADVANTAGE -   Minimises dimensions of machine. Lubricates belt, preventing it from wearing.
The solar battery module (12) has a solar battery cell (13) made up of a semiconductor layer (17) comprising solar light reactive elements such as amorphous Si. This cell is layered in a glass substrate (14). The circumferential part of the glass substrate is attached to an Al frame.    Electrically conductive layers such as a SnO2 layer (16) and Al layer are formed at the inner portion close to the substrate, and two or more insulating layers (24,25) are formed at the circumferential part near the frame.    ADVANTAGE -   The module improves reliability of high breakdown voltage characteristics of module, and avoids redn. in yield due to prodn. of defective modules.
The rotor coil (10) includes a coil straight line part (14) installed in a slot of a rotor core (11). A coil end part (17) which projects from the termination of the iron core, is supported by a support device (8). The cross sectional angle of a conductor (12) of the coil end part is higher than that of the conductor (15) of the coil straight line part.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves reliability.
The rotor coil (10) includes a coil straight line part (14) installed in a slot of a rotor core (11). A coil end part (17) which projects from the termination of the iron core, is supported by a support device. The curvature radius of a conductor angle part of the coil end part, is higher than that of the coil straight line part.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves reliability.
The solar battery consists of a substrate surface on which energy converting elements, semiconductor and electrodes (1) are arranged. Similarly, glass and acrylics (2,3) are arranged in the spatial portions between the solar batteries in a matrix form, in unidirection. The glass and acrylics are transparent materials which allow penetration of optical rays. The reflecting material coating is provided on the energy conversion portions to absorb solar energy.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves energy conversion efficiency. Saves power.
The method involves forming an edge face electrode (10) at a light-receiving surface electrode (8). The light-receiving surface electrode comprises a main electrode (9) and a sub electrode (12). The partial rear side electrode (11) is positioned near the edge face electrode at the substrate rear surface.    A rear side electrode (6) is positioned near the partial rear side electrode with a deep cut (4) between. The edge face electrode is electrically connected to the light-receiving surface side. The edge face electrode is formed using a roll coater, by performing plate transfer.    ADVANTAGE -   The method provides good reproducibility, avoids redn. of effective light reception area, provides strong bonding intensity, and improves the speed of module mfr..
The fitness machine with monitoring of the athlete's physical performance has a unit for allowing the user to perform an excercise, i.e. allows the user to apply force to a resistance unit. A transducer is connected to the resistance unit to provide an output signal relative to the force applied by the user during excercise. Sensors measure the heart rate of the user during excercise.    A data entry section allows entry of various personal factors, e.g. age, weight etc. A processor is connected to the input of the transducer, the sensors and the data entry section and uses a preset algorithm to provide an output signal defining a variable relative to the physical performance of the user.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Provides early understandable value of athlete's fitness. Allows comparison of fitness between people of different ages.
An eddy current brake has a cast iron disc on a rotating shaft adjacent to at least one winding, which will induce eddy currents in the disk. The disc is one-piece and its surface is partly coated with copper by an electroplating process. This coating is between 20 and 60 microns thick. The cast iron has the specification GG15 or GG25. However, the region around the bearing is not coated. The cross-section of the disc is that of a wheel, with a solid outer ring (8) linked by ribs (9) to the hub (4). The disc is machined around the periphery and near the bearing support. It also acts as a flywheel e.g. for home exercise bikes.    ADVANTAGE -   Inexpensive to manufacture plus good dissipation of generated heat during operation.
The appts. has an expanding bolt (9) in the press-fit part of a main axis (1) and a thrust collar (2). The expanding bolt adjusts the press-fit state of the main axis and the thrust collar on the thrust collar side.    ADVANTAGE -   Offers easy shake in main axis.
The water mill comprises a channel (5) to which a stay vane (4) is fixed in a longitudinal direction of a blade element. The longitudinal direction corresponds to a water current direction at a runner blade exit (2B). Based on the computer analysis result and model experiment result, the stay vane is placed at an inclined position. The inclination range is made within 5-15 degrees in perpendicular axis circumference and runner rotation direction compared with a water mill axis (1).    ADVANTAGE -   Improves turbine efficiency. Prevents head loss by dynamic pressure.
The oil head includes a bearing (12). The part case is provided in the upper portion of the oil head. In the lower part, middle and lower cases (3,2) are provided. A bearing (12) supports a side operation tube (7).    The upper edge of the inner operation tube is connected with water mill governor through the bearing. The part of the oil is supplied to the middle case sent to a lower case. The lubricant to the bearing is supplied ahead of feed oil pipe bearing (24).    USE/ADVANTAGE -   In Kaplan turbine in hydro electric power plant. Prevents blockage of bearing due to dirt or rubbish. Eliminates oil leakage.
The solar photovoltaic module uses line-focus lenses and    photovoltaic receivers incorporating high-performance    photovoltaic cells. The module comprises an array of linear    arched Fresnel lenses with a linear photovoltaic cell receiver    located along the focal line of each lens. The lens consists of    a protective glass superstrate with moulded silicone Fresnel    grooves on its inner surface.    The photovoltaic cell receiver consists of high efficiency cells    interconnected in a string with a solid secondary optical element    adhesive bonded to the cells. The entrance aperture of each    secondary optical element is rectangular in shape and the optical    secondaries are butted up against each other in a line to form a continuous entrance aperture along the focal line.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Provides physically smaller power supplies per    kilowatt with less drag for low earth orbit. Has more radiation    resistance for high radiation orbit. Has lighter power supply per    kilowatt for communication satellites in geosynchronous orbits.
The structure has a moving component (14) attached to the upper and lower part of a support mount (13). The support mounts are arranged on a roof.    The interval between the moving component and the support mount are predetermined to form a straight line. The solar panels (11) are connected to the support mount.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables mounting of solar battery equipment to various form and type of roof tile. Provides aesthetically pleasing structure by not requiring use of wires. Eases installation of solar battery equipment to roof.
The structure includes a reinforced glass board (4) which covers a solar-battery module (1) installed on a roof (2). A ventilator (61,62) is installed between the surface of the solar-battery module and the reinforced glass board.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents dew condensation and moisture invasion and maintains efficiency of heat dissipation, thus improving weather resistance.
The method involves arranging several solar-battery cells (2) in one longitudinal surface of a flexible insulating substrate. A strip-shaped peelable material and a strip-shaped moisture-prevention material are layered on same surface of the insulating substrate through a sealing agent layer.    A terminal electric conductor which connects a terminal of a pole of each solar-battery cell, is formed on the same surface of the insulating substrate. A strip-shaped foundation material (3) is layered on the other surface of the insulating substrate through a sealing agent layer. The formed multilayer structure is heated and crimped by a couple of rubber rolls (7).    ADVANTAGE -   Protects surface of solar battery without using protective film by temporarily hiding substrate with sealing agent. Offers safety feature which prevents slip of worker during installation by crimping surface of roof.
The solar cell includes a semiconductor thin film (22) and a transparent electrode (23) which are sequentially formed on main field of a metal substrate (21). An insulating film (24) and a metal film (25) are sequentially formed on main field of other surface of the metal substrate. A through hole (26) is formed such that the metal film and the transparent electrode are electrically connected.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces power loss by transparent electrode. Improves yield.
The device reduces series resistance by doping n- type impurities, improves high frequency response characteristic, and applies to ultra high frequency signal communication, and high speed signal detector. The device includes a conduction layer on a semi-transparent metal on a n-GaAs receiving layer, and a reflection preventive layer. The method prevents electron-proton generation by absorption of input light signal, reduces series resistance of the conduction layer, increases a response speed of electrical signal, and forms a n+-AlGa1-xAs as As conduction layer (21).
The appts. has a motor (2) that makes a leg riding stand (1) where the feet are put, reciprocates in a horizontal plane. A transfer unit (3) makes leg riding stand reciprocates with the rotation motion of the motor. A controller (4) directs the rotation of the motor so that the reciprocation cycle of the leg riding stand becomes 200 msec.-2 sec.    A drive timer (4A) stores the rotation time of the motor and a stop timer (4B) stores the rest time to stop the driving of the motor. The driving time of the leg riding stand and the motor as well as its reciprocal are made to be fixed. The driving of motor is stop as the fixed time of the stop timer consumed. The reciprocation is being is being temporarily configured to stop while motor makes leg riding stand reciprocates.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables good warm-up which is extremely important for all exercises. Efficiently corrects warping of spine. Achieves extremely excellent merit by which it enables ideal exercises.
The appts. has a motion power converter (1) that transforms a motion power of a man into a rotation motion. A direct current motor (5) generates electricity through the converted rotation motion. The amt. of the motion measuring the electric energy of the power generation depending on the DC motor is calculated. The calculated result is indicated in a motion amt. indicator (6). A rotation load power is generated in the DC motor by consuming the electric power which generates electricity.    A load consumption part (9) properly adjusts the consumption amt. by consuming a part of the electric power that generates electricity. A load controller (7) directs the increase and decrease of the rotation load power of the DC motor. Electricity accumulator (8) collects the part of the electric power consumption that generates electricity to consume it as operation electric power of the motion amt. indicator and the load controller.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies whole appts. and achieves great cost reduction, by enabling increase and decrease of motion amt. when training with DC motor without using load system.
The machine includes a connecting bar (1) whose one end is connected with a crank unit (14) which is rotated by a drive motor (M2) through deceleration unit. Another end of the connecting bar is connected with a vibration unit (10) with a free vibration to horizontal direction. A rectilinear vibration part (A) configuring with a foot putting stand (9) is arranged in the upper part of the vibration unit through a support board (8).    One end of the operation sticks (12) is connected with the crank unit while the other end is connected with a turn tool (17) perpendicularly positioned with a turning shaft (15). The operation sticks has the strands that individually twists together. A turn vibration part (B) configuring with a foot support stand (24) is mounted to the upper part of the turning shaft.    ADVANTAGE -   Ensures effective training of body and provides cheap exercise machine. Enables to exercise not only arms and legs but also waist and spine.
The appts. has an operation body that synchronizes with movement of training person body. A physical condition sensor detects the training person physical condition. A load controller directs an applied amt. of the load in a load applied unit based on the physical condition detection value of the physical condition sensor.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides body training appts. that can smoothly adjust size of load according to physical condition of training person.
The water driven power system is provided with a number of water driven power generators (2a,2b,2c), which may comprise water wheels, of which at least one is situated below the level of a large body of water held behind a dam (8) such as the sea and uses water under pressure from the body of water.    The generator (2a) may drive pumps (16) to raise water to drive the higher generators (2b,2c). A number of pipes may supply water to the generator (2a), from several different levels in the dam (8).    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Esp. for use where high volume of water from sea can be used at increased pressure, enabling generator to be driven more efficiently.
The damper has a detector (13) which senses the rotational speed of a rotor (10) mounted with a brake ring (10b). An electromagnetic brake (11) has a brake shoe (11a) wound with a brake coil. Current is generated by the coil to generate damping force resulting from the contact of the brake shoe and the brake ring, thus stopping the rotor.    A first excitation circuit (15) energises the brake coil with direct current provided by a DC power supply (12). A second excitation circuit (16) supplies current from the power supply to the brake coil through a resistor (16a). When the rotating speed of the rotor is set to fixed initial rotation speed as sensed by the detector, the current energises the first excitation circuit. When the detector determines that the rotor is stopped, the second excitation circuit is energised. The current passing through the second excitation circuit is smaller compared to the first circuit, thus smaller damping force is applied to the rotor.    ADVANTAGE -   Obtains low-cost electromagnetic brake which has short rating time. Achieves prolonged use of damper. Cools down temp. of brake coil during rotor pause.
Mould-releasing agent for dies for forming optical semiconductor devices contains (A) epoxy resin, (B) hardening agent, (C) hardening accelerator, and (D) low-molecular-weight polyolefin wax. (D) is an oxidised polyethylene wax and/or oxidised polypropylene wax with Mn 1000-10000, and comprises 5-50 wt % of the total wt. of the components (A) to (D).    Also claimed are optical semiconductor devices, which are encapsulated by using the above mould-releasing agent for dies for forming optical semiconductor devices.    ADVANTAGE -   Since the films formed on the surfaces of dies have good and sustained mould-release property, dummy shots are unnecessary, the number of continuous shots of moulding is increased and thus semiconductor devices can be produced at lower costs.
The system includes a central unit with first processing device and bidirectional data transfer device, which may be used to write and read data relative to personalised program, as well as to modify the program itself. A portable medium is incorporated which has a portable memory for storage of the data.    A number of stations are included and located at the number of exercise appts and/or machines, contg second processing device for bidirectional transfer of data from and to portable medium. As result they receive, as input, the data present in the memory relative to exercise to be performed in order to program the appts and/or machine.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For programming training on exercise appts and machines in gymnasiums, fitness centres, sport clubs, rehabilitation centres, clinics etc locations.
The machine has stator windings (1, 2) accommodated in the same slot of a stator iron core (3) and a field winding (4) accommodated in a slot of a rotor iron core (5). The cylindrical rotor is fixed to a rotation axis to have a predetermined narrow gap between the stator and the rotor and is supported on bearings (7, 8). Laminated cores are used to reduce eddy currents.    A mechanical modulator generates a multiphase amplitude-modified voltage from the AC voltage as a carrier voltage. The modulator rotates in synchronism with the modulation motor. The field winding is connected to the AC power source and the stator windings are connected to a load, typically a pair of thyristors.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For electric car, electric automobile, fluid control device, pumped storage power generating plant, tidal power generating system, and vibration preventing structure of multi-storey building. Overcomes the problems of conventional AC machines for control and power generation with improved efficiency.
An electrical power generation system has a number of machines that can be used as generators or motors depending on the load condition in the electrical network. The system may have a pair of water pump/turbines (12a,b) coupled to generator/motors (18a,b).    A reactive power detection system (13) monitors conditions and a regulator (14) provides a control for the reactive power regulators (15) coupled to the load. When the network is operating to capacity the units can operate in a pumping mode to return water to the reservoir and so increase the stored potential energy for later use when electrical power has been generated.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Electrical power generation system with protection against surge conditions.
The device (20) comprises a shaft (24) attached to a transmission shaft (27) or a pulley (29) with a housing (22) attached to a split pillow block (25) or a flange (23). The shaft is supported in the housing by bearings (44) and receives a rotor (26) which can slide axially on the shaft and is restrained torsionally by a rift pin (33) which fits in a slot in the rotor.    The rotor is disc-like, with springs (43) biasing the rotor such that it is centred within a cavity (28) and centred w.r.t. the two halves (32, 34) of the housing. An MR fluid is received adjacent to the rotor in the cavity and is controlled by an applied magnetic field to vary the operating torque resistance.    ADVANTAGE -   Minimises the amount of steel used in the flux path giving a lighter and more compact device.
The excercise machine consists of a frame and a pair of laterally spaced foot pedals, each coupled to the frame by an articulated linkage. The first linkage, generally vertical is connected at one end to the frame and at the other end to a second, generally horizontal linkage. The opposite end of this linkage is connected to a pedal.    All these connections allow rotational movement with the connections at the frame coupled to a crank assembly which ensures that the vertical linkages move with an alternating reciprocating action facilitating striding motion. Also connected to the linkages is motor to regulate the motion of the foot pedals. Pref. the crank can be locked to operate the machine with only a vertical component, providing simulation of climbing up stairs.    ADVANTAGE -   Allows several types of mechanical motion therefore permitting several types of excercise in one unit.
The photovoltaic unit has a photovoltaic element (2) which is connected to a micro relay (8). The contact of the micro relay switches by applying predetermined voltage using an electrode pair of the micro relay. A first and second switches are connected to the photovoltaic element and the micro relay. A number of photovoltaic units are connected mutually with a connection part (6). A control circuit (5) controls the switching operation of the first, second switch and the connection circuit to form either a parallel or a series circuit.    ADVANTAGE -   Supplies required voltage and current to each device.
The structure has a transparent insulated substrate (1) over which a first transparent electric conduction film (2) is formed by back patterning. An amorphous silicon photoelectric conversion layer (3) is formed on first conduction film. A second transparent electric conduction film (4) is layered over photoelectric conversion layer. A transparent insulating film (6) is formed, accumulating electrodes (5) by laser scribing. Over the insulating film, a back side reflection film (7) is formed.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents poor processing shape and electric short circuit during integrated processing. Improves yield and reliability. Improves photoelectric conversion efficiency.
The apparatus is constructed with a liquid and air containers (1) which are mounted on a chain (3) and rotated through a chain gear (2). The containers are installed with a core wheel (9) on a guide board. The chain gear is supported by a frame (17) from which the containers are made to roll along an air sending guide (7) on one side of the frame.    A liquid suction guide board (26) is installed on the other side of the frame from which the containers continue to roll. Blow-off pipes (5,6) are installed from which the pressure of the air and liquid in the containers are reduced.    ADVANTAGE -   Installation of blow-off pipes reduces hydraulic pressure of fluids enabling discharge of fluid from containers regardless of elevation facilitating electric power production through energy carried by rotating fluid.
The device has a solar cell (2) with solar-battery module sticked at the surface of a transparent substrate (1). The solar-battery module is supported by a frame (6).    The frame has a slit (7) which attaches the edge of the solar-battery module. A partial dent (8) is set in the depth of the slit. A generated output derivation lead wire (5) from the solar-battery module is then positioned through the dent.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents lead wire from being pressed from solar-battery module and frame. Provides high reliability and prevents disconnection accident and insulation defect of lead wire.
The slip-ring assembly has a pair of rings (4,5) each handling a different voltage. The rings are separated by a carrier of electrically insulating material and this is fixed to the end of a shaft (2) using a number of threaded bolts (3). The slip rings and carrier are secured together using a number of tie bars (7).    The electrical power connections to the slip rings are in the form of conductors (14,15) coupled to central line bolts (21,22) that pass through a bore (13) in the shaft. The conductors connect with studs (16) that are secured to the appropriate slip ring.    ADVANTAGE -   Slip ring assembly is easy to mount and remove.
The machine has a frame structure (11) which consists of an upper frame (17) and the lower frames (12), with a sheet (31) installed at the side. The braces (15) which serve as a support are used to connect the upper frame and the lower frames.    A driving motor controls the conveyor belt (29), and is placed between the lower frames. The conveyor belt rolls on cylindrical materials (26,28). A safety switch (32) regulates the driving motor. The wheels (21) enables the machine to be moved by pulling a grip (24).    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For physical fitness. Provides machine which can be inclined to change walking position. Obtains movable machine provided with wheels by pulling grip. Provides effective walking practice. Eliminates danger because conveyor belt can be stopped beforehand by using safety switch.
The exercise system includes a computer and movement sensors. The computer (104) hosts and interactive computer game e.g. squash badminton etc. The user wears or is connected to sensors to signal movements of hands (114), feet (116) and torso (118). It may also monitor heart rate (120). The sensors may use wireless communication with the system or other methods that allow free movement of the limbs.    The user controls the interactive game by running faster, or with higher leg movements or by raising or lowering hands. The game can be started and stopped by jumping or moving on and off of a platform.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   As exercise system. Provides interest and encouragement to perform exercises that combine time and space coordination by the user.
The simulating device includes a front assembly device, aback track connected by an attachment device to the front assembly device. A first and second simulated skis are pivoted at their forward ends to the front assembly device and extending rearward over the back track. First and second truck devices, each of which is attached beneath a rear end of a respective one of the first and second skis.    The first and second truck device movably rest on the back track. A tie-bar device is attached to the first and second skis for adjusting the rear separation of the first and second skis. The tie-bar device is slidably connected to sleeves pivotally attached beneath the first and second truck device and the tensioning device connecting the front assembly device to the sliding tie-bar device.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For exercising and practising skiing and snow board turns in manner that simulates actual body and leg movement for ski turn. Provision for developing and exercising appropriate muscles and improves balance and coordination.
The appts includes a rotator mounted in a hub, e.g. the rotator drive in communication with the hub such that when the rotator drive rotates, the hub rotates. At least one socket is included, which is disposed in the first cylindrical portion. The at least one socket includes a flat surround, while a spring detent is disposed in the at least one socket. A switch is disposed in the socket, and it is in in communication with the rotator drive.    E.g. when the switch is in a first position, the rotator drive rotates and when the switch is in a second position, the rotator drive does not rotate. The switch is biased to the second position. At least one arm is included which comprises a first end and a second end. The first end includes a hilt with a circular lip and a ball.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   In field of toys and exercise equipment. Improved design providing many new opportunities.
The mechanism is applicable to a wheel comprising a hydraulic cylinder (9) which is set on the center line of the rotor head (4). A cylindrical rod (11) with a rod head (14) is installed along with the hydraulic cylinder. The rod consists of a self aligning thrust bearing (15) and a direct motion bearing (16). A link joint (17) is provided on the tip of the cylindrical rod. Another link joint (20) is provided in a drive arm (3) of a wing (1).    A number of guide rods (19) are fixed with the rotor head surrounding the cylindrical rod. The guide rods are installed externally with facility to slide over the direction of motion bearing. A link (18) is connected between the two link joints. The link converts the rectilinear motion of the hydraulic cylinder into rotational motion of pitch angle of wing.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces length of variable pitch mechanism from hydraulic cylinder installation edge to guide rod point. Simplifies storage of pitch varying mechanism.
The generator comprises a pair of energy receiving chambers (A,B) and a power generation chamber (C). The energy receiving chamber receives the waves and drives a high speed turbine. The motion of the turbine is transferred through a gear train and clutch system to a power generation dynamo (27) installed in the power generation chamber through a shaft coupling (17). Thus the electric power generation unit utilizes the property of buoyancy and break water into generation of electric power.    ADVANTAGE -   Offers highly effective power generation system. Facilitates power generation at large scale or small scale.
The system comprises a cooling oil tank (26) connected to the bearing oil tank (13). The oil tank is mounted in a bracket (8) which supports the valve and is located in the stream part (25). Hot oil (27) from the bearing tank is directed to the cooling tank and gets cooled by the stream flow. The cooled oil is again circulated to the bearing tank and cools the bearing.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids usage of conventional oil cooler and water cooling equipment. Makes maintenance simple and convenient. Decreases construction cost. Improves cooling efficiency.
The sealing device has a metallic packing (8) having a wear and abrasion resistance composite member (8a) fixed on a U- shaped elastic part (8b). The packing is placed in a groove (5b) provided in a bearing (5a) fitted in bottom ring (5). The hydraulic pressure acting on the end face (1c) of the guide vane (1), presses the packing and the elastic body takes the shape of the guide vane surface with distributed pressure.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides effective sealing. Avoids damage to packing. Offers less braking action to guide vane. Facilitates smoother operation.
The exhaust system comprises a high pressure bearing chamber (11) of a movable guide vane (3) connected to a low pressure bearing chamber (13) of a second movable guide vane (9) through a lead hole (18). A high pressure discharge orifice (19) is provided in a return ring (5) which is connected to a water drain tube (20) at one end and to a high pressure discharge orifice at the other end.    An intermediate stiffening ring (12) is provided in the return ring. The high pressure water provided in both chambers, is drained out through a common drain tube.    ADVANTAGE -   Decreases thrust power acting on movable guide vanes. Simplifies drainage route.
The device has a rotary speed detector which carries out the detection of a pedal (2) rotary speed. A load controller (6) either increases or decreases the pedal load to a corresponding set number of a pulse target.    Whenever the detected speed of the pedal rotation comes off from a fixed range, the load controller changes the setting of the pulse target number in proportion with the pedals speed of rotation.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Suitable for gym. Improves safety measure during training session. Improves training efficiency.
