The appts. (1) comprises a treating tank (3) which holds a filler material (11) and refuse (12), and has a stirrer (5) to stir the filler and refuse, and a controller (10) to drive the stirrer intermittently. When the stirring is finished, the stirrer is temporarily rotated in the reverse direction.    The stirrer consists of a rotation shaft (6) and stirring blades (7) projecting from the rotation shaft within a semi-circle around the rotation shaft.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   To treat refuse discharged from domestic kitchens. The filler prevents the refuse from drying and so improves decomposition.
The appts. (1) comprises a treating tank (3) holding filler (12) and refuse (13); a stirrer (5) placed in the treating tank; a sensor (10) to detect the temp. in the filler; sensor (14) to detect the humidity in the treating tank; and an indicating means (15) to judge the working state of microorganisms in the filler, (from the detected temp. and humidity), and indicate it.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   To treat domestic kitchen waste. Decomposition speed of the refuse can be estimated and the refuse can be introduced in controlled amt. according to the estimated decomposition speed.
The appts. (1) comprises a treating tank (3) holding filler (12) and crude refuse (13), a stirrer (5) placed in the treating tank; a ventilator (9) to exchange air in the treating tank without side air; a sensor (10a) to detect the temp. of outside air; and a controller (11) to control stirring time or stirring intervals inside the tank according to a detected temp.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   To treat refuse from domestic kitchens. The refuse can be decomposed in a short time by activating microorganisms by controlling stirring conditions or an amt. of air for ventilation based on a change of temp.
Exhaust gas from the anaerobic treating apparatus is mixed with O2and contacted with metal (e.g. Pd) carrying catalyst at heated condition.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides stable, effective, safe, and low cost treating process for methane contg. exhaust gas.
Biodegradation of a lignin substance by a microbe comprises contacting the substance with a microbe which originates from the intestine of a termitarium and has the ability to decompose the said lignin substance.    Also claimed are:(a) a method for preparing a material for the biodegradation of lignin substances which comprises:(i) washing the body surface of a termitarium with an alcohol;(ii) further washing the body surface with M9 medium to remove the alcohol substantially;(iii) removing the digestive organs from the termitarium and crushing them to get the digestive organ content;(iv) culturing the digestive organ content in M9 medium to get a material for the degradation of lignin, and(v) recovering the grown microbes, and(b) an immobilised lignin biodegradation material in which the above material for the degradation of lignin is contacted with a carrier and immobilised on it.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   The method can be used to degrade lignin substances with a microbe.
Domestic and industrial solid waste containing organic hydrocarbons and other compounds are treated by pyrolysis, cracking and distillation. The waste (11) is first plastified in the first chamber of the reactor (14), then fed into a second chamber (15) where it is pyrolysed in the presence of water (12), producing solvent synthesis gas (13). The waste then passes to a third chamber (24) where it is cracked and a first distillation under reduced pressure occurs. The solvent gas is reintroduced in the fourth chamber (31) where further cracking occurs, followed by a second low pressure distillation in the fifth chamber (32). The distillates produced (E1 and E2) include the light hydrocarbon fractions. The heavy fractions, including tar and slag are removed from the fifth chamber (E3).    USE -   For treatment of domestic or industrial wastes containing organic hydrocarbons, such as plastic bottles and tyres.    ADVANTAGE -   The light hydrocarbons produced can easily be used as a fuel. The process is simple and automatic and takes place in a compact device. Long distance transportation of waste for cracking is avoided, as is the use of landfill space.
Process for the treatment of liquid waste, mud, and solid waste contg. sulphates and heavy metals comprises: (a) a neutralisation step at a pH of 3-10; and (b) an anaerobic redn. step of the sulphate ion at 20-70C for 5-30 days using a consortium of sulphate-reducing bacteria and lactobacilli and adding whey to the reaction. mixt. as a source of C and N.    Pref. the neutralisation is carried out with the use of sulphuric acid or calcium oxide at a pH of 6-7.5. The anaerobic redn. step is carried out at 35C.    USE -   The process is esp. useful for treating mud deriving from prodn. of Cl2 and NaOH, slag from the prodn. of secondary lead, chalk from the prodn. of Zn, powder from incineration oven etc.    ADVANTAGE -   The anaerobic treatment makes it possible to transform heavy metal ions present in liquid waste, mud, and solid waste into insoluble and inert sulphides.
Method for the degradation of leather, esp. untreated, tanned and/or finished leather prods. or waste, comprises treating the opt. pre-crushed leather material in a moistened state or aq. suspension with thermophilic micro-organisms supplied with oxygen, at a temp. of 55-80 C.    USE -   The method is partic. useful for the disposal of tanned leather.    ADVANTAGE -   Unlike the thermal treatment methods currently used to dispose of leather waste, which are costly and produce environmentally harmful combustion gases, this method produces no harmful degradation prods. and is not affected by the toxic salts (eg. chromium salts) used to tan leather.
Process is for disposing of paints, liq. chemicals and mineral oil prods. in cement works and refuse incinerating units, in which polyurethane foam recovered during the scrapping of refrigeration equipment is milled and degassed and used for thickening or binding of paints, liq. chemicals and mineral oil prods.    ADVANTAGE -   The process makes use of a recycled material obtd. from the scrapping of refrigeration units. After milling and degassing, the polyurethane foam is free from chlorofluoro-hydrocarbons and has a very high surface area to give high thickening and mineral oil prods. to render these suitable for disposal in cement works or refuse incinerators.
A compsn. for cleaning exhaust gases, esp. used air, comprises a bed loaded with micro-organisms and essentially grape seeds, beer hops and mineral material. Also claimed are methods for cleaning (i) spent air by saturating it with moisture and then passing it at 10-70 C through the bed, and (ii) soil by mixing it with the compsn. and then impinging with a gas, pref. air.    USE -   Suitable for a wide range of applications including the foodstuffs, brewing, paint, furniture, paper, timber, plastics, crude oil, sewage and waste disposal industries for removing malodorous substances from exhaust gases or volatile substances from the soil.    ADVANTAGE -   The filter is cheap and simple to maintain, removes practically all toxic and malodorous components (e.g. toluene or acetone), does not require an expensive moisturising device and the compsn. provides an excellent growth medium for micro-organisms.
Solid municipal waste is treated by gasification. Solid waste (F) is placed in a reactor with gasification agents (L and W) contg. oxygen. Solid (R) and gaseous (G) prods. are removed from the reactor after the waste has been heated and dried (5), pyrolysed (6), burnt or oxidised (7) and cooled (8). The temp. within the reactor is maintained at 700-1400 C by adjusting the feed streams, within a range of A of 0.1-4.0, where A = ab/c. (a = mass fraction of oxygen in the gasification agent, b = mass fraction of non-combustibles in the solid feed; and c = mass fraction of combustibles in the solid feed)    USE -   The method is used for the disposal of solid municipal wastes contg. vegetable matter, paper wood, textiles, metal, rubber, glass, sand, etc..    ADVANTAGE -   Solid wastes are quickly and efficiently gasified, producing a large quantity of combustible gas with a high energy yield.
Treating a liquid containing organic material and/or microorganisms comprises a surface, over which the liquid flows, carrying a semiconductor film (3) which is irradiated such that a photo chemical reaction is produced. A voltage (5) is applied to the semiconductor material to ensure that electrons, liberated by the reaction, are transported away from the semiconductor. Also claimed are: (I) The use of a thermally or aerogel formed semiconductor film for use in the above; and (II) The manufacture of an aerogel catalyst for use in the above comprising heating a semiconductor sol in a fluid phase to 200-300 C at a rate of 1 C/min. and 200-500 psi. The temperature is maintained for 20-40 minutes and the aerogel is then allowed to cool.    USE -   The process can be used in the decomposing of organic solutions or removal of microorganisms from water, e.g. purification of waste containing organic residues or compounds and removal of bacterial pathogens from water supplies.    ADVANTAGE -   The process does not exhibit the environmental problems experienced with traditional methods of disposal (e.g. incineration), is cost effective with respect to e.g. oxidation and does not require the addition of oxidation agents as in photo-oxidation. The semiconductor layer has enhanced oxidation properties, particularly when thermally or aerogel formed. The photochemical reaction efficiency is improved by the voltage applied between the semiconductor film (3) and counter electrode (4) which causes holes to migrate to the film surface (3) to oxidise the organic compounds. Electrons are transported to the counter electrode and ideally to a cathode where reduction of oxygen can take place.
A process for alkylating an olefin, alkane, alkyl halide, aromatic cpd. or hydroxy-aromatic cpd. with an olefin, alkane or alkyl halide comprises using a catalyst comprising a polymer of formula (I) having at least one Lewis acid immobilised within its structure, the catalyst having been derived from a functionalised -[CH2.CH(R1)]a[CH(R2.D).CH2]d- copolymer of Mn 3,000-10,000,000. a, c and d = 1-99 mol.%; d = b+c; b = 0-50 mol.%; n = 0 and/or 1; D = OH, halide, OR4, NH2, NHR3, OM' or OM''; E = residue of reaction of Lewis acid with D; R1 = 1-24 C alkyl or 3-24 C cycloalkyl; R2 = 1-24 C alkylene, 3-24 C cycloalkylene, 6-18 C arylene or 7-30 C alkarylene; R3 and R4 = as R1 or up to 24 C aryl or 7-30 C alkaryl; M' = alkali metal; and M'' = alkaline earth metal.    ADVANTAGE -   The catalysts, which can include BF3 as the immobilised Lewis acid, are easily removed and regenerated or regenerated in situ. They can be used in most polar and non-polar organic solvents and can be disposed of in an environmentally advantageous way. Other uses are in cationic polymerisation.
An aq. caustic solution (A) containing inorganic sulphides is treated by: (i) immobilising an autotrophic bacteria (B) by co-culture with at least one floc-forming heterotroph (C) under aerobic conditions to form a flocculated biomass; (ii) suspending the biomass in a mineral salt medium to support growth of (B); and (iii) introducing (A) into the suspension, whereby sulphide is oxidised to sulphate, and acid is formed at least partially neutralising the caustic.    USE -   (A) is a waste stream from petroleum refining; it is here treated inexpensively and opt. on site prior to environmentally acceptable disposal.
