The heliostat has a photodetector (1) receiving the reflected sunlight directed onto the absorber by the heliostat mirror (3), to provide signals representing the alignment error for controlling the heliostat electric setting motor (6). The photodetector is secured to the support structure (2) of the heliostat in a fixed position, e.g. via a vertical support (8) projecting through an opening at the centre of the heliostat mirror.    ADVANTAGE -   Compact construction with direct adjustment of each heliostat for optimum energy efficiency
The wall has a gusset plate (103) on its wall surface (106) with which solar battery modules (101) is clamped. A pair of hooks acting as clamp parts avoid sliding of the battery along the wall surface.    The battery includes a photovoltaic cell and a weather resistant film.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables effective utilization of solar energy. Excels in sound insulation characteristics.
High strength and high ductility Ti alloy comprises (wt.%): 0.055 N, 0.3-0.6 O, and one or more of 0.03-0.25 Pd and 0.1-0.50 Ru. Where 0.85-2.30%=[Pd]+[Ru]+[Fe]; and 0.5-0.92 oxygen equivalent (Q), where Q=[O]+2.77[N]+0.1([Pd]+[Ru]+[Fe]).    USE -   Geothermal power generation plant, undersea oil field.    ADVANTAGE -   Tensile strength gives 900 MPa or more while maintaining high ductility.
The vessel (1) comprises a buoyant hollow body (2) with a fluid chamber (4) integrally located in the body. The chamber extends from one side of the body to the other. Rolling of the body as a result of the waves causes displacement of fluid (5) in the chamber.    The vessel also has a turbine for generating electricity. The turbine is driven by the displacement of fluid in the chamber. The chamber is water tight.    USE -   For generating electricity using waves as a source of green energy.    ADVANTAGE -   The power source is free, abundant, and does not produce undesirable waste products. The device is highly resistant to storm damage.
A solar power generator has an arrangement of solar cells and an adaptive converter to match the current or the voltage from the cells to the load. The converter (4) is integrated with the cell arrangement(1). This arrangement is a single cell or four cells. The base material for the cell(s) is silicon. The converter has two semiconductors, part being directly in the base of the cells on the front or back.    Logic building blocks are integrated into part of the cell arrangement, as is a mask-programmed microprocessor. The cell arrangement has an optical display of cell status using LED chips    ADVANTAGE -   Inexpensive compact design that is capable of being expanded.
The apparatus includes a housing (12) which can be mounted on a building tiled roof and contains a solar module, forming an absorber (11), or a photocell unit converting any impinged solar radiation into useful energy. An energy conveying system provides an energy supply to a storage.    The housing has an edge contour of a single roof tile (14), or a composite roof tile group such as to be positively mounted on the tile roof at the surrounding tiles with an edge alignment. Preferably the housing has a cover plate (24), which may engage the surrounding roof tiles via an edge rabbet (26,28).    ADVANTAGE -   Facility for industrial, serial manufacture of low cost, and easy fitting.
Organic thin film device comprises organic thin films which contain a specific pigment molecule of formula A-[-C(R)=C(B)(D)]n (I), A'-C(R)=C(B')(D') (II), -(-A{-[-C(R)=C(B)(D)]n-}-X-)m- (III), or -(C(D")=C(R')-A-C(R')=C(D")-X-)m- (IV) (where A = an aromatic hydrocarbon ring or heterocyclic ring; B = cyano, perfluoroalkyl, nitro, alkylsulphinyl, arylsulphinyl, amidosulphinyl, alkyloxysulphinyl, aryloxysulphinyl, alkylsulphonyl, arylsulphonyl, amidesulphonyl, alkyloxysulphonyl, aryloxysulphonyl, acyl, carbamoyl, formyl, carboxyl, oxyamoyl, alkyloxycarbonyl, or aryloxycarbonyl group; D and R = H, halogen atoms, alkyl, aryl, cyano, perfluoroalkyl, nitro, alkylsulphinyl, arylsulphinyl, amidosulphinyl, alkyloxysulphinyl, aryloxysulphinyl, alkylsulphonyl, arylsulphonyl, amidesulphonyl, alkyloxysulphonyl, aryloxysulphonyl, acyl, carbamoyl, formyl, carboxyl, oxyamoyl, alkyloxycarbonyl, or aryloxycarbonyl group and n = 2).    USE -   Used for EL elements, photosensitive thin films for electrophotography, organic solar cells, organic rectifiers, or ultra-high density charge-coupled memories.    ADVANTAGE -   EL elements, solar cells, and other devices with a longer operating life are obtained.
The method involves using a disk object (1) made of either metal or ceramic or synthetic resin. A sail (2) and an ocean current fixing board (3) are made to project from the central upper and lower parts of the disk object, respectively.    An electromagnet (5) is fixed on the inner side of the disk object.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables effective utilisation of natural resources such as wind, ocean current, solar energy, thereby avoiding atmospheric pollution. Reduces consumption of fossil fuel. Avoids bad side effects caused to worker.
The array includes a metallic gusset plate (5) which is arranged below the light receiving surface of a solar cell (2). The solar cell is sealed on the gusset plate by a transparent resin (3).    A support material (6) provides electrical grounding. Metallic gusset plate and that part of the support material which is in contact with the gusset plate are in electrically conducting state.    ADVANTAGE -   Facilitates setting. Obtains reliable electrical conduction. Enhances protection from electric shock.
Solar cell module consists of a photovoltaic semiconductor layer at least whose light incident side is coated with a transparent organic polymer resin layer (a) and a transparent fluororesin film (b) successively. A transparent thin layer (c), which is a mixt. of silicon oxide and silicon nitride given by firing a polysilazane coating, is applied to at least one of the faces of the transparent fluororesin film.    USE -   For electric power generation.    ADVANTAGE -   The solar cell module has good damp resistance. Water cannot easily penetrate into the modules.
The generator includes a vacuum tube in which first conductor pins (1,2,3) having a small work function and connected in parallel are positioned opposite second conductor pins (4,5,6) having a large work function also connected on parallel. The two sets of conducting pins are connected across an electric transducer (60), the second set of pins being connected to a high voltage via an electronegative conducting wire (71).    The first set of conducting pins are heated by a heating medium after which the medium is cooled in a heat exchanger (57) and applied to the second set of conducting pins to maintain them at a low temperature. Thus the first set of conductor pins can emit electrons to be absorbed by the second set of conductor pins so as to generate electric power due to the potential difference between them.    ADVANTAGE -   Generator operates spontaneously even when external power supply is suspended so that use of fuel may be reduced and air pollution resulting its use may be also reduced.
The photovoltaic concentrator (20) includes an elongated heat pipe with two heat radiating surfaces and two elongated opposed ends. At least one solar cell (3) has a radiation receiving surface and a back surface. The back surface is attached to one elongated end of the heat pipe so that the heat pipe radiating surfaces are perpendicular to the solar cell's radiation receiving surface. At least one strut (18) is attached to the heat pipe. At least one arm (6) is attached to the strut.    A light concentrator (1) is attached to at least one arm. The light concentrator, when pointed toward the sun, reflects light onto at least one radiation receiving surface of the solar cell. The incident light on the light concentrator is parallel to the heat pipe radiating surfaces. The light concentrator is an inflatable or a rigid concentrator. A source of gas for inflating the inflatable concentrator is connected to the inflatable concentrator for adding gas to it. The source of gas is stored in one of the arms.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For satellite and spacecraft. Compact and lightweight.
An integrated plant generates electricity and grows, dries and harvests microalgae. A motor-generator (26) is fuelled with fossil fuel. It produces a hot exhaust gas containing carbon dioxide. A microalgae culture pond (10) contains water having a high carbon dioxide content. It includes an impeller (12). Microalgae and water are collected from the pond. These are dewatered by a filter (14). The moist microalgae are passed to a thermal dryer (17) to produce dried microalgae as a product. The hot exhaust gases are recovered from the motor and sensible heat from the hot gas is used to dry the moist microalgae. Carbon dioxide from cooled exhaust gas is collected in an aqueous solution which is delivered to the culture pond.    Some of the generated electricity is used to drive the impeller (12). It may also be used to drive motors, pumps, controls and provide artificial illumination. The water separated by filter (14) is returned to the pond together with the aqueous solution containing carbon dioxide. The hot exhaust gas may be introduced directly into the thermal dryer to dry a filter cake. However, in the illustrations, sensible heat from the hot exhaust gas is exchanged with a recirculating stream of inert gas in a heat exchanger (28). The recirculating inert gas stream passes sequentially through a spray dryer (17), separation cyclone (20) , condenser (33) and the heat exchanger (28).    USE -   The system is a combined plant for generating electricity and growing microalgae, e.g. spirulina, chlorella, scenedesmus, synechococcus, anabaena and dunaliella. These are used in the food, chemical and pharmaceutical industries.
Converter comprises a sealed housing separated into two parts by an ion exchange membrane and filled with a diatomic gas dissociating when heated into a monatomic gas. Gas permeable electrodes are fixed to both sides of the membrane and are equipped with current terminals. One of the sections has a heat feed system and the other has a heat take-off system.    The membrane is made of an electrolyte with ionic conductance for the dissociated atomic gas, and a gas with a low dissociation energy e.g. the halogens - fluorine, iodine, chlorine, bromine - is selected as the diatomic gas.    USE -   Converter is for use in independent energy supplies and waste heat converters.
On arrival of a wave, a float (6) is lifted and force acts on the larger branch of an arm (5), which is rotated on an axle (4) and a pressing screen (7) acts on a piezo-generator (2) to generate an electromotive force. On passage of the next wave, the cycle is repeated. A voltage splitter is connected to the piezo-generator and passes an alternating voltage through a digital-analogue converter to a number comparator, also receiving a code formed using a generator and a counter and setting a memory register to record the code from the counter when it exceeds that from the analogue-digital converter.    If the voltage from the converter exceeds that from the counter, an electronic switch is closed and the first section of the piezo-generator is connected to the output terminals. During second and third measuring cycles when the set voltage is exceeded, the second and third stages of the piezo-generator are connected during disconnection of all other stages. As a result, the loading on the terminals of the piezo-generator is maintained constant during change of parameters of the waves.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Generation of power using wave electric stations. Better efficiency of station.
The installation consists of a first heat exchanger (24) which cools the exhaust gas of an incinerator (1) with water being supplied to a boiler (6). The boiler generates steam from the combustion heat of burning garbage in the incinerator. The first heat exchanger is positioned on the upstream side of a wet style exhaust gas cleaning equipment (22) which purifies exhaust gas of the incinerator.    A second heat exchanger (25) is installed on the downstream side of the exhaust cleaning equipment to heat the exhaust gas with the heat possessed by the boiler supply water leaving the first heat exchanger.    ADVANTAGE -   Saves energy by effective use of heat possessed by exhaust gas.
The equipment has a pyrolysis reaction device (2) which heats wastes and form pyrolysis gas (G1) and pyrolysis scum (b). An expelling unit (4) separates the pyrolysis gas and scum and expels. A separation unit (7) separates the combustibility component and non-flammable burnt component from the pyrolyis scum.    A combustion melting furnace (3) burns the pyrolysis gas and combustibility component and forms melt slag and exhaust gas. The exhaust gas from the furnace heats air. An air heater (3A) supplies the heater air to pyrolysis reaction device for heating wastes.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides free maintenance.
The equipment consists of an waste scum expelling appts (4) which expels pyrolysis gas (G1) and pyrolysis scum (B). The pyrolysis gas is sent to a combustion melting furnace (3) while the pyrolysis scum is sent through a first sieve with 5mm opening. Then, wave particles above the 5mm size are sent to a separation appts which separates the iron, non-iron and rubber particles. The waste particles below 5mm size are sent to a bowl type disintegrator (9) which crushes the waste particles and sends it to a second sieve with 1mm opening. The disintegrator has a cylindrical body in which multiple balls are stored.    Then, wave particles above 1mm size are sent to a separation appts (8) which separates iron, non-iron and rubber particles. The particles below 1mm size are sent to the combustion melting furnace and are burnt along with the pyrolysis gas to produce a slag (F).    ADVANTAGE -   Crushes entire waste scum, effectively. Increases efficiency of system by completely burning waste scum.
The equipment has a pyrolysis reaction device (2) which forms pyrolysis gas (G1) and pyrolysis scum (b) by heat decomposition of the wastes supplied by a supply appts (1). An expelling unit (4) separates the pyrolysis gas and the pyrolysis scum. A categorization unit (6) take-up the scum from the expelling unit. The categorization unit categorizes the pyrolysis scum based on the particle diameter.    Scum (c) of particle diameter 5mm or more is removed and scum (d) with particle diameter of 5mm or less e.g. carbon is forwarded to a cooling system (7). The scum is entirely cooled in the cooling system owing to the small diameter. A separation unit (8) separates the cooled pyrolysis scum into a combustible component (f) and a non-flammable burnt component (e). A combustion melting furnace (3) burns a pyrolysis gas from the expelling unit and combustible component from separation unit to form fused slag (h) and exhaust gas (G2).    ADVANTAGE -   Allows loading of pyrolysis scum with small particle diameter e.g. carbon into cooling system , thereby cooling pyrolysis scum, entirely. Simplifies cooling system. Prevents defective operation of bucket conveyor by removal of iron pipe from cooling system.
The vibration damper has a cylinder (23) which stores a working fluid. A piston (22) and a piston rod (21) are coupled with a pipe. A pair of poppet valves (33) having a bottle neck (37), is provided to which working fluid is supplied from a head end chamber (2h) and a rod side chamber (2r) of the cylinder.    Working fluid is supplied only when air is mixed with working fluid and during once reciprocation of piston. A filter (80) is provided in an air passage in external side of the poppet valve to obstruct adherence of dust in the air passage.    ADVANTAGE -   Eliminates necessity of oil tank. Eases installation. Enables to maintain operation of device, reliably. Reduces maintenance time during replenishment of working fluid.
The installation includes a vapour generation mechanism (7) which generates a vapour by the heat generated in an incinerator (2). A steam turbine (4) is driven by the vapour generated by the vapour generation mechanism. A gas turbine (3) also provided. A vapour super heater (8) is provided by which the vapour generated from the vapour generation mechanism over heats an exhaust gas from the gas turbine.    An exhaust mechanism is provided to expel the exhaust gas generated from the incinerator and the gas turbine to external after they pass through a mixer (17). Dampers (h,i) are provided at inlet side of mixers for stopping flow of the exhaust gas. An interruption board of a channel interruption part (51) is provided before the damper, for interruption of gas flow.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents exhaust gas from gas turbine from entering incinerator. Maintains channel off state with interruption board even when damper goes to open state unexpectedly.
The method involves generating vapour, by heat generated in an incinerator (2), using a vapour generator (7). A steam turbine (4) generates power, by using the generated vapour. A vapour superheater (8) heats the exhaust air from a gas turbine (3). Initially, the operation of the gas turbine is started rapidly, so as to obtain a predetermined normal output, when the drive of the steam turbine is initialized. During starting period, the temperature of the gas temperature is maintained to a standard value, which is below the predetermined temperature of the entrance vapour of the steam turbine.    Then, the output of the gas turbine is raised, from the predetermined normal output, to a regular output. The rate of speed of this regular output is less than that of the speed at which predetermined normal output is obtained. The temperature of the entrance vapour of the steam turbine is also gradually rised, to a regular inlet value, which is less than the temperature of the entrance vapour during initial start process of the gas turbine.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids generation of thermal shock.
The installation has a set of sampling units (3A-3D) which have a vapour sampling pipe (2) connected with a steam pipe (1). A cooler (5) cools the vapour and a degassing tank (8) drains the sample water from the cooler.    A measurement pipe (11) introduces drained water to the sampling unit and the turbidity meter detects turbidity. When the sample is highly turbid the vapour sampling pipe diverges it to a sample vapour blow down valve (19) and flushes out the foreign particles.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents pollution from foreign materials. Detects turbidity accurately.
The mobile home has a room with space formed by a floor, peripheral walls and roof. At one end of the room, a unit bath (2) and a kitchen (3) are provided. A water tank is provided in ceiling part of an outline (1) to supply water to inhabitants. Electricity generators such as solar batteries and wind power generators are installed on the roof of the outline.    The electric power of the electricity generator is accumulated by an electrical charging appts provided near the kitchen. Various electric appliances in the house receives power from the electrical charging apparatus.    ADVANTAGE -   Offers pleasant life. Separates solid and liquid waste.
The method involves arranging a pair of guide rail (2) in parallel to a drop path (P). A blade part (6) of a capsule (1) has secondary conductors of a linear motor. A set of stator (13,17) is coaxially arranged in a variable gravity generation zone (B).    An electric power supply unit energises the stators. A position detection sensor (18) is arranged in drop path, a damping area (A1) and in the variable gravity generation zone. The capsule is dropped in the drop path with an arbitrary acceleration.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables generation of high gravity state.
The coupling device for satellites during transit includes a bracket which can be attached to the perimeter wall. Two pairs of shear fittings are attached to and extends within respective flanges on the bracket. The shear fittings are positioned opposite each other. Each pair of shear fittings includes an extension section extending beyond the first bracket flange in a direction, away from it.    The extension section includes three sections, the last being a terminating surface. The second section decreases in diameter regularly from along its length. Each of the second pair of shear fittings includes a cup-shaped extension with a sloping inner wall defining an annular recess adapted to receive the decreasing diameter of the second section of one of the first pair of shear fittings.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Connection of satellite during launch. Protects satellite from loads experienced during launch. Weight of satellite is not limited by weight due to coupling device. Maximises utilisation of space within fairing.
The apparatus using wave energy to generate electricity up to MW class is composed of a floating body, a high-pressure air cylinder, an air storage chamber, a high-pressure air collecting tank, a pneumatic motor and an electric generator set.    ADVANTAGE -   Suitable for offshore operation and far islands.
The generator has a top tread roller attachment jig (7) containing few top tread rollers (10) which is fixed in a ship (5). A lower roller attachment jig (8) comprising few lower rollers (10') is floatably arranged. A piezoelectric film (3) is passed between the tread roller and the lower roller.    A coiling device (13) stretches a rope (6) attached in between sea bottom and the lower roller attachment jig at a predetermined tension. When a sea wave (1A) passes the rope, a buoyancy fluctuation is caused in the rope, and consequently the buoyancy fluctuation produces a big strain in the piezoelectric film. Current is generated in the piezoelectric film corresponding to the amplitude of strain.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables effective power generation.
The housing (1) of the stove encloses a cylindrical combustion chamber (2) with a burner (3) and heating surfaces (4). At least part of the wall (2') of the chamber is covered with photovoltaic cells (5) connected to a current sink (6). The volume (V) of the chamber exceeds that of the flame from the burner.    The cells are part of an electrical circuit connected to the stove and containing a battery, transformer and regulator (R). The return inlet (7) for the water is at the lowest level of the housing so that the area of wall covered by the cells is cooled as intensively as possible.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For central heating system able to operate independently of mains. Alternative electric current source is provided at comparatively low cost.
Each shoe has a power transmission unit, electric generator, reset spring and rechargeable cell which are installed in a cavity of the heels with a fully-enclosed structure. The reset spring is a plate-type trapezoid structure also serving as an inner casing of the cavity. The inclined side of the trapezoid is parallel to rear part of heel, and its open end is connected to the crank of the power transmission unit.    ADVANTAGE -   Saves labour on walking, and provides electric generation.
The exchanger relates to a kind of mechanical device which utilises the kinetic energy of sea waves or the water flow energy of a river to lift the water level, and changes the kinetic energy of water flow into potential energy of the water level.    A piston cylinder, installed on a support frame, matches a piston rod. A floating head is installed on the lower part of the piston rod. On the top of the piston cylinder are installed the outlet and inlet water pipelines. The outlet pipeline connects directly to an energy storage tower and the inlet water pipeline is connected to the water of the sea or river.    ADVANTAGE -   Low building cost and production cost. Ideal electric generating device utilising sea and river water.
The device for collecting and converting mechanical energy, i.e. kinetic energy and potential energy, produced by a motor-driven vehicle in the course of running, includes a road surface which has at least one floating road surface. The floating road surface is movably hinged to the fixed road surface by long-strip slots and rotating shafts. Under the floating road surface, the restoring springs and hydraulic cylinders are installed, so that the vehicle weight is worked on the hydraulic cylinders, and the mechanical energy can be collected and converted by an oil circuit, a non-return valve, an oil tank, an energy accumulator and a hydraulic motor.    ADVANTAGE -   Can be used for power generation, and can be used as power for other machine. transmission medium and structure can be simplified, and its operation is smooth, stable and reliable, and its influence on the running behaviour of vehicle is small.
The solar battery module (1) has a terminal extraction box (6) which contains a fixing member (12).    The fixing member fixes a wire (10) for electrical output.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves operatability during post processing and setting execution. Avoids need for tape for fixing wire. Eases connector attachment at low temperature.
The solar battery module (11) has a number of solar cells (12) which are arranged in planar manner packed by a transparent member (18) made of glass or resin. The solar cells are connected electrically by interconnectors (13). A heat transfer member (16) with high heat conductivity is mounted on the heat part (17a) of a heat pipe (17) behind the solar cells.    The heat dissipation part (17b) of the heat pipe is mounted in the heat dissipation member (20) provided at the felloe part formed in the shape of a panel.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves electricity generation efficiency. Inhibits temperature rise of solar battery module.
The battery unit has a lower solar battery (1) which has a recess (4) at one side. The recess has an inclined mirror surface (5) and a coarse base (6). An upper solar battery (13) is fixed in the screen and it transforms the short wavelength area of the received light beam into electricity.    The lower solar battery transforms the long wavelength area of the light which is permeated by the upper solar battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Aligns electrodes of two solar batteries. Facilitates assembly. Reduces production cost by providing coarse base. Enables to collect light effectively.
The system includes a compression furnace (1) which is divided into primary and secondary combustion zones. The hydrocarbon fuel is supplied to primary and secondary zones of the furnace for burning waste materials. The combustion is aided by air containing oxygen supplied from outside.    The exhaust gas from incinerator which completely burns down the unburnt waste materials is sent to a waste boiler (23). A super heater (28) heats the steam from the waste boiler by burning hydrocarbon fuel. The vapour from the super heater supplied to a steam turbine (26) whereas the exhaust gas is supplied to the secondary combustion zone.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces amount of natural gas used. Reduces nitrogen oxide content in atmosphere. Improves efficiency.
The apparatus (1) includes a pressured unit (17) with a shock plate (5b). The pressured unit receives a fluid force that provides a reciprocating motion at the end of the arm of an extended input shaft (5). First and second gears (8,9) are attached to the input shaft coupled to the pressured unit and rotated by the reciprocating motion of the fluid.    Third and fourth gears (10,11) with respective one way clutches (12,13), that have the same rotary direction, are attached to an output shaft (6). Only the third gear in the output shaft is engaged directly to the first gear on the input shaft. An idle wheel (14), for inversion, is attached on a spindle (15) and engaged to the second and fourth gears.    ADVANTAGE -   Efficiently converts reciprocating motion energy of wave with short period to rotary motion with constant direction. Can be easily combined to other apparatuses by providing simple structure. Reduces manufacturing cost.
The converter includes a pair of heat exchangers (1,2) which are arranged mutually opposite with each other. A thermoelectric element (4) which has a set of P-type semiconductors (5a) and N type semiconductors (5b) arranged alternately, using a solder (7), is positioned between the heat exchangers.    An electrode is attached to each heat exchanger. A deformation suppressor made of a ceramic material is provided at the thermo electric element.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents generation of crack in thermo electric element. Extends life of converter.
The battery has a semiconductor substrate (1) on which an impurity diffusion layer of opposite conductivity type is formed at the predetermined part. The maximum diameter of the substrate is set smaller than the diffusion length of the change carriers.    A positive contact and a negative contact are arranged on the substrate to produce electrical energy. The gross area of the positive and negative contacts is set smaller than 1/1000 of the surface area of the substrate. The contacts are not covered by the impurity diffusion layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves electric power generation efficiency. Reduces recombination of carrier of electrode part.
The method involves forming an Al electrically conductive layer (2) on a heat resistant substrate (1). A Si layer (3) with a homoepitaxial PIN junction is formed on the electrically conductive layer. The Si layer and the conductive layer are heated.    The crystalline nuclear growth effect is produced on the Si at low temperature. The size of the crystal grains are transformed to bigger size, thereby forming a polycrystalline Si layer, with aluminium diffused in it.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves photoelectric conversion efficiency.
The converter includes a substrate (1) that consists of p- type or n-type crystalline silicon. A rear side electrode layer (8) is formed on one principal plane of the substrate. A p-type or n-type of a first non-crystal silicon layer (2) of 400 or less angstroms is formed on other principal plane of the substrate.    A second non-crystal silicon layer (3) and a light receiving surface electrode layer (4) of 100 or less angstroms are sequentially layered on the first silicon layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Obtains sensor with improved V-I characteristics. Enables high efficiency.
The method involves coating an adhesive agent (2) on a solar battery cell (1) or a cover glass (3). The solar battery cell and the cover glass are arranged opposing each other and are pressed mutually.    The cover glass surface or the rear side of battery cell is partially heated at an elevated temperature by which the adhesive agent is hardened.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables mfr of solar battery cell with flexibility. Prevents extrusion of adhesive agent.
The method involves forming a cadmium sulphide film (2) on a substrate (1). The UV ray is irradiated on the sulphide film.    A cadmium telluride film (3) is formed on selected portion of the irradiated sulphide film.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves product yield and efficiency. Reduces crystal defect. Removes carbon compound in cadmium sulphide film.
The method involves using a garbage supply crane (2) to supply garbage to an incinerator (5). A pressure detector is installed on the inner surface of the bucket (3) of the garbage supply crane. The amount of heated emitted by the garbage is estimated based on the ratio of amount of variation of value of the pressure detector on opening of bucket and previously obtained amount of heat emitted by garbage.    The number of calories of heat emitted by the incineration of garbage is controlled.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   In generation of electricity using exhaust heat of incinerator. Enables usage of proper amount of garbage. Obtains stable operation.
The system comprises a super heater (10) that heats the wafer (5) from an incineration boiler (6). A fuel modifying unit (13) modifies the field fuel to the hydrogen content gas (19). A combustor (12) heats the hydrogen content gas along with a oxygen content gas (23).    The combustor generates the combustion gas (24) which is used by the super heater for super heating the wafer generated by the incinerator boiler. A cooling unit and water treatment equipment is provided for the separation of moisture in the combustor gas.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces nitrogen oxide combustor gas. Aims in providing highly effective system for power generation.
The system includes a garbage incineration boiler (6). Vapour (5) from the boiler is overheated by a superheater (10). The effective fuel is modified by a fuel modifying device (13), into hydrogen content gas (19).    A combustor (12) burns hydrogen content gas with air (23) and produces combustion gas as output. This combustion gas is used by superheater as fuel to heat the vapour. The overheated vapour is used to drive the steam turbine which in turn produces electricity.    ADVANTAGE -   Makes system highly effective.
The installation has an incinerator main body (14) which is connected to the dust machine (4) through an insertion chute (9). Garbage is supplied from the dust machine to the main body through the insertion chute. The dust machine has an outlet connected to a garbage pit (1) through a return chute (11). A return supply chute (29), projects from the lower side of a return damper (10). The return damper is set at a lower level than a supply damper (8) which is provided in the insertion chute. A switching damper (28) is provided at the junction of the return chute and the return supply chute.    When the incinerator is in running state, the return chute is shut with the help of the switching damper. The garbage returned from the dust machine due to the screw reversal is supplied to the incinerator main body through the return supply chute. When the incinerator is in stop state, the switching damper shuts the return supply chute and the garbage is returned to the garbage pit through return chute.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents generation of CO, NOx, sulphur oxides and hydrogen chloride. Prevents reduction of temperature inside incinerator. Offers stable electric power generation.
The substrate (1) with the N-region is immersed into aqueous solution of the phosphoric acid, which consists of one or more components of a group, consisting of H3PO4, H3PO2, HPO3, sodium salts, potassium salts, and ammonia salts of such acids.    Preferably the treatment is carried out at temperature between room temperature and 200 degrees C. On the N-region is then deposited a silicon nitride layer, typically by CVD in thermal vacuum. The P-substrate and/or the N-region are of amorphous material.    ADVANTAGE -   More suited to amorphous substrates. Increased conversion efficiency.
The drive is derived from a floating circular structure of light metal, open at the top and movable only in the vertical direction. A number of bar magnets (2) arranged around a rotary plate (4) exert on the submerged hollow bodies (7) a force which is varied by gearing (9). The weight (8) is lifted by the necessary amount with 80 deg rotation to counteract the longer path of submergence of the hollow bodies, whose volume corresponds to the number of magnets, and whose height determines the magnetic field.    USE -   In ocean surface wave energy exploitation, even small movements of a relatively limited surface can be utilised at any site by compact equipment producing little noise.
The power generator consists of a flood inflow pipe (12) and an air pipe (15) leading to an underground tank (10). An air compressor (18) and an IC engine (19) are coupled to the air pipe.    In the lower enclosed part (11) of the underground tank, water is stored. Lower ends of the floor inflow pipe and a valve inflow pipe (22) are submerged in the lower enclosed part of the storage tank.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents any disaster occurring due to storage of compressed air.
The power generator unit has a compressor (1), turbine (2) and generator (3) installed in the same axis. A pipe is installed between compressor exit (4) and a turbine entrance (6). A middle medium (5) is passed first between compressor exit and turbine entrance and then from turbine exit to compressor entrance, thus forming a closed loop (9). A cooling device (11) and a regenerative heat exchanger (12) are placed in the closed loop part. A low temperature liquid (10) is employed by the cooling device for cooling the middle medium that is fed to the compressor from the turbine.    An external high temperature fluid (13) is employed by a heater (14) to heat the middle medium, fed to the turbine. The heat of the middle medium from the turbine exit and compressor exit is used by regenerative heater for heating the middle medium fed to the heater.    ADVANTAGE -   Increases system pressure. Provides easy supply to thermal power plant. Increases efficiency of system.
The method uses a water separator (4) which separates the steam and the hot water. The separated steam is introduced into a stem turbine (5) for electric power generation. The separated hot water is introduced into an injection well (7) for hot water disposal provided under the ground.    The un-condensed gas generated by the condenser is provided on the downstream side of the steam turbine, is injected into the injection well by which it is disposed under the ground along with the hot water.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents environmental problem like occurrence of stink.
The temporary work stand has a planar floor part (31) formed at lower end of furnace hopper part. This floor part is provided with an opening part (32) for insertion purpose. Polyhedron-shaped air film structures (33) provided with ventilation opening (34) and fastener (35) are piled in the floor part.    The ventilation opening is connected with an air supply host (40) cylindrical air film structure (36a) fills the space formed during piling of polyhedron-shaped air frame structures.    ADVANTAGE -   Shortens assembly time. Simplifies structure.
The sump (50) is divided into an upper tank (53) storing water and a lower tank (54) storing compressed air by a partition (52). A water pipe (60) connects the receiving water installation and the lower tank.    The water pipe has negative pressure. Water is accepted automatically from the receiving water installation due to pneumatic pressure when the pipe is opened.    ADVANTAGE -   Aids in generation of electricity. Prevents disaster caused by flood. Prevents damage of house, subway, power transmission installation and communication installation.
The electrical power source has a Peltier cell (6) which is spaced apart and mounted directly opposite a catalyst gauze (12) in an air space. The catalyst gauze is in communication with a volume of gas (4) via a controllable bleed valve (14). Gas flows through the bleed valve when actuated and reacts with the catalyst gauze and oxygen in the air to form heat which is radiated onto the Peltier cell, causing the cell to experience a temperature difference thus generating an electric current.    A heating device, e.g a wire, may be wound into the gauze. The air space may be vented. The valve can be controlled by a bimetal strip (18) which can be heated by the wire. The catalyst gauze may be coated with platinum or rhodium. The valve can be protected by a filter. A capacitor may be connected to the wire to provide a source of electrical energy to reheat the wire.    ADVANTAGE -   Does not require use of battery cell or power derived via mains transformer.
The device has 1228 copper-constantan thermocouples (2,3) soldered in series to the circuit boards (10) which cover about 16 m2. The space between is filled with insulating foam. Each surface carries also a switch (19) for determining the polarity of the induced voltage. One wall in the open air forms an exchanger (9) for terrestrial heat.    The primary circuit (12) is buried at least 1 m underground, with frost protection. The switches consist of two cylindrical vessels (17) filled with mercury or alcohol, and pistons (18) responsive to the heat transfer fluid temperature and the ambient temperature respectively.    ADVANTAGE -   A greater difference of temperature between the heat-exchanger surfaces persists for two-thirds of the day, and the thermoelements in series give a higher DC voltage off-load.
At least one part-region (56) of the roofing element forms a solar cell (58), or is fitted with meandering pipe coils for a heatable medium. There are line terminals (60) for tapping of electric current generated by light and heat, or for the supply and discharge of the heated medium.    Pref. the element is in the form of a roofing tile (52) with edge and deposition region (14, 16) adapted to the roof tile shape, with an electric line coupler (60) on its rear side, connectable to an electric cable harness (62).    ADVANTAGE -   Facility for low-cost formation of solar cell system.
NOVELTY - The continuous driven chain-type turbine for electric generation in sea, river, stream and sea wave at different speeds with generated electricity 1-5 times higher than that of existing water turbine is composed of upper and lower continuous driven chain. Each continuous driven chain is matched with more transverse chain axles. Each of the chain axles for the upper continuous driven chain has a movable square blade that is inserted in the chain axle for the lower one when it runs to a lower half stroke. The upper and lower continuous driven chain are matched by reverse gears and chain.    USE - Continuous driven chain type.
The invented generator set can generate electric power directly by utilising the downstream torrent of the ocean and large rivers. The power package is composed of a cavern supporter, a drive shaft, a sand-prevent driving gear, a special made large chain, a 90 degree angle frame supporter, a gate-type loose-leaf impetus board (B for short), a sand preventing driver and a float.    When navigating, the power is generated while the large face of the oar is against the stream and the oar must be returned with its narrow face. One carrying a large area wood board in water cannot walk forward against the current but can walk forward while the knife vertical faces against the current. According to this principle, the pulling force is generated when B is against the stream with its large face and B returns to the rear end while becoming a vertical knife line. The circumferential circulating rotation of 22 Bs can produce motive force to generate electric power.
A thermophotovoltaic generator apparatus comprising a hydrocarbon burner for generating a flame, an emitter positioned with respect to the hydrocarbon flame for emitting infrared radiation when heated by the flame, a receiver spaced from the emitter for receiving the infrared radiation and for converting the infrared radiation to electric power, and an exhaust chimney positioned adjacent the receiver, the chimney further comprising an open top and an open bottom.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For conversion of fuel to electricity using no moving parts e.g. for room heater. Provides high power output, enhanced heat removal and space heating.
The method involves filling a capsule kettle made of aluminium, with raw material alloy powder. De-airing sealing is then carried out to the kettle.    Suitable isostatic pressure is applied to the capsule kettle while hot, thereby forming a thermoelectric material.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids crack, chip generation. Produces material with desired size. Improves production efficiency.
New method of producing solar cell modules which are formed on flexible boards and are coated with adhesive resin comprises (a) adhesive resin applied to both faces of solar cells by pressing it through a separating sheet; and (b) then sheet peeled off.    USE -   Used for producing solar cell modules having protective adhesive layers.    ADVANTAGE -   Solar cell modules having no protective films are produced.
The appts (7) has a cylinder (24) provided with a garbage supply port (23). One end of the cylinder has an outlet (22) which opens into a pyrolysis reaction device (1). A sliding member (25) slides in the cylinder and is driven by a fluid cylinder (26). The garbage is transported to the pyrolysis reaction device through the outlet by the application of pressure to the cylinder. In the pyrolysis reaction device, the garbage is decomposed by heating it in atmospheric pressure.    Pyrolysis residue is formed which consists of non-volatile substances and carbonization gas. The carbonization gas is separated from the pyrolysis residue. The residue is supplied to a separation appts which separates it into combustion component and non-flammable scorch segment. The combustion component and the carbonization gas are supplied to the melting furnace.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces size of appts. Processes garbage effectively.
The module has a cell forming face on which a solar battery cell (2) is formed. A light receiving surface of a light receiver is provided on the external surface. The light receiver is provided at an end part of the cell forming face.    The end part is positioned to the push-in part side. A reflecting surface which projects from the light receiving surface, performs total reflection of all projected light beams to the light receiving surface.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves transformation efficiently reducing use area of cell.
By feeding away the radiation heat, the photo voltaic (1) power increases, since the heat of up to 80 degrees Celsius increases the electrical resistance and thereby noticeably decreases the electrical power.    The heat is fed away vai pumps, gradients, stand accumulators and similar. The solar celsl (3) pick up the heat radiated from the sun, which is then fed through the cover plate (2) into the fluid channels (4) beneath.    ADVANTAGE -   The arrangement provides for complete common usage of all inward radiation surfaces available for photo voltaic and collector heat.
The electrical efficiency improver is based on burning the special gas of a conventional internal combustion engine in a block heat power unit which creates heat used to create electricity. The residual heat is transferred via the coolant heat transmitter (2) and exhaust gas heat transmitter (3) to the fluid in the circuit of the heat recovery process.    Organic fluid under pressure is vaporised by this heat. The high-pressure steam is used to run a turbine (4), the mechanical energy of which is converted to electricity in a generator (5). The steam is condensed in a condenser (6) and re-pressurised by a pump (7).    ADVANTAGE -   More electricity is produced.
The positioning arrangement consists of a cylindrical shaped member (1) with a levelled bottom and a position part (2) on top at a predetermined angle. The solar battery (4) is fixed on the position part. Below the cylindrical shaped member there is a large diametrical part (3).    The cylindrical shaped member is attached to a mount (6) through a penetrating pore (7) and is fixed in position accurately by a fixing tool (8) and by fixed position member. The penetrating pore of the fixing tool is inserted from the top of the cylindrical shape.    ADVANTAGE -   Ensures reliability for longer hours. Facilitates positioning of solar battery.
The battery has a substrate (5) on which multiple battery cells (1) are arranged. The solar energy is transformed into electrical energy by the cells.    A flat transmission line is formed between the cells and the substrate surface between a conductor part (6) through which the current generated is conveyed to the satellite power supply. Electrically conductive coating layers are formed on both sides of the battery panel.    ADVANTAGE -   Inhibits magnetic defect generation along panel thickness direction. Inhibits power leakage along transmission line of battery.
The power generator includes a high temperature fluid pipe (4) connected to a heat accumulating body (1) attached on top of a thermoelectric conversion module (2) through a first directional control valve (5). The other branch of the first directional control valve is connected to the high temperature fluid pipe (6) of a heat exchanger (3). The high temperature fluid pipe (7) of the heat accumulating body is connected together with the high temperature fluid pipe of the heat exchanger.    A low temperature fluid pipe (8) is connected to the low temperature fluid pipe (10) of the thermoelectric conversion module through a second directional control valve (9). The other branch of the second directional control valve and the low temperature fluid pipe of the thermoelectric conversion module are connected together to the low temperature fluid pipe (11) of the heat exchanger.    ADVANTAGE -   Maintains temperature gradient of thermoelectric conversion module to homogeneity thus improving its electric generation efficiency. Recovers heat by high temperature side according to need to low temperature side with heat exchanger.
The structure includes a first fibre glass bundle (4) in which a semiconductor p- type well (2) is formed. A first metal layer which makes ohmic contact with the well area is provided.    A semiconductor n- type well area is formed in a second fibre glass bundle. A second metal layer which makes ohmic contact with n- type well area (3) is provided. The two well areas are arranged alternatively to form a battery module.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves transformation efficiency. Increases productivity of battery.
The battery (10) has a substrate (11) n which multiple rough surfaces are formed by a crystal unit (12). Along the rough surface on the substrate, a base layer (13) is formed covering the crystal unit.    An emitter layer (14) is formed above the base layer, thereby forming a PN junction on the base and the emitter layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves transformation efficiency and electrical properties of battery.
The battery includes several photovoltaic unit layers (3,5) having different optical width surface and have at least one p-n junction. The layers are arranged in parallel on a glass substrate (1) and have output voltages which are almost equal.    The layers are connected in series in the direction of a group board surface. The layers have widest optical surface on the light incidence side.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves transformation efficiency without loss and increases sensitivity by providing large wavelength range; eliminates need for design of serial number of two photo electromotive force unit layer thereby improving degrees of freedom of design; simplifies repair of battery; reduces cost and simplifies manufacturing process of battery; reduces installation cost by using laser in pattern formation;stabilises output current; obtains high reliability without photodegradation even if non-crystal silicon is used; enlarges current and voltage gain.
The appts (1) includes a set of nozzles (11) provided in the inlet port. A feed water pump (10) is connected to set of nozzles. A control calculator (6) is provided which receives the outlet pressure signal, inlet air temperature signal and inlet vapour flowing quantity signal in order.    When the required air temperature signal value is judged to be greater than the air temperature signal value, the control calculator outputs an ON signal to the feed water pump.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables condensing operation independent of atmospheric temperature.
The power generation system includes a fuel reforming type burner (20). The burner has a fuel reforming part and a combustion part. Exhaust gas from a waste burning furnace (1) is introduced as an oxidiser into the combustion part. Exhaust heat from the reforming type burner is collected. This exhaust heat is used to super heat steam from a waste heat recollection boiler (2).    Part of the steam from the boiler is introduced into the fuel reforming part of the reforming burner. Steam condensate is vaporised with the exhaust heat left over from superheating the waste heat steam.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For steam turbine. For waste disposal. Increased quantity of power generated. Reduces amount of nitrogen oxide produced.
The system has a gondola (1) fixed or rotatably mounted in a vertical tunnel and attached via a flow dynamically coated strut (2) to the underside of a ship or to a windmill tower. It contains a synchronous machine. Each end of the gondola carries a contrarotating propeller. One propeller is attached with the rotor to a rotor axle (6) and the other with a stator to a coaxial stator shaft.    The rotor axle is mounted in the gondola housing by a journal and thrust bearing (9). The second journal bearing is mounted in the hollow stator shaft (11), which is sealed wrt. the propeller, has a journal and thrust bearing (10) wrt. the gondola housing and a force-locking connection to the stator housing. The stator housing is centrally attached on the rotor propeller side to the rotor axis via the second journal bearing. Each axle is sealed wrt. the housing against water ingress by a stop bush (17).    ADVANTAGE -   The system enables increased manoeuvrability to be achieved.
The system has at least one solar panel (1) which is cooled. The solar cells can be mounted on a liquid cooled aluminium heat sink with the cooling medium cooled with the aid of a heat pump.    The heat extracted by the heat pump is transferred to a buffer store (5) without the aid of a heat exchanger. Heat for central heating (6) and for heating drinking water (7) can be drawn from the buffer store.    ADVANTAGE -   Combines generation of hot water and electric power in one module, improves efficiency, low cell temperature extends life of cells and enables heat to be used for both space and water heating.
The bicycle incorporates conventional components of a pedal cycle (3) with solar panels (4) added on both sides of the wheels and frame. Further solar modules are fitted to a weather canopy (1) extending over the seat and handlebars.    The energy converter is provided with a buffer battery (6) from which current is supplied to a front-wheel hub motor (5) via a controller (2) when the vehicle is in motion. The battery is recharged from the solar panels and modules when it is stationary.    ADVANTAGE -   Existing components and surfaces are applied for power generation in addition to their customary tasks.
The current supply device has a heat source which warms one side of a thermal battery (1) made up of several thermal elements. On the other side, a low electric energy e.g. at room temperature, from the thermal battery is fed as operating energy to the measurement instrument. The thermal battery supplies current via thermal elements attached by microtechnology to the semiconductor material using doped semiconductor structures and connected metal elements, in a higher number and density. The thermal elements are arranged as a flat pattern.    An electronic voltage direction detector (15) and an electronic pole reversal switch (20) are associated with the thermal battery. The pole reversal switch is arranged between the battery and a connected load (25) and is controlled by the voltage direction detector.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For bodily worn watch, esp. wristwatch, use with other electrical measurement instrument under influence of foreign heat source, e.g. household heat and warm water distributer. Provides energy generator with increased efficiency. Compensates failure of thermal battery through reversing direction of thermal gradient.
The method involves separating a geothermal fluid to a vapour and a hot water through a water separator and prevents opening into the atmosphere. A reduction winze hits the start of reduction of hot water in an under ground.    A reduction processing mechanism of hot water reduces the under ground to reduction winze which has the temperature higher than the temperature of hot water.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents setting up of explosive hammer ring. Extends range of reduction injection. Enables safe and stabilizing hot water. Reduces usage of hot water. Rises temperature by depressing even when hot water of low temperature stays in piping.
The structure includes a pair of connectors (7,8) that are provided in each solar battery module (1). The pair of connectors includes a plug and a socket.    The electrical bonding between the battery modules is carried out by connecting first connector to the second connector of the modules.    ADVANTAGE -   Facilitates build up of solar battery array. Enables mounting of connector, pertinently. Enables free electrical bonding between modules.