The divided top cover (1) is arranged on a vertical shaft water wheel generator. The top cover comprises multiple division pieces (1b). A special packing (5) made of synthetic rubber makes I-shaped uniting of each division piece and forms a H-type section. Each division pieces of top cover is held by a L-die iron (1a).    ADVANTAGE -   Improves operativity. Reduces number of composition members. Reduces weight and number of assembly processes.
The hydraulic brake system comprises multiple brake appts (2) which are provided beneath a rotor (1). A piping system (3) provides a hydraulic fluid to the brake appts. A high voltage oil is supplied from an oil tank (4).    A switching valve (5) performs a make and break operation to the brake appts. A reducing valve appts. with relief function is provided in the middle of the piping system.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves reliability. Reduces cost of construction. Reduces installation space. Performs efficient control.
The device uses a processor (14) which can be expanded by at least one plug-in circuit card module (16) and a standard training appts. (60), with an associated measuring device (18), supplying measured parameter values to the processor representing the actual movement performed by the user.    The measured movement data is compared with standard data to determine the movement ability and calculate the required training parameters, with the obtained results displayed on a monitor (10) in the line of sight of the user.    USE -   For use in fitness centre for improving performance, or therapeutic treatment of impaired limb movement during rehabilitation.
The measuring unit includes an acceleration sensor detecting human body movement, and a circuit calculating an exercise amount based on the detection signal from the sensor. A display shows the calculated exercise amount (10).    The remaining target calorie value based on an estimated consumption calorie value in a prescribed period is calculated. This amount is then shown on the display. A target exercise amount that the human body is desiring to perform in a prescribed period can be calculated and shown on the display.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables person to judge more easily appropriateness of exercise taken and provide knowledge of necessary exercise amount.
The machine has a stator, a rotor with poles and a damper winding contg. damper rods connected by short segments which can be connected to form a short circuit ring depending on the machine type. The damper winding is arranged in channels in the pole shoe (6) which have fore-channels (V).    The pole shoe curve of each pole is arranged concentrically wrt. the stator bore. The width (WN) of the fore-channel opening is chosen to be smaller starting from the centre of the pole shoe towards both ends than in the centre and/or the depth (tN-h8) of the fore-channels is chosen to be greater starting from the centre of the pole shoe towards both ends than in the centre.    ADVANTAGE -   No flexible elements required between damper rods and short-circuit segments or short-circuit ring.
The device has a relief valve (15) that opens and shuts according to a relief valve servo motor (15c). A floating lever (16a) is connected to the top end of the operation straw of the relief valve servo motor. A switching rod is connected to the floating lever. An electromagnetic switching valve (16p) controls the opening and closing of the relief valve.    A switching valve (16b) controls the opening and shutting of the relief valve supply that exhausts the working pressure oil. A dash pot (16e) is where the top end of the piston rod is connected with the other terminal of the floating lever. A relief valve controller transmits the motion of the pressure compensating control valve servo motor. A cam (16m) is provided in the intersection part of both arms.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Controls rapid increase of pipe line hydraulic pressure originating from sudden decrease of amount of water current introduced by wheel needles. Breaks operation of relief valve with open instruction signal sent from control console receiver.
The mill (10) has a thrust bearing provided in a runner main shaft. A runner cone salience part (10g) sticks out downward to the lower end of a water mill runner (10b). A recess is engaged to the runner cone salience part keeping a small space to the top end of a draft central prop opposite the salience part.    A small space (12d) introduces part of the pressure water which rotates and drives the water mill runner between the lower cone of the moody draft type vertical water mill and the upper central prop. The thrust load of the thrust bearing is reduced while driving.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Reduces thrust bearing load thus giving buoyancy to water mill runner under drive. Decreases temp. rise of lubricant while lubricating thrust bearing and decreases occurrence of thrust bearing breakdown.
The device includes a main shaft (13) with a runner (14) attached to a swirl casing (11) rotated by a sucking pipe (15). A motor primary stator (36) is positioned at the swirl casing side and a rotor is situated at a shifting ring (21) side. The motor arranges the periphery of the shifting ring in the shape of concentric circle.    A simple set point by the induction linear motor exceeding the error range, makes the pulse type motor performs a minute movement. The current value of the drive motor is reduced when the opening of the set point is minimised. A guide vane (16) has self closing power for hydraulic pressure. The current value of the reverse drive motor is increased and closed down gradually.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For propeller water turbine. Requires minimal installation space and does not require pump, tank and pressure governing appts. Obtains superb control response.
The device has the shaft (5) of a drive motor (2) installed at the center of a vehicle (1). A support body is installed at the drive motor. A cover (4) of the vehicle is installed at the support body. A fixed machine (3) is installed which adjusts shape to hold rod shaped object (o).    ADVANTAGE -   Provides device which can be set to desired path of motion. Maintains motion path. Able to adjust machine suited to physical strength and purpose.
The control device includes a solenoid damping unit mounted on a base frame of an exercising unit and controlled to give a damping friction force to the flywheel. The solenoid damping unit includes a solenoid body having a mounting plate fastened to the base frame of the exerciser. A power control unit is controlled to regulate DC power supply to the solenoid damping unit in providing a damping friction force to the flywheel unit.    The power control unit includes an adapter to convert city power supply to low voltage DC power supply. An IC board is connected to the adapter to control the operation of the solenoid damping unit. An exercising amount setting control has an input end for setting the damping force according to the desired amount of exercise and an output end connected to the IC board.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For exercising machines which automatically regulates damping force to flywheel according to desired amount of exercise. Inexpensive to manufacture.
The monitor device surveys the timing of each logic sequence operation during the control of each start/stop operation of an equipment. Any abnormality due to sequence congestion is detected and a warning is output. The monitor has a logic circuit (1-2) to detect the state of a present sequence step, and a timer circuit (2) to originate an alarm signal if the logic sequence does not change to a following step in a predetermined congestion surveillance set time.    A time counter (3) counts the real operating time of the sequence step. It integrates deviation values of the congestion surveillance set time, the real operating set time and the theoretical operating time for each function. A calculator (4) originates alarm signals (4a,4b,4c) for each equipment, if for a start/stop frequency, the difference between the integrated values exceeds a predetermined value.    ADVANTAGE -   Detects abnormality due to sequence congestion at an early stage. Provides excellent application to water wheel generator control of hydroelectric power plant.
The controller has an operation capacity value generation part (61) which computes an inflow signal (160) of water intake mouth from a gate opening. The amount of inflow corresponds to the water level detected signal (103) of water-intake mouth and a gale opening signal (113) which are memorised before hand. Based on flow rate and real output memorised before hand, and operation capacity value signal (162) is computed.    An output command value limitation processing part (62) increases or decreases the output command signal (105) according to the direction of water flow. A control part (63) outputs a control signal (107) to a governor, so that the real output signal (106) tracks a real use command.    ADVANTAGE -   Stabilises operation. Prevents abrupt change in level of water in water tank.
The solar cell module comprises: (i) a solar-cell panel; (ii) a frame disposed on the periphery of panel (i); and (iii) an adhesive layer disposed between the second surface of panel (i) and the flange of frame (ii). Panel (i) comprises a light-transmitting plate having two opposing surfaces, and solar-cell elements disposed on the second surface. Frame (ii) has a flange on which the solar cell panel is supported on the second surface while the first surface is free. Layer (iii) comprises a reactive hot-melt adhesive comprising a urethane prepolymer obtd. by reacting a polyhydroxy cpd. with an excess amt. of a polyisocyanate.    Also claimed is process for the prodn. of the above module.    USE -   Cells are installed outdoors in modules which form arrays, e.g. for use in tropical regions.    ADVANTAGE -   The module produced is high quality and reliable. The adhesive has high durability, w.r.t. heat resistance, water resistance, etc.. the prodn. of the module is easy and quick.
The measurement results obtained by the computer and indicated on a display. The entire mass of the bicycle and the muscle power applied by the rider are manually entered. During a wheel revolution, a number of circle frequency measurements are carried ut, and the measured values are supplied to the computer.    From the results, taking account of the mechanical characteristic values of the bicycle, a sequence of instantaneous speed values, and from these a sequence of acceleration values are computed. The instantaneous produced power is determined as a product from the mass, the acceleration and the instantaneous speed by numerical evaluation of the movement of the movement equation and the system condition power components entered in this, for the drive power of the rider, the air resistance, the friction and the slope up or down of the road.    ADVANTAGE -   Power measuring method is realized using cost effective technology. Suitable bicycle computers produced by mass market can be installed.
The method involves preparing a cell sandwich (32) with spheres (4) mounted on a foil matrix (2) between upper and lower pressure pads (34,36) each comprising layers of compliant sheets coated with a release coat layer. The sandwich is then heated to about 530 degrees C.    The spheres are then fixed to the matrix by directing the cell sandwich through a roll press (48) which sequentially compresses the heated cell sandwich. The sandwich is placed inside a clamshell.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides process flow allowing continuous throughput under uniform pressure.
The exercise system includes a control console associated with a video input device and an exercise machine that has a movable member such as an endless belt on a powered treadmill or the pedals of an exercise cycle. Adjustment structures receiving signals from a videotape are associated to regulate the speed of the belt of the treadmill and the resistance to the movement of the pedals of the exercise cycle, respectively.    The control console receives variable input in selected time segments from the audio track of the videotape to regulate and control the adjustment structure such as the motor controller of the treadmill or a resistance strap associated with the inertia wheel of the exercise cycle. Input is received from the audio channel of the video tape to select, modify or create exercise programs in the control console for operation of the related exercise machine. Video scenes from the video tape are displayed on a television. Images reflective of the movement and operation of the moveable member are also selectively displayed on the television.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   User-programmable exercise machine such as treadmill ,climber, stepper or cycling machine that enables user to select wide range of programs without requiring skilled guidance.
The generator is comprised of the solar battery (1), isolation diode (2), switching device (3), storage battery (4), switching element (5), current transducer (6), control system (7), comparator (8) with threshold elements (9-1...9-7) and AND-gate (10), source of reference voltages (11), control of irradiation (12), transducer (13) for direct irradiation and transducer (14) of reflected irradiation of solar battery, temperature sensor (15), comparator (16), current regulator (17), heater (18), temperature transducers (19, 20) for solar battery and storage battery. During the day time, the solar battery (1) charges the storage battery (4) via isolation diode (2) and closed circuit of switching device (3), by signals of control system (7) to ensure the required storage lasting for several days and nights. During the winter the heater (18) is used to melt snow and ice.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   In photo-electrical power generators with simplified construction by eliminating foil heater, raised reliability by decreasing number of refusals of heater circuits, decreased heat losses by eliminating heat resistance between heater and solar elements. Bul. 18/27.6.95
The servo motor has an output part (2) that drive an actuator through an electric motor (1). An electromagnetic clutch (23) is connected between the output parts and the electric motor.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents electric motor from being influenced by input from actuator side during blackout because this input is transmitted to output part, thus reducing operating force when reversely rotating during blackout.
The device consists of a generator/motor (12) and a reversible pump turbine (13). A proper rotational speed generator (1) outputs the rotational drive instruction inputting the net pump head and gross head. The output of the electric motor/generator is controlled by an electric motor controller (5) inputting the output of an adding appts., that adds the output signals of the electric motor drive output instruction (Pi) and the rotational speed controller.    A reference value generator (14) outputs a reference value signal of the electric motor drive output instruction and inputs the net pump head and the gross head. The reference value generator outputs the electric motor drive output instruction when it exceeds the reference value signal after comparing. A lower bound limitation appts. (15) outputs the electric motor drive output instruction when it is lower than the reference value signal and this output signal is substituted for the electric motor drive output instruction and is input to the adding appts..    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents rotational speed from decreasing since lower bound is limited, thus preventing rushing into backflow area.
The reinforcer has a bed (1) where a player lay down for exercise. The bed has a medicine ball (5) which gains space so that there is no obstacle when the player is exercising. The medicine ball is connected to a shaft (4) and it is electrically driven which moves vertically with a selectable angle. The amount of its movement is also controlled according to desired speed.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides variety of selection according to player desire which can be operated electrically and not manually.
The training facility is provided with several low-pressure rooms (1) containing a variable-speed type treadmill (7) which is run by a motor and which is driven by a horse. A control room (4) which is located near a room (6) where a person is accommodated during his or her visit, controls the operation of the treadmill.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides stronger competing horse.
The energy conversion method involves using a number of inflation devices (50a to 50f) which are linked together to form a loop (48) that is movably restrained in a body of water (24). The loop operates in a substantially vertical orientation and is generally immersed in the body of water except for the topmost segment at which point each inflated device is deflated by a compression facility (52).    The buoyancy of the inflated devices on the loop cause then to rise while the deflated devices on the other path of the loop move downwards to be inflated with gas again to ensure their subsequent upward journey. The movement of the inflated devices is used to elevated water (25) that flows, under the force of gravity through a hydroelectric generating facility (28) that generates electricity.    ADVANTAGE -   Efficient system capable of generating harnessable energy over extended period of time yet does not generate unacceptable waste products.
The pumping unit, e.g. for transferring liquids or gases or generating electricity from a water flow, consists of a rotor with an intake (4) and outlet, able to rotate about a horizontal axis. The rotor is made from sheet material (2), fixed to a rigid frame and wound into a spiral with a gap between its coils, which are sealed to end walls. The rotor intake is formed by a port formed between the outer surface of the spiral and the end walls, and the rotor is equipped with external vanes (5) and an inner pipe with ports, containing a turbine and generator, with the ends of the pipe forming the pumping unit's outlet. In a variant of the design the pipe can contain an additional turbine and generator in a separate section.    ADVANTAGE -   wider range of applications. Bul. 17/19.6.95
The turbine, e.g. for a low-pressure hydroelectronic power station, tidal power station or a hydropneumatic power station, consists of a shaft (1) carrying a rotor with straight aerofoil section blades, connected to the shaft by discs (3), and flexible elements, each connected to at least one point in a blade at one end and to a disc at the other, while each blade is able to rotate relative to its fixing point on the discs.    Each blade's fixing point is located between its leading and trailing edges at a distance of 0-0.4 of its chord length from its leading edge. Each blade also has an axial chamber (8) which contains a flexible element (9) in the form of a torsion bar.    The turbine has an even number of blades, with diametrically opposite blades connected by radial ties with ends able to rotate relative to the blades. In addn. to the lines of the blades' centres of gravity pass through their fixing points.    ADVANTAGE -   Wide range of applications and higher efficiency under varying pressure. Bul. 17/19.6.95.
The method involves controlling the secondary output side of an AC excitation synchroniser (100) geared to a reversible pump turbine (10) and generates electricity by transforming the pumping through a converter for excitation. Moreover, an AC excitation synchronous machine operates at a variable speed.    During an electric interruption in load, the output voltage of the synchroniser is increased in proportion to the rise in the rotating speed, without affecting the output voltage for excitation of the converter. A continuous operation of the machine is provided.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents output overvoltage of AC excitation synchronous machine by increase in rotating speed during load interruption since output voltage of converter is not affected. Performs release in electric power system immediately since supply of power is continuous and secured.
The rotor has a rotor core (21) with three convex parts (21a) and an exciting coil (22). Another exciting coil (25) is wound on the magnet pole core (24) and forms three independent magnetic poles (23). The magnetic poles are then attached to the rotor coil by bolt (27).    ADVANTAGE -   Mitigates magnetic pole attachment work. Reduces diameter of shaft. Eases mfr.
The panel has a transparent electrode (18) which is inserted in a door or window frame. The transparent electrode is layered in order on a glass substrate (12), semiconductor-light active layer (19), and a metal electrode (20).    A connector individually connects the transparent electrode to an external wiring. A part of the metal electrode is removed to form a permeation part (21). The connector includes a lag terminal (17) which corresponds to a socket (22).    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Used in collecting solar energy as power supply for building, residence, etc. Reduces size of by making lag terminal thin without reducing its cross section. Reduces possibility of disconnection by enlarging cross section of lag terminal.
The fluid driven turbine combined with a generator has low power. It is partic. for current supply for an electric water armature. The rotor wheel (5) of the turbine is axially arranged in a tube. Magnets are distributed around the circumference of the wheel (5). The magnets generate an electric current flow in a coil system outside the tube, when the wheel rotates, by induction.    The magnets are formed as tubular, multi-pole, magnetised pole wheels (5') on the outer circumference. The turbine vanes are arranged and anchored inside this wheel. A transition part (3) is provided with at least one nozzle (4). The nozzles are formed and aligned such that the fluid from the individual nozzles is incident on the turbine vanes normal to the vane surface and with a tangential component. An even number of pole shoes (9,10) running parallel to the tube axis are sepd. by gaps and are integrated in the tube wall. The pole-shoes are connected to two magnetically conductive end plates (20,21). Between the end plates, the pole shoes are surrounded by at least one spool forming the coil system. The two end plates are magnetically connected via a return part which contains the coil system between it and the pole shoes.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides efficient, effective turbine.
The pulleys are moulded from plastics material and have a diameter of approximately nine inches. The mould uses can produce large diameter treadmill pulleys having an integrally moulded sprocket. A deck underneath the running surface of the belt is supported by resilient members. A positive lateral belt tracking mechanism is used to correct the lateral position of the belt.    A belt position sensor mechanism is used in combination with a front pulley pivoting mechanism to maintain the belt in the desired lateral position on the pulleys. A lift mechanism has an internally threaded sleeve engaged to vertically aligned non-rotating screws. A user display of foot impact force on the belt is also provided.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides more positive lateral tracking or guidance mechanism for belt.
The continuous loop of rope continues through a friction pulley configuration driven by a variable speed gear motor, and then upwardly through the davit-like housing to travel again through the open space.    The speed of the motor can be controlled in a feed-forward manner where the user sets the speed, as in one training configuration where the speed of the rope is to be exceeded by the climber, or where the progress of the climber movement may be determined by sensors which determine how close to a predetermined height the climber has progressed.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Self-contained, safe and automated system for rope climbing which enables tracking of progress.
The desired number of calories is accurately exhausted based on a relative arrangement between a magnetic member and a flywheel by means of motor and position controllers. By this arrangement, the tension can be accurately calculated based on the rotations per minute of the flywheel. The tension is continuously arranged and adjusted to make the wattage remain at a constant value. Additionally, the number of calories remaining to be dissipated is displayed on the computer. In this manner, the exhausted calories can be accurately controlled.    The magnetic controller controls the tension on the flywheel such that at high flywheel speeds, the tension is smaller, and correspondingly the lower the flywheel speed, the higher the tension.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Tension accurately calculated despite speed of flywheel with calories dissipated, e.g. for slimming or recovery of patient, accurately displayed on computer.
A solar battery contains modules (1) of photo-converters having 2-sided sensitivity and commutated by means of a busbar (2), while wire busbars (3) are connected to the commutating busbar and have loop brackets (4), set at right angles to the surfaces of the photo-converters. Belts (5) are of an electro-insulating material and are tensioned on a body (6) perpendicular to the plane of the modules of photo-converters. Fixing of the modules to the belts is carried out by fixing the brackets in the slots in the belts. This construction reduces the amplitude of any vibrations of the base with the fixed modules of photo-converters and the belts receive any bend loading, increasing the bend rigidity of the solar battery.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Direct conversion of solar radiation into electrical energy. Better reliability of solar battery. Bul. 17/19.6.95
A solar battery consists of modules of photo-converters (1) with photo-sensitive surfaces and the photo-converters in each module are commutated using busbars (2). Conducting busbars (3) with loops (4) are connected to the commutating busbars and cords (5) of an electro-insulating material are stretched and their ends are fixed to the walls of the body, while partitions (7) of an electro-insulating material prevent electrical shorting between the modules of photo-converters. When the modules are placed on the carrying surface, the loops are bent onto the cores (5), which presses the photo-converters and the modules tightly to the cords. The solar battery can be used in artificial earth satellites and the photo-sensitive surface can generate up to 70% of the energy obtd. form the surface.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Direct conversion of solar energy into electrical energy. Increased power of battery. Bul. 17/19.6.95
A solar battery is formed of glass-gauze (1), a photo-converter (2) and a fastening (3). The insulating glass-gauze is stretched onto a body and fixing of the photo-converter and their modules onto a carrying surface is carried out by means of the fastening. As a result, the wt. of the construction is reduced and the thermal mode of the photo-converter is improved because of the absence of a glue layer, ie. the heat is emitted directly into the space of the forward side of the photo-converter. This method of fixing of the photo-converter improves the capability of dismantling of the separate photo-converters during failure of 1 of the photo-converters.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Construction of solar batteries with photo-converters fixed to flexible fabric having electric insulating properties. Improved specific wt. characteristics of solar battery. Bul. 17/19.6.95
The photovoltaic element is formed on a single crystal silicon supporting substrate (1). A silicon dioxide film (2) is formed on the surface of the silicon support substrate. The thickness of the SiO2 film is set as 0.11 - 0.39 micrometers or 0.69 - 0.86 micrometers. The isolation of n-type island domain (3) of pyramid trapezoid in the single crystal silicon of a crystal orientation [1 0 0] is formed SiO2 film. An n+ type contact domain (4) of a long and slender rectangle is formed along with one edge of the upper face of the island domain. A rectangular p-type domain (5) is formed in the remaining portion of the upper surface. Next, SiO2, Si3N4 and two or more steps of TiO2 films are formed resulting in a transparent reflection prevention film (6). A window (7) is opened by selectively etching the reflection prevention film. Then, a connection wiring (8) is formed using a metal such as aluminium.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces cost. Increases level of generated emf.
The photovoltaic appts. (10) has a transparent electric conduction film (4) which is provided at the light incidence surface of a photoelectric conversion layer (3). A deterioration part (3a) is provided at the edge of the photoelectric conversion layer. An opposing position is included through deterioration part and electric conduction film. A collector pole (5) for current collection is provided on the electric conduction film.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces quantity of light projected by collector pole at photoelectric conversion layer. Performs sufficient photoelectric conversion.
The photovoltaic appts. has a metal substrate (1) on which a n+ type polycrystal silicon layer (2) and insulation layer (3) are formed. Then, a seed portion (4) is distributed on the silicon and insulation layer. Above the seed portion, a hemispherical n-type polycrystal GaAs layer (5) is formed by vapour phase epitaxy method. Then above the GaAs layer a p-type polycrystal GaAs layer and transparent electric conduction film (7) are formed.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves conversion efficiency by utilising incident light effectively. Provides cheap manufacture of photovoltaic appts.
The thin film solar battery is formed on an insulated substrate (1). A first electrode layer (2) and a transparent second electrode layer (4) are formed on one side of the substrate while a third electrode layer (5) is formed on the other side of the substrate. Through holes are also formed in the substrate to connect the second and third electrode layers.Slots (81,82) are formed in the first and second electrode layers and the third electrode layer to isolate the electrode segments.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves production efficiency. Realises solar battery module with several solar batteries connected in series.
An electrical power generator appts. comprises photon mirror concentrators each having an entrance aperture and an exit aperture; photon converters in proximity to the exit apertures, the mirror concentrators forming first electrodes of the photon converters, an electrically insulating material on back surfaces of the first electrodes. The photon converters convert energy in photons received directly or indirectly from the mirror concentrator to electrical energy.    A method for forming the mirrors is disclosed.    USE -   Electrical power generation using mirror photon concentrators.    ADVANTAGE -   Improved efficiency and semiconductor utilisation; high vol. prodn. reduced mfg. costs; good durability; application to a wide variety of existing power generating device types.
The device includes a ramp with an inclined base extending between a rear edge and an entrance portion for reception of an occupant occupied wheelchair. A pair of openings is situated adjacent the rear edge of the ramp for partially receiving a respective drive wheel of the wheelchair.    A separate and independent roller is located in each opening, and each roller acts to provide contact and support with a respective drive wheel. A roller shaft includes magnetic particle brake and optical encoder mounted on it. A housing is shifted by a linear actuator contg a motor and pair of externally threaded shafts.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For stress testing, rehabilitation, fitness training or educational (physical) games, partic for testing functional capacity of cardio vascular system. Safe, durable and reliable and will accommodate most of wheel chairs.