A nutrient (N) is added to a gas for in situ bioremediation of a contaminated subsurface region. The nutrient is an organophosphorus cpd. with a vapour form and a liq. form of vapour pressure (P). The gas is contacted with (N) so that a portion of the latter vaporised and mixes with the gas. The mixture has a partial pressure of (N) vapour not greater than (P).    Also claimed is a method for enhancing the degredation of contaminants, in a subsurface region contg. microorganisms capable of degrading the contaminants.    (N) is triethyl phosphate or tributyl phosphate. The gas is air, oxygen, nitrogen, methane, propane, ammonia or cpds. or mixtures thereof. Temp. of (N) is controlled to control (P). The liq. nutrient has a vapour press. of at least 0.1 mm Hg.    Liquid nutrient is injected at flow rate Qn litre/min. into the gas flowing at Qg litre/min. to provide a preselected concn. V (vol.%) in the gas, in accordance with the equation (I):    Qn = 4.1 x 10-7(w/d)VQg (I)    where w = mol. wt. of (N)(g/mole); and d = density of (N)(g/cm3).    USE -   The nutrient enhances the growth of microorganisms which are present in the subsurface region and are capable of degrading the contaminants. Soil and groundwater are remediated.    ADVANTAGE -   Since the liq. nutrient has a high vapour pressure, the liq. evaporates readily and mixes with the gas. Hence a mixt. contg. a high concn. of nutrient vapour can be delivered throughout the bioremediation site.
A device (A) has garbage treating chamber (B) in which multiple bags (C) contg. a carrier of microorganisms are hung and they are made to contact with garbage. (A) also has a device which supports the lowest ends of (C), a driving device which moves (C) upward and downward in (B), and a vibrator which agitate the garbage with vibration.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Used for decomposing garbage with microorganisms Separation of under composite material from the carrier can be carried out with ease. A cross section of this device is shown in Fig. 1, where (3)s are bags (made of porous film or net) contg. the carrier of microorganisms, which bags can be moved upward or downward by moving supporting plate (2) with motor (M). Garbage (A) is supplied to the chamber by opening a lid (10) and is made to contact with microorganism in the bags and made to decompose.
A two-phase aerobic decomposition of organic matter involves (a) fermentation for 2-20 days in closed container(s), with inlet and outlet of air, controlled in dependence on the temp. and/or humidity during fermentation, and after stopping the fermentation, (b) further rotting of the material from the container, with continuous aeration and with turning the material over at least once.    ADVANTAGE -   The time for composting is reduced using this process.
The prepn. of a mixed oxide comprising V, Sb and Sn of the general formula:- VSbaSnbOx -a = 0.1 or more (whole or fractional numbers) -b = 0.5 or more (whole or fractional numbers). -x = whole or fractional number determined by degree of oxidn. of other elements. The mixed oxide has an X ray diffraction pattern consistent with a crystallographic phase of SnO2 rutile structure. The cpd. is prepared in the following stages:- cpds. of V, Sb and Sb are dissolved in at least one satd. alcohol. -the alcoholic soln .obtd. is contacted with an aq. soln. contg. an ammonium salt, to precipitate the mixed oxide. -the oxide is separated and calcined. Also claimed is a process of ammoxidation of 8-12C alkanes, using the prepared catalyst.    USE -   The ammoxidation process is partic. useful in the oxidn. of propane (to give propylene and acrylonitrile) and isobutane (giving methacrylonitrile and isobutene or n-butenes).    ADVANTAGE -   The invention gives mixed oxides with improvedcatalytic properties compared with those obtd. by previous processes.
Process for treating a gas contg. hydrocarbon(s) and acid gas(es) to remove at least part of the acid gas and to produce at least one conc. acid gas, with the following stages comprises: (a) cooling the gas to ambient temp. or below and contacting with a first solvent mixt. contg. polar solvent(s) and water, to produce a first solvent fraction rich in acid gases and contg. dissolved hydrocarbons, and a gaseous fraction low in acid gases; (b) regenerating the first solvent fraction, rich in acid gases, by lowering the pressure and/or raising the temp. to produce a gaseous fraction contg. hydrocarbons and a solvent phase low in acid gases, which is recycled to stage (a); (c) contacting the fraction rich in acid gases with a second solvent mixt. contg. polar solvent(s) and water to produce a gaseous fraction rich in hydrocarbons and a second solvent fraction rich in acid gases; (d) regenerating this second fraction rich in acid gases as in stage (b) to produce a gaseous fraction more concd. in acid gases than that from phase (b) and recycling the solvent phase to stage (c).    USE -   The deacidification of natural gas.
Strewable additive for addn. to units used for the composting of bio waste, consisting of a porous prod. obtd. from straw by finely chopping the straw, compressing the chopped straw under high pressure and comminuting the compressed straw into a strewable prod.    USE -   The additive is used for spreading onto the fraction of urban refuse, which can be composted, during the composting process. Several layers of the straw prod., each 1-3 cm deep, are spread onto a 10-30 cm layer of bio waste.    ADVANTAGE -   The straw prod. has excellent binding capacity for the liquids and odorous gases, formed during composting, without hindering the composting process.
The plant has 1 composting bay into which the material is heaped in layers, to be rearranged according to its age, it is aerated as a result of pressure or suction using a controlled quantity of air, which is recirculated. The quantity of air is increased until the temp. of the material reaches a predetermined max. value. From this point, on further temp. increase or the redn. of oxygen concn. below a given value, additional fresh air is supplied. The method minimises the quantity of outgoing air and emissions. In addn. to the process described, the plant to carry it out is also claimed.    USE -   A composting plant with automatic control of the composting rate and limited emissions is provided.    ADVANTAGE -   Discharge of the gases to the atmos. directly, as in earlier processes, and thus wasting heat and causing odour is minimised by recirculation of the air. This also allows composting to proceed at the max. rate. Too high a temp., or insufficient oxygen are avoided by admitting additional fresh air by the automatic control system, when necessary. Less air, moisture and emissions are therefore released to the environment. Hygienic compost prodn. results from max. temps. of 50-60C, reached within 2-3 days in the intensive zone, higher temps. and shorter residence time may be achieved. The residence time in the following zone is pref. one week, which may be reduced to 3-4 days under appropriate process conditions.
Biological waste e.g. organic kitchen and garden waste, is fermented in a vessel comprising a U-shaped lower shell (2) and a hood (3) with a gas-tight connection to the shell, positioned horizontally and having a stirring mechanism and air pressure flow. The components may be mfd. from steel plate and/or concrete. The hood can be detached from the shell.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   The rounded body of the vessel prevents the drying of the waste in corners. The shape of the vessel allows for a length redn. while still having the same vol. as cylindrical vessels. The vessel has also lower mfg. costs.
Process for recovering kieselguhr or other useful substances from the sludge obtd. from brewery effluents comprises biological decomposition of organic substances contained in the kieselguhr under anaerobic and/or aerobic conditions.    ADVANTAGE -   The process does not require the high treatment temps. used in previous processes in which the organic substances are removed by high temp. treatment, and does not produce emissions into the atmos. from the combustion.
The method of thermally processing waste with a high calorific value with any deg. of humidity comprises: (a) placing the waste in a flow of hot, heat-resistant, heat-exchanging material which is hotter that 100 C; which cools and dries as a result of heat exchange; (b) heating the evaporated and non-evaporated waste components; (c) separating the cooled heat-exchanging material from the dried components; (d) joining at least a part of the dried components with at least a part of the sepd. heat-exchanging material and heating before being used to dry the waste (a granulated material is used as heat-exchanging material); (e) separating the dried waste components from the granulated material, mixing with only a part of the sepd., cooled granulated material and pyrolysing; and (f) cooling the rest of the sepd., cooled granulated material and mixing directly with the granulated material heated by pyrolysis. The thus obtd. mixt. is used to dry the fresh waste.    Also claimed is a device for processing waste with a calorific value.    USE -   The method is used for thermally processing waste with high calorific value and any deg. of humidity.    ADVANTAGE -   The process has high thermal efficiency and a max. utilisation of the processed waste, which is ecologically sound, and cheap to operate over a long period.
Organic waste in a hopper (1) is fed into a funnel shaped container (8) in which it is moistened by water or aq. liq. (13, 14). The waste is fed into the container (8) at its lower end (7) and moves upwardly through the container, whose walls diverge at an angle () of 60-160, to overflow the upper side edges and be carried away by the outfeed device (9). The appts. and method are both claimed.    USE -   The device can be used in the treatment of household, slaughterhouse, or hazardous, organic waste material.    ADVANTAGE -   Prior methods were batch systems and the moistening water tended to channel in the waste leading to uneven treatment. The new system provides uniform rapid and efficient degradation of the waste.
A process for producing a polyester comprises reacting an organic diol with an organic dicarboxylic acid or diester thereof in the presence of a supercritical fluid and a solid esterase enzyme at a temp. of 120C or less and a pressure of 100 psi or more. The reaction temp. in K is from 85% to 120% of the critical temp. in deg.K of the supercritical fluid.    USE -   The process is used to prepare low M.wt. hydroxy-nominated linear aliphatic oligoesters having 3-50 repeating ester units for polyurethane manufacture.    ADVANTAGE -   Molecular wt. can be controlled by varying the presence of the esterification reaction. The polyester produced has polydispersity 1.02-3.5.
An appts. for the biodegradation of organic contaminants in a mass of particulate solids comprises: (a) a sloped impervious surface having on it an air supply device for providing suitable and continuous oxygenation of the mass; (b) an impervious reservoir in fluid communication with the sloped impervious surface; (c) a medium delivery unit, in which a culture medium comprising at least one bacterial strain and its co-substrates is maintained to permit continuous growth of the strain; (d) controlling device for continuously controlling the temp. and moisture level of the mass to monitor the biological activity of the bacterial strain and to maintain the activity at levels suitable for degradation of the contaminants in the mass; and (e) spraying device connected to the medium delivery unit for irrigating the mass with a soln. comprising the culture medium.    USE -   The process is used esp. for the degradation of soils.    ADVANTAGE -   The use of this apparatus leads to substantial improvements in yields cf. conventional bioaugmentation techniques in which the contaminated mass is inoculated only once (e.g. over 90 % cf. e.g. 58 % redn. in contaminants). Max. control of conditions is allowed and optimal biological activity is maintained throughout the process. Decontamination is efficient. The risk of contaminants migrating to surrounding ground waters is eliminated. The process can be operated at ambient temps. as low as -200 C.
Based on a density signal from CO density meter (19), a control parameter setter (20) determines the value of gasifying reaction, and (3) a velocity of flow of gas in reaction, and (3) a velocity of flow of gas in reaction. By regulating flow rate of a raw material flow rate regulating valve (4), steam flow rate regulating valve (8), or a fuel regulating valve (12) based on parameter value, redn. of CO density is controlled.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduction of CO density is continuously controlled.
The process comprises:    (a) melting:    (A) a thermoplastic resin,    (B) a foaming agent, and    (C) an organic cpd. having a hydroxy or carbonyl gp. and a molecular weight of 30-80,    (b) kneading,    (c) extruding into a heated and pressed liq., in which the kneaded mixt. is not foamed, through a die head, then    (d) cutting immediately, and    (e) cooling.    USE -   (I) are used as foams for cushioning mediums, heat insulating mediums and packaging containers.    ADVANTAGE -   (I) provide foams with uniform fine cells and good appearances.