SiGe and MoSi2are bonded by inserting Ge, W, Zr-Ni alloy, and heating under vacuum to above the melting point of the Zr-Ni alloy.    USE -   The bonding method is used to form a thermoelectric conversion module.    ADVANTAGE -    Bonding of SiGe and MoSi2 becomes possible and a thermoelectric conversion module of SiGe. MoSi2can be manufactured.
The system includes an electricity generator (14) which is provided at midway in a hose (6). The electricity generator has an air turbine part (15) and an electric power generation part (16). A waterproof cord (11) in the generator is attached to a calling device (18) provided in a full mask (1). A coupled pipe (19) has an intake hole (19b) an expelling hole (19c) and a walled part (19d).    The central part of the coupled pipe is partitioned by the walled part by decompression and expansion. The air turbine rotates a rotor (23) by the air from the intake hole and a rotary shaft (22) coupled to air turbine rotates to generate electricity.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids checking and charging of battery. Prevents occurrence of panic due to breakage of battery.
The method involves supplying waste with chlorine content, into a processing unit, for heating. An additive component which reacts with chlorine or chlorine component, is mixed with the waste material and heat treated.    Subsequently, carbonization process is performed. The resulting processed ash with chlorine component is subjected to washing with water and the scum formed is removed, thus dechlorinating the garbage material.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For generation of electricity by supplying chlorine free gas to gas turbine, gas engine. Enables extraction of various metallic components such as Al and Fe. Solidifies carbon resulting from carbonization, to use it as fuel and produces cement or glass material from remnant components.
The has on one face an autonomous display, allowing immediate reading of the value stored on the card. The autonomous display comprises a window housing a liquid crystal display that is connected to the operating system of the smart card.    The liquid crystal display is supplied with energy by a photo-voltaic cell. The photo-voltaic cell also supplies transistors that provide the connection between the chip on the smart card and the display. The display window (2) is formed on one face of the plastic support forming the card, and a window (4) for the photo-voltaic cell is on the same face.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Payment, credit, telephone or loyalty bonus card, or electronic purse. Allows holder to examine value stored on card without needing external reader. Autonomous power supply.
The smart card includes a control unit for controlling one of its operations, and a display (28) coupled to the control unit for displaying information. A keypad (26) coupled to the control unit and to the display is used by the user to enter data.    An interface (62) transfers signals between the smart card and the external system when the smart card is coupled to the external system. A power source (52) provides power to the smart card when the smart card is exposed to light. The power source includes photovoltaic cells or flexible solar cells to maintain the flexibility of the smart card.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Allows user to access information stored on card while not being connected to external system, no need of bulky battery, maintains flexibility of card.
The gravity force motor allows the inertial movement energy of the earth orbiting around the sun to be converted into continuous rotation of a shaft at a given point on the earth's surface using a number of rotating masses, supported by cardan mountings.    The masses are aligned with the movement vectors of the earth, so that the orthogonal components of the rotation vectors extend perpendicular to the earth movement path and vertical to the earth's surface respectively.    ADVANTAGE -   Direct conversion of gravity force into shaft rotation for electrical power generation.
Solar reflector has a base layer, including a first reflective layer (203) covered by a first transparent layer (204), bonded to the solar collector substrate (201). A first upper layer, including a second reflective layer (206) covered by a second transparent layer (207), is removably bonded to the first transparent layer of the base layer so as to be removable to expose the base layer. Also claimed is a method of manufacturing the solar reflector by bonding the base layer to the solar collector substrate and removably bonding the first upper layer to the first transparent layer of the base layer, the second transparent layer of the upper layer preventing exposure of the second reflective layer which it covers.    USE -   The solar reflector is typically used in a heliostat steadily reflecting solar radiation in a constant direction so as to channel it for producing electric power. The top reflector layer may be peeled off to expose a new reflector layer underneath.    ADVANTAGE -   This is a long-life, light weight self-renewing, solar reflector stack formed, which is made at low cost but with the life span of an expensive glass reflector capable of a 90 % solar reflectance average over 30 years. When the topmost plastic reflector layer becomes degraded, it can be removed to expose a new reflector layer.
The main part of direct flux energy (1) forms an optical concentrating system of reflection type, while the rest of converters (2, 3) are displaced in their focal region of concentrator with the conversion capacity of direct and reflected flux of light energy. The converters of direct flux are formed by parasolo-cylindrical concentrator, while the conveters of reflected concentrated radiation are fastened in focal region or in overlap (5) made from transparent material or on proximal end of rib made from heat-removing material.    The fig. 3 shows cross-section of proposed photo-electric module with penetrable overlap (5) to which are fastened converters of reflected and direct radiation fluxes; converters (1) forming concentrated system, converters (2) of concentrated radiation, converters (3) of direct flux displaced into focal region of concentrator, heat-removing form shaping base (4) of photo-electric module, transparent overlap (5).    USE/ADVANTAGE -   In construction of solar batteries with better utilisation of directed flux energy of solar radiation. Bul. 36/27.12.96.
The power station has a sealed body (1) connected to the bottom, and its cylindrical section contains an electricity generator (4), and its rotor is connected to hydraulic drive (3), and made as a turbine with blades, fixed on a hub. The size of the generator rotor exceeds 50 meters. The station is provided with a compressed gas cylinder and automatic control apparatus for blades rotation. The blades are hinged on the hub and can turn from horizontal to vertical position under one of the body halves. The latter is made as an overturned plate and is separated into additional sections (5) for the cylinders and appts. and sections (6,7) for filling with ballast sea water. The electric generator stator is located along the whole of its section periphery.    The body connection to the bottom is by means of hinged telescopic bearings or by means of a chain with an anchor. The blades turning mechanism is located in the hub. The turning mechanism is made as a guide located under the body half where the blades are horizontal. Each blade has a hollow section    in the upper part and is filled with ballast in the lower part. The power station is switched on from shore and the blades are moved into the vertical position. Due to the sea water pressure the blades turn through 180 , the turning mechanism then turns the blades into the horizontal position. At the same time the ballast sections are filled with sea water, submerging the power station into a depth at a greater speed.    ADVANTAGE -   The structure is simplified and energy conversion efficiency is increased. Bul.36/27.12.96
The device has two sets of metals which form thermocouples. A set of flat metallic foils (2) with mixed intermediate space is placed inside the main body (1). A set of waveform shaped metallic foils (3) made of a metal different from that of the flat foil is provided with gas transmission holes, and is inserted between the flat foils. The upper and lower ends (4,5) of the flat and waveform shaped foils are connected adjacently to upper and lower end connections, such that the thermocouples are connected in series. An insulated layer separates the connections between the flat and waveform shaped foils by removing some of the connected portions. A space (10) is enclosed between the flat foils and the inner surface of the main body.    A gas supply side clearance (8) is formed in the interproximal space between the metallic foil and a gas exhaust steam side clearance (9). A set of extraction electrodes (6,7) is connected to the ends of the flat and waveform shaped foils. The fuel gas is burnt and the gas passes through the gas supply side clearance into the combustion space. The gas is sent out through the gas exhaust steam side clearance. The power obtained due to temperature gradient in the upper and lower end connections are extracted by the extraction electrodes along gas flow direction.    ADVANTAGE -   Increases heat conductivity of metallic material and increases heat utilization efficiency. Simplifies configuration of gas supply exhaust steam phase.
The method involves performing temporary shaping on a copper board (1) with a thermoelectric conversion ingredient powder. P type and N type thermoelectric elements (2) are formed on the front face of the copper board by baking. The copper board is cut to separate the thermoelectric elements, in the shape of an electrode.    An aluminium substrate (4) is provided at the rear side of the copper board. A solder layer (10) is formed at the front face of electrode of the copper board. A ceramic pillar (20) is formed between a P type and an N type substrate (7,8). The P type and N type substrates are bonded with the thermoelectric elements, by heating the solder layer formed on the both sides of the copper substrate.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves productivity and yield. Provides superior thermoelectric conversion module.
The module (1) includes several solar battery cells connected in series. Several diodes (2) are connected in parallel with the cells.    A light emitting body (3) with a discolouring function is connected to each diode in series.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies repair since determination of which module is in trouble is done easily because tarnishing of light emitting body can be confirmed from external view during trouble.
The module has a glass material arranged on its front surface. The main body of the module is attached to a frame which includes two long side frame materials (6) and two short side frame materials (7). A step portion (6a) is formed on the two long side frame materials.    A reinforcement piece (15) is arranged in parallel with the two short side frame materials with both ends at the middle of the long side frame materials. A screw (16) fixes both ends of the reinforcement piece to the step portion of the long side frame materials.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves attachment of glass material on front surface of main body since reinforcement piece is provided. Enables solar battery module to withstand wind pressure since screw fixes reinforcement piece to frame.
The device includes a glass substrate (1) in which several cells are arranged and connected in series.    The glass substrate is reinforced to an area in the substrate corresponding to the connection between cells in which a reinforcement wire (5), e.g. metal ray, is set.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves mechanical intensity of glass substrate since reinforcement wire is set at area in glass substrate corresponding to connection between cells. Does not need to attach cover glass, e.g. tempered glass, thus device is light. Improves outer appearance of photovoltaic device since metallic lustre colour in connection is hidden. Improves photoelectric conversion efficiency of incident light to connection since light projected to connection is reflected to cell in which photoelectric-conversion layer exists through reinforcement wire.
The connector has a plug (2) connected to the live point of an electrically conductive cable (1) derived from a solar-battery module. An insulated component (4) with major diameter smaller or equal to the major diameter of the plug is fixed in axial direction in a point of the plug.    The plug set up to the live point of the electrically conductive cable is connected to a faucet (10) included in a conductive cable for grounding (9).    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents test finger to contact live point of electrically conductive cable.
The transparent electrode ingredient is formed as electrically conductive line segment pattern of die thickness of 0.02-20 microns and 0.5-100 microns of line on wire width respectively in a transparent support body.    ADVANTAGE -   Lowers electrical resistance. Provides cheap manufacture of electrode ingredient. Provides lighter transparency that ITO sputtering product currently used in field of electromagnetic shield and transparent electrode.
The system uses a heat pump and a refrigerating cycle. The heat pump is used as a low heat source for electric power generation. The refrigerating cycle is used to stop electric power generation.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides compact and inexpensive electric power generator that does not destroy environment.
The structure provides a vena contracta (1) at the ocean floor. A bidirectional water stream (4) synchronised with the movement of the ocean wave, passes through the vena contracta and drives a movable blade (5) connected to an axial flow turbine (6). An output shaft connected to the axial flow turbine, transmits the motion of the movable blade to an oscillation controller (9) and a generator (8).    The movable blade provides a continuous unidirectional rotary motion by inverting the other half of the stream oscillation. The rotation of the turbine output shaft is independent of the direction of the bidirectional water stream.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables generation of AC power with fixed frequency and performs direct power transmission in power circuit since drive of AC generator is controlled by constant rotation.
The method involves storing compressed air in under-ground tank (4) obtained from air compressor (1). In this tank, the air gets heated and supplied to an air expander (7). This air gets cooled by an air cooler (14). The cooled air from this cooler is supplied to IC engine (15) which drives a first generator (16) as combustion air.    The gas from the engine is supplied again to the expander which then drives a second generator (17) and coupled gas expander (18). The compressed air from the tank is expelled with gas from the gas expander.    ADVANTAGE -   Increases efficiency of system appreciably. Controls temperature and pressure effectively.
The apparatus has a ropeway line (5) rolled endlessly between driven pulleys along a suspended rope. A conductor (41) and an accelerator (45) rotate the driven pulley along a driven side stationary position in a ropeway and integrally rotates a driven pulley shaft (24) to transmit rotary motion to a generator (50).    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For e.g. fixed ropeway, cyclic rope way, automatic cyclic ropeway, fixed field movement tension system. Economically supplies necessary electric power to driven side stationary position in ropeway using simple installation.
The information display apparatus has a semiconductor memory (3) which stores the game method, sales modes, character data, and advertisements. The display control circuit reads the contents of the semiconductor memory and indicates this on an information display panel (1).    A solar battery panel (7) is integrated on a thin substrate which houses the constituent modules. The entire circuit model, including the solar panel, is located in a thin package and is fixed between a pair of glass sheets provided in the front surface the pachinko machine.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Indicates sales modes, game method, character data and advertisements. Simplifies modification of information indicated on display panel. Reduced maintenance since solar battery panel is provided integrally in circuit substrate. Simplifies installation.
The system includes a first water storage basin (30) for receiving tidal water and a second water storage basin (60) for receiving stored water from the first water storage basin. Both basins are connected by at least one lock (40-43) fitted with turbines for generating electrical power.    Sluice gates (14) are provided low down in a sea wall, separating basins, to allow controlled release of water from the second storage basin. The electrical power generator comprises a pontoon or barge (50-53) in the lock capable of floating up or down with changes of water level in the lock and attached to a rope (73), wire etc which runs between pulleys to rotate them, for driving an electricity generator (79). A remote control device is used for opening and closing sluice gates.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For generating electricity using water tidal energy. Allows continuous generation of electricity.
The method involves the passage of voltage from a power source (1), where signals from temperature sensors (2,16) pass through amplifiers (3,4) to a summer (5), while the signal of amplifier (4) also passes to a Schmitt trigger (11). The sum is passed directly to a summer (9) and through a voltage splitter (8) to a summer (10). The signals are summed in the summers with reference voltages from sources (7,6), to produce control signals, passed to pulse current stabilisers (12,13), also receiving a control signal from the Schmitt trigger.    Initially, the temperature of a cooled element greatly exceeds the assigned value and the threshold of the trigger is exceeded, producing a high level control signal to set the supply current of the thermoelectric battery corresponding to the assigned forced mode. When the assigned temperature of the element is obtained, the signal of sensor (16) and from amplifier (4) is below the triggering threshold of the trigger, disconnecting the control signal. The stabilisers are connected to 2 thermoelectric battery stages (14,15) and through 1 stage (15) to sensor (16).    USE -   Cooling of elements of cascade thermoelectric battery    ADVANTAGE -   Wider range of use. Increased degree of cooling and reduced specific current. Reduction of usage of expensive thermoelectric semiconductor material.
The spacecraft apparatus is capable of being placed in a low Earth orbit (32) using a launch vehicle (L). The spacecraft has a velocity direction (VD) and a direction to the Nadir (ND) while in orbit and includes a central body (B) and several antenna panels (A1-A9). There are several solar/thermal panels (S1-S2). The antenna panels and solar/thermal panels are stowed before launch in the launch vehicle in stacked layered relationship against the central body. There are several hinges (H) for movably coupling the antenna panels and the solar/thermal panels serially each to another and to the central body at an attachment point on an edge of each of the panels.    Each attachment point is rotatable around a preceding attachment point to a hinge locking angle in an elevation direction and displaced from the preceding attachment point by an offset angle in an azimuth direction. The antenna panels and the solar/thermal panels are deployed in orbit, taking the shape of an arm. They are uniquely positioned in the arm with respect to the direction to the Nadir by the hinge locking angle and the offset angle in combination. They cover a desired footprint area on the Earth's surface and to achieve an optimal angle for solar energy collection and thermal radiation.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Provides economically feasible network for communications.
The steam generation system includes a concentrator dish (69) which intercepts, concentrates and focuses solar energy in a first focal area. The dish has a reflective surface and bracing struts. The dish rotates about a declination axis and a polar axis. Both axes are behind the dish. A receiver is mounted on the dish at the first focal area and transfers solar energy to a working fluid. A cradle (51-55,61-65) forms a gimbal mount for the dish and bracing struts.    The cradle includes nine members all experiencing only axial loads. A solar tracking unit maintains the solar image on the receiver. In the absence of a solar image a computer maintains the position of the dish. Two reversible drive system are connected to the cradle and dish to drive them in the polar and declination axes respectively. A plumbing system is mounted on the cradle and dish to carry cool fluid to the receiver and heated fluid from it.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies construction. Uses less materials.
Electric energy generating element is made in the form of the fuel core (1) and the emitter sleeve whose side (2) and face (3) parts act as the emitter and the second face part (4) is connected to the flat base (6) through the commutation bridge (5). The flat base (6) and the cylindrical sleeve (7) act as the collector. The spacing of the emitter (3) and the collector (6) is ensured by the ceramic spacers (8). The electric energy generating element has the common collector insulation (8) and the walls (10) in contact with the heat carrier.    The emitter sleeve second face part (4) is deformable and its thickness is much less than the first face part (3) and the side part (2) thickness. During the uranium atom fission heat is generated in the fuel core (1) and conducted to the emitter sleeve parts (2,3,4). Cesium vapour is supplied into the inter-electrode gaps (11,12) of the coaxial flat section where the electric energy is produced.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Unit is used in electric energy generating systems. Electrode short circuiting is prevented.
The inverter appts includes a first and second switching element (31,32) connected in series across condensers (28,29) in a booster circuit (21) which boosts DC voltage of a solar battery (1). The input end of a first switch (SW1) has a series circuit comprising switching elements (35,36). The output end has serial connection of switching elements (33,34).    The third and sixth switching element constitutes a bridge circuit that outputs alternating voltage according to a control signal. The node of the first and second switching elements in the booster circuits becomes middle potential point. A second switch enables output of alternative voltage from the node of third, fourth, fifth and sixth switching elements when using the solar battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies circuit composition. Employs to independent operation.
The method involves detecting direction of charging and discharging current of a storage battery (40) and a load (30) by a detector (51). The storage battery stores power, generated by a solar battery (10). An inverter (20) converts the DC current generated by the solar battery into an AC current.    A control unit (60) provides a frequency control command to increase or decrease the operation frequency of the inverter, based on the direction of the charging and discharging current of the storage battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables to track variation in amount of sunshine. Enables to change operation frequency of inverter, continuously.
The device (1) has a solar battery (2) which generates electric power to be consumed by a load (6) during rainy or cloudy weather. The generated electric power is stored.    An electrical double layer capacitor (3) connected to the solar battery has a charging capacity which corresponds to the electric power which is to be consumed by the load.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   In emergency lamp, key hole signal light, call bell signal light, ornament lamp, clock, safe lamp, buoy, flash light, garden lamp, sea water desalination vehicle, motor vehicle, bicycle safe lamp, tail light, parking lamp, ventilation deodorization device, engine starter, pump and sport jogging light. Reduces maintenance. Enables size reduction and cost reduction. Reduces pollution.
The detector includes a first integrator (I1) which has a high cut off frequency and a second integrator (I2) which has a low cut off frequency. The output of an inverter (12) is integrated by both the first integrator and the second integrator.    The operation of the inverter is not stopped when the difference between the output voltages of the first and second integrators is larger than a fixed reference voltage. A trouble is judged when the difference between the integral values of the two integrators is less than the fixed reference voltage and grater than a sufficient reference voltage. The stoppage of the inverter is then carried out.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents accidental stopping of inverter.
The appts has a supply unit for supplying the garbage (D) to a crushing machine (17). The end of the crushing machine is coupled to a screw feeder for carrying the crushed garbage to a pyrolysis reaction unit (2). The garbage is decomposed by heating under atmospheric pressure in the pyrolysis reaction unit. The pyrolysis residue (Z) is formed consisting of a non volatile component with carbonization gas (G1).    The carbonization gas and the residue are separated in an expelling unit (5). A separation unit (13) separates the residue into a combustible component (n') and a non flammable residue (f). The combustible component and the carbonization gas are supplied to a melting furnace (6).    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces space required for installation. Ensures simplification of appts and aims at reduction of construction cost, time, running cost.
The device is provided for a garbage processor which has an insertion unit (1) for inserting the garbage (D) into a pyrolysis reaction unit (2). The garbage is decomposed by heating and forms a pyrolysis residue (Z) consisting of a non volatile component with carbonization gas (G1). The carbonization gas and the pyrolysis residue are separated in an expelling unit (10). The residue is supplied to a separation unit (13) for separation of a combustion component (n') and a non flammable residue (fn).    The combustion component and carbonization gas is then fed into a melting furnace (11). The combustion gas (G2) from the furnace is sent to a heat exchanger of a boiler (17). The vapour obtained from the boiler is supplied to a steam turbine (21) for driving the generator (20). A detector (22) detects the electric power generated by the generator and the insertion unit is controlled for regulating the amount of garbage insertion based on the output of the detector.    ADVANTAGE -   Ensures substantial fixing of electric power generation amount by adjusting garbage supply.
The attachment structure has a clamp component (3b) which grips the termination (4a) of the planner solar battery (4). The clamp component is located on the rail member (3). The planner solar battery faces the roof background material (2).    ADVANTAGE -   Does not need nail for fixing for solar battery. Prevents rail induced fault generations. Improves waterproof nature. Simplifies exchange roof surface material.
The combined heat-electricity supply apparatus is composed of solar boiler with serially connected heat tubes, turbine expansion machine doing work by gas medium expansion, rare-earth full-speed synchronous motor, two-way frequency-changeable inverter, circulating pump of heat exchanger, pressure storage container and programmable controller, and features compact structure and high efficiency.
The convertor has a mobility mount (2) coupled to a mobility rod (4).    A solar panel (1) is coupled with the mobility rod whose angle is changed for altering the angle of solar panel.    ADVANTAGE -   Increases electricity generation efficiency by adhering solar light incident angle on solar panel.
The power controller has an power converter (2) which converts electric power from a battery of solar cells (1) and supplies power to a load (3). A voltage detector (4) detects voltage output and a current detector (5) detects current output from the solar battery. The output value of the solar battery power is set by an output value setting unit (6) based on detected values from the voltage and the current detectors. A control unit (7) controls power conversion to maintain output value of solar battery power supply according to the set point of output value setting unit.    If the operating point of the battery power supply fluctuates, then the output value setting unit samples the voltage values and current values and selects set point according to the curvature of an approximation curve based on the voltage electric power by polar type function based on electric power value, current value, voltage value or current electric power characteristic curve.    ADVANTAGE -   Produces maximum output from solar battery. Performs stable operation. Eliminates influence of noise with fluctuation in sunlight.
The terminal extraction box (1) consists of a reception hole for accommodating the output bad urine from the output extraction part near the centre at the bottom. A solar battery in attracted with an adhesion so that the output extraction part is covered.    The adhesion agent (5) in arranged on the circumference of the output extraction part and the reception hole. An adhering (6) is arranged on the outer side of the adhesion agent. The solar battery is attached with these adhesive agents.    ADVANTAGE -   Increases reliability, isolation, waterproofing nature. Provides sufficient bonding power. Avoids sk53$TITLEDilled manpower. Increases bonding strength. Provides good operativity and uniformity of production. Reduces production cost.
The apparatus (S) has a transparent resin body (3) that seals several solar cells (2). The light-receiving surface of each solar cell faces a transparent substrate (1).    The periphery of the transparent resin body and the transparent substrate is surrounded with distributed insulated resin bodies (7). The terminations of the transparent substrate and the insulated resin bodies are surrounded by a metal frame (8).    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces total shrinkage of insulated resin bodies due to high temperature and high humidity by distributing insulated resin bodies. Prevents short-circuit of output end of solar cell and metal frame, to angular part of solar battery apparatus. Offers solar battery apparatus with thin shape and high breakdown voltage. Provides reliable insulation by covering periphery of solar battery body with elastic insulation body.
The integrates this film tenders solar battery (1) consists of a first electrode layer (5) formed on a substrate (3) along with a first stack cell (8). Similarly a second electrode layer (13) and second stack cell (9) are formed. Multiple layer of electrode are thus formed as per requirement. The first electrode layer has a separating groove (17) that extends to the upper face of the substrate from the upper face of the first electrode layer.    A connection slot (7) is provided where a second electrode layer passes though the inner side of the second stack cell and the first stack cell and reaches the upper face of the fist electrode layer; to which it is connected. Some unit elements (15) are connected in series in the separating groove of the first electrode layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves conversion efficiency Improves FF value.
The method involves entirely forming a transparent electric conduction film (2) on the lower surface of a metal foil (1). An adhesive (3) is attached to the surface of the transparent electric conduction film corresponding to the transparent electric conduction pattern. The adhesive is attached to a base material (4).    Portion of the transparent electric conduction film without adhesive is removed by metal foil etching. The transparent electric conduction pattern is still formed by the transparent conduction film fixed and remained to the base material through the adhesive.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Also in transparent touch panel, solar battery. Performs inexpensive manufacturing since manufacturing efficiency is improved. Improves efficiency since transparent electric conduction film can be fixed in large area. Possibly forms transparent electric conduction pattern even if transparent electric conduction film is etched.
An apparatus for collecting and concentrating solar radiation comprises a reflector dish (3), drives for rotating the dish about a first axis and pivoting it about a second axis, and a weathershield (13). The first axis is substantially vertical while the second lies in a plane parallel to but not coincident with the first axis. The pivoting means enables the dish to be horizontal, vertical and any position inbetween. A weathershield extends around the vertical axis so as to partially surround the circumference of the dish when horizontal, the upper edge of the weathershield being level with or extending above the circumferential edge of the dish.    The apparatus may comprise a cradle which rotates with the dish and pivots with respect to it, the weathershield being mounted to the cradle. A sensor of wind speed and direction may be present to allow the dish to be lowered when the wind exceeds a predetermined speed.    USE -   For collecting and concentrating solar radiation for generating electrical power.    ADVANTAGE -   In strong winds the dish may be moved to a horizontal position where it is protected by the windshield. A low profile is presented to wind enabling the use of large diameter dishes.
The spacecraft (20) includes a solar panel (28) and a sensor (38) which produces a signal representing undesired forces exterted on the spacecraft. An evaluator (44) receives the signal and calculates a torque to be applied to the spacecraft so as to compensate for the forces. A comparator (46) generates a signal indicating whether the torque is within a given range. A solar panel controller (50) moves the solar panel to a given position for a fixed period if the torque is within the range. If the torque is outside the range then the panel is tacked between two different positions during the fixed period.    USE -   For satellite.    ADVANTAGE -   Lower solar panel energy losses due to efficient tacking. Reduced disturbances.
An electrical device functions as a thermally energized direct current power source. The device has a base plate of conductive metal. A number of electrode points protrude upward from the base plate, terminating in a sharp edge. A collection plate of conductive metal is positioned above the sharp upper edges of the electrode points. The gap between the electrode points and between the collection plate and the electrode points is electrically insulated. An electrical potential exists between the base plate and the upper collection plate while the device is at and above room temperature. The potential difference increases as the temperature increases.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For supplying a DC voltage in response to the application of heat for low power uses. Capable of functioning as a voltage source upon the application of thermal energy.
Generator comprises tubular channels with bellows sections located on supports around the unit lengthwise axis. The bellows sections consist of inductor and current-carrying electrodes. Transverse distribution of the gas in the tubular channels is accomplished with the aid of a drive face gas distributor in the form of a face rotating cap equipped with gas feed channels with a rotating aperture communicating directly with the tubular channels.    USE -   Generator is for use power installations converting the energy of a flow of gas into electrical energy.
The module (1) has an insulator (3) and a solar panel (4) which are formed and layered sequentially on a block-shaped base (2) that uses a hydraulic coupling material. A waterproof sheet (5) is layered at the back surface of the base with an arrangement path.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Also used as panel for architecture. Reduces outer wall and roof slab of building for accommodating solar battery module. Efficiently prevents peeling of solar battery module fixed in building due to strong wind. Prevents heat dissipation from rear side of solar panel and efficiently rises of solar cell temperature. Prevents photodegradation of low cost solar cell and obtains sufficient electric generation efficiency when using amorphous silicon as solar cell. Reduces energy consumption for temperature adjustment of building room internal temperature. Simplifies waterproofing structure of building since rain water is prevented from penetrating in building side. Enables transferring solar battery module easily and provides simple maintenance of solar battery module. Offers simple allocation of solar battery module.
NOVELTY - Manufacturing sintered indium-tin-oxide body, includes using zirconia beads as pulverizing medium for stirring type dispersing machine in the sintered indium-tin-oxide body by charging the liquid containing indium oxide and stannate and adding ammonia water    USE - For solar battery and liquid crystal display transparent conductive film.    ADVANTAGE - Gives the sintered ITO body with high mechanical and electrical properties.    DETAILED DESCRIPTION - Manufacturing sintered IT body includes:    (1) using a Zero2bead as a pulverizing medium for the medium stirring type dispersing machine in the sintered ITO body by charging the liquid, in which the fine indium oxide powder is dispersed, and stannate is dissolved;    (2) adding the ammonia water to the liquid to deposit the stannic hydroxide on the fine indium oxide powder surface;    (3) collecting the deposit;    (4) molding the deposit; and    (5) firing the molding.    DESCRIPTION OF DRAWING(S) - The diagram gives an overview of the body.
The device holds at least one solar module or solar generator at an angle to the horizontal and vertical. The device has two cylindrical adapter parts (2,7). Tubes (1,3,5,8) are pressed onto the adapter parts and plastic slide bearings (4,6) are fitted.    The shape and arrangement of the adapter parts enable the use of the rotation device to accept standard tubes. A drive has a motor and transmission unit (9) attached to the upper adapter part. Force is transferred by a shaft via the lower adapter part as a counter piece without mechanical attachment.    ADVANTAGE -   The device, which is of simple construction, can hold and rotate solar generator or collectors
The carrier apparatus is provided by a sheet material plate (1) which extends over the surface of a number of adjacent roof tiles, formed at its edges (2) for securing to the neighbouring roof tiles. The plate is provided with a number of spaced reception or fixing elements for at least one solar element having a large number of solar cells (5) across its surface.    ADVANTAGE -   Simple integration of photovoltaic solar element in existing roof surface.
The module includes a sheet metal carrier (11) upon which is mounted at least one row of solar cells (2) in a support insert (12) such that cells are rotatably mounted both vertically and horizontally. In each cell row is located a rotary spindle (3) above the sheet metal carrier.    The spindle tooth flanks mesh with those of toothed rims (4), which are rotatably mounted on the sheet metal carrier. The support inserts are adjustable and arrestable on the toothed rims. The entire system is inserted into a lower case (5), adjusted, and bolted to a top casing (6) to form the module. Provided with the spindle are two step motors which displace the solar cells horizontally or vertically via the toothed rims and the sheet metal carrier. The horizontal step motor is rotatably held on a holder (13) and the vertical motor is held fast to the holder.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For roof and facade application, with adjustment to follow solar rays impingement, high reliability, and low costs.
The solar cell elements or their electrodes are in mutual conductive contacts on the surface. The elements and/or electrodes are sandwiched between two gas or air-tightly sealed wall faces (2,3), e.g. of glass or plastic layers. The sealed walls are evacuated.    The electric poles (7,8) are coupled outside the vacuum chamber. The conductive connection of the solar cells and electrodes inside the chamber are kept under mechanical compression. The side edges of the wall faces are hermetically sealed.    ADVANTAGE -   Reliable design not suffering defects caused by thermal expansion and contraction.
The compressor comprises a mounting casing having at least a pair of horizontal flange portions, each flange portion having a vertical wall depending from it, a slanted wall portion attached to each vertical wall, and air passages connected to the slanted walls. At least one pump compresses air mounted in the casing. The pump comprises a housing having a reciprocal piston positioned inside the housing. A spring forces the piston to an up position. A shaft attached to the piston has a portion extending from a top of the housing.    A valve is positioned in a bottom portion of the housing. An air passage leads from the bottom of the housing to an air storage device. When the portion extending from a top of the housing is compressed the piston will compress air within the housing and the air will pass through the valve into the air passage and into the air storage device.    ADVANTAGE -   Easily maintained or repaired.
The current generator (1) has thermocouples in series connection. Each thermocouple has two upper plates (2) with two holes (3), one of copper plates (2) is coated on both sides with thin layer molybdenum (4) of high value of thermal EMF, and both plates are mutually isolated by insulation plates (5) containing hole (6) positioned axially to copper plate holes.    The holes (3) in plates form two channels connected to heat exchangers (12, 13) filled with antifreezing agent. One heat exchanger is installed in the earth the other on the surface of earth.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   In domestic, forming and other enterprises, with raised efficiency by 1.5 to 3 times in comparison with similar generators having max. efficiency of 7 percent.    Bul.32/20.11.96
The module (1) has a front panel (1a) made of transparent resin and has a flat front. Side parts (1b) are provided at the peripheries of the front panel. The solar battery cells (2) are sealed along the front part of the front panel. Projected from the back sides of the front panel are attachments (4,5) to which a circuit substrate, containing the components of a portable power supply, is attached.    A built-in storage battery is charged by either the solar battery or the main power supply. The storage battery supplies power to an external load.    ADVANTAGE -   Can be used during power supply interruption due to e.g. earthquake. Enables to provided portable power supply which can be easily and inexpensively assembled. Prevents permeation of water and humidity to substrate through proper sealing. Prolongs service life of storage battery by preventing ambient temperature rise due to received light.
The circuit breaker includes an axle (37) inserted according to axial centre. An emergency interruption piston (36) moves the upper axle to axial centre direction according to the pressure change of the emergency interruption oil.    An oil changeover valve (23) is mutually adjoined with the piston and changes the oil flow by the reciprocation of the piston. The operation of the coupled pieces (27,38) and levers (31,43) are restrained and liberated through a reset button (21) fixed individually to the end of the axle and the oil changeover valve.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables simultaneous driving of oil pup and turbine due to reset button. Reduces cost of circuit breaker since bearing stand is unnecessary.
The module (1) includes several sheets of a solar panel (2) provided on a planar metal plate (4). An insulator (3) with a cementing layer (B) is formed and combined at the rear surface of the metal plate between the combined sheets of the solar panel.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves rigidity and strength of solar panel module and prevents exfoliation of solar panel due to negative pressure when wind blows through solar battery module surface. Prevents deformation of solar panel even when big external power is applied during attachment construction. Secures sufficient waterproof characteristic and secures reliability for long period of time. Reduces installation cost since filler and backseat as amorphous silicon solar panel are not used. Prevents heat dissipation from back side of solar panel and Improves rigidity and torsion-proof strength of solar battery module. Improves reliability of amorphous silicon solar panel and offers fire-proof characteristic.
The apparatus includes an automatic drawing machine (7) installed in the cable extended along a cableway line (5). A conveyor (6) suspended in the machine is operated by the movement of the cable. A transporter (10) guides the accelerating and decelerating motion of the cable along a rail (8b).    A speed-increasing gear (51) is installed in the transporter of the driven side staying place. A generator rotated by the gear supplies the necessary electric power to the driven side staying place.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Applicable to driven side staying place of rixed tension system. Does not require use of expensive distribution lines, since electric power produced by rotation of generator can be supplied to driven side staying place using simple installation.
The power generator has a rolling element contact surface (23a) formed in the peripheral edge of the driven pulley (3b). A friction pulley wheel, actuated by a speed-increasing gear (42), abuts the rolling element contact surface.    A rotating generator supplies the necessary power to the driven side staying place.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Applicable to e.g. terminal pulleys in field movement tension system, tension pulleys in fixed field movement system. Does not require installation of expensive distribution lines, since electricity generated by rotating generator through speed-increasing gear can be supplied to driven side staying place.
The unit consists of a semiconductor electrothermal generating element (1) which converts heat energy directly to electrical energy. The element is installed in the system consisting of a gas engine (9). The exhaust gas of the heat exchanger is used in the high temperature (2) side of the thermoelectric element.    The cooling water from hydrothermal jacket (12) is used in the low temperature side (3). The temperature difference between these sides is used to generate electricity.    ADVANTAGE -   Increases conversion efficiency. Generates larger amount of electricity.
The method involves using a P type semiconductor substrate (1) over which many slots are formed linearly in light receiving surface side. A reflecting prevention film (4) is formed on a passivation layer (3) which in turn formed on the semiconductor substrate. Then, the slots are filled up with an organic material. Then, an electrically conductive paste is printed and it is subjected to baking process to form a light receiving surface electrode (8), on the light receiving surface side of the substrate.    The organic material in the slots is removed. Thus, the light receiving surface electrode contacts only at the summit part of the slots. A clearance is formed between the light receiving surface electrode and reflecting prevention film in the trough of the slots.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies mfg process. Reduces rate of occupancy of light receiving surface electrode and connection area of light receiving surface electrode and reflecting prevention film. Obtains photoelectric transducer with high efficiency at low cost. Reduces surface reflection accurately.
The system detects the temperature distribution inside a high pressure evaporative condenser (1) with a number of thermometers (211-21i). The amount of inflow vapour, when the condensate temperature and the internal pressure of the high pressure evaporative condenser is controlled and fixed, is detected. The detected amount is added when calculating the feeding amount of vapour in both the temperature fixing control and the internal pressure fixing control outputs.    The weight of the feeding amount of vapour is detected for which the temperature are detected. The detected temperature value is input to a condensate temperature control device (10).    ADVANTAGE -   Achieves stable condensate temperature control. Decreases influence of condensate temperature detection at dead time. Improves safety and maintenance of appts. Decreases turbulence in high pressure vapour reservoir and thereby provides stable vapour supply to other installations.
The power generator has a gas making furnace (8) which includes a cyclonic (10), a combustor, and a heater in the distribution piping of fluid material. The gas making furnace subjects the rubbish e.g. wastes to high temperature and produces solid matter and gas which are then input to an ash melting furnace (11).    Ashes of the rubbish are melted by the ash melting furnace (11) using oxidation agent e.g. air, oxygen.    ADVANTAGE -   Ensures effective electric power generation through generation of high temperature steam. Ensures highly effective extraction of energy from wastes.
The method involves using geothermal energy (A) to produce hot water through the heat exchanger (6) of a hermetic cyclic apparatus body (1) which consists of a water supply side channel (4) and a rising side channel (5). Fluid (B) that passes a cooling water supply system (8), is supplied by a water supply (2) through the water supply side channel.    The fluid composed of vapour and hot water is risen by the heat exchanger from the rising side channel to a lead intaking unit (3). The vapour is gathered by a water separator (7) by separating it from the hot water.    ADVANTAGE -   Does not require piping at deep layer of earth since vapour can be gathered without direct use of geothermal fluid that forms in underground geothermal fluid storage layer of earth. Does not require winze since dryness and variation of geothermal fluid is eliminated, thus reducing construction cost; attains vapour that is produced inexpensively. Eases installation maintenance since safe and stable vapour is obtained; extends life of installation.
The appts includes a set of floats (6) which are arranged in a row and accommodated in an erection part. The upper and lower sides of the erection part are connected to drop stream tube (2).    A turbine (7) and generator (9) which work with water power obtained by lift of the floats are connected to the stream side tube.    ADVANTAGE -   Obtains forceful power by lift of float.
The generator uses crater or natural terrain, and artificially builds it into an up-opened horn mouth in the form of taper cone, and its internal wall is smooth, and the neck position of bottom of the horn mouth is equipped with a fan, and its bottom has an air-intake opening. The generator uses the horn mouth to produce a strong sucking force to blow the fan to rot ate so as to generate electricity. It has a strong and stable sucking force, so that it can produce large energy and stable current. As compared with other modes for generating electricity it is low in cost, simple and easy to implement, free from environmental pollution and can be used in other fields.
The generator includes drive elements such as vanes, propellers or fans, for converting a fluid flowing around the elements into a rotating or pivoting motion. Transmission elements (11) convert the motion into a cyclic motion between electric power generating elements of piezo-electric material and actuator elements engaging the power generating elements.    This generates a deformation of the power generating elements.    The piezo-electric material is alternatingly stretched by an alternating distance between an eccentric journalled pivoting or rotating part (10), a shaft, and a counter part fixed with respect to the rotating part, for example, a crankshaft (13). The piezo-electric material extends radially between the rotating part and the counter part, with one part extending within the other, with the parts having a parallel axis.    USE -   For generating electrical power from movement of fluid, for example, wind or water current, or moving waves or rocking motion of water.
The method of fabrication of a thin film solar cell involves forming a light reflective base material (110) which has a face (12) textured with a texture (13) of period T and comprised of facets (14,15,16,17.....). A continuous film (18) overlies the facets, thin enough so that it conforms to the texture.    Light rays treat the facets as a mirror. They are reflected according to laws of light reflection from a surface. Where the refractive index of the film is different from that of the layer on top, internal reflection can occur at the boundary. Additional films may be applied creating a multi-layer thin film silicon solar cell with the various layers doped appropriately.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves efficiency by reducing light reflected from surface.
The solar tracking system includes a shaft (16), a shaft support rotatably supporting the shaft about an axis parallel to the north-south axis of the earth. A stepper motor (20) intermittently rotates the shaft at a mean rate equal to the earth's rate of rotation. A solar collector securing assembly is located on one side of the shaft and includes solar collector supports (1,3) and brackets (27,29). Collars (28,30) secures the bracket to the shaft. A pivot (17) supports the bracket about a pivotal axis transverse to the shaft to vary the inclination of the support. Stays are between the collector support and the bracket to maintain the support at an adjusted inclination relative to the shaft.    The radial distance of the centre of gravity of the collector support from the shaft may vary. A counterbalancing system including an arm (2) secured to the shaft, extends normally to the shaft and away from the assembly. A weight (M) is mounted on the arm and is radially adjustable relative to the shaft. The moment of the mass of the assembly and of a solar collector fixed to it relative to the shaft can be counter-balanced by the arm and the weight irrespective of the rotational position of the assembly about the shaft and of the inclination of the collector support relative to the shaft.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Orients solar energy devices favourably w.r.t. the sun. Requires minimal energy input and is accurate.
The production comprises: (a) forming a high-m.pt. powder layer on a supporting substrate; (b) depositing a silicon layer on the powder layer; (c) depositing a surface protective layer on the silicon layer; (d) melting the silicon layer in a zone shape; (e) successively moving the melt zone to crystallise the silicon layer; and (f) removing the silicon crystallised layer from the powder layer.    Also claimed is that a molar battery is produced by using the plate-like silicon crystal having a thickness of 10-500 micrometres.    USE -   The method produces the plate-like silicon crystal used in late-like materials, particularly a substrate material for the solar battery.    ADVANTAGE -   The method more stably produces th plate-like materials, particularly, the plate-like silicon crystal having higher purity and higher accuracy at lower costs. The solar battery is produced at lower costs.
The energy conversion system has closed or open systems or vessels, where matter is stimulated by pulsed radiant heat and/or light and/or electrical potential so that a vortex is created and, in the vortex, matter is converted into pure energy. The vortex matter is circulated, e.g. through pipework, from areas of high energy density to the core of the vortex.    USE -   Used to convert matter into usable energy.    ADVANTAGE -   As the process converts matter to usable energy, practical application to e.g. a power turbine, enables the net power output to be greater than the (conventional) energy input, i.e. the overall efficiency of the power generation system can be greater than 100% (claimed).
The electricity generation device consists of an emitter electrode (2) and a collector electrode (3). The emitter electrode emits a thermion. The collector electrode collects the thermion emitted by the emitter electrode. A emitter side heat choke (5) is fixed to the emitter electrode. A collector side heat choke (6) is fixed to the collector electrode. A vacuum junction is formed at the other ends of the emitter and collector side heat chokes. An insulated ceramic seal (9), which is made of ceramics, joins the flange part (5a) of the emitter side heat choke and a support part (7). The ceramic seal is positioned inside the emitter side heat choke    A covering part (10) is positioned in the space (13) near the emitter electrode. The covering part, which blocks the thermal radiation from the high temperature region to a low temperature region.    ADVANTAGE -   Safeguards ceramic seal during external impact. Enables miniaturisation.
The electricity generation device consists of an emitter electrode (2) and a collector electrode (3). The emitter electrode emits a thermion. The collector electrode collects the thermion emitted by the emitter electrode. A emitter side heat choke (5) is fixed to the emitter electrode. A collector side heat choke (6) is fixed to the collector electrode. An insulated ceramic seal (9) joins the emitter side heat choke and a support part (7).    A covering part (10) is positioned in the space (13) near the emitter electrode. The covering part, which blocks the thermal radiation from the high temperature region to a low temperature region.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces heat loss due to thermal radiation.
The transducer includes a first insulated substrate (7) and a second insulated substrate (8) laminated alternately. A first semiconductor thin film (11) is formed between the first insulated substrate and the second insulated substrate. A second semiconductor thin film (12) is formed between the second insulated substrate and the first insulated substrate.    A first electrode (9) that electrically connects the first and second semiconductor thin films is provided at the end of the first insulated substrate. A second electrode is formed at the end of the second insulated substrate, which is opposite the end at which the first electrode is formed. The second electrode electrically connects the second and first semiconductor thin films. The first and second semiconductor thin films are connected in series electrically.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves performance index by reducing effect of heat conductivity by phonon scattering of boundary surface. Improves shock resistance during processing, allowing efficient manufacture.
The method involves immersing an amorphous silicon film (6) into a predetermined liquid (2) containing hydrogen.    Thus hydrogen atoms are introduced into the silicon film.    ADVANTAGE -   Eliminates necessity of vacuum or high temperature, enabling fabrication under normal condition. Controls hydrogen introduction range, hence improving optical characteristics of semiconductor element.
The appliance has at least one solar cell (2) with an absorber (4), e.g. photovoltaics or a transport medium, and an energy concentrator (6). The concentrator extends along the length and periphery of the cell and partially encloses it to concentrate the light from the sun optically on to the absorber. The energy concentrator is in a peripheral region appropriate to the daily irradiation by the sun's radiation and is formed of an assembly (12) of prisms having transparent material.    The prism assembly has a number prisms (14) arranged axially and parallel to the absorber and they are distributed peripherally next to one another. All the prisms in cross section are equal sided and their points face the absorber.    ADVANTAGE -   In particularly economic manner achieves higher concentration factor resulting in higher efficiency.