The bicycle (1) includes a set of handlebars (23) connected through a shaft. A pair of pedals (16) are positioned to the left and right sides of a saddle (9). A crank chain (28) connects the pedal and the handle which makes each handle swings back and forth alternately by a treading stress motion of the pedal when pedalling. A rotation sensor (31) is provided in the front stage of a clutch which has a lever axle (18) on its crank chain. A switching device is connected to a manual operating panel in the handle through a switching control part (30) which compares the standard rotation speed and present rotation speed detected by the sensor. If the present speed is below the standard rotation speed, the switching appts. is actuated.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces likelihood of falling during high speed operation. Operational reliability increased.
The semiconductor has a substrate (10) which consists of an insulated surface, a first electrode layer (30c), a light active layer (60c),    and a second electrode layer (70c). An output terminal domain which has a metal foil (140c) is provided which carries a solder plate on the extended part from one of the electrode layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides small thickness of output terminal domain, reduces output loss and enables output to derive outside by having metal foil.
The electricity generator has a set of cave units (1), placed at either sides of a water mill (5), at equal distances. A stay (4) inter connects the two cave units, and the two cave units are connected to the water mill by a shaft (6). A dynamo (3) and an accelerating gear unit (2) are placed in each cave unit and the gear unit is connected to the shaft. An adjustment device (8) for adjusting the impeller blades provided in the water mill is connected with the ends of the two cave units.    The water mill is rotated by means of the impeller blades and the buoyancy of the water is adjusted by the adjustment device. The rotation speed of water mill is transmitted to dynamo through the gear unit. A tail race unit generates electricity, based on the rotation speed of the water mill. The generated electricity is then stored in a quay, through wire (10).    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces cost. Provides simple structure. Decreases disaster of natural destruction.
The trainer has right and left gears (9a,9b) which rotate according to the revolution of corresponding right wheel (3a) and left wheel (3b) of a vehicle chair. The chair is supported by a stand (6). The revolutions of the two wheels are transmitted through the roller chains (11a,11b) respectively to the corresponding right and left free wheels (13a,13b).    The two free wheels are connected by a through axis (15), but rotate independent of each other. The rotational speed of both the free wheels are displayed in the display units (29a,29b). The desired load to both the wheels are supplied from a load unit (21).    ADVANTAGE -   Provides stable position of chair during training.
The power generation plant has a turbine chamber containing a turbine wheel rotating about a vertical axis with the turbine blades (21) pivoted about axes (19) parallel t the rotation axis. The pivot axes lie around a common circle which lies concentric to the turbine bell (9), the inner ends of the turbine blades lying in contact with the latter and held in this position by the flow.    A sluice gate, with 2 cooperating sluice panels (23) is contained in the turbine chamber after the water outlet (30) and before the water inlet (3) in the flow direction. The sluice gate is biased into the closed position.    ADVANTAGE -   Allows water flow rates of below 2m/sec to be used.
The solar modulus is made by building up alternate layers of thin solar cell material (E2, E4) and TCO-electrode material (E1, E3, E5) on a transparent substrate (1). The solar cell material which may be pin- or nip-type is structured to interconnect them by using a laser beam. This produces solar cells within one layer with a parallel connection and solar cells in different layers with series connection. By focussing the laser beam on the bottom surface of the first solar cell material (semi-conductor), this material is blown off from the bottom electrode material and in the cases where other material is on top of this layer, such as material from layers (E3, E4, E5), this is removed at the same time.    USE -   Used as photo-voltaic cells.    ADVANTAGE -   By blowing off the material instead of vaporising, there is less danger of producing unwanted structure lines which could lead to short circuits, because the energy required for structuring is independent of the depth of the lines, the process is quicker and consumes less energy.
The interfacing method enables a personal computer to create a calibrated dual mode exercising and training system with ability to pace the exercise level to achieve a predetermined goal. The required speed informs the user of the speed needed to achieve the goal and the calculated final outcome of the exercise period is constantly displayed based on the current speed. In the standard mode the user sets a time limit which determines the end of the exercise period. A target distance is also set, the objective being to have travelled a distance at least equal to the target distance at the end of the period. In the training mode an actual course distance is set and when this distance is reached the exercise is ended, regardless of the time taken    ADVANTAGE -   Does not require sensors to be attached to the body of the user
The machine (1) has the steam separator (20) that separates mixed flow body supplied to exhaust tube (10b) of air and water, and simultaneously isolates by pressing water surface of the draft tube (8). Then it separates the water.    It drives air in the runner (3) room of the machinery such as the water mill or reversible pump turbine. And the idling drives the runner being filled. The machinery, exhausts water in the runner by pressing up the air to the surface of the water of draft tube through exhaust tube.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents air in runner room from decreasing. Prevents vibration and torque variation generated by temperature rise.
The method involves shutting a guide vane (3) and supplies maximum hydraulic pressure on runner (2) room when priming. The guide vane in the runner room injects air from the first and second supply pipe (19A) on the runner chamber (15) and downstream runner chamber to the draft tube (13).    Then runner begins rotating by the fluctuation of hydraulic pressure and shutting the automatic valve, and also reduces water level in the runner room. Then the condenser rotates the runner and shuts the automatic valve.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents water from draining pond air and pushes water by shutting first automatic valve.
The apparatus includes a cap (6) for a cap attaching portion (3) which is closed in a necessary space for the division of runner (7), installed at the cap attaching portion providing the head cover (1), bottom ring (2), and assumed individually by putting a runner division beforehand.    ADVANTAGE -   Allows new method of time division.
The turbine consists of a servo motor (37) which does the operation of the first linkage (20) and at the same time turning the shaped cam (35,58). The cam which sets between the position of the needle (5d) and jet deflector (9) position of the rod (36) that consists the dash-pot point. The turbine which has the first linkage operates each jet deflector at the same time. The water current direction of the deflector gushes from each nozzle (4) is individually inclined.    A runner (1) comprises an outer boundary of bucket (2) that opposes the runners entry and exit and the opening and closing of the nozzle. The needle is the one who adjusts and intercepts the volume of water which collides with the bucket. And then it covers the nozzle turning surroundings of fixed shaft.    ADVANTAGE -   Gradual control of needle and jet deflector of turbine.
Thermal and/or electric energy is generated from solar radiation by a solar collector (2) with an absorber (4). The latter is surrounded, at least in part-sections energy concentrator (6), optically focussing the solar radiation onto the absorber.    The energy concentrator comprises a prism assembly (12) in at least one peripheral region, corresp. to the daily sun travel. The assembly is irradiated with sunlight and consists of of axial, adjacent prisms (14), parallel to the absorber and peripherally distributed. They may have convex outer faces (20) on the side facing the sunlight.    ADVANTAGE -   Improved, low-cost concentration fctor and consequent efficiency.
The exercise appts. having a moving tread belt on which a user runs or walks while exercising, includes a power drive device for driving the moving tread belt. An adjuster device varies the tread belt speed including a speed control system. The latter has a user-operated controller for selecting a desired tread belt speed.    A user-operated speed control device establishes a selected rate of restoration of the tread belt speed upon the occurrence of a change in load on the moving tread belt. The user-operated speed controller also includes a device for selecting a different rate of restoration of the tread belt speed to reduce user foot plant induced stress and trauma. A speed detector senses the rotational speed of the power drive as a measure of the tread belt speed.    ADVANTAGE -   Allows selection of optimal speed to reduce user foot plant induced stress or trauma.
A weight stack type exercise machine has a weight stack and lifting device coupled to an exercise member for manually raising and lowering the stack. The machine includes a drive motor, and an eccentric force control device coupled between the motor and the lifting device for applying a force to the lifting device which varies w.r.t. the torque generated by the motor. A sensing device is coupled to the lifting device for determining the magnitude and direction of the speed of the weight stack.    A microcontroller is coupled to the sensing device and the motor for varying the torque generated by the motor in accordance with an eccentric force input signal and the output of the sensing device, to cause the eccentric force control device to apply a predetermined force to the lifting device corresp. to the eccentric force input signal when the stack is moving down. The direction of the predetermined force is such that the predetermined force adds to the force applied by the weight stack to the lifting device, the combined forces applied to the lifting device by the weight stack and the eccentric force control device being coupled to the exercise member by the lifting device.    ADVANTAGE -   Keypad allows user to select amount of force added during eccentric phase of exercise, when the weight stack is moving down.
The device has a photoelectric cell (1) consisting of a direct light reception surface (1a) and a pair of reflected optical light reception surface (1b,1c). A chain side reflector (2) positioned horizontally to both sides of the photoelectric cell.    When a light is irradiated to the photoelectric cell, the light directly hits the direct light reception surface while the reflected optical light reception surface receives the light through a pair of reflecting surface (2b,2c).    ADVANTAGE -   Higher efficiency than planar cells.
The exercise machine connects two frame pedals such as a rotatable crank pedal (15) and a swingable lever type pedal (16) with an induction motor (13) through a gear box (10) which has two helical gears (11,12) and worm gear (14).    A rotating sensor (29) detects the rotating speed of the induction motor which is driven by a control part. When the rotating speed of induction motor becomes more than a standard rotating speed, the machine moves the two pedals and brakes the joining of movement load by direct current. Thus, the induction motor is driven and the movement of the machine is continued.    ADVANTAGE -   Adjusts movement load in electricity. Prevents stopping of movement of pedals before target time. Achieves reliable amount of movement without pressing excessive movement load.
The appts. has the frame pedal i.e. rotary crank pedals or swinging lever pedals. These pedals are connected to an induction motor by a gear mechanism. A driving circuit can arbitrarily supply DC and a motor can supply the AC through a manual operating panel (31).    The motor is stopped when the DC is supplied and rotates the pedals and when the AC is supplied, the pedals move with the drive of the motor.    ADVANTAGE -   Breaks pedal drive by controlling driving current through using motor thus generating breaking force in electricity.
The appts. has a flywheel (13) connected to a motor which is mounted in a base frame (2). A pedal axis (17) is set in the helical gears (11,12) and a worm gear (14) is connected to the flywheel.    The flywheel rotates at high speed according to the speed increasing ratio of the helical and the worm gears. A rotation transfer mechanism engages the worm gear with the helical gears.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves flywheel increasing ratio by using helical gears and worm gear thus reinforcing flywheel effect and braking effect. Provides simple structure because normal chain used as power transfer mechanism is erased.
The appts. has frame pedals (15,16) i.e. rotary crank pedals, swinging lever type pedals. The pedals are driven by an electric induction motor (13). A rotation sensor (29) detects the speed of the motor.    The control unit has several functions i.e. standard speed setting, speed comparing and driving current controlling. The driving current is executed when the rotating speed of the motor exceeds the standard rotating speed in the pedal drive mode.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves safety because pedal is not driven even when somebody steps on unless motor exceeds standard speed.
The module includes photovoltaic units mounted on noise absorption panels. The photovoltaic unit is in the form of a cover or lid and is directly mounted on an individual noise protection element. The module has several connections between two or more prefabricated noise protection and solar power generation parts.    The side facing the noise source remains an independent protection element. Pref. different solar cell technologies and cell can be used, as well as photovoltaic module shapes and materials. DC and AC may be realised.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For decentralised urban renewable energy sources. Simple assembly and retrofitting.
The treadmill (10) has a body of water in an enclosed area with a treadmill belt (18) submerged in the water with a support frame, a drive roller and a driven roller about which the belt is trained. A submerged drive is drivingly connected to the roller via a shaft and a flywheel (38) coupled to the shaft between the fluid operated drive motor (32) and the drive motor.    Flexible fluid pressure and return lines extend to and from the drive motor. An electric motor drive is located outside the body of water and includes a pressurised fluid source to deliver fluid water pressure via the line to the motor. A support frame is unattached in the water and freely moves w.r.t. the enclosed area. Pref., a bonding grid is electrically connected between the power source and the appts. An interrupt in the bonding grid includes diodes for interrupting current through the circuit at voltages less than 2V. A surge suppressor conducts current for limited time periods at voltages greater than 40V.    ADVANTAGE -   Durable and smooth running in use and does not require positive attachment or anchoring of treadmill or its drive system to fixed support.
The dovetail joint includes a male dovetail component on a rotor wheel and a female dovetail component in a bucket. E.g. the male dovetail component receives the female dovetail component in a direction tangential to the rotor wheel.    The male dovetail component includes four laterally projecting hooks, each hook from an uppermost hook to a lowermost hook decreasing in radial thickness and increasing in axial strength. Each hook has a substantially flat top surface. The relatively thicker upper hook reduces bending stress in the hook, since peak stress results from combined bending and tensile stress.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   As dovetail attachment between steam turbine rotors and steam turbine buckets. Avoids stress corrosion cracking of wheel hooks, while maintaining its size limitation to existing steam paths.
The system includes a body mounting device adapted to releasably secure at least portions of the system to the patient's body. An electromyography (EMG) electrode device is adapted to releasably attach to the patient' s body, for sensing EMG signals representative of the patient's muscle activity during lifting movements.    The system also incorporates a lifting position sensing device mounted to the body mounting device, for providing position signals representative of the patient's body position during lifting movements. A memory device is mounted to the body mounting device, for storing lifting data representative of set standards of the patient's lifting movements as a function of muscle activity and body position.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For monitoring lifting motion and/or exercise training of individual. Provision for producing accurate representation of electromyography signal energy which can be related to muscle force.
The photovoltaic element consists of a silicon substrate (1) over which an insulating film (2) is formed. An n-type island domain (3) of a single crystal silicon is arranged on a matrix with a four pyramid trapezoid of the insulating film. A U-shaped n-type contact domain (4) is formed along the slope surface of the island domain. A rectangular-shaped P-type domain (5) is formed on the upper surface of the island domain.    A transparent insulating non-reflective film (6) is formed on the surface of the n-type domain. A lens board (7) is installed over the substrate. A connecting wire (8), a cathode electrode (9) and an anode electrode (10) which are made of aluminium are formed on the slope side of the island domain so the upper surfaces of the island domain are used as a light receiving surface.    ADVANTAGE -   Increases light receiving areas. Rises photoelectromotive forces.
The solar battery consists of a glass substrate (11). A divided substrate side electrode (12) is arranged on the glass substrate. A first p-type semiconductor layer (13) is formed on the surface of the substrate side electrode. An i-type semiconductor layer (14), n-type semiconductor layer (15), a p- type layer (16), i-type layer (17) and a n-type semiconductor layer (18) are formed sequentially, on the first p-type semiconductor layer. A semiconductor layer division separating slot is provided, which separates the formed semiconductor layers except the first p-type layer.    A back side electrode (19) is formed on the surface of the first n-type semiconductor layer. The back side electrode is adjoined with the substrate side electrode, through the semiconductor layer division separating the slot. The film thickness of the first i-type layer detaches the end side of the separating slot of the first p-type layer, which is five times or more than the separating slot.    ADVANTAGE -   Connects each generation of electric power unit in series. Avoids reduction of efficiency. Reduces cost.
The ion conductor contains a redox system in a solid state. The redox system consists of a high molecular wt. cpd..    ADVANTAGE -   Offers excellent conductivity. Increases photoelectric conversion efficiency.
The appts. includes solar cells (8) and heat absorbing plates (4), transparent covers (1), and outlets (2). The solar cells convert solar energy into electrical energy while the plates convert it into thermal energy. The covers, e.g. plexiglas, face the sun while the outlets take in and return heat conducting fluid, e.g. water. The covers are made in the shape of waves, e.g. sinusoidal, and are alternately convex and concave.    The fluid is transparent to the light and refracts it. The absorbing plate is made of metal and forms a seal with the cover. The solar cells are fitted in regions where the light reaches them as refracted beams.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For solar energy installations. Solar cells are cooled by fluid also. Does not need additional devices for focussing rays before entry to thermo-electric converter.
The photo-voltaic element consists of one bypass diode (113) for each element. The bypass diode is a flat diode. The lead wire of the bypass diode consists of metal foil material (112) of two layers. The metal foil material is connected with the bypass diode through connection material.    ADVANTAGE -   Realizes strength to bending stress. Enables easy manufacture. Obtains inexpensive photo-voltaic element. Increases endurance during usage in open air. Improves reliability.
The module comprises a solar battery group which includes a first electrode layer, a photoelectric-conversion layer (5) and a second electrode layer (6) arranged on one sequence. The through hole of a substrate (1) is passed in the connection between the unit solar batteries. Then flows to the second and third electrode layer.    The third electrode layer connected to the first electrode layer of the unit solar battery on one end. The other end of the unit solar battery reaches the position which passes through a portion parallel to the unit solar-battery direction. Eventually arranging beside a reverse polarity terminal. Moreover, the modularity of the third electrode layer-edge circuit of such a sub-module is connected and made.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves mass-production nature and reduces cost due to formation of third electrode layer between sub-module. Provides easy connection since it has few wiring connection.
River water or seawater (C1) fills a circular cavity within a body (b) rotating about a horizontal axis (A1) coupled to a fixed system of reference (A). Resistance to the rotation is offered by a fixed insert having a smaller cross-section (C2).    Additional power is supplied from solar radiation (E), wind (H) or water (D2, D3) and the circulation may be assisted by a vacuum system (G) or a blower (P). The movement may be optimised by fixed or movable paddles (B3-B5) within or outside the body. The system may be mounted on a floating platform.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For applications with water power plant, wind power plant and solar power plants. The system conserves finite energy resources and contributes to environmentally friendly and low-risk power supply by exploiting naturally available and renewable energy.
The module includes several solar cell elements in electrical contact with one another, an electrode, or with electrodes in electrical contact with surfaces. The solar cell elements and/or electrodes are mounted between two faces or walls (2,3) sealed against air or gas at a pressure below atmospheric.    The walls are connected together at their edges (10). Electrical poles (7,8) project from this evacuated space and the two faces are pressed together by mechanical force to maintain the low pressure. At least one of the walls is made of a transparent plastic or glass.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Suitable for solar energy plants. Electrical contact between cells has been improved.
The exercise machine (10) has an exercise input unit (31) to transform human exercise (pref. involving alternate extensions and contractions of limbs) into a predetermined motive force. This force is then used to drive a controllable load. A sensing circuit senses power coupled into the load through the exercise input unit.    A control circuit controls the load so as to require the user to provide a selected amount of power to the exercise input unit. The exercise machine operates to provide a constant and quantifiable energy exercise rate. The machine is powered by the user's action when in use and by a rechargeable battery when not in use.    ADVANTAGE -   No need for external power source. Maintains metabolic energy consumption constant at predetermined rate regardless of user's weight.
The device includes a translating device mounted on a bridge for translating movement of water past the bridge into rotary movement, which includes a central arm device rotatably mounted on the bridge and connected to the power generating device and extending from the bottom into the water for applying rotary movement to the power generating device.    A hydraulic wing is movably attached to the distal end of each radial arm. Each hydraulic wing includes a body oriented to be parallel to a tangent to the central arm at the proximal end of the radial arm to which the body is attached when the hydraulic wing is in a neutral orientation.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   As device floating in stationary position in stream and converts energy associated with stream water flow into electrical power. Can be used in wide variety of applications and locations.
The process consists of conveying a heated sheet substrate, including a planar glass sheet, through a heated chamber, containing Cd and Te vapours, to allow continuous deposition at elevated temp. of a layer of cadmium telluride (CdTe) onto one surface of the substrate to function as a semiconductor for absorbing solar energy. The sheet substrate is orientated horizontally with CdTe deposited on the upper surface and with the sheet supported underneath.    Also claimed is a process as above where the CdTe film is 1-5 m thick and has crystals in range 0.5-5.0 m.    USE -   Useful for mfg. photovoltaic devices for low cost electrical power.    ADVANTAGE -   The improved process uses a large area glass sheet of over 1000 cm2 on which high-quality semiconductor is deposited at a relatively fast rate.
The appts. (10) includes a light-transmissive glass support (12), at least one amorphous silicon solar cell (14), a protective composite layer (16), and a metal support (18). The solar cell has a component of amorphous silicon or amorphous silicon alloy secured to the glass support. The amorphous silicon cell has a p-type doped layer, an n-type doped layer, an intrinsic layer disposed in between. A tin oxide conductive layer is positioned between the glass support and the p-type doped layer. A back contact layer is positioned away from the n-type doped layer.    The protective composite layer is positioned adjacent the back contact layer of the cell and is formed from a polymeric material and asphalt. The polymeric material may be a polymeric mesh, a polymeric web, or a polymeric sheet. The metal support is positioned adjacent the protective composite layer and    the layer is disposed between the amorphous silicon solar cell and the metal support.    ADVANTAGE -   Has improved resistance to mechanical breakage and environmental stress due to layer of asphaltic material. Resistance to environmental stress further increased by barrier coating between solar cells and asphaltic material.
The field and target positions are replicated on a video screen positioned in front of the trainee with visual cues presented on the screen directing movement between positions with hardware and software processing the cues and signals from the target positions to determine time intervals associated with changes in loading during the movement and determining associated reaction movement sequence parameters.    The system (10) comprises a video monitor (12), a test or playing field (14), a data acquisition module (16) and a graphics computer or microprocessor (18). The test field includes intercept targets or positions (20), each defined by a pair of laterally spaced pad assemblies (21) having contrastingly coloured sensor pads (22).    USE -   Testing and rehabilitation of wt.-bearing capabilities through direct measurement and training of functional movement by measuring magnitude and timing of forces applied to ground during stance and movement.
The fastening device is for fastening a machine part (1) provided with a bearing and concentric to the vertical shaft (9) of the machine in a supporting member (2). The device incorporates at least three fastening components (3) arranged between the machine part and the supporting member. The fastening components permits a movement concentric with the shaft between the machine part and the supporting member in the shaft radial direction but prevents movement in other directions.    Each of the fastening components incorporates a cylindrical support arm (7) fixed to the machine part and displaceably located in a hollow cylindrical guide member (8) fixed to the supporting member.    ADVANTAGE -   Offers possibility of simple centering of shaft an simple soln. of problem of electrical insulation between shaft and supporting element.
The roof is furnished with a wooden frame (12) that is fixed to the mother roof of a building. Above the wooden frame is a heat-insulating material (15) that serves as a ventilating unit for the building.    A solar panel (17) composed of an amorphous silicon solar cell, is mounted on the heat-insulating material and acts as a light-receiving surface. The roof is being supported by a reinforcing part (13) attached below the wooden frame.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents extreme reduction of power output due to optical deterioration. Eases bonding of solar panel with heat-insulating material. Improves endurance of wooden frame against torsion by attaching reinforcing part. Eases solar panel maintenance checking. Improves building habitability. Provides proper ventilation of building by presence of heat-insulating material.
The apparatus has a flap (2) in order to determine the thickness and shortness of board. A chain mechanism (3) connects to a core that rotate constantly. A drive unit (4) operates in making of opening and shutting to an inlet channel (1) along the route of reverse-U-shaped.    In opening and shutting flap goes underwater and brought up to the inlet channel by easy switch ON at the drive unit.    ADVANTAGE -   Decreases cost of energy and easy operation.
The method entails diffusing phosphorus into the front surface of a planar p-type silicon substrate to achieve a sheet resistance of about 100 / quadrature, forming a dielectric layer on top of the phosphorus diffusion and on the back surface of the substrate, laser scribing a first set of spaced apart grooves into the back surface and laser drilling an array of holes through the substrate to form vias such that portions of the first set of grooves are proximate to the holes.    Phosphorus is diffused into the vias and the first set of grooves. A second set of spaced apart grooves is formed inter-digitated with the first set. The vias and the two sets of grooves are metallised and separate electrical contacts are formed to the metallisations over the sets of grooves. The phosphorus is further diffused into the back surface of the substrate prior to the formation of the dielectric layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Solar cell is very efficiently and readily manufacturable.