Appts. comprises a cover frame (11) connected to the front or back of a tractor (10) through a connection tool (12,22) and extended horizontally, a rotation shaft (14) supported by a pair of support arms (13,23) at both ends in the width direction of the cover frame and covered with the cover frame, paddles (16) attached to the rotation shaft detachably, projected from the rotation shaft so that they project radially from the rotation shaft and having saw toothed shape, at both sides (16c) and outer surfaces (16b), and driving means (17a,17b) to rotate the rotation shaft. Organics under the rotation shaft are shifted to the sides of the tractor by the paddles rotated by the rotation shaft.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Used to accelerate fermentation of organics formed by piling weeds, fallen leaves and excrement of livestock. Organics are fermented by cutting fibres of weeds and mixing air with the organics and the durability of paddles is increased.
Organic waste is fermented to obtain fertiliser. Excess sludge serving as a fermentation assistant is added to the organic waste. Or an excessive sludge fermented substance serving as a ferment is added to the organic waste. Garden (kitchen refuse), bony parts of a fish, vegetable refuse, or plant refuse are pref. Active sludge released from waste water treatment, including human waste, sewage, sodium chloride, or chemical is pref.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   The method treats the organic waste to obtain the fermented fertiliser. Efficiently produces the fermented fertiliser at lower costs.
Prodn. of compact comprises: (a) mixing a seed fungus (excess sludge) contg. a nitrogen source, a carbon source (edible waste oil), and a raw material contg. an air permeable functional material and/or a moisture conditioner; and (b) fermenting the obtd. mixt.. The use of the edible waste oil adjusts the mixing ratio of the carbon source to the nitrogen source, C/N, to 20-30.    Chaff, wheat straw chips, sawdust, or wood shavings are pref. used as the mixture conditioner.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   The method rapidly produces compost. The method efficiently produces aromatic compost. Prodn. by a stack outdoors may be effected.
Plant digesting kitchen waste in water comprises a water tank which has a heater at the bottom, a basket cage in which kitchen waste is held, and an air bubbler which is placed beneath the basket cage. Air bubbles are introduced into the tank and contacted with the kitchen waste decompose of it.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For decomposing kitchen waste with aerobic bacteria. Kitchen waste decomposition and bacteria propagation can be promoted by air bubbling in water. The new plant has a simple structure.    In an example, an air bubbler was made of sintered metal (bronze or stainless steel) fine powder and had a porosity of 40%; 10,000,000 fine air bubbles were generated per 1 cm2 of the sintered metal fine powder. In an example, 20 litres/min of air were bubbled through a bubbler with 300 cm2 of area; 1.0-1.5 kg of kitchen waste were decomposed per day.
Appts. comprises a crude waste decomposition chamber (5) to store moisture absorption members (4) supporting bacteria to decompose crude water, a stirring member (6) placed in the crude waste decomposition chamber to stir the crude waste supplied to the chamber and moisture absorption members, exhausting passage (7) to exhaust air from the decomposition chamber to the outside, ozone supply means (8) to supply ozone to the exhaust passage, and ozone discharge prevention means (9) at an outside air suction passage (1) by which the ozone supply means sucks outside air to prevent backflow of air mixed with ozone. The ozone discharge prevention means is an ozone-oxygen conversion catalyst (10) to convert ozone in the air flowing backward to oxygen.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Used to treat crude waste discharged from kitchens of homes. Ozone does not leak when problems occur in fans of crude waste treatment appts..
Organic waste in a treating chamber is heated above 100 deg.C then dewatered under vacuum, fermented under atmospheric pressure keeping its temp. on optimum temp. for aerobic fermentation and supplying it with air. Organic waste in the treating chamber is heated above 100 deg.C with steam, dewatered down to 60% under vacuum, fermented aerobically by adding it to aerobic micro-organism maintaining optimum temp. and supplying it with air. Facilities are also claimed.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Used for treating organic waste discharged from food industries or kitchens. Decomposes organic waste with hard tissue or fat and oil owing to the softening or denaturing effect of thermal treatment.    In an example, organic waste supplied to the treating chamber (1) via an inlet (6), and the waste is heated in the closed chamber with high temp. steam (by opening valves 16 and 17) at 120 deg.C under 1.5. kg/cm2 pressure for 30 minutes while mixing it with vanes (9) at the rate of 0.5-3 rpm, then the chamber is evacuated with a vacuum pump (24) and the water content of the waste is reduced down to 60%, the waste is added to aerobic microorganism and kept at 80 deg.C under aerobic condition. After 20 hours granular compost with water content of 15% was obtained. (18=fan, 22=mist separator).
Appts. comprises a case (1) in which an atmos. suitable for the action of fermentation bacteria of crude waste is formed, a rotation tank (3) having holes and placed in the case rotatably, a fixed shaft (19) having one end fixed to the case and another end projected to the rotation tank, and stirring blades (21) extended from the fixed shaft to stir crude waste injected to the rotation tank by rotation of the rotation tank.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Used to ferment crude waste discharged from homes by stirring it and maintaining at a specific temp. and humidity in a fermentation tank to mfr. compost or prods. which may be easily disposed. Small-sized crude waste fermentation treatment appts. is used in homes.
System has a treating bath (A) with a discharge port and contg. carrier of microorganism, a ventilator which discharges the air inside of (A), a temp. sensor (B), a humidity sensor (C) that detects the humidity inside (A), a controller that initiates ventilation according to the output of (C), a heater, and a mixer.    (1) is a treating bath contg. carrier (6, made of saw-dust) of microorganism and garbage is mixed with the carrier by rotation of blades (13), when the temp. inside the bath is 20-50 deg.C and if the humidity detected by the sensor (37) is higher than 70%, pump (23) and fan are used and excess water is discharged.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Used for treating organic waste e.g. garbage. The atmos. inside the treating bath is maintained at optimum condition for activating microorganism.
System has a treating bath (A) with a discharge port and contg. carrier of microorganism, a ventilator which discharges the air inside of (A), a temp. sensor (B), a sensor (C) that detects the formation of condensn., a controller that initiates ventilation and/or heating according to the output of (C), a heater, and a mixer.    (1) is a treating bath contg. carrier (6, made of saw-dust) of microorganism and garbage is mixed with the carrier by rotation of blades (13). Condensn. formation inside (1) is detected by a sensor (37), a pump (23) and fan are used. The temp. inside (1) is kept at 20-50 deg.C by a heater (17) and temp. sensor.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Used for treating organic waste e.g. garbage. The inside of the treating bath may be maintained at optimum condition.
Device comprises a treating chamber (A) having a discharge port, a heating system (B), a temp. sensor (C), and a controller (D) which maintains the temp. inside (A) at a prefixed temp. of (T1) and (T2) for a prefixed time (E) alternatively. (D) controls the duration of (E). (T2) is higher than (T1).    (1) is the upper part of the treating bath with pores on its side wall and (2) is a carrier of microorganism made of saw-dust. The lower part (3) of the bath has a drain port (4), and (18) is a hatch. The inside of the bath is kept on at (T2=50-60 deg.C) by a heater (31) for 5 days then the temp. is lowered to (T1=20-40 deg.C) ad kept at that temp. for 4 days.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Used for treating organic waste e.g. garbage. Organic waste with wide variation in its compsn. may be treated with high efficiency.
Appts. comprises a stirring tank (6) for crude waste (4) and a rotation shaft (2) having blades (1) and placed in the stirring tank horizontally.    Also claimed is a crude waste treatment appts. comprising a vibrator (7) formed by attaching an eccentric cam (82) to the rotation shaft (81) of a motor (8) of the rotation shaft (2) to vibrate the stirring tank.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Used to decompose crude waste by using wooden pieces as microorganism carriers and mixing and stirring the wooden pieces supporting microorganisms with crude waste. Wooden pieces and crude waste may be uniformly stirred and the crude waste is smoothly decomposed by microorganisms by suppressing floating-up of wooden pieces on the crude waste.
Appts. used to treat crude waste by injecting it into a treating tank (1) contg. a treating medium (2) and decomposing it by the action of microorganisms in the treating medium, comprises the treating tank made of inflammable material, e.g. inflammable resin, and capable of burning together with the treating medium.    Also claimed is crude waste treatment appts. having a drying means (6) to heat the inside of the treating tank and dry the treating medium and crude waste in the treating tank.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Used to decompose crude waste generated from kitchens of homes or restaurants by the action of microorganisms to reduce the vol. of crude waste. Users may easily replace treating tanks to replace the treating media and dispose of them easily.
New bacterial strain having heavy oil decomposing activity; Agrobacterium sp. W181-1 strain.    Also claimed is a process for treating heavy oil using the above-mentioned bacterial strain.    In an example, agrobacterium sp. W181-1 was planted in marine broth (produced by Difco Co.) and cultured at 30C for 3 days. The obtd. culture (0.1 ml) was planted in 5 ml of a medium (NSW basic medium contg. 5 mg/ml of C heavy oil), and cultured (shake culture) at 30C for 10 days. The remaining oil component in the culture was analysed to find out the oil decompsn. rate of the present bacterium. The decompsn. rate of the C heavy oil by the Agrobacterium sp. W181-1 was 45.9%.    USE -   Useful for treating a seacoast contaminated by oils (oil hazard) etc..    ADVANTAGE -   This new bacterial strain has remarkable decompsn. activity for heavy oils which previously have been difficult to decompose. It can be useful for effective decompsn. and removal of heavy oils which have been the partic. problem in the oil contamination.
New bacterial strain having heavy oil decomposing activity is Rhodococcus sp. I-15-1 strain.    Also claimed is a process for treating heavy oils using the above-mentioned bacterial strain.    In an example, rhodococcus sp. I-15-1 was planted in marine broth (produced by Difco Co.) and cultured at 30C for 3 days. The obtd. culture (0.1 ml) was planted in 5 ml of a medium (NSW basic medium contg. 5 mg/ml of C heavy oil), and cultured (shake culture) at 30C for 10 days. The remaining oil component in the culture was analysed to find out the oil decompsn. rate of the present bacterium. The decompsn. rate of the C heavy oil by the Rhodococcus sp. I-15-1 was 52.3%.    USE -   Useful for treating a seacoast contaminated by oils (oil hazard) etc..    ADVANTAGE -   This new bacterial strain has remarkable decompsn. activity for heavy oils which previously have been difficult to decompose. It can be useful for effective decompsn. and removal of heavy oils which have been a partic. problem in oil contamination.
Decomposition of abietic acid and rosins in a medium as carbon source(s) by culture of Pseudomonas sp. TI-AB-1 (FERM P-14045) or TI-AB-2 (FERM P-14044) is new microbiological properties are disclosed in the claim.    USE -   In decomposition of abietic acid and rosins.    ADVANTAGE -   Removal of an environmental pollutant abietic acid in waste water and prevention of pitch trouble in pulp industry.
The process, carried out alongside the prodn. line, incorporates decantation of sludge and biological stabilisation a system for acidification, cooling and vacuum filtration of de-alcoholised lees and final evaporation of the residual water. The sole heat source used is provided by the alcoholic vapours from the still. Products include tartrate crystals from the wire, conc. liquid fertiliser from the less, fermented molasses at wastes, solid fertilisers from composting of wastes, sludge and filter earths, and distilled water for recycling.