The geothermal power plant operating on geothermal fluid includes a source of low pressure geothermal steam, and a turbo-generator including a low pressure steam turbine to which the geothermal steam is applied, and a generator coupled to the steam turbine. The low pressure geothermal steam is applied to the turbine, where expansion takes place driving the generator, and producing expanded steam that is exhausted from the turbine.    A condenser for condensing the expanded steam includes a steam heat exchanger for receiving the expanded steam, a coolant, an air cooled heat exchanger, and a pump to exchange coolant between the steam heat exchanger and the air cooled heat exchanger, in a closed secondary coolant cycle. Preferably, the coolant is water.    ADVANTAGE -   Is capable of operating without significant amounts of ambient cooling water.`
The apparatus includes a solar battery array (2) consisting of multiple solar battery modules (7) connected in parallel. A by-pass circuit which consists of a by pass diode (8) is connected across each solar battery module. A current relay (10) is operated at the time of energizing a by pass diode.    The current relay is put in an energized state for a predetermined time period. The current that flows through each bypass diode is detected. The fault of the solar battery module is determined from the by pass current.    ADVANTAGE -   Performs exact fault detection of solar battery module. Makes management of maintenance of solar battery array easy.
The mfg method involves forming a P type electrically conductive semiconductor layer (4) which acts as the optical absorption layer on a back side electrode.    Electrically conductive transparent N type semiconductor thin film (6) made of metal oxide is formed on the optical absorption layer, through an amorphous Si semiconductor thin film (5), by employing optical CVD method. The metal oxide film acts as a window layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Has high conversion efficiency. Reduces mfg cost.
The method involves generating electricity using carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide is liquefied by a pressure generated from a TA pin (2) based on the atmospheric pressure and the temperature of the cooled water.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves efficiency of generating electricity.
A pressure-tight container is partly filled with material of identical type and irradiated with light and heat. By the formation of an eddy current from the focus (eye of the whirlpool) of the radiation to the energy centre (the eye), the material is whirled around in a whirlpool (rotating magnetic fields) at high speed, whereby different materials arise, until these are finally dematerialised in a vacuum without oxygen and converted into pure energy forms to the environment, which can be used. Motors and drive systems can be assigned which convert the binding energy from the material into useable energy.    ADVANTAGE -   Can be used for particle accelerators, power stations, power generation from refuse without emissions, surface treatment of material, spaceflight drives, etc
The supply is provided by a temperature-difference-to-voltage convertor (1) heated on one side (2) by a catalytic combustor (4) supplied with e.g. butane or methane under pressure (8), while the other side (5) remains at ambient temperature. A changeover switch (14) in the depicted position passes current to a capacitive or electrochemical energy store (20).    In the alternative switch position the store is connected instead through a digitiser (25) to a microprocessor (15) for a check on its state of charge. If the latter is insufficient, the current source is reconnected and a valve (10) reopened to provide more combustion gas.    ADVANTAGE -   Adequate power for the load is supplied without high cost or particular difficulty.
On a side wall of a bottom end of the wave energy conversion equipment main pipe body, a water inlet is opened, and on its top end an air-inlet is opened, and in its interior, a colloidal filling body is placed. Its semi-spherical body is separated into two portions by using partition board, and its lower portion is an air storage chamber, and the upper end and lower end of its intermediate ridge pipe respectively are equipped with a pulley shaft. Both ends of the pulley shaft are equipped with a pulley, and between four pulleys, a wire rope is wound, and an air-compressor is placed on the partition board. The pulley shaft installed in lower end of the intermediate ridge pipe is connected with an input shaft of the air-compressor by means of a coupler,and its other end is equipped with a clutch, and the pulley is connected with half of the clutch. It can be placed on buoy at side of ship to make wave power generation.
The method involves heating a multilayered body comprising an emboss sheet (2), filling sheets (3a,3b) having a cell matrix (6) in-between and a protective sheet (7), in a vacuum state.    As a result of this heating, a preforming sheet (9) is obtained. This preforming sheet is then fixed onto a glass plate having curved surface, by heating process.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents staying of air bubbles at circumferential portion of cell and at glass junction surface, reliably. Enables mfr of solar battery of high quality and productivity, with sufficient yield. Avoids need for installation of high vacuum system, thereby reducing cost. Surpasses transparency by using glass plate with curved surface as structure of support body. Surpasses electric insulation, since glass plate has property of low moisture permeability and weather resistance nature. Obtains solar battery module with curved shape.
The system has a boiler (2b) which burns gas generated from pyrolysis furnace (5) and forms a vapour. A melting furnace (1) melts scum generated from pyrolysis furnace.    A superheater (2a) overheats the vapour generated from the boiler by using the high temperature exhaust gas generated from the melting furnace.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables to use generated energy effectively.
The unit includes a heat recovery boiler (2000) which generates steam by collecting combustion heat of a waste incinerator (1000) through a heat exchanger. The steam is superheated by a vapour superheater (3000) which uses heat from the exhaust gas.    Superheated steam drives a turbine (4000) coupled to a generator. A pyrolysis appts (9000) decomposes plastic component in the waste to form a fuel gas. The feed water is preheated by feed water heater (8000) using fuel gas.    ADVANTAGE -   Increases electric power generation efficiency of steam turbine generator. Enables effective usage of obtained energy from pyrolysis appts.
Monolithic photovoltaic modules connected in series comprise several photovoltaic elements arranged as parallel strips on a common transparent substrate (1) and electrically connected in series. Each of these elements consists of a porous layer (4) of polycrystalline semiconductor as photoelectrode, a porous layer (6) of an electrically conducting material as counter electrode, and a porous intermediate layer (5) made of electrically insulating material. The pores of the layers (4,5,) are filled with an electrolyte carrying electrons. A transparent electrically conducting coating (2) is arranged between the substrate (1) and the photoelectrode (4) of each element, which is interrupted by a separating line (3) between the elements. The counter electrode (6) of the first element is electrically connected to the first connection (9) of the module whilst the counter electrodes (6) of the other elements are electrically connected via the separating lines (3) to the electrically conducting coating (2) of each element, and electrically isolated from each other. Production of the modules is also claimed.    USE -   Used in the production of photovoltaic cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The counter electrode has a large surface area to increase its activity for electron exchange with the electrolyte.
The thermoelectric generator comprises a heat transfer support structure, defining an inside surface and an outside surface, comprising an inlet and an outlet and a passageway in between the inlet and outlet for passage of the exhaust gasses produced by the engine. A number of fins are located on the inside surface for improving the transfer of heat out of the exhaust gasses. A number of thermoelectric module seats are provided on the outside surface for easy seating of thermoelectric module on the outside surface. An exhaust flow distributor is positioned inside the passageway for distributing exhaust gas flow within the passageway. A number of thermoelectric modules define electrical outputs seated on the thermoelectric module seats.    At least one good contact cylinder surrounds at least a portion of the heat transfer support structure for providing a framework from which spring forces can be applied to hold the modules in good contact with the outside surface of the heat transfer support structure. A number of module springs provide a spring force between the number of thermoelectric modules and the at least one good contact cylinder. A heat sink cools one side of the number of thermoelectric modules. An electric circuit connects the electrical outputs of the number of thermoelectric modules in order to provide electric power to the motor vehicle.    ADVANTAGE -   Produces electric power for engine driven motor vehicle from heat contained in exhaust gasses from engine of motor vehicle.
The unit which can be placed in the ground or in water, has a hollow sleeve about which a helical winding of thermally conductive tubing is wound and a return length of thermally conductive tubing along the central axis of the sleeve separated from the inner wall of the sleeve by thermal insulating material. The heat exchange unit may be housed within a thermally conductive case with a thermally conductive material filling the gap between the inner wall of the case and the thermally conductive tubing surrounding the sleeve of the heat exchange unit.    The thermally conductive case may have at least one set of helical fins which act as threads for ground insertion assistance. The heat exchange units may be combined to form greater lengths and be combined in series or parallel connection.    ADVANTAGE -   Unit can be placed in ground or in water, is inexpensive to install, without need for extensive excavation, and instantly achieves good ground compaction without necessity of grouting or other special fill.
The method involves utilizing waste combustion gas, generated from the burning of municipal, commercial or industrial waste, to generate saturated steam having a pressure of at least 1000 psia in a waste heat recovery boiler. The saturated steam having a pressure of at least 1000 psia flows through one side of a steam superheater having at least two sides. Fuel is combusted to generate fuel combustion gas. The fuel combustion gas flows through a combustion turbine which converts the gas into combustion turbine exhaust gas.    All of the combustion turbine exhaust gas flows through another side of the steam superheater. The combustion turbine exhaust gas provides heat to superheat the steam having a pressure of at least 1000 psia. The superheated steam flows through a steam turbine. All of the combustion turbine exhaust gas exiting the steam superheater flows through a combustion turbine exhaust gas heat recovery unit.    ADVANTAGE -   Combination of combustion turbine/generator cycle with steam turbine/generator cycle enables operation of waste-to-energy plant at high pressure and high temperature resulting in greatly increased thermal cycle efficiency while eliminating superheater surfaces from waste heat recovery boiler, thereby greatly reducing corrosion problems associated with waste heat recovery boilers.
The system has a first electric power generation mechanism that leads vapour to a steam turbine (4a) and generates electric power. The vapour is formed with a waste boiler (2) installed on a rubbish incinerator (1). A second electric power generation mechanism produces electric power through a gas turbine (4c). A superheater (3) uses the heat of exhaust gas from the gas turbine, to overheat the vapour formed with the waste boiler.    A fermentation apparatus (5) forms fermentation gas from a half fluid flow state organisms obtained from e.g. kitchen waste, dirts. The fermentation gas is assumed to have hydrocarbon as the principal component. A desulphurisation equipment (6) removes the sulfide from the fermentation gas. The fermentation gas is supplied as fuel to the gas turbine.    ADVANTAGE -   Effectively utilises rubbish for energy generation. Improves operation efficiency.
Photovoltaic element comprises a substrate on which pin structural body comprising n-type, i-type, and p-type semiconductor layers containing Si-atoms, having crystal structure of non-single crystals, is at least once repetitively laminated, in which at least one surface among each surface of the semiconductor layers is annealed in H2 , He or Ar gas atmosphere containing 1-1000 ppm. P-containing gas, and 1-1000 ppm. O2-containing gas.    USE -   Used for photovoltaic elements having high resistance to reverse bias property.
The structure has a cylindrical base (32) on which a cylindrical equipment (1) can be mounted rotatably. A rotary shaft (13) is provided at the central bottom part of the equipment. The guide pins (9) protrude along the lower sides while the attachment holes (1b) are formed along the surface. The guide slot (8), screw holes (2a) and an epicyclic gear mechanism are formed at the upper periphery of the base.    The guide pin is inserted into the guide slide, and is limited only limited to 180 degree rotation. The shaft is inserted into a solar gear and the bottom surface of the equipment is supported by the ball bearings (6). The equipment is fixed on the base using bolts (7,10).    ADVANTAGE -   Ensures safe rotation of equipment on base for easy back access and maintenance.
The structure has an electrode extraction part (902) provided with a through hole (905) for extraction of a lead wire for connecting the solar battery modules (906). A terminal part projected from a inner wall of a mid air structure (907) connects the lead wires inside it.    A first screw is inserted in a hole provided at a projection terminal (904) of a nut (903). A second screw (909) connects the terminal (901) of the lead wire for extraction and termination of an output lead wire.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides simple, inexpensive and space saving structure. Prevents reduction in output of solar battery module by reducing contact resistance of crimp terminal part.
The module comprises a support substrate (2) over which a set of thin film type solar battery cells (1) are arranged individually. The thickness of the film is less than or equal to 10micrometer.    A condensing structure (4) is provided for each solar battery cell to condense the light rays, by moulding process such that no clearance is formed.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies mfg process. Reduces weight since solar battery module is of thin film type and thus reduces cost. Eases maintenance work. Offers high pyroelectric conversion efficiency.
The module has a solar panel (15) mounted inclining on a rectangular bottom frame (6). Several cooling fins (21) are arranged up and down the back side of the panel. Several fresh air inlets (22) are connected to the cooling fins.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves energy conversion efficiency by cooling solar battery.
The battery has a P type substrate (1), an N type substrate (2), and a P-type convex area (4). The P-type area (3,4) and an N-type area (5) is formed in the light-receiving surface side of a P-type substrate.    The N-type area has impurity concentration higher than the substrate and is in contact with both sides of the area of the substrate.    The P-type convex area is formed in one side of a light-receiving surface of a substrate. A diode is in between the P-type and N-type area. Distance with one side of electrode is made smaller than the distance results of done branch electrode.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces manufacture cost of solar battery due to improved reliability of entire array and externally-attached by-pass diode is not needed. Prevents reduction of photoelectric conversion efficiency. Increases protection function at time of reverse bias voltage applied.
The module has a crystal type solar battery (1) cell of a single crystal or a polycrystal type. A high temperature adhesive (2) is applied to the surface of a large-sized glass (5). A high temperature attachment of the battery is done. Several sheets of the module are attached with the adhesive to the surface of the large-sized glass.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces weight of solar cell. Provides high degree of freedom of outer wall design, allowing request of designer. Reduces development research investment.
The system includes a waste incineration system that includes a dirt tank (23), a filter (24) and a mixer. Dirt (22) is supplied to the dirt tank from the sewage purification installation. The waste is supplied from city garbage is supplied to the mixer.    A dehydration controller (27) adjusts the amount of moisture included in the dirt. The waste and the dirt are mixed uniformly and supplied to an incinerator. The waste is incinerated to generate vapour. The turbine of a power generation system is driven by the vapour from the incinerator.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables effective power generation. Enables generation of large amount of vapour.
The incinerator has a fuel injection system (21) which supplies fuel to a combustion belt (4). The garbage dumped on a drying belt (3) is dried and the combustion belt incinerates the wastage. A chimney (8) is provided at upper part of the combustion belt and a boiler (9) is provided near the chimney. A super heater (14b) provided at wall part (5a) on downstream side of garbage conveyance direction, heats the steam produced from the boiler.    The super heated steam drives a turbine (15) which is coupled to an electric generator (c) and generates electric power. A controller (28) controls the fuel injection system based on the output of a steam state detection sensor (27).    ADVANTAGE -   Decreases amount of fuel consumption. Ensures stable electric power generation.
The incinerator has a chimney (2) which is placed above a movable forge fire (1). The forge fire area is divided into a first combustion belt (1b), a dried belt (1a) and a second combustion belt (1c). The dried belt generates a non-flammable exhaust gas that is directed towards a first chimney (2a). The exhaust gas from the combustion belts is directed towards a second chimney (21).    A waste boiler (3) is arranged in the first chimney. A superheater (4) in the second chimney overheats the vapour generated in the waste boiler. A fuel injection system (5) heats the superheater. A vapour state detection sensor (6) detects vapour temperature . Based on the temperature detected by the sensor, the fuel injection system is managed by a controller (7).    ADVANTAGE -   Improves thermal efficiency. Provides stabilised power output.
The glass roof construction uses compound glass panels with incorporated cylindrical Fresnel lenses (3), or simple panels of a transparent plastics material. An absorber system (2) is positioned behind the glass roof along the focal lines of the Fresnel lenses.    The absorber can be provided by modules mounted on carriages or slides for synchronous positioning under control of a measuring system for tracking the movement of the sun.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For providing room heating and hot water and for solar powered current generation. Uses modern roof technology with multi-point system and adjustable carrier to be capable of having over six hours of direct sunlight without shadowing effect.
The buoy includes a rear bending pipe and a cylindrical floating chamber, and has a submerged weight hanging on the tail part of the buoy to extend the response period of the buoy and improve the wave energy conversion rate in long period region.
A process for controlling the emissions of ammonia and nitrogen dioxide in a system in which flow of ammonia containing steam from geothermal fluid is used to generate electric power, the system including steam turbine(s), steam condensers down stream from the turbines in which at least some of the steam is condensed to provide condensate containing dissolved ammonia and ammonium ions and cooling tower(s) for cooling the condensate, the tower being open to atmosphere and having associated with it a condensate catch basin from which cooled condensate is passed to condenser to condense ammonia containing steam, the process comprises contacting the condensate prior to its introduction into the cooling tower with a crystalline aluminosilicate zeolite to remove sufficient ammonia and ammonium ions to reduce the emissions of ammonia and nitrogen dioxide from the cooling tower.    Also claimed are; (1) a process for controlling the emissions of ammonia and nitrogen dioxide from a system for handling the flow of steam condensate condensed from geothermal fluid and containing ammonia and ammonium ions, the process comprises contacting the condensate with a molecular sieve to remove at least a portion of the ammonia and ammonium ions so that the emissions of ammonia and nitrogen dioxide from the system are reduced; and (2) a process for reducing ammonia and nitrogen dioxide emissions from a cooling tower into which an aqueous from a geothermal fluid containing ammonia and ammonium ions is passed, the process comprises contacting the stream with a molecular sieve to remove at least a portion of the ammonia and ammonium ions prior to passing the stream into the cooling tower.    ADVANTAGE -   By removing the ammonia and/or ammonium ions from the steam condensate prior to its introduction into the cooling tower, the process avoids the necessity of using expensive oxidative chemicals and other biocides to control nitrogen dioxide emissions. The process is very economical.
The pump consists of a blower impeller hub (9) installed inside a casing (7). A number of movable vanes (6) are coupled on the outer periphery of the blower impeller hub and connected to an operation shaft (5) through a spider (11). The coupling mechanism between the movable vanes and the operation shaft is configured such that the operation shaft can be moved vertically by relative rotational motion in the pump main shaft (4a) fixed to the blower impeller hub.    One end of the operation rod is manually adjusted from the pump suction direction after unlocking the lock nut (12) of the spider to set the angular positions of the wing by rotating the operation shaft. The operation shaft and the spider are fixed in the adjusted position by relocking the lock nut.    ADVANTAGE -   Facilitates restoration of capacity when performance is deteriorated after long time by adjusting vane angle. Eliminates need for operation and control mechanism which require hydraulic and mechanical force. Facilitates vane angle adjustment from upper or lower end parts. Eliminates or minimises need for decomposition of motor for adjustment of vane angle.
The float water turbine can obtain power resource without need of dam and drop height of water and it is the only thing to float the water turbine with water wheel on the surface of flowing stream in river or lake. Its advantages are simple structure, low cost and arbitrary movement.
Wraparound contact on a solar cell is formed by: (a) placing a decal (18) having a patterned conductive material on a first surface of the solar cell; (b) wrapping it round at least one edge to contact a second surface of the solar cell; and (c) processing (20) the decal to remove organic matter and form an ohmic contact.    Also claimed are: (i) a method for forming a wraparound electrical contact by separating a decal from the base to which it is attached using liquid before steps (a) and (b) followed by removing excess liq. between decal and the cell before (c); and (ii) method for forming a wraparound electrical contact by heating a decal attached to a wax coated surface transferring the decal from the wax coated surface to the cell followed by (b) and (c).    ADVANTAGE -   simple, low cost process produces a high yield of reliable devices.
The array consists of a first electrode which is divided by a number of slots, is formed on an insulated layer. A photovoltaic layer (105) containing a semiconductor material, is formed on the first electrode. The slots are offset by a distance (X) in the planar direction. A second electrode (107) is divided by a set of slots. The first electrode is parallel to the second electrode.    The electric contacts of the first and second electrodes are formed within the area defined by the distance (X) in the photovoltaic layer. The insulated layer consists of two parts (102a,102b) which are having higher and lower heat conductivity respectively.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies production. Raises efficiency. Prevents thermal damage of insulated layer while executing laser processing.
The system has a solid fluid mfg system (1) to convey a solid fuel (4) to a silo (21) of an electrical power generating system (2). The electric power (5) of an electric power generator (23) is supplied to a melting furnace (32) of an ash fusion processing system (3). A suitable fuel (15) generated by a selection process (13) in the solid fuel mfg system is conveyed to a silo (31) of the ash fusion processing system.    A part of the thermal energy from a burner (22) of the electrical power generating system is supplied to a drying process (12) performed inside the solid fuel mfg system. The ash generated from the boiler of the electrical power generating system is supplied to the silo of the ash fusion processing system.    ADVANTAGE -   Makes ash harmless. Utilises electric power generated by electric power generator efficiently. Makes slag and metals other than last waste harmless.
The system consists of a refuse incinerator (3) which burns waste to generate steam in a boiler (6). The steam generated in the boiler is superheated in a superheater (10). A fuel modifier (13) is provided in the system to modify the field fuel into a hydrogen content gas (19). A combustion device (12) is provided to generate combustion gas from the hydrogen content gas output by the fuel modifier.    The combustion gas from the combustion device is used as a heat source for the superheater. The exhaust gas from the refuse incinerator is made into an oxidation agent in the fuel modifier and the combustion device. A part of the hydrogen content gas is led as reduction gas (38) to the refuse incinerator. The steam from the superheater is led to drive a steam turbine.    ADVANTAGE -   Decreases Nox and dioxins. Reduces environmental pollution. Improves effectiveness of system.
The structure (1) includes a pair of horizontal penetration parts (5,6) which penetrates horizontally to the structure main body (3). A wind power generator (8) is provided in each horizontal penetration part. Electrical energy can be formed during rotation of the windmill (8a) of the generator caused by the circulation of strong wind in the horizontal penetration parts.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables generation of electrical energy due to rotation of windmill when wind velocity in surroundings of structure rises. Minimises spread of flame and smoke in structure since flame and smoke passing in vertical penetration part is led to external of main body.
A solar cell module comprising a solar cell element and at least a surface side covering material positioned on the light receiving side of the element, where the surface covering comprises at least a filler, a nonwoven glass fibre member (GM), and a surface protective film, where the glass fibre has a texture bonded with an acrylic resin.    Also claimed is a process for producing a solar cell module which includes the steps of : (a) laminating an insulating film, a back side material, a solar element, a nonwoven glass fibre member having a texture bonded with an acrylic resin (AR), a surface side filler member(F), and a surface protective film (PF) in the name order to obtain a stacked body, and (b) subjecting the stacked body to thermocompression treatment to obtain a solar cell module.    USE -   Environmentally acceptable power generation.    ADVANTAGE -   The surface of the solar cell is no more than slightly coloured at high atmospheric temperatures and when exposed outdoors for long periods excels in external appearance, scratch resistance, low flammability, weatherability, light resistance and heat resistance.
The translationally tracking solar energy collector has supporter, reflector, transducer, guide track for reflector moving, and follow-up driver. The reflector is held by supporter to make its axis in south-north direction and the included angle between the axis and horizontal plane equal to local latitude. The guide track is linear. When the irradiation angle of sunlight changes, the relative position of reflector to transducer is parallelly shifted to make reflected light always radiate the surface of transducer.
The solar energy collector has a supporter, a reflector and a transducer. The reflector is held by the supporter to make its axis in a south-north direction and the included angle between the axis and horizontal plane equal to local latitude. The photic surfaces of the transducer are cylindrical and the transducer is installed at the position tangential with a focal plane of reflector, so the sunlight from any direction is reflected to the surface of transducer without rotating the reflector.
The module includes a fuel container (5) which contains a liquid fuel (4). A low temperature edge part (3) of a thermo- electric electricity generating element (2) is immersed into the liquid fuel. A thermo-electric electricity generating element accommodates a combustion core (1).    An high temperature junction edge part of the electricity generating element is heated by burning liquid fuel at the edge part. The heat is conducted to the low temperature edge part. Lead bias (7) are connected to low temperature edge part.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves heat dissipation efficiency. Improves electricity generation efficiency.
The device comprises a photoelectric conversion diode which is constituted by an i-type hydrogenated amorphous silicon carbide layer (21), an i-type silicon hydride (22) and a p-type hydrogenated amorphous SiC layer (23) which are formed sequentially on the surface of a Si substrate (10).    The concentration of carbon in the hydrogenated amorphous Si layer near the boundary surface is lower than that of carbon contained by the p-type hydrogenated amorphous SiC layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents formation of defect due to stress thereby inhibiting formation of roughness in boundary surface and background roughness. Improves element characteristics.
The battery includes an array of solar battery cell (2) connected through lead wires (4). The battery cells generate electricity, when light falls on them.    The spaces between the solar battery cells is filled with sheets of transparent base material (1) in a laminated form. The upper side of the arrangement is covered by a transparent glass (3).    ADVANTAGE -   Improves electricity generation efficiency per unit area. Enhances external appearance.
The method involves using a first conductivity type silicon semiconductor substrate (11). A second conductivity silicon semiconductor substrate layer (12) is then formed on light incidence plane of the first substrate. A microcrystal silicon semiconductor layer (16) of first conductivity type is then formed on the back of the optical plane of incidence side of the first substrate.    A polysilicon semiconductor layer (17) is formed in microcrystal silicon semiconductor layer by irradiating a laser light. A back side electrode (18) is them formed on back side of the polysilicon semiconductor layer with low resistance than microcrystal silicon semiconductor layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides high photoelectric conversion efficiency. Avoids complicated processing such as deposition process and photo etching process.
The element has first, second and third semiconductor layers (102-104) which are formed orderly onto a conductive substrate (101). The first or the third layer is made of Si system non-monocrystal semiconductor light is made to incident on these layers through a transparent electrode (105).    The impurity concentration which decides the conductivity type of the first layer is low when compared to the density of that which decides the type of the second layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids generation of deterioration in characteristic, even when short circuits generated in semiconductor layer. Prevents complication of mfg process. Surpasses in reliability.
The plant includes a boiler (1) to which the high pressure steam for electricity generation is formed by heating its water with a burner (1a). A partition space (3) is formed to the boiler to enclose the burner position.    Air in the partition space is ventilated with a ventilator (4). A combustion air sending unit (10) takes up and sends air in the partition space to the boiler as a combustion air through a duct (16).    ADVANTAGE -   Increase thermal efficiency of electric power generation. Eliminates noise when air in partition space is discharged.
The element contains n-type electrothermal ingredient constituted by solidified solution. The composition of this solution is given by Co1-xPtxSb3, where 0.005 x 0.10. A p-type electrothermal ingredient is then installed directly or by means of conductive material.    ADVANTAGE -   The element produces high efficiency.
The device has a photoelectric conversion diode made of multiple layers of electronic impregnation blocking layer (21), a photoelectric conversion layer (22) and a hole impregnation blocking layer (23).    The local level density in a band gap is made small near the boundary surface area of hole impregnation blocking layer and photoelectric conversion layer compared with other area.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents generation of film debonding associated with quality of amorphous semiconductor layer and dust. Improves yield in solid state pick-up element by reduction of residual image.
The module has a p type, n type and i type semiconductor layers which form a pin junction on an electrically conductive substrate of multilayered tandem type solar cell.    A deposit formation of ip- type bypass diode with silicon type non-monocrystal semiconductor is done on a diode element (102) of ip- type on the electrically conductive substrate.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents short circuit generation by partial optical interruption due to high degree of humidity.
The module provides a conductive film (6) and a transparent film (5) on the back surface of a solar cell (4) placed between a transparent glass plate (2) and a non-flammable back material (3).    The circumference part of the transparent glass plate and the non-flammable back material are sealed to watertight by a sealant (9).    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents reduction in electricity generation efficiency by cooling electricity generating element from back side.
The apparatus has a cutting device (61) which includes a blade unit and a suction unit (62). Both units rotate along the substrate mounted with several thin film photoelectric transducers is pinched by the cutting device.    The blade cuts the transducers from the substrate. The loose elements are adsorbed by the suction unit by the suction holes and are sent to a suction chamber that is connected to a vacuum system.    ADVANTAGE -   Ensures accurate mounting on protection film surface by cancelling lenticulation of thin film photoelectric transducer surface by radii effect. Enables to perform lamination without forming wrinkles and air bubbles.
The battery includes an upper cell (1) made of Inx Ga1 -x P and a lower cell (2) made of GaAs between which, an In y Ga1-y P tunnel junction layer (33) is formed.     The structure of the tunnel junction layer is formed such that the lattice constant of the In yGa1 -y P layer is smaller than that of the In xGa1-x P layer of the upper cell.    ADVANTAGE -   Attains desired impurity profile at elevated temperature. Achieves satisfactory tunnel junction circuits. Raises electrical energy conversion efficiency.
With reduced association of the mechanism and economical/ecological operation of the mechanism, water turbines (2,7) with nozzles (7) instead of vanes are placed on floating bodies of different types (52,30) in water flow (12) and even in the sea, either intermittently or permanently, to obtain current. Anchoring the turbine in the water flow (12) causes adjustment of the hydraulic power mechanism (1,2,7).    The wave power (11) of the nozzle rotor (2,7) is emitted into the water flow and also to pressure tubes or hoses as a free turbine with the additional use of pontoons as other floating bodies or ships. In connection with a current inducing device the rotation of the turbine can be achieved near the surface of the water. Thus the electric generator is mounted on the turbine shaft (4) clear of the water. The water turbines (2,7) have a nozzle jet buffer device (21) to amplify the wave power. The buffer device (21) does not prevent rotation of the turbine and is fastened parallel to the shaft (4) outside the support (23).    The buffer device (21) parallel to the shaft (4) has comparatively wide gaps (21a) for energetically required waste water (40) from the water nozzle jets (7,7a).    ADVANTAGE -   Has improved ecological and economical properties and uses waste water to increase wave power.
The apparatus includes a heat exchanger (16) to transfer thermal collector (12) heat from one thermal carrier medium to the hot side of a Peltier element module (32), whose cold ride is coupled to a heat sink. Pref. the heat carrier medium circulates in a first heat carrier circuit (14).    Typically a second heat carrier circuit (24) focus the heat sink and is linked to a water heater (28, 30). Between the two heat carrier circuits may be located the heat exchanger, between whose heat exchanger pipes for the two thermal carrier media are incorporated Peltier elements, whose hot sides abut exchange pipes (18) for the first medium, while then cold sides abuts exchange pipes (20, 22) for the second medium.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For solar energy utilisation esp. in southern countries, with utilisation of large spectral range replacing photovoltaic generator.
A compressor (1 or 2) is started by closing electromagnetic valves (3,5,7,9) and by passage of working gaseous agent into a receiver (10) to a set pressure, when an electric contact manometer (11) opens an electromagnetic valve (14) to pass the gaseous agent through a distribution device (15) to a tank (20), causing rotation of a turbine (21). The gaseous agent in a liq. medium then passes through the apertures in tanks (20,31) and is collected in a cap-shaped collector (32), before passing along a pipe (34) to a tank-settler (33). Some of the working fluid is also passed to the tank-settler (33) by the gas and runs along a pipe (35) into tank (20), where it passes into a lower section with arc-shaped pipes (36).    At a sufficiently high rotation speed of the turbine, an automatic regulator connects an electric generator (26) and electrical energy is passed to a user through terminals (28). During forming of overpressure of the gaseous agent in the tank-settler, measured by a manometer (41), an automatic regulator opens electromagnetic valves (43,40) and connects a power unit (11). During a higher pressure in the receiver, an electromagnetic valve is opened and a suction valve (3) is closed, to control operation of a number of power units. Bearings (22) are lubricated from lubrication valves (48,49), while oil pressure in them is equalised by an automatic regulator in end covers (29,30) of the tank (20).    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Conversion of energy of flowing substance into mechanical and then electrical energy. Ecological operation of construction in automatic mode.
The machine has a connection rod which is connected to a float which floats on water surface, a generator is provided.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies configuration. Improves work efficiency using waves.
Electroconductive glass is made by: (i) forming a coating contg. Sn-oxide on the surface of a flat glass contg. a 1st alkali-metal producing a cpd. of the 1st alkali metal near the surface of the flat glass or in the coating; and (ii) diffusing a 2nd alkali-metal into the flat glass by exchanging the 1st and 2nd alkali-metals through the coating by contacting molten salt contg. the 2nd alkali-metal having a larger ion radius than that of the 1st alkali-metal. Surface compressive stress is produced on the flat glass surface with the presence of the 2nd alkali-metal.    USE -   Used for electrodes of displays and thin film solar cells, transparent touch sensors, transparent anti-static substance, and transparent electromagnetic shielding bodies.
target is made by hot isostatic pressing sintering ITO pre-sintered compact obtd. by pre-sintered mixed powder contg. In oxide powder and Sn oxide powder, having 5vol.% open pores, in an O2-contg. atmos.    USE -   Used for display device driving electrodes, transparent electrodes of solar cells, and heat shielding coatings on window glass.
The DC generation uses atmospheric electrical fields which exist in the troposphere, dependant upon weather conditions. They may be captured and stored by capacitors comprising a stack of plastic sheets with thin metallic coatings on each side.    Plastic sheets of 1 mm thickness, metallised with 1/1000 mm silver on one side and copper on the other side, are stacked to form a metre cube block. They can generate up to 185 kW per hour.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For generation of DC electricity from atmosphere. Environmentally advantageous.
The automatic sun-tracking device makes use of spring as energy storing and driving element, through transmission parts and speed change gears to realise automatic generalised hour angle tracking, if gear position of worm rod is adjusted every other day, generalised declination can also be tracked, it can be used in heat collection, solar generator, etc., and features low cost, small size, high tracking precision and large load capacity.
The multifunctional electric machine features that it has several bearings, two iron cores with windings and one rotor between the two iron cores. It can generate electricity at the same time when serving as a motor. Based on the principle of the present invention, various types of electric machines may be designed. The machine is especially suitable for generating electricity with wind and water energy.
Carrier (32), with solar cell array (36) on its front surface, includes electrically inert front and back surfaces bonded to a lattice structure (34) including lattice patterned face sheets (46, 48) on opposite sides of a lightweight lattice-patterned base (50). Face sheets have an elastic modulus sufficiently high and are spaced apart by a distance such that they provide substantially all the axial and bending stiffness of the solar panel. Pref. the carrier has electrically inert face sheets (38,40), made of Kevlar, bonded to a thermally conductive honeycomb core (42) of Al, the thickness of which would be insufficient to provide adequate bending stiffness in the absence of the lattice structure. Lattice pattern base is pref. of Al.    ADVANTAGE -   Splitting of panel into carrier and lattice components reduces wt. and increases power efficiency.
An encagement vessel contains water and a working gas capable of forming hydrate with the water. A heat exchange arrangement is associated with the encagement vessel for removing heat from the working gas and water in the encagement vessel to form gas hydrate at an initial temperature. A working gas supply continues to add working gas to the encagement vessel as heat is removed in order to maintain the equilibrium pressure of the gas hydrate at the equilibrium pressure associated with the initial temperature as the hydrate is formed.    An equilibrium pressure shifting arrangement increases the equilibrium pressure of the gas hydrate to an end pressure. A dissociating heat exchanger is included for adding heat to the hydrate at the end equilibrium pressure to dissociate the gas hydrate into water and working gas at the end pressure. A suitable gas valve is associated with the vessel in which dissociation is performed in order to remove gas hydrate at the end pressure and maintain the pressure in the vessel at the end pressure as the hydrate is dissociated. The working gas released at the high end pressure may be directed to a suitable gas turbine for driving the turbine to produce mechanical energy that can in turn be used to produce electricity through a suitable generator.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For driving electricity-producing power station turbine sets by means of a high pressure gas. Capable of performing near-isothermal compression to produce high pressure gas for driving the turbine, resulting in no waste of energy consumed in heating the gas during adiabatic compression.
The method involves comparing maximum power efficiency measured for first and the second time intervals (t-1,t), when output voltage of solar battery system is maintained uniformly.    The magnitude of maximum power efficiency measured at the second time interval is compared with that measured at the third time interval (t+1). The fluctuation of amount of sunlight is judged based on the comparison result.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves efficiency.
The configuration includes a midair structure (404) with a projection (405) which faces a solar battery module (406) which is guarded by an electrode ejection part.    The midair structure is attached by an adhesive.    ADVANTAGE -   Offers reliable solar battery module. Eases attachment.
The module includes a photovoltaic element (101) which is enclosed in a transparent load material (102). A transparent resin film (103) covers this material. A back side coating layer (104) and reinforcing materials are formed to the rear side of the photovoltaic element, sequentially.    The backside coating layer includes a hard film (106) sandwiched between a pair of organic macromolecular resin layers (105).    ADVANTAGE -   Improves attachment intensity of resin layer. Raises lifetime of module. Simplifies mfg process.
The configuration includes a p++Inxga1-xP layer (12) doped with high concentration p type impurity and n++InxGa1-xP layer (11) doped with high concentration n type impurity. These two layers constitute InGaP tunnel junction layer (31).    A p+AlInP layer (82) doped with Zn impurity is provided above the p++Inxga1-xP layer. An n+AlInP layer (81) doped with Si impurity is provided below n++InxGa1-xP layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Excels in transparency characteristics. Offers high output current. Has high solar light energy to electrical energy conversion efficiency.
The configuration includes a middle structure (404) which convex shape at its peripheral edge, facing the solar battery module.    The module structure is attached with the module, using an adhesive.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves attachment operativity and reliability. Offers good external appearance to solar battery module.
A photovoltaic devices mfd. by (a) depositing a reflecting layer (101) material onto a substrate (100) held at 200-500C.; (b) covering the substrate (100) to 100C. or below; (c) depositing a reflection enhancing layer (102) at a substrate temp. of 200-400C., and (d) forming a pin structure layer of n-type (103), i-type (104) and p-type (105) non-single crystal semiconductor layers contg. Si atoms.. The pin structure is repeated at least once.    ADVANTAGE -   Improved photoelectric conversion efficiency, high reliability films which do not peel off even at high temp. and/or high humidity. the film can be formed with high productivity with cracking at bending portions, low shunt resistance, and no cracking or peeling on cutting. Good interlayer adhesion.
The solar cell has a monocrystalline silicon substrate (1) with two opposite major surfaces (2,3). One surface (2) incorporates a number of diode elements connected in series, each diode having a p-doped zone (4'). A cooperating n-doped zone (5',6') is provided along the other major surface with which a pn-junction is formed.    The p-doped area of each diode extends along the top surface and extends in a partial region (40) from the upper major surface to the lower one. The n-doped zone (6') on the lower major surface is the more heavily doped and it contacts the p-doped via a contact (11).    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For providing high voltages and small currents. Recombination of charge carriers are minimised due to folded structure.
The system uses solar energy to carry out compression of the working agent of power plants (11,29) during heating by burning of the products of photosynthesis, while the biological products of the zone of a sea (5) are increased by creating artificial upswelling, by passage of oxygen enriched water to the bottom layer. Power is based on a large number of low energy plants and excess power is passed to an energy system, while loading is balanced by connection of coagulators at nighttime and a light unit during daytime.    Food producing units (2) are sited outside a town (1) and the products of photosynthesis are grown and collected in units (10,32,33), while the heat and wastes from incineration systems of the products are used in the producing units (2). Domestic and production units (6,8) for growing plants are equipped with artificial light sources and an electrolyser in the hot water systems is connected to two drinking water systems. The growing units (6,8) can be underground or in auxiliary buildings and the power generating system forms a difference of water levels and also provides hot water for the domestic and production buildings.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Energy supply to towns and settlements and life support in various areas of production and agriculture. Life support during complete absence of mineral and energy raw products and during contamination preventing food and feed use of plants.
The thermophotovoltaic emitter material operation involves applying broadband thermal or heat energy to the material, and producing one or more narrow intense emission bands (50). The broadband thermal energy is pref. a combustion flame, which may be produced by providing combustible and oxidising gases, either through the material with combustion at at least one surface of the material, or to the material exterior with combustion at one or more surfaces of the material. The applied heat energy may be concentrated sunlight applied to at least one surface of the material. The applied heat may be electromagnetic energy or may be applied by hot fluid.    The gas flame may be created by e.g. burning propane or natural gas in air. In operation, sunlight may be concentrated up to 2000 times the intensity of natural sunlight. The thermophotovoltaic material is pref. a reticulated ceramic oxide in the ytterbium-oxide-alumina system, with a narrow emission band about 1 micron.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   P[hotonic band gap emitter materials. Operation at 2000 deg. C. with different power sources; highly resistant to both thermal shock and mechanical stress; high emissivity.
The thermo-electric converter consists of a first electrode (2), which is mounted on one side of the surface of a semiconductor layer (3). Then the second electrode (4) is mounted on the other surface of the semiconductor layer and an independent module (M) is constituted. A number of such independent modules are used.    ADVANTAGE -   Increases productivity. Generates electricity by Seebeck effect.
The planar solar battery apparatus consists of a large number of solar battery cells arranged as a sheet at regular intervals. Then the flexible electric conduction part connects the electrodes of the solar battery cells electrically. Then the transparent film covering sheet covers the solar battery cells and the flexible electric conduction parts.    ADVANTAGE -   Increases flexibility. Maintains strength during repeated bending. Facilitates easy loading and storage.
The module includes a solar battery cell (3) sealed with a transparent plastic resin (4).    A filler (5) is added to the resin, whose coefficient of linear expansion is the middle value of that of the resin of solar battery cell.    ADVANTAGE -   Realizes light weight solar battery module. Avoids reduction in photoelectric conversion efficiency, thereby improves intensity. Simplifies formation using ten number of parts.
The heat emission prevention apparatus consists of a thermo-electric module (7), which has a p-type thermo-electric semiconductor (8) and a n-type thermo-electric semiconductor (9).    The top surface of the thermo-electric module is connected to the rear side of the solar battery cell (1) through an insulated layer (6). The power supply is connected to the bottom surface of the thermo-electric module. Then the solar battery cell is cooled.    ADVANTAGE -   Increases efficiency of electricity generation.
The vacuum laminate apparatus consists of an annular body (102), which has several de-blow holes (105) formed in the wall by the side of the internal circumference. Then the annular body is fixed on the board-shaped base material (101).    Then a spatial part is formed by laminate processing of the base material with the annular body. Then the covering part material (107) covers the spatial part and the vacuum length of the formed spatial part is carried out. Then the heat processing of the laminate processing space is performed by maintaining the vacuum length.    ADVANTAGE -   For use in manufacturing solar battery module. Simplifies configuration. Reduces processing time.
The solar battery consists of a solar module (1) with several solar cells (1a) connected in series/parallel mode within a portable frame work supported by a stand (2). A build-in output controller regulates an operating point of the battery module. A converter converts DC output of the solar battery to AC directly and an AC output terminal is provided for connecting to an AC load.    A storage battery is also provided and connected to a DC output terminal through a charging/discharging controller. A coupling terminal is provided for parallel connection of the solar battery with other similar solar batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides flexibility of operation. Provides charging facility with storage battery during non use. Provides AC output directory.
A solar cell module comprises number of solar cell units which are sealed separately with one another with a transparent resin and fixed on a substrate such that their light receiving faces are directed upwards. The cells are electrically connected to one another, and are covered with a transparent adhesive sheet which can be peeled off from each unit cell. A frame is mounted around the periphery of the substrate. The sheet consists of a number of transparent films which are laminated with transparent adhesive or transparent adhesive films. The sheet has an adhesive layer on its rear face.    The adhesion of the adhesive layer is 100-500 g/20 mm. The top layer of the sheet is treated and becomes hard. The sheet consists of UV-light absorbing films and damp-resisting films.    USE -   For generating electricity.    ADVANTAGE -   The sheet can be replaced in a simple manner. The solar cell modules provide stable performance over a long time.
The module has a pair of output terminals (3p) provided in a terminal box.    A diode is connected between the output terminals, during short circuit period. The polarity of the diode is reversed and the output is opened wide.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables easy identification of state of terminal box.
A translucent plate, solar battery elements and a reverse face material consisting of flexible film are attached, a bent material is contacted with surface edge portions of the plate and contacted joining portions are sealed with sealing materials.    ADVANTAGE -   The module can be obtained easily at a low cost without using expensive UV ray hardening-type adhesive agent.
The battery has multiple electric cells (2) by laser scribe part (1). The insulated paste containing insulated powder is dispersed in the binder is applied at the boundary of the adjacent electric cell.    The electrical resistance of the insulated paste is greater than or equal to Mohms, with small insulated particle size which has mean value about 1-5micrometer. The surface roughness is about 2-20micrometers due to particle size and that of insulated paste 1-15micrometers.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves electrical resistance of insulated paste, with reduced leakage current. Increases electricity generation output at low illuminating intensity.
The combustion system consists of a culture tank (1) exposed to sunlight. Culture medium with nutrient salts are provided in the tank. Minute algae is produced in the tank. The grown up algae is mixed with a slurry fuel and water. The mixture is burnt in a combustor (6) with oxygen.     The vapour generated is fed to a steam turbine generator (8) for electric power generation. A gas clean up appts. is provided which removes NOxand sulphur oxide, alkali and halogenated compounds from the combustion gas.    ADVANTAGE -   Converts solar energy into electrical energy effectively.
The coupling provides a common, standardised and extensible energy module as a low-cost energy converter, combining photo-voltaic technique with a solar radiation thermal effect.    The individual solar cells, or modules, are sandwiched between solar collectors in a common, evacuated housing, in which they are mechanically coupled. The module may be in the form of a plug connector and may be suitable for mass prodn.    ADVANTAGE -   Easy assembly, low-cost manufacture, and simple energy utilisation, eg. as roof tile.