A flexible protective cover (14) for a flexible solar cell (12) has the effect of increasing cell output. Solar cell (12) is of known type, consisting essentially of a plurality of silicon spheres (16) fixed to a conductive sandwich (18), typically consisting of aluminium foil layers (20,22) separated by an insulating coating (24). Cover (14) is a flexible transparent material (60) with a planar upper surface (64) and an irregular lower surface (66). Surface (66) includes portions (68) that conform to polar regions of spheres (16), interspersed by regions (72) of prism-like convexity between spheres, defining spaces (78) bounded by a reflective surface (20T) of soil (20). Light falling directly on surface (20T) is unproductive in prior art, but regions (72) of cover (14) direct some of this light to spheres (16) where it is converted in known manner to electrical energy. The respective refractive indices of cover (14) and spheres (16) are such that suitable diffraction of light occurs.    ADVANTAGE -   The cover increases the efficiency of the cell by about 25 percent.
The mfg method involves forming a crystal semiconductor thin film (5) and an electrode (9) on the main field of a metal substrate (2). A part of the crystal semiconductor thin film is formed as an amorphous layer or as a fine crystal layer. By irradiating the amorphous layer with X-rays, the amorphous layer gets crystallized.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides high quality crystal thin film at low temperature than thermal crystallization temperature.
The connector plug is used to connect end walls (3) with a pair of adjacent solar battery modules (4). An opening (10) is made on either end walls and modules. A water tight opening (5) is formed on the end wall of a connection housing (1). Each housing contains a connection terminal (6) which is connected to a lead wire (8). An insulated sealing member (7) encloses the terminal and a lead wire junction opening.    A plug (2) is inserted through the opening on the module wall and couples the module pair. The plug body has an isolating surface (15) shaped to fit inside the openings. The plug terminals are protruded out of the insulator from opposite ends which fit inside a plug hole in the connector housing.    ADVANTAGE -   Raises operativity and safety of battery. Reduces maintenance requirement for short term installation. Eliminates dangerous lead wire connections.
The abnormal level judgment method involves forming diagnosis matrix with relay sequence circuit. The relay sequence circuit consists of multiple relay points of contact related to the operation equipment at advance stage. Based on the time interval of diagnosis matrix, the sequential control driving and stopping operation of operation equipment is carried out by opening and shutting of relay point of contact.    The diagnosis matrix among each relay point of contact, opens and shuts with only one relay. The light breakdown level of operation equipment is detected by comparing switching conditions of two relay points of contact, which are selected from the allotted operation item.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies judgment of breakdown level. Achieves judgment process promptly. Avoids need for skilled worker. Automates judgment of level of abnormality.
The system has a guide vane to control the operation of a water mill. A dynamo (3) is connected with the water mill. A rotational speed detector (4) is used to detect the rotational speed of the dynamo. Any electric power control instruction signal received from the exterior is subjected to expansion process. A signal converter, reconverts the expanded control signal to its original value. The outputs of the sensors and the signal converter are given to a rotational speed controller (5). Accordingly, the controller regulates the rotational speed of the dynamo. A guide vane controller (6) regulates opening of the vane according to the output from the rotational speed controller.    ADVANTAGE -   Ensures stability in single power transmission mode. Obtains high speed turbine response.
The machinery has a vibration sensor (12) set up on a stationary part, of the machine, very close to the impeller. The generated vibration signal has frequency and higher harmonic elements. A frequency appts (15) analyses each of these elements. A triggering unit (13) generates a trigger signal (Tr) when a predetermined position of running circumference reaches the predetermined position of the stationary part.    A detector (16), detects the initial phase angle of each frequency element signal, with respect to the trigger signal. An operational appts (17), calculates the oscillation mode of displacement pattern for each frequency element signal and adds them up to obtain the real oscillation mode of impeller.    ADVANTAGE -   Controls stress fluctuation in impeller. Decreases vibrational stress on impeller and stationary parts. Sets up wide range of variable velocity.
The method involves constructing a casing (10) over the generator (2). A rotating shaft (4) of the generator is attached to a water wheel runner (5) that protrudes, out of the casing which is in contact with the water channel. Hence, the generated heat from the generator, is dissipated into the water channel through the casing. The casing is made corrosion proof, by coating a metallic layer (1) over the casing.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves cooling capability of water wheel generator. Reduces size of device. Provides reliable method.
The speed ring (2) is formed in a casing (1) which is of eddy state. The volume of the casing gradually increases from part A to part B with intervals (h) between the outer edge of the speed ring and a stay vane (1). A number of stay vanes are installed between the upper and lower part of the speed ring along the peripheral direction of the casing. The width of the speed ring increases gradually. Water guide plates are installed on the outer edge of the speed ring.    ADVANTAGE -   Decreases fluid loss. Improves flow of stream and efficiency of hydraulic machinery remarkably.
The flow modulating structure consists of a modulating ring (6), installed between a casing (3) and an impeller (4). A number of guide vanes are provided in the upper edge of the ring. The ring is capable of moving along the impeller axis. The ring movement is achieved by driving unit. By changing the axial position of the flow modulating ring, the fluid inlet angle is varied with respect to the impeller.    When quantity of water flow changes, axial position of the modulating ring is adjusted so as to provide the optimum fluid inlet angle. Thus, the discharge is adjusted by varying channel area of flow, from casing to the impeller, through the guide vanes.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   In Francis turbine, propeller turbine, reversible pump turbine, reaction water turbine. Provides high output efficiency even in case of inflow change. Is suitable even for vertical shaft turbines. Raises drive efficiency.
The guide vane (3) is provided with a groove (12) on its end face (3b) which is closer to a moving vane side surface (3c). This groove faces the rotating impeller blade. The guide vane is intercepted by a shaft (3a). This interception is arranged to be equal to or less than 20% of total length of the groove.    If there is a leakage, it flows from the stay vane side impeller blade to the moving vane side impeller blade, i.e from high to low pressure side, thus changing its direction.    ADVANTAGE -   Decreases leakage flow by rapidly expanding effective area of channel. Simplifies mechanism involved and maintenance required.
The unit (30) has a concrete mat (1) with a tube (1a). Flexible material is filled in concrete (1b) of the concrete mat. Multiple solar battery panels (2) are provided, from back of which props (3) are projected.    The lower end of the prop is embedded in the concrete, inside to an intersection part (1c) of the tube. The solar battery panel are arranged with the prop on the concrete mat.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides electric power generation for preventing slope from collapsing.
The device consists of an insulated substrate (22) on which an adherence formulation of an electrode (24) is performed. The electrode consists of an electrically conductive metal oxide. A conductor (10) consists of an electric good conductor (12) which is soldered to an extraction electrode with a solder (16) that contains lead, tin, zinc and antimony as essential components.    An opening part (25) is formed in the extraction electrode through which the conductor is connected electrically with extraction electrode using solder.    ADVANTAGE -   Offers sufficient soldering strength. Prevents generation of poor connection Decreases influence of heat. Stabilizes quality of device.
The film shape amorphous Si solar battery is composed of a heat-resistant synthetic resin film having a thermal shrinkage ratio of &lt; 2% at 200 C. and having fine projections having a height of 50-400 nm with a density of 50-1000 pieces/2.    ADVANTAGE -   The battery has good flexibility and good photoelectric conversion efficiency.
The coupling includes a couple of flanges arranged in opposition and connected to the piping on either sides. An holder (16) is integrally formed by extension, to the flanges from the inner peripheral surfaces individually. Multiple rockable rings (12) are individually mounted at right angles to the axial central line and are nipped between the holders.    A rubber lining (13) is supported in the inner peripheral surfaces of the rings, holders and the flanges. An outer cylinder (18) is inserted to cover both the holders through a number of steel balls (14), to allow movement at right angles to the axial centre line and to restrict gap in the axial direction between the holders.    ADVANTAGE -   Absorbs thermal expansion of sea water and core deviation during installation. Eliminates need for high shear power to absorb lateral displacement, in easy composition. Reduces friction between outer cylinder and holders. Reduces piping load acting on pump discharge outlet side.
The power generation installation has a steam turbine (8) driven by steam produced by underground energy. A first free wheeling clutch transmits power from the steam turbine to a dynamo (14). A second free wheeling clutch transmits power from a gas turbine to the dynamo.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Can be used for office building, sprinkler and absorption type freezer. Steam generated can also be used in peripheral region. Conserves energy collecting exhaust of gas turbine. Improves thermal and plant efficiency. Stabilizes output. Simplifies composition of dynamo and first free wheeling clutch eliminating provision of thrust bearing. Controls steam charging quantity controlling opening of first control valve. Reduces fuel consumption for gas turbine.
The appts. includes a solar module (1) with connection conductors and current pickups (11). Provided with the solar module, acting as a free part, are holders (7,9,10) to attach on a light exposed position. The pickups are also made as separate unit with fixings (28) for mounting in suitable positions separate from the solar module.    The solar module is based on a ground plate (2) with solar cells (3) let in or embedded in one side, and manufactured from silicon in an amorphous form. The module is connected in series by conductors (4), the ends (4') of which pass through the ground plate to a terminal (5) and the conductor (6). The holders are of hooks (7) and suction pads (9) which fix the solar module to a car window, and a loop of wire (10) for additional suspension, if needed.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Also suitable for solar power in boat, car. Flexible and capable of being mounted practically anywhere.
The armour panel comprises a rectangular frame (7). An insulator (3) is arranged in the frame, covering the front and back sides of the frame.    A surface and back side reinforcement crosspiece (8, 9) is arranged on the frame, respectively. A solar panel (2) is arranged on the insulator at the back side.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents penetration of heat into building. Prevents deheat from building. Suppresses fluctuations in internal temperature of chamber.
The solar panel has a linear heater (12) formed on the backside of a tempered glass board (11). A snow coverage sensor (26) is provided at a lower corner. A snow removal part (36) removes the snow, covered on the light receiving surface of the solar panel. Intermittence of the heater and intermittence of the solar battery cell are changed according to snow coverage detected by the snow coverage sensor.    That is, in the state of snow coverage an electricity generation is stopped automatically and de-icing is performed and when the snow coverage is removed the solar panel generates electricity.    ADVANTAGE -   Does not contain any mobility part. Removes snow coverage automatically. Increases efficiency.
In the decompression surface treatment appts., a belt (21) is provided between the atmosphere and the inner space of the vacuum chamber (1) through openings (101). The vacuum chamber (1) is divided into a no. of adjoining treatment chamber (111,112,113) having individual treatment sections (3). The substrates (20) are mounted on the belt (21) and are treated in turn by the treatment chambers (111,112,113).    ADVANTAGE -   More efficient treatment is produced.
The method involves using a conveyor (3) to supply coal to a bunker unit (2). The bunker unit comprises lot of bunkers. The conveyor supplies different kinds of coals individually to the bunkers, based on the signals output by a controller (5).    A disintegrator (9) is in the lower part of the bunker, for coal pulvarisation to be carried out. Now, the pulvarised coal is given to the combustion chamber of the bunker.    ADVANTAGE -   Omits process of mixing coal before conveying it upto bunker. Improves combustion efficiency.
The power plant consists of a high temperature heat exchanger (7) that supplies steam to a turbine. The steam generated by the Rankine cycle by using hydrogen and oxygen as working fluid.    A low temperature heat exchanger (8) absorbs heat from the steam that is output by the turbines in the Brayton cycle, where the steam is not generated.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents high temperature oxidation. Avoids steam corrosion by reducing number of paragraphs of cooling turbines. Improves thermal efficiency of plant. Obtains reliable drive for long time. Prevents pressure loss in heat exchanger.
The power generation system has a steam injector coupled to a steam turbine which is driven by steam generated by heat from the fuel battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Power generation efficiency can be improved.
The composition comprises an indium oxide powder containing tin (ITO) which is mixed with fluorine content inactive organic liquid such as resin by surface treatment.    The weight of this organic liquid is in range of 0.1-5% of that of quantity of powder.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For heat resistance resin substrate, surface heat emitting body, antistatic electrophotographic recording. Offers superb optical characteristics along with superb electrical properties. Improves transparent nature. Improves conductivity with low resistance. Improves dispersibility of ITO powder.
A laser beam irradiating appts. comprises: (a) an appts. for emitting laser beam to a direction normal to the centre of a surface to be processed; (b) a reflection mirror scanning the whole surface; (c) a filter for changing its transmission factor to that for minimising the power density of the laser beam emitting to the centre of the surface; (d) a date base memorising a relation between laser beam-irradiated positions and the transmission factors; and (e) a microcomputer for keeping the power density of the laser beam over the whole surface constant by changing the transmission factor of the filter correspondingly to the laser beam-irradiated positions.    USE -   Used for laser-processing solar cells having a large area surface, etc..    ADVANTAGE -   The appts. can process in a surface stable manner by keeping the power density of laser beam over the surface at a constant value.
The amorphous photoelectric transducer consists of more than one type of material. At least three types of semiconductor materials are used for mfg the photoelectric transducer.    The band gap values of the first semiconductor material and the third semiconductor material are larger than the band gap value of the second semiconductor material. The band gaps of the first and third semiconductor materials are selected in the range of 1.6-2.1eV.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves photoelectric conversion efficiency. Raises short circuit photoelectric current without reducing open circuit voltage.
The method involves forming a through hole (22) in the end portion of each diode formation part of a semiconductor substrate (21). Multiple diodes are formed in the formation area. The through hole undergoes a surface treatment with an etching liquid. An impurity having the conductive type opposite to that of the substrate (21) is diffused in the specified position of each formation area. Further, a diffusion part (24) is provided similarly in each areas to form a diode.    An oxide film (26) is formed on the upper surfaces of the through hole and the diode simultaneously, except on an electrode formation part of the diffusion part. A surface electrode part (27) with an interconnector (31) is formed in the diffusion part. An insulating film (29) is formed in the electrode part surface, except the connection part and the oxide film surface with the interconnector of the electrode part.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies mfg process. Improves reliability. Shortens work time duration.
The device has a condensing lens (27) attached at one end portion of a lens support body (1). A light receiving point (4) of an optical cable (3) is fixed at the focal position of the condensing lens, along the other end portion of the support body.    The lens attached to the support body is either positioned in parallel or perpendicular to the optical axis of the light receiving point of the optical cable. The solar beam, incident of the lens is condensed and passed through the light receiving point of the cable.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables efficient condensation of solar energy. Enables correct positioning of lens and cable easily.
The appts comprises a liquid crystal panel (24) which is formed by filling a liquid crystal (6) between a pair of glass boards (2,4). A solar panel (16) is formed at the outer surface of this liquid crystal panel. A control circuit (20) applies voltage from the solar panel to the liquid crystal panel.    When solar rays hit the solar panel directly, the applied voltage increases. When it exceeds a predefined value, the supply of voltage to liquid is stopped. Then, the liquid crystal panel becomes opaque and interrupts solar light.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables automatic interruption of sun rays. Avoids glaring. Increases efficiency. Enhances appearance. Prevents reduction of air conditioning effect reliably, thereby preventing wastage of money. Eliminates need for opening and closing of curtain. Eliminates need for external wiring. Avoids need for manual switching.
The reaction transformer generator system consists of a container (1) and components (2), and a material (3). The components comprise a light source, spools or magnetic spools, an the latter are located in the container. The container is pref. cooled to increased the voltage. The conducting material can pref. be charged and used as an energy store. The container is pref. formed as a transformer.    USE -   Used as a reaction transformer.    ADVANTAGE -   The device is simple and effective.
The system consists of a number of rotary segments (17) set up on vertical shafts (11,15) which can rotate on crosspieces (9,13) of the tower (1) at two or more different levels.    The crosspieces extend through the centre of the tower and each rotary segment has a diameter exceeding the breadth of the tower, and incorporates two or more vertical blades for engagement with the wind. The shafts are coupled to an electric generator (21) on the ground with a transformer (22) and regulator (23).    ADVANTAGE -   A more efficient wind power plant can be installed at reduced cost on existing towers or others ready to be erected.
A process for coating substrates with ZnO by CVD comprises preparing the surface to be coated by bombardment with ions or electrons in a gaseous atmosphere containing Ar and oxygen prior to the deposition of ZnO.    USE -   The process is used in the manufacture of solar cells.    ADVANTAGE -   A defect-free surface coating is obtained with coating thickness of less than 200 nm.
The joining together of the side walls (11a, 11b) pref. results at an acute angle and the boat bodies pref. have a length of 2 to 20 m and a wt. of 50 to 2000 kg. The side walls also have a stern with a fluid dynamic favourable shape, pref. jointed together to form an acute angle.    The water wave power plant has several float bodies (2) which are arranged uniformly in at least two rows. The float bodies of the successive rows are arranged in the gaps existing between the float bodies of the preceding rows.    ADVANTAGE -   Efficient system for converting the energy of sea-waves into electrical energy.
The modular solar cell has a contact arrangement, comprising a solar cell having a top surface and a series of angled corner edges. A first pair of negative contacts are secured to the top surface of the solar cell proximal to a first adjacent pair of the angled corner edges. A pair of positive contacts are secured to the top surface of the solar cell adjacent a second adjacent pair of the angled corner edges. A second pair of negative contacts are secured to the top surface of the solar cell proximal to the second adjacent pair of the angled corner edges.    The first pair of negative contacts extends along an entire length of the first pair of angled corner edges, with the second pair of negative contacts extending only partially along a length of the second angled corner edges. The pair of positive contacts extend at least partially about the second pair of negative contacts and are positioned in electrical communication with a series of grid lines on the light incident surface of the solar cell.    USE -   To provide electrical interconnection between cells of solar panel.
The system covers both sides of a solar battery module with a water proof protection material by a solar roofing material (1). The solar roofing material is set on a field ground plane (2) of roof. The terminal of a module terminal is connected with an interior wiring (4). The connection between the terminal of the module and the interior wiring is performed to both ends, provided at the field ground plane through a penetration part (5).    A lead wire is connected with the upper end of the penetration part and is provided in cavity of a common wiring. The lower end of the penetration part is connected with the interior wiring.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves reliability. Shortens work time. Reduces work of roof top, remarkably.
The structure comprises a pair of fixed anchors (3) that couples a number of floating bodies (11) sealed by a vibration proof appts (2). An observation control device detects the amount of movement and the acceleration of the floating bodies.    The detected data is sent to a computer. The computer processes the detected data and sends a control signal to the vibration proof appts.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables to use same floating body regardless of design conditions thereby improving economy by reducing labour. Obtains wave damping effect of various waves using small structure. Enables to use in sea area where direction and frequency of waves change frequently.
The solid electrolyte comprises a sintered alumina body in which lanthanide oxide particles are dispersed.    USE -   For batteries, thermoelectric converters, and alkali sensors.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves mechanical characteristics without deteriorating electrical characteristics, battery reliability and performance.
The method involves providing a magnet coil formed from a superconducting material, and placing the magnet coil in a dewar filled with a cryogenic liquid capable of cooling the coil to a temperature below the critical temperature of the superconducting material. At least one first thermocouple, formed from dissimilar materials, is placed in a cold region, and at least one second thermocouple, formed from dissimilar materials, is placed in a hot region.    The coil and the first and second thermocouples are electrically connected in series. A current will flow through the first and second thermocouples and the coil, to charge the coil.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For use in space applications, etc. where the present heavy switching power supplies are undesirable.
The machine tool element comprises a housing (10) having a coupling element (11) for connecting the housing to a work spindle (19) of a machine tool. At least one electrical consumer (32, 33, 34), and a generator (2) provides electric power for said electrical consumer (32, 33, 34). The generator (2) has a stator (12) and a rotor (13), the stator (12) being affixed to the housing (10), so that it rotates in unison with the housing.    A flywheel mass (8) is mounted for freewheeling rotation within the housing (10), and the axis of rotation of the flywheel mass coincides with the axis of the coupling (16). An overrunning clutch (17) within the housing rotationally accelerates the flywheel mass as the housing turns. The flywheel mass is rotated by the overrunning clutch (17) as the housing and stator turn, and continues to turn, driving the rotor so as to generate electricity, after the housing and stator are stopped. The implement is a measuring head with an integrated transmitting and receiver for wireless data transmission, and the energy is supplied via the work spindle (19). Alternatively, a fluent medium, for example, coolant or compressed air, can be supplied, in which case the medium is used to drive a turbine wheel coupled to the generator.    ADVANTAGE -   System is largely maintenance free and is insensitive to dirt.
The module (1) has a panel which includes a base (2) that is made of slab. The base is layered with an insulator (3) on which a solar panel (4) is provided. The panel can be arranged at the outer wall or roof slab of a building.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves strength and rigidity of solar panel by using plastic base. Prevents stripping of solar battery module due to wind by arranging it along outer wall or roof slab of building. Ensures efficient solar battery temp. rise by suppressing heat dissipation from solar panel rear side; prevents photodegradation of solar cell; obtains sufficient generation of electricity. Reduces amt. of energy for coordinating building internal temp. Uses amorphous Si semiconductor as solar cell which can be mfd. inexpensively. can be transported easily.
The solar battery (101) includes opto-electric conversion active layers (10) made of amorphous semiconductor which are sepd. by grooves (6a).    A laser scribe unit has a first metal electrode (16b) which adjoins the groove is formed on the active layer through a foundation layer using high energy e.g. sputtering method. An electric generating unit has a second metal electrode (16a) formed on the active layer using low energy e.g. vacuum-deposition method.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents redn. of current flow since laser scribe unit has high conversion efficiency.
The device has a tank (10) that is provided at the lower part of the building and connected with a coarse drainage pipe (30). The tank carries out integration saving of drainage of the building temporatily. The cut off valve (50) is provided at a drainage pipe (40a) that is connected to the exhaust port of the tank. A water wheel chamber (61) is connected to the lower part of the drainage pipe in vertical direction. A water wheel (60) in the water wheel chamber is rotated by the drainage from the tank.    The water wheel and a generator (70) are connected by a torque transfer unit using a belt (80). The generator is rotated by the water wheel to produce power. The power generated is stored in a battery (90). The power from the battery is supplied to electric load in the building through a D/A converter (100).    ADVANTAGE -   Enables power generation during heavy rain also. Improves operation efficiency.
The unit (1) comprises a main body (2) on which a collector electrode (5) is formed. The collector electrode is made from a material that shrinks at high temperature. An emitter electrode (3) that emits thermions is arranged at a predetermined gap (7) from collector electrode. The collector electrode collects thermion emitted from emitter electorde.    At ordinary temperature condition, during operation, the thermionic emission surface (4) of emitter electrode and thermionic collection surface (6) of collector electrode are in contact state. At high temperature condition during operation, the thermionic collection surface and thermionic emission surface are separated by a constant gap.    ADVANTAGE -   Performs efficient power generation. Forms collective electrode with material which is easy to acquire. Obtains stable heat shrinkage effect. Maintains constant gap between electrodes over long period of time.
The method involves forming through holes (21,22) in a flexible substrate, which comprises a number of photoelectric transducers (1) on its substrate. An adhesive resin (2) is formed on the back side of the substrate which also covers the through holes.    A transparent insulating thin film (5) is formed on the light incidence surface of the substrate.    ADVANTAGE -   Minimises optical loss. Attains satisfactory reliability. Reduces surface reflex and improves characteristic. Ensures safety of work.