The prepn. of a compost comprises mixing keratin-contg. waste with fruit residues and/or fruit residue compost as the carbon sources, treating with water and/or a granulation aid and then subjecting the mixt. to aerobic composting.    USE -   The composts can be used for plant nutrition.    ADVANTAGE -   The keratin material, which is a major waste-prod. from slaughter houses has a high proportion of N (up to 14%) but cannot be used directly for plant nutrition on account of its stability and anaerobic rotting processes which smell. The addition of fruit residues accelerates and makes safer the composting of keratin waste.
The following are claimed: (A) biological disposal of oxalate comprising reacting the oxalate with one or more alkalitrophic aerobic microorganisms; (B) biologically pure cultures of the microorganisms deposited at AGAL under the accession numbers N95/33154, N95/33155, N95/33156 and N95/33157; (C) biologically pure mixed culture according to AGAL accession no. N95/33153.    USE -   The process is esp. useful for disposal of sodium oxalate produced as a by-prod. of the Bayer process for the prodn. of alumina.    ADVANTAGE -   The process is easier and more economical than prior art processes.
Sepn. of the components of a soln. which is (1) a mixt. of linear and branched alkanes, or (2) a mixt. of linear and branched alkenes, or (3) a mixt. of linear and branched alkynes, into a linear hydrocarbon portion (LH) and a branched hydrocarbon portion (BH) comprises: (a) contacting the soln. with an 2-14C alkylene-bridged poly-silsesquioxane adsorbent (I) which is effective to adsorb hydrocarbons with increasing strength in the order of linear hydrocarbon less than branched hydrocarbon; (b) desorbing the adsorbed LH from (I) using a desorbent (II) and collecting the desorbed LH; and (c) desorbing the adsorbed BH from (I) using (II) and collecting the desorbed BH.     The alkylene-bridging group is ethylene. The process is operated in the simulated moving bed mode or in the fixed bed mode. When the process is operated in the liq. phase, (II) is a 4-12C linear alkane. When the process is operated in the gas phase, (II) is H2 , N2or He.    USE -   Sepn. of alkanes, alkynes or alkynes into linear and branched components.    ADVANTAGE -   The alkylene-bridged poly-silsesquioxane absorbents perform best when the process is carried out at low temps., i.e. 30-80C compared to 100-200C for zeolitic and molecular sieve adsorbents. Thus utility costs and undesired reactivity among the components to be sepd. are reduced. When operating in the liq. phase, alkanes can be employed as adsorbents rather than the less environmentally satisfactory alkene desorbents used for other liq. phase sepn. processes.
In-place bioremediation of contaminated soil having halogenated hydrocarbon contaminants comprises: (a) inoculating in place a field-contaminated, non-sterile soil housing pentachlorophenol (PCP) contaminant, with an inoculum including a lignocellulosic substrate (LCS) and the lignin-degrading fungal (LDF) species Phanenocheate sordida, LCS being sufficient to produce a biomass of inoculum sufficient to metabolise PCP; (b) aerating and hydrating the inoculated soil for a time for the inoculum to metabolise PCP under ambient temp. conditions; and (c) degrading PCP into bioavailable degradation prods..    Also claimed is the above process where LDF is Phanerochaete chrysosporium, P. sordida or Tramcites hirsuta and where: (i) in step (b) the aerating step includes tilling once a week; or (ii) the inoculation step provides an inoculum density of 2-40% w/w dry wt., or (iii) the PCP contaminant has a concn. of 15-1100 g/g soil; or (iv) the PCP degradation prod. is pentachloroanisole.    ADVANTAGE -   The PCP is degraded to less toxic prods.. The LDF act on solid materials such as soils, sludge, sediments and debris e.g. woods that are contaminated with halohydrocarbons partic. PCP, a wood preservative. The fungi are not genetically altered or conditioned and are naturally occurring.
The prodn. of combustible gases, esp. methane, by degradation of organic material such as slaughter-house waste, comprises: (a) heating the material to a temp. which promotes the growth of thermophilic bacteria; (b) filling a sepn. vessel with the solid degradation prods.; the gaseous prods. being added at the vessel base, and heating to a temp. lower than that in (a) in order to promote degradation by mesophilic bacteria to form combustible gases; and (c) returning some of the material formed in (b) to the vessel used for (a) to ensure a constant flow of bacteria culture specially suited for the substrate.    An appts. for carrying out the process is also claimed.    USE -   Degradation prods. useful as cultures are obtainable.    ADVANTAGE -   The degradation is more efficient with less waste and a continuous, uniform prodn. of gas.
System, consists of multiple fermenting chambers formed by closing two hatches (dampers) installed at their upper and lower ends respectively. Sludge is introduced into chambers by opening dampers and compost produced by its fermentation is discharged from bottom of the chambers by opening bottom dampers.    In an embodiment, Fig.1: Conveyor (10).    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Used for fermenting sludge into compost. Prevents leakage of gases and odours by air-tight structure and controls fermentation with high workability.    In an example, a fermentation bath (1) is divided into multiple fermentation chambers by multiple vertical partitions (unseen) and upper and lower (unseen) dampers (4), sludge introduced into the bath via inlet (2) by opening a slide-damper (7). Sludge deposited on the floor formed by closing upper dampers is graded evenly then dropped into fermentation chambers by opening upper dampers. Sludge is transformed into compost in air-tight condition (gases discharged from (14) to deodorising device) and produced compost discharged by opening lower dampers.
The disposal of organic chlorine cpds. in waste water comprises, introducing organic chlorine cpd. contg. waste water, O2 or air, and CH4 into reactors contg. microorganisms by intermittently restricting flow of waste water to the reactors. Thus decreasing the ratio of O2 to CH4 during restricted water flow to 1.2 from 1.8 at normal flow rates, pref. ratio (molar fraction) of (dissolved) O2 to CH4 in the aq. soln. in the reactors of over 1.7 during normal flow and below 1.1 during restricted flow. Also claimed is a device for disposing of organic Cl cpds. present in waste water, comprising: (a) multiple reactors filled with microorganisms; (b) a means of introducing organic Cl cpd. contg. water, O2 or air and CH4 into the reactors: (c) a means of changing water flow to the reactors from occasional to regular, and (d) a means of changing the initial CH4 /O2 ratio. Pref. concn. of dissolved O2 in the liq. phase in the reactor is over 1.7 times the concn. of dissolved CH4in molar fraction during water flow and under 1.1 times during restricted water flow.    USE -   Used for the disposal of organic Cl cpds., esp. trichloroethylene commonly used as detergent in metal industry.    ADVANTAGE -   The method and device exert prolonged biological decomposition/disposal of organic chlorine cpds. in various situations, e.g. contaminated underground water, contaminated soil, etc.
Appts. comprises a fermentation tank (1) equipped with a heating means (7) to ferment organic waste and stirring blades (6), circulation pipe (10) fitted with a dehumidifier (15) having a circulation air blower (11), air inlet (13), and condenser vessel (14) and connected to the fermentation tank, deodorised air exhaust pipe (17) having a blower (16) and connected to the fermentation tank and air bubble nozzle (18) attached to other end of deodorised air exhaust pipe and placed in the condenser vessel. Photosynthetic bacteria are placed in dehumidification recovery water in the vessel.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Used for treating organic waste, e.g. crude refuse discharged from kitchen, cut grass, waste from food plants, excretion of livestock. Organic waste is treated in a closed system to decrease the consumption of energy and liq. fertilisers can be produced from the dehumidification recovery water.
Crude refuse treatment appts. to inject crude refuse inside the treating tanks storing treating media and decompose the crude refuse by the microorganisms living in the media, has the treating tanks placed on respective stands, heaters to heat the inside of each treating tank, and temp. controller to control the heaters to maintain desired temp. inside each treating tank.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Used to decompose crude refuse in kitchens of domestic homes or restaurants to decrease the vol. of crude refuse. When the treating tank is replaced to change the treating media, the weights of the media and crude refuse are decreased by removing water by drying to facilitate replacement of the treating tank.
Crude refuse treatment appts. to inject crude refuse in inside a treating tank storing a treating medium and decompose the crude refuse by the microorganisms living in the treating medium, comprises heaters to heat the inside of treating tank to dry the treating medium and crude refuse.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Used for decomposing crude refuse generating in kitchens of domestic homes or restaurants daily, decreasing the vol. of crude refuse.    When the appts. is shifted or the treating tank is replaced, the weights of treating medium and crude refuse are decreased by drying them to facilitate movement of the appts. and replacement of treating tank.
Appts. comprises a crusher (10) to crush crude refuse mixing water with the crude refuse, transportation tube (20) to transport crushed crude refuse, dewatering vessel (30) to separate water from the crushed crude refuse, water discharge tube (37) to discharge water sepd. from the crushed crude refuse, biodegrading vessel (50) to decompose crude refuse biologically after removing water, and trap parts (20a, 37a) provided at the transportation tube and water discharge tube, respectively, to prevent the flow in or out of bad smells.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   To crush, dewater and finally treat crude refuse discharged from kitchens continuously. The crude refuse treatment appts. is simplified by eliminating a deodoriser, motor and stirrer.
Prodn. of L-aspartic acid which comprises making an aspartase-active enzyme material (specifically: cells of microorganism, destroyed cells, partially or totally purified enzyme, fixed enzyme) act on a substrate contg. fumaric acid, ammonia and an alkali metal ion (0.5-1.5 equimolar amt. for fumaric acid; specifically, Na and/or K) to yield L-aspartic acid, then adding a mineral acid to yield L-aspartic acid crystals as ppte. and collecting by filtration while eliminating the alkali metal salt of mineral acid as wastewater, is new.    Fumaric acid or its salts may be dissolved in the reaction medium at a rate of 5-30 wt.%, pref. 1-25 wt.%. Ammonia may be used as liquid ammonia or ammonia water at a concn. of 10-35 wt.%. The alkali metal ion (NaOH, KOH) may be used in amt. 0.5-1.5 mole, pref. 0.9-1.3 mole, partic. 1.10-1.25 mole, for 1 mole fumaric acid. The reaction is carried out at pH 7.5-9.0, pref. pH 8.0-8.5 (optimum pH of aspartase). The enzyme material includes highly aspartase-active cells of microorganisms (e.g. E. coli ATCC 11303, ATCC 9637, ATCC 27325; Brevibacterium) and their processed material (destroyed by ultrasound, grinding, freezing and thawing, treatment with enzymes or surfactants). The fixed enzyme is fixed on cellulose, alginic acid, carrageenan, mannan gel, ion exchange resin, polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylamide, etc.. The reaction is carried out pref. in the presence of 0.1-50 mM, pref. 1-10 mM, Mg salt, e.g. MgCl2, MgSO4, at a temp. below 20-50 deg.C, pref. 25-40 deg.C.