The generator uses a heat pump which simultaneously utilises warm and cold water collected into a tank, to generate electricity. The warm and cold water is mixed with a low heat source e.g. atmospheric heat.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides compact, cost effective and environment friendly electrical power generator.
The plant comprises a water wheel (6) positioned between a water inlet opening part (12) of a hydraulic pressure pipe line (11) and an exhaust part (15).    The water wheel starts rotating by the water flow from the dam into the hydraulic pressure pipe line, which in turn rotates a generator (4) for power generation.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids public hazard generation. Generates high powered energy.
The generator uses a pump (1) which sucks and sends water into an impulse water turbine (5). Electricity is generated by the generator through the turning force of the turbine. The turbine has several vanes (5a) which extend in a direction orthogonal to a shaft (5c) and adjacent to the bottom of a water receiving tank (6) which is formed like a ditch.    The tank inclines to have a low rear side and a high front side which    is arranged forward of rotation direction of the turbine. The tank bottom (6a) which is formed like a slope, is provided at the lower side with an outlet (6b) which positions to the rear side of the turbine.    ADVANTAGE -   Effectively generates electricity without raising falling position of water since turning force of hydraulic turbine is increased by water flowing backward according to inclination of tank bottom. Achieves size redn. of electric power generation installation and facility. Improves electric power generation efficiency by forming opposing sidewalls of tank to incline towards inner direction.
The battery includes a silicon layer (1) arranged between a transparent electrode (2) and a rear electrode (3). An incident light is reflected by the rear electrode formed and attached on an insulated substrate (4) through a metal oxide film (6).    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents detachment of tooth back electrode on insulated substrate due to water penetration. Offers solar battery with long service life and provides superb electricity generation efficiency.
The battery includes a first electrode (1) and a second electrode (3) which are layered in both sides of a silicon layer (2). The second electrode is contacted and laminated in an insulated substrate (4). The insulation of the second electrode and an adjacent electricity prodn. cell (5) is formed in an insulated slot (8). The surface of the second electrode is contacted by an insulated layer (9) positioned at the boundary of the second electrode and silicon layer.    Each path of a laser connector (6) and laser cutter (7) are arranged in the insulated layer. Several adjacent electricity prodn. cells are connected in series by connecting the first electrode to the second electrode through penetration of the laser connector (6) to the silicon layer. The first electrode adjoined by the laser connector is disconnected from the second electrode through the laser cutter.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces electric power loss resulting from leakage current. Efficiently provides output even when light is weak. Prevents redn. of electrical resistance from migration of electrically conductive paste. Improves output of integrated solar battery.
The system has a combustor (2) where solid fuel (W) stocked in a fuel bunker (1) is supplied and burnt. The combustor has a middle section which forms a narrow path to eventually form an upper and lower combustor chamber.    A cyclonic (4) isolates the combustion gas which mixes with the non-flammable particles in the cyclic particles. The separated non-flammable particles are sent to a convection heat exchanger (9) through the chimney (7).    ADVANTAGE -   Possesses improved generating efficiency since city rubbish is reused, and increased combustor corrosion-resistance. Propels desalination acid reaction from calcium of hydrochloric acid generated from city rubbish. Propels mixture of cyclic particle and gas while restricting generation of nitrogen oxide.
A set of electric generation equipment using the tide energy and wave energy of sea water is composed of pipe end pipe network arranged in sea area, water tank and water-wheel type generator set in dam area, and pipe ends in dam area. Pipe end pipe network are arranged vertically under sea surface and their pipes are respectively connected to upper and lower water tanks. Sea water impacts water wheels to make generator set arranged opposite generate electricity. It can implement all-weather electric generation.
The appts. includes a prim. cooling water system (5) which makes a cooling water in a cooling water jacket (8) provided to an engine body (E), circulates in a close circuit. A sec. cooling water system (6), independent from the prim. cooling water system, makes a cooling water in a radiator (10) circulates.    A heat recovery unit (7) set between the prim. and sec. cooling water system collects energy using the circulating water temp. difference in both cooling water systems.    ADVANTAGE -   Stabilises energy collection regardless of operation state of engine. Improves heat transmission efficiency, also improving heat collection efficiency. Achieves size redn. of generator. Conserves electric energy from external power supply.
The system comprises a turbine (1) coupled with a generator (11). A turbine exist is connected to a condenser (4) from which an evaporator is connected through a pump (5). A sewage purification processing device (6) having an exhaust processing tower (60) is connected to the evaporator and condenser. The pump circulates the ammonia liquid from the condenser to the evaporator.    The liquid ammonia is heated and evaporated at the evaporator by the heat from the sewage purification processing device. The ammonia vapour is used to operate the turbine and the outlet ammonia vapour is condensed at the condenser. The cooling effect is carried out by a purification effluent (62) of low temperature from the processing device.    ADVANTAGE -   Uses thermal energy from effluent treatment unit, effectively. Offers safer power generation system. Possess extreme industrial value.
The joint includes an electrically-conductive net state material (11) integrated to a flexible film (10). The net state material is woven with carbon fibre (11a) and glass fibre (11b) which are joined through thermo-bonding.    Both ends of the joint is formed with a flange (10,11c) which connects to a duct (12).    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For absorbing thermal expansion and vibration of exhaust gas duct and air duct. Enables detecting deterioration of film by measuring electrical resistivity of fibres of net state material.
The method of producing a substrate involves positioning a mask over the substrate so as to define a deposition area. Dissimilar materials are deposited onto the area at the same time. One of the materials is selectively removed so as to provide a high surface area deposited substrate.    The depositing involves plasma spraying the materials onto the substrate. The materials are introduced into the plasma in powder form. A porosity of the surface of the deposited substrate depends upon a size of the powder particles. The materials may be nickel and aluminium.    USE -   For power generation.    ADVANTAGE -   Gives high surface area substrate.
The solar cell module includes a photovoltaic element (104) with a photoactive semiconductor layer as a photoelectric conversion member. The photovoltaic element is enclosed by a surface side covering material. The material covers a light receiving side face side of the element. A back part covers the rear face of the element.    The back covering material is a foamed material (102a). The material includes a member selected from a stacked body and a fibre, or a fibre in the foamed material. The fibre may be a woven or non-woven fabric. The back covering material has a smooth face.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduced size due to use of vacuum compression. Stable and safe to use in any environment. Flexible due to use of foamed material. Reliable. Good cushioning. Light.
The amorphous silicon solar cell element is formed on a flexible stainless substrate in a rectangular solar cell module and placed between a translucent resin film and a metal reinforcement plate. The element is sealed by a translucent resin.    A roller mould machine bends the two long sides of the rectangular cell using a pair of rotating roller. The sides are bent in a direction opposite to a light receiving surface. The other ends are bent towards the surface.    ADVANTAGE -   Easily fabricated, light weight, low price, excellent structure strength.
The power generating process utilises a wind force and/or an exhaust gas of a power plant and an impeller. The wind etc. is guided through a duct with numerous impellers in tandem.    Pref. the wind guiding duct is rotatable in the wind direction. It may have restriction for accelerating the wind or exhaust gas stream, followed by wider sections for expansion of the stream. The energy may be generated by a combination with a heating installation, including a heat exchanger, or with a solar cell system.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For ecologically friendly power generation, with utilisation of different sources even for small power requirements.
Atmospheric pressure intensity (1 kg/cm2) can lift water to higher level to make it have high-level potential energy, which is then converted into kinetic energy to drive hydro-generator to generate electricity. It features no consumption of class-one energy, no pollution, and low cost.
A wave-powered pumping appts. (I) is new. (I) pref. includes a pumping device and drive means comprising at least one float drivingly connected to the pumping device such that, in use, displacement of the float due to the action of waves on it results in operation of the pumping device. Also claimed are: a desalination installation comprising a desalination unit operating by reverse osmosis, and a wave-powered pumping appts.; and an electricity generating installation including wave-powered pumping appts., liq-driven electricity generating appts. and means to feed pumped liq. to the generator.    USE -   Used for electricity generation or for desalination of sea water.    (Reissue of the entry advised in week 9710 based on complete specification)
The method for reducing the power plant starting time by performing an adjustment of the temperature difference between the over-heater and the reheater, is carried out using an apparatus comprising a boiler (110), and a high pressure steam heater (130) transferring the high pressure steam from the boiler (110) to a turbine (120).    The apparatus also includes an auxiliary steam header (135), a connection pipe (10) formed between the high pressure header (130) and the auxiliary header (135), a manually operated valve (15) and a pressure control valve (20).
A sealing material film is provided between a cell for a solar battery and a transparent plate on between the cell and a back cover. The sealing material consists of a flame retarder-contg. ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer.    Also claimed is a solar battery module having the sealing material film between the cell and the transparent plate for covering the cell and/or the cell and the back cover.    USE -   The sealing material film is used for solar battery and solar battery module. The solar battery module is used for roofing.    ADVANTAGE -   Positive fire retardancy and non-combustibility ae provided to the solar battery module.
The structure has a vinyl sheet (1) set on level ground (20). Water (2) is enclosed in it to form the shape of a convex lens. A reflector (6) is spread over the position corresp. to the bottom of the vinyl sheet on the level ground, and reflects incidental sunlight to the vinyl sheet. The sunlight reflected by the reflector is collected again in an external focus position in the vinyl sheet. A sunlight collection tower (4) is installed on this focus position.    To correspond to the orbit of the sun, a wire (5) is attached on the outside of the vinyl sheet in a right-angled manner. It assumed the composition to adjust the length of the wire using several winches (3) installed on the surrounding ground. An adjustor ensures that the reflector is focused on the solar tower.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces cost in installation of appts., as energy collection portion of appts. can be directly installed on ground.
The system has a first feedwater heater (14) installed between a combustion chamber (11) and a steam generator (15). A second feedwater heater (15) is installed on the down-stream side of the steam generator.    Water from a condenser (22) passes into the first feedwater heater through a pump (23), then to the steam generator.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves power generating efficiency since amt. of generation vapour is increased even when heat exchanger tube surface temp. is limited. Cools rubbish incineration gas due to high temp. of exhaust gas. Decreases amt. of exhaust gas from rubbish incineration facilities due to small amt. of cooling air.
The steam generator (1) has an initial combustion chamber (24) to produce an operating medium (A) through the combustion of one fuel (K). It is followed by a second combustion chamber (26) using a second fuel (S). The first fuel (K) is pit coal for the first combustion chamber (24) and/or the fuel (S) for the second combustion chamber is a biomass, and especially straw. The operating medium (A) from the first combustion chamber (24) is used as combustion air for the second combustion chamber (26).    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Generator is for prodn. of steam for power system, such as turbine to generate electricity and like. System uses biomass fuel with high effectiveness, to reduce use of fossil fuels and cut hazardous exhaust emissions.
The energy generated by up-down movement of a float on the sea surface due to sea waves is transferred via a drive mechanism to an accelerator and an electric generator that is a numerically controlled rare-earth, full-speed synchronous electric machine. Along with a microcomputer controlled electronic voltage regulator, an inverter and an UPS, it forms an energy utilisation device to generate electricity.
A sea wave makes a floating body move up and down, which generates potential energy. By use of a sector gear, ratchet wheel and accelerating gearbox, the potential energy is transformed into electric energy by an electric generator. It features low cost and no pollution.
The converter converts thermal energy into electrical energy using at least a first p-type semiconductor and a second n-type semiconductor of wire or strip material. The conductors (2,3) are arranged in hot (5) and cold (6) regions separated by a thermally insulating layer (9) and are mutually electrically isolated.    The ends (4) of the conductors in the hot region are electrically short circuited and the electrical energy delivered at the ends of each conductor pair in the cold region is dependent on the thermoelectric material properties and the temp. difference of the lengths of the conductors in the hot and cold regions.    ADVANTAGE -   Electrical energy is generated using new technique.
The power plant has a wind-power or hydraulic turbine fitted on the shaft (1), connected to AC generator (3). The power plant is additionally provided with an electromagnetic brake (4) which has excitement winding (7) and is kinematically connected to power plant shaft (1), and frequency regulator (6) whose inlet is connected to the alternating current generator and its outlet is connected to the brake excitement winding.    The primary engine (2) rotates the generator (3) and the brake (4). The engine (2) torque is balanced by the generator sum of moments, determined by the consumer (5) useful load, and the brake braking moment.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   In wind- power generator plants. The operation is improved, costs are reduced and construction and operation are simplified. Bul.20/20.7.96
The device is constituted by a pair of thermoelectric elements (11,12) which are positioned parallel to each other. One end of both the elements are connected by an electrode (13) while separate electrodes are connected to each of the other ends.    The first element is made up of Bi-Te system, while the second element is made up of two portions (12a,12b). The first portion is of Bi-Te composition, while the lower portion is of Bi-Sb composition. Thus a p-n type arrangement is obtained.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves performance of device. Ensures large scale application.
The drive unit has a control circuit (CC) which provides the controlling mechanism of two motors (F1a, F1b) connected in parallel to a solar battery (P1). After a particular period of time, the power supply to the first motor is switched off by a switch (SW1a) under the control of the control circuit.    Switch (SW1b) closes to complete the circuit for second motor. During the switch OFF time, the first motor keeps rotating due to inertia force. Alternate stoppage and resumption of electric supply actuates all the motors, connected in parallel.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides efficient operation. Starts motors even when solar battery with low sunlight intensity or strength is used. Extends sunlight intensity area. Reduces risk of excessive motor currents.
The actuation unit has a set of elements which carries out electricity generation by converting emission energies like light and heat. The elements forms magnetic poles which are moved by effect of magnetic field produced by flow of current.    The elements arranged on opposite sides are made to irradiate emission energy alternately which changes the magnetism of the magnetic pole. When emission energy is not irradiated it, is provided to a cell.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides driving force with high efficiency. Produces cheap and small sized appts.
The module has several solar battery cells (1) formed on the surface of a flexible insulated substrate (3), and connected through a wiring. A weather-resistant adhesive agent (4) seals the exposed portion on the external surface of the module.    Two sheets of conductor tapes (51,52) are provided for the wiring. An insertion hole common to both conductor tape ends, is provided filled with adhesive agent.    ADVANTAGE -   Fixes solar battery cells without floating conductor tapes since insertion hole is filled with adhesive agent. Prevents wiring disconnection since attached wiring terminal can be twisted and joined and clearance can be simply formed. Reliably and simply performs connection if solar battery module is disconnected from substrate.
The cell (20) consists of a P-type substrate with a first principal plane and a second principal plane. A N-type impurity diffusion layer is formed in the first principal plane and a P- type impurity diffusion layer is formed in the second principal plane of substrate.    A P-type impurity diffusion part which is electrically connected to P-type impurity diffusion layer, is formed in the first principal plane. An N-type electrode is formed in the N-type impurity diffusion layer. A P-type electrode is formed in the P- type impurity diffusion layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Ensure series connection of cells easily. Prevents causing damage to solar battery cell. Prevents short circuits in solar battery cell, when number of cells are connected. Increases photoelectric current. Facilitates easy mfg process thereby reducing mfg cost. Reduces stress application on cell.
A new collector electrode (100) consists of a metal wire (101) and a conductive adhesive coating (102). The conductive adhesive coating contains a triazine cpd. A new photovoltaic device is also claimed comprising a semiconductor layer having at least one pn or pin junction and a transparent electrode formed on the light entering side of the semiconductor layer. The new collector electrode is formed on the transparent electrode.    USE -   For solar cells.    ADVANTAGE -   Metal ion migration from the metal wire can be effectively prevented. The photovoltaic device with the new collector electrode has higher reliability.
The battery has an electricity-generating component (1) whose rear portion is provided with a rear coating layer (2). The front face of the electricity-generating component is coated with a front coating layer (3) made of permeable plastics.    A sealing slot (4) is provided along the circumference of the battery for the penetration of the electricity-generating component. The plastics of the front coating layer fill the sealing slot, and are attached to the rear coating layer sealing the circumference of the battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Effectively prevents peeling of electricity-generating component and rear coating layer since front and rear coating layers are reliably coupled by plastics. Increases effective heat emission area due to narrowed sealing face width. Effectively prevents penetration of water from periphery of solar battery since reliably coated front and rear coating layers. Ensures simple and reliable mass prodn. Provides sealing slot with ideal structure which penetrates electricity-generating component only.
The method involves connecting two different metal conductors, semiconductors or electrochemically different phases (1,2). The joining surface (3) is subjected to a heat source (6) and an electrical current is tapped from between the conductors, semiconductors or electrochemically different phases.    The source of heat can be a human body or animal's body. The two different metal conductors can be zinc and copper. A zinc part and a copper part with current tapping devices (4,5) can be connected together by welding or soldering.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Powering pacemakers etc. Small currents are generated using a new technique involving the Seebeck effect.
The multifunction solar energy device includes a principal reflector, feed source, and a light source and its rotational device. The device also includes an auxiliary mirror and its rotational device, a universal rotational device, a plane mirror or curved mirror and its half-angle rotational support, a sun direction detector, control driving circuit and a protective cover.
The process involves utilising the spherical concentrator which comprises a spherical envelope (1) situated in a bed or basin (24) which is filled with fluid in order to allow easy movement of the sphere for adjustment of the concentrator both in the east-west direction and in horizon-zenith direction. The sphere is provided with rotation shafts at the bottom (9) and top (10) with a support frame (4,8) for each.    Control of the concentrator is provided by means of a collimator (25) mounted within the enclosure, providing signals to control servomotors to adjust its position. Flat or curved mirrors (14) are located inside the sphere in order to focus the sun's rays on to a receiver and heat exchanger (11). This then cooperates with a series of photoelectric cells and a cooling system to provide an electrical output.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Combined unit for collecting thermal and electrical energy from solar radiation with optimum efficiency.
At least part of an electrode is formed of a semiconductor diamond film. Chemical modification is applied to the surface of the semiconductor diamond film.    USE -   The diamond electrode is used for chemical industrial processes, electrolysis, batteries, solar thermal electrode conversion, or chemical sensors.    ADVANTAGE -   The diamond electrode has low overvoltage, long life, electrode reactivation, temp measurement for the electrode portion. The base material of the electrode allows the use of carbon. The result allows the use of inexpensive diamond particles to reduce raw material costs.
The facsimile (1) has a main power supply (16) which supplies power to each part of a main body. A control unit (15) controls the main power supply, which charges a secondary battery, when it is in ON state. During standby state, the control unit switches OFF the main power supply, in response to the command from a CPU (2) to which power is boosted from the main power supply.    During standby state, power is supplied to the control unit from the secondary battery and a solar battery supplies power to each part of the main body and charges the secondary battery. The control unit switches ON the main power supply, based on the initialization signal output from the CPU.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces power consumption and frequency of switching on main power supply. Enables to maintain standby state for long time period. Prevents runaway of appts, thereby improving safety. Enables user to operate, easily.
The facsimile (1) has a main power supply (16) which supplies power to each part of the main body. A control part (15) with a secondary battery (19) and a solar battery (23) controls the switching of the main power supply. The secondary battery is charged with the main power supply, while the main power supply is in ON state.    During standby state, the control part switches off the main power supply according to the command from a CPU (2). During reception state the CPU outputs a time information signal, based on which the control part outputs a seizure signal for switching on the main power supply. During standby state of the charge of the secondary battery reduces, if is charged by a solar battery (23) that feeds power to each part of the main body.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces frequency of switching on main power supply and power consumption. Prevents runaway of appts, thereby improving safety.
The method involves measuring water level of boiler drum (21) by a level meter (24), amount of generated vapours by a vapour flowmeter (25) and outlet temperature of furnace by a thermometry unit (30). The signals representing the measured values are supplied to a control mechanism calculator (40). The signal of amount of water supply calculated by the control mechanism calculator (40) is sent to a water supply flowing quantity adjustment meter (26).    If the outlet temperature of the furnace is within a predetermined range, the amount of vapour generation and flowing quantity control is carried out on the basis of the measured value of the water level in the boiler drum. If the outlet temperature of the furnace becomes outside the predetermined range, the flowing quantity control is carried out on the basis of the outlet temperature of the furnace.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces variation of vapour generation amount at time of combustion amount fluctuations, thus, improving vapour generation amount quality.
The electrical power generation system has the incident wave front directed onto an impact surface with a given width and a height corresp. to the max. wave amplitude, which rotates about a horizontal axis adjacent its top edge, the rotation being used to drive an electrical generator.    Pref. the impact surface is supported to slide under its own weight, so that it lies in an extended position in the lowermost position and is retracted in its uppermost position, for reducing the adverse effect of the wind on the energy generation system.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces power losses caused by wind.
The wiring arrangement for a crystalline solar cell has a number of electrical conductors (1) for connection to the transverse conductor path pattern provided on the front side of the solar cell (33), provided by inserting the conductors in a reception device, prior to bending into the required shape and cutting to the required length.    The ends of the conductors projecting beyond the side edge of the solar cell are bent into a required shape, before applying the conductors to the conductor path pattern and connecting them to the latter via access openings provided by the handling system.    ADVANTAGE -   Accurate shaping positioning and connection of large number of small dia. conductors.
It is constructed mainly by a supporting rod which is installed on anchorage of seabed or on a stabilizing pan under sea water and is sleeved on a floating pan over the sea. When floating pan floats up and down with sea wave and makes a reciprocating motion with supporting rod, this reciprocating motion is transformed into anti- and cis- rotation motion through drive device, and then it is transformed into unidirectional rotation motion and brings the generator on floating pan to generate electricity.
The system consists of a compressed air storage tank (3) set for the ballast tank through the strut in the ship's bottom lower part as a part of the combined cycle power generation equipment. A motor (1) and a compressor (2) which are linked directly are driven with the excessive electric power generated from the wind and water energies when the actual load in the ship is below the rated load.    The compressed air is stored in the storage tank and utilized to run an air motor (4) and a generator (5) which are linked directly to generate additional electricity when the actual load exceed the rated load or when the ship is not sailing.    ADVANTAGE -   Compensates for fluctuations in load for natural energy. Controls throwing away of power generated from natural energy through wind mills and water wheels. Assures stable power supply.
The turbine comprises a rotor including one or more inclined slender aerodynamic blades (3), a hub (6), and two or more arms (7,9), each supporting a balance weight (4,5).    Provision may be made to allow the rotor to teeter in a see-saw action about a teeter axis, and the centre of gravity of the rotor may be located at the hub. The rotor may be neutrally stable when stationary, and positively stable when rotating.    USE -   Turbine for extracting energy from winds, air streams, rivers, ocean currents or tidal flows.
The energy conversion apparatus includes a thermal radiation source for emitting a photon flux, a diffuse reflective surface, and an energy collector. Also provided with the thermal radiation source is an angle selector e.g. of ceramic and/or metal material, for emitting a photon flux at a selected angle relative to the surface of the radiation source and at a selected wavelength.    The reflective surface is optically coupled to the radiation source and it reflects the photon flux such that the reflected photon flux is isotropically reflected, independent of the radiation source. The energy collector receives and converts the isotropically reflected photon flux to electrical energy. The thermal radiation source may include a radiation source coupled to e.g. a combustion, a nuclear, a chemical, or a solar thermal source and which then emits radiation in response to heat from the thermal source.    ADVANTAGE -   Increases efficiency of energy conversion processes photon flux emitted by thermal radiation source is isotropically reflected by reflective surface. Any waste heat produced from system can be recycled in either cogeneration application or refrigerator to increase overall system efficiency.
The cell fabrication includes spreading a junction solar cell with a polycrystalline silicon wafer, by texturing both sides of a wafer with KOH, forming a phosphorus (P) implantation in the front side of a solid phosphorus source, forming a back surface field with Al paste, forming front and back electrodes with Ag paste and forming a refraction passivation layer by spray process.
The fabrication of a solar battery with a multi-crystal silicon wafer comprises the steps of:    (a) dry oxidn.;    (b) P-implantation and again dry oxidn.;    (c) forming a P+ BSF layer;    (d) forming a front and back electrodes;    (e) forming a refraction passivation layer; and    (f) removing a side junction.
The fabrication comprises the steps of texturisation etching p-type silicon wafer (1) with KOH solution, forming an n+-type diffusion layer (2) in the front side of the p-type silicon wafer and a p+-type BSF(3) in the back side; forming a front electrode (4) and a back electrode (5) in the n+-type diffusion layer (2) and the p+-type BSF(3), respectively, and forming a double refraction passivation layer(ARC) on the surface of the n+-type diffusion layer (2) and the front electrode (4).
A solar battery is mfd. by forming an opto-electric conversion layer, 1st electrode layer, 2nd transparent electrode layer on one side surface of the flexible substrate and 3rd electrode layer on the other side surface of the substrate, and they are connected by the step coverage technique in the through holes while arranging the back plate of a heater or a ground electrode with the gap of less than 11 mm.    ADVANTAGE -   Resistance in the connecting holes of flexible printed circuit board formed by sputtering or plasma CVD process is decreased.
Prodn. of a -Al2 O3sintering member comprises preparing a water-soluble slurry contg. alumina or aluminium cpd. powder which becomes alumina by heat treatment, sodium cpd. powder and lithium aluminate cpd. powder as stabiliser.    USE -    Used in a Na-S battery, Na-fused-salt battery, AMTEC (Alkali Metal Thermo-Elastic Converter), SOxsensor, etc.    ADVANTAGE -   Good electrical and mechanical characteristics, with high density and strength are obtd..
A thin film made of Cu, In, S and Se is produced by adding thiourea to a soln. contg. copper sulphate, indium sulphate and selenium dioxide which is acidified with sulphuric acid. Any resulting precipitant material is removed before the soln. is used in an electrolytic process to coat an electrically conductive substrate.    USE -   In the productivity of thin film solar cells.    ADVANTAGE -   Replaces the vacuum film producing method which involved low prodn. yield and high costs.
The energy generation device has a switched motor/generator (3) electrically coupled to an electric battery (1) and mechanically coupled to a rotational frame (5) with at least one mass (10) which slides radially relative to the rotation axis (4). Each mass is initially held in a central rest position and released to slide into a peripheral end position upon switching the motor/generator from the motor mode to the generator mode.    ADVANTAGE -   Low cost, environmentally friendly energy generation device.
The holder (1), in the form of a frame, holds at least one solar cell. The cell is held in a position inclined to the horizontal and vertical. The device has a dc motor (7) to rotate the cell. Control solar cells (10,11) are arranged next to the cell, at opposite edges. The control generators are connected to each other with opposite polarity and are electrically connected to the motor such that automatic feedback results according to the sun condition.    The control cells are preferably arranged on both sides of the frame. The control cells thus have their free ends bent backwards facing in the main beam direction. The control generators are preferably at an angle of between 10 and 30 deg. to the horizontal axis of the cell.    ADVANTAGE -   Allows solar cell to be optimally positioned according to position and condition of sun to maximise effectiveness and efficiency.
The sun-tracking machine can be used in all medium and small sized energy collectors whatever the center of gravity and shape may be and whether the light spot moves or not, it is used for heat collection, water pumping, hydrogen making, refrigeration and solar motor and generator, it can do work for energy collector and track in several ways, it has advantages of low cost, no need of electricity, small size and light weight, high accuracy of tracking, large load capacity, quick start and it is suitable for use all over the world. It uses a spring as energy-storing and motive force element, the automatic tracking for generalized hour angle is implemented by connecting the speed change driving pair and filter to the controlling components and the tracking for generalized declination is implemented by adjusting the worm screw engagement position every other day or every several days according to the requirement of accuracy and proportion.
The gravitational energy source includes the platform (2) with paired sphere-inductors (3) which is given constant rotary movement on a frame (1) by an electromagnetic control and supply system of high pressure liquid/gas into sections of a spherical high pressure cell (6), moved in the horizontal plane on a roller platform (12) by means of a hydraulic system (7), operating from an external energy source (8). During movement in the vertical plane by a hydraulic system (5) operating from the source, the platform (2) is given rotary movement about its axis of rotation (10). Sphere-eccentrics are moved upwards relative to the axis of rotation and act through sphere-impellers under the action of centrifugal forces on the outer surfaces of a sphere-eccentric and radial blades moving them upwards.    Spring-resistors on the upper sections of the blades are compressed and wheel-actuators act on ring-debalancers, moving them upwards during a reducing force, while electro-conductive liquid runs through sphere-eccentrics and then through the channels of a magneto-hydrodynamic generator into the outer working space of the inductors (3), where it moves the wheel-debalancers downwards relative to the axis of rotation. A weight-debalancing moment turns the inductors while the liquid from the upper half of the first inductor runs into the working cavity and electromagnets induce alternating voltage on electrodes, transmitted through a rectifier to a consumer. Connection of each inductor to the axis of rotation also induces voltage.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Generation of energy in aviation construction, transport and ship building. Construction of paired energy sources operating in relative counter-phase.
A metal-coated multilayer mirror comprises: (A) a multilayered polymer film in which the layers have an average thickness of not more than 0.5 micron; and (B) a metal layer comprising a reflective metal.    Also claimed is such a mirror in which (A) comprises (1) layers of a birefringent polymer having an average thickness of not more than 0.5 micron, and (2) layers of a selected second polymer having an average thickness of not more than 0.5 micron, wherein (A) has opt. been stretched in one direction(s) to at least twice that direction's unstretched dimension.    USE -   For solar reflectors, light pipes, fluorescent light reflectors, reflectors for back light in LCD's, back lights for computer displays, sign back lighting and retroreflective sheeting.    ADVANTAGE -   The mirror provides broad bandwidth reflection, high specularity, low mfg. costs, high reflectivity and high colour uniformity.
The turbine for the hydroelectric power plant for use in a body of water, has a number of blades extending in a radial direction. An outer rim (6) and an inner rim (4) encircle the blades. Rubber tyres (12) support the turbine in a vertical orientation during rotation of the turbine, and in a horizontal orientation during non-rotation of the turbine. An electric generator, which is rotationally connected to at least one of the tyres, is enclosed in a generator enclosure. A flow of water produces a rotation of the turbine, the rotation of the turbine produces a rotation of the tyres, and the rotation of at least one of the tyres produces a rotation of the generator which produces an electric power.    The turbine has no central shaft and transfers rotational energy    from the outer rim to the synthetic rubber tyres. An open area extends through its centre larger than the area occupied by    the blades. There are no bearings, bushings or friction load    handling devices but it depends on a floatation chamber (7) to    hold it in position.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Produces electricity to be routed to shore through buried conductor cables to land based switching station. Open areas allow unrestricted water flow through them thereby reducing down current turbulence on blades.
The module comprises a thermoelectric element pair (2) which includes linear arrangement of a P type electrothermal ingredient (2p) and a N type electrothermal ingredient (2n). Each thermoelectric element pair is arranged such that the arrangement position of the N type and P type electrothermal ingredient in the mutually adjoining thermoelectric elements are set alternately. An electrode (3) carries out serial connection of each adjoining thermoelectric element pair electrically.    An elevated temperature heat source contacts the boundary part of the N type electrothermal ingredient and the P type electrothermal ingredient in each thermoelectric element pair. A low temperature part (2L) is formed at either side boundary part of each thermoelectric element pair. An insulator (5) is provided between the elevated temperature heat source and the low temperature part.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   In electronic refrigeration. Restrains thermal stress due to thermal expansion. Aims at size reduction of module. Prevents destruction of element and peeling of substrate at elevated temperature. Avoids generation of leakage current.
The floor material is made by adjoining multiple structural members (11) in order. Each structural member has an upper flange (1) and a lower flange (7) connected through web material (3). The lower flange is made with U shaped cross section. A lower groove part (8) is provided in the upward protruding portion of the lower flange. A horizontal middle flange (4) is provided at the back side of web material.    A middle groove part (5) is provided to the middle part which protrudes downwards. This groove part forms the drainage arrangement. Middle flange of one structural member engages between lower and upper flanges of next structural member during sequential arrangement.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves reliability of connection. Facilitates air passage. Restricts water invasion and prevents water leak to down floor.
The module has a condenser lens (L) and a solar battery cell (5) which are combined with each other. The condenser lens has first and second permission incidence angle to the parallel ray.    The condenser lens has two surface whose cross section project along horizontal and vertical direction.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves condensing multiplying factor of solar battery. Raises power conversion efficiency.
The method involves forming a photovoltaic element layer constituted by N type single crystal silicon layer (2) over a P type single crystal silicon layer (1). Then, this formed photovoltaic element layer is separated into several photovoltaic elements in with a laser material processing.    An ion is made to impregnate into the area, where the laser material processing is carried out. As a result, high resistant layer (5) is formed in the impregnated area and a partition slot (6) is formed. Then, separated photovoltaic elements are connected mutually through the wiring (8).    ADVANTAGE -   Inhibits generation of leak current. Enables to examine energy supply to micro machine.
The roof has solar collectors (1) mounted on the inside of the elements (10) forming the roof skin. These elements are in the form of tiles with mounting devices for the solar collectors on their inner sides. The tiles carrying the solar collectors are made of transparent material.    The tiles have an at least partial coating of radiation absorbent material, e.g. a black nickel coating. Alternatively, a radiation absorbing additive can be added to the material of the roof tiles. The collectors have open housings contg. meander-shaped pipes enclosed by convector sheets.    ADVANTAGE -   Solar collectors are housed in generally warmer roof interior, thus reducing heat loss.
The solar cell has a flat semiconductor body (1) incorporating a diode structure, having current conducting contacts (2) on the rear side and an anti-reflection coating (3) on the front side. The anti-reflection coating is fully or partially removed in selected areas (6,7)to provide a required visual pattern.    Pref. the pattern is formed by removing the anti-reflection coating to different depths, via an etching process, to provide optically readable, 2-dimensionable, alphanumeric characters.    ADVANTAGE -   Allows solar cell to be provided with required decorative appearance, e.g. for matching adjacent fascia or roof panels without impaired function.
The device consists of a static base (1) and a centrally pivotable rotary portion (10) supported by arms (18) and a flange joint (15) under the centre of a frame (21) equal in size to the collector (S).    The rotation is effected by a motor and gearing with a steel cable (11). Up to eight such mounts with their collectors can be oriented jointly in the direction of the Sun, and reset at the end of each day to the correct position for the next day's sunrise.    USE -   At e.g. seawater desalination plants, or water treatment and mineral enrichment stations, collectors with areas of up to 6 m2 can be accommodated and used for up to 85% of daylight hours.
A control system (6) comprises a detector (7) moved from the target plane (P) in the direction of propagation of radiation (R') directed by heliostat mirrors (2) towards the target plane. The detector has a surface (8) facing radiation.    Concentrated solar radiation delivered to the selected zone from the controlled area of the heliostat field, is projected onto the detector surface. This produces an image of the controlled area. The light intensity of portions of the image is measured and each heliostat mirror adjusted accordingly.    ADVANTAGE -   Maximises amount of light received, improved efficiency, increased speed of response.
A hydraulic circuit (H) comprises inlet and drain piping, a rotary hydraulic engine (3), electric generator (4) and pressureless fluid tank (29). The circuit is attached to the room(5) of fluid charge of at least one generator (2) of pneumatic and hydraulic pressure.    The space of the generator gaseous pressure charge is, via a pneumatic circuit, connected to at least one source of gaseous pressure and leads into an outlet. The outlet is also an inlet into a distribution network of gaseous pressure medium. The pneumatic circuit includes a control system with pressure sensors, sensors detecting fluid levels and adjustment valves.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   E.g pressure-gas power plant, solar-pressure power plant, thermohydraulic pressure-gas power plant, thermohydraulic steam power plant, storage pressure-gas power plant, multi-purpose reversing engine for dual chamber reversing compressor. Energy efficient, economic.
The equipment has a blower (2) which is connected to an incinerator (1). An electric motor (3) drives the blower which in turn supplies air to the incinerator. An exhaust gas of high temperature thus generated from the incinerator is led to a boiler (4). A vapour which is generated in this boiler is supplied to a steam turbine (8) which thereby rotates.    This steam turbine is directly connected to the blower through the electric motor. The blower is driven by the electric motor in the first stage only, and in the succeeding stages the blower is directly driven by the steam turbine.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids need for power generating installation. Enables effective usage of thermal energy from exhaust gas. Reduces power consumption. Collects thermal energy of exhaust gas effectively.
The wind power device comprises a wind mill (1) which rotates a rotor. The rotor is connected to a main generator (3) in which power generation is possible only above a predetermined first rotor speed and an assistance generator (4) in which power generation is possible only below the predetermined speed. A switch (5) enables to connect and disconnect the main generator from an electric power system (K). A converter (81) converts AC power output of the assistance generator to DC power and then the DC power is converted back to AC power of a predetermined frequency by an inverter (83).    The output of the inverter is then supplied to the electric power system. A rotation number detector (10) detects rotation speed of rotor of the assistance generator and carries out fixed operation of the converter below the predetermined first rotor speed. An operation control unit (82) which carries out fixed output operation of the converter has a closing motion control unit (823) which closes the switch to connect the main generator to the electric power system when the rotor speed exceeds the predetermined first rotor speed.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves efficiency even at low wind speeds. Realizes uninterrupted power generation. Reduces damage caused to main generator.
The method involves using a free flowing heat transporting medium. This heat transporting medium also acts as a heat absorbing medium.    The heat absorbing and transporting medium is conducted over present roof surfaces as well as over clear or reflective surfaces. The medium may also be conducted over absorbtion or photovoltaic surfaces.    ADVANTAGE -   Solar radiation is used with higher efficiency. Use of roof, or surface of building, and control of solar collector is cheaper and made easier. Greater surface area for extraction of heat from solar light can be used. No heat in system is lost as control of arrangement is easier and threat of overheating is switched off.
The mfg. system, used to provide a solar cell without a front contact, employs a crystalline silicon substrate with a p-type conductivity. It is structured at the front surface and provided with an oxidation layer at the rear surface. Finger-shaped thick-film contacts (6) are applied to the rear surface using a metal paste containing Ag.    Further finger-shaped metallic thin-film contacts are formed in openings in the oxidation layer, so that the fingers of the different contacts are interleaved. A highly doped p-type zone lies beneath the thick-film contacts. A highly doped n-type zone lies beneath the thin-film contacts, without any overlap between the doped zones.    ADVANTAGE -   Rapid easy mfr. without requiring front metallisation, providing high efficiency solar cell.
The apparatus includes a thermopile (21), e.g. of bismuthide telluride, between a gas flame (24) and a boiler unit (11) of an absorption refrigerator. Part of the heat flux generated by the temperature gradient between the flame and the boiler is used to generate thermoelectric power in the thermopile.    A second thermopile (28) has the high temperature side exposed to an air current (19) that has been positioned to draw heat from an absorber (36) and condenser (31). The low temperature side is cooled by positioning it close to an evaporator (27). A boiler from one system is arranged to absorb heat discharged from the absorber of another.    ADVANTAGE -   Ganged together stages improve energy efficiency by reducing wasted heat as heat escaping from one stage is used to produce thermoelectricity in following stage.
Incident solar radiation is reflected from the optical surfaces (5) of aluminium elements, preliminarily adjusted using adjusting devices and the radiation is directed to a convergence point (8) of the solar beams, where the solar energy is concentrated.    The aluminium elements are placed on the upper surfaces of hollow right 6-sided truncated pyramids (2) and making of the optical surfaces (5) with a curved form ensures a higher concn. of the solar energy at the focal point.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Construction of solar radiation concentrators.    Better mfg, technology and regulation of form.    Bul. 14/20.5.96
The method involves amplifying the electron laser beam, by the D, E layers of the ionosphere which function as a 3D conducting object. The laser beam is obtained by arc discharge (15). Then, a current receiving conductor (18) is located at an appropriate location on the ground and a dense beam is received from the ionosphere to the ground as an electric discharge through dielectric circuit formed between ground and ionosphere layer.    The current received through the conductor is led to a positive current reception tank (19). The heater generates steam which energizes a set of electric power generators.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces maintenance and installation cost. Solves energy requirements.
The generator consist of a tubular body (12) which is anchored to a stand up vertically near the sea surface so that the water level inside the tube goes up and down by the wave action of the sea. A magnetic field generation device (21) is built into the tube, to produce a magnetic flux in a predetermined direction.    A change in flux linkage caused by the water level change generates electricity in an electricity generation part (20,22) provided in the tube.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves electricity generation efficiency. Performs electricity generation all over sea. Achieves conversion of wave energy directly into electrical energy.
The module includes an insulated container (10) which has a permeable light receiving surface. Multiple solar batteries (11) which are connected electrically with each other are arranged inside the container.    A transparent insulating liquid (16) is enclosed inside the container.    ADVANTAGE -   Facilitates easy repairing and switching of solar battery. Improves life time of module, sharply. Provides good light resistant nature.
The device consists of a cover member (3) that is wound around a long shaft (10). The long shaft is fixed to a pair of supporting parts (12) provided on a main body base. A pair of weights (14) are attached to either ends of the cover member, that are made to descend along a pair of long slots (11) of delivery unit (4).    The delivery unit is provided at either sides of a solar battery unit (1). A pair of projections (11a) are provided at one termination of the slots, that prevents descent of weights. When vibration generates due to earthquake the weights overcome the projections and covers the solar battery unit using cover member.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents operation of solar battery at during earthquake. Enables solar battery to operate with high electricity generation efficiency.
During patterning, flying substances (7) of a part to be divided of a semiconductor film formed on the main surface of a substrate (1) are adhered to an adhering recovering device (11) positioned on the optical axis of laser beams (LB) below a light transmissive substrate (1).    ADVANTAGE -   Re-adhesion of flying substances on the film surface of a semiconductor device does not occur.
The arrangement has one inverter, known as the min inverter (14), which operates in the low power region with low solar radiation and another inverter, known as the max inverter (15), which operates in the normal to maximum power region.    The min-max operation is automated using a fuzzy controller (11). The arrangement achieves a reduction in power losses from the usual 10 to 20 per cent to approximately 5 per cent.    ADVANTAGE -   The efficiency of solar power generation is increased and the system is automated.
The process imposes kinetic energy selected from the group comprising static electricity, high voltage electricity and electromagnetic radiation upon selected matter to convert the electrons from such matter into an exciting or ionizing state. The heat energy released when the excited or ionised electrons from the matter, go back to a lower energy state, is collected without combustion.    The heat energy is converted using 4.5 ev to 14 ev kinetic energy of static electricity to directly set free the molecular bond heat energy from the gaseous matter.    ADVANTAGE -   The heat energy produced does not go through combustion, therefore no pollution is created.
The garbage incineration plant supplies steam from first and second boilers (1,1') of multiple stands to a steam turbine (13), through a vapour receiver (11) and a turbine entrance main pipe (12). The combustion gas from refuse incinerators (2,2') provide the thermal energy for steam generation in the boilers respectively. The superheat of the steam in exit main pipes (6,6') of the boilers, is controlled by a first and second superheat temperature reduction devices (4,4'). The second boiler is started when it is required to increase the load while power is generated.    The temperature of steam from the first boiler which is already in operation is continuously maintained. The temperature of superheat in the steam from the first boiler is reduced from a predetermined value by operating the first superheat temperature reduction device. The turbine is operated continuously till the temperature is reduced from a predetermined value within a range of 2 to 3% in terms of the wetness fraction in the exit steam of the turbine. The supply of vapour from the second boiler to the vapour receiver is started when the temperature of the exit steam from the second boiler reaches that from the first boiler.    ADVANTAGE -   Decreases thermal energy being thrown away uselessly as atmospheric discharge due to vapour generation of new start boiler. Decreases white smoke discharge time. Reduces environmental load.
The buoy comprises a pump storage part (1) installed under water surface. The storage part is connected to a floating buoy part (14). The vertical movement of the floating buoy is effected through pumping operation. The storage part is equipped with a piston (12) which divides a cylinder (11) into upper and lower chambers. Water intake pipes (16,18) enables inflow of water when negative pressure is maintained in the storage part. A pair of drain pipes (17,19) drains the water when the piston is moved downwards.    An air chamber (34) is formed for transferring lift of the floating buoy upwards. A cylindrical member (32) in the lower section is opened to aid water inflow. A piston rod (13) transmits the vertical movement of this cylindrical member to the piston directly. An air discharge opening is formed at upper section of the sea water inflow part.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables continuous pumping. Obtains stable power. Performs pumping operation reliably.
The surface protecting layer has surface protecting layer of laminated films of UV ray shielding film and amorphous cyclic shaped olefin copolymer.    ADVANTAGE -   The surface protecting layer has low moisture permeation rate at not only ambient temp. but around 80C and has good heat resistance and transparency by module forming condition.
A solar cell module consists of a laminated structure consisting of a surface protective layer, an adhesive resin layer, if necessary, a solar cell element, an adhesive resin layer, and a back protective layer. The back protective layer consists of a layer prod. consisting of: (a) a film consisting of a fluororesin, or polymethyl methacrylate; and (b) a film laminated on the inner surface of the (a) film, and consisting of an amorphous cyclic olefin copolymer having a glass transition temp. of at least 80 C.    USE -   The back protective layer is used for the solar cell module.    ADVANTAGE -   Film consisting of the amorphous cyclic olefin copolymer having a Tg of at least 80 C has low water vapour permeability at around 80 C as well as normal temp., preventing the solar cell element from humidity under various outdoor severe conditions. The back protective layer has sufficient heat resistance under forming the solar cell module.