The current generator has a wind wheel (13) and an electric generator (14) for charging batteries (35,36) to supply mains-independent power to an insulated load. The wind wheel (13) has a perpendicular shaft (15). This has at least three hemispherical shells (18) arranged in the same rotation direction on radial arms (17). A control circuit may be provided for a battery driven motor drive of the generator (14) to start the wind wheel (13). The control circuit may detect the standstill time to periodically switch the motor drive off. The control circuit may alternatively have a fixed clock circuit to periodically switch the motor off.    The electric generator (14) and the batteries (35,36) may be fitted into a common housing block (19). This may be mounted on a frame (12). A solar generator may be connected in parallel with the electric generator (14) with the batteries (35,36). This may have solar cell modules arranged about a pivotal axis.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For houses, water pumps, water desalination plants, lighting of road crossings, for isolated radio or relay stations, yachts, boats etc. Provides efficient, environmentally friendly power supply for insulated load.
The switching station (1) has a housing (2) incorporating an expansion space (3) for the gases resulting from arcing within the switch station, the walls (4) of the housing provided with vent openings (5).    Pref. the expansion space is provided by a self-supporting base for the switch station housing, with the vent openings incorporated in the housing walls supported by the base. The MV switchgear is supported within the housing adjacent the vent openings.    USE -   For central switching station for several wind-driven power plants.
The device converts energy applied by the reciprocal motion of a drive element (2) into energy stored through the rotation of an element (1) driven by the drive element and converts the kinetic rotation energy into thermal or electric energy or similar. The drive element is a rod or lever element. The rotary element is a hollow body filled with fluid contg. an eccentrically mounted plate (8) acted upon by the drive element and with devices (4-6) for at least partially displacing the fluid inside the hollow body.    A device driven (21) by the drive shaft of the disc-shaped hollow body converts the rotary motion of the hollow body into thermal or electrical energy. The displacement devices are pistons (5) moving in cylinders (4) with piston rods (6) in contact with the eccentric plate.    ADVANTAGE -   The simple device is simple to manufacture and can generate thermal or electrical energy independently of public supply networks.
The linear concentrators are semi-cylindrical and consist of mirrors (16) located inside an envelope (29) in order to concentrate the sun's rays on to heat exchangers. Each heat exchanger includes a black tubular axis about which the assembly is able to rotate. A spiral tube is wrapped around the black tube in order to carry the heat exchange fluid.    Six such concentrators are arranged in a block two high and three wide and have their heat exchange fluid circuits linked together. Servo motors are provided to adjust the orientation of the mirror units both about the vertical axis and the horizontal axis in order to provide automatic tracking of the sun during the day. Corresponding sections of adjacent mirrors are controlled in common during the tracking process.    ADVANTAGE -   By rotation of mirrors and not using rotation of whole assembly, reliable permanent fluid connections can be used without need for flexible joints.
The power production plant includes a chimney with a conduit in. The conduit has an outlet with a rotor in. The rotor is moved by air flow through the conduit. A solar energy collector has an outlet connected to the inlet of the conduit. The conduit is offset from a central axis of the chimney.    As a height of the chimney is increased, extra conduits may be fitted. Each conduit is connected to a solar collector which has a wind turbine. The conduits are removed when the height of the chimney has been increased tenfold.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Is intended primarily for electrical power generation using solar energy, it can be operated by other energy sources e.g geothermal and/or wind, and can have other uses e.g for drying of articles. Easy to use. Can increase output in stages by making chimney higher.
A microwave plasma-enhanced PVD / CVD appts. comprises an evacuable deposition chamber (6) having an adjacent evapn. / reaction plasma region and deposition region, a microwave source (13) and means to transfer it to the reaction region and means of holding solid or liq. starting material in the plasma region. There are means for introducing gases (2) to form the plasma and this plasma evaporates the starting material and causes reaction. There is a substrate holder (7) for holding the substrate (8) and means (20, 22) for evacuating and venting the chamber.    USE -   For depositing thermoelectric films at high deposition rates and for depositing other solid materials    ADVANTAGE -   Deposition rates are high, films may be thin or thick and control of morphology and compsn. is good.
A stand (1) is fitted at the pool bottom and is connected to a reciprocating float chamber (3). The electrogenerator body (4) with stator and rotor cores, and winding (5) are fitted in the chamber. The ball-screw converter screw (2) is connected to a nut (6). The nut is connected to the rotor core. The converter is provided with an additional nut (7), connected to the stator core (10), fitted with a gap (14) in the body. The cores are rigidly connected by overrunning couplings (8,9) with nuts ensuring rotation in opposite directions.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For accumulator batteries charging, and supply of power to various users, using energy of waves. The generated voltage is increased. Bul.5/20.2.96
The method uses a porous member incinerator (01) comprising of pyrolysis furnace (1). Waste is introduced into the furnace. The waste decomposes forming pyrolysis gas, which gets completely burnt in air to eliminate chlorine. The chlorine free pyrolysis gas is supplied to a first boiler (24). Warm water or low temperature vapour (27) is generated in the boiler. The steam (9) left out in the furnace gets recycled and is allowed to burn completely.    A combustion furnace (10) is provided for the purpose of complete burning by air supply from a air supply line (13). High temperature waste gas (17) generated out of this complete burning is totally free of chlorine. A second boiler (20) is installed to which high temperature gas is led. Superheated steam (28) is allowed to be formed in the second boiler by the above gas.    ADVANTAGE -   Supplies gas free of chlorine. Enables generation of superheated steam at about 500 degree centigrade. Eliminates corrosion of boiler tubes by chlorine. Provides continuous and efficient generation of electricity.
The device includes a main block (1) about which are formed several column like modules (2) of multiple silicon contact plates (3). Upon the main block is formed several metal blocks (1-1k), e.g. of copper, separated from on another by respective separator metal layers (5-5j), e.g. of tungsten or cobalt, which have a conductivity one third that of copper. The silicon columns are galvanically connected to the main block via current conductors (8).    The copper blocks have a constant height and the diameter of each block uniformly decreases at a ratio of 1:0.57 w.r.t the preceeding block to form a pyramidal shape. The separating e.g. tungsten blocks have a diameter equal to that of the copper block upon which it rests but has a height which is increased at a ratio of 1:3 w.r.t. the preceeding separating block.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For solar energy source in space travel. Higher power, e.g. 5.5 Megawatt/h, can be obtained constantly independent of sun position. Can have DC-AC converter connected to it so that power can be input into network.
The electrical machine has a cylindrical stator (1) comprising one or more sections (3,4) fitted in succession in the axial direction of the machine, each section being provided with an annular working current winding (5) fitted in a plane perpendicular to the axial direction of the machine. The machine also includes a rotor (2) adapted to rotate coaxially within the stator , comprising sections (6,7) fitted axially in succession, located opposite the stator sections and being magnetically insulated from one another.    Each opposite stator and rotor section has the same number of poles and the inner periphery of the annular working current winding is bounded by the air gap between the stator and the rotor. An annular excitation winding is fitted in the same plane perpendicular to the axial direction of the machine as each working current winding in the stator.    ADVANTAGE -   Principle of transverse flux machine is used for accomplishing slowly rotating electrical machine with good coefficient of efficiency.
The solar energy collector system includes a group of arrayed reflectors (15) and target receiver systems (10, 11 and 12) associated with the reflectors. The receivers are supported above ground level, elevated w.r.t. the reflectors which are supported at ground level.    The reflectors are pivotally mounted and positioned angularly to reflect incident solar radiation toward one or other receiver system. Some of the reflectors in a group may be oriented selectively to shift the direction of reflected incident solar radiation from one to the other of the receiver systems.    ADVANTAGE -   Preserves benefit of Fresnel reflector system by providing for orientation of reflectors towards either one of two target receiver systems.
The appts has a solar panel (5) which includes a transparent substrate (1). A number of solar cells (2) are stuck on one surface of the transparent substrate.    A frame (6) supports the solar panel. The solar cell included in the part of frame shadow, is used as the dummy element (3). The shadow is produced when the light is incident to the solar panel.    ADVANTAGE -   Eliminates influence of frame shadow. Prevents reduction in output of solar battery.
The roof material has a number of thin film solar cells. The cells are arranged on a water-proof base material (2). A two- pole terminal electrode (31,32) of the solar cells which are arranged on different solar tiles (1) is exposed to an optical radiation surface.    A cylindrical connection object is provided between the electrodes.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables suitable connection of tile. Prevents accidents due to electric shock. Achieves uniform structure. Avoids excessive power consumption.
The unit has a solar panel (2) arranged in a corrugated manner below a planar support board (3). A heat collection part (5) is formed between the support board and the solar panel. One pair of air passage parts (6) are set up to close both ends of the heat collection part.    An air passage hole (7) is set up in each air passage part. The solar panel is cooled by air current formed in the heat collection part.    ADVANTAGE -   Aims at effective utilization of solar energy. Prevents overheating of solar panel. Prevents reduction in electricity generation. Unmitigates battery life.
The appts has a solar panel (2) arranged in a corrugated manner. A planar support board (3) is set up below the solar panel.    A heat collection part (5) is set up between the support board and the solar panel. A water pipe (6) is arranged on the outside of the heat collection part by the side of the support board.    ADVANTAGE -   Absorbs heat of solar panel, heat collection part and support board by flow of water. Prevents overheating of solar panel. Prevents reduction in electricity generation. Prevents reduction in battery life. Increases utilization factor of solar heat energy. Reduces number of parts thereby reducing cost. Improves lightening.
The drive unit has several gas turbines (4,6) which drive the compressors (1,2,3). The compressors are set up within the refrigerating cycle from which coolant circulates, to pressurise the coolant. Electric motors (5,7) generate a starting torque for the gas turbine through an AC generator.    The gas turbine excess power is converted to an electric power through the electric motor when gas turbine generates a large power as compared to required power of the compressor.    ADVANTAGE -   Responds to varying compressor required power and gas turbine generated power flexibly. Decreases installation costs by eliminating preliminary component serving as operation breakdown countermeasure which affects gas turbine performance.
The generator comprises an annular vessel (1) divided internally into a series of vertical air-chambers (2) each of which contains liquid besides air, the chambers being bounded by walls (3) and (4). The top face of each chamber has an outlet with a non -return valve (V1), and an inlet with a non-return valve (V2).    As the generator tilts under wave action, liquid moves up the chambers thus pressuring the air above to pass through valves (V1) and receiver (6) to drive turbine (8), and thus to generate electricity. As the liquid moves down the chambers, valves (V2) open to allow air to enter the chambers thus creating a vacuum in reservoir (7), which may also drive the turbine. A safety valve (V3) is provided for the vacuum reservoir, and an air-filled buoyancy tank (9)surrounds the chambers which may be linked to form a closed circuit.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For pollution-free generation of electricity, for feeding into the national grid, by utilising the movement of waves. Economical to construct and to use.
The converter includes a cylindrical structure (22-24) made up of a number of thermocouples with all their cold contacts placed on the top surface of the structure. The hot contacts are all situated on the opposite surface of the structure. The top surface is covered by a copper lid (36) attached to the converter and connected to a radiator (38) via a copper tube (40).    The cylindrical structure includes a band (22) of about 300 thermocouples connected in series. The band is placed on an insulating ceramic layer (24) and rolled into a cylindrical shape. The hot contacts of the thermocouples are then covered by a thin insulating layer which protects them against mechanical shocks.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For supplying electrical appts, e.g. radio. Simple and reliable with increased distance between hot and cold contacts. Can be attached to base of paraffin/oil lamp. For use in hot and humid climate to replace electrical batteries.
The assembly comprises solar collector units (9) of the one axis tracking type, each comprise an elongated solar collector(12,14) mounted on a support(30,33,34). The collector is mounted so that the tracking axis of the collector is inclined at an initial angle to the horizon. The longitudinal axis is inclined at an auxiliary angle with respect to the tracking axis.    When the solar collector faces the zenith, the collector longitudinal axis is inclined at a superimposed angle equal to the sum of the initial and auxiliary angles. At a predetermined stow position, the longitudinal axis is parallel to the horizon.    ADVANTAGE -   Increased annual angular radiation efficiency.
In a process for plasma spray coating of a substrate using a spray powder which is melted in the plasma, the powder is supplied into the region of the anode(s) or the neutrode(s) or, between these, into a channel of a plasma spray unit, one or more arcs have a length of 20 mm. or more at least intermittently and the substrate is an endless strip or a large surface of at least 0.005 (pref. at least 0.01, esp. at least 0.05) m2 size. Pref. the substrate consists of a metal or alloy, a plastics opt. contg. filler, a paper-contg. material, a composite material or a composite body, esp. aluminium (alloy), backed aluminium foil or a plastic (esp. polyester) foil. Pref. the coating comprises a material rich in oxide, silicate, titanate, boride, carbide, nitride, metal, metal alloy and/or inorganic pigment, esp. in aluminium oxide, spinel, titanium boride, Al, Ni (alloy) or Cu (alloy). Also claimed are: (i) a plasma spray coating appts.; and (ii) a plate for a printing machine, comprising a substrate and a plasma sprayed layer.    USE -   To produce a coated substrate or a substrate-free plasma sprayed layer for mfr. of printing plates, relief printing plates or wetting medium guides in printing, wear resistant layers and bodies (e.g. wear plates for fixing on rolls), for receiving lacquers, adhesive layers or other organic materials or mixts., for application of catalysts, as a catalyst or for mfg. catalysts and/or catalytic devices, for mfr. of adhesive tapes, for mfr. of absorbers in solar collectors, for coating carbon bodies and as wear protection or lubricated protective layers (all claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   The process permits efficient, continuous and uniform coating of large area substrates with layers which have selectable thickness and which can, if desired, be detached from the substrate.
The system for generating power as a result of an expansion of a pressurized working fluid through a turbine exhibits improved efficiency as the result of employing a tri-component working fluid that comprises water, ammonia and carbon dioxide. The pH of the working fluid is maintained within a range to prevent precipitation of carbon-bearing solids (preferably between 8.0 to 10.6).    ADVANTAGE -   Working fluid enables an efficiency improvement in Rankine cycle of up to 12 percent and an efficiency improvement in Kalina cycle of approximately 5 percent.
The pressure controlling method involves connecting a fluid supply device to a pressurising device (2) thereby linking it to a extra voltage generation part (1). A coupler (3) for fluid supply is connected to a pair of pressurising parts (2a,2b) of the pressurising device. The fluid is introduced from the coupler into the first and the second pressurising parts.    The second pressurising part is held at predetermined pressure according to pressure variation pattern set earlier. The decompression is performed according to the pressure variation in this second part.    ADVANTAGE -   Performs decompression satisfactorily.
The device (100) is attached to a wave extinguishing structure (1) which has wave extinguishing blocks. The blocks are supported by a frame work structure (50). Each block has a front perpendicular wave extinguishing board (10) and a back perpendicular wave extinguishing board (20) which are positioned by the side of the shore. A horizontal wave extinguishing board (30) is installed between each front and back perpendicular wave extinguishing boards. A wave acceptance mouth (40) is provided between the front perpendicular wave extinguishing board of each wave extinguishing block.    A pendulum board (90) is supported in a swinging manner. A groove (34) is formed in the horizontal wave extinguishing board such that it does not come in the way of the oscillating path of the pendulum board. A pillar (60) is formed at both sides of the wave acceptance mouth. The pendulum board is installed between each pillar and supported inclining towards the termination side (62) near the shore. An oscillating motion of the pendulum board is converted into electrical or heat energy.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For water power generation system. Realizes efficient electricity generation. Realizes sea water exchange ability. Enables attaching device to marine levitation type offshore breakwater. Reduces bad influence of wave interfering in direct advance incident wave in oscillating area of pendulum board.
The wheel has a horizontal shaft and a number of symmetrical frames (A). Each radial frame (A) has a sub-axis (B) which engages with a movable device (C). Bulges (D) are disposed on a lateral side of the movable device or on the radial frames at a different distances form the sub-axis or from the rotary shaft. Thus, when the movable device (C) drops down due to gravity force, it makes an alternate contact with the bulges (D) and presses against the radial frame (A) through the bulge thus creating an unbalanced torque on radial frame to drive the wheel in one direction.    The wheel can be installed above ground or under water, or with one half above the water surface and one half below the water surface provided that the specific gravity of movable device by less than one. In such circumstances, gravity force and floating force of movable device joint together to create an unbalanced effect on radial frames to drive rotary wheel to rotate in one direction.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Wheel rotates perpetually without consuming energy and can be used to generate electricity.
The generator includes two arrays of spaced apart elements. The arrays move relative to each other so as to engage each respective pair of elements from the two arrays at the same time. The first set of elements are piezoelectric power generating elements which generate electricity when engaged with the second elements.    The arrays are mounted so as to overlap with the elements of the two sets interdigitated with each other. Alternatively, the element pairs may be engaged successively. One end of the elements are held on a support. The other end displaces as it engages with the other set of elements.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For ocean. Increases life of elements due to reducing strain.
The pref. aircraft (101) is a span-loaded wing having no fuselage or rudder. Its two hundred foot wingspan carries photo voltaic cells (113) power eight propellers (102) to fly at about 90 m.p.h. at up to 60,000 ft.    The regenerative fuel cells (104) in the wing store excess energy to maintain flight at night so that the aircraft can sustain elevation almost indefinitely while transmitters and receivers are controlled from the ground.    ADVANTAGE -   Inexpensive, steerable aircraft can remain aloft for long periods while used for weather monitoring, communication, surveillance and atmospheric testing.
The solar battery has a solar battery wafer (1) with a light receiving surface (1A) on the upper surface. A surface electrode (2) is formed on the light receiving surface while a rear electrode (3) on the rear side (1B). The two electrodes are connected through the interconnectors (4). A transparent substrate (6) is attached to the light receiving surface through an adhesive agent (5).    The isolated solar cells (8a-8c) include the connection of the isolated solar battery wafers (1a-1c), the isolated surface electrodes (2a-2c) and the isolated back electrodes (3a-3c) isolating slots (7).    ADVANTAGE -   Provides integrated solar battery in high-voltage module with thin wirings. Reduces solar battery size and mfg. cost. Ensures simple output extn. by providing all electrodes at solar battery rear side. Provides series solar battery cells which can be easily connected in parallel. Improves aesthetic value by using silver electrode. can be connected efficiently by fusing solder. Ensures sufficient integration since slots are cut using dicing saw.
The solar battery cell consists of thin film semiconductor photoelectric conversion layer between electrode layers on a flexible substrate. An electroconductive adhesive agent (6) seals a lead wire (2) and the electrode of the cell. The binding resin covers the cells at both sides by a surface protection material. Heating process is carried out in order to harden the electrically conductive adhesive agent and to seal the resin. Sealing and wiring process are performed.    ADVANTAGE -   Shortens mfg process. Uses cheap aluminium for cell electrode. Avoids characteristics deterioration or discolouring by heating. Avoids deformation of plastic film of substrate.
The camera has a drive unit which drives a light emitting device in a predetermined state. Then the device is driven in a state different from predetermined state by drive unit, using an operation unit.    In the predetermined mode of operation, the solar battery is charged by the solar energy.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents bad influence generated in camera due to heat of irradiated light.
The camera has a protective cover (102) which envelops the main body (101). A solar battery (301) is arranged in the protective cover. A transparent protection board (104) is attached to the protection cover to cover the light incidence surface of the solar battery.    Several right-angled ribs (104a) protrude to the direction of the solar cell array on the external surface of the transparent board. The ribs is protruded to remove exterior colour non-uniformity of each cell (301a-301e) of the solar battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides several ribs without increasing mfg. cost. Removes exterior scenery of colour nonuniformity of each battery cell. Eases detection of crack.
The wrist watch type electronic device consists of a solar cell (2) fixed to inside of a band (3). A mould is carried out so that the solar cell extends under an inside frame (3a).    The solar cell terminal (2a) is made to contact a module (4). An O ring (9) is arranged on the upper and lower side of inside frame and compressed with a back lid (11).    ADVANTAGE -   Permits free use of colour scheme of dial and design of case. Provides satisfactory waterproof arrangement.
The power plant includes modules (10) of unitary voltage (e.g. 55V) which are arranged in parallel groups of four for a 220V DC supply. The main storage battery (32) is charged through a regulator (31) which checks the voltages at the conclusions of charge and discharge.    Personalised or distributed storage (33) is charged through a number of modular DC/DC convertors (34) which provide regulated (35) supplies of 2, 5, 12 and 28 volts. The required number of convertors for each source is calculated and connected in parallel to a battery of sufficient capacity.    ADVANTAGE -   There are no large and costly cables, significant voltage drops, or invertor losses, and no easily stolen solar modules suitable for domestic exploitation.
A solar array tracking device comprising a system of series- and parallel-wired solar modules, gears, bearings and pulleys, with a gravity weight drive arrangement. Also included is an AC generator powered from the solar array and specifically designed for the conversion of solar energy into electrical power sufficient to power a household during daylight hours as stand-alone equipment not requiring connection into an electrical mains network or grid or needing supplementary gas or oil generating systems i.e. supplementary power can be supplied by a conventional battery bank.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Tracking-type solar power plant for providing domestic 115 VAC power supply at 60 A rating. Economical to produce and easy to install and upkeep.
The system includes a number of thermocouples thermally coupled to separate spaced apart members, contacting the thermocouples with electrically non-conductive portions abutting the thermocouples, which are interconnected to form a thermopile. The first member is exposed to radiation from the sun, and an absorbent layer affixed to the second member is exposed to an environment external of the system. The first and second members are thermally conductive and separated by a thermally non-conductive electrically non-conductive layer. The junctions are connected to form a thermopile.    The system further comprises device for applying water to the absorbent layer, to effect cooling of the second member by evaporation of water from the absorbent layer to the environment external of the system, a device spaced from the absorbent layer to form a channel between them, and device for directing air through the channel. The absorbent layer is provided adjacent one of the thermally conductive layers and liquid, such as water is applied to the absorbent layer, so that evaporation of the liquid from the absorbent layer enhances the temp. differential between the two thermally conductive layers.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For use in or in combination with vehicle, for vehicle movement or powering other devices of vehicle or for storage in vehicle batteries. Arrangement of invention produces electric current even in absence of solar exposure.
A compressed air engine, having a source of air under pressure, comprises a frame having support beams and endports; a drive shaft rotatably mounted within the endports of the frame; turbine device fixedly mounted to the drive shaft for axially rotating the drive shaft when the turbine device is rotated; ringed guide device for receiving pressurized air through a number of guide input ports to be directed through a guide output port in operative direction to axially rotate the turbine device which is fixedly mounted to the drive shaft, thereby to operatively drive the drive shaft, where the ringed guide device is fixedly mounted within the frame with the drive shaft passing through it.    A number of tanks are mounted about the frame at the support beams, each tank having an input port for introducing air under pressure and a tank output port for releasing the air under pressure into the guide input port of the ringed guide device through conduit device for connecting the tank to the ringed guide device; a generator device is fixedly mounted within the frame and operatively connected with the drive shaft for generating electrical energy from the axial rotation of the drive shaft; and controller device for controlling the flow of pressurized air flow released through each of the tank output ports according to a power output reading from the generator device, whereby the controller device is operatively connected to the generator device and to each of the tank output ports.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For generation of electrical energy by the controlled release of compressed air. Minimises emissions of harmful pollutants, minimises friction and reduces mfg. costs.
The appts. consist of a wave receptacle tube (1) with a lower opening and an upper part that leads to an intermediate tank through a connecting pipe (2). The lower opening is used to catch the energy of a wave in washing bird droppings and dusts that adhered on the surface of a solar battery. Valves for a flood pipe (4) and an absorption pipe (5) are provided at the lower part of the intermediate tank.    ADVANTAGE -   Recovers performance of solar battery by removing dust and bird droppings on light-receiving surface of solar battery. Provides simple structure allowing routine inspection only. Offers resting place for birds.