The following are claimed: (A) composting method comprising: (a) mixing cellulose-contg. material (CCM) with manure; (b) dewatering the mixt.; and (c) aerobically composting the dewatered mixt. to compost. (B) compost obtained by composting dewatered manure and verge and/or ditch waste.    ADVANTAGE -   Mixing the manure and the CCM results in the water from the manure being retained by the CCM, causing less effluent. Ammonia emission from the manure is considerably reduced by mixing with the CCM. The composting is carried at a temp. such as 60-80 C at which detrimental components (e.g. waste seeds) are rendered inactive. The compost is of low density so that transport can be very cost effective.
Stacks of compost are transferred with an arrangement of a bucket wheel (1) and an inclined belt conveyor (2), to one side of which is a discharge belt conveyor (6). A transverse conveyor is provided at the end of the inclined conveyor in the form of a chute (7) with rotating roller. The discharge belt is movable in its longitudinal direction and is reversible. The inclined belt convey is telescopic.    ADVANTAGE -   Arrangement allows adjustment of distance between charging and discharging.
The prepn. of a solid compsn. comprises: (a) impregnating alumina with at least one dissolved Ti cpd. and at least one Pt cpd., (b) calcining the impregnated alumina at 300-650 deg.C for at least 10 mins. (c) contacting the calcined material with at least one organoAl chloride dissolved in water-free solvent, (d) calcining the treated material from (c) at 600-700 deg.C for at least 10 mins., (e1) treating the obtd. material with HCl-contg. gas at 500-600 deg.C for at least 10 mins. and (e2) treating the material from (e1) with a gas contg. at least one chloroalkane at 250-350 deg.C for at least 10 mins. The obtd. compsn. contains 0.4-0.6 wt.% Ti.    For the prepn. of a solid compsn. useful as hydrocarbon isomerization catalyst.    Catalyst has high activity for isomerization.
Process for the purificn. of domestic effluent comprises the following steps: (1) accumulation of effluent solids on a screen; (2) subjecting accumulated material to a continuous vertical flow of air, and at the same time adding excess acid to create a mechanical-biological filter bed; (3) using the air flow to raise the water through a vertical pipe located above the screen and into an outlet in water to maintain continuous circulation and increase acid saturation for better degradation conditions; (4) sedimentation of the water; (5) removal of liq. and non-sedimented cellulose particles on a fine screen; and (6) opt. treating the discharged water to an infiltration or resorption process. The appts. for carrying out the method is also claimed.    USE -   Faeces and paper from the sewage, and fat from the kitchen are recovered in the form of a sediment material which can be used as compost. The process is partic. useful for holiday homes.
The method comprises treating starting material with a liq. culture of microorganisms. To ensure selective sepn. of Sc and reduce duration of process, the method uses a culture liq. of micro-fungi Aspergillus niger, and is conducted at a ratio of solid to liq. phase of 1:95-10 and at a pH of 2.0-3.5.    USE -   Method is used in biotechnology and non-ferrous metallurgy, for separating rare earth elements during processing of mineral materials contg. P, e.g. apatite.    ADVANTAGE -   The method ensures selective sepn. of Sc (100%) and reduces the duration of the process.
Treatment comprises decomposing and removing water-soluble cutting oil contained in waste water by an activated sludge process in a short time using acclimatisable microorganisms at pH 5.8-8.6 at normal temp. and under atmospheric pressure.    ADVANTAGE -   Water-soluble cutting oil can be decomposed and removed in a short time at low costs.
Waste having a water content of less than 90 wt% is chopped to 10mm dia, 2-20 wt% slaked lime powder and 10-80 wt% coated quicklime powder is added and the mixt aged while agitating it. The waste is classified with 10-40 mesh sieve.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Used as fertiliser. Vol and wt of waste is reduced and treated waste has good handling characteristics. The generation of odours is prevented and the waste is sterilised.    In an example, 10 kg of garbage comprising vegetable, fish, and rice (water content=76%) was chopped down to less than 10 mm dia and added with 0.25 kg of slaked lime powder and 5.0 kg of coated quicklime powder, (coated with 1 wt% of fatty acid). then the mixt was mixed and aged for 7 days. Water content was reduced to 15% and prod was classified with sieve.
A porous material (A) with moisture and carrying microorganisms which decompose odours, is installed in the flow path of odours generated in a fermentation bath. A moisture absorbing material (B) is mixed with waste and is fermented in the fermentation bath. Moisture content of (A) is kept constant by supplying the mixt evaporated from (B) to it.    (2) is a moisture absorbing material made of saw-dust. Waste is supplied to the fermentation bath (8) by opening a lid (9) and it is mixed with the moisture absorbing material and the mixt agitated by rotating a vane (3A). Generated odours are absorbed by an absorbing material (10) made of a porous medium carrying microorganisms. (5) is a generator of ozone, (6) is a catalyst that decomposes unreacted ozone, and (4) is an electric fan.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Used for decomposing waste without odour generation. Odours generated by fermentation of waste are simply removed with low running cost.
Moisture regulating agent (A) contains fixed pH regulating agent (B) which adjusts pH of organic material in a waste treating bath. Microorganisms (C) having high activity for decomposing organic material are also fixed on (A).    USE -   Used for rapidly decomposing waste.    In an example of the prepn of moisture regulating agent, 1 pts wt activated sludge was dispersed in 100 pts wt water, which was aerated at 40-60 deg C for 7-10 days, added with 10 wt% 0.05 M buffer soln made from tris-hydroxy-methylamine and hydrochloric acid, added with equal vol of 6-15 wt% agar, and added with dried rice hulls (10 times of vol). The mixt was mixed and dried to 20% water content. 10 kg moisture regulating agent was placed in a fermentation bath and 1 kg of waste was put into it daily for 40 days. After 40 days wt of content of the bath was 7.2 kg.
An organic substance decomposing microorganism HR-2 (National Institute of Bioscience and Human-Technology, Agency of Industrial Science and Technology, Ferm. P No. 14115) which maintains high protease activity at a temperature over 50 deg.C.    Also claimed is (i) an organic substance decomposing microorganism HR-6 (NIBH Ferm,P No. 14116) which maintains high protease activity at a temperature over 50 deg.C.; (ii) an organic waste treatment process wherein the waste is put in a treatment vessel containing the above-mentioned microorganism HR-2 and/or HR-6 and aerobic environment is maintained.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   The organic substance decomposing microorganism is useful for treatment of garbage, etc. Since the microorganism keeps high protease activity at a temperature over 50 deg.C, the organic waste can be decompsoed efficiently in almost 24 hours, and the resulting treated substance can be re-used as a fertiliser or a feedstuff.    In an example, the high protease activities of the microorganism HR-6 and HR-2 were confirmed by the following example: 31 kg of bean-curd refuse (water content of 75%) was put in a treatment vessel (capacity of 100 l) containing 25 kg of microorganism base (which was obtained by culturing microorganism HR-2 and microorganism HR-6 in coffee refuse for 3 days in the treatment vessel). 3 hours after the introduction of the bean-curd refuse, the temperature inside of the vessel began to increase, and exceeded 60 deg.C after 8 hours then reached the highest temperature (73 deg.C) 10 hours after the start of the experiment (introduction of the bean-curd refuse). The temperature was kept over 60 deg.C for more than 30 hours, and that showed the microorganism HR-2 and HR-6 had high protease activity even at a temperature over 70 deg.C.
Aspergillus niger SBO-30 strain, having fat and oil decomposing capability, which is a new strain of Aspergillus niger and found in earth.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   The Aspergillus niger SBO-30 is useful for treating a waste water contg. fats and oils, such as domestic and industrial waste water. The Aspergillus niger SBO-30 efficiently decomposes and removes vegetable oil such as soy bean oil, corn oil and sesame oil and animal fat/oil such as lard, beef fat, sardine oil, etc.    In an example, 20 g of commercially available soy bean oil, corn oil, sesame oil, castor oil, lard, beef fat, whale oil and sardine oil were mixed with 2 ml of Tween 80 and filled up to 100 ml with water, then subjected to ultrasonic wave treatment for 10 mins. to provide 20 w/v % emulsions (20,000 mg/l). 1 ml of the resulting emulsion was added to 40 ml of synthesised waste water (ammonium sulphate 0.15 w/v %, potassium dihydrogen phosphate 0.1 w/v %, magnesium sulphate 7 hydrate 0.05 w/v %) and the pH was controlled to 6 to give a waste water contg. oil/fat (the final oil/fat concn. was 5,000 mg/l). One platinum loop of Aspergillus niger SBO-30 (FERM P-14185) slant was planted in the oil/fat contg. waste water and shake culture was carried out at 23 deg.C for 3 days. In all the waste water samples, Aspergillus niger SBO-30 were grown and the emulsion became clear. The remaining oil/fat amount (in terms of triglyceride) was determined (the results are shown as follows): (Oil fat - TG remained (%); soy bean oil 2.0; corn oil 1.8; sesame oil 2.5; castor oil 3.2; lard 10.3; beef fat 9.5; whale oil 9.8; sardine oil 7.3.
Aspergillus flavus CF-81 strain having fat and oil decomposing capability, which is a new strain of Aspergillus flavus and found in earth.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   The Aspergillus flavus CF-81 has high oil and fat decomposing capability and is useful for treating waste water contg. fats and oils, such as domestic and industrial waste water. The Aspergillus flavus CF-81 efficiently decomposes and removes vegetable oil such as soy bean oil, corn oil and sesame oil and animal fat/oil such as lard, beef fat, sardine oil, etc.    In an example, 20 g of commercially available soy bean oil, corn oil, sesame oil, castor oil, lard, beef fat, whale oil and sardine oil were mixed with 2 ml of Tween 80 and filled up to 100 ml with water, then subjected to ultrasonic wave treatment for 10 mins. to provide 20 w/v % emulsions (20,000 mg/l). 1 ml of the resulting emulsion was added to 40 ml of potassium dihydrogen phosphate 0.1 w/v %, magnesium sulphate 7 hydrate 0.05 w/v %) and the pH was controlled to 6 to give a waste water contg. oil/fat (the final oil/fat concn. was 5,000 mg/l). One platinum loop of Aspergillus flavus CF-81 was planted in the oil/fat contg. waste water and shake culture was carried out at 23 deg.C for 3 days. In all, the waste water samples, Aspergillus Flavus CF-81 were grown and the emulsion became clearer. The remaining oil/fat amount (in terms of triglyceride) was determined (the results are shown as follows): (Oil/fat - TG remained (%)): soy bean oil - 2,3; corn oil - 3.2; sesame oil - 3.1; castor oil - 4.2; lard - 8.3; beef fat - 9.5; whale oil - 7.8; sardine oil - 9.1.