The device contains a thermal pile (1) consisting of several thermocouples which are heated on one side by a heat source and held to a lower temp. esp. ambient air temp., on the other side. The electrical energy drawn from the thermal pile is fed to the connected load, esp. to an electrically powered measurement instrument, as its operating power.    The thermal pile is associated with a gas catalytic heat generator as its heat source. The heat generator, which is supplied with gas from an associated gas reservoir (8), has a thermally conducting connection to the thermal pile and the gas flow to the catalytic heat source is caused by the expansion pressure of the gas reservoir.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides adequate power supply to the connected loads without high cost.
The method involves providing a base material having an n-type doped emitter layer provided a grid-formed surface layer. In the top region of the base material is formed an n(++) doping layer over the entire surface. The emitter layer is then selectively etched, using a mask to form the surface texture.    Thus acutely tipped rib lines of oppositely intersecting type are formed, whose top section consists of the n(++) doped layer, while its lower part consists of the base material. Pref. the textured surface after etching is additionally n(+) doped over the entire surface.    ADVANTAGE -   Improvement of PERL solar cell with simple manufacture and increased efficiency. Minimum surface area not taking part in light conversion.
The power plant has a rotary platform floating on a water layer, consisting of concentrators (4) extending parallel to a dia., covered by flat lenses (1) deflecting about two axes. The concentrator cross-section, under the flat lenses, is similar to an acute angle triangle, whose shanks (14) are of unequal length.    Thus triangular ducts (35) are formed for air flow between adjacent concentrators. with the ducts underside coinciding with the water level (8), which in pref. covered with floating supports (16). The flat lenses may contain two sections, with the strongly deflecting section (11) contg. acute angle prisms. The wearily deflecting section (12) forms Fresnel lenses.    ADVANTAGE -   Focal line is eccentric to concentrator centre with small angular beam amount.
The machine uses a spring as an energy-storing and driving component, which is connected to a controller via speed-varying transmission pair and force filter, to realize generalized automatic hour-angle tracking. For generalized declinational tracking, the mesh position of worm is adjusted every other or several days according to the precision and proportion requirement.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Can carry various medium and small solar-energy collectors of whatever gravity center, shape of light spot for heat collection, water pumping, hydrogen prodn, refrigeration, solar motor and solar power generation.
The heat capturing system includes a well which acquires energy from geothermal heat when input reactants are inserted into it. A device in the bottom of the well harvests and separates output products so as to generate energy using exothermic reactions. Two conduits transport output products to the top of the well.    The output products are sued to create exothermic reactions. The well is coupled to a storage tank which holds the input reactants. Two other storage tanks hold two output products. A combustion turbine is coupled to the two conduits and to a condenser.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For natural or man-made environment. For steam turbine or combustion turbine system. Flexible. Improved efficiency due to using waste products. Cleaner steam, giving reduced corrosion.
The hybrid ocean thermal energy conversion system (400) comprises a desalination sub-system with flash evaporator (406) turning warm sea water to steam, which in a condenser (412) produces fresh water. Cold sea water is used in the condenser.    The sub-system is powered by an energy generating unit comprising a fluid evaporator (418) to evaporate a working fluid e.g. ammonia, to vapour using warm sea water, a turbine generator (422) and a second condenser (416) which condenses the working fluid.    ADVANTAGE -   Gives improved energy conversion providing fresh water and energy esp. for hydrolysing hydrogen and oxygen gasses for electricity or coal gasification producing methane.
The multistage two-phase turbine (10) has stages which receive fluids comprising a mixt. of gas and liq. Each stage has inlet and outlet nozzles to accelerate the fluids which form two-phase jets. A rotating separator structure provides gas and liq. streams (12,15) at each stage.    The turbine extracts kinetic energy from the liq. streams into shaft power to drive a generator (11) and the sepd. liq. is removed and transferred to a sec. outlet.    ADVANTAGE -   Gives improved turbine operation and waste heat usage esp. for reducing pressure from geothermal wells, using steam and re-injecting brine also for oil and gas prodn. from high pressure wells.
A method for inhibiting corrosion of a substrate comprises applying to the substrate a coating made from a class of diamond-like solid-state materials formed from interpenetrating networks comprising: (a) a first network of diamond-like carbon stabilized by hydrogen; (b) a silicon network stabilized by oxygen; and opt. (c) at least one network made from dopant elements or dopant cpds. contg. elements from Gps. I-VIIB and VIII.    Also claimed are: (1) a corrosion resistant coating formed from the above diamond-like solid state materials; (2) decorative metals and metal plating comprising coating (1) above; (3) a corrosion-resistant material made from a substrate and a coating as above; and (4) a reactor chamber used in microelectronic fabrication, surgical tools, biomedical implants, vehicle wheels, jewellery, munitions and electronic components comprising corrosion-resistant material (3) above.    USE -   For applying corrosion and erosion resistant coatings to metals and polymers, e.g. heavy structural metals, electronic equipment, decorative metals and metal plating, found in heavy equipment, vehicles, aircraft, ships, etc. exposed to salt-contg. water. Also for coating reactor chambers used in microelectronic fabrication, surgical tools, biomedical implants, vehicle wheels, jewellery and munitions.    ADVANTAGE -   The coatings can be "tuned" or altered by adjusting the amts. and types of the networks to provide the best combination of properties to offer max. corrosion and erosion resistance to the coated substrates.
The engine has a cylindrical turning resonator wheel (4) that generates potential energy. A gravity piston cylinder (1) is resonated to a rotational motion by increasing the pull of gravity to the cylinder using an electromagnet (2).    ADVANTAGE -   Eliminates air and sound pollution since gravity engine utilises magnet placed above resonator wheel.
The battery has a flexible substrate (12) where an adhesion layer (14) is adhered on its surface. A back-side electrode (16) adheres to the other surface of the substrate.    The back-side electrode includes a transparent electrode (20) which is adhered to the silicon layer (18) that includes a positive-negative junction.    ADVANTAGE -   Fixes battery on roof of motor vehicle since adhesion layer is provided in surface of substrate. Simplifies assembly process of battery since fixing tools are unnecessary. Reduces time corresp. to fixing and connection of battery to vehicle.
The system includes a number of solar cell panels mounted in supported, oblique positions in connection with a suitable carrier beam (2) e.g. in a building. The panels consist of a carrier plate for a sheet-like coating mounted and hold the active solar cells. The cell sheet coating is mounted on a carrier structure analogous or identical with the type of structure, based on the use of parallel, relatively narrow and elongated C-profiled aluminium lamellae (8).    The lamellae are pref. made of aluminium. The associated holding elements have clamp portions for resilient clamping engagement with longitudinal profile portions of the lamellae as well as mounting portions for reception in or on carrier beams which, mutually spaced and fixed to the carrier base, extend crosswise to the laminae.    ADVANTAGE -   Allows strips of solar cell sheet material to be supported by already highly developed and inexpensive carrier systems.
The method involves expanding geothermal steam to produce power and extracting exhaust steam at a pressure above atmospheric pressure. The exhaust steam is indirectly contacted with clean water to condense the exhaust steam at a pressure above atmospheric pressure to produce geothermal steam condensate. The clean water is vaporised to produce clean steam. Non-condensable gases contained in the geothermal steam are extracted from the heat exchanger. The clean steam is expanded to produce power and clean exhaust steam which is condensed at sub-atmospheric pressure to produce clean condensate.    The clean condensate is then returned to the heat exchanger. The ratio of power produced by expanding the geothermal steam to produce power and exhaust steam at a pressure above atmospheric pressure to power produced by expanding the clean steam to produce power and clean exhaust steam at sub-atmospheric pressure is approx. 1:3.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   E.g. power generation using geothermal fluid with approx. 5% non-condensable gases. Non-condensable gases can be extracted above atmospheric pressure for reduced power consumption. Allows efficient design of condensing turbine to provide approx. 75% of total power available in initial geothermal stream.
The controller uses a sludge digestive gas generator with a particular load pattern. The load of the sludge digestive gas generator is obtd. in determining the number of the generator operation. The regulation command of the number of operation is emitted while comparing the number of a present operation on a stream. A variation pattern of the generation amt. of a sludge digestive gas is input. A correction is added to an electric energy when comparing the gas quantity saved by a sludge gas digestive gas holder.    The data of the load pattern of the sludge digestive gas generator and the variation pattern of the generation amt. of the sludge digestive gas are stored and analysed. The parameter used in calculating the operation number of the sludge digestive gas generator based on the stored data is updated.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves sequential control precision by raising control frequency. Improves validity of power supply in control processing.
The solar battery board has a substrate on which a circuit pattern (9) is fixed using an adhesive. A solar battery (1) is provided with positive and negative electrode (2, 5) which are connected to the side surface of a light receiving part.    A conductive resin or a low fusing point metal is provided to enable conduction between the electrodes and the circuit patterns.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables easy assembly. Avoids discharge on tracks. Reduces clearance between batteries and increases areawise power generation. Improves reliability and secures it for long time.
The mount (4) is fixed and attached directly or through a pillow material (3) or a support fitting fixed on a roof (1). A solar battery is fixed to the mount. The support fitting, an attachment fitting or the hat-shaped pillow material supports the mount.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables fixing support fitting or pillow material to suitable positions in longitudinal direction of attachment mount. Can be assembled even if arrangement pitches of support fittings differ.
The appts. (20) has a strut (22) mounted on a base (21). A support plate (23) is attached to the upper end of the strut. Two standing pieces (23a) are directly formed on the support plate. Each standing piece is provided with a bottom piece (23d) which contacts, receives and supports one bottom edge of the frame of a solar battery module.    A clamp board, which has a U-shaped cross-section, is attached to the support plate so that the bottom piece corresp. to the bottom edge of the frame supported by the support plate, will be inserted in the clamp board.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces difficulties when setting solar battery module on roof. Promotes simple application, and improves installation strength. Enables simultaneous connector mounting and solar battery module setting.
An integrated thin-film (TF) solar battery having a number of unit elements connected in series, comprises: (i) a substrate; (ii) a number of first electrode layers divided into a number of regions and formed on the substrate; (iii) a number of semiconductor layers disposed on the number of first electrode layers such that each of the semiconductor layers is formed on 2 adjacent first electrodes and has a connection opening on one of the 2 first electrodes; (iv) an electrically conductive layer formed in a region except for the connection opening on each of the semiconductor layers; (v) a second electrode layer disposed on each of the electrically conductive layer in a state where the second electrode layer is electrically connected to one of the 2 electrode layers through the connection opening, to form a region interposed between the second electrode layer and the other first electrode layer as the unit element.    A method of mfr. is disclosed.    USE -   Mfr. of integrated TF solar battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Curve factor (FF value) is improved while conducting the cleaning process; excellent reliability; improved output current and conversion efficiency.
The process involves production of the necessary H2 conventionally by electrolysis from water or other sources at a valley station (2) whence it ascends through pipes to the mountain station (2) while the heavier O2 is piped to the same destination through pumping stations (3). Electric power and pure water are produced by conventional H2-O2 reaction, and the water descends to hydroelectric power stations (4). Unless tapped off at some intermediate point for irrigation or drinking purposes, it returns to the valley station for recycling.    USE -   In mountainous terrain, energy is recovered from renewable resources and without detriment to the environment.
The solar tile consists of photoelectric cells (1), surrounded by a frame (2) with two hollow profiled sections (3) supporting the length of the tile and acting as spacers. The solar tile lies with these profiled sections placed directly and loosely on the roof battens, but held by the hooks (8).    The solar tiles are placed side by side and overlap at the side edges (4), and the edges on the left have vertical walls pointing upwards, while those on the right have vertical walls pointing downwards, parallel to the edge and forming channels so that adjacent tiles can locate in one another on both sides. The top edges (5) are blocked off to stop water running down them.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Suitable for solar power installations on sloping roofs. Allows cooling of cells, yet forms good, watertight roofing, easily fitted without screws.
An array of helical turbine units (304) may be arranged vertically or horizontal. Each turbine unit comprises one or more helical blades (302) having an airfoil profile. The modules are mounted on shafts (322) supported in a lightweight structure (316) which is anchored by guy wires (318).    The turbines may also be mounted along each side of a ship to collect wave motion energy to power a propeller fitted at the end of the turbine shaft.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   May be used to collect energy from ultra low head fluid flow or to raise or lower a vessel in the water or to drive ships' propellers.
The method involves carrying out solid phase growth of a P type doped Si film on a substrate (3) by which crystal grains (2) are formed. The crystal grains are grown such that grain boundaries are formed in clearance between adjacent grains. The whole arrangement is subjected to oxidation treatment by exposing it to oxygen plasma.    Then, the arrangement is immersed in mixed solution of nitric acid, hydrofluoric acid and water. The oxidized grain boundary (1) is then etched. The etching amount of oxidized grain boundary, is controlled based on etching time.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves device characteristics. Suppresses mobility reduction of carrier by recombination.
Mfg. sintered ITO body includes performing dewaxed sintering of the moulding having a mixt. of the cpd., and tin cpd. in an oxidising atmos. or oxygen-enriched air atmos., reducing temp. to 100C or lower, and performing proper firing the moulding in an oxidising atmosphere.    USE -   Sputtering target for manufacturing transparent conductive film of solar battery, and LCD.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides sintered ITO body with high density at comparatively low temp. in short period of time.
The solar-light-power generating system includes a solar battery (1) and a power converter (2). A sunlight meter and a temperature sensor are provided near the solar battery. A microcomputer (3) controls the solar-light-power generation operation and a memory (4) stores the sunlight amount data, the solar-battery output data and the temperature data.    ADVANTAGE -   Facilitates management of efficient performance through generating warning immediately upon detection of performance deterioration due to approaching end of life of solar battery.
A processing head is connected to a laser beam oscillator by an optical fibre bundle.    ADVANTAGE -   Deep cracks can be corrected by laser beam welding.
The anchor bolt (3) comprises a strut part (12) with threaded parts (12a,12b) provided at its upper and lower ends respectively at a circular oscillation absorption part (12c) formed in the middle. Multiple solar battery modules (1) are fixed on a base support part (2) which contains several female threaded mounts at regular intervals in which the upper end of the anchor bolts are screwed in.    On a fixed ground plane (4) of the roof multiple installation plate (11) with threaded holes are provided at corresponding intervals into which the lower end of the anchor bolts are screwed in.    ADVANTAGE -   Absorbs both horizontal and vertical vibrations. Prevents breakage of solar battery modules.
The device consists of a solar battery (5) and an air cooling fan (23) that are arranged inside the main body.    A driving unit rotates the fan when the temperature of the main body reaches a predetermined value. A control unit controls the operation of the driving unit.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents damaging of various components due to high temperature. Prevents invasion of dust inside device. Reduces internal temperature of device.
The system has a boiler (5) which collects the combustion heat generated in an incinerator (3) where the foul dung is incinerated. The incinerator is formed of a double walled structure with an inner wall (1) and an outer wall (2).    A thermometer (30) is provided to measure the temperature of the inner wall which is maintained above 600 deg C. Hot air of 400 deg C is circulated in space (4) provided between the inner and outer walls of the incinerator to a heat transfer part (28) of the boiler through a circulation flow path (7). The outer surface of the incinerator inner wall is provided with a lot of heat transfer fins (25).    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For collecting abolition heat generated by incinerating foul dung. Prevents adhesion of foul dung to heating surface of incinerator inner wall. Collects waste heat of combustion efficiently at improved rate. Improves heat transfer from incinerator inner wall to air. Maintains inner wall of incinerator above deliquescent appearance temperature of foul dung by controlling circulation flow rate of air and water in boiler.
The method involves operating pressure compensated flow control valves (4) and isolation valves (6) provided in upper and lower openings (3a,3b) for an upper stage wing mouth (3) in two or more steps along the height direction.    The amount of air in each opening of the upper stage wing mouth is increased and decreased periodically at regular intervals. The amount of air blown in through the upper stage wing mouth of the multiple installation is controlled in a planar direction. The gas flow in the furnace is evened up.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   In operation of waste melting furnace of shaft furnace system which processes general and industrial wastes. Controls thickness of pyrolytic scum layer in furnace. Reduces air pressure loss in air passage. Stabilises furnace operation by preventing change in buoyancy of charge. Controls irregular load falling phenomenon. Recovers energy as electric power generation.
The structure includes the solar battery (1) which is set on the upper face part.    A solar-panel object (A) is fixed with a thin metal board (2). The metal board is provided over the whole surface of the foundation (3).    ADVANTAGE -   Provides fire proof and non-flammable by structure due to existence of thin board. Simplifies setting work of solar panel object.
Epoxy resin compsns. for sealing photosemiconductor chips contain (A) epoxy resins, (B) acid anhydrides, (C) spiroacetal cpd. of formula (I) and (D) curing accelerators.    ADVANTAGE -   The resin compsns. have good transparency and adhesion to metals. Photosemiconductor devices produced using the epoxy resin compsns., as sealing materials (claimed) have good moisture resistance.
The device controls driving of a solar battery paddle which is driven by a drive motor. The operation of the drive motor is controlled based on a timing clock signal that is generated by a control clock generator unit. When an external command is received by a command processing unit (1), it performs an analytical processing and outputs the processing result. A control logic circuit (2) outputs a control signal based on the processing result of the command processing unit. The control signal obtained from the control logic circuit decides the rotation speed of the solar battery paddle, the rotation direction and the rotation angle of the solar battery paddle.    A motor drive unit outputs drive signal to drive the motor based on the control signal obtained from the control logic circuit. A command monitor unit (7) monitors the output signal obtained from the command processing unit. A control mode monitor unit (8) monitors the control mode state of the control logic circuit. When the output signal observed by the command monitor unit does not correspond with the control mode state observed by the control mode monitor unit, a state supervisory control unit (9) outputs a control signal to the command processing unit so as to change the control mode.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves reliability of satellite operation. Operates satellite normally even when turbulence noise is generated. Realises automatic operation.
The washing machine includes a truck (1) which runs along an inner peripheral surface (10) of an inlet channel (9). Drive power output from an air motor (8) is transmitted through a power transmission device to a couple of front wheels (3) of the truck. Through a linkage, the drive force output from a steering unit is conveyed to a pair of rear wheels (14) of the truck. Operation of the rotary shaft (18) of a nozzle (25) mounted onto front end of the truck is enabled by the drive force output by a second air motor (22).    The two air motors are connected with an air supply source outer to the inlet channel. Three other nozzles with free deflection facility are arranged at lower end of the truck aiming at the inner peripheral surface of the inlet channel. The injection tips of the nozzles are connected with highly pressurized water supplying source, outer to the inlet channel.    ADVANTAGE -   Is safe and easy to use. Carries out removal of dust particles adhering to inner surface of inlet channel, effectively.
The hydroelectric power generator is built into a barrage which serves as a protective shell, providing protection against the ambient pressure. The generator consists of three distinct parts, two of which (A & B) are provided with turbines connected to the machine hall. The top part (A) operates from the gravitational kinetic energy of falling sea water, whilst the bottom part (B) extracts energy from the pressure existing at a substantial depth under the sea - for example at 650m.    The energy provided by the second part (B) is used to evacuate the water from the upper part (A). The structure is protected by an impermeable envelope, supported by pressure resistant metal pillars. The barrage and generator is entirely automated and controlled from a control tower on the top, the roof of the control tower being provided as a landing strip for an aircraft.    ADVANTAGE -   Installation provides supply of energy from sea, without need for skilled staff to constantly supervise and maintain system.
The facade component has an external plate connection and electric devices e.g. solar cells (40) are arranged between an external plate combination of an outer plate (10) and an inner plate (12). The devices have electric leads (42) to external connections to a network. The component also has an inner plate or an inner plate combination (20,22). This is arranged spaced from the external plate combination by a spacer frame. to define an inter-plate space. An inter-plate space seal (34) is arranged at least at the edges of the component to form a gas-tight seal around the inter-plate space.    The electric leads are guided perpendicular to the surface of the plates. They first pass through the inner plate of the external plate combination. Next, they are at least partly embedded in the seal. Finally they pass through the inner plate combination out of the component.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For cladding wall and roof etc.. Can be used in facade built according to structural glazing principle.
To develop a geothermal probe, a mantle pipe is pressed continuously over a salt stem in a brine drilling and the water is fed in a circle through an inner channel in the mantle pipe to the brine formation zone. The resultant brine is passed back through the ring zone within the mantle tube. On reaching the required depth, such as 300 m, the pipe is sealed at the base and fixed through the flow properties and plasticity of the salt stem. An insulated inner pipe is inserted.    Also claimed is a brine drill with a shaft inserted in the mantle pipe of the geothermal probe, with a water feed to develop the brine and a ring jet tube.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   System is for deep drillings where there is heat exchange between rock/cementing/mantle pipe. Salt stem gives max. thermal conductivity between rock and mantle pipe, with time and cost savings. Bul.10/10.4.96
The current generator allows a fluid to pass through its confinements, whereby with the force applied by that fluids motion, that fluid may be purified and electrical energy may be produced. The body (1) allows a fluid to enter the inlet (2) where it gains additional torque by the lift created by the fluid control vane. This increase of angular velocity and change of direction of momentum will increase the force of mass, through compression.    The resulting effect will guide any solid matter located within the fluid, up, into the drive wheel, as opposed to allowing the solid matter to flow into, and ultimately clogging the axle of that drive wheel.    ADVANTAGE -   Ratio of electrical energy output per fluid volumetric movement will increase
The system uses a number of rotational force generating units (3) vertically placed in a housing (1). The interior of the housing is partitioned into several chambers by vertical partitions (20,30 with the units placed vertically in the chambers. A number of bubble generators (5) are arranged in the chambers with their outlets under the generating units.    Top and bottom shafts (7,9) support the units with each having chain sprockets (15,17) around which two endless chains (11,13) are wrapped. Each force generating unit has a number of bubble buckets (19) spaced at regular intervals and held by the chains. The bubble generator comprises an air supply pipe (21).    ADVANTAGE -   Generates bubbles in water in a sealed housing and operates rotational force generating units.
Preparing a fluorescent dyed polymer compsn. comprises dissolving by means of ultrasonic agitation a fluorescent dye in a soln. of mono(methyl methacrylate) or partially polymerised methyl methacrylate, and adding either before, during or after dissolution organic peroxide initiator at a sufficient temp. to initiate the polymerisation and produce the fluorescent dyed polymer compsn. without the formation of voids or bubbles. Also claimed is a fluorescent dyed polymer compsn. prepd. as above, and a luminescent sunlight collector comprising the fluorescent dyed polymer compsn..    USE -   Used for making luminescent sunlight collectors for illumination of buildings and as fluorescent concentrators for solar cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The problem with prior fluorescent dyes was that they suffered from light emission losses through various mechanisms, such as absorption and scattering in dyed polymer. A means has been achieved of increasing the half-length of the fluorescent dyed polymer so as to increase the distance over which the fluorescently emitted light can travel within any length of a sunlight collector.
A photovoltaic roofing member comprises (a) a strip of roofing material having a length Ls and a width Ws including an overlap portion having a width Wo which is &lt; Ws and an exposed portion having a width Wt which is &lt; Ws such that Wt+Wo = Ws; (b) a number of photovoltaic devices linearly arrayed in a spaced part relationship along the length of the exposed portion and each including a positive and negative electrode and a body of photovoltaic material disposed between them, each device operating to generate a flow of electrical current between the electrodes in response to the absorption of photons by the photovoltaic material; (c) an interconnection system connecting the devices; (d) positive and negative electrical terminals on the bottom surface of the roofing member electrically connected to the devices; (e) an inactive region interposed between adjoining pairs of devices; (f) encapsulant layer of transparent non conductive material on the exposed portion over the devices and embossed over the inactive regions so that the roofing strip is visible through the encapsulant layer.    Also claimed is the material as described previously in which a series of tab portions depend from the overlap portions defined by the number of inactive portions interposed between them.    USE -   Generation of electrical power.    ADVANTAGE -   Can be substituted for conventional roofing materials.
The wheel has a rotary component (2) which interrupts the central part of a water tank (1) to prevent water from effusion. The underwater portion of the rotary component raises due to buoyancy. The inner part of the rotary component is made as a cavity.    ADVANTAGE -   Solves pollution problem. Does not need procurement e.g. fossil fuel. Provides energy regardless of regional condition e.g. rain, cold.
The transparent conductive oxide material is a cpd. oxide with a triple rutile type crystal structure and the mole ratio of zinc oxide and antimony oxide in the cpd. oxide is (1 + x):2(-0.1 is less than or equal to x is less than or equal to 0.1).    Also claimed is an alternative transparent conductive oside material, which is a cpd. oxide with a triple rutile type crystal structure and contains magnesium oxide and antimony oxide in a mole ratio of (1 + x):2(-0.1 is less than or equal to x is less than or equal to 0.1).    USE -   Used in transparent electrodes of solar cells and LCD's, anti-static films, electromagnetic shielding films and heat ray reflecting glass.    ADVANTAGE -   The oxide materials have high electrical conductivity and transparency and can be produced at low cost.
The transparent conductive oxide material is a cpd. oxide with a spinel crystal structure and the mole ratio of Sn oxide and Zn oxide in the cpd. oxide = (1+x):2(-0.1 x 0.1).    USE -   Used in transparent electrodes of solar cells and LCD, anti-static films, electromagnetic shielding films and heat ray reflecting glass.    ADVANTAGE -   The oxide materials have high electrical conductivity and transparency and can be produced at low cost.
The generator has left and right transit bands (3) which run along a circular rail (1). The circular rail has a circumference of several kilometers. Several vehicles (2) are attached to the left and right transit bands.    Each transit band is made to interpose between multiple sets of lower and upper wheels (4,5). The rotation of the wheels generates torque which is transmitted to a variable-speed machine (7) that drives an electricity-generating turbine.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables easy generation of power without harming environment. Promotes cost effective power generation. Does not require transportation of fuel by ship or truck, thus eliminating transportation cost. Prevents generation of public hazard.
Mfr. involves forming a transparent electroconductive layer (2) on an insulating transparent substrate (1). The predetermined part of the conduction layer is removed and a 1st slot is formed in the substrate. An N type electric conduction layer (3) that consists of Cd and sulphur is formed on the conduction layer that is divided into a number of areas using the etching liq.. The N type conduction layer is removed selectively and a P type electric conduction layer is then formed. A P type ohmic electrode layer (6) is formed in the upper part of the P type electric conduction layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies mfg process. Obtains highly efficient solar battery module at low cost.
The structure includes a thin water bag (2) that has a water inlet opening (3) and a water outlet opening (4) in a contact-shape on the underside surface of a solar panel (1).    ADVANTAGE -   Provides high photoelectric conversion efficiency due to maintained appropriate temp. in solar panel since temp. rise of solar panel is restrained. Effectively and safely utilises solar energy since warm water that takes heat from solar panel through water bag is obtd. Requires small area of occupancy and enlarges capacity since large scale installation is not needed.
The converging solar module includes a converging lens for sunlight which is fixed in position. A solar cell can be moved on the basis of a position of a converged spot formed by the lens.    The position of the converged spot is detected. The solar cell is then moved to the detected position. The position detector is a light detector or a solar cell. The solar cell which acts as the position detector includes three movement solar cells positioned around a generation solar cell. The three movement cells generate electricity which is used in moving the cell.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For generating electricity. Reliable. Prevents excessive temperature increase due to use of heat radiator. Efficient generation due to tracking sunlight. Reduces energy required for tracking driving.
In the resonator an explosive mixture is brought into an acoustic focal point and the hollow body wall is lined with piezoelectric converters, or with electrodynamic ones, such as oscillation magnets. An ignition mechanism may actuate the transit time synchronisation of the sequential explosions.    The electrodynamic converters may be so coupled that their summation signal represents an AC voltage source of a high performance facility. The information from the useful signal may be used as control signal for the ignition mechanism.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For chemical energy conversion into electric one, without wear of mechanical systems.
Sulphonated polyimides with recurring groups of formula (In) and recurring groups of formula (Im) are new (where, C1, C2 = tetravalent group containing at least one 6-10C optionally substituted aromatic ring, and/or 5-10C optionally substituted heterocyclic, based on aromatic ring, containing one or more heteroatoms selected from S, N and O, C1 and C2 each forming rings of 5 or 6 atoms with neighbouring imide groups; Ar1, Ar2 = divalent group containing at least one 6-10C optionally substituted aromatic ring, and/or 5-10C optionally substituted heterocyclic, based on aromatic ring, containing one or more heteroatoms selected from S, N and O, at least one of rings of Ar2 also being substituted by sulphonic acid group). Also claimed are membrane containing polyimide and fuel cell containing the membrane.    USE -   In preparation of low-cost ion-exchange membranes used in manufacture of fuel cells (claimed) to replace fossil fuels.    ADVANTAGE -   Polyimides produce membranes which have good mechanical, chemical and electrical properties; particularly good thermal stability, resistance to hydrolysis by acids, thermal stability at high temperatures for long periods of time, and resistance to oxidation and reduction.
The switched power converter (20) produces a stable DC output voltage at a power converter output for connection to a battery. The converter comprises a switched power supply including a switch, at least one energy storage component producing a regulated, stable DC voltage, and an AC-DC converter. A controller generates a switching control signal for controlling the switch to selectively supply energy to the at least one energy storage component.    Overvoltage protection circuitry (300), connected to an output of the AC-DC converter, protects the switch and the energy storage component from damage resulting when a voltage level at the output of the AC-DC converter reaches a predetermined limit by reducing the voltage applied to the switch from the AC-DC converter when the output of the AC-DC converter reaches the predetermined limit.    ADVANTAGE -   Generates stable output voltage and allows recreational vehicle designers great deal of flexibility in positioning converter with vehicle.
The method involves charging a battery (3) by starting the supplementing charge before the fixed time of activity initiation time. A charger (6) provided in chassis (2) is used for charging the battery which drives a transit motor (4). A set of wheels (7) coupled to the transit motor is fitted below the chassis lower part. The charger stores the chassis activity initiation time after a past charging conclusion.    ADVANTAGE -   Facilitates automatic supplementary charging. Suits usage at full charge state. Prevents overcharging.
The battery includes a swirl wound electrode object (2) maintained inside a battery case (10). The most extreme periphery of the electrode object is wound with a sheet (6) made of polyphenylene sulphide resin.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves heat endurance. Prevents short circuit. Avoids electrode damage. Enables reliable fixation of electrode object. Possesses extremely large industrial worth.
The battery module consists of a heat insulator container inside which multiple positive electrode containers (14) and negative electrode containers (12) with an insulated member (17) in between, are arranged. A solid electrolyte is provided between the two electrodes. The negative electrode container is made up of sodium. The positive electrode container is made up of chromium content alloy. The positive electrode container has a positive electrode mould (19) which contains sulphur or sodium polysulphide. A pair of electrode terminal made up of aluminium or aluminium alloy is connected to the positive and negative electrode container respectively. Through this electrode terminal other battery cells are connected.    USE -   The battery module is used in a frequency-voltage stabiliser, emergency power source, UPS, or electric vehicle.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves reliability of positive electrode container by avoiding corrosion of sulphur or sodium polysulphide, and avoids deterioration of connection between several batteries.
The fuel battery has a laminated cell (1) equipped with a fuel electrode and an air electrode which supports an electrolyte layer. Clamping boards (2,3) coupled by a bolt (4) maintains the fastened state of the laminated cell. The clamping boards has through holes to insert the bolt. The portion of the bolt above the upper clamping board is fitted with a guide bush (8) to retain a spring (5). Either ends of the bolt is engaged with nuts (6A,6B) to maintain the compressed state of the spring. The guide bush has a butting part and bolting part to transmit the bolting forces.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids position offset between cells due to high exciting forces. Formulates quake resistant structure. Facilitates stable running.
The battery performs the circulation supply of an electrolyte to an electrode. An oxidation reduction reaction is performed on the electrode. A battery cell consists of a positive electrode and a negative electrode separated by a diaphragm. The positive electrode tank (2) which stores a positive electrode liquid supplies this liquid to the positive electrode of the battery cell. A negative electrode tank (3) which stores a negative electrode liquid supplies this liquid to the negative electrode of the battery cell. A positive electrode discharge electrolyte storage tank (4) stores the discharge state positive electrode liquid. A negative electrode discharge electrolyte storage tank stores the discharge state negative electrode liquid. A first liquid feed unit arranged between the battery cell and the positive electrode discharge electrolyte storage tank supplies the discharge state positive electrode liquid into the battery cell. A second liquid feed unit is arranged between the battery cell and the negative electrode discharge electrolyte storage tank. This feed unit supplies the discharge state negative electrode liquid into the battery cell.    ADVANTAGE -   Eliminates self-discharge during stopping of system. Improves system efficiency.
The cooling unit consists of an inhalation fan (25) and an ejection fan (27). Two or more batteries (18) are arranged in a receipt casing (13) of an electric vehicle (11). An inlet (21) and a drain hole (23) are provided in the receipt casing. The inhalation fan is used to suck the air into the receipt casing through the inlet provided in the receipt casing. The sucked in air is supplied over the batteries. The inhalation fan is provided in the receipt casing between the inlet and the batteries. The ejection fan is provided in the receipt casing between the batteries and drain hole. The inlet air becomes hot by absorbing the heat from the batteries. The hot air is expelled from the receipt casing through the drain hole. A first rotary sensor (30) detects the speed of the inhalation fan. A second rotary sensor (31) detects speed of the ejection fan. Based on the detected result from the two rotary sensors, any decrease in the speed of the two fans is detected. A detection unit (32) is provided to detect the breakdown of the inhalation and ejection fans due to decrease in speed of two fans.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables quick detection of breakdown. Prevents power supply stoppage. Provides simple unit and easy maintenance.
The equipment consists of an operation device (1) to input the operation indication signals of air conditioning, heating and temperature setting. An air conditioning device (2) and a heating device (3) are provided to produce cold air and warm air respectively. A display device (4) is provided to display the operation indication, the operation state and the set temperature. A battery residual charge detection device (5) is provided to detect the residual amount of storage electric power in the battery (7) of the vehicle.    A connection device (6) is provided to turn ON or OFF the supply of power from the battery to the air conditioning device according to the residual charge detection results and the signals from the control device (10) according to a timer (8). The control device has a work ROM and a CPU to store the program and the data including the temporary data for a generalised control of all the other devices.    ADVANTAGE -   Solves problem of air conditioning operation when not driving vehicle without any concern to key switch of vehicle. Considers residual battery power to control air conditioning operation.
A surface of a cathode Al metal is coated with a metal or an organometal chelate of an ionisation tendency higher than that of the Al metal, and low oxidising property, the surface of the Al metal is plated, or the surface of the Al metal composed of an Al alloy including a reproduced Al, is treated by ground metal powder.    USE -   Effectively used for a car, a plastic model and a solar cell.
The bicycle (1) has a main body in which a fuel battery (9) and a hydrogen cylinder (10) are arranged. Hydrogen from hydrogen cylinder and the oxygen from air are supplied to respective poles of the fuel battery.    emf is generated due to electrochemical reaction in the fuel battery that is supplied to an electric motor (3).    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies handling. Enables stable driving of electric motor.
The device (2) includes an electrical circuit (3), which delivers a signal related to the current generated by a battery, and a voltmeter (4) which measures the voltage at battery terminals. A central module (5) receives the data from the circuit and voltmeter and calculates the amount of energy generated by the battery at a given time.    The central module is provided with an analog-digital converter and a memory. An internal clock is provided in order to integrate the signal received from the circuit. The battery temperature is measured by a thermo probe (7) also connected to the central module.    USE -   For automotive applications to measure charge of battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Can monitor charge over long period of time. Is accurate.
The method involves regulating the electrical current in the PEM fuel cell block (4) to a new desired value by setting the revolution rate of the compressor (8) to a maximum value during a first step and reducing it to a revolution rate corresponds to the new desired value of the current during a second step.    The electrical current of the PEM fuel cell block is continuously detected as the control parameter using a current actual value sensor (18). The new desired value of the fuel cell block is defined as the control demand parameter by a desired value generator (30).    USE/ADVANTAGE -   As current generator e.g. for exhaust gas free electric drive for automobiles etc. Enables improved dynamic characteristic to be achieved for short duration and rapid load changes.
A power supply circuit for an electric load (2) like a fan or battery in a car driven off a solar generator (1) has impedance matching between the solar generator and a DC converter (6) in front of the load. There is a control member (18) which can short out the converter depending on the value of at least one operational parameter during a regime when the converter losses are expected to be higher than the losses caused by the mismatch if the load is coupled directly to the solar generator. The converter is a pulse-width modulated (PWM) step-down converter. It has a switching transistor between input and output and another across the output terminals.    ADVANTAGE -   High efficiency under different working conditions
A power supply circuit for an electric load (2) like a fan or battery in a car driven off a solar generator (1) has impedance matching between the solar generator and a DC converter (6) in front of the load. There is a switch which is open or closed according to a PWM signal from a signal generator (13) and a signal from a modulator (14) with control circuitry(20).    There is a voltage test signal at the controller which is a measure of the converter output voltage and this is maximised by changing the control signal going to the modulator. No microprocessor is needed and the whole thing is built using discrete analogue components.    ADVANTAGE -   Simple inexpensive circuit to match the solar generator to the load requirements.
The switch mode power supply has a DC input voltage source, e.g. vehicle battery (54), a control circuit (76) coupled to the input voltage for exciting a transformer (60) with PWM current, an output circuit, and a feedback from the output circuit to the control circuit. The power supply also comprises a first primary winding (58) on the transformer, and a second primary winding (64) on the transformer in series with the first winding.    The control circuit is responsive to the input voltage for exciting the first primary winding when the input voltage is in a first range and for exciting both windings when the input voltage is in a second range higher than the first range, whereby the power supply is effective over a larger range of input voltage than when only the first primary winding is excited.    ADVANTAGE -   Obtains DC power conversion with single high efficiency switch mode power supply effective over input range on order of 1:10. Eliminates heat sink in such supply.
The rechargeable battery pack (100) includes several battery cells (110-150) each having first and second terminals in electrical connection with positive and negative electrodes, respectively, where the battery cells are connected in series. The cells comprise a polarity reverse protection device connected between the first and second terminals of the battery cell for preventing a polarity reverse of the positive and negative electrodes.    The low voltage switching device (160) is automatically switched on during a discharging cycle to become a short circuit when a voltage difference between the electrodes for each battery cell is lower than a threshold switch-on voltage whereby each of the battery cells is bypassed and protected by conducting a single-direction discharging current through the short circuit via the low voltage switching device. The protection device further includes a low voltage indicating device for automatically providing an indication powered by the single-direction discharging current when a voltage difference between the first and second terminals is below the threshold switch-on voltage.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For cellular phone, notebook computer, electronic game or electric vehicle. Individually protects each battery cell and prevents reverse polarity such that potential hazards arising from polarity reverse in individual cell can be eliminated.
A method of assembling a bipolar battery, most preferably a lead-acid battery, includes assembling the electrochemical components necessary to provide the necessary voltage and capacity, maintaining the electrochemical components under the desired compression and then sealing such electrochemical components as a unit utilizing various assembly components.    The resulting bipolar battery in the preferred embodiment includes an electrolyte fill/vent box that seals the top of the electrochemical component unit and a vacuum box that seals the bottom surface.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Assembling lead-acid bipolar batteries for starting, lighting and ignition (SLI) for automobiles, lorries and other vehicles. Suitable for application to automated production at commercially viable production rates. Provides reliable design of battery with satisfactory leak-free hermetic seals.
The apparatus uses a set of electromagnetic couplers (10,11) or a set of static electricity couplers (30,31) which are suspended opposite to a door panel (1) and a body panel (4) of a motor vehicle main body respectively.    A battery (21) is linked to a battery charger (20) connected to a door side coupler. Power is supplied from the battery to an electrical equipment attached to the door.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies wiring work to door panel. Eliminates wire harness wired between motor vehicle main body and door.
The method involves making cooling water flow into the interior of a case (20). A pair of spacers (21,22) that guides the cooling water flow path are formed in the interior of the case.    The first space projects from the inner wall of side part of the case. The second spacer is formed such that it interrupts cooling water flow path which passes between cylinder type batteries in a linear manner.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   In small-sized batteries for portable terminal and portable audio equipment. Also for large-sized storage batteries for electric vehicles. Absorbs heat from battery efficiently.
The generator has a property modification device which modifies raw fuel to modification gas of which the main component is hydrogen and volume of a modification possible part of the device is variable, a solid macromolecular type fuel battery which a solid macromolecular electrolyte film is positioned between a fuel electric pole and an oxidant electric pole and generates with electric chemical reaction between the modification gas and the oxidant, a hydrogen refining compressor which has a hydrogen generating part which generates pure hydrogen with remained rare hydrogen at the fuel battery and a hydrogen compressing part which generates high pressure hydrogen with the pure hydrogen and a hydrogen reserve and supplying device which reserves high pressure hydrogen and supplies hydrogen to the fuel battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Start of the fuel battery generator is rapid and the generator can corresponds to load variation.
Solid polymer fuel cell system is composed of a fuel reforming device for reforming fuel of hydrocarbon or alcohol provided with CO oxidising catalyst, a fuel cell body consisting of Pt alloy catalyst for a fuel electrode and Pt catalyst for an oxidiser electrode, and solid polymer membrane as electrolyte.    USE -   The process is used to construct solid polymer fuel cell system having good resistance for poisoning by CO gas.    ADVANTAGE -   The solid polymer fuel cell system can be operated stably for long period by decreasing CO concn. in the reformed gas to the practical level.
The device has a fuel battery (1) that uses the hydrogen as heating gas. The fuel pole exhaust gas from the fuel pole is introduced into the air pole (3) through a closed loop line (7). A valve (8) provided in the closed loop line is opened/closed by a controller (10).    ADVANTAGE -   Improves safety by preventing release of hydrogen to atmosphere. Stabilises power generation efficiency.
The device uses a fuel battery (10) which has an air pole and fuel pole distributed at both sides of a polymer-solid state electrolytic film. A circulation path is connected to an intake suction of air pole and gas exhaust side. An air intake is connected to the circulation path such that air is introduced into air pole from external. An exhaust port is connected to circulation path, such that exhaust gas which includes reaction formation water ejected from air pole gets ejected to external. A thermometer (18) measures temperature of exhaust gas. An ammeter (19) measures the current value output from the fuel battery. A controller (17) adjusts opening of exhaust port and air intake, based on measured exhaust gas temperature and output current value.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids need for humidifier. Reduces size and weight. Ensures uniform flow rate distribution. Ensures electricity generation efficiency. Enables to respond to load fluctuation quickly.
The structure has a pair of adaptors (20) into which a pair of battery terminals (12,14) are inserted. A pair of connection terminals (30) are arranged on the external surface of the adaptors. A connection part (32) connects a terminal part (31) of the two connection terminals electrically. A clamp part is provided either at the terminal part or the adaptor.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables easy connection of terminal parts of connection terminal thereby reducing operators burden.
The composition includes 30-50wt% of Fe and Cu-Fe alloy group. The Cu-Fe alloy group has high intensity which includes large amount of Cu and an impurity, according to necessity.    ADVANTAGE -   Obtains high conductivity type electric pole material. Reduces weight and size of battery.
The method involves connecting or disconnecting the normal loads (17A-17D) and dark current load (17E) from a power supply unit (3). The normal load receives power from a power supply and it operates only when an ignition switch (5) is in ON state. The dark current load depends upon a dark current load switch (18E) for its operation. An ON-OFF state detector is provided to monitor the state of ignition switch and dark current load switch.    When both the switches are in OFF state, the detector detects and signals a circuit switching unit (23a) to cut-off the power supply for both the switches. When one of the switch is in ON state, the circuit switching unit resets the connection of ignition switch and dark current load switch which are cut-off from the power supply.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For passenger car. Prevents generation of abnormal current during parking.
The apparatus has a power supply box (20), which branches the power supply received from a DC battery (1) and a load connection unit (40). A back-up load power supply line (L1n) supplies power to back-up load and a normal load power supply line (L11) supplies power to normal load. The power supply box has a power supply control unit (204) which receives power for operation and control a power supply switching unit (203).    The power supply control unit monitors the normal load operation constantly and when the load operation stops, a control signal (L4) is given to power supply control unit which controls the power supply switching unit and cuts off the power supply of normal load.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents short current flowing in power supply line during parking. Prevents smoke emission while parking.
The device has a CPU (10) that receives a power from a first power supply unit (2). A DC battery (BT) is directly connected to the first power supply unit. A peripheral IC (20) receives the power from a second power supply unit (4). The DC battery is connected to the second power supply unit through a switch. The CPU and the peripheral IC are connected by a communication wire (L1). The CPU has a driver circuit (12) that has a pair of switches. The driver circuit is connected to a protective circuit (22) of the peripheral IC through the communication wire.    The binary signal is transmitted to the peripheral IC by ON/OFF of the switches of the driver circuit. The cathode of the diodes of the peripheral IC is connected to the power supply side. The anode of the diodes is connected to the communication wire side. The diodes prevent the flow of heavy current to the peripheral IC. The power supply part of the peripheral IC is separated into two parts for the protective circuit and the internal circuit (24). The power is supplied to the protective circuit from the first power supply unit. The power is supplied to the internal circuit from the second power supply unit.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents current flow from transmission side to reception side through communication wire.