The method involves positioning a displacing mechanism (100) at predetermined standard position when no load exists on its surface. The displacing mechanism is installed in the road through which transit of vehicles takes place. The position of the displacing mechanism is changed from the standard position depending on the size of the vehicles that passes over it.    An energy conversion unit converts and outputs the kinetic energy imparted by the vehicle to the displacing mechanism as electrical energy. A transfer unit transmits the kinetic energy of the displacing mechanism to the energy conversion unit. The displacing mechanism carries out two way transfer.    ADVANTAGE -   Withstands variation in weather. Enables free selection of installation space. Provides simple composition.
The appts. has a grip cover (4) which hides a second-battery case surface of a camera main body (1). An alloy wire (19) is arranged at the back-side of the grip cover.    A latch nail (22) cancels the stress of the cover. A spring (26) is provided whose driving force separates a solar cover and the grip cover from the camera main body.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents secondary battery from overheating. Offers cost effective solar battery equipment appts. by decreasing mfg. cost. Enables manual transfer of second battery.
The battery (10) has a wavelength conversion layer (3) which converts the part of a short wavelength of received light to a longer wavelength in a light receiver.    Rare earth metal is doped at the front of a photoelectric conversion layer (2). The rare earth metal absorbs the light of the short wavelength area which has high photon energy.    ADVANTAGE -   Efficiently absorbs emitting light in conversion layer. Provides solar battery which enables photoelectric and wavelength conversion of optical energy. Provides solar battery with high efficiency. Improves conversion efficiency of photoelectric transducer.
The appts has an AC power supply (10) which supplies power for amplitude modulation of a carrier wave by a signal wave. The percentage of amplitude modulation is in the range of 5-95%.    The frequency of the signal wave is in the range of 5 Hz-1 MHz. Then the glow discharge of a gas is performed by amplitude modulation by which an amorphous semiconductor thin film is formed.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves film characteristic. Improves conversion efficiency. Enables large utilization of solar battery.
The method involves using a rough transparent electric conduction film (2) which uses an electrically conductive film with more than 5 percent but less than 30 percent haze factor.    A laser light forms the pattern of a back side electrode (4) at the solar battery module which forms the transparent electric conduction film, an amorphous silicon layer (3), and the back side electrode at a transparent insulation substrate (1).    ADVANTAGE -   Provides simple patterning method through irradiation of pulse laser with high energy density. Enables forming solar battery with high efficiency. Improves solar battery module mfg. productivity.
The battery has a reflection preventing layer (10) which includes a transparent electrode (5) and an insulating layer (6). The compsn. material of the transparent insulating layer fills a pin hole (4) made during the formation of a solar battery layer (3).    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents short circuit by filling up pin hole in solar battery layer with insulating material. Provides solar battery with high yield and high conversion efficiency.
The battery includes an upper cell (4) which includes a first emitter layer (43), base layer (42), and an n-type BSF layer. A distorted relief layer (411) in the BSF layer is included in the upper cell. A lower cell (2) includes a second emitter layer (23), a base layer (22), and a p+-type BSF layer (21).    A junction layer (3) connects the upper and the lower cell. An impurity density of the first BSF layer and the distorted relief layer is equal or less than the impurity density of the first base layer. A forbidden band width of the first base layer is smaller than the BSF layer, but, larger than the distorted relief layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves long wavelength spectral sensitivity characteristic. Enables efficient reaching of incident light to lower cell and obtains sufficient wavelength division. Efficiently eases matrix distortion in each class. Provides long carrier life time and improves curvilinear factor.
The method involves using an epitaxy substrate (1) which is made of a first III-V semiconductor, and an intermediate film (2) formed of a second III-V semiconductor of different chemical composition by epitaxy. A first active thin film (3) made of a further different III-V material is deposited and followed by a further active thin film layer (4). This assembly is then turned over and placed against a planar support substrate (5).    The materials are selectively etched to remove the epitaxy substrate and the intermediate film. The surface of the active thin film (3,4) adheres to the support by means of a simple Van der Waals interaction between two manually facing surfaces.    ADVANTAGE -   System overcomes problems of fragility and poor thermal conduction for solar cells to be used in satellites.
The thermophotovoltaic generator has a stainless steel heat exchanger, a ceramic heat exchanger, a mixing chamber, a combustion chamber, an igniter, an infrared radiation emitter with counterflow, and an array of thermophotovoltaic cells surrounding the emitter and tube. The generator possesses both high conductance for the combustion gases and efficient heat transfer from the hot combustion gases to the emitter. The thermophotovoltaic cells have an IR response at least out to 1.7 microns and are fitted with simple dielectric filters.    The emitter is an SiC spine disc emitter that is surrounded by at least one fused silica heat shield. Preferably, the thermophotovoltaic cells are GaSb cells, the infrared radiation emitter is a SiC blackbody emitter, and the dielectric filter is designed to transmit for wavelengths less than 1.7 microns and to reflect wavelengths between 1.7 and 4.0 microns. The filter can transmit again beyond 4.0 microns where the fused silica heat shields have suppressed the emitted energy.    ADVANTAGE -   Generator is constructed in modular way with exchanger chambers and emitters arranged for low pressure drop operation.
The process involves providing water in an enclosure, exposing the enclosure to sunlight to heat the water and generate vapour, removing the vapour from the enclosure, and passing the removed vapour into the top of a first vertical cylindrical tank which is full of water and which includes a lightweight float upon the water, the float having a size which is smaller than that of the tank so that water can pass around and beneath the float. A vaporisable substance such as ethyl alcohol may be added to the water to increase the generation of vapour.    The removed vapour is allowed to exert pressure on the float to displace and release water from an aperture in the tank, the aperture having a relatively small area compared to the horizontal cross-sectional area of the tank. The released water is directed to operate a power producing device such as a hydraulic turbine to generate power which may be used to charge one or more batteries.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Provides highly efficient generation of hydroelectric power from conversion of steam.
The plant consists of a rotary base (1) with articulated levers (2) and main pumps (3) which are connected to the levers and mounted on the base, a float (4) and additional pumps. It also has a frame (6) which is fixed to the levers and connected at its lower end to the float, and flexible plates which are connected at its lower end to the float, and flexible plates which are connected by one end to the lower part of the frame and by the other to working members of the additional pumps. Servomotors (9) are mounted on the base and connected to the levers, while the additional pumps are pivoted to the frame and have their working members equipped with return mechanisms.    When the waves are moderate the float floats freely on the water surface and the servo-motors are switched off so as not to hinder the oscillation of the levers. The pumps (3), connected to the levers, deliver a working substance under pressure to a consumer. When the waves are higher they splash against the flexible plates and actuate the additional pumps, and when they are rough the servo-motors are operated to lift the frame and float to prevent overloads, while power is supplied only by the additional pumps.    ADVANTAGE -   Plant is suitable for use in wider range of wave amplitudes without risk of damage. Bul. 1/10.1.96
The incinerator (1) which burns the waste consists of a furnace wall (7). A vapour piping (12) is set up in the furnace wall. A boiler (11) is provided at the exit part of the waste gas which is generated by the burning of waste.    The boiler generates high temperature vapour which is introduced into the vapour piping.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents promotion of corrosion of heat exchanger tube. Improves efficiency of electric generating system.
The machine works similar to a hydraulic turbine. The buoyancy of gas in liquid is used for power generation.    Gas is sent by compressing a liquid using a compressor.    ADVANTAGE -   Uses small energy source. Avoids pollution. Prevents calamities like fire accidents. Enables usage of same gas for many ships. Eliminates need for compressor when generating natural gas.
The battery has a substrate (5) from which a silicon (6) is arranged. The lead electrodes (8) of substrate are represented by the silicon covered by a conductive thin film (7). The silicon absorbs the light necessary for generating current.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces mfg. cost by using silicon material. Ensures efficient solar energy conversion since silicon embodies crystal quality.
The solar battery has an insulating substrate (1) surface divided into several areas in which a first electrode layer (2) laminated portion, a semiconductor layer, a transparent-electrode layer (4), and a first electrode layer extension portion are formed. A second electrode layer (5) divided into several areas, adheres on the other surface of the insulating substrate. The transparent-electrode layer penetrates the first electrode layer and the insulating substrate. An insulator mutually separates the first and second electrode layer.    The area in which the second electrode layer is separated mutually by the conductor and from which each division area of the first electrode layer extension unit penetrates the insulating substrate, is connected. Several second electrode layer areas are connected mutually with the transparent-electrode layer. The second electrode layer areas connected directly with the first electrode layer extension portion, is connected to the transparent-electrode layer area.    ADVANTAGE -   Produces arbitrary output voltages efficiently by suitably connecting layer areas on arbitrary substrate.
The generator includes two kinds of corrugated sheets or foils(10,11) laminated together and connected alternately at one end and the other to form several thermocouples connected in series in zigzag folds. The sheets are selected from combinations of alumel/chromel, iron/constantan and chromel/constantan and insulated from one another.    When hot junctions(12) are held at a high temp., a temp. gap along the thermal flux is generated in the sheets. Electromotive force at every thermocouple derived from the gap is summed up to a voltage level effective for outputting electric power through takeoff leads(13,14).    ADVANTAGE -   Has high efficiency.
The procedure for using remanent heat energy from the combustion and/or gasification of secondary fuels like clarified slurry for generating electricity has this heat passed at least partly through a heat exchanger, similar to a swimming pool or sewage treatment plant which is planned for a constant energy profile for the whole year.    The combustion takes place in a plant running the whole year round so that the remanent heat is continuously being passed to the heat exchanger. The energy requirement to heat up at least part of the surface area of the swimming pool is completely covered by the remanent heat energy.    ADVANTAGE -   Usage of waste heat normally released to surroundings.
The reflector uses inflatable structural elements, poles and toroids. A vacuum is present in interior space surround by light weight foil walls. Alternatively electrostatic or magnetic or electromagnetic equivalents of the vacuum may be produced by opposing sensing-attracting forces between front active and non-active surfaces, such as concave carrier surface and rear surface. The inflatable elements are toroids and poles which may be filled with gas mixt lighter than an air and compressed slightly above 100kPa.    Such arrangement provides stretching forces for erecting foil structure and providing shape to the reflector structure. With raise of a temp whole construction may be floating in air.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For generating large size solar light concentrators using inflatable metallised concave reflecting surface. Allows use for energy concentration and optical information collection
The power generating system includes a hollow float floated on the surface of a body of water moving in response to movements of the water surface. A resilient piezoelectric power generating element, formed as a coiled spring (32), is suspended in the float producing oscillations in response to float movements.    The element is driven into oscillations by a variable hollow weight (34) suspended from the element within the float. The spring is formed from a cable comprising an elongated, central electrode surrounded by a layer of piezoelectric material, itself surrounded by an outer electrode. Water can be pumped from the body of water in and out of the weight. The oscillations can be controlled magnetically (54).    USE -   For generating electricity using weighted spring-like piezoelectric elements for use in, for example, navigation buoys.    ADVANTAGE -   Greatly extends the time between maintenance visits as batteries are charged on continuous basis when used in navigation buoy. Charging system is isolated from hostile surrounding conditions.
The system includes a number of independent seagoing wind-wave-converters each comprising wind and a wave energy removing mechanisms, each being positioned above and responsive to wind action, at a different location within the area of the large body of water. Each wave energy removing mechanism is positioned below the surface of the water to provide a stabilised supporting platform. Stabilisation of the supporting platform is achieved by causing each wave energy removing mechanism to have a predetermined frequency selective responsiveness to wave induced subsurface water movements.    The selective responsiveness of wave energy removing mechanism is such that, in the presence of practically any prevailing deep water sea state, the combined wave energy extracting operations of all of the wave energy removing mechanisms contribute to the overall effect of reducing the ratio of sea height to swell height within the area of the large body of water to a small fraction of the ratio of sea height to swell height simultaneously prevailing in the open-sea approaches to the area of the large body of water. The independent seagoing wind-wave converters are exposed to combined wind and wave action in the area. Energy extracted in the area of the large body of water are converted to a usable form.    USE -   For extracting wind energy throughout specified layer of atmosphere overlying and in contact with large body of water using multiple seagoing platforms.
The engine includes a heat exchanger employed intermediate a waste heat source and an evaporator or vapour generator. The evaporator is connected to a turbine chamber which is further connected to a multi-chambered condensation unit. Each chamber of the multi-chambered condensation unit has a valved inlet port and a valved outlet port. The valved inlet ports of each chamber of the multi-chambered condensation unit are connected by piping or similar structure to the turbine chamber outlet. Each condensation chamber is provided with another valved port which is connected by piping or other similar structure to a vacuum generating means such as an evacuating pump.    Each chamber is also provided with a further valved port connected by piping or other similar structure to a purge pump. The valved outlet ports are connected to a fluid reservoir by piping or other similar structure. All of the valves are opened and closed by valve control such as a computer or spring actuators sensitive to differential pressure. The valve control opens and closes the valved vacuum line, valved inlet ports, valved outlet ports and valved purge line in a sequence to permit a condensable vapour to be continuously drawn through the turbine chamber when it rotates the turbine blades transferring energy from the vapour to the turbine shaft.    USE -   Waste heat recovery system where a closed cycle heat engine is provided as a waste heat reclamation unit in an industrial process, or even for orbital space station or lunar base.
The method involves connecting a set of three pressure vessels to a common high pressure feed manifold and a common low pressure return manifold, and connecting a fluid pressure driven motor across the manifolds. The vessels, the manifolds and the motor form a sealed system. The system is charged with a volatile refrigerant, and fluid flow control valves are provided between the pressure vessels and the manifolds.    The method involves sequentially heating and cooling selected vessels with concomitant valve operation to maintain a continuous pressure differential across the fluid pressure driven motor and further providing a high and low liquid level control for each pressure vessel and wiring the liquid level controls and the fluid control valves into a central process controller to automatically maintain the pressure differential. The high and low liquid level controls when activated determine the sequential pattern of heating and cooling of the pressure vessels.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Automated system which supplies each pressure vessel with high and low liquid level control to sequentially establish changeover between source and sink for each pressure vessel. Supplies heated waste water directly to heat exchangers, or alternatively, to supply heated liquid from closed loop in heat exchange relationship with any source of heat.
The brick (1) contains a hollow portion where a thermo-electric generating unit (2) is imbedded. Heat passing along the brick is reused as electrical energy when it passes a junction (3) exposed in the outer side of the brick.    ADVANTAGE -   Efficiently converts heat energy generated during combustion to electrical energy.
The spiral thermo-battery is produced by: (1) hole engraving step in the rectangular rod material for thermo-battery; (2) spiral cutting step on the rectangular rod material at the angle () of between arctangent (H/ (h-d)) and arctangent (H/h+d)) (where H = width of rectangular rod; h= pitch of spiral; d=width of slot); (3) rotating step of rectangular rod; (4) spiral cutting step on the rotated rectangular rod material at the same angle of ().    ADVANTAGE -   High quality spiral thermo-batteries can be mass produced at high speed.
The system comprises a steam turbine (3) that is driven by the steam exhausted from a boiler (2). The steam generator generates steam using the latent heat of the vapour exhausted from a rubbish incinerator (1).    A generator (5) is connected to the steam turbine. The turbine drives a compressor (4) and the generator. Thereby, power generation and air conditioning effect are performed simultaneously.    ADVANTAGE -   Performs effective use of heat exhausted from rubbish incinerator. Increases power generation efficiency.
The switching stage is used for connecting a number of solar modules (8), each containing a number of solar cells (3) connected in series, in series or parallel configuration, via cables (11) inserted in plug-in sockets (9) provided by the modules.    Pref. each module has 2 rows of 5 solar cells and provides a network voltage of 3 Volt, the solar cells pref.attached to a base plate via a double-sided adhesive band.    ADVANTAGE -   Simple provision of different solar module combinations.
The roof tile combination provides a regularly undulating roof profile using interfitting roof tiles incorporating photovoltaic elements, with electrical connection between the interfitting tiles.    The undulations in the roof profile are provided by roof tiles (1,2) having a convex front surface and a concave front surface arranged in alternation, each tile having a photovoltaic coating (6) on the side facing the incident light.The tiles are secured together by a plug-in connection incorporating contact elements for the electrical connection path.    ADVANTAGE -   Incorporation of solar generation without affecting aesthetic appearance of roof.
The component has a photovoltaic layer applied to a planar component surface or a number of relatively angled surfaces. The component is divided into photovoltaic sections (1) and sections allowing passage of light and/or air between the outside and the inside of the enclosed space, in alternation.    Pref. the photovoltaic sections are provided by pivoted vanes supported by a frame (3), provided on the inside with a transparent wall (5) which may incorporate ventilation openings.    USE -   For photovoltaic energy generation in domestic dwelling, or factory or office building, or on board vehicle.
The electricity and thermal energy creating device has a heat exchanger, water circuit and solar cells. Water from the water circuit is trickled by a trickling device (3) over an angled surface (1) warmed by the sum. The warmed water then goes to the heat exchanger (11) before being fed by a pump (18) back to the trickling device.    The pump can be supplied with electricity from the solar cells (2). There is a control and/or adjustment device (23) which compares the energy produced by the warm water with a requirement figure. The heat exchanger may be in the form of a heat pump (11).    ADVANTAGE -   Simple, cheap to fit, requires little energy to move water in circuit.
The power system for converting mechanical energy from ocean waves to electrical energy includes a first member or float (20) from which are suspended a number of resilient piezoelectric elements (22). Suspended from the lower ends of the elements is a weighted member (25) having sufficient weight to provide a preselected straining of the elements.    One of the members is movable in direct response to the passing surface waves for inducing oscillations within the system. The system functions as a weighted spring and an arrangement is provided for tuning the system to cause it to enter into mechanical resonance in response to the passing waves.    ADVANTAGE -   Solves prior art problems of anchoring and providing proper tensioning in changing water depths whilst providing protection for system under severe storm conditions.
A convex ultrafine particle surface structure for reducing light reflection and improving light collection efficiency, which is made of SiO2, etc., and whose refractive index changes continuously, is duplicated by using a stamp having as a transfer surface, a concave ultrafine particle surface obtained by transferring a convex ultrafine particle surface.    USE -   For lenses (claimed); solar cells (claimed); recording media (claimed) such as optical discs; photosensitive members such as photosensitive films and photographic paper (claimed); transparent resin films (claimed); photosensitive materials (claimed); and integrated circuit prodn. (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   The light reflection is reduced without needing multilayer metal films and the light collection is improved. Industrial processing is simplified, and raw material costs are reduced.
The system includes a float for vertical movements in response to passing waves on the surface of the water body. A piezoelectric power generating element is suspended between the float and the floor and is subjected to vertical stresses caused by the float in response to passing waves tending to lift the float. A protective device absorbs float caused vertical stresses for preventing straining of the element in excess of a preselected amount.    The system also incorporates a device for coupling the float caused stresses to the protective device only when the straining of the element is approximately equal to the preselected amount. The protective device has a flexible cable device for being suspended between the float and a rigid anchoring device.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For generating of electrical power using energy of sea waves. Provides protection against destructive strains in response to unusually large waves.
The substrate structure, e.g. of two units, includes a sheet of electrically conductive material, and a narrow dividing strip positioned on a top surface of each sheet. The sheet, e.g. of multiple laminate layers, has a width defined as the distance between two respective terminal edges. The dividing strip is electrically insulating strip and extends along the sheet length, and it is positioned between and defines the top contact surface area and a top collector surface area.    An electrically insulating joining portion also extends the sheet length and is attached to the sheet close to or at one terminal edge. The sheet also has an electrically conductive polymer-based resin which is electroplatable. The joining portion of the other of the, e.g. two, units is attached close to or at the second terminal edge of the sheet. At least one of the laminated layers of the sheet contains an electrodeposited group VIII metal or metal-based alloy.    ADVANTAGE -   Permits economical production of large area interconnected arrays of photovoltaic cells. Substrate structure can be produced using simple, well known, and inexpensive mass production technology and using inexpensive common materials. Electroplatable resin ensures plastic surface is electrically conductive on microscopic scale.
The method involves the stacking of a glass substrate (1) with a SnO2 film (2), an amorphous silicon film (3) and an ITO film (4) sequentially one above the other. The ITO film which serves as a back side electrode film is composed of sublimation material.    An ion beam is irradiated to the ITO film to form an open groove part (41) in it. The ITO film is divided by the open groove part.    ADVANTAGE -   Projects energy beam uniformly and prevents damage of other films of photovoltaic appts. Forms fine open groove part. Prevents crack generation.
The power generator has a cathode terminal (11) which is completely soaked into the sea. An anode terminal (14) including a set of anode electrode plates (13) is provided to form a capacitor structure. An insulator film (12) is formed on surface of each electrode plate. Each anode electrode plate are arranged parallely such that a wave (2) exists in the space formed between the anode electrode plates.    A charging and discharging circuit is connected to the terminals of the capacitor. A variable capacitor provided in the charging and discharging circuit is charged by the power generator in the capacitor soaked in the sea.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves energy generation efficiency. Uses sea water as electrolyte. Provides high durability and reliability.
The drive/generator combination has a rotor bearing (12) provided by a machine support (36) and an electrical generator. The rotor bearing is coupled via a switched coupling (14) with a planetary carrier (16) for the drive, positioned in front of a front fixing plate (17) of the machine support.    The front fixing plate has a seating (40) on its inside face receiving a sun wheel axis (20), the outside of the seating supporting the inner ring (42) of the pole wheel carrier (28) of the generator, coupled to the sun wheel via a further switched coupling (24).    ADVANTAGE -   Reduced weight and size, allowing use of low cost generator.
The tangential turbine wheel (1) is coupled to an electric generator (2) and protected by a cover (3) which prevents ingress of rain or snow. The assembly is installed between the rafters and excited by air currents moving up the slope of the roof under the tiles.    More than 20 such turbines may be connected in parallel according to the size of the roof. The generated current can be fed e.g. to a refrigerator or stored in a battery for future consumption.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For power supply to domestic appliances or consumer electronics; savings of non-renewable natural resources accrue from the exploitation of inexhaustible energy carriers.
The geothermal probe has a central return tube (7) bringing back a water flow from the subterranean depths below, to e.g. a surface heat pump. Deep in the earth, the head (3) connects the surrounding downward flow tubes (5) to the return. The tubes are of pressure resistant plastic. The available cross-section of the return tube is less than 2/3 the sum of cross-sectional areas of the flow tubes.    Preferably the cross-section of the return tube is one half the sum of the cross-sections of the flow tubes. Return and flow tubes are designed for the same nominal pressure. The return tube accordingly has greater thickness than the flow tubes. There may be eight flow tubes, the cross-section of the return tube (7) being half the sum of the cross-sections of the flow tubes. The flow tubes have an ID of about 20mm, pref. 20.4mm, the return tubes have an ID of about 40mm, pref. 40.8mm, and the wall thickness of the return tube is about twice that of the flow tubes. Correspondingly, the length may exceed 140m, or 200m.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Subterranean probe for recovery of geothermal heat, in conjunction with heat pump, to be used in buildings. Probe confers higher overall thermodynamic efficiency to heat pump system of which it forms part. Reduction of return cross-section in relation to total flow cross-section, provides higher efficiency. Dispensing with insulation increases available space and esp. cross-section of return. Water mass flow rate and thermal capacity are increased for given flow velocity, and lower flow resistance reduces necessary pumping power. Simple construction. Greater depths, 200m and more, can be achieved.
A water-filled vessel (10) contains an endless chain (34) of bucket receptacles (36), rotating around upper (28) and lower (30) sprockets. High pressure gas enters (I) at the base into an adjacent bucket (36A), displacing some water therein. Hydrostatic pressure forces gas in the bucket upwards, moving the chain and rotating the sprocket shafts.    Bucket movement upwards reduces gas pressure equivalent to hydrostatic pressure between the vessel base gas inlet and its outlet at the top. Several bucket/chain vessels may be connected in series to achieve cumulative pressure redn.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Extraction of potential energy from gas pipeline excess pressure, conventionally dissipated as waste heat, but here utilised to generate power while reducing incoming pressure from e.g. 150 PISA to e.g. 50 PISA.