A process and installation are claimed for the dehydration of liquid effluents with low solids content. A porous, carboniferous support material (8) which can be composted is held in a reaction vessel (2). Liquid effluent (7) is fed into the compost substrate at a controlled rate, drop by drop, where fermentation takes place. Air (10) is circulated through the reactor removing fermentation products, particularly water vapour.    USE -   Treatment of liquid effluents which contain a few grams or tens of grams solids per litre, such as muds from water treatment stations or industrial installations. Other liquids such as industrial residues or washing, animal slurry or effluents containing fats can also be treated.    ADVANTAGE -   The composted residue obtained can be used in agriculture. The controlled feed rate of the effluent prevents the substrate becoming saturated, but keeps it moist. Good air circulation aids fermentation.
An aeration/mixing system is mounted in a central cylinder in a liq. effluent tank. A rotating arm has a propeller, anti-vortex units and mixing "blades" which consist of 3-5 mm dia. cables in the form of a semi-circle. These cables ensure intimate gas/liq. contact when compressed gas is injected into the mixing section.    USE -   System is used for domestic and industrial effluents, biotechnological wastes, ozonation, etc..    ADVANTAGE -   System can treat high grease concn. liqs. with minimal foam prodn..
A composting silo is sealed by an air tight insulating door surrounded by an edge recess which receives an air-expanded seal from the silo. The novelty is that the door is fabricated from a three-layer laminate (12), the central core (16) of which is of foam-expanded plastic with the outer faces (18, 20) made of fibre-strengthened plastic glued to the core. The door is surrounded by an H-shaped extruded metal profile (38) whose rear projections (38a) fit the front and rear door faces (38a) and whose front projections (38c) accommodate a gas-expanded tubular seal (36).    USE -   The assembly is an air-tight composting silo hatch.    ADVANTAGE -   The hatch is cheaper to fabricate than previous silo hatches.
Purificn. of dairy waste water involves: (a) pretreatment with a base; (b) charging the pretreated water into a fermenter, anaerobic fermentation of the lactose in the water to lactic acid and further purificn. of the fermentation broth in the fermenter; and (c) redn. of lactate in the waste water and concn. of lactic acid and base by bipolar electrodialysis.    ADVANTAGE -   The process is cheap and gives waste water with a low COD loading and lactic acid for use in the food and chemical industries and in agriculture.
Process for jointly fermenting solid biological wastes together with liquid non-fermented substrates is claimed. The novelty is that the solid biological wastes first pass through a sorting process in which they are reduced to a chopped coarse mass. The solid biological particles are then fermented together with non-fermented liquid before they are further reduced in particle size and converted to a suspension. This mixt. is then held in a tank and dosed into the non-fermented substrate of a liquid-fermentation plant, in which they are jointly fermented to an end-product.    USE -   The process converts biological household, gastronomic and industrial wastes into high-value sludge and biogas.    ADVANTAGE -   The process facilitates the construction of relatively small, low-cost fermentation plant suitable for use in country districts and mountain regions, which co-process solid biological wastes which decompose easily, together with liquid non-fermented substrates.
The assembly for the application of a mechanical-biological action on rubbish and waste materials, uses a combination of a sepn. press followed by a fermentation stage. The combustible fractions are taken from the outlets of the press and the fermentation stage to be fed to a combustion unit.    ADVANTAGE -   The system processes rubbish for incineration so its combustion is economic and environmentally acceptable, and can be used to clear existing rubbish dumps.
A liq. fossil fuel (I) contg. organic S including S-bearing heterocycles is desulphurised in a continuous process comprising: (a) contacting (I) with oxygen; (b) flowing oxygenated (I) through a reaction vessel in countercurrent with an aq. S-deprived biocatalyst (II) consisting of (i) a bacterial organism that expresses an enzyme, or (ii) an enzyme free of bacterial cells, which catalyses cleavage of C-S bonds in S-heterocycles to produce desulphurised organic mols. and inorganic S ions; (c) incubating the mixt. in the reaction vessel to cleave selectively the C-S bonds; a portion of (I) becomes spent; (d) removing desulphurised (I) by decantation from the vessel, and recovering spent (II), which is enriched in S; (e) regenerating spent (II) by treatment to remove inorganic S, and opt. addn. of nutrients and further biocatalyst; and (f) recycling regenerated (II) to step (b).    ADVANTAGE -   Crude oils and distillate fractions contg. high amts. of refractory S-bearing mols. can be desulphurised without degradation of valuable hydrocarbons; the biocatalyst may be reused. The method may readily be integrated into existing refinery facilities.
Refuse and an effective microorganism group, including yeasts, or lactic acid bacteria, are housed in a container. The garbage is fermented owing to the action of the effective microorganism group to yield fertiliser. A lid closely covers an opening at the upper part of the container. A plate having holes is provided at a position away from the bottom with a predetermined height. The area below the plate is used for a storing portion. A releasing portion having a built-in valve is intercommunicated with the outside.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   The container is used for fermenting garbage to yield fertiliser. The container positively separates the garbage from moisture. The moisture contg. the action provided by the effective microorganism group is readily released from the container.
Appts. comprises a crude refuse treatment machine (2) having left and right injection holes (1) at its upper part and a pretreating machine (39) placed above the crude refuse treatment machine to crush and dry the crude refuse.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   To treat crude refuse occurring in restaurants or homes to mfr. fertilisers after crushing and drying the crude refuse. The installation area of appts. is reduced by placing the pretreating machine above the crude refuse treating machine. The appts. and labour force to transport crude refuse from the pretreating machine to the crude refuse treatment machine are removed by injecting crude refuse to the treatment machine by dropping it from the pretreating machine.
Appts. comprises a treatment tank (1), crude refuse treatment chambers (9-13) formed by dividing the treatment tank with dividing walls (2-5), driving shaft (17) rotatably supported and placed in the treatment tank, and scrapers (21-24) rotatably supported by the driving shaft and placed in each crude refuse treatment chamber to shift crude refuse to the next treatment chamber through a crude refuse supply hole (28-31) formed at each dividing wall, sequentially.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Used to treat crude refuse from works or homes by adjusting the water content and mixing with fermenting bacteria. The treatment efficiency is increased by increasing temp. of crude refuse.
Appts. (A) comprises a fermentation treatment part (1) to stir crude refuse using stirring claws (5) and to ferment it by supplying hot air, and packaging part (30) to package fermentation treated materials into storing bags (P).    The fermentation treatment part comprises a stirring claw shaft (4) fitted with stirring claws (5) and placed rotatably extending its axial line to the left and right sides of the part; fermentation treated material take out hole is provided at one side wall of fermentation treatment part in parallel with the axial line of stirring claw shaft. The packaging part is placed neighbouring to the fermentation treated material take-out hole and in parallel with the stirring claw shaft; it has width wider than the width between the left and right sides of fermentation treated material take-out hole.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Used to treat crude-refuse occurring in works or homes. To treat crude refuse and package fermentation treated materials without labour force.
Treatment comprises a crushing process to cut crude refuse finely, a process to decompose crude refuse in a closed vessel to compost it and biologically treating process to supply an intermediate treated material of crude refuse from the decomposing process to a purifying tank and treat it biologically in the purifying tank. Also claimed is the crude refuse treating equipment comprising a crusher (2) and crude refuse coarsely decomposing tank (3) both of which are connected to a waste water passage (5) of draining board (1), and purifying tank (4) connected to the waste water passage through the decomposing tank.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Used to treat domestic garbage. Treats crude refuse biologically, easily and rapidly using existing purifying tanks.
Appts. comprises a crude refuse treating machine (2) having injection holes (1), and a pretreating machine (39) placed above the crude refuse treating machine to dry crude refuse movably above each injection hole.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Used to treat crude refuse generated in homes or restaurants, to mfr. compost after crushing and drying the crude refuse. Crude refuse in the pretreating drying machine can automatically be injected to the crude refuse treating machine and the appts. for transporting crude refuse from the pretreating machine to the crude refuse treating machine can be removed.
Pitch for spinning is prepd. from source tar pitch. The pitch is spun and insolubilised in an oxidative atmos. The resultant insolubilised carbon fibres are formed into spherical aggregate. The aggregate is activated at 750-900 deg. C., then carbonised.    USE -   For producing carbon molecular sieve. The sieve is used for air sepn. using the pressure swing adsorption technique, H2 gas purification, CO2 or CH4 recovery from fermentation gas.    ADVANTAGE -   Carbon molecular sieve with 0.28-0.43 nm dia. micropores can be obtd. with good reproducibility in cost effective manner.
Molecular sieving carbon is mfd. by preparing pitch with a softening point of 150 C from tar pitch, pulverising to obtain fine pitch with average dia. of 1-100 m, treating in an acidic atmos. to obtain non-melting pitches, pelletising to obtain non-melting fine particles, activating at a temp. of 70-900 C, and carbonising.    USE -   To mfr. mol. sieving carbon used for air sepn. by pre-swing adsorption, purificn. of hydrogen from off gas, or sepn. of methane from fermentation gas.    ADVANTAGE -   Molecular sieving carbon having pore dias. between 0.28 and 0.43 nm and narrow pore dia. distribution can be mfd. from tar pitch easily at high yield.
A method is claimed in which a microbe of Bacillus genus having activity for decomposing nitrile rubber is added to a medium contg. nitrile rubber and cultured. Also claimed is a method for the decomposition of nitrile rubber in which a microbe of Bacillus genus having activity for decomposing nitrile rubber is cultured and the resultant cultured microbe body, the culture filtrate or the treated prod. thereof is contacted with nitrile rubber.    ADVANTAGE -   The method can decompose nitrile rubber which is a synthetic rubber.
Treatment and purification of liq. media heavily contaminated with suspended and dissolved pollutants involves a succession of gravimetric sepn. phases for removal of solid particles of decreasing grain size and recovery of clarified water. The novelty is that the process includes injecting a precipitant reactant (I) for dissolved components (e.. phosphorus or nitrogen cpds.) leached from cultivated soil by irrigation water. (I) is injected during or after the particle sepn. stages. The obtd. ppte. is then removed, giving a product (specifically water free of phycogenic components) which can be released into natural water-courses.    USE -   The process is useful for treating sludges and muds from natural water reserves (stagnant or flowing) to provide purified water free of suspended mineral or organic materials, and also free from P and N cpds. which would cause e.g. eutrophisation, excessive algal growth or malodours.
A process for the complete gas-phase hydrodechlorination of chloro-hydrocarbons (I) or mixts. of (I) is carried out in a straight pass in 2 stages at 1-5 bar. Stage 1 is carried out at 80-230 C in 1 tubular reactors packed with catalyst and fitted with a cooling jacket, with a radial temp. difference of 40 C in the tubes, a H2 excess of 1.1-2.0 times stoichiometric amt. (X) and a catalyst loading of 0.1-1.5 v/vh. Stage 2 is carried out in a catalyst-packed full-space reactor at 200-350 C, with a H2excess of (2-100)X and a catalyst vol. ratio of stage 1 : stage 2 = 2:1 - 10:1. The reaction gas is purified by known methods involving absorption of HCl and conversion to hydrochloric acid, and then taken off for material or energy-generating applications.    USE -   Used for the hydrodechlorination of (I) and mixts. contg. (I) from various industrial processes, to give HCl and useful hydrocarbons.    ADVANTAGE -    Provides a simple, more cost-effective process for the complete hydrodechlorination of (I), in which the two stages are started up simultaneously by heating in a stream of H2.