The battery includes a battery case in which a cathode, an anode and an electrolyte are accommodated. The anode consists of an oxygen catalyst member. A hydrogen pole part material that consists of hydride material, is electrically connected to the cathode. An oxygen transparent control film that has low oxygen transparent member is provided in the battery case.    An electrolyte contact surface of hydrogen pole part material is isolated from the cathode and transparent control film. The discharge operation of the battery is performed by oxidation reaction of hydrogen in hydrogen pole part material and reduction reaction of oxygen in anode. The charging operation of battery is performed by projecting a light beam on the cathode through alight receiving aperture, which advances hydrogenation reaction of hydrogen pole part material.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents unnecessary fuel refilling of battery.
The cooler includes a bottom case (3) on whose lower part a blower (39) is arranged. The blower introduces air when batteries are arranged inside the case. The side face of the bottom case is covered with a receipt cover (2).    A side plate (21) of the receipt cover has a sealant (41) that prevents air passage between side attachment walls of batteries. Several grooves are formed along vertical direction in the attachment walls of the receipt cover through which cool air is circulated using the blower.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables efficient cooling of battery.
The apparatus includes a pair of pressure plates (35a,35b) arranged on top and bottom parts of a stack (31), respectively. A pair of pressure application beam (32a,32b) are arranged on the top and bottom of pressure plate. A clamping body (50) penetrates the corners of the pressure application beams such that stack is held between them. A pressure application part (38) is attached to the pressure plates such that a curved surface part (38a) contacts the pressure application beams.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents influence of heat on press object. Improves assembly operativity of fuel battery.
The equipment comprises (a) a holder with an air distribution passage, (b) hydrogen storage alloy tanks arranged in the air distribution passage and (c) a pipe connected to the hydrogen storage alloy tanks to guide hydrogen released from the hydrogen storage alloy tanks.    ADVANTAGE -   The hydrogen supply equipment is easy to handle and continuously supplies hydrogen for a long time.
The system includes a battery main body (5) which consists of a set of single cells (4). Each single cell comprises a fuel pole (1) and an oxidizing agent pole (2) immersed in an electrolyte (3). A coolant tank (6) sends out a coolant through a coolant circulation piping (9) for cooling purpose during heat generation, when chemical reaction takes place within the battery main body. The circulated coolant is returned to the coolant tank again. A modifier (13) has a modifier main body (10) which includes a fuel chamber (14) and a reforming chamber (15). Hydrogen gas from the fuel pole and air from a blower (17) are introduced into the fuel chamber. Water and liquid fuel are introduced into the reforming chamber. A set of heat exchangers (18,19) are formed in the periphery of the fuel chamber and reforming chamber respectively. The heat exchanger releases the modifier main body.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves thermal efficiency. Enables safer usage.
The plate (3) includes a base material on whose either surfaces a pair of carbon sheets (20) are stuck. A gas non- permeable separator is arranged between the base material and carbon sheet. A strip shaped heat resistant, corrosion resistant resin layer (22) is formed on four side faces of the peripheral part (21) of the carbon sheet and is heat crimped.    ADVANTAGE -   Stabilizes operation of battery. Improves durability.
The battery has a number of sheathing objects (12,14) each with a length of 1mm. A spatial positive electrode plate is provided between sheathing objects. A positive electrode active material (11) and a solid polymer electrolyte are provided in the positive electrode collector with a thickness of 0.025mm. A number of negative electrode plates are also provided between the sheathing objects. A negative electrode active material and solid polymer electrolyte are provided in the negative electrode collector with a thickness of 0.015mm or less. An angular part of the positive electrode plate and negative electrode plate is connected to like poles electrically in parallel. The collector of most external side plate contacts electrically with the inside of sheathing object. An air-tight sealing of sheathing object is performed by a binding material provided at circumference part.    USE -   In accessories, display device, health appliance, medical use.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves energy utilisation efficiency. Raises internal resistance degree. Improves air-tight nature. Improves volumetric efficiency.
The method involves taking the total capacity of a battery before the start of the next charging operation. During the next charging time, the temperature of the battery is measured.    The battery capacity corresponding to the measured battery temperature is subtracted from the total battery capacity taken beforehand, to determine the capacity decrease. Based on the capacity decrease, the total capacity of the battery after charging operation is detected.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For e.g. remaining capacity meter, duration meter. Simplifies detection of secondary battery total capacity. Shortens battery capacity detection time since charging-discharging test does not need to be done. Enables accurate battery capacity detection. Enables estimation of distance that can be run by vehicle since battery capacity, needed in knowing vehicle travelling distance, is known in advance. Enables effective utilisation of battery.
The power supply (1) has a measuring unit (37) that measures the charging time and the charging current until a condenser cell (27) becomes a full charge. An AC voltage is supplied to the electrical double layer (27a) of the condenser cell.    A capacitive calculator that computes the capacity of the condenser cell based on the measured charging time and charging current. When the computed capacity of the condenser cell is below a predetermined amount, a CPU judges a deterioration state.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables simple detection as to whether capacity of condenser cell is in deterioration state by computing condenser cell capacity based on measured charging time and charging current. Shortens detection time as to whether condenser cell capacity is in deterioration state.
The apparatus has several state sensors e.g. temperature sensors (27d) provided for each capacitor (27a) of a capacitor cell (27). The state sensors detect at least two physical quantities which show the state of the capacitors.    The state sensors are selectively connected by a multiplexer (36) to an analogue-to-digital converter (35) that transforms the output signal of the selected state sensor to a digital signal. Based on the digital signal, a CPU (31) judges the state of the capacitor cell.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables detection of physical quantities of capacitors using simple structure, since ADC is not provided for each capacitor.
The refining apparatus is composed of a refining device and an oxidising device. The apparatus produces reformed gas rich in hydrogen.    USE -   The refining apparatus is used for fuel cell.    ADVANTAGE -   The refining apparatus for fuel cell can reduce heat energy loss and the system size.
The switch mode power supply has a primary winding (L1) with one end connected alternately to ground and to the positive supply terminal through a switch bridge (I1,I2). The switches are alternately conducting. A diode (D1,D2) is connected across each of the switches.    The other end of the primary winding is connected to the common point of a second circuit comprising two capacitors (C1, C2) connected in series between the ground and the positive supply terminal. The switches are controlled by a sequencer (S) to modify the current level in the primary winding. The sequencer operates at a frequency within the range of frequencies allowed in motor vehicles. The primary is connected to the secondary winding (L2) through a magnetic circuit (CM).    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Dashboard indicator for motor vehicle that generates little interference.
A connection structure for a storage battery has a plug extending vertically on a surface of the main body, a bush connector with a hole for the plug and a crimp section for the cable, an annular channel at the top of the plug, a housing serving as a sleeve for the bush, a retaining mechanism for the bush containing the annular channel and a release mechanism located inside a rigid bush of the housing surrounding the other bush.    The retaining mechanism has projections which are arranged around the peripheral section of the second bush. The release mechanism has flexible arms, each formed by a pair of slits that are unlatched from the upper end of the second bush.    ADVANTAGE -   Easy checking or connection between battery using a knob, and thus without using special tools
The fuel cell has several individual cells (10), each contg. two electrodes and an electrolyte, with narrowing gas channels (11,15) for conducting gases to or along electrodes, with gas inlet and outlet openings in the fuel cell arranged in the vicinity of the end of the gas channel with the larger cross-sectional area.    The gas channels narrow from the outside in the direction of the centre of the fuel cell. The fuel cell is cylindrical with the gas inlet and outlet in the base of the cylinder.    ADVANTAGE -   Improved efficiency is achieved compared to conventional fuel cells.
A car driven by an electric motor has at least one energy store used to supply diverse electronic loads on the car and there may be further energy sources like an IC engine, an electric generator or photoelectric cells. An electronic control unit acts as an energy manager which distributes the energy according preset criteria and priorities when there is an energy demand.    A conventional electronic battery manager controls the input and output of energy to the store and is joined to the energy manager by a data link. It may be a single entity with the energy manager. The priorities for the metered energy distribution are set at the factory.    ADVANTAGE -   Optimised energy distribution to all the loads.
The use of a silicided substrate of chromium based alloy, as a connection conductor plate (6, 8) in a high temperature fuel cell (preferably a fuel cell stack), is new. Preferably, the substrate consists of a chromium based alloy of composition Cr5Fe1Y2 O3and is provided with a 20-300 microns thick silicon-containing layer (34).    USE -   As a bipolar plate (8) or cover plate (6) of a high temperature fuel cell stack.    ADVANTAGE -   The silicided layer stabilises the chromium based alloy substrate to prevent evaporation of chromium and its compounds, exfoliation of the oxide layer formed at the high operating temperature of the fuel cell and further oxidation of the chromium based alloy.
The electrode support (10) comprises strip-like electrode lead portions (2) formed from a metal sheet, and several connecting portions (3) branched from the electrode lead portions. Several rectangular electrode material coating portions (1) are each branched from each of the connecting portions. A linear folding line portion is formed at a boundary between the electrode lead and connecting portions. A second linear folding line portion is formed as an obliquely traversing line to each of the connecting portions. Third and fourth linear folding line portions are formed at a horizontally traversing line in an intermediate portion. A final portion of each electrode lead portion corresponds to an electrode material coating portion.    The second folding line portions are folded upwardly or downwardly while the first folding line remains unfolded, or the first and second folding line portions are folded upwardly or downwardly with the folding direction being different between the first and second folding line portions. The third and fourth folding line portions are folded alternately upwardly and downwardly.    ADVANTAGE -   Facilitates joining process between electrode lead portions. Decreases number of joining processing steps.
A battery shield includes first and second members which are dimensioned to fit around the battery, forming a shield structure, that is open at its top and encloses the battery on all four sides and on the bottom, forming a heat shield for protecting the battery from hot temperatures, the first and second members being hinged to a common base and are adapted to be pivoted about respective hinges outwardly away from another to an open position to facilitate installation of a battery in the shield and to then be moved upwardly and toward one another, in the manner of a "clamshell", to a closed position for enclosing the battery within the battery shield.    The bottom of the storage battery has a number of transverse channels in it extending between opposing sides for permitting air flow around the bottom of the storage battery when the battery is enclosed within the battery shield.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For providing thermal stabilisation of storage batteries, as used in automobiles. Provides air flow around bottom of storage battery when battery is enclosed within the shield.
A solar energy collecting device including an energy supply mechanism routing energy collected by a solar energy collecting device to the auxiliary motor device, the energy supply mechanism comprising at least one battery connected to the auxiliary motor device, the battery storing energy collected by the solar energy collecting device and delivering stored energy to the auxiliary motor device.    A control mechanism is connected to the energy supply mechanism, the control mechanism being selectively operable between first and second positions where energy is selectively routed from the energy supply mechanism to the auxiliary motor device when the control mechanism is in the first position and where energy is prevented from being routed to the auxiliary motor device when the control mechanism is in the second position. An energy regenerator is connected to the at least one battery, the energy regenerator being drivably connected to one of the ground engagement wheels driven by the auxiliary motor device, where the energy regenerator operates to regenerate energy for storage in the at least one battery in response to rotation of the drivably connected ground engagement wheel when the control mechanism is in the second position.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For road vehicle comprising a primary engine fuelled by a primary source of fossil fuel energy, the primary engine being drivably connected to one or more of a number of ground engagement wheels mounted on the road vehicle; an auxiliary motor device is drivably connected to and in coincident rotation with one or more of the ground engagement wheels. The primary engine, and the auxiliary motor device is each separately drivably connected to a different ground engagement wheel, with a solar energy collecting device mounted on the road vehicle for exposure to solar energy.
The engine has an electric motor (120) driven by a battery (130) in turn driven by a turbine powered alternator. A dynamic compressor (10) discharges air into an intercooler, which then discharges to a reciprocating compressor (20). This compressor discharges to a second intercooler, and a scrubber removes carbon dioxide, water and oil from this. Air from the scrubber passes through a heat exchanger (40) which uses nitrogen, and then into a turbine (50). A rectifier (60) then separates the oxygen and nitrogen from the air; the nitrogen being discharged to the heat exchanger. A compressor, driven by the turbine, receives the oxygen, whence it enters a gas generator (70) along with fuel compressed by a reciprocating compressor and hot compressed water.    The fuel and oxygen combust, and the products cooled by the water to form a steam and carbon dioxide mixture. This drives a vehicle power turbine, linked with the motor output, and after that a dynamic turbine driving the dynamic compressor and battery alternator. The exhaust heats the gas generator water, which comes from a high pressure pump. A condenser (80) cools the exhaust to separate the steam and carbon dioxide, using water from a radiator, whither is pumped the condensate. The carbon dioxide enters a reciprocating compressor whence its stored in liquid or solid form till it is periodically removed.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For powering cars, trucks, trains, ships and stationary stand-by electric power generation plants. The engine produces no gaseous emissions, and may burn any light hydrocarbon.
The mechanism acts on a shaft (10) whose rotation is instigated by a quarter-turn of a knob (3), releasing a rod (2) and moving a tab (4) into an intermediate position. A first pinion (7) rotates on a rack (8) causing a second pinion (6) to rotate the shaft and lower a plate (9) on to a cap (14) which holds the lower spring (15) in its compressed condition.    The cap is held in this position by studded flexible arms on a hinged gripper (16). When the studs are freed the cap can rise and lift the plate, which recompresses the upper spring (5). Hinged bars (11) with return springs (12) are retracted by pressure from the skirt of the plate, slowing its descent.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Movement is perpetuated without consumption of fuel. Energy can be transformed to produce electricity and can also be used in electric vehicle to reduce electricity demand from battery.
The power supply system (1) includes a non-stabilised DC voltage source (battery B) and several voltage regulators (LR1....LRn) with a respective input connected to the source (B) and a respective output intended to supply a stabilised DV voltage (Vcc1...Vccn) of predetermined value to an associated electronic device or unit (U1...Un). Between the source (B) and the inputs of the voltage regulators (LR1...LRn) is positioned a centralised voltage regulator (SMPS) arranged to provide a stabilised output voltage (Vr) of lower value but greater than the (maximum) value of the stabilised voltages (Vcc1...Vccn) intended to be delivered by the voltage regulators.    The regulators are dimensioned in such a way as to deliver their respective stabilised voltages when the respective inputs receive the stabilised voltage of lower value delivered by the centralised voltage regulator.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces current consumed from battery, reduces heat dissipation and reduces weight
Occupant safety device for a car has protection mechanism comprising a step-up switch to transform the battery voltage, a safety capacitor connected to the step-up switch and the battery, an accident monitoring device which monitors the slowing down of the car to determine whether to generate an accident signal which then activates the device for firing of the car air bag.    A switching circuit is provided that has two roles, firstly to block the connection between the safety capacitor and the accident monitoring device when there is sufficient voltage available from the car battery and secondly to connect the safety capacitor to the accident monitor, within the required time, when there is not sufficient voltage.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Activation of a car air-bag following an accident. The switching circuit necessary to switch between the battery and safety capacitor can be reduced in size (and therefore cost and manufacturing difficulty) as it is not necessary to connect the safety capacitor directly to the firing circuit and the monitoring device.
Preparing a cation exchange membrane comprises incorporating an organic polymer (A) with sulphonic acid groups and finely distributed electrically conductive catalyst material particles (B) into an aqueous phase and then coating at least one side of a cation exchange material (C) film with the resulting suspension.(A) is soluble in an aprotic polar solvent and contains repeat units of formula (Ar1X) (I) or (Ar2Y) (II) at least partially substituted with sulphonic acid groups. In the formulae: Ar1 and Ar2 = arylene; X = O or S; and Y = carbonyl, sulphoxide or sulphonyl. A suspension is formed by adding (B) to a solution of (A) in a solvent. (C) contains a cation exchange resin with sulphonic acid groups. The coating on the film is treated with a liquid which is miscible with the solvent for (A) but is not capable of dissolving (A), resulting in coagulation to form pores in the membrane coating.    USE -   The membranes are used as proton conductor membranes in electrochemical fuel cells. They can also be used in electrolysis cells or membrane fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The catalytic cation exchange materials show improved resistance to chlorine and alkalis, are relatively cheap and can be processed more easily due to their good solubility.
An electrically-powered vehicle having a front, rear, opposing longitudinal sides, and a battery for storing and providing electrical energy, comprising a duct assembly with an air intake duct; a turbine chamber having a turbine chamber inlet and exhaust outlet; a discharge duct; and a discharge outlet, wherein the intake duct is connected to the turbine chamber inlet, the discharge duct is interposed between the turbine chamber exhaust outlet and the discharge outlet, and, the discharge duct has a larger cross-sectional area than the turbine chamber exhaust outlet.    A turbine is placed in the turbine chamber, the turbine being adapted to operate by the air passing through the duct when the vehicle is in motion; and a generator is operatively engaged with the turbine, the generator providing electrical energy and charging the battery with the generated electrical energy when the turbine is in operation.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Electric vehicle using wind-driven turbine and generator set for charging the vehicle's batteries while the vehicle is in motion and a flywheel for charging the batteries while the vehicle is slowing down or stopped. Increased operating range of vehicle obtained due to fact that efficient charging of vehicle batteries can take place while vehicle is in motion and when the vehicle is intermittently stopped.
The apparatus includes a brake shoe assembly (1) which develops sliding friction against the drum interface (2) during braking. Attached to the outside surface of the drum are the thermoelectric elements (3). The cold surface is a ring (4) that is attached to the outside diameter of the thermoelectric elements.    The rotor (5) could be completely surrounded by a metallic housing (6) except at the caliper (7) location. The thermoelectric generator modules (8) can either be air cooled or attached to a finned heat exchanger assembly not shown. The temperature gradient across the thermoelectric elements induces a potential difference along each element due to the Seebeck effect which results in a current flow when the elements are connected together as part of a closed electrical circuit.    ADVANTAGE -   Converts braking heat energy generated in drum and disc braking systems of vehicle to electricity.
The method involves detecting whether a vehicle is in a deceleration state. The kinetic energy resulting from deceleration operation is converted into electrical energy by a vehicle mounted generator (18). Charging of a condenser (10) connected to an electric load (12) and the generator is performed, corresponding to the converted amount of electrical energy.    The operation of the generator is stopped under deceleration release state. Current is then supplied to the electric load from the condenser until the voltage of the condenser is reduced to that of a lead storage battery connected to the condenser and generator, through a relay switch (16).    ADVANTAGE -   Improves fuel consumption. Enables performance of charging of condenser efficiently and quickly.
The system has a condenser array which includes a set of condensers being connected in series and in parallel. The charger is connected to the condenser array through a connector. The charger transmits the charging voltage information to an electrical charging apparatus through the connector.    The electrical charging apparatus detects the charging voltage and an ECU controls a connection switching unit. The switching unit performs connection modification of the condenser array according to the detected charging voltage.    ADVANTAGE -   Eliminates necessity of manual operation of operator/driver. Improves efficiency.
A modifying device comprises a reaction container (25); a modifying catalyst layer (24) consisting of a modifying catalyst arranged in a reaction container (25) and modifying raw fuel into modified gas; a raw fuel introduction part (32) to introduce the raw fuel to the modifying catalyst layer (25): a modified gas discharge part (33) to discharge modified gas from the modifying catalyst (24); a combustion gas feeder ) generate combustion gas; combustion gas outgoing pipes (28) running through the modifying catalyst (24) and causing a flow in the same direction as that of a flow of raw fuel in the modifying catalyst layer (24); a combustion gas return pipe (29) running through the modifying catalyst layer (24) and causing a flow of combustion gas, flowing through the combustion gas outgoing pipe (28), in a direction opposite to that of a flow of the raw fuel in the modifying catalyst layer; a combustion gas inversion part (26) inverting combustion gas, passing through the combust ion gas outgoing pipe (28), and guiding the combustion gas to a combustion gas discharge part (30).    ADVANTAGE -   The increase of the temp. of a reaction pipe does not occur.
The device includes a control circuit (22) which controls a driving circuit (16) based on stepping force detected with a sensor (18). The driving circuit drives a battery (14). A charge detector detects the residual capacity of the battery connected to a motor (12) that provides auxiliary power.    When the detected resonant capacity of battery is less than a set value, a power switch (28) is directed to cut off electric power supply to the motor.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents over discharge of battery. Facilitates forewarning of driver about battery charge state.
The charger has a power supply circuit (10) between the output terminals of which a pair of electrochemical elements (C1,C2) of a charging object are connected in series. A pair of charging control circuits (P1,P2) are connected between the terminals of respective electrochemical elements. If the elements reach reference voltage (Vr1,Vr2) respectively, the charging current is detoured through detour current path (B1,B2) connected to the respective elements. A pair of electric power storage parts (L1,L2) which store electric power by the bypassed charging current, are connected to respective detour current paths. The stored electric power is applied to the elements.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables high speed charging. Improves charging efficiency. Enables to correct each voltage balance. Prevents heat emission. Reduces size and weight.
The apparatus supplies a DC voltage from a DC power supply (B) through a single power supply line (11) to a set of equipments connected in parallel. Alternating voltage from an AC voltage application unit is combined with the DC voltage and supplied through the equipments via the same power supply line.    Each equipment has a ON/OFF power control switch which either opens/closes based on alternating voltage applied by an alternating voltage application unit.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies wiring. Improves degree of designing of wiring. Enables to transmit information using power supply line.
The fuel reformer includes a desulphurization reactor (2), modifier (3) and a carbon monoxide conversion unit (4) that are connected through a nitrogen gas circulation circuit (12) with a blower (5). A nitrogen gas supply circuit (11) is connected to gas circulation circuit. A heater (7,8) is provided in the desulphurization reactor and the carbon monoxide conversion unit respectively that maintains warm state at power generation shutdown state.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces time duration for raising temperature of reactor. Offers efficient starting operation.
The cooler which includes a cooling plate (72) is provided in between laminated fuel cells. The separator of fuel cell is positioned above the cooling plate. A mounting groove is formed in the cooling plate for positioning a central cooling pipe (73) and an outer cooling pipe (75). The mounting groove is formed such that the cooling pipe covers the overall length of the cooling plate. The mounting groove for central cooling pipe has multiple U shaped parts formed repeatedly. A thermally conductive compound is filled in the clearance between the liner part of mounting groove and cooling pipe.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents breaking of separator. Inhibits falling of electrolyte on cooling pipe. Prevents corrosion of cooling pipe. Improves cooling efficiency. Improves durability of fuel battery. Enables to adjust temperature at gas outlet side.
The battery includes an anode chamber and a cathode chamber in which a diaphragm and a liquid permeable porous electrode are arranged, respectively. Liquid is poured into the positive and negative chambers, respectively. The liquid permeable porous electrode consists of a first layer and a second layer. The second layer is arranged near the diaphragm. The hydrogen/carbon nuclear ratio of the first layer is below 0.3. A carbon fibre layer is formed on the surface of the second layer. The bulk density of the carbon fibre layer ranges between 0.01-1.60g/cc. A groove in which electrolyte flows is formed at the front face of the carbon fibre layer. The carbon fibre layer has a surface area ranging between 0.5-3000m2/g and a diameter ranging between 0.5-35 micrometer.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves power efficiency of battery. Enables to circulate electrolytic liquid for charging and discharging of battery under low pump power.
The process comprises impregnating a porous metal substrate (1) in a nickel salt solution. Due to continuous hydrolysis of the nickel salt solution, the pores of the substrate are filled with nickel.    USE -   Used in nickel-cadmium batteries or nickel-hydrogen batteries used in electric vehicles or portable equipment.    ADVANTAGE -   Shortens injection time. Improves degree of filling of active material in substrate.
The terminal (31) includes a post part insertion hole (37) formed in a substrate (36). A post part (3) of the battery electrode whose diameter reduces from base side to the end side is inserted in the hole. A pair of cyclic parts (35a,35b) surrounds the post part insertion hole, which disengage at one side to form a bolting clearance (39). A contact part (53) of the shape of a hilt is formed by bending post part insertion hole edge part towards base side of post part.    ADVANTAGE -   Stabilises contact state.
The battery (1) includes a connection lead. The external surface of the cell, the cell terminal part and the connection lead are coated with an insulating coating material (2).    USE -   In e.g. marine.    ADVANTAGE -   Excels in durability. Improves industrial value.
The voltage boost/increase circuit has a step-up transformer (1) with an input (10) receiving an oscillator voltage (Uosc) and an output (11) provided a rectified output voltage. The oscillator voltage is provided by an oscillator circuit (2) with a de-activation input (20), with a feedback loop (5) for limiting the rectified output voltage connected between the transformer output and the de-activation input, for de-activation of the oscillator when the output voltage is above a threshold value.    ADVANTAGE -   Allows use of simple, low cost IC.
The method consists in bending the positive and negative terminals (14,15) at the base and inserting the capacitor element (16) into aluminium housing (19) with seal (18). The housing is then processed to make constriction (19a). During manufacture, the terminals are attached to the sheets (11,12) with a set space provided by means of guide rollers.    A rolling up section is operated by a servomotor whose speed reduces as the diameter of the element (16) increases to roll the sheets at a constant rate. A torque motor rolls the sheets with a constant rotation torque in conjunction with a fluid press cylinder and rubber roller.    USE -   For extremely large capacitances.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents uneven tensioning.
The bicycle (2) has an electric motor, and tubular frame (4) comprising front part (6) connected with the front wheel (20), seat part (12) connected with saddle (30) and a main part (8) connected to the others (6,12) and with seat strut (14) and chain strut (16).    A frame cover (58) is provided, which is protected at the main part, and a recess is arranged for the reception of a battery unit (52) with batteries (54). A measuring unit (64) for the residual capacity of the battery, is mounted centrally at the frame cover, at a position between the front tube part and the recess, and an indicating unit (66). A computer and a fault diagnostic unit can be provided.    ADVANTAGE -   Remaining battery capacity can be indicated whilst the engine is running or stopped. Fault diagnosis can be carried out by rider or by service personnel.
The energy-saving device is mounted on the power mechanism of the vehicle, and is comprised of a self-contained transmission electric energy circuit or/and an engine boost circuit. Its self-contained transmission electric energy circuit includes the power generator and a motor mounted on the transmission device. The electricity given out by the generator is connected to a distributor and a control contact switch in the steering compartment.    The engine boost circuit has a generator mounted on the front end of the engine. One line of the generator is connected to the charger of a storage battery, and another line of the generator is connected to the input end of the engine through the distributor in the steering compartment and its accelerator pedal and control contact switch.
Measuring the specific surface area (SSA) available for reaction of a noble metal catalyst of an electrode material powder for a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) comprises: (a) reducing a first electrode material powder comprising a noble metal catalyst on a powdered carbon carrier; (b) reducing a second electrode material powder comprising a noble metal catalyst covered with polymer electrolyte (PE) on a powdered carbon carrier; (c) exposing the first electrode powder to carbon monoxide and measuring the total SSA of the noble metal catalyst from the amount of carbon monoxide adsorbed; (d) exposing the second electrode powder to carbon monoxide and measuring the SSA of the catalyst from carbon monoxide adsorption as above; and (e) obtaining the available SSA by subtracting the value obtained in step (d) from the value obtained in step (c).    Also claimed is an electrode for a PEMFC having an electrode material comprising: (i) a noble metal catalyst powder; and (ii) a polymer electrolyte; such that the utilisation ratio of the catalyst is at least 40% of the saturation utilisation value.    USE -   Used for determining the utilisation ratio of a noble metal catalyst in a polymer electrolyte. PEMFCs are used as the power supply aboard spacecraft and also for consumer uses, e.g. as the driving power source for electric vehicles and boats, and as portable power supplies.    ADVANTAGE -   The SSA of catalyst available for reaction is measured accurately to allow control of the catalyst utilisation ratio. This control provides an electrode material with excellent polarisation characteristics.
The drive circuit comprises a number of series circuits each of which consist of an electronic switch, an automatically resetting normally closed switch and a load. Each electronic switch is capable of driving the load in the respective series circuit. To that end the electronic switches are controlled by a processing circuit.    Such control takes place on the basis of signals supplied by the electronic switches, which signal opening of the normally closed switch to the processing circuit. The driving and signalling take place independently of each other so that opening of the normally closed switch in a series circuit may cause a load in another series circuit to be driven. In addition so that the processing circuit may detect and signal an open circuit condition of the loads.    ADVANTAGE -   Only one electric conductor is required both for driving and detecting which results in savings of cost as well as weight. This also leads to an enhanced reliability.
The booster includes an ignition switch (IGSW) which charges a coil (L) using the electric power supplied by a DC battery (Vb). The energy stored in the coil is used to charge a capacitor (C) using a diode and a field-effect transistor (FET).    A duty controller (1) performs duty regulation based on the capacitor voltage by generating a limit value which limits duty switching. A variation unit (2) varies the resulting limit value based on the voltage of the DC battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents rupturing of FET due to simplified abnormality switching structure.
The apparatus has a drive signal output circuit (120) that outputs a drive signal. A load (105) is driven based on the output drive signal. An intelligent power switch (104) outputs a diagnostic signal when an abnormal condition is detected. A detector (121) determines the continuous output time of the diagnostic signal as well as an abnormal condition repetition period.    A controller (111) is provided with a memory (122) that stores the continuous output time and the abnormal condition repetition period. The controller compares the continuous output time with the abnormal condition repetition period which are stored in the memory to estimate a failure mode.    ADVANTAGE -   Eases estimation of abnormal condition thereby improving maintenance and easing troubleshooting. Enables location of abnormal condition e.g. short circuit to be reliably determined. Reliably determines which of several intelligent power switches in power supply distribution device detected abnormal condition.
Two sheets of electrodes are installed at the outer faces of a flat fuel electrode and an oxidising agent electrode respectively facing the main faces of a flat solid high molecular electrolyte member and having a reaction flow path. An outlet for the reaction gas is located at both sides of the lowermost part of the reaction gas flow path.    ADVANTAGE -   The reaction gas can flow smoothly.
The apparatus comprises several battery stacks which are formed by storing laminate bodies of cell batteries in pressurised containers. The pressurised are placed in parallel with each other. The laminate bodies are electrically connected by the connecting bodies.    A connecting pipe is arranged at an outer circumferential side of each connecting body. A flexible pipe is arranged at an outer circumferential side of each connecting body.    ADVANTAGE -   Smoothly sends in/out or move battery stack without opening lids of pressurised containers.
The power supply has a DC battery (3) which supplies a DC current. A chopper circuit (1) which consists of a transistor (11) chops the DC supplied from the DC battery. A drive circuit (22) controls the transistor of the chopper circuit. An oscillation circuit (21) changes the duty of the transmission frequency so that the output voltage of the chopper circuit becomes a predetermined value.    The chopper circuit and a controller (5) are connected to a first ground line (g1). The output of the controller and the oscillation circuit are connected to a second ground line (G2).    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces radiation of harmonic noise from other equipment in vehicle. Prevents destruction of chopper circuit by surge voltage and inverse voltage.
An interior modification type module has a generating chamber which is formed in interior of a vessel enclosed with heat insulating material and solid electrolyte type fuel battery stacks are positioned in the generating chamber and a high temperature type modification device which has vapour modification catalyser which modifies hydrocarbon fuel supplied from exterior with vapour reacting to hydrogen and carbon monoxide. A low temperature type modification device is set at a module fuel intake port of upstream side of the high temperature modification device.    ADVANTAGE -   System efficiency and generating efficiency can be improved and life of the high temperature type modification device catalyser and the solid electrolyte type fuel battery stacks can be elongated.
The equipment (10) has a residual capacity estimation unit (20) which is a hierarchical type multilayer neural network. The estimation unit comprises an input layer (20A), an interface layer (20C) and an output layer (20D) which are arranged in a predetermined manner.    The V-I variations in the network during the running state of the vehicle are used in the determination of the residual capacity of battery (15).    ADVANTAGE -   Calculates residual capacity of battery correctly and simply even when dispersion generates in V-I characteristics. Enables correction of deterioration of charging/discharging capacity and load fluctuation.
The appts has transformers (4a-4n) to primary side of which batteries (1a-1m) are connected via diodes (2a-2m) connected in reverse connection. Across each battery and diode, input condensers (3a-3n) are connected to the secondary side of the transformers, transistors (6a-6n) are connected to one end side along with output diodes (11a-11n). output condensers (5a-5n) are connected between cathode side of output diode and other end side of secondary side of transformer. An analogue multiplexer (8) is connected to the cathode side of an output diode.    A constant voltage power supply (7) is interconnected in the direction, where transistor of secondary side of transformer is not connected. An A/D converter (10) connected to analogue multiplexer outputs sequential control signal for switching. A controller is provided to output the drive signal of the transistor.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables voltage measurement of group battery of motor vehicle.
The stripper has an air mixing part that mixes air with reforming gas received from the exterior. The air mixing part has a double pipe structure with an inner tube (11) and an outer tube (12). The inner tube has a nozzle shaped injection tip from which reforming gas is blown off. The outer tube forms a circulation path of air between the inner tubes. When reforming gas is injected from the nozzle, an ejector inhales air inside the outer tube through the air circulation path. The carbon monoxide gas contained in the reforming gas is converted to carbon dioxide by an oxidised catalyst layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces size and weight of appts. Reduces inner amount of load of fuel battery system. Enables air blower actuation without requiring electric power. Increases electricity generation efficiency. Enables efficient selective oxidation reaction.
The apparatus includes a power supply circuit (2) which supplies an alternating voltage to an exciter, and passes a field current to a retarder field winding (5). A synchronising signal generator controls the thyristors (7,8) included in a thyristor control hybrid bridge.    A first insulating unit (26) separates the power supply and a control circuit (10) while a second insulating unit (32) separates the synchronising signal generator and the control circuit. A temperature sensor detects the temperature of the retarder field winding while the speed detector senses the speed. A control pattern generator (50) produces a control pattern which controls the thyristors according to detected speed, field winding temperature and retarder operation time after switch ON of retarder, so that retarding torque generated by retarder is also controlled.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents reduction in retarding torque during high-speed rotation thereby improving performance of retarder; eliminates need of expensive speed sensor; eliminates need of external diode for destruction prevention.
The generator has a magnetic blade (1) attached to a central shaft (3) rotatably inside a coil (2).    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies structure. Increases energy conversion efficiency.
The system includes an electricity generation installation (1) which is connected to an electric power system (7), through a first set of transformers (5) and a first set of switches (6). An electric power storage unit (2) is connected to the electric power system, through an electric power converter (3), a second set of transformers and the second set of switches. The electric power converter is linked to the connection path of the electricity generation installation and the electric power system, through a third set of switches (4).    ADVANTAGE -   Improves operation rate of system.
The system (10) has a distribution unit (110) that carries out distribution of power from a power supply unit (100). The distributed power is supplied to a set of loads (1081-108n) through a set of load power supply lines. Power line that is connected to a power supply unit has a main power supply line (142) and an auxiliary power supply line (143). A detector (122) of the distribution unit detects the current which flows through the main power supply line.    A switch (120) changes the connection of the specific load power supply line and the main/auxiliary power supply lines. A controller (121) changes the switching time of the switch. When the detector detects predetermined current value, the switch is operated by the controller. The power supply to the specific load power supply line is changed from the main power supply line to the auxiliary power supply line.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces diameter of main power supply line. Improves reliability of power distribution unit.
The vehicle has a pair of double-layered capacitors (20) arranged in series and connected in parallel to a voltage equaliser. The capacitors are charged by an electric-power generator (11) through a battery charger (30).    The wheels are driven through an electric motor driven by the power from the capacitor.    ADVANTAGE -   Shortens charging time of capacitors even if capacitors are fully discharged. Maximises utilisation factor of capacitor. Offers convenience compared to using of battery since capacitors are lighter and occupies lesser space compared to batteries.
The cooler includes a first cooling unit (11) which is connected between the peripheral part of a battery (81) and outer side of a vehicle. A second cooling unit (20) has an air blower (21) which exhaust air outside the vehicle, from the peripheral side of the battery. A first thermosensor (41) detects the temperature of the battery, whereas an external thermosensor (42) detects the outside temperature. A degree sensor (43) detects the vehicle room temperature. A controller operates and selects the three cooling units, based on the output of these sensors. When heat drop of the battery by first cooling unit is inadequate, then the second cooling unit is operated. The third cooling unit is operated, if the heat drop by second cooling unit is inadequate.    ADVANTAGE -   Cools battery efficiently and effectively corresponding to ambient variations.
The battery has a solid electrolyte tube (3) which consists of sodium ions. A positive electrode collector object (7) accommodated by a positive electrode container (5) is distributed in the periphery of the solid electrolyte tube. The container maintains the sulphur and sodium polysulphide. A positive active material (2) is impregnated in the collector object which consists of number of solid state objects. Each solid state object has a low density carbon fibre object (7A) whose fibre density increases from the inner side to the peripheral side. Each solid state object has a high density carbon fibre object (7B) whose fibre density is higher than the low density object. The high density object is arranged below the low density object.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves changing depth. Prevents sulphur formation reaction near tube. Reduces collector resistance. Increases life. Prevents deterioration by current density concentration of electrolyte.
The battery includes a positive electrode plate. The electrode plate is divided into several vertically parallel parts by a bag-like separator. The separator comprises rib-like projection part (1) which is in contact with electrode plate with narrow edge with quadrant shaped corner parts having 6-8mm radii.    ADVANTAGE -   Inhibits short circuit. Improves vibration proof kinesis.
The system (10) includes a switch (20) which cuts off connection between fuel battery and a motor (16), accordingly. A temperature sensor (22) detects the temperature of the battery at the time of warming-up of the fuel battery. The switch is activated and the fuel battery and the motor are connected when the warming up state of the fuel battery is finalised. A secondary battery (14) supplies power to motor, during warming up of the fuel battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Maintains high voltage even when load becomes large. Ensures normal supply.
The system generates electricity by treating heated gas containing hydrogen and oxidised gas containing oxygen. A modifier (40) reforms the original fuel and forms a heated gas. A burner (60) performs high temperature combustion. A turbine (52) is actuated by the high temperature exhaust of the burner. A compressor presses the oxidised gas which is supplied by the anode. The heated gas from the modifier is supplied by the cathode. The heated amount of a waste gas is led to the modifier. A heated amount supplier performs reforming reaction of a original fuel.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces amount of energy emitted without utilising. Improves energy efficiency.
The battery has an anode laminate made of lead alloy which contains 0.8 - 3 wt.% antimony, 0.1 - 0.4 wt.% arsenic, 0.0005 - 0.03 wt.% copper, 0.001 - 0.03 wt.% bismuth, 0.0005 - 0.25 wt.% silver, 0.0005 - 0.1 wt.% tin and 0.0002 - 0.0003 wt.% nickel.    ADVANTAGE -   The battery life is extended and manufacture is simplified.
The lead@-antimony@ group alloy contains 0.0002 - 0.0003 wt. % nickel.    ADVANTAGE -   Maintenance characteristics of the lead storage battery are improved.
The stopper (1) includes a splash proof unit (3) which is extended downwards from the inner wall of the cylindrical structure (2). Several splash proof plate are arranged inside the splash proof unit at different die depths. The plates are set such that they adjoined each other on the opposite sides and are made to overlap mutually when viewed from upper side. The curtate distance of adjoining splash proof plates along up-down direction, is about 2-3 mm.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves leakage proof nature.
The arrangement includes a board (32) to which battery (31) is fixed using restraining member (1). The restraining member is fixed to the upper part of the battery. A battery cover (2) is formed in the restraining member as one body.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies installation of battery cover. Improves water proofness characteristics.
The appts has a voltage/current detectors (11,12) which detects terminal voltage and output current of a battery (80). A judgment part (20) judges life of battery by reading current and voltage output by detector, immediately when vehicle starts. A resistance detector calculates internal resistance (Ri) of battery, based on variation I of current and variation V of voltage. A threshold drive electric power calculation part computes an electric power (Wo) of battery, in minimum drive voltage (Vo) of electric motor, based on variation data of voltage and current. The standard value (Rs) showing maximum internal resistance is compared with calculated internal resistance of battery. An output part judges the battery life and emits an alarm, when electric power computed calculation part is less than the standard value (Ws) showing minimum output.    ADVANTAGE -   Ensures automatic life judgment of battery, effectively. Enables to send out judgment result immediately after starting vehicle.
The system includes several measuring devices (3) to measure battery information like temperature, pressure and voltage of several batteries (1) that are accommodated on respective accommodation bases (2). A communication wire (6) connects each measuring device with the controller (5). Each battery is accommodated on the accommodation base such that it is positioned in-between the measuring device and communication wire. Communication elements (41,42) are mounted on mounting part of each battery, and are connected to respective measuring devices and communication wire. A controller controls the information transmission between measuring devices of respective battery through the communication wire. A coupler enables removal of desired battery from the group of batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces man-hour requirement for setting battery. Improves operator's safety. Avoids need for connector for connecting connection wire.
Current is fed from the vehicle 12V battery (B) to a load (L) through a power supply unit (101) and a short detecting cable (102). The power supply unit comprises a circuit breaker (103), a breaker drive circuit (104), a microcomputer (105) and voltage monitor circuits (106,107). A P-channel FET may be used as the circuit breaker.    The voltage monitor circuits include comparators (108,109). The microcomputer receives signals from the monitor circuits and checks an abnormality in the battery to load circuit on the basis of the output signals. When the microcomputer detects an abnormality an output signal (LO) is generated for the breaker drive circuit to turn off the circuit beaker.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents wire burn out by detecting rare short as well as a full short.
An interrelated method of controlling the electrical power output and oxidant supply in a fuel cell electric power generating system for driving the electric traction motor of a wheeled vehicle, involves initially summing the instantaneous power demands of the multiple electrical loads in the electrical power generation system, in order to calculate a total instantaneous power demand, followed by generating a feed-forward output signal to adjust the variable-speed compressor speed to a value calculated to give sufficient electrical power output to meet the total instantaneous power demand.    At least one fuel cell stack is used in the electrical power generation system and is supplied with fuel and with an oxidant using the compressor, with the electrical power output of the fuel cell stack being dependent on the compressor speed.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Providing the electrical power for electric traction motor used to drive wheels of alternative energy source vehicle. Avoids noxious emissions from vehicle power plant, the residual product of hydrogen/oxygen fuel-cell electrochemical reaction being water.
The battery terminal (2) for mounting onto a vehicle battery post (4) comprises an actuator (8), spring (10) and contactor piece (12). The contactor piece is stamped from sheet metal to incorporate contacting teeth. The actuator is threaded onto tabs (32,34) of the contactor piece to flatten the plate-like spring and cause inward compression of the spring against the contactor piece.    Insertion of the terminal over the battery post and subsequent rotation of the actuator is easily effected during automated assembly and allows subsequent manual removal and reconnection.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables automated assembly while spring resilience allows for dimensional tolerance and thermal expansion. Manual coupling or uncoupling is easy owing to significant force reduction of spring lever-arm effect, while rotation of actuator ensures good contact.
A battery connection comprises a battery post protruding from a battery and a battery terminal for clamping connection with the battery post. The battery post has a base and a shaft extending from it, and the battery terminal has a clamping ring for surrounding the shaft and a flange extending from the lower edge of the clamping ring for contacting the upper surface of the base.    Alternating grooves and ridges are formed on the underside of the flange to provide increased frictional engagement with the base and so inhibit rotation of the terminal relative to the base. Alignment tabs project downwardly from the flange to engage receptacles formed in the surface of the base when the terminal is in a desired angular alignment with the base.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides battery terminal which when mounted to battery post resists rotation relative to post without damaging post. Terminal may be quickly and repeatedly mounted to battery post in predetermined orientation.
The cover comprises an internal wall extending between the sidewall and a top surface for defining two chambers, with an orifice defined in the internal wall for enabling the flow of air between the chambers. The electric motor has a motor shaft with a fan blade secured to it which is positioned proximate the orifice. A rechargeable battery is disposed within the cover, and the photovoltaic cell is secured to the top surface of the cover for converting solar irradiation into electrical power. The photovoltaic cell is connected to the rechargeable battery for charging it during impingement of solar irradiation upon the photovoltaic cell.    A disconnect switch connects the rechargeable battery to the electric motor. The disconnect switch is mounted on the air vent cap for movement with the air vent cap between the open position and closed position. The switch automatically closes for connecting the battery to the motor when the air vent cap is pivoted into the opened position to provide an air flow through the aperture. The disconnect switch automatically opens for disconnecting the battery from the motor when the air vent cap is pivoted into the closed position when the aperture is obstructed by the air vent cap.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Solar powered ventilator cover for vehicle, e.g. motor home, in which fan operates independently of vehicle's electrical system without draining vehicle battery. Fan can be easily replaced.
A hydrogen mfg. device comprises a plate modifying apparatus (12) with plate-form modifying chambers and combustion chambers are alternately laminated; a hydrogen refining device (14) to adsorb other surplus gas than hydrogen at a high pressure and remove it at a low pressure to separate and refine hydrogen; and a surplus gas circulation line (16) to introduce surplus gas (13), separated away from a hydrogen refining device, to a plate modifying apparatus. By steam-modifying hydrocarbon by using the combustion heat of surplus gas from the plate modifying apparatus. modified gas (4) containing hydrogen is mfd., and hydrogen (9) is separated and refined from the modified gas by the hydrogen refining device.    USE -   For fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -   High purity hydrogen is produced with high efficiency. Device size and weight are reduced.