The solar cell concentrator includes an in-line solar cell array mounted on a planar substrate and a trough-like linear Fresnel lens. The Fresnel lens elements are deflectably supported above the solar cell area when the concentrator is in deployed. The concentrator deflectable support moves toward the substrate when the concentrator is stowed. The deflectable support maintains the Fresnel lens parallel to the solar cells in the deployed condition, with the lenses and cells laterally and vertically aligned, with a geometric arrangement of the support.    The lens is supported by a frame which is mounted the substrate, with the solar cells at the lens focus area. The lens may be flexible. The lens curvature is pref. defined by the frame which has a flexible but self-retaining shape. The frame and lens are collapsible when pressed toward the base. The support pref. includes a pair of diagonal struts, hinged to the substrate, with a cross-beam hinged to both struts, and the same spacing between the hinges in each pair, forming a parallelogram, and with the lens carried by the cross-beam.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduced cell area for same net incident sunlight area, reducing weight for same kW output, esp. with large shielding thickness; reduced array costs; correct relative positioning of concentrator components; collapses in size when stowed.
The plant consists of a cylindrical reservoir (1) set on the sea bed, open at the bottom and made with a float cover (2) with buoyancy compartments (4) forming a chamber inside the reservoir which is connected to an air turbine (8) through a channel (7) and ports in the middle of the cover, and with the turbine connected to a power generator.    The reservoir cover (2) is made in the shape of two coaxial cylinders (3, 5) which are joined together rigidly at the top and bottom, forming the buoyancy compartments, which can move up or down in an annular recess in the reservoir walls. The reservoir's outer walls have ports with non-return valves (12), and its inner wall has adjustable shut-off valves (13).    ADVANTAGE -   Reduced power losses in expelling water from reservoir wall cavity, and provides optimum conditions for air turbine operation. Bul. 34/10.12.95
The converter consists of a support (1) in the form of a tower or stabilised float, and a pto shaft (3) with a clutch (4), driven by moving floats (2) through a pulley (5, 9) and cable (6) system. The support is equipped with rocking arms or cantilevers (8), connected to the floats by rigid pivots (13) on their ends.    Each of the floats (2) is made in the form of two cones joined by their bases; the upper cone being obtuse angled and the lower one acute angled, and the centres of the floats' gravity and dimensions are located within the areas of the pivots (13).    Each of the pulleys has at least two grooves of parabolic cross-section; the pto shaft is in a number of linked sections, and the cable is tensioned by a coil spring.    ADVANTAGE -   Increased output power and more reliable operation. Bul. 34/10.12.95
The station consists of a platform (1) set above water level, with a linked multiplier (2) and generator (3), a hollow pontoon with ballast (4) and outer ribs (5) at the bottom, and a vertical rod support (6), the upper end of which is linked kinematically to the multiplier, and its lower one to the pontoon.    The station has an additional pontoon (7) and a fixed vertical pile, and the platform (1) is connected to the upper end of the pile by inclined radial spokes (9) which allow it to move up and down. The pile passes through a central hole in the platform and has recesses (11) in its front edge. The pontoons have central and side apertures (12), with the rod supports located in the side apertures with a clearance and joined together at the bottom by horizontal bars (14).    ADVANTAGE -   Higher efficiency. Bul. 34/10.12.95
The station consists of a floating housing with a power generator, an air turbine, and wave-receiving chambers (2) with floats. The chambers are in the shape of inverted cups with their open ends submerged below water level.    The station also has a step-up reduction gear unit and overrun clutches. The housing is in the shape of a platform, and the floats have an L-shaped cross-section and are designed to rotate unidirectionally on a horizontal shaft (6) passing through the chamber. One of the projections (9) on each float is longer and heavier than the other (10), and the shafts (6) are linked together. The reduction gear unit is connected to the float shafts and the shaft of the air turbine by the overrun clutches, and the turbine shaft is connected to the generator.    ADVANTAGE -   Higher power output. Bul. 34/10.12.95
The power station consists of a floating hull (1) which has a water flow channel passing through it in a lengthwise direction, a four-sided water intake (2), a vaned wheel with curved vanes, and a generator connected to the wheel's shaft. The station is equipped with two pontoons (7) which are fitted detachably to beams (14) lying across the deck of the hull and projecting on either side.    Each of the pontoons has a lengthwise through water channel with a four-sided intake (26), and in each channel there is a series of vaned wheels on shafts across the channel connected to generators. The channels in the main hull and pontoons have a rectangular cross-section and are equipped with additional flow spreaders (27).    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Utilises energy of river flow. More effective and economical operation without ecological damage.    Bul. 34/10.12.95
The antenna has a pair of horizontal members (11,12) which are arranged parallel to each other. A vertical member (13) is connected to the horizontal members on both sides through a hinge. The connected vertical members and the horizontal members together form a quadrilateral structure.    An intermediate connection member (19) is connected to the horizontal members on the central position through the hinge. The intermediate connection member is arranged parallel to any of the vertical members.    ADVANTAGE -   Eases connection process. Improves design and mfg efficiency. Ensures smooth operation. Simplifies structure.
The method involves forming an amorphous semiconductor thin film of thickness 0.4-60 nm on surface of a substrate by performing plasma decomposition of a cpd. contg. silicon atoms. Then, the film is exposed to a gas environment and heated.    USE -   In intrinsic semiconductor layers for solar batteries for driving clocks, calculators, etc..    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces defect density. Provides narrow band gap width. Improves short circuit photoelectric current characteristics of solar battery. Improves photoelectric conversion efficiency of solar battery.
The thermoelectric material is composed of semi-crystals of Al base alloy (a) and an electric conductor (c). (c) is Al of fcc structure. (a) can be obtd. by quick quenching (e.g. gas atomising) of Al base alloy.    ADVANTAGE -   The process provides a thermoelectric material which is light wt. and has high conductivity. It is suitable for environmental protection.
The jet condenser (4) has a condenser trunk (8) which constitutes a condensing zone (10) and a gas cooling part (11). The gas cooling part is divided into a pair of partitions (11A,11B). A couple of circulating water pumps are set up in the condensing zone and the gas cooling part and are connected to corresponding water sprinkling tubes (12A,12B) which have spray nozzles (12b).    A pair of cooling water inlet valves (13A,13B) are provided in respective water sprinkling tube. A gas extractor (7) is connected to the gas cooling part through a gas extraction valve (14).    ADVANTAGE -   Improves reliability. Reduces initial cost of power plant. Drives continuously even when one pump breaks down.
The processing method involves using a compressor (20) to pressurize the uncondensed gas in the used geo-thermal fluid. The geo-thermal fluid is supplied from a geo-thermal plant (14). The uncondensed gas contains the sulfuretted hydrogen.    The sulfuretted hydrogen is removed from the uncondensed gas and the uncondensed gas is exhausted in the atmosphere. The rejection geo-thermal fluid from which the sulfurreted hydrogen removed is again supplied to an injection well (34).    ADVANTAGE -   Improves electricity generation.
The device is provided with a housing (11). An anode electrode (1) and a cathode electrode (1') which forms a condenser, is set up in the upper part of the housing. Liquid (12) is poured into the housing. The specific inductive capacity of the liquid is larger than that of the wave. The liquid does not mix with the wave.    The wave action is transferred to the liquid inside the housing. There is a change in charge due to this wave action on the surface of the electrodes soaked in the fluid. Thus, electrical energy is generated.    ADVANTAGE -   Achieves power generation of high reliability and durability. Improves power generation.
The appts consists of a rack sleeve (30a) formed at the lower peripheral surface of a water mill main shaft (13). A main body (30c) is provided with tooth like part (30d) which is positioned through a main shaft sealing gap (21).    A centrifugal pump (30b) generates hydraulic pressure near the rack sleeve by rotating the main shaft. The centrifugal pump is positioned at a small space (22) provided near the upper part of the main body.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents leakage of water. Makes cleaning of upper surface of water mill unnecessary.
The appts consists of a gate operating ring (1) for opening and closing of a guide vane. A tare weight (4) is used to open and close the gate opening rail. The tare weight is connected to a drive shaft (14). A couple of electric servo motors (10, 11) are provided to adjust the force due to the tare weight on the drive shaft. The force from the tare weight is attenuated by a pair of cylinder devices (20). The cylinder device consists of a cylinder (21) provided with a piston (22). The piston is provided with a piston rod having two penetration parts (26, 27). The inner volume of the cylinder is divided into two, a first chamber (24) and a second chamber (25).    A first piping (30) connected to the cylinder is furnished with two throttles (35, 36) and two check valves (37, 38). A second piping (40) connecting both the cylinder devices balances the damping force caused by the cylinder device on both electric servo motors. The cylinder is filled with a working fluid.    ADVANTAGE -   Balances frictional force caused by servo motor. Eases control of servo motor.
The measurement device detects the geometric shape and spatial orientation of the rotor and tower from a ground position or from a position mounted on the system (3) itself. The wind power system is sensed by a distance sensor (4) which can be moved about a horizontal (6) and a vertical (5) axis to enable measurement of the three coordinates, elevation angle, azimuth angle and distance, of any points on the surface of the rotor and tower.    The geometric settings of the system are derived from the measurement data and compared with the settings required for the current values of wind direction, wind speed, air pressure, air temp. and system power. The data from a mobile weather station and the system power measurement data are acquired simultaneously and fed to a central evaluation station.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables setting angle checking under operating conditions and efficient fatigue detection.
A floating/submersible structure (1) for converting wave motion into electrical energy incorporates three independent systems of conversion using water movement as the motivating force.    A converted ship's hull or similar vessel flexibly anchored (16) to the seabed uses wave energy striking the variable angle ramps (2) to fill a series of tanks (3) each of which provides an intake to a vertical low-pressure water turbine (9) with discharge via the ports (13). A second system employs internal oscillating columns of water (not shown) to alternately compress/rarefy atmospheric air for driving air turbines (not shown) and water pressure variations are the source of the third form of energy conversion via large piezo-electric linings of flexible chambers (not shown).    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Multiple system achieves enhanced conversion efficiency of available wave energy. Three electrical sources are independently controllable and geometry of vessel can be varied to protect against severe weather.
The solar energy concentrator includes a primary reflector surface (3) for concentrating solar energy towards a focal plane. A solar energy receiver (5) positioned behind the focal plane receives the reflected solar energy.    A solar flux modifier (7) has a front aperture, internally mirrored walls (11) diverging from the front aperture (9) and a larger rear aperture. The flux modifier receives concentrated solar energy from the primary reflector surface via the front aperture and redirects it via the mirrored walls and the larger aperture to the receiver.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces cost of solar energy to 2 to 10 times.
The solar concentrator system comprises a number of long metal foils with a reflective surface, longitudinally tensioned from both free ends by respective end moving frames with tensioning device, and supported by a number of uniformly spaced intermediate moving frames. Each moving frame has a respective driving crank, secured to a common bushing, mounted on a horizontal shaft. The shaft is secured to a respective support pedestal. A number of the support pedestals are secured to a common transverse beam, forming a common support structure.    A solar concentrator module has a pair of end support structures with anchor device, and a number of uniformly spaced intermediate support structures with sliding device.    Each of the end and intermediate support structures has driving device for driving the moving frames, thus forming a number of individual support and driving units.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   System is adaptable to multiple use, such as solar thermal power plants, solar concentrators for collecting photovoltaic panels, solar heaters for industrial process, etc. Has simple construction, is easy to operate and is almost free of maintenance.
The converter has the sea waves channelled between a set of two embankments or walls (10 running parallel to each other to define a narrow canal (2). The channels run away from each other towards the open sea to form a wave inlet mouth (3). A plurality of buoys (4) are arranged sideways inside the canal.    Each buoy has two side lever arms (5) each ending on a shaft (6) borne by a support (7) located upon the water channel embankment. Each buoy has two side lever arms (5) each ending on a shaft (6) borne by a support (7) located upon the water channel embankment. Each shaft has a crown wheel (8) at its end that simultaneously engages a couple of pinions (9) fitted on a shaft (10) which is the main shaft supported at one end by a bracket (11). The other end of the shaft drives an electric generator (12).    ADVANTAGE -   Simple system for generating electricity from wavepower.
The generator consists of piezoelectric crystals, or crystal structures and comprises a flexible support material for the crystals, such as bendable and stretchable foils. The latter are fixed at one end, but otherwise freely bendable, or movable.    Pref. the flexible support material has the form of a bendable aerial, or horse-whip. The bendable aerial rod, or whip, is typically wrapped in a piezoelectric foil. The flexible support material may be a pole of a piezoelectric foil, or fibres.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For electric energy generation from movement of sea waves, without material overloading and consequent steering or breaking.
The appts. includes a support (26) on which can be secured at least one solar cell, while at least one coupling section (24,25) can be located on the support. To this coupling section can be added at least one further coupling section (24'), pref. located on a further support (26').    Typically the further coupling section is formed on a connecting member. The two types of coupling section are electrically interconnectable. They may be secured on a retaining face. The support may contain two parallel, spaced coupling sections. The support may be of plastic, aluminium, aluminium alloy and/or stainless steel.    ADVANTAGE -   Flexible arrangement for several solar cells, simple replacement of individual cells, and reliable connection of several cells.
The thermionic generator comprises a tubular collector. An emitter mounted within the tubular collector has a number of plates each having a number of points with tips located closely adjacent the tubular collector. A number of ceramic spacers mounted within the collector are interspersed with the number of emitter plates. The emitter plates and spacers are mounted in a stack within the collector. A device heats the emitter sufficient to produce thermionic emission at the point tips.    The heating device includes a heat tube mounted within the tubular collector and gas burner device mounted in position to produce a flame in the heat tube. The stack of emitters and spacers are mounted about the heat tube, and a device couples an electric load with the emitter and collector.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides more efficient and thermally stable thermionic generator.
The structure includes a wiring member (40) which supplies power from solar battery (34) installed in a wall panel (1).    The member is drawn from a pole (2) provided through out an outer wall surface. The poles are provided between beams (3) of a wall.    ADVANTAGE -   Eliminates piping for wiring. Mitigates wiring installation work thereby reducing cost. Reduces interior wiring.
The wall panel (1) has a main body unit (10) which is attached to the body of a building. An electricity generation unit (20) is detachably attached to the main body unit.    A solar battery (34) is attached to the main body unit. The solar battery is switched if the electricity generation unit is removed from the main body unit.    ADVANTAGE -   Eases exchange of solar battery. Maintains electricity generation capability for long periods. Eliminates need for performing water proofing processing.
The cooling unit consists of a generator (5) that is positioned at the lowest part of a solar battery (1) which is arranged horizontally inclined at a predetermined angle. The generator absorbs the heat generated by the solar battery and generates gas. A condenser (7) condenses the gas generated by the generator into liquid and carries out heat exchange to the exterior.    The liquid from the condenser is carried out to an evaporator (9) through a low pressure capillary inner tube (8). The evaporator is arranged at a higher position than the generator and evaporates the liquid from the condenser. An absorber (11) absorbs the gas from the evaporator and then supplies a thixotropic solution to the generator through a return pipe (13).    ADVANTAGE -   Improves efficiency of solar battery.
The electrothermal generator generates electric power from waste products. The waste are fermented in a pair of tanks (17a,17b) which are heated using the electricity produced by a windmill (27). The gas produced in the fermentation process gets collected in a gas holder (22).    A power generation unit comprising a gas engine (23) and a dynamo (26) converts the gas into electricity. The used up waste products in the tanks are then brought to a purification pond (18) and an artificial marsh (19) is formed.    ADVANTAGE -   Stabilizes driving force of windmill.
The appts. includes a substructure having transverse battens (1a-1d) and several photovoltaic modules (3) in rows (11a-11c) side by side. The lower edge of one module extends over the upper edge of the module below, as tiles.    Each neighbouring module of each transverse row are connected to one another via a rubber clamping profile or section and its grooves on each side to take the modules. There is also a filling profile, forced into a groove on the top of the first profile to press the sides of the grooves together. Each module is held on its under layer on its transverse batten by a clamp (2).    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Suitable for solar energy installations as roofs or roofing tiles. Defective modules can be easily changed and most of roof is utilised in economical design.
The methods involves forming three dimensional deep contact amorphous silicon/microcrystalline silicon (a-Si/c-Si) solar cells which use deep (high aspect ratio) p and n contacts to create high electric fields within the carrier collection vol. material of the cell.    The deep contacts are mfd. using repetitive pulsed laser doping so as to create the high aspect P and N contacts. The deep contacts penetrate the electric field deep into the material where the high strength of the field can collect many of the carriers.    ADVANTAGE -   Results in high efficiency solar cell.
The appts. includes a reflector sheet, defining generally equally-sized and generally adjoining V-shaped concentrator sections, each having a 90, upward-facing internal angle and two inward-facing surfaces adjacent to the internal angle, a planar supporting base plate having a length and width equal to those of the reflector sheet, at least one bifacial photovoltaic cell device, comprising either a bifacial photovoltaic cell or two single-sided photovoltaic cells placed back-to-back, and an open-grid support structure consisting of horizontal bracket members arranged in parallel fashion to the base plate and in equally-spaced rows and columns to form a number of square cell frames.    The structure further comprises vertical brackets, with upper end of each bracket connected to an intersecting point of the horizontal bracket members and a lower end of each connected to the base plate at a point where the bottom apexes are also secured to the base plate. A structure supports each of the bifacial photovoltaic cell device in either a vertical plane which bisects the internal angles and is parallel to the sun's rays, with bottom edge of each bifacial cell device nesting at bottom apex of V-shaped concentrator section, or in a horizontal plane, which includes a vertical apex of one of the inward-facing surface and is perpendicular to the sun's rays, with one edge of the bifacial cell device joined to the vertical apex. A pivot device rotates the base plate to remain perpendicular to the angle of incidence of the incoming solar radiation.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Provides very light but rigid structure which operates in conjunction with industry-standard tracking system to accept incident solar radiation at right angles to both sides of bifacial photovoltaic cell. Allows water to circulate through bottom channels of corrugated reflector surface to cool cells and provide warm water for other purposes.
The system comprises dual closed Brayton cycle systems, one functioning as a heat engine, the other as a heat pump, with their respective closed working fluid systems being joined at a common indirect heat exchanger. The heat engine preferably is a gas turbine, capable of operating at exceptionally high efficiencies by reason of the ability to reject heat from the expanded turbine working fluid in the common heat exchanger, which is maintained at cryogenic temperatures by the heat pump system.    The heat pump system usefully employs gas turbine technology, but is driven by an electric motor deriving its energy from a portion of the output of the heat engine.    USE -   For use in generation of electrical power at large power plants, cogeneration installations, and hybrid vehicular power plants. For shipboard propulsion power plants, and railroad locomotive power plants.
The module (2) includes a solar battery (1) having a predetermined electricity generation capacity. The solar battery is placed on a float (3) made of a foaming resin material.    The float which is provided with a waterproof abrasive paper makes the module to remain on the water surface. A waterproof film attached using an adhesive agent covers the float.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces installation cost and improves electricity generation efficiency since heat dissipation becomes easy. Eases conveyance from mfr. factory to destination.
The transducer includes a flexible insulating substrate (2) which has a thin-film photoelectric conversion area (1) set on the surface. The terminal electrodes (31,32) are provided on each end in the longitudinal direction of the substrate.    The terminal electrodes which differ in polarity projects from the upper surface and from the underside surface of the substrate. The electrode projecting from the upper surface is electrically connected to the electrode projecting from the underside surface.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents generation of short circuit, and reliably performs connection through simple process of laying thin-film photoelectric transducer in which terminal electrode is electrically connected to transducer. Reduces prodn. cost since processing is simple.
The generator has a couple of movable weights (7) provided in the bottom of a central shaft (1) in free vertical upward movement to an inner casing (6). An outer cylindrical shaft (2) freely moves outside the central shaft.    When the central shaft is rotated at high-speed, the weights are moved by the centrifugal force. A hilt (9), outside the central shaft and connected with the weights through a wire (11), rises from the bottom of the central shaft during that time and a rising plate (14) is pushed upward.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables mass prodn. by adjusting sizes of weights, disk and rotating speed of shafts. Has less weight by limiting width and sizes of components. Decreases centre of gravity by rotating shafts at higher speed in using centrifugal force for generating electricity. Obtains dump power decrease required for motor, thus performing permanent power generation. Simplifies transportation in remote rural area or high places since it is light.
The appts. has a first optical fibre (23) which leads the light from a light source to a breakdown voltage container (21) arranged in a boring hole. A second optical fibre (24) leads the light received from the first fibre to an optical sensor. A rotating plate (31) is rotatably arranged outside the container crossing an optical path from the first fibre to the second fibre.    An impeller (34) is fixed in a rotating shaft (32) of the plate and rotatably arranged in the underground water (35) outside the container. The sensor measures the flow rate of the underground water from the intermittent light signal from the second fibre.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables accurate speed measurement of high-temp. and high-pressure underground water since impeller converts water current speed into rotating speed which is then converted to optical modulation signals by fibres.
The appts. has a first optical fibre which leads the light from a light source to the boring hole. One end of a second optical fibre (26) is arranged in one end of the first fibre (25) to receive the light discharged from the first fibre and leads it to an optical sensor. A rotation plate (34) includes a light ray portion and a shaded portion which are alternately arranged in the rotation direction.    The plate is arranged crossing the optical path from the first fibre end to the second and fixed between a couple of rotating shafts (32,37). The first and second fibre ends and the plate are stored in a breakdown voltage container (21). The sensor measures the flow rate of the underground water from the second fibre.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables accurate speed measurement of high-temp. and high-pressure water in boring hole.
The system uses a liquified natural gas flowing inside an evaporator. Two kinds of thermoelectric elements, P and N types, are positioned in the inner wall of the evaporator, and sea water flows at the outer wall. Power generated by this system is usually in the 11.8kW range with an efficiency of 5.1%. It exceeds the 10.9kW output power capacity of a chloro-fluorocarbon Rankin cycle.    The system also has no need of either a heat exchanger or an evaporator of chloro-fluorocarbon, associated with the Rankin cycle system.    ADVANTAGE -   Makes system maintenance easier and simplifies system compsn. Provides optimum current density, and eases process of vacuum soldering.
The system consists of an imitation part that is constructed using plastic, wood, rubber, metal and cloth in the shape of a bit tree. The power generating element (12) is covered by a transparent element and is fixed to a big leaf part (11) of the plant.    The power generating element receives the radiated solar light by a light receiving part. The output lead wire of power generation element is drawn out through the veins of the leaf part and the trunk of the tree into a bowl (13).    ADVANTAGE -   Generates enough emf for power generation. Performs indoor air purification.
The solar battery module mfg oven includes several auxiliary units (10). Several shelves are arranged in a module layout unit. An annular pipe (7) connects both ends of the layout unit.    An air blower is arranged at one end of the module layout unit. The air current generated by the air blower flows through the annular pipe. A heat source is located between the air blower and the layout module unit.    ADVANTAGE -   Increases size of solar battery module. Improves device reliability.
The solar battery has a solar cell (100) that converts the light condensed by an optical system (200) to an electric power. A first n-layer (12b) with high impurity density is set at central part that caries out straight confrontation in the incidence direction.    A pair of second n-layers (12a, 12c) with low impurity density are set at peripheral part. Thereby, the central part is made to have smaller internal resistance than that of the peripheral part.    ADVANTAGE -   Obtains effective optical power conversion efficiency. Reduces voltage drop and heat generation even at heavy current. Obtains power efficiently from solar light of morning, evening and day time. Increases life time of generated carriers such as electrons and holes.