In the feeding solid lignocellulose materials (such as wood chips, saw dust, planing chips, straw, and remains of other annual vegetation) into a high pressure reactor (autoclave) as used in the paper, pulp, wood products and chemical process industries for e.g. the hydrolysis of biomass, saturated steam (2) is removed from the solids-free part (2) of the reactor (1), compressed in a compressor (7), and used to feed the material in a chamber in a revolving magazine (11) into the reactor without significant compression.    USE -   The hydrolysis of biomass materials    ADVANTAGE -   The process eliminates disadvantages of screw feeders and rotary valves, namely the limitations on pressure in the reactor, high energy consumption, abrasion leading to frequent maintenance of seals, leakage of stream from the reactor, low capacity, the need to blend the feedstock with an auxiliary liquid, and limitations on the nature of the feedstock.
To convert bio waste matter into compost, the material mass is spread into a clamp or similar pile while being turned over. As it is turned over, fresh air is forced through it, and the escaping air is passed through a bio filter. The composting parameters are used by a control to determine the turning over, air feed and whether water should be added.    ADVANTAGE -   The method gives a controlled decomposition and a rapid conversion of the waste matter into compost. The operation is economic, and escaping smells are blocked.
Appts has at least one station (220) having separate devices for supplying waste to the station(s) and pyrolysing the waste and gasifying any residual waste. Pyrolysis and gasification occur in the station to which the waste is supplied.    USE -   Power generation using pyrolysis and gasification of solid or liq waste, e.g. sewage sludge.    ADVANTAGE -   Sewage sludge treated with reduced mechanical handling since treatment occurs in one place.
Wastewater treatment includes addition of hydrogen peroxide and irradiation by ultraviolet light to form hydroxyl ions. The hydroxyl ions reduce BOD, COD, absorbable organic halogens and colour in effluent.    USE -   For the treatment of waste water effluent streams.    ADVANTAGE -   The invention provides an improved combined ultraviolet and hydrogen peroxide treatment process with particular relevance to the treatment of paper mill effluent. The process is also suitable for the treatment of other effluent.
A liquid treatment system includes at least one injection wand in a tank containing the liquid to be treated. The angle between the injection wand and the tank bottom or the angle between the injection wand and the tank wall may be altered. A treatment solution injected through the wand increases the reaction mixing between the injected solution and the liquid being treated.    USE -   For the treatment of liquids.    ADVANTAGE -   The invention creates and takes advantage of increased reaction mixing by unique injection through injection wands of a treatment solution into a tank of liquid to be treated.
The line has a bunkers-meters (1, 2, 3) for the manure, pest and other compost components, connected to waste treatment container which is connected to the bio-prepn. collector and by a pump and number of pipes to the bio-prepn. container which has a device to stop sediment formation, waste mixing and crushing device and a device for their heating and aeration. The waste treatment container is made of a number of connected chambers each one provided with an air channel whose upper part is formed by a number of sloping plates. The line also has unloading augers. The heating and aeration device is made as an air heater which is provided with air lines with slide valves.    USE -   The line is used in agriculture for organic waste treatment.    ADVANTAGE -   The construction is simplified and the efficiency is increased.
The prodn. of a methane-contg. gas comprises allowing a feeding-gas contg. more volatile 3 or more C hydrocarbon to be contacted with a solid catalyst in a gaseous phase. The prodn. is characterised in that the gaseous catalytic reaction is conducted while satisfying the following conditions: (1) fine hydrated alumina or gamma-alumina is suspended in an alkaline soln. to obtain. alkali-processed alumina, which is brought into contact with an aq. soln. of nickel nitrate at 60C. or higher to give a solid basic salt contg. alumina component and nickel component, then the solid basic salt is mixed with calcium aluminate cement. The mixt. is made hydraulic and moulded to give a nickel/alumina catalyst; (2) the feeding-gas is a mixt. of more volatile 3 or more C hydrocarbon with methanol and/or a gas substantially consisting of hydrogen and carbonic acid gas.    ADVANTAGE -   The reaction temp. can be reduced and the catalytic life can be prolonged.
Gas reformer comprises a fuel gas passage (8) having a reaction tube (2) contg. catalyst (11), heating medium heating part to heat a heating medium except reformed gas formed by reforming and heating medium passage (5) placed so that the heating medium takes a long way around the reaction tube. The fuel gas passage at the upstream side of reaction tube and heating medium passage at the upstream side of roundabout way part are divided by a heat exchanging plate, and the supply direction of fuel gas and flowing direction of heating medium near the reaction tube are the same direction.    USE -   Used to reform natural gas or methanol, to hydrogen-enriched gas used for fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The catalyst is effectively used and the deterioration of fuel gas passage does not occur.
Organic waste water containing NOx is passed through anaerobic treating tank to reduce NOx biologically. The process is started by packing granule sludge of methane fermenting bacteria to the anaerobic treating tank, to breed denitriding bacteria to form granule sludge bed.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Denitriding fungus body is kept at high density by granulating. NOx is effectively denitriding treated by high loaded operation, and stable granule sludge bed is kept.
Machine (30) comprises a cylindrical vessel (31) with an opening at its top and without a bottom and an upper lid (3). The cylindrical vessel comprises stirring blades placed at its inside to mix crude waste and microorganisms completely. The upper lid comprises a ventilation hole (37) on which a water impermeable film (38) passing steam from the inside but incapable of passing rain water from the outside releases water generated by decomposition of crude waste.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Used to decompose crude waste generated in homes by using soil bacteria to obtain fertilisers. Crude waste injected into the treating tank may be rapidly decomposed by soil bacteria or injected microorganisms, preventing generation of malodours.
A system equipped with a fermenter (A) contg. garbage, which is placed in a magnetic field that promotes the activities of micro organisms, and a temp. controller (B) which makes vanes inside (A) to turn over garbage according its temp. The system may be floated on lakes, ponds, or swamps and the compost produced by this system is made to precipitate on their bottoms together with porous ceramic materials.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Used for cleaning environment. Able to stimulate the activities of micro organisms on the bottoms of lakes, ponds, and swamps and to reduce the yield of methane and carbon dioxide. In an example, a cross section of this system (floated on water surface) is shown in fig.5, in which (1) is a fermenter, (2) is a controller, and (3) is a pump. Temp. inside the fermenter is detected with the controller, if detected temp. were higher than the optimum temp. for the growth of micro organisms, inside the fermenter would be cooled with water by running pump (3).
A fermenting and drying appts. (10) comprises a treating tank (12) an opening (16), at one end which receives and discharges a material be treated; spiral blades (30) provided inside the treating tank to stir the material to be treated and discharge it; a drive to rotate the treating tank in opposite directions, and hot air supply (36, 42) for treating tank. The treating tank is on a support that can rotate the tank to a vertical or inclined position..    USE/ADVANTAGE -   The tank is used to ferment and dry crude refuse, e.g. food processing waste discharged from food plants, to obtain compost or livestock feed. The fermenting and drying appts. is simplified and the treating efficiency of the appts. is increased.
Appts. comprises a treating tank (1) to store biological refuse (4), stirring blades (8) to stir the refuse in the treating tank, and aeration passages (12) to aerate the treating tank. The treating tank is fixed to a fixed shaft (6) rotatably around the shaft, the ventilating passages are provided at the both sides of treating tank through which the fixed shaft penetrates, one end of each passage is opened to the treating tank and another end is opened to the outside to connect the inside of treating tank to the outside.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   The device decomposes refuse discharged from homes or restaurants. The refuse remains in the tank. No bad smells is emitted refuse can be treated even in winter.
Biological refuse treatment appts. comprises a treatment tank (1); inlet (2) to introduce crude refuse (5) and fermentation accelerator (6) into the treatment tank; stirrer (14) to mix crude refuse and fermentation accelerator in the treatment tank; heater (15) to heat a mixt. of crude refuse and fermentation accelerator to give temp. in the treatment tank; temp. detector (17) to detect a temp. of the mixt. in the treatment tank; and aerator (18) to aerate the treatment tank. The inner walls of treatment tank are coated, pref. with a fluorine material or Teflon.    US/    ADVANTAGE -   The appts. is used to decompose refuse from homes, hotels, or restaurants to compost. The refuse is decomposed aerobically to prevent bad smells.
Domestic crude refuse treatment appts. comprises a casing (10) having a lid (20), motor (40) placed under the casing and fermentation tank (50) with a built-in stirring blade (54) and placed above the motor. The output shaft provided at the upper part of motor and the input shaft provided at the upper part of a motor and the input shaft provided at the lower part of stirring blade are connected to their rotation direction detachably to their axial direction and cooling air of motor is supplied into the fermentation tank.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   The appts. is a treatment appts. The appts. does not require a separate blower and heater because of the cooling air of the motor, reducing the number of parts of the appts.
Assembly for composting organic waste, esp. domestic waste, has a decomposition container (1) mounted on a vehicle (2) with a drive (5) for its rotation. It is divided into chambers by perforated cutting walls, each fitted wither perforated converging cutting walls for division into sub-chambers. They all have an outer wall with two paddles forming side walls, each mounted to the decomposition container at one side, with the other sides secured against movement by a release mounting. The total length of both paddles is greater than the gap between the axes of their rotating mountings.    ADVANTAGE -   The assembly, for a vehicle or vehicle trailer, uses a vehicle drive take-off for operation, giving a composting system which is easily operated for the disposal of organic waste.
Process for conversion of waste paper or cellulose contg. waste materials into an absorbent easily compostable loose bulk material, comprises comminuting and granulating the waste paper or cellulose-contg. material in a rotating drum with the addn. of water.     Pref. 60-100 l. water is added per m3of waste paper etc.. Pref. the comminuted and granulated material is sieved, esp.through an 8-50 mm. mesh sieve, and the coarse fraction returned to the drum. The fine fraction is pref. rotted by composting. Naturally rottable materials (e.g. peat, wood flour, bark) and/or mineral substances (lime, marl, sand, bentonite) and/or composting bacteria may be mixed with the waste paper etc., to be processed, or naturally rottable materials and/or mineral substances and/or fertilisers (potassium, nitrate, phosphate or sulphate contg. materials) may be mixed with the fine fraction of the comminuted and granulated material.    USE -   The comminuted and granulated prod. has high absorbency and high pore content and is useful e.g. as a filling in biofilters for purificn. of biological effluent gas and effluent air; as a material for absorbing and binding environmentally harmful substances such as petroleum and oil spills on water and on land, and as a soil improvement additive; and after composting, as a mulch or a medium for growing mushrooms.    ADVANTAGE -   When used as a sorbent substance for cleaning up oil spills etc., the spent material can be disposed of by burning (not possible when using sorbent minerals). The comminuted/granulated material composts rapidly and can be used as a replacement for peat in agricultural applications which is environmentally advantageous.