A two-stage combustion type plate modifying apparatus comprises a modifying apparatus body (12) where the plate-form modifying apparatus chambers (Re) and combustion chambers (Ca) are alternately laminated; and a primary burner (14) arranged to the outside of the modifying apparatus body (12) and feeding combustion gas to the combustion chamber (Co). The combustion chamber (Co) comprises a gas intermediate inflow device (16) arranged between a combustion gas inlet (15a) and a combustion exhaust gas outlet (15b) and in which combustion gas flows from the outside; and a secondary burner (17) arranged downstream from the gas intermediate inflow device (16).    ADVANTAGE -   Even when the combustion gas amount is low, there is no need to reduce the velocity of gas flow of the combustion chamber (Co) and high thermal conduction is expected.
In a container (1) filled with a hydrogen storage alloy and having a piping (3) for discharging hydrogen gas connected to a wall surface, a heater (2) having a catalyst (21) is arranged on the wall surface or in the vicinity of the container (1) and the heater (2) and the container (1) are interlinked through a hydrogen flow passage (4). A part of hydrogen gas discharged from the hydrogen storage alloy in the container is fed to a heater (2) through a hydrogen flow passage (4), and the catalyst is burnt in the heater (2). The hydrogen storage alloy filling container with a heater comprises aa temp. sensor (6) to detect the temp. of the hydrogen storage alloy in the container (1); a valve (7) to open and close the hydrogen flow passage (4); and a control part (5) linked to the temp. sensor (6) and the valve (7) and controlling operation of the valve (7) according to temp. detected by the temp. sensor (6). To maintain the temp. of the hydrogen storage alloy in the container (1) at a given value, a feed amount of hydrogen to effect catalyst combustion in the heater (2) is controlled by operation of the valve (7).    ADVANTAGE -   A need for an external heat source is eliminated.
The apparatus includes an electric generator (21) and a switchboard (22) arranged on the chassis of a motor vehicle. The electric generator is driven by a hydraulic motor (20). A frame (17) with illuminators (16) is attached at the end of an expandable and contractable boom (14) near the front end of a front wheel (3), in a position lower than the eye point (A) of a driver cabin (11).    A revolving superstructure (10) is rotatably mounted on a base carrier where an engine (2) is mounted. The boom and revolving superstructure are provided beside the driver cabin and below the cabin upper surface. The electric generator is attached horizontally near the group edge of the boom in the upper part of the revolving superstructure.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Used as lighting when disaster or accident happens. Prevents obstruction of driver field of view since no component is above upper surface of driver cabin, thus promoting driving safety. Eases running of vehicle even in uneven ground during disaster. Enables stable illumination by adjusting outrigger provided before and after chassis. Facilitates rotation-number control.
The detection of completion of charging operates by periodically testing the battery. The voltage (Va) over the battery terminals is periodically measured (10) and a voltage step periodically imposed (12) at the terminals. The voltage step is maintained for a predetermined duration (T).     The current (im) traversing the battery is measured at the end of the duration of the step voltage, and the charging stopped when the current at the end of the step duration reaches a preset threshold. The charging is also halted when the difference between currents at the start and the end of the step reaches a second threshold.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces risk of overcharging damage to batteries by detection of approach of fully charged state.
The trap utilises a methanol fuel cell (12) to provide carbon dioxide, water vapour, and heat as attractive agents, and also to generate electricity to power the electrical components. The fuel cell with membrane is mounted in a tubular housing (38) having inlet (40) and outlet (42) ends. The inlet end of a second tubular housing is mounted next to the outlet end of the fuel cell housing. A fan (64), powered by the fuel cell, is mounted in the second housing for creating an air flow through the fuel cell and second housing.    The carbon dioxide and water vapour generated by the fuel cell are drawn through the fuel cell housing, into the inlet end of the trap housing (62) by the air flow. Insects attracted to the device are also drawn into the inlet end of the trap housing by this flow. A mesh bag (66) is secured around the outlet end of the second housing for trapping insects drawn into the trap housing. Means in association with the fuel cell means for prevents Insects attracted to the reaction products from are prevented from returning to the environment.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For trapping blood-sucking insects. Does not need external power source.
The apparatus has a fuel battery main body (6) that generates power by electrochemical reaction of the hot gas and oxygen in air. The combustion of gas ejected from a hot gas outlet (4) and an air outlet (5) of the fuel battery main body is carried out in a combustion chamber (21). A waste gas outlet (27) is provided at the combustion chamber.    A cut-off film (32) is set at an air supply path (15) that is connected to an air inlet (3) of the battery main body. A hot gas inlet (4) of the fuel battery main body and the waste gas outlet of the combustion part are connected by a purge flow path (30).    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Types of fuel batteries are phosphoric acid type, fusion carbonate type, solid electrolyte type. Prevents danger of inflammation and fixing by waste gas ejected from fuel battery. Enables purge of hot gas in fuel pole by inactive waste gas. Prevents moisture and foreign material invasion to fuel battery main body. Prevents reduction of electrolyte density by moisture absorption. Prevents deterioration of battery characteristics. Prevents pressure reduction in main body after shut down.
The battery comprises a multilayer body (2) into which a cooling plate (3a) is inserted. The cooling plate comprises a carbon material in several cooling pipes arranged in parallel fashion and in several header pipes (6a) coupled at the ends and turns into a cooling substrate (4a). The thickness of the part embedded in the cooling pipe is less than that of the part embedded in the header pipe. The part which is embedded in the header pipe, projects on the side face of the multilayer body and is distributed. At least one through hole is formed in a cooling plate to insert a tube for extraction of gas in the multilayer body for the cooling substrate of the part which is embedded in the header pipe in an air-tight manner.    ADVANTAGE -   Corrosion is inhibited. The life of the battery is extended. Dispersed phosphoric acid is collected automatically and accurately.
The structure (51) includes a wire joining part (53) that caulks a wire caulking part (65). A connection part (57) is formed in the shape of loop by a pair of bolting parts (55,59). A first spring (61) is set up at the edge of the first bolting part. A second spring (63) is set up at the edge of the second bolting part.    The connection part is installed around the battery main box and punching is carried out. The size of the springs are set such that during expansion, the spring does not protrude beyond the wire joining part.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids irregular bolting during binding of bolting parts. Prevents deformation and rupture of terminal. Improves yield during punching.
The apparatus has a connection terminal board (21) in which an aperture (32) of predetermined width is formed. An electric pole (12) connected with the battery electrode, forms a helical contact surface at the board.    The electric pole is fixed with the board, by a nut (30) penetrated into the aperture of the board. The electric pole is connected with the board firmly by filling electrically conductive paste (33) in the gap between the board and the electric pole.    ADVANTAGE -   Increases contact area of electric pole and terminal board. Reduces voltage drop and connection resistance between battery and terminal board. Avoids corrosion of battery. Improves life period of battery.
The apparatus uses a first nut (24) fixed to lower part of a helix groove formed in each of a pair of electric poles (20,26) of a pair of batteries (12) respectively. A connection terminal board (15) which has a hole through which the electric pole penetrates, is positioned on the first nut.    A second nut positioned on the connection terminal board is attached to upper part of helix groove formed in each electric pole. When the first and second nuts are tightened the connection terminal board is connected between the two electric poles of the two cells.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves electric property of battery. Reduces contact resistance of nuts and connection terminal board. Suppresses voltage drop of whole battery.
The industrial machine consists of a side bumper (37) which encircles between the cage and a frame (25), at the left side of upper turning body. An interstage diaphragm (33) located on the frame is positioned between the cage and the machinery room.    A battery relay (34), which is fixed to the left end part of the interstage diaphragm, is positioned in the space formed by the side bumper between the cage and the frame. The battery relay applies voltage to the starting motor and starts the engine.    ADVANTAGE -   Ensures easy inspection and maintenance. Prevents rain water entry into battery relay side. Prevents breakdown of battery relay. Avoids need for separate water proof lower for battery relay. Ensures setting separate space for battery relay.
The ceramic has perovskite type crystal phase and oxide phase. The oxide phase has lanthanum as metallic component. The perovskite type crystal phase is expressed by the formula Rx+uMgy+vCrz, where R is metal chosen out of rare earth element except lanthanum. The constants are expressed by the relations as 0.0001 u/(x+y+z) 0.2, 0.2 &lt; (v+y)/(x+y+z) 0.6 and v &gt; 0.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables mass production of fuel battery at low temperature of 1600C or less. Obtains excellent stability in hot hydrogen environment.
Method for removing ammonia from reformed fuel cell power plant fuel gas comprises: (a) providing reformed fuel gas stream, (b) cooling the reformed fuel gas stream to 350F or less to form a cooled fuel gas stream and (c) exposing the cooled fuel gas stream to phosphoric acid to convert ammonia to ammonium phosphates sufficient to lower the concentration of ammonia in the cooled fuel gas stream to less than 1 p.p.m. A system for removing ammonia as above comprises: (a) reformer unit, (b) scrubbing unit for forming ammonia scrubber which contains phosphoric acid, (c) cooler unit for lowering the temperature of the reformed gas stream and (d) a unit for directing the reformed fuel gas stream from the reformed through the cooler and then through the scrubbing unit.    USE -   For removing ammonia from reformed fuel cell power plant fuel gas.    ADVANTAGE -   Effectively removes ammonia and extends operating life of ammonia removal system. Does not require scrubber beds in the system and does not depend on scrubber bed regeneration to achieve longer operational life. Minimizes acid loss due to evaporation.
The battery case lid (12) has a raised central portion (14) designed for use with a predetermined narrow battery clamp (15). The lid is arranged to receive and locate a packing piece (16) which can be located on the lid to increase the dimension necessary for use with a predetermined wide battery clamp (19).    The packing pieces are for use when the wide type battery clamp is fitted. They may be one piece polypropylene, hollow with internal ribs for strength, and have lugs to fit into locating recesses.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables one battery to be held in position by standard narrow or standard wide fixing battery clamps on first fixing, or on replacement. Halves battery stock carried by vehicle manufacturer, wholesaler or maintenance garage.
Apparatus for the combined purification and compression of CO-containing hydrogen comprises: (a) a polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) having a proton-leading polymer membrane (3); and (b) an anode on one side and a cathode (4) on the other side of the membrane. The anode is formed as a double layer anode (5) comprising a CO oxidation-selective catalyst layer (1) on the side away from the membrane and an electrochemically active layer (2) to oxidise the hydrogen to protons on the side facing the membrane. A porous planar gas distributing layer is provided on the anode side which is connected to a current collector so that the PEM cell maintains differential pressures of 10. Process taking place in the apparatus is also claimed.    USE -   The purified hydrogen is used as fuel gas for a PEM-fuel cell (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   The apparatus is energy-efficient.
The method comprises determining heat transfer coefficients of three types for the battery, the first of which is representative of heat transfer between the cells of the battery, storing the heat transfer coefficients in a memory segment, retrieving the    heat transfer coefficients from the memory segment and approximating individual cell temperatures based on the heat transfer coefficients.    The approximated individual cell temperatures are stored in another memory segment, from where approximated individual cell temperatures are retrieved, and another set of individual cell temperatures is approximated based on the heat transfer coefficients and the approximated individual cell temperatures. A microprocessor retrieves the heat transfer coefficient from the memory unit and determines individual cell temperatures of the battery based on the heat transfer coefficients, temperature of ambient air and drive state of vehicle.    ADVANTAGE -   Method is applicable in predicting battery temperatures in marine, aircraft, uninterruptable supply source, etc.
The power converter includes a number of non-isolated inputs for respective phases of a multi-phase source of alternating current power and a number of first rectifiers connected respectively to the inputs. A multi-phase harmonic neutralising converter includes a power switching inverter having an input connected to the outputs of each of the first rectifiers, and including LC resonant circuits. A number of second rectifiers have respective inputs connected to the output of the inverter through a number of respective transformers with outputs connected in voltage additive relationship to the outputs of the respective individual phase first rectifiers.    Each inverter includes switching device for converting a direct current output from a respective first rectifier to an alternating current output through an LC resonant circuit. The load comprises a battery connected to the load terminals, and the inputs of the power switching inverters are connected to the load terminals to receive energy from the battery. The transformers are autotransformers.    USE -   In AC-DC power converters particularly multi-phase resonant power converter having harmonic neutralisation that is applicable in battery chargers and power supplies for automotive, industrial and variety of consumer applications.    ADVANTAGE -   Constitutes new circuit topology which utilises multi-stage resonant converter, does not require input phases to be isolated and operates from three or four-wire power source without isolation transformers from standard wye or delta service. Has no switching losses, minimises volume and weight of converter. Indiction coupling can easily be accomplished.
The circuit comprises a programmable reference voltage generator providing a reference voltage which can be varied to account for variations in the load, a transfer function generator connected to the programmable reference voltage generator which varies the reference voltage supplied by the programmable reference voltage generator with variations in current supplied by the battery, a comparator connected to the programmable voltage generator and the battery, and a relay connected to the comparator such that it disconnects the battery from the load when the comparator determines that the reference voltage is greater than the voltage associated with the battery.    A fault indicator raises the voltage associated with the battery necessary to reconnect the load, thereby preventing chatter in the relay. The circuit further comprises a status indicator, which is dual light emitting diode, providing a visible status indication of the circuit. The fault indicator is reset when the battery is recharged, and the transfer function generator includes current to voltage converter which converts the current supplied by battery into voltage and an inverting amplifier connected to the current to current to voltage converter which varies the reference voltage supplied by the programmable reference voltage generator, which is a programmable zener diode.    ADVANTAGE -   Monitors battery terminal under load conditions, disconnects battery from load when measured voltage falls below set minimum, and load may be reconnected when battery voltage is found to be above predetermined minimum level.
An electrode for a lead-acid battery comprises a current collector carrying active material including a filler of conductive, or a mixture of conductive and non-conductive, material such that the utilisation of active material exceeds 35% at the one hour rate.    Also claimed are: (i) a lead-acid electrochemical cell comprising positive and negative electrodes and a separator, with at least one electrode as above; and (ii) a lead-acid battery having electrodes and separator as above.    USE -   As lead-acid storage batteries for vehicles, boat or plane engine starters, emergency lights and energy buffer storage    ADVANTAGE -   The rate of utilisation of active material is increased to above 35% per hour and the energy-to-weight performance is improved.
The storage device (40), for a vehicle including a frame, a number of wheels rotatably mounted on the frame, and an electric motor for driving the wheels, is connected to the motor for energising the motor, and comprises a casing (42) and several connected coiled windings (44) disposed within the casing. Each winding includes a cathode plate (46) with a strip having elongated side edges (52,54), an anode plate (48) including a strip with elongated side edges (56,58), and a separator (50) between the plates.    The plates are wound in an offset relationship so that one elongated side edge of the cathode plate extends beyond one elongated side edge of the anode plate at a first side of the winding, and the other elongated side edge of the anode plate extends beyond the other elongated side edge of the cathode plate at a second side of the winding opposite the first side. An electrolyte material is located within each winding. Several current collectors (68) are disposed within the casing, where at least one of the current collectors is pressed against one of the first and second sides of each winding to contact the corresponding winding side at several locations on it.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Storage device may also be secured to wall of building where rechargeable power supply is required. Prevents wasting of plate capacity since only overlapping portions of plates are active when discharging.
The apparatus includes a driving mechanism which operates a clutch (7) provided at a power transmission unit connected to a tyre (3) from a motor (2) in an electric vehicle. The driving mechanism regulates the transfer of power from the motor to the tyre.    An electric charging state sensor detects whether the electric vehicle is in the electric charging state. When the electric vehicle is in the electric charging state, a control signal is supplied to the driving mechanism by a controller so that the power transmission from the motor at the clutch is interrupted.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For preventing starting of electric vehicle during electric charging. Reliably prevents incorrect starting of vehicle in charging state using simple structure. Prevents damage of equipment e.g. connector.
The method involves setting a control circuit that contains a positive temperature coefficient heat emitting body (PTC) and a thermosensitive component on the periphery of a battery. The heat emitting body and the thermosensitive component use the battery as their power supply.    The voltage variation generated by the thermosensitive component is detected. The supply current of the heat emitting body is controlled.    ADVANTAGE -   Saves 15 to 85 per cent of power since positive temperature coefficient heat emitting body and thermo sensor are used. Maintains battery temperature in constant value. Prevents reduction in electric capacity of battery.
The estimation process comprises maintaining the battery at constant voltage in the fully charged state. The current flowing through the battery and the temperature of the battery are then detected. Based on the correlation between current value and the temperature, the battery life is estimated.    USE -   Used for an electric bicycle.    ADVANTAGE -   The battery life estimation time is reduced. Deterioration of the battery capacitance is prevented. The battery lifetime is accurately estimated.
The apparatus is applicable to a secondary battery (1) having a core pipe (5) which contains latent heat accumulation material. An anode and cathode (2,2') are wound on the core pipe along with a separator (4) and electrolyte (3).    ADVANTAGE -   Temperature rise in a battery is prevented due to the presence of a heat absorption material. Damage to the battery is prevented.
The method involves adding H2 O2to condensed water of fuel battery. Then, methanol is decomposed by making it contact with catalyst for oxidative degradation.    ADVANTAGE -   Removes methanol from condensed water efficiently. Extends run length of water treatment equipment.
The element has an anode which contacts one side surface of ion exchange film. The cathode is arranged on the other side of the ion exchange film. The ion exchange film consists of a fluorocarbon polymer which has a sulphonic acid group or carboxylic acid group containing non-conductive pillar shaped particles.    USE -   Electrochemical element e.g. solid state polyelectrolyte type fuel battery, air-zinc battery for vehicle power supply.    ADVANTAGE -   Does not produce short circuit. Provides high output. Improves ion exchange film conductivity.
The appts comprises a connection terminal board (20), in which a hole (3) is formed, at its one end side. A pair of projection parts (29) are formed on the end faces of the connection terminal board, respectively. This board is arranged, such that its hole corresponds to the position of the screw thread hole of a collector terminal of a battery. The projection parts of the connection terminal board are inserted into the respective receptacle grooves formed on the upper surface of the collector terminal of the battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Does not alter contact area of contact terminal board and collector terminal. Increases contact area. Minimises contact resistance of contact area. Improves discharge capacity of battery. Minimises amount of nickel or nickel alloy to be used in collector terminal.
The structure includes a case (11) where several cylindrical batteries are accommodated in several horizontal rows. A spacer (13) is provided between each pair of cylinder batteries for separation. The spaces establish surface contact with the batteries. A baffle plate (15) is used to separate the different rows of cylindrical batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents displacement of cylinder type batteries. Prevents damage causing to cylindrical battery.
The vehicle has a sound insulated chamber (3) provided on its chassis. A generator which operates with an IC engine is accommodated inside the sound insulated chamber. An inlet port (30) and an exhaust port are provided at suitable position of the chamber. The wall surface of the chamber is made into double wall structure, so that a space (27) is provided between the inner and outer wall.    A conductive inlet port (31) is provided at the upper end of the inner wall. The open air from the inlet port is introduced into the sound insulated chamber through the spatial and conductive inlet port.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves sound insulation effect. Prevents invasion of rain water.
The power supply includes a number of battery cells (1) which is equipped with secondary battery. The batteries are charged and charging state is monitored. A charging cell controller is provided, which is charged by remained current produced at the time of charging the battery cell. The controller controls the current supplied by the battery cells.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids usage of maintenance labour. Decreases heat emission from cell controller. Improves reliability of power supply.
The system includes an energy convertor (200) comprising a fuel battery (201), generates an electric power and water from fuel gas present in a fuel tank. The fuel battery system has an electrolysis appts (211) which electrolyses water.    At the time of damping of a vehicle a regeneration electric power is generated. The regeneration electric power is used to regenerate the fuel gas.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves fuel consumption. Eliminates need for battery.
The electric power feeder (68) includes the CPU which detects the kind of battery used as a power supply. The CPU then based on kind of battery detected controls the power supply to the electric power drive system of electric bicycle.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables user to select desired battery from two or more sort of batteries. Improves handling property.
The appts consists of a flexible resin substrate (1) on which a resin groove PTC heat emitting body (3) is provided. The substrate comprises heat insulated material including mixture of electrically conductive powder and resin.    The substrate is placed on the periphery of the battery. By energizing the heat emitting body, the battery is heated.    ADVANTAGE -   Heats battery even in extremely chill ground. Reduces power consumption.
The power supply has a cut-off film (27) provided at an air inlet (2) and heating gas outlet (3) of battery main body. The air inlet and heating gas outlet have corresponding air supply path (11) and heating gas exhaust passage (12) which are connected mutually. An heating gas inlet (4) and an air outlet (5) are connected by a purge flow path (19).    USE -   In e.g. architectural construction.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents reduction of air-tight unit. Prevents reduction in electrolyte density by moisture absorption. Prevents deterioration of battery characteristics. Inhibits increase of flow path resistance and complication of piping.
The battery includes a cover (102) which seals a battery jar (104) in which suitable electrode plates are provided. Each electrode plate is comprised by an electrode matte (106) and a lead (107) which is connected to a collector terminal (101). A second nut fixes the collector terminal with the cover. A first nut (109) fixes a connection terminal (103) with the collector terminal. A rib (105) is made to project from the cover, for preventing rotation of the collector terminal during nut fixation.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves fixation strength of nut sharply. Widens output range. Enables easy connection of multiple batteries in series.
The structure includes a notch having a substantially rectangular parallelopiped shape, into which one end (41) of a planar terminal (4) is projected. The other end of the planar terminal is connected to a strap. The notch is formed in the angular part on the top of a cover (2). A convex part (7) is formed in the lower wall of the notch, near the side attachment wall. An interval is maintained between the side attachment walls of the notch. A groove is horizontally extended on one side of the notch. The projecting end of the planar terminal which projects from one side attachment wall of the notch, is bent such that a recess (401) and a projection (402) are formed. The recess is positioned between the perpendicular wall of the convex part and one side attachment wall of the notch. The projection of the planar terminal covers the convex part. The point of the planar terminal is inserted into the groove on the convex part.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents deformation of end part of planar terminal when bolt is pressed into hole due to added torque. Simplifies mounting work.
The battery has an electrode plate which comprises a lead part (12) and a reaction part (11). An infeed part (13) is provided at the termination of the lead part. Then, the lead part is connected to a connector terminal by bending this infeed part.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents damage of junction part between lead part and reaction part. Minimises height of lead part. Enlarges capacity of battery.
The method involves collecting predetermined number of current value flowing through a load and the voltage values across a battery when the load is driven. An approximate straight line function is obtained by plotting the collected current/voltage value with respect to the current/voltage axis. A predefined positive reference value is inserted in the current axis corresponding to the straight line function and a first voltage is obtained in the voltage axis.    Then the obtained voltage is judged, whether it corresponds to the predefined discharge termination voltage. A predefined negative reference value is inserted in the current axis corresponding to the straight line function, a second voltage is obtained. Then the second voltage is displayed in a display unit (17) as the desired discharge termination voltage of the battery which is then connected to the load.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables to obtain desired discharge termination voltage easily. Enables to check discharged termination of battery even after being mounted on vehicle.
A multi-cell lead-acid accumulator for use in motor vehicles has a conventional alignment of individual cells in a moulded case (1) provided with a facing side (2) of much reduced thermal conductivity to reduce extremes of inter-cell temperature variations.    A first technique employs a gas-generating inclusion in the moulding material placed in position during moulding or alternatively the injection of an inert gas to form a foam structure at the relevant wall.    A number of alternative methods of increasing the wall thickness are illustrated based on the fixing of an external shield secured by clips, rivets, moulded studs or adhesives to the heat-facing wall.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Materially improves service life as result of reduced water loss and/or impairment of separator insulation.
A bipolar module for lead/acid accumulators has a central metal plate surrounded by a plastic or rubber frame coated on one or both sides with a very thin layer of platinum or a metal from the palladium group, or an alloy thereof, like nickel/palladium. One or both sides of the plate also has a thin layer of silicon, silicon nitride, silicon carbide or silicon bronze. On the positive side, the plate furthermore has a thin lead dioxide layer, crystallised in a rutile-like structure. The layers are all electrochemically impermeable, with a thickness of ten to a hundred microns. The plate is made from iron, nickel, copper, bronze, high quality steel or an alloy of one of these.    ADVANTAGE -   Current can flow across the plate surface from one cell to the next with no losses.
The fuel cell contains input and output channels for the media, a membrane electrode unit and two media guiding elements with embossed structures. At least one embossed structure guides the medium enriched by the reaction product over the cell to cause uniform moistening.    There may be only one media guide element with an embossed structure. The embossed structure contains individual structure channels (4) which can be connected at least partially via hairpin curves (6). The medium input (3) and output (5) channels are arranged on opposite sides of the cell.    ADVANTAGE -   Costly pre-moistening of reactants is eliminated whilst ensuring uniform moistening of entire active cell surface.
The system comprises monitor circuitry to compare at least one parameter of each battery in a group of batteries with predetermined limits. The monitor circuitry produces go/no-go signals with respect to each of the limits. By-pass circuitry is responsive to the monitor circuitry and connectable across the terminals of individual batteries when their respective battery voltages exceed respective predetermined limits, to reduce the amount of charging current flowing through them.    A controller receives the go/no-go signals and reduces the charging current to a group of batteries when the by-pass circuitry is unable to reduce the voltage of a battery in the group below a predetermined limit. The controller is located remote from the monitor circuitry. Cabling interconnects the monitor circuitry and the remote controller for carrying the go/no-go signals between them. A local area network (LAN) conveys the go/no-go signals to the controller.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Safe, low cost battery monitor and control system especially for string of series-connected batteries used in telecommunications power supplies, uninterruptable power supplies, electric utility energy storage and electric vehicles. Can accurately monitor voltage and temperature status of each individual battery and regulate charge current to each battery.
Apparatus for preserving fresh foodstuffs has a fuel cell with a fuel electrode and an oxidising electrode. There is an air supply as the oxygen source. The exhaust from the fuel cell has a Peltier cooling unit in the downstream side.    USE -   The apparatus supplies low-oxygen air for preservation.    ADVANTAGE -   The Peltier unit removes water from the exhaust by condensation, to prevent spoilage.
The electrical supply system contains a number of batteries (6) connected in series and/or parallel arranged in a container (1) formed from a housing fitted with a cover (7). The batteries are arranged in two blocks disposed about a central passage in which is fitted a temperature regulation system which maintains a constant temperature inside the container(1).    The temperature regulation system includes fans (4) and ventilators (2,3) controlled by signals which represent both the temperature inside the container (1) and the exterior temperature of the container.    ADVANTAGE -   Designed to control temperature inside battery container and to limit retention of gas inside chamber during battery charging.
The power supply uses electric double layer capacitors with each of the single cells (10) of a capacitor comprising a pair of current collecting bodies, each with an active carbon electrode. An electrolyte is charged between the collecting bodies. A separator separates the electrodes from each other.    The positive of the capacitor pack, formed by connecting the capacitors in series, is connected to the vehicle DC generator (14), with the negative being grounded. A zener diode (16) is connected to each of the cells to limit the bias voltage. A resistor (18) is connected in series with each of the diodes.    ADVANTAGE -   Simple structure which balances the bias voltages and which controls the discharge even in a no charge situation.
A solar power generator has an arrangement of solar cells and an adaptive converter to match the current or the voltage from the cells to the load. The converter (4) is integrated with the cell arrangement(1). This arrangement is a single cell or four cells. The base material for the cell(s) is silicon. The converter has two semiconductors, part being directly in the base of the cells on the front or back.    Logic building blocks are integrated into part of the cell arrangement, as is a mask-programmed microprocessor. The cell arrangement has an optical display of cell status using LED chips    ADVANTAGE -   Inexpensive compact design that is capable of being expanded.
The adaptor comprises the clamp connecting portion matingly engageable with the jumper cable clamp, and the terminal connecting portion having laterally opposing terminal gripping plates disposed in a common plane and cooperating to define an opening between them. The plates are laterally resiliently deflectable to facilitate sliding the side terminal adaptor onto a side terminal of a battery.    The plates include a first number of terminal engaging prongs bent out of the plane in a first direction and a second number of terminal engaging prongs bent out of the plane in a second direction opposite to the first direction. The first and second number of prongs are disposed along the opening and cooperatively arranged to completely define at least one terminal-receiving slot having oppositely facing straight sides to facilitate clipping onto the battery side terminal. Each of the first and second number of prongs include prongs respectively disposed along the oppositely facing sides of the at least one slot.    ADVANTAGE -   Economical and easy to manufacture. Side terminal adaptor can be held securely along one end of it in either temporary or permanent manner by jumper cable clamp, and adaptor is securely locked onto battery terminal with minimal slippage.
The connector assembly (10), for interconnecting terminals (14,16) of two batteries (12), comprises a first rigid, electrically conductive elbow member (20) having two ends. A first battery terminal connector (34), having a first coupling device for releasably engaging and gripping the first terminal of the first battery, is coupled to the first end of the first conductive elbow member. A second rigid, electrically conductive elbow member (24) has two ends. A second battery terminal connector (64), having a second coupling device for releasably engaging and gripping the first terminal of the second battery, is coupled to the first end of the second conductive elbow member.    A rigid, electrically conductive connecting member (22) has two ends. A third coupling device (36) releasably connects the second end of the first conductive elbow member to the first end of the conductive connecting member. A fourth coupling device (66) releasably connects the second end of the second conductive elbow member to the second end of the conductive connecting member.    ADVANTAGE -   Can be easily installed onto terminals of batteries without using any tools. Both positive and negative terminals can be simultaneously disconnected. Simple and inexpensive to manufacture. Utilises individual components which are interchangeable and compatible to create number of connector designs. Minimises space and weight requirements. Improved electrical conductivity, and minimal corrosion. Allows for adjustability in height and length.
The circuit consists of an FET (12) which is connected between a power supply and a load (10). The source terminal (S) of the FET is connected to the power supply while its drain terminal (D) is connected to the load. A gate signal generator (14) generates a pulse signal with a predetermined duty cycle.    The pulse signal is fed to the gate terminal (G) of the FET. Between the gate terminal of the FET and the gate signal generator, a capacitor (18) is connected. The capacitor is used to reduce the variation of the gate pulse applied to the gate.    ADVANTAGE -   Effectively suppresses noise due to steep increase and decrease of current which flows through FET. Reduces cost since it does not require shielding layer or special wire.
The meter comprises two or more cells (1) which are connected in parallel. An operation unit calculates the coefficient corresponding to degree of voltage variation between each cells. A theoretical operation unit computes theoretical residual capacity for total voltage of all cells based on amount of discharge. A battery controller (11) limits the discharge when the voltage of cell reaches a predetermined discharge termination voltage. A residual calculator (14) calculates the actual usable residual capacity by multiplying the coefficient to remaining capacity. An indicator (15) displays the actual usable residual capacity.    ADVANTAGE -   Displays usable residual capacity even when group battery is varied.
A membrane reactor (A) is made of a sheet, with a cathode (B) developed on one surface with oxidation resistant and electric conductive material, and an anode (C) developed on its another surface, with the mixture of oxidising catalyst and electro-conductive material. Also claimed is a method of partially oxidising hydrocarbon by contacting a gas containing oxygen (B) and also contacting with (C), whilst applying a voltage between (B) and (C).    USE -   The reactor is used for producing synthesis gas.    ADVANTAGE -   The method uses air as the oxygen source and the reaction can be carried out at low temperatures with a high yield.
The protection device has a switching circuit (3) e.g. relay which enables the supply of current from a battery (2) to a load circuit (1) e.g room la.mp, trunk room lamp. A controller (6) controls the switching circuit based on the switching state of an ignition key switch (4) and a door switch (5).    The controller switches ON the switching circuit when the ignition key is in OFF state and the door switch is in ON state, that is, the door is open or half-open. The switching is set to OFF state after the progress of predetermined time, to cut the current supplied to the load circuit. The controller keeps the switching circuit in OFF state when ignition key switch is in OFF state and door is fully closed. Dark current to the car accessories e.g. back-up memory, clock of car stereo is cut-off after predetermined time progress.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents unnecessary battery power consumption of battery is prevented by cutting off supply of current to load circuit and car accessories after predetermined time progress. Enables elimination of fuze omission work when exporting motor vehicle.
The power supply has an inverter (4) connected to a motor vehicle (1).    The inverted output is useful at the time of service interruption due to disaster.    ADVANTAGE -   Extends pleasure in outdoors due to its easy portability.
The device has a first switching circuit (21) through which power from a DC battery (1) is supplied to an inverter (3). A condenser (C) and a resistor (R) are connected to the first switching circuit. A second switching circuit (22) carries out direct supply of power to the inverter. The switching state of the first switching circuit is detected. Then, voltage difference in across the resistance detected.    The charging state of the condenser is judged. A rush current prevention circuit (11) supplies the signal to a drive circuit (27) of the second switching circuit based on the various detection signals.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents flow of rush current to inverter. Prevents trouble generation by wiring fault.
The structure comprises a set of battery cells (21-23,28- 30), which are connected in series. A set of cooling jackets (11,12,18,19) are alternatively arranged between the battery cells. The cooling jackets are equipped with indraft openings (11a,12a,19a) and drain holes (11b,18b,19b). Water is supplied to the first indraft opening of the first cooling jackets and is made to flow into the interior of the cooling jacket. Water ejected from the drain hole of each cooling jacket is discharged to the indraft opening of the adjacent cooling jacket. Finally, the water ejected from the drain hole of the last cooling jacket is supplied to a thermostat (31).    USE -   For storage batteries used in portable terminal, portable audio equipment, electric vehicle.    ADVANTAGE -   Does not deform container of storage battery. Increases refrigeration capacity of storage battery.
The circuit tester (1) has a main body (2), to which a battery charger (3) and an adaptor (4) are connected. A package (6) containing a secondary battery, is mounted onto this adaptor in detachable manner. The main body is provided with a discharge unit, a timer, an indicator and a controller. The discharge unit makes secondary battery to discharge current. The timer measures the discharge time of the secondary battery. The indicator displays the measured discharge time. The controller controls the operation of the discharge unit, the timer and the indicator.    ADVANTAGE -   Judges deterioration of secondary battery, automatically and correctly.
The battery comprises an electrode multilayer body (1) which is impregnated with a non-aqueous electrolyte. Leads (11a,12a) of positive and negative electrode terminals (11,12) are fused with the lead of the electrode multilayer body. End parts (13,14) of the positive and negative electrode terminals comprise respective grooves, where an O-ring is arranged. These end parts of the positive and negative electrode terminals are shaped by polyolefin group resin. The electrode multilayer body is enclosed into a bag-like case (21) which is coated with a film (25) comprising an aluminium foil (22) having a low density polyethylene film (23) on its surface. The end parts of the positive and negative electrode terminals are inserted into the respective electrode terminal insertion holes (25b,25c) by heat treatment process.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves airtight nature. Facilitates sealing of positive and negative electrode terminals, satisfactory. Avoids deterioration of sealing nature. Avoids need for screw fixation for arranging sealant. Saves labour. Provides light weight case. Reduces size of battery. Provides sufficient heat dissipation property.
The battery includes flange part (70) of negative electrode terminal, using high flow stress insulating material. During heat contact of an insulated ring (10) with the flange part, a heat shrink bending moment (M) is produced at rise part (72) of the flange part at time of temperature drop. A compression residual stress is generated by hydrostatic pressure in junction boundary surface (11) of insulated ring and flange part of negative electrode terminal. The circumferential stress () and diameteral direction stress () are generated in the flange part of negative electrode terminal    ADVANTAGE -   Improves intensity of battery reliably.
The alkaline battery has a container in which a negative electrode plate, a separator (2) and a positive electrode plate (3) are arranged. The negative electrode plate has a porous electrode base that is provided with the negative electrode active material at both sides. The positive electrode plate has an electrode base that is provided with a positive active material at both sides. The negative electrode active material consists of the hydrogen storage metal alloy. The positive electrode consists of the hydroxylation liquid. The alkali electrode is stored in the container. The amount of active material in unit area of the first surface of the negative electrode plate is set larger than the amount of active material in unit area of second surface.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents raise of internal pressure during charging. Expands life span of battery.
Fuel cell consists of a reactor, a water storage device, a container for H2 occlusion alloy contaminated by radioactive substances, an O2 storage device, and DC-AC conversion device.    The fuel cell is used for direct conversion from chemical energy to electric energy.    ADVANTAGE -   The fuel cell has H2 occluding alloy having high H2 absorbability, high H2 desorbability, and high energy conversion efficiency.
The power generator uses a cell which consists of a fuel pole and an oxidizing agent pole arranged on both sides of an electrolyte. A fuel supply part supplies the fuel to a reformer (4). This fuel and steam get reacted in presence of reforming catalyst forming a hydrogen rich gas which is supplied as a reaction gas. A differential pressure gauge detects the pressure loss in the reformer.    ADVANTAGE -   Ensures effective deterioration evaluation of reformer due to carbon precipitate. Enables exchange of reforming catalyst.
The method involves operating a fan (7) provided in a fuel chamber (1). The fan receives air from air scoops (14,15) in the fuel chamber. The received air is used to ventilate the fuel chamber, a motor chamber (2), a switch room, an orthogonal transformation device (4) and power supply chamber of the plant simultaneously,    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces power consumption. Performs optimum ventilation thereby providing safety against leakage. Reduces size of ventilation fan. Reduces load of heat drop by ventilation. Improves electricity generation efficiency of plant. Reduces size of package.
The generator has a collection part (X) which is attached to a main body (1) of the fuel battery. The heating gas and oxygen content gas get reacted in the main body through electrolyte and generates electricity. The inflammable gas leak from the main body is sucked by the collection part. A collection gas feed path supplies the sucked out gas to a burner (Y). Then, the burner burns the sucked out gas by the collection part.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents need of diffusion of break through combustible gas.
The generator has a heating gas supply unit (21) to supply heating gas to the fuel pole of each unit battery of a fuel battery stack (2). An oxidizing agent supply unit (22) supplies oxidizing agent to the oxidizing pole of the unit batteries of the fuel battery stack. The fuel battery stack is constituted by a set of unit batteries (1) separated by a division plate (3). A potential measurement unit (7a,7b) provided in the fuel pole and the oxidizing pole of two different unit battery, measures their potential, respectively. An operation unit (8) computes the potential difference between both the unit batteries. When the potential difference exceeds a set value, then an alarm unit (9) outputs an alarm and a controller (10) stops the operation of the fuel battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Inhibits deterioration of fuel battery stack.
The appts has a stud bolt (19) which holds a harness terminal (21) through which the terminal part of one battery is electrically connected to the terminal part of another battery. When the harness terminal is held by the stud bolt, a fastening terminal block (17) of a nut (23) contacts the perimeter of the end base side of the stud bolt. A distortion sensor (25) which detects distortion of the terminal block due to fastening of the nut is provided inside the terminal block. A module controller (27) judges if the detected value of the sensor is more than a predetermined regulation value.    ADVANTAGE -   Inhibits use of battery while desired current value is not reached. Enables confirming abnormal generation in battery.
The battery includes a jar whose surface area is increased from low temperature region towards high temperature region.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves properties of battery. Secures high industrial value.
The connector has a wire holder with an end terminal which slides onto a fixed male body. The terminal has a metallic section (5) which click fit locks into the male section.    The male terminal has a section fitting around the battery terminal and a plastic cap fits over the top. The plastic cap has a flexible section (4) allowing removal of the click fit section.    ADVANTAGE -   Rapid assembly/disassembly whilst improving manufacturing time because of system simplicity.
The battery/pedal assembly for the cabin of a vehicle includes the pedals (16) which are hinged on a common support (18). This support is fixed through an aperture (20) formed in the bulkhead (10), and retained by a series of screws. The console assembly (22) of which this forms a part also includes two side walls (30) defining a space between them.    The space accommodates the power assistance unit (28) for the brakes, and the vehicle battery (34) supported directly above the power assistance unit. The battery may be supported on a shelf within the two side walls.    ADVANTAGE -   System reduces bulk of in-line solid elements within engine compartment, thus minimising potential hazard caused by shunting of element in event of front end collision.
The removable battery (1) for a motor assisted bicycle (21) is carried on the upper side of the main structural tube (12) of the bicycle. The battery has a forward mounted handle and battery meter which indicates the remaining electrical charge of the battery and is located near the battery handle (38) adjacent to the handlebar stem (15).    The battery meter includes a substrate with a push button and several light emitting diodes arranged against a legend reading FULL or EMPTY.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides for removable battery to be mounted on to motor assisted bicycle with protected capacity meter in position which allows user, while riding, to read state of charge on pressing button on meter.
The terminal (8) has a pair of cooperating clamp elements (2,4) for securing the cable end-piece, held in electrical contact with one another via a pressure connection between conical contact surfaces. The pressure connection can be separated via an auxiliary drive providing a high separation force e.g. an explosive charge capsule (3), operated by movement of the battery lead which could cause damage to the battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Reliable separation of contact surfaces.
Assembly generating electrical energy with solid oxide fuel cells has an operating unit incorporating a heat exchanger (2) to pre-heat the gases and a stack of fuel cells (1). These components are incorporated within two separate housings linked by gas pipes. Fuel gas is introduced, and effluent gas is discharged, through hoods (39, 39'). The novelty is that: (a) the fuel cell section and the operating components are located in separate housings (40, 12); (b) the fuel cell section (1) and the operating components section (2) are joined by a short link (3); (c) the link (3) contains both electrical cables and gas pipes; (d) the link (3) contains transfer gas tubes (23, 24, 26; 7, 8) supplying fuel gas to, and removing effluent gas from, the fuel cell modules; (e) fixtures are installed by means of which the operating components (2) and fuel cell section (1) are adjusted, sealed (28) and secured (9) in position to the link (3).    USE -   For positioning the fuel cells and the operating components into two housings to minimise thermal expansion in the operating section.    ADVANTAGE -   The integrity and sealing of the assembly are ensured in the face of temperature changes of 1000 C. The relative movement of components to each other is minimised. Frangible ceramic components are so joined that they are not destroyed by extreme temperature changes.
The current interrupter or breaker uses a contact element (9) for bridging a pair of connection elements (1,2), respectively coupled to the battery terminal and the battery lead (3) and an auxiliary drive for separation of the connection elements. The contact element provides a transverse force which acts in a direction perpendicular to the connection elements, the retaining force opposing the auxiliary drive exerted at a point (15,16) which is spatially removed from the contact element.    ADVANTAGE -   Improved function reliability.
Making a battery having a Pb-based electrode comprises reacting lead oxide with excess sulphate at pH 9.35-12 at 60C at least or subjecting the product to high relative humidity at 70C at least. A material comprising at least one component of the reaction product above is then applied to an electrode structure and converted to lead dioxide.    USE -   Lead-acid batteries for automotive and telecommunication emergency power supply uses.    ADVANTAGE -   The tetrabasic lead sulphate is formed as narrow crystals which adhere well to the positive plate, extend battery life and give good capacity per gram of active material.
The appts mounts a battery (B) to a predetermined position of a vehicle (1). The battery is held by a gripping unit (16). The gripping unit is moved to the mounting position by a movement unit (5).    A controller (12) controls the movement unit such that the gripping unit opens for a predetermined amount, along release direction.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For mounting container, palette. Simplifies retreat from mounting position. Enables automatic loading of battery.
The connector (61) has a main body (41) to which a cover (51) is rotatably connected through a hinge part.    A contact part (59) which protrudes from the back side attachment wall of the main body, contacts rear end surface (57a) of the cover side plate at the time of closing of the cover.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents shifting of rotary centre, thus avoiding disconnection of cover.
The control system has a control device (2) coupled via control lines to motor drivers for each of the vehicle door locks (4). The control device is supplied from the vehicle battery (10), with a stand-by energy supply (11) for emergency operation coupled to emergency operating drives for decentralised operation of individual door locks. The stand-by energy source is connected between the battery and the motor drivers for the door locks and provides a reduced voltage output relative to the battery voltage.    ADVANTAGE -   Ensures emergency operation of door locks, and as required operation of other vehicle components, such as vehicle window drives, anti-theft device etc.
A voltage regulated DC powersource supplied from a conventional mains transformer (1) has a bridge rectifier (4) and smoothing capacitor (10) whose terminal voltage can be raised or lowered by a cyclic shortcircuiting of the bridge rectifier output (6,7) and directional diode (9) via a suitable switch (8) e.g. a semiconductor and its controller (30).    The method is practicable as a result of the typically high reactance and resistance of small transformer secondaries thereby limiting the growth of shortcircuit currents and depending on the transformer characteristics, load current, capacitor size etc. the output voltage can be varied between specified thresholds and several alternative circuits are defined.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Has higher performance efficiency and lower switching frequency i.e. lower susceptibility to interference than alternatives. Does not require additional inductor or capacitor giving economic build. Can be employed without transformer as DC/DC converter for e.g. motor vehicles.