The mfg method uses a p type semiconductor substrate (1) which an N type diffusion layer (2) is formed. Multiple P+ type area are formed by the desired portions of the diffusion layer, such the bases of all the P+ type area are embedded in to the substrate sufficiently through heating.    A reflective layer (9) is formed on the portion of the N type diffusion layer other than an electrode connection part (6). Multiple application layer are formed in the predetermined area of the reflective layer, touching the P+ type areas. The application layer contains the coating material including aluminium.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents thermal destruction of PN junction. Improves mfg process. Eliminates influence of reverse bias by shadow effect.
The method involves storing liquid hydrogen inside a storage space (9) of a tank (2). A heat exchanger (3) is provided for transferring the heat between the liquid hydrogen and the cooling medium. The liquid hydrogen flows from the tank via the heat exchanger through a tube (4).    A cooling medium flows through a circulation tube (5). The cooling medium circulation tube is pierced internally in the bottom refrigeration layer (8) in the tank through the heat exchanger.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   In rocket fuels. Enables storing liquid hydrogen with high thermal insulation. Reduces number of installations.
The method involves forming a capacitor (21) by arranging anode electrode plate (22A) and cathode electrode plate (22B) opposite each other underwater. The anode electrode plate and the cathode electrode plate are arranged so that the gap is parallel to the direction of a wave (23). A predetermined DC voltage is applied to the capacitor through a charging circuit (24) and a discharging circuit (25).    The DC voltage at the discharging circuit is made higher than the DC voltage at the charging circuit. A first switch (31) and a second switch (32) installed on the anode physical-circuits of the charging and discharging circuits turns OFF the charging and discharging circuits respectively, according to a wave height. Power is produced from the discharging circuit on every wave.    ADVANTAGE -   Converts power produced according to every wave to direct electrical energy without using dynamic device and usual generator that converts electrical energy to mechanical energy. Provides wave activated generation of high-efficiency transformation. Eliminates cause of fault. Provides simplified maintenance.
The photovoltaic assembly, which concentrates light and cools solar cells at the same time, has a container (1) with transparent coolant filling points (9), for one or more solar cells (2) fitted on a socket (3). The coolant fluid (4) surrounds the solar cells in the container and a pressure equalising container (5), with filling points (10), takes coolant fluid which expands through heat. The side (7) of the container towards the sunlight (6) is transparent and, together with the coolant fluid, forms a light-gathering optical array. The container wall (8) directs the sunlight striking at an angle towards the solar cells, through total reflection of a part. Mirrors direct the incoming sunlight to the solar cells, in the solar cell container. The assembly has a system to align the structure with the sun. The pressure equalising chamber is a polyethylene bag, with a variable vol.    ADVANTAGE -   The assembly has a low cost, with solar cell cooling without the use of tubing, pumps and control. A receiving angle of 6 and 6-times light amplification are possible through the total reflection of the container wall. The solar cells are wholly protected, and the concentrated lens action only operates when the container is filled.
The power unit is filled with water (7) and air is introduced into an evaporator (1) and into a section of the space of a vapour-liquid adiabatic channel (4), before heat of a solar heat flow is passed to the working agent through the walls of the evaporator and heat of the working agent is released into a refrigeration unit (3). Oscillating movement of the water occurs in a U-shaped oscillation loop (6) and some liquid passes out through a nozzle into an additional pipe, reducing the pressure of the working agent.    The reduced pressure of the liquid opens a non-return valve (9), to pass a portion of the water through a suction pipeline (10) into the channel (4) through a sprayer, ensuring constant highly-effective cooling of the water with condensation of the vapour component and sharp reduction of the pressure. The oscillating movement of the liquid pendulum is converted into electrical energy using a permanent magnet (26) on a float (27), moved in the induction coil (25) of a linear generator (24) or can be converted into mechanical movement.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Conversion of thermal energy into mechanical or electrical output in drives of pumps, fans and electric generators and also in engines of floating, wheeled or flying transport. Extended range of use.
A method is claimed for making semiconductor particles, consisting of the steps: (a) defining a number of spaced-out piles (26) of semiconductor feedstock upon a refractory layer (18); and (b) directing optical energy (30) of sufficient energy onto the feedstock piles to melt them at least partially and form semiconductor particles.    USE -   Provides a method of making semiconductor spheres for highly efficient solar cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The feedstock is almost instantaneously fused to desired particles, precluding growth of any oxide and minimising heat loss to the underlying refractory layer and transport surface.
The mfg method involves formation of a first electrode layer, a photoelectric conversion semiconductor layer and a transparent second electrode layer on a substrate (1).    The carbon particles (2) are distributed by the decomposition of an organic gas on the planar surface of the first electrode layer. This particles are covered by a thin film consisting of electrically conductive material.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves photoelectric efficiency. Secures roughness of electrode surface layer easily. Enables use of conductive metal oxide film instead of metal thin film. Enables easy generation of carbon particles by decomposition of organic gas.
The power generating installation has a boiler (2) in to which exhaust gas generated in a refused incinerator (1) is lead. The boiler generates vapour to drive a steam turbine (5). The steam turbine drives a dynamo (6). A reduction combustion region is formed near the exit of the first combustion region in the refuse incinerator.    The abolished plastic is crushed by crushing machine and is input into a vinyl chloride isolating appts (11) of fuel supply system. The vinyl chloride isolating appts separates vinyl chlorides from the crushed abolished plastic and inputs the remain into the oil making appts (12). The oil making appts collects the oil from the plastic and supplies it to the reduction combustion region of the refuse incinerator.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces running cost by using oil from abolished plastic instead of gas or kerosene.
The thermoelectric converter has several heat dissipation fins (51). A pair of flat electrically insulated resin plates are arranged parallel to each other. Each plate has several rows of elongated holes. Several U-shaped three dimensional (52) are joined to the heat exchanger and it is extended to the heat dissipation fins (51) of the assembly unit (50).    The P and N type semiconductor electrothermal elements (53, 54), fixed to one side of the board are connected by the U-shaped three dimensional electrode (52).    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents dislocation of heat absorption and emission electrodes. Improves device performance.
The operational method involves use of a furnace (2) in which the pulverized coal is burnt with air so as to generate a coal gas. A combustion device (8) burns the coal gas that is generated in the furnace. The waste gas generated by the combustion device is led to a turbine (9).    A first compression machine (7) is connected to the turbine. The air from the guide vane is inhaled and is supplied to the combustion device and the furnace. A second compression machine (15) supplies air to the furnace. Air is supplied to the furnace from both the compression machines and when a high plant output is required.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables easy operation control. Increases plant output efficiently. Increases supply of air.
The generator has a pair of thermoelectric power generator unit (4) in which several thermoelectric generator components are heated by being fixed on a high-temp. side of a sheet-like thermoelectric power generator module (2). The module is positioned in a heat-transfer board (3).    The sheet-like module has electrode surface (2a) of one side and an electrode surface (2b) of another side accommodating (6) liquefied heat medium object (5) between the two electrode surfaces, arranged opposite and near each other.    ADVANTAGE -   Decreases heat loss by reducing area of heat-insulation cover. Minimises temp. variation received by thermo-electric power generator module, improves thermal efficiency, and ensures stable operation.
The thermoelectric (TE) power generator has low-temp. sides of several electrode surfaces (5a) are fixed to each high-temp. side of a heat-transfer board (3). The electricity generation modules (5) are arranged in the shape of planar device having contact fixation of low temp. side and high temp. side at the heat transfer board (3).    An electrode surface (5b) on an other side of a TE power generator module (5) makes contact with a surface of a liquified heat-medium object (4).    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces size of device and distortion of TE power generator module due to temp. difference between electrode surfaces. Prevents breakage on TE power generator component. Improves heat transfer by utilising oily liquid e.g. silicone oil as electric insulator. Provides expandable range of use, and enables stable operation.
The thermoelectric converter mfg method involves connecting multiple N-type and P-type semiconductor elements in series for thermoelectric conversion. A first and a second electrode patterns comprising a number of electrode plates (32,42) connected through a number of coupling parts (33,43) are arranged on the top and bottom surface of the semiconductor elements. The upper electrode pattern is connected in common to the top face of every pair of adjoining semiconductor elements.    A lower electrode pattern is connected in common to the under surface of the pair of semiconductor elements adjoining each other and not connected in common at the upper surface by the upper electrode pattern. The coupling parts are disconnected and separated after soldering the electrode patterns with each semiconductor element.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents damage to electrode patterns during mfr.
The method involves inserting a photoelectric-conversion layer on a whole surface of an insulating substrate (1). A first (4) and second (7) electrode layer are set up at the substrate side. A third electrode layer (5) is set up on the other side of the substrate. A first connection hole penetrates the first electrode layer and a photoelectric-conversion layer (6).    The photoelectric-conversion layer is sandwiched between the first electrode layer through an insulated electric conductor and a separation layer of the second layer. The portion which penetrates the substrate of the first connection hole is opened before formation of the photoelectric-conversion layer from the whole-surface side of the substrate.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents deterioration in photoelectric-conversion layer film quality. Enables mass-production by opening several holes simultaneously.
The production method involves formation of a lower electrode (2), junction layer (3) formed by semiconductor thin film and an upper electrode (4) on the surface of an insulating substrate (1), sequentially. Then laser beam is irradiated on the middle portion of the substrate such that the formed layers are cut into the shape of line and multiple rectangular shaped islands are formed.    An insulating thin film (5) is formed selectively at the cross sectional part of cut portion, by introducing multiple kind of gases through nozzles (8,9). The junction layer and the upper electrode near the cut portion is removed by irradiating the laser beam, such that a portion of the laser electrode is exposed in the shape of a line. Thus, an upper electrode (4A) of the island adjoins the exposed lower electrode (2B) and both these electrodes are connected electrically by a connection electrode.    ADVANTAGE -   Obtains high productivity and high yield.
The generator produces an out put sufficient to turn on a MOS-gated device which consists of several planar photogenerators connected in series. Each of the photovoltaic generators is contained in its own respective insulated tub. The insulated tubs are formed by wafer bonding a junction-contg. wafer (11) to a handle wafer (10) with a dielectric isolation layer (12) between them.    The individual tubs are formed at their sides by isolation trenches (40) which enclose each tub and extend to the dielectric layer (12) between the junction-contg. and handle wafers. Each tub is formed of an N-body with a shallow diffusion (20,21,22) N+ contact regions (25,26,27) are formed in the N body and contact strips (70,71) connect the devices of each of the tubs in series by connecting the P+ diffusion of one tub to the N+ contact of an adjacent tub.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For controlling semiconductor switching device.
A power generating system comprises a solar concentrator defining an effectively concave reflective surface on a surface of the earth for concentrating incoming solar energy. A solar collector is disposed in an underground chamber provided with an access opening. The solar collector receives solar energy concentrated by the concentrator and converting the concentrated solar energy to another energy form, generally thermal energy, which is subsequently convertible to electrical power. Directional componentry is provided for directing concentrated solar energy from the concentrator along a predefined folded transmission path through the access opening to the collector.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For solar energy power station generating usable energy from incident solar radiation. Reduced costs and higher thermal conversion efficiencies.
The device controls a valve (10) using an inlet valve servomotor (14) to which oil from an oil tank (11) is supplied through a main valve (13). The valve which is normally closed opens to a predetermined opening position which is sensed by a switching valve (16). The switching valve then supplies oil from the oil tank.    The amount of oil inflow from the tank is limited until the main valve is switched. After switching, a hydraulic operation switching valve (17) cancels the limitation. The speed of opening of inlet valve to the fixed position is controlled to a small value.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids need for excessive control force at time of opening of valve. Suppresses rise of hydraulic pressure.
The power generator includes a storage reservoir (3) and a pair of water tanks (1). A pipe tube which is arranged at the end of the tank, installs an adverse current stop valve at its end. Water is supplied to the tank by an air pressure pump (2).    A siphon type hydraulic pressure iron tube (6) connected to one end of the tank, leads the water to a water wheel (4) which rotates by hydraulic pressure. This causes power generation in a generator (5).    ADVANTAGE -   Enables continuous generation of electricity. Enables efficient circulation of water. Obtains constant power. Raises rotational speed of water wheel.
The power generation plant which uses compound rubbish as a source of heat consists of a combustion chamber where the flue gas for a gas turbine part (11) is produced. After passing through the gas turbine, the exhaust gas passes through a superheater part (17) where it superheats the steam for a steam turbine part (28). Then, the exhaust gas passes through an evaporator (18) where the vapour for a deaerator part (39) is produced. Then, the exhaust gas passes through a water heater part (19), where the feed water is preheated.    Feed water after getting preheated goes through the deaerator where oxygen is removed. The heat source for the deaerator is the vapour which is supplied from the evaporator. After the deaerator, water is passed to an economiser part (24) which is at the downstream of a refuse incinerator part (21) where the rubbish waste is incinerated. Preheated water from the economiser enters into a waste boiler part (22) where the steam is produced by heat from the incinerator. The produced steam gets superheated in the superheater and goes to a steam turbine part (28). On coming out of the steam turbine, steam goes to the condenser and condensate is collected in a condensate sump and recirculated. A temperature detector part (47) on the pipe line before the deaerator connected to a flow control valve part (52) controls the feed water temperature. Preset value at the temperature detector governs the operation of flow control valve thus maintaining a constant temperature of the feed water into the deaerator.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents economiser tube from acid corrosion by not allowing temperature to go above presetting value. Improves output of steam turbine. Prevents reduction in temperature of hot water from deaerator.
The device has a permeation board (1) that transmits the solar light. A condensing surface board (3) is installed in vertical state, to receive the light transmitted by the permeation board and the light reflected by a reflecting floor (2).    The permeation board covers the condensing surface board and the reflecting floor. The condensing surface board is made to act as a solar battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables homogeneous light condensation. Reduces module area of solar battery by improving condensing multiplying factor. Simplifies composition.
The method involves generating an exhaust gas containing high and low density chlorine components. The exhaust gas with high density chlorine component formed in a first combustion mechanical stoker part of a mechanical stoker by burning rubbish, is led to a steam generator through an evaporator channel (21).    Similarly, the exhaust gas with low density chlorine component formed in a second combustion mechanical stoker part of the mechanical stoker is led to a vapour super heater through a super heater channel (22).    ADVANTAGE -   Enables over heating of vapour to high temperatures. Improves electricity generating efficiency and reliability. Avoids being detrimental to environment. Improves longevity of vapour super-heater.
The device has a link connecting a gate operating ring (1) to a guide vane arm (3). A guide vane (2) is joined to the guide vane arm. A rod (9) is connected to the guide vane arm through a first link pin (5).    A second link pin (6) fastens the guide vane arm to a cylinder (8) where the rod is inserted. A spring forces the head (13) of the rod to move along the length of the cylinder. A spring type weak point link (14) is provided on the cylinder at the side of the guide vane arm.    ADVANTAGE -   Protects guide vane from damage without damaging weak point section. Prevents excessive power being applied to guide vane as link expands and contracts when foreign material narrows.
The system includes an empty storage unit (1) storing compressed air used to drive a high pressure turbine (3). The waste gas generated from the high pressure turbine is supplied to operate a low pressure turbine (4).    A cooling unit supplies cool air to an air pipe (5) along the high temp. side of the low pressure turbine during steam extraction in the high pressure turbine.    ADVANTAGE -   Raises plant output and efficiency by increasing input quantity of high pressure turbine. Utilises air from high pressure turbine exit to be cooling air of high temp. side of low pressure turbine.
The structure includes a footing (F) to support a super structure (1) according to its buoyancy. The footing is furnished with a lower half (2) and a column (3). A damper (4) made up of elastic flexible material is interposed between the lower half and the column. A tube path member (5) forms a water passage within the column.    A vane (9) is provided in the tube path member. An elastic vertical plumbing board (11) with a central columella part (10) is provided, in contact with the inner walls of the column. This board with the columella is used to rotate the vane. A piezoelectric film is installed on the vertical board. Transformation of damper and that of the elastic board, due to incident tidal energy, is converted into electricity by the piezoelectric film.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Is suitable for large scale floating bodies such as sea airports. Improves support offered by footing. Taps wave power for electricity generation.
The method involves using a capacitor (C) made up of an anode electrode board (1) and a cathode electrode board (1'). The two electrodes were positioned parallel to the direction of a wave (2) and whose gap separating each other was based on the wave height.     The anode electrode board is connected through a reverse stopping diode (Db) respectively between input (3,4) and output (5,6) terminals. A DC voltage (31) is applied to the input terminal. An electric output is obtd. from the output terminal corresp. for every wave by applying the DC source of high voltage from the input terminal used voltage.    ADVANTAGE -   Directly converts wave energy to electrical energy efficiently without using appts. and usual generator. Eliminates cause of fault thus simplifying maintenance. Provides high efficiency transformation. Provides high endurance with high reliability wave activated generation. Obtains large power in one cycle.
The generator includes some plates electrode boards (1) in parallel forming a capacitor underwater. Each electrode board is positioned parallel to the direction of a wave (2) and whose gap separating each other was based on the wave height.    A direct-current power supply and a rectifier are connected to the charging and discharging circuit of the capacitor. An insulator is provided for the coating surface of each electrode board.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides less expensive electrode board since it does not need vacuum device to finish up said board. Efficiently converts wave energy into electrical energy without using special type of appts. or usual generator. Prevents electrolytic current to influence on electrode boards. Obtains variable function of capacitor.
The generator includes some plate electrodes boards (11) in parallel forming a capacitor (C) underwater. Each electrode board is positioned parallel to the direction of a wave and whose gap separating each other was based on the wave height.    A direct-current power supply (31) and a first rectifier (Db) are connected to the charging and discharging circuit of the capacitor. A discharge made to the capacitor is through a storage battery (34) provided with a second rectifier (Db).    ADVANTAGE -   Efficiently stores infinite supplied electrical energy. Efficiently converts wave energy into electrical energy without using special appts. or usual generator.
The generator includes some plate electrode boards (1) in parallel forming a capacitor (C) underwater. Each electrode is positioned parallel to the direction of a wave (2) and whose gap separating each other was based on the wave height.    Several storage batteries are used as the direct-current power supply along with a rectifier. Only one (45) of the several storage batteries is used in order to charge the capacitor.    ADVANTAGE -   Efficiently converts wave power to direct electrical energy. Provides stable supply of electric power. Enlarges load range concerning supply of electric power. Less expensive since special power supply was not used.
The generator includes several plate electrode boards (22) in parallel forming a capacitor (C) underwater. Each electrode board is positioned parallel to the direction of a wave and whose gap separating each other was based on the wave height. A direct-current power supply and a rectifier are connected to the charging and discharging circuit of the capacitor respectively.    The electrodes in parallel forms a number of capacitors at predetermined intervals and were connected electrically so that the polarity may become a mutual pole. With this, the terminal of each electrode board is connected to a common ground.    ADVANTAGE -   Efficiently converts wave energy into electrical energy without using appts. and usual generator. Less expensive since less electrode board sheets were used. Provides safety to worker by grounding terminal electrode.
The condenser has an upper body (1) which receives exhaust steam from a steam turbine for cooling in a cooling chamber (5A). The steam, then, leads to a gas flow expert chamber (13A) through gas conduction holes (14A) and to a gas collecting pipe (17) connected to a gas outlet (15A) through gas insert holes (18). The gas cooling system has a condensation chamber (4A) having several cooling water distribution tubes (7A) feeding nozzles (8A) which atomize the cooling water.    The cooled gas condenses and the condensate is collected in the hot well (9). The uncondensed gas in the condensation chamber is readily exhausted through gas conduction holes leaving the desired vacuum in the chamber.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Improves effectiveness. Recovers max. heat. Improves efficiency. Provides better heat transfer.
The heat radiation is converted into electricity by photocells, with utilisation of the non-converted heat. The co-generator consists of a burner (6, 33), ceramic strands (10), pref. contg. rare earth oxides, photocells (4), and a radiation transparent wall (5) separating the photocells from the ceramic strands. The closely spaced ceramic strands are carried by the ribs (9) of a winch-shaped body and form a separating plane between the flame and flue gas.    Pref. the winch-shaped body with the ribs forms a flue gas direct. The ceramic strand forms a fabric, whose wefts have a high mechanical strength at high temp., being e.g. of SiC.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For radiators of very low layer thickness, with coiled ceramic strand.
A high-speed hydraulic jet drive arrangement with oscillating blades positioned in a cylinder provides propulsion directly without rotational movement and in which an enclosed area of water is utilised to provide movement in one direction by repulsion of the complete, enclosed volume of water in an opposite direction. No force is dissipated by water repulsion in directions other than the direction opposite to the direction of movement.    The repulsion of water directly rearwards of the system of oscillating blades without any rotary movement being involved, results in a 60 % reduction in noise level compared with propeller systems and, if the cylinder tunnel extends for a considerable length behind the blades, then a 80 % reduction is possible. The theoretical max. speed of the jet drive approaches the speed of sound minus losses due to resistance (drag) below the water line of e.g. a ship, materials strain, resistance (drag) due to collision of water molecules, and the resistance (drag) of the drive itself.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For propulsion of ships, submarines, torpedoes and multifarious types of small craft. Conversion of hydraulic power into electrical power e.g. for the production of electricity in hydro-dam type power-stations. No problems due to cavitation effects, as associated with rotary blade and propeller systems.
The solar energy generator operates as a hybrid system in which energy is recovered by a combination of photo electrical action combined with the heating of a fluid such as water. The system can be mounted on a building and the water is a circulated around a flexible tube that receives direct heating by the sun.    An inner tube carries a fluid with suspended magnetic particles that due to movement induces a current in a coil surrounding the tube. Located at the rear of the tube system is a series of layers of photo electrical elements that receive solar energy by transmission and reflection.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Provides energy recovery from photo-cells and fluid circulation. (Original drawing not reproducible).
The generator comprises a stator having wound on it, three-phase stator windings, the stator adapted to be connected to three-phase power lines operating at a predetermined frequency to generate rotating magnetic fields. The rotor has three-phase windings mounted for rotation within the stator, and is adapted to be rotated by a rotary drive device. The three-phase rotor winding is coupled to the rotating magnetic fields to induce in the windings, voltages whose frequency is dependent on the rotational speed of the rotor w.r.t. the rotating magnetic fields. A first resistive device is connected in series with each of the rotor windings to provide magnetising currents responsive to the induced voltages.    A capacitive device and an inductive device connected in series with each of the rotor windings and in parallel with the first resistive device are responsive to the voltages to provide a series impedance which reaches a minimum when the frequency of the induced voltages in the secondary windings due to the rotary speed of the rotor is such that the capacitive impedance equals the inductive impedance whereby to provide maximum magnetising current and generator output. The current decreases when the frequency is above or below the frequency.    ADVANTAGE -   Increases efficiency of generator and limits power output to capacity of generator over wide range of speeds. Generator, when operated above its rated speed, still delivers power and continues to present receptive load to prime mover, eliminating necessity for uncertain mechanical speed controls on prime mover.
The air tool having a working end, comprises the tool housing, a compressed air inlet, and an integrated air motor and electrical generator, for powering the tool and positioned within the housing. The integrated motor/generator includes a shaft mounted on a bearing, for rotation within the housing, and a rotor body having a circumferential surface and two axial ends, the rotor body being attached to the shaft. A number of vanes are connected to the rotor body.    A number of magnetic elements are disposed within one of the two axial ends of the rotor body in a pole-side arrangement. A stator is positioned within the housing axially aligned with the rotor body, on a side of the rotor body opposite the working end of the air tool and between the compressed air inlet and the rotor body such that compressed air flows across the stator. The stator interacts with the magnetic elements to generate electricity when the rotor body is rotated by the compressed air.    ADVANTAGE -   Integrated generator is subjected to less vibration and operates in cooler environment. Small size and lightweight. Has increased electrical power capability.