A liquid medium (I) comprising a phase (a) and a phase (b) is separated by contact with a filter which has been wetted with a wetting agent miscible with (a) but immiscible with (b), to obtain a filtrate (F) comprising (a) and substantially free of (b). Reaction conditions in a multiple phase liquid reactor are controlled by treating the effluent as (I) above, and subjecting (F) to an analyser. A multiple phase liquid medium (II) comprising a liquid fossil fuel (A), an aq. phase (B) and a biocatalyst (C) is separated by (i) contacting (II) with a filter wetted with a wetting agent (W1) miscible with (A) but immiscible with (B) to obtain a filtrate of (A), and a retentate; and (ii) contacting the retentate with a second filter wetted with a wetting agent (W2) miscible with (B) but immiscible with (A), to obtain a filtrate of (B) and a final retentate. In an alternative procedure, (II) is first contacted with a filter wetted with (W2) to obtain a filtrate of (B), and the retentate is contacted with a filter wetted with (W1) to obtain a filtrate of (A) and a final retentate.    USE -   (I) and (II) are generally emulsions or micro-emulsions. (II) is obtained esp. from a fossil fuel desulphurisation process.    ADVANTAGE -   The emulsions are resolved more completely and efficiently than by conventional methods, using, e.g., conventional separators, coalescers or electrical precipitators.
Waste is composted in an arrangement of an inner chain driven drum (1), activated whenever waste is put in the composite via a trap door (3a) and chute (3). The interior of the drum contains mixing and feeding elements including blades for disintegrating and shredding the waste. The drum is surrounded by a fixed thermally insulated outer housing (2), leaving an annular space (7) in which pre-composted material falls through openings (6) at the end of the drum. The outer surface of the drum is fitted with a spiral feed rod (8) which carries the material in a direction opposite the flowing direction within the drum.    ADVANTAGE -   Sepn. of high temp. composting region and pre-composted material.
Bio prepn. for removing crude oil and petroleum prod. contaminants from water and soil comprises a mixt. of the following hydrocarbon-oxidising strains rhodococcus sp. BKM-AC-1500 D, rhodococcus maris BKM-AC-1501 D, rhodococcus erythropolis BKM-AC-1502 D, pseudomonas stutzeri BKM-B-1972 D, Candida sp. BKM-Y-2778 D. The prepn. may be a naturally occurring association of microorganisms recovered from stratal water in oil deposits, or may be a prepd. mixt. in a ratio 0-1:0-1:0-1:0-1:0-1.    USE -   In treatment of reservoirs, saline soils, brackish water etc.
Treatment of hydrocarbon-contaminated soils comprising: (a) applying a compsn. comprising cellulose (derived from an oil-bearing plant) and contg. bacteria indigenous to the cellulose and at least one nutrient, to the soil by tilling or disking; (b) wetting the soil to maintain a continuous moist condition; and (c) leaving the soil in the moist condition for a period of time.    ADVANTAGE -   Combined absorbtion and remediation technique through use of a powdered cellulose that preferentially absorbs hydrocarbons in the presence of water and simultaneously creates a biologically active media supporting the growth of naturally occurring hydrocarbon reducing forms resulting in the rapid decomposition of absorbed hydrocarbons into water, carbon dioxide and benign waste prods..
Epoxidation of an olefin with hydrogen peroxide comprises sepg. a gas mixt. of olefin and oxygen obtd. from hydrogen peroxide decompsn. from the liq. reaction mixt. Olefin from the gas mixt. is absorbed in a liq. absorbent and an inert gas is added to the oxygen to prevent formation of flammable gas compsns. The liquid absorbent consists of isopropanol and water.    USE -   The process is used partic. in the prodn. of propylene oxide by the catalytic reaction of propylene with hydrogen peroxide which is formed by the oxidn. of isopropanol.    ADVANTAGE -   The inert gas used is methane (claimed). Amt. used is sufficient to avoid the formation of flammable oxygen vapour mixts.
A homogeneously soluble polyol compsn. comprises (a) cpd(s) having at least 2 isocyanate-active H comprising a polyoxyalkylene polyether polyol; (b) 2-chloropropane; and (c) a blowing agent comprising a 4-6C aliphatic hydrocarbon.    USE -   Used in prodn. of rigid, pref. closed cell, polyurethane foams as domestic appliance and industrial casing insulation, jacketing for hot water tanks and pipes, building insulation, sound and energy absorbing foams, and doors.    ADVANTAGE -   The compsns. enable use of hydrocarbon blowing agents as substitutes for CFC's and HCFC's, while avoiding the separate addn. and mixing of polyol and hydrocarbon immediately prior to foam mfr..
The method comprises growing Pseudomonas-type bacteria on medium contg. nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, followed by drying. To improve results, biomass is grown using bacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens 2-a TsMPM B-2256, hydrogen peroxide and calcium chloride are additionally introduced into medium after growing of biomass, in amt. 10-6 mol/l and 0.036-0.046 mol/l, respectively, and biomass, before drying, is applied onto sphagnum peat of moisture content 10%, in amt. 109cells per 1g of peat.    USE -   In purificn. of aq. media contg. oil, oil prods. and gas condensate, e.g. in result of spillage etc.    ADVANTAGE -   The method reduces time of removal of oil film from the surface of water, extends application range to gas condensates, and uses ecologically safe prepn.
Treatment of protein contg. aq. soln. by addn. of transglutaminase (TGase) to improve the separability of the protein followed by sepn. of the protein.    Also claimed the treatment of yeast extract having yeast odour with TGase and active carbon, followed by filtration or centrifugation to give deodourised yeast extract.    USE -   Treatment of protein contg. aq. soln. (eg. animal and plant extract or waste with bad odour).    ADVANTAGE -   Specific deodorising of waste water in food processing industry.
A process for treatment of microalgae which comprises culturing a myxobacterium isolated from microalgae, introducing the grown bacterium into algae, dissolving the latter with the bacterium under aerobic conditions, and sepg. the bacterium from the processed liquor, is new.    The myxobacterium organisms are e.g. Myxococcus, Cystobacter and Stigmatella which are partic. effective against green algae or red tide algae. These organisms may be incubated e.g. on a medium contg. 5 g/L bread yeast, 1 g/L yeast extract, 1 g/L raffinose, 1 g/L sucrose, 1 g/L galactose, 5 g/L soluble starch, 2.5 g/L Kaji tone (Wako), 0.5 g/L MgSO47H2O, 0.25 g/L KH2PO4 and 1L sea water (pH 7.0-7.6) at 20-25 deg.C aerobically for 3-5 days. By this incubation, the organisms usually grow up to 20,000 mg/L. The grown organisms may be incubated aerobically in an algae-dissolving tank contg. algae as nutrition medium until the bacteria conc. reaches about 5,000 mg/L.    USE -   The process can be applied to treatment of microalgae, partic. those causing green muddiness or red tide in lake, bog, dam, bay, river, gulf, etc.    ADVANTAGE -   Eutrophic muddy fluvial or water area can be improved into clean ones. Algae residue which has been burned as refuse disposal can be decomposed at a low cost. The grown myxobacteria produce strong antibiotics (e.g. angioram A. myxalamide, auracin C, stigmaterin A, myxothiazole A, saframycin Mx-1, 5-nitroresocinol, pyrrolnitrin) and lytic enzymes. The resulting crude mixts. of antibiotics may be used for air sterilisation in hospitals, partic. for prevention of infections with MRSA, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratia marcescens or Candida albicans. Since the algae soln. processed with the myxobacteria contains antibiotics or lytic enzymes, it can be used as steriliser having a nearly equal potency to that of chlorine sterilisers.
Appts. (1) comprises the crushing appts. (2) consisting of traverse flow type rotary cutters (7,8,9) placed in a treatment tank (2) contacting or approaching to each other, in parallel to each other and three-dimensionally, and presser (4) consisting of a pair of rolls (21,22) pushing to each other and placed in the treatment tank forming a row with the crushing appts..    Also claimed is treating crude refuse comprising sepg. water from a fluid material obtd. by crushing and pressing crude refuse by passing the fluid material through a filter and heating it to dry it to obtain fertilisers.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   To treat crude refuse discharged from general homes or restaurants to use as fertilisers. Refuse consisting of solid materials and liq. materials can be changed to fluid materials easy to treat, and to fertilisers. The treatment appts. can be installed at a narrow area.
A moisture-contg. material processor comprising:( i) a fixed frame (2) that rotatably supports a movable frame (4) about a rotation axis; (ii) at least two open-ended cylinders with radially perforated skirts (7) which are supported by the movable frame (4). The cylinders (7) are mutually angularly spaced and arrangeable in sequence at working stations (9,10,11), also mutually angularly spaced, by rotation of the movable frame (4); (iii) at least one loading station (9) with means to close one end of the cylinder (7) located at the loading station (9) and means to load material to be processed through the other end; (iv) a compression station (10), with means for hermetically closing at least one end of the cylinder (7) located at the compression station (10) and an insertable presser element to compress the material within from the other end. Moisture contained in the material is extruded through the holes (8) in the cylinder; and (v) a discharge station (11), with means for extracting the compressed material from the cylinder. Also claimed is a machine similar to said appts..    USE -   The method is used for processing moisture-contg. material, particularly for recycling municipal solid waste (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   The machine eliminates downtimes required for loading and discharging material. It achieves considerably higher productivity than other machines. Wear of components is much less than in known machines. It achieves high effectiveness in moisture separation.
Organic waste (1) is decomposed in a separator (2) converting material (1) into a fine (3) and a coarse (4) fraction. The novelty is that waste organic material first passes through a suspension and separation assembly (5) where it is divided into lighter (8) and heavier (5) fractions, before passing to an anaerobic fermentation process (B). The solid fermentation products are then transferred to the composting stage III and are mixed with the main composting stage II products. The coarse fraction (4) is introduced to an aerobic process (B) where it is composted in three stages (I-III). Compost reactors 7.1.1-7.1.n. and 7.2.1-7.2.n are used in stages I and II respectively which are subjected to pulsating aeration. The final compositing stage is undertaken in a pit or stack and in aerated composting reactors (7.3.1-7.3.n).    The appts. is also claimed.    USE -   Separation of the wastes into fine and coarse fractions facilitates static pre-composting under the influence of air pulsation at controlled temp. and humidity, with optimum conditions for the microorganisms.    ADVANTAGE -   The process maximises energy recovery from organic wastes, enhances the quality of the compost produced, minimises the technical complexity of the process and plant and reduces the time taken to produce a unit of compost.