The control system includes a reserve battery (185) and a discharged battery (190) which is to be charged by the reserve battery. A current regulator (110) controls the current flow from the reserve battery and a temp. sensor (120) provides an output proportional to temp. of electronic control system (100). An analogue to digital converter (130) accepts various signals and transmits them to a microprocessor (150) over a communication bus (160). In response to the various inputs the microprocessor sends signals to the current regulator which controls the rate of flow of current to the discharged battery (190). If the connection to the discharged battery is inadvertently broken the microprocessor sends signals to cause a red LED to blink.    ADVANTAGE -   Senses ambient and operating conditions and selects target charge
The reserve battery includes several cells, each of which includes a plate (116). An electrolyte is stored in a reservoir device (118) unique to each of the cells. An activation device is common to all of the cells. The reservoir is caused to release the electrolyte device such that electrolyte contacts the plate.    The reservoir includes one chamber which contains one electrolyte component. A second chamber contains a second electrolyte component. When the activation device is operated the two electrolyte components combine so as to produce heat. The activation device includes a button which transmits force to an arm.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For operating device requiring electrical power at locations remote from power source e.g. radio. Simplified construction. Operates over wide range of temperatures. Has replaceable modules. Easy to use. Does not require motorist to open bonnet of vehicle. Safe due to reduced risk of shorting during operation. Allows battery to start when cold due to use of exothermic fluids.
The control circuit (52) has a first input (70) that receives an encoded input signal generated in response to the initiation of a firing mode or diagnostic mode. The encoded input signal consists of code (100) and power (102) portions. The code portion consists of n pulses, having a predetermined frequency, where n is at least two. Logic circuitry (74) determines if the code portion of the received encoded input signal is valid, according to predefined conditions within a predetermined time window. The logic circuitry provides an unlocking signal at an output (76) when the code portion is determined to be valid.    A switch (78), having a control input, an input, and an output, is enabled on receipt of the unlocking signal such that power, including the power portion of the received encoded input signal, at the first input of the control circuit is supplied to the output of the switch to energise the igniter element. In the firing mode the power supplied via the enabled switch fires the igniter element.    ADVANTAGE -   Enhanced security for controlling power supplied to igniter element. Control circuit and igniter element can be integrated onto one igniter device chip that significantly improves EMC performance. Allows for more accurate diagnostics. Robust, and simple. Ensures that bad codes can be detected and control circuit reset for next received code. Only simple logic is needed for its implementation which reduces die size. May be implemented using CMOS technology which improves noise immunity and tolerance due to power supply variations.
Moulded plastic component (10) for bipolar battery has metal substrate (18) with periphery having plastic frame (12) about it, the metal periphery being embedded in the plastic. At least one surface of the metal substrate is suitable for accepting an active material paste and the plastic frame has two sets of opposed sides, one set (14) having a first thickness defining the acceptable thickness of the paste and a second set (20) having a greater thickness than the first providing a dam for active material applied to the surface of the metal substrate.    Also claimed is a bipolar battery having a number of moulded plastic components, each as claimed above.    USE -   The modular plastic frame for a bipolar battery having an embedded electrically conductive substrate facilitates automatic pasting to yield a consistent active material thickness for desired battery performance. Its design facilitates the formation of electrolyte acid fill/vent holes which are unlikely to be damaged during drilling. It also facilitates alignment in assembly.
The controller consists of a pair of detectors (1,2) which detect the opening of accelerator and speed of motor, respectively. The amount of variation states needed to limit the increasing value of motor output are monitored by a set of state monitoring units (15-19). The motor is operated to attain the maximum output by a set of operation units (33-35) based on output of detectors. The maximum output of the motor is restricted so that it is within a predefined value, by a set of limitation units (25-28) based on output of the operation units. The motor is actuated within the limit of maximum output value, by a motor output controller. If the amount of variation of the state is within the predefined value, then the motor is regulated by a set of limitation regulators (29-32) which reduces the restriction control of motor from reaching the maximum output.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves operativity by restraining variation in output reduction of motor.
The controller includes an accelerator opening detector and a speed detector. Based on the output of these detectors, maximum output torque operation unit calculates maximum output torque of a motor. A torque control unit actuates the motor based on the computed value. Battery state is based on the output of a state detector. Based on the battery state judgment result, torque control response speed regulation unit varies the response speed of the torque control unit.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves operativity.
The calculator has a calculating unit (36) which calculates the distance travelled using the voltage output from a DC battery (3) and from current passing through a load (1). A capacity calculation unit (30) computes consumption unit distance from change in capacity of the battery between the present and previous runs.    The difference in consumption and total capacity gives the distance is capable of being covered still further in the form of voltage signal. The distance is displayed.    ADVANTAGE -   Performs accurate calculation. Informs about status of battery reliably.
The appts has a heat insulating material (12) which is provided at the periphery of a battery (13). A PTC planar heating element (11) which comprises a copper cooling element and a ceramic PTC heat emitting body is provided in the heat insulating material. The battery is heated by energizing the heat emitting body.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids need for large battery capacity thereby reducing power consumption even in chill ground. Inhibits freezing of battery.
The appts has a concave shaped metal plate (2) with a pair of side attachment walls (3). A battery (1) is arranged in this metal plate. A heat emitting body (4) is provided at the back side surface of the metal plate. A thermal fuse (6) is provided at the heat emitting body blocks the energizing of the heat emitting body, when upper limit fixed temperature of heat emitting body is reached.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids shaping of battery during earthquake or passage of motor vehicle. Maintains stability. Enables to transmit heat energy of heat emitting body to battery base uniformly. Ensures efficient heat transfer of heat emitting body. Raises adhesion nature of battery base and metal plate.
The substrate is used as an active material holder in collector of batteries and has a metallic porous body. Number of blow holes per cm is 10 or more, in the metallic porous body. The connection blow hole rate is 90% or more. The metallic porous body has a frame, whose interior part is coated with layer containing iron as the principal component to about 98%. Any one or more impurity metals such as Co, Cr, Ni and Cu is added upto a concentration of about 1.5 weight%, to the iron layer of the metallic porous body. The maximum cortex part is coated with Ni.    USE -   For battery used in various portable equipments of industrial use, electric vehicles.    ADVANTAGE -   High quality and corrosion resistant.
The liquid composition contains a perfluorocarbon polymer containing fluorosulphonyl groups (0.1 wt.% or more) in a 5-10 C linear, branched chain or cyclic fluorocarbon solvent having more F than H in the molecule and capable of containing N as tertiary amine and O as ether bond. The perfluorocarbon polymer is a tetrafluoroethylene/perfluorovinyl ether containing fluorosulphonyl group copolymer having the perfluorovinyl ether unit at 14 mol.% or more, and exhibits fluidity at 25C.    USE -   The compound is useful for preparing gas permeable membrane, film materials for electrolysis, fuel cells and dialysis, and acid catalysts.    ADVANTAGE -   The copolymer can easily be dissolved in the easily available specific fluorocarbon solvent at room temperature without reducing MW of the copolymer.
The structure includes a battery frame (43) mounted on chassis floor undersurface in which battery is built-in. A controller (59) which is connected to the battery performs device control of the motor (57). Cooling air is supplied from the periphery of the controller towards the battery through an air passage duct (69). An electrical wiring (77) connects the controller and the battery to the air passage duct electrically.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves operativity. Enables easy wiring.
The appts has an acceleration detector (14) which determines the acceleration of a vehicle driven by an electric motor.    The detected acceleration is compared with the predetermined value and when the acceleration is below a predetermined value, the power consumption state of the battery is judged.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables exact detection of power consumption rate of battery. Detects tracking ability of vehicle satisfactorily.
A lithium secondary battery comprises, as an electrode, a carbonaceous material (CM) that has a rise temperature of an exothermic peak higher than that of a reference CM that cannot absorb lithium as a lithium molecule. The exothermic peak appears in a thermal analysis curve obtained by thermal analysis of the CM in which the lithium is charged, and shows the largest decrease in weight of the CM measured by thermogravimetry and a gradient of a rising part of the exothermic peak that is smaller than that of the above reference CM.    USE -   The electrode is particularly suitable for large-sized, non-aqueous electrolyte secondary batteries of the type used in electric vehicles.    ADVANTAGE -   The batteries have high capacity and excellent cycle stability, and they can be charged and discharged at a high current density, which is always stable. The CM is structurally stable, even when carry lithium, and the amount of lithium ions absorbed is increased substantially. No changes of structure are observed in absorption and desorption, and the absorption/desorption rates are high.
The battery comprises a prismatic battery case with an opening and an electrode and electrolyte contained in the battery case. A cover closes the battery case opening by sealing. The case has several flat plane sections, a corner section situated between each flat plane section, and a junction section situated between the corner section and each flat plane section. The corner section has a curvature at least on the inner surface and the junction section has a thickness that is smaller than that of the flat plane section and also that of the corner section.    A position of the thinnest section of the junction section coincides with a position where a radius of a circular arc forming an inner surface of the corner section crosses perpendicularly an inner surface of the flat plane section.    ADVANTAGE -   Increased volume for accommodating electrode group thereby allowing higher volumetric density. Improved heat dissipation efficiency. Enhanced charge and discharge efficiency. Longer life.
The shock absorber is positioned between a vehicle wheel and the vehicle chassis and allows the oscillation of the chassis when the vehicle is travelling over an uneven surface to be converted into electrical energy. The electrical energy is provided by a generator (5) attached to the chassis and supplied to the onboard electrical system, after conversion of the AC voltage into a DC voltage via a rectifier (7).    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces drainage of vehicle battery.
The composite ionic exchange membrane is made up by polymerizing porous polypropylene film with monomer able to introduce ion exchange radicals and proper treatment and features excellent electrochemical, mechanical and chemical stabilities . Other technical parameters are 60- 150 MPa stretch strength, 0 deg. foldable angle, 5 ohm. cm2 resistance, 0.85 selective static migration of ions and 0-5% aqueous swellability. It may be used in chemical separation, electrochemical prepa ration and fuel battery.
The method is for an electrical load circuit driven by an operatively connected battery, where such a battery has an experimentally defined charge capacity (CCAP) based on a predefined discharging current (I) during a depletion test of the battery. The method involves storing CCAP as state-of-charge (SOC) of the battery in an associated memory, and measuring a discharging current (i) drawn from the battery.    It is determined if i is less than or approximately equal to I, and if so, then an effective discharging current (ieff) equal to i is set. Otherwise ieff equal to K.iP is set, where K and P are Peukert constants being experimentally defined by changes of CCAP of the battery in depletion tests in relation to changes of i to satisfy Peukert Equation. SOC is decremented based on ieff while discharging the battery.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Also for battery in alternative energy system, or industrial lift truck. Compensates for Peukert Effect which manifests itself when varying current loads are applied to loads. Compensates for temperature changes in environment of battery.
The fuel cell has an electrolyte, a fuel electro-catalysing anode and an oxygen (O2) electro-catalysing cathode of composition AB5-yXy where: A is one or more rare earth metals; B is one or more of iron (Fe), ruthenium (Ru), osmium (Os), cobalt (Co), rhodium (Rh), iridium (Ir), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), copper (Cu), silver (Ag), gold (Au), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg) and aluminium (Al); X is at least one element E selected so that at least one binary alloy AE or BE has an enthalpy of formation greater than that of the binary alloy lanthanum-tin (LaSn); and y is zero or greater.    Also claimed are: (i) the hydridable alloy AB5-yXy; and (ii) a fuel cell with a cathode of the above composition, in which: A = one or more rare earths or a mixture of these with one of more of titanium (Ti), zirconium (Zr) and yttrium (Y); B = one or more of Fe, Ru, Co, Rh, Ni, Pd, Cu, Ag, vanadium (V), chromium (Cr), Mn, niobium (Nb) and molybdenum (Mo); X is one or more elements E such that alloys AE and BE have an enthalpy of formation greater than that for the binary alloy lanthanum-indium (LaIn); and y = zero or greater.    USE -   Used especially in H2/O2 fuel cells. The alloy may also be used in bipolar metal hydride air cells or in gas phase hydrogen (H2) storage and H2 transport devices.    ADVANTAGE -   The cathode alloy in hydride form has good structural integrity and H2 capacity.
The terminal assembly comprises a bowed washer-like terminal adapted to be connected to, for example, a battery cable and having an aperture in it which permits the terminal to be placed in surrounding relationship to the stud. A nut has an external, axially extending sleeve concentric with the central threaded aperture.    The sleeve extends through the aperture in the terminal and is flanged so as to be retained in loose relationship with the terminal. Tightening the nut on the stud tends to flatten the terminal against the reaction surface immediately around the base of the stud.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For power distribution box. Can be tightened onto stud in a one-handed operation and promotes constant tightening force.
The appts includes a transformation unit which transforms an electric power supplied from a battery into high frequency signal and thereby supplies it to a primary coil (15).    The high frequency power is received from primary coil by a secondary coil (19) and is supplied to the auxiliary electronic appts (4,5) attached to instrument panel and control panel of vehicle, respectively.    ADVANTAGE -   Offers easy setting of auxiliary electronic appts with few wirings.
The power feeder has an alternator (12) and a pair of batteries (B1,B2) to supply voltage to low current load (15) and a high current load (17) when operation of high current load is sensed by an ECU (18), a relay (11) is energised. The relay contacts close to connect the two batteries in series. The positive side of battery is connected to field coil (13) of the alternator.    As high voltage DC is applied to field coil, the alternator provides high voltage and feeds to the high current load through the closed contact (16) of relay. For low current loads, the batteries are connected in parallel through the contacts of relay. The alternator charges the batteries and the batteries feed power to low current load.    ADVANTAGE -   Does not require large modification of alternator.
The power supply (1) supplies current to some control equipments (1a,1b) used for various control operations at the time of vehicle run. Wirings (6-8) are connected to the control equipments.    Based on the information showing the existence of splicing from each control equipment, the connection state of the control equipment is measured. The overcurrent of the current supply path is detected corresponding to the connection state of the control equipment.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides suitable protection against overcurrent. Improves overcurrent detection accuracy. Reduces abnormal generation.
A nickel-metal hydride battery comprises: (i) an anode of nickel hydroxide; (ii) a cathode of hydrogen absorbing metal; (iii) a separator of polyolefin (non)woven cloth which is subjected to hydrophilic treatment other than sulphonation; (iv) an alkaline electrolyte solution; and (v) and a container. A sulphonated polyolefin resin is put in the container.    USE -   For power sources of portable electric appliances or electric vehicles.    ADVANTAGE -   The batteries have a smaller self-discharging rate.
The power supply has a main body (6) which encloses noble metal group catalyst in a fuel battery part. Electricity is generated based on electrochemical reaction between heating gas and an oxidizing agent. A carbon monoxide combustion burner (14) in the main body removes carbon monoxide in the residual gas. An interruption film (22) which acts as an airtight unit, maintains airtight state of main body during unused condition. The interruption film is provided at a heating gas inlet, an oxidizing agent inlet, a heating gas outlet (4) and an oxidizing agent outlet (5).    ADVANTAGE -   Improves airtight nature of battery main body during unused condition reliably. Inhibits deterioration of noble metal group catalyst in fuel battery electrode by carbon monoxide, reliably. Prevents deterioration of battery characteristics. Inhibits encroachment of open air, foreign material, moisture into fuel battery main body. Prevents falling off of electrolyte density by moisture absorption. Reduces weight of power supply. Inhibits rupture due to differential pressure.
The electrode is made of a oxidation resistant sheet (2) with multiple through-holes (3).    A lead/lead alloy sheet (1) is fixed to the oxidation resistant sheet by piercing through through-hole and bending a part of it.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves internal resistance and increases life of electrode and battery.
The apparatus has a transmitter that sends an electromagnetic wave signal corresponding to the operation condition of each cell of a DC battery (1) mounted in a vehicle. A receiver accepts the electromagnetic wave signal A specific identification code for each cell is produced. A memory registers the specific identification codes of each cell.    A warning unit gives an information whether the cells are normal or abnormal according to the receiver. The memory stores the identification codes, contained in the signal received by the receiver, that corresponds to the registered specific identification. A non-received identification code in the registered identification code is erased from the memory when both the non-received and registered identification codes are in the received identification code. A non-registered identification code is stored in the memory by a control circuit.    ADVANTAGE -   Sharply improves maintenance ability of apparatus since registration of identification code is performed automatically using simple wiring structure when cell of DC battery is exchanged.
The detection circuit for high frequency components is used in conjunction with a vehicle battery to monitor and remove high frequency variations in supply. The detection circuit includes a resistor (R1) and a capacitor (C1) connected in series in an RC circuit, with a diode (D1) and transistor (T1) both connected between the common point of the RC circuit and ground in order to switch with the alternations of the high frequency signal imposed on the supply voltage (B+).    The switching action takes place provided that the period of the oscillation is less than the time constant of the RC circuit, and the amplitude of the oscillation is greater than the junction voltages of the semiconductor components. The circuit may be extended by the addition of a regulator consisting of an MOS transistor providing indication and correction of the high frequency perturbation of the vehicle battery voltage.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides immunisation against effect of high frequency variations in voltage for circuits deriving power from vehicle battery system.
Reactor for steam reforming of methanol, has a novel design. Three reactor stages in series are each catalyst-loaded. Of these, only the central stage (1b) has a heater (6). Inlet- (1a) and outlet- (1c) stages are separated by a thermally-conductive partition (3), for heat exchange. They are alternatively, spatially-separated, with heat exchange connections. The gas stream emerging from the final stage is passed through a tempering space, in contact with the inlet stage.    USE -   For the steam reforming of methanol.    ADVANTAGE -   This equipment is designed for low-cost mobility. In the first stage, heat transferred causes minimal conversion to product. This allows a more compact construction of the central stage, and reduced ageing by the unreacted components. The first stage at the same time, being comprised of catalyst pellets, filters out suspended particles. No filter is therefore required before the central stage, which is kept clear of water- and methanol droplets, for the important reforming reaction. No droplet separator is required for the final stage. The water boiler construction is also simplified. The central reaction is compact, with lower thermal capacity, allowing larger temperature swings with changing loading.
The ignition switch (10) is supplied with current from a battery terminal (30) via a relay (12) whose excitation winding (12.2) is connected to a special output (14.2) of a signal detector and driver module (14). If the voltage is excessive or its polarity is incorrect, a characteristic signal is produced which disconnects the ignition switch from the terminal. Other outputs from the same module operate the relays (16.1,16.2) supplying the controllers (19,20.1-20.3) via conventional fuses (17,18). The loads are divided into groups (23,25) protected by individual fuses (22,24) and supplied from separate terminals (15,15R) of the ignition switch.    ADVANTAGE -   Protection against polarity reversal and overvoltage is necessary only for controllers and loads which may persist in a sleep mode and require continuous power supply.
The storage compartment is usable with a vehicle having a frame device. The compartment is carried by the frame device and is adapted to support a battery. The compartment comprises    a support member carried by the frame device and adapted to receive the battery for storage upon it and for sliding movement along it. A door is carried at one end of the member and compartment. The door is swingably coupled with the frame device for movement between a first position generally perpendicular to the member and a second position generally even with the member.    A device supports the door in its second position to permit the battery to be slidingly moved onto and be supported by the door. A locking device between the door and frame device secures the door in its first position.    ADVANTAGE -   Does not expose battery to heat of engine or fuel spillage and permits easy access to battery for service, maintenance and replacement. Has minimum of hardware required to secure battery in place, prevent it from tipping or being damaged and requires minimum of hardware for access and maintenance or replacement of battery.
An activated carbon electrode comprises a fired electrode moulding comprising: (a) activated carbon (A); (b) polyvinylidene chloride and/or vinylidene chloride copolymer (B); and (c) another organic material (C) with macro pores formed by thermal decomposition by firing. Also claimed is a production method for the above electrode.    USE -   For electric double layer capacitors, such as used in power sources for computers and IC memory power-up, power sources for electric vehicle starting motor drives; and as a general battery electrode.    ADVANTAGE -   The electrode has high capacity, low internal resistance, can discharge high currents instantaneously, has excellent impact resistance, is suitable for ion migration, and is easily handled.
The battery assembly comprises a rectangular box (1) with an electrical terminal (3) on one side with the box being designed for insertion into a compartment of the vehicle. The compartment is located below the vehicle platform (6) and has horizontal supports (7) extending along the entire inner face of the compartment.    There are stops on the inner end wall of the compartment to limit the insertion of the battery assembly. At the rearward facing end is a movable bar (8) is pivoted on a shaft (9) at one side, and moves between open and closed positions where it is secured with pins through apertures (10,11).    ADVANTAGE -   Ensures correct location of battery within vehicle in a manner which is easy and safe to operate.
A proton exchange membrane fuel cell comprises a composite perfluorinated polymer ion exchange membrane (A) comprising a thick fluoropolymer film having an equivalent weight of 800-1500, a thickness of 1-15 mil, and laminated on its surface(s) a thin fluoropolymer film having an equivalent weight of 600-900 and a thickness of 1-15 micron, wherein the thin film has a lower equivalent weight than the thick film, and the thin film faces a cathode of the fuel cell.    Also claimed is a process for operating a proton exchange membrane fuel cell, comprising feeding fuel to an anode of the cell and feeding an oxidant to a cathode of the cell, wherein the anode and cathode are separated by (A).    ADVANTAGE -   The composite membrane provides high current capacity and improved electrical performance while retaining good strength.
In a fuel element saturated by fuel, micro-spaces are made in the space between a commutation wall (2) and the anode side (T) of a solid electrolyte (3). During heating of the micro-spaces, hydrogen is generated and acts as 1 component of the electrochemical reaction in the fuel element during its diffusion to the surface of the micro-spaces, where reaction occurs with ions of oxygen. The non-reacted hydrogen is moved by filtration to the micro-spaces in the electrolyte layer and are absorbed on the surface and migrate in the contact area of the 3 phases, where the electrochemical reaction is continued. Oxidiser is passed from the side of the cathode and filters through it. The oxygen is absorbed on the surface of the electrolyte and negative ions are formed and diffuse through the electrolyte to the anode. The reaction occurs in the contact area of the 3 phases on the surface of the micro-spaces closest to the electrolyte.    USE -   Used for the conversion of chemical energy into electrical energy using fuel elements with catalytically active elements.    ADVANTAGE -   Better safety and improved ecological conditions around source.
The DC battery cooler accommodates a DC battery case (10) which covers the DC battery set-up at an engine room (1). The DC battery case is equipped with an external introductory duct (5) and jet pipe (6). The duct has an air introduction opening and the jet pipe is attached with a fan. A temperature sensor is provided to detect the temperature of the DC battery. When the detected temperature exceeds a predetermined temperature, a controller operates the fan of the jet pipe.    ADVANTAGE -   Cools DC battery effectively. Avoids deterioration in life time due to rise in temperature.
The hydrogen/oxygen generating system is composed of bipolar hydrogen/oxygen generating blocks (2) connected in series. Each bipolar block is formed by stacking solid high polymer electrolyte film cells (40) with porous feeding members (20) placed on both sides of the solid high polymer electrolyte film. Bipolar electrode plates (30) are placed outside the respective porous feeding members so as to perform both functions as an anode and a cathode while placing end plates (60, 60') on both ends to integrate the stacked solid high polymer electrolyte film cells. The end plates placed between the adjoining hydrogen/oxygen generating blocks (2) are used commonly by the both blocks, are used commonly by the both blocks, the respective hydrogen/oxygen generating blocks are inserted in respective outer casing members (6) formed by an insulating material, and the respective outer casing members (6) are connected each other in a detachable manner.    USE -   The system is suitable for generating a large amount of oxygen gas and hydrogen gas by electrolysing pure water.    ADVANTAGE -   No problems such as vibration etc. are generated by suppressing pressure fluctuation in flow of the oxygen gas including water while facilitating assembling and disassembling work.
A conductive material electrode is interposed between a metal anode and cathode in an electrolyte. The conductive material electrode is electrically connected to a circuit formed between the metal serving as cathode and the metal serving as the anode. A circuit current is adjustable.    USE -   The hydrogen gas preparing mechanism prepares a hydrogen gas (and an oxygen gas) by electrolysing water by means of a self-excitation system without external electricity supply.    ADVANTAGE -   The hydrogen gas preparing mechanism requires no external electricity supply. The generating amount of the gas is controlled.
A conductive material electrode is interposed between a metal anode and cathode in an electrolyte. An electrolytic barrier membrane is provided between the metal serving as anode and the conductive material electrode. The conductive material electrode is electrically connected to a circuit formed between the metal serving as the cathode and the metal serving as the anode.    USE -   The mechanism prepares hydrogen and oxygen gases by electrolysing water.    ADVANTAGE -   The mechanism requires no external electricity supply, and yields a combustible gas with a generating ratio of the hydrogen gas to the oxygen gas of almost 2:1.
The configuration includes an accommodation part (13) in a vehicle in which, a battery case (11) is accommodated. The case contacts a lower member (7). A sprue plug valve member (25) equipped in the case is positioned in a notch part (21) provided between lower member and a side panel (9).    ADVANTAGE -   Inhibits shake of battery, effectively. Possesses simple configuration. Eliminates need for reinforcement on side panel.
The connection configuration is    USE -   d to connect DC battery base to controller    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces number of connection lines. Reduces assembly time. Improves quotient character.
The system detects collision of a vehicle through the input processing of a G sensor (54). An ignition transistor (55) is connected in series to an ignition device (56) provided between a DC power supply (51) and the ground. A back-up capacitor (59) is connected in parallel to the DC power supply for switching purposes. A predetermined power supply operates the ignition device.    Once the ignition device is operated, the input processing result or rear and front collision of the G sensor is recorded into a non-volatile memory (62). Processing from the collision detection to the end of the memory recording is not needed, thus power consumption is reduced after detecting vehicle collision.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces hardware cost since voltage supply is interrupted when collision is detected by G sensor.
The system has an alternator driven from the starter ring gear on the flywheel. A drive unit is mounted in place of the starter motor and drives the alternator through a belt.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For vehicle in which internal combustion engine has been replaced by electric motor without removal of flywheel, clutch and gearbox. For suburban and town motoring, to reduce pollution.
The indicator (1) has a detector (3) which determines the discharged and fully charged points for a battery (2) by measuring the battery potential and the battery temperature respectively. The electrical energy stored or used is measured by an integrator (4).    The integrator uses the discharged and fully charged points, and their quantities of stored energy, as reference levels for the integration of the battery current. A display unit (5) shows the remaining energy in the battery and the equivalent mileage available. The integration is always stopped at the fully charged point to prevent the overestimation of the quantity of the remaining battery energy.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For electric vehicles. Remaining battery energy is shown accurately even if some discharge cycles have only been partial.
The arrangement contains a time control unit for a switching device (S1-S3), which is mounted close to a voltage tapping device (D1-D3) but far from the inductive loads (A1-A3), whereby the loads are switched on and off in a controlled manner using switching pulses which are mutually offset in time.    The voltage tapping device can be a free-running diode. Each of a first group of filters is connected between a load and the switching device and close to the latter. A second filter is connected in the supply network between a power source supplying all electrical equipment connected to the network and the switching device and close to the latter.    ADVANTAGE -   Substantially suppresses the interference or noise caused by intermittently switching on and off of several inductive loads.
The method treats a lead-acid battery, including a casing (10,22) containing, for operation in a first operational mode, an anode of an anode material for operation in an anode mode, a cathode of a cathode material for operation in a cathode mode, an insulator between the cathode and anode, an electrolyte, a cathode terminal (16) from the cathode, and an anode terminal (17) from the anode. The terminals are for normally connecting a load to the battery in a first operational mode for applying power from the battery to the load.    The method involves applying a charging current for a predetermined time to the respective terminals. The first cathode terminal is established as a second anode terminal and the first anode terminal as a second cathode terminal for operation of the battery on a load in a second operational mode. In the second operational mode the anode and the cathode are switched relative to the anode and cathode of the first operational mode, and the battery supplies power to a load.    ADVANTAGE -   Extends life of batteries. Makes electric vehicles practical reality, since same battery can be used for lifetime. Utilises smaller and lighter batteries. Energy utility companies may save enormous expenditure and labour.
The tool comprises a horizontal back plate part (1a), for fixation of storage batteries in rows, on one side surface of which a set of U-shaped fixing board parts (1b) are formed, with a predetermined interval in-between. The fixing board parts comprise a vertical board part (1b1), inside which a through-hole (2) is formed for fixation of pillars that partition the adjoining batteries. A joint plate (3) is arranged on the back plate part, corresponding to the position of each fixing board part.    ADVANTAGE -   Facilitates press fixation of storage battery, easily. Reduces required storage space.
The device comprises first pair of voltage sensors (1,5) which detect terminal voltages of the first group of DC battery blocks (3,7) connected in series. A second pair of voltage sensors (2,6) detect the terminal voltage of the second group of DC battery blocks (4,8) connected in series. The first and second group of DC battery blocks are arranged with differing number of batteries. A pair of voltage converters (17,18) connected to respective second group of DC battery blocks converts detected terminal voltage into voltage corresponding to the detected voltage of the DC battery blocks of first group. A judging unit (9) judges the abnormality generation by calculating the difference in the detected terminal voltage of the DC battery blocks in each group. When the sum of the difference in terminal voltages is greater than a predetermined value, an alarm unit (10) generates an alarm signal.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies operation.
The calculator has a temperature detector (17), a voltage detector (19) and a current detector (15), which detects the temperature output voltage and current of a battery (3) respectively. A first operation unit (21) receives the output of voltage and current detectors and calculates the linearly between them. A second operation unit (27) receives the output of current and temperature detectors and estimates the remaining charge of battery. The second operation unit outputs voltage value (Vmin) based on the estimated charge of the battery. A third operation unit (29) calculates the output power of the battery based on the output of the first and second operation units. The output of the battery is limited according to the output of the third operation unit.    ADVANTAGE -   Calculates output power accurately. Protects electric system.
Device to boost hydrogen comprises a high molecular electrolytic film/electrode joint (1) to nip a solid high molecular film between two electrodes for joining; a power source (7) to apply a voltage on the two electrode of the joint; a hydrogen feed system to feed hydrogen-contained gas (H2) to the electrode side connected to the anode of the power source; and a hydrogen discharge system to take-out boosted hydrogen gas from an electrode connected to the cathode of the power source. In the hydrogen boosting device, the electrode connected to the anode of the power source (7) uses a gas diffusion electrode (3) and an electrode connected to the cathode of the power source uses gas generating electrode (6).    ADVANTAGE -   Boosted hydrogen gas is discharged without residence and continuous operation is facilitated.
Mixture consisting of condensate of naphthalene sulphonic acid or its derivative and that of styrene sulphonic acid or its derivative is added to the plate.    USE -   Used as power source of an electric car.    ADVANTAGE -   Drop of life performance of the plate at high temperature is prevented.
A closed system fuel cell is new. Water fuel from a reservoir (1) enters a gas liberator (4) where it is electrolytically decomposed to produce a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen. The gas mixture is burnt in a double chamber combustion chamber (8, 10) to reform water vapour which is condensed and returned to the water reservoir for recycling. The volume of the gas evolved is dependent upon the surface areas of the inert electrodes and the distance between them. The thermal energy obtained from combustion of the gas is used to power a related open system.    USE -   For heating radiators associated with a central heating system.    ADVANTAGE -   Large volumes of gas may be evolved using low voltages. Loss of energy during electrolysis is minimised.
The fuel cell has a hydride hydrogen storage unit for the fuel cell body (4), and a control unit (9) controlling the flow of hydrogen from the storage unit (5) to control the operation of the fuel cell. A hydrogen supply unit (6a) interconnects the hydrogen storage unit and the fuel cell body to supply the hydrogen to the cell body.    An air feed supplies air to the fuel cell body to supply the necessary oxygen for the generation of electricity performed by the fuel cell. Heat generated in the cell body is conducted to the hydrogen storage unit to heat that unit, and is transmitted by the air flow produced by the air feed.    USE -   Relates to power source system mounted on portable equipment such as notebook computer employing micro-miniature type polymer electrolyte fuel cell using hydrogen as fuel and air as oxidant.    ADVANTAGE -   Fuel cell is integrally formed into single package to be microminiaturised.
Gas high in H2 and low in CO is obtained by subjecting the gas obtained by reforming methanol using a Cu/ZrO2 or Cu/ZnO/ZrO2 catalyst to selective methanisation using a catalyst/carrier containing TiO2, Al2O3, Ru and RuOx and/or selective oxidation using a catalyst material containing Pt and TiO2. The methanisation Ru/RuOx and a TiO2 composition of 75% rutile and 25% anatase. Also claimed is an apparatus for obtaining such a gas consisting of a methanol reforming reactor and a CO converter for carrying out the above process.    USE -   To generate a gas suitable for use in low temperature fuel cells for electric vehicles    ADVANTAGE -   The process is inexpensive to operate and can operate within a mobile system.
The battery consists of a case, a cover and cells, one or more ducts for removing liquids and gases discharged from the battery cells, a blind hole type opening as an extension of the duct on the edge of the cover and a plug with explosion protection frit (14) forming a seal at its rim. At the bottom of the opening (9) a recess (6) is provided connected to the duct (4).    The recess can take the form of a buffer chamber with part of its side projecting above the duct. The explosion protection frit can consist of a porous non-inflammable material which is pervious to gas and liquids.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   As starter battery. The explosion protection device is protected against damage, simple and economic to manufacture and ensures a large wetting surface of the explosion protection frit.
Nanocrystalline composite for H2 storage comprises: (a) 70 - 95 wt. % of a first H2 carrier, or high temperature metal hydride of Mg, Mg2Ni or Be and Li alloys, with a high storage capacity, requiring high temperatures for absorption/desorption (I); and (b) 5 - 30 wt. % of a second H2 carrier, or low temperature metal hydride of FeTi, LaNi5, Nb, V, Na, Cs, Mn or Pd, with a high storage capacity, requiring low temperatures for absorption/desorption (II). (I) and (II) are in contact, in the form of nanocrystalline powders.    USE -   The composite is used especially as an H2 supply source for H2-fuelled vehicles.    ADVANTAGE -   combination of (I) and (II) allows multi-stage hydrogenation/dehydrogenation. (II) is effective to desorb H2 on cold startup, and (I) is then effective at higher operating temperatures. When the engine is switched off, desorption from (I) may continue, which is adsorbed by (II), ready for the next startup.
A metal-air battery assembly having number of free-standing metal-air cells forming a cell group within a battery case assembly. Each free standing cell has flexible, compressible walls capable of containing electrolyte, the walls comprising air cathodes including cathode current distributors. Each cell has a split anode assembly and current. The anode assembly has one or more reactive anode fuel plates and an anode current collector. Each of the cells is free standing and easily replaced. The battery case assembly has a mechanism for compressing the cells when the lid is closed and releasing the cell group for servicing when the lid is open.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For continuous duty, high power and rapid turn-round applications, such as for operating a fork-lift truck and road vehicles. Cost-effective, high-current and rugged design of metal-air cell.
The power supply (7) includes a case inside which an auxiliary DC battery and an inverter are placed. A pair of water-proof connectors (10,11) connects an electric element which controls flow of current from the DC battery to the inverter.    When current is fed from battery to inverter, 100V AC is supplied to the TV mounted in the vehicle.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables to use appts even in rainy season.
The battery (3) is provided with a LC colour display part (1) having a liquid crystal. The layout of the liquid crystal gets varied based on voltage fluctuations of the cell from external.    When the usable state is indicated by colour variations in the display part corresponding to the layout variations of liquid crystal.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   In portable AV appts, motor vehicles, video recorder, computer, portable telephone. Enables to obtain usable state of battery, easily. Provides full usage of battery. Prevents misuse of battery, by detecting disable state, correctly. Extends life of battery. Simplifies maintenance.
The generator consists of a phosphoric acid type fuel battery main body (21) which is comprised by a fuel pole (18) and an oxidising agent pole (20) with an electrolyte (19) in-between. A reformer (8) with a reformer burner (9) is provided in which a fuel and steam are reacted in the presence of a reforming catalyser. Then, a hydrogen rich gas is supplied to the main body as a reaction gas.    A fuel supply unit supplies two kinds of fuels to the reformer. A fuel switching unit which is a cross valve (63) switches one kind of fuel to the reformer. The cross valve is used instead of two isolation valves. A fuel free feeding unit controls the cross valve to control the amount of supply of two kinds of fuel.    ADVANTAGE -   The generator reduces fuel consumption; improves reliability of generator; and supplies one kind of fuel to reformer when cross valve is switched.
The method involves detecting terminal voltage of a DC battery just before it energizes a starter. The maximum value of starting current discharged from the battery and the DC battery terminal voltage are measured when the battery drives the starter. Based on these detected values, the internal resistance of the battery is calculated.    The quality of the DC battery is then judged by comparing the calculated resistance value with a preknown resistance value that corresponds to the type of DC battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces power consumption of DC battery. Improves efficiency of diagnosis method.
A composite tube is made by: (i) inserting a core material into a metal tube; (ii) packing one or more types of metal powder, other inorganic substance powder, and synthetic resin powder into a space between the core material and the inner surface of the metal tube; and (iii) extruding it through extruding dies having a smaller calibre than the outer diameter of the metal tube, to obtain a composite tube having dissimilar coating layers of particles of one or more types of dissimilar metal powder, other inorganic substance powder, and synthetic resin powder, which are formed on the inside surface of the metal tube.    USE -   For containers for fuel cells, and piping.
The circuit detects the cell voltage of a storage battery (1) and interrupts a load (5) when the voltage is below a predetermined value. The battery and load are connected to a main switch (3) and a first PNP transistor (8) respectively. A voltage detector circuit (6) is equipped with a voltage divider (7) that has first and second resistances (7a,7b). The detector circuit includes a second NPN transistor which is operated based on the double ended voltage of the second resistance.    The main switch is connected to a capacitor (10) and a third resistance (11), which constitute a time constant circuit (12). The third resistance is connected between the base and emitter of a third NPN transistor (13). The collector of the third transistor is connected to the base of the first transistor.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves overdischarge inhibition function as microcurrent does not continue to flow after interrupting load to storage battery. Inhibits unnecessary power consumption.
The vehicle (20) has a motor generator which generates the electricity according to the power added to the running of the wheels. A torque allocation decision unit decides the torque assignment to the engine and the motor generator. A route searching unit searches the route to the destination and a run pattern establishing unit establishes the run pattern in the searched route, by a route planning unit. A DC battery middle value establishment unit establishes the intermediate value of the remaining capacity of the battery, based on the established run pattern.    A position detector detects the current position of the vehicle and accordingly the remaining capacity of the battery. A remaining capacity comparator compares the intermediate capacity and the remaining capacity of the battery. If the remaining capacity is more than intermediate capacity, the heavy torque assignment is allocated to the motor generator. When the remaining capacity is less than intermediate value, heavy torque to the IC engine is assigned.    ADVANTAGE -   Uses electric power of battery efficiently to arrive at destination. Provides high energy efficiency.
The monitor has a first detector (6) to detect the full voltage applied to a main load (2), corresponding to the emf of the entire cell group of a DC battery (1). A second detector (8) detects the intermediate voltage applied to a sub-load (3), corresponding to the emf of the partial cell group of the battery.    When the ratio of `Vm/n' to `V0' is less than 90%, a judgment unit (9) judges that the battery in abnormal state where `Vm' and `V0' are the detected intermediate voltage and full voltages respectively and `n' is the ratio of a number of cells of partial cell group to the entire cell group.    ADVANTAGE -   Judges wearing of partial cell group reliably. Increases life of battery.
The device includes an air-tight pressurised container (10) in which main body of battery whose operation state is to be measured is placed. A measurement unit which measures operation state of the battery main body has a measurement wire (13) which transmits measurement result to a predetermined part. The measurement unit is attached a vent (20) provided in the container.    A penetration terminal (18) is connected to a trunk line, which relays between measurement wire and an instrumentation wire, so as to resist transmission of measurement result. A connection part (19) connects trunk line and instrumentation wire outside the container.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents poor measurement due to contact failure, deterioration of material. Provides stable operation of battery.
The battery has a number of solid electrolyte plates and separators arranged alternately to form a main body (21) of the battery. On the top face of the main body, multiple weights (A-E) are arranged one over the other.    These weights are supported by corresponding columns (a-e) which penetrate through a set of openings (33-36) provided in them.    ADVANTAGE -   Divides burden loaded on main body of battery. Reduces variation in contact resistance. Aims at improving sealing property. Inhibits rupture of cell due to influence of temperature difference during current concentration.
The battery consists of multiple manifold structures which consists of an inner wall member (9) and an outer wall member (10). The inner wall member faces a fuel stack (1). The stack consists of multiple unit cells. With each unit cell comprised by a pair of porous electrodes pinching an electrolyte layer. The reaction gas is supplied to the porous electrodes and front manifold structure on one side is ejected out through other side. The inner and outer wall members form a hollow part (11) which is made vacuum.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents heat radiation from battery stack. Aims at size reduction. Eliminates need for heat insulating material cover.
The unit includes a modifier from which water obtained by condensation of combustion gas, is collected along with water obtained by condensation of gas exhausted from an air pole of the fuel battery. Carbon dioxide dissolved in the condensed water is removed. The condensed water is lead to a recovery tank after which it is treated using a film filter.    An adsorber performs selective adsorption treatment of residual iron ion from the filtered product. Deionisation is carried out using ion exchange resin of an electrodialyser.    ADVANTAGE -   Eliminates need of chemical. Improves compactness of device.
The power generator consists of a by-pass piping (2) formed in between a shift converter (11), a fuel cell main body (21) and a reformer burner (9). The by-pass piping supplies gas directly to a burner combustion gas piping (60).    A by-pass piping selector valve (1) switches the flow path of the reformer outlet gas to the by-pass piping through a controller (51). A fuel feed valve (3) controls the amount of fuel supply to a burner (62) for starting, by receiving a control signal from the controller. This fuel feed valve is provided in the middle of a burner piping (61) for starting.    ADVANTAGE -   Removes carbon precipitated on reforming catalyser of reformer remarkably.
The jig comprises four side plate (12) of shape of rectangle to form an unit cell. A pad (24) of same pitch as pitch of a cooling plate (4) in a batteries stack (11) is arranged to inner side of each side plate. A wire attaches an eyebolt (14) in position corresponding to centre of gravity of upper part of each side plate.    Thus, the battery stack is surrounded by the side plate using locking plate (13), each sloping termination of side plate. A clearance (16) is formed, so that cooling pipe (15) and the side plate of the battery stack are in non contacting state. The side plate is energized in direction, in which pad performs press holding of the cooling plate. The insertion position of the locking bolt is set, so that it non contacts alternately in the cooling pipe along depth direction.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves safety. Performs quick operation without damaging cell.
The battery (3) includes a stack (30) containing a number of cells (31) which are separated by separator plate (32). Each cell consists of an anode, a cathode, and an electrolyte layer. A number of H2 channels (34) are formed at the upper part (37) of the stack. A partition plate (51) divides the upper region of the stack into first space (61) formed below a H2 allocation manifold (40) and a second space (62) formed above a H2 recovery manifold (41). H2is passed between these spaces through holes (54).    ADVANTAGE -    The battery improves allocation of H2to each cell; raises electricity generation efficiency; simplifies device composition; restrains dispersion in electricity generation voltage of each cell in battery stack; and avoids deterioration.
The battery includes a main part which has an air pole, an electrolyte and a fuel pole. Steam and fuel are supplied to this main part, using a conductive tube, from steam and fuel chambers respectively. An opening is formed at the reaction part of the steam and fuel chambers.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves characteristics of battery. Prevents carbon precipitate generation. Reduces amount of steam added to fuel. Enables effective utilisation of fuel density.
The unit includes an outer box (21) in which a DC battery case (50) is accommodated detachedly.    A DC battery (73) and its battery charger (51) which are connected electrically, are accommodated in the DC battery case detachedly.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies insertion/removal operation of DC battery and battery charger. Reduces size of storage unit. Prevents dropping off of battery charger from case.
A new plastics composition contains (A) 5-95 pts.wt. of polyphenylene sulphide (PPS) resin, (B) 95-5 pts.wt. of polyphenylene ether resin and/or polystyrene resin, (C) 0.05-40 wt.% of unsaturated monomers, and/or polymers having epoxy or oxazolinyl groups, and (D) 0.05-50 wt.% of rubber (w.r.t. plastics composition). A new case for sealed alkaline batteries is also claimed, which is made of the new plastics composition.    USE -   Used in cases of sealed alkaline batteries, esp alkaline storage batteries for electric vehicles.    ADVANTAGE -   The new composition has higher resistance to alkali and higher mechanical strength. It provides light-weight battery cases with thinner walls. It has a lower water permeability, so providing alkaline batteries having a longer operating life.
The device stamped out of sheet metal incorporates two rings (1,2) of unequal diameter which are fitted directly to the tapered terminal, and joined together by straps (5,6) bent through 180 degrees. Contact is made also through a two-part crimp portion (7) and metallic arms (14,15) at right angles to the straps.    Each arm has a hole (17,16) through its free end for an eccentric bolt (18) whose rotation brings the straps closer to each other and narrows the gaps (4,3) in the respective rings. Complementary projections (11-13, 8-10) from the outsides of the rings are bent into engagement with one another to ensure that the rings are precisely coaxial.    ADVANTAGE -   A good electrical contact is ensured which has constant resistance and is proof against vibrations.
The emergency lighting system is provided independently from    the system which produces the lighting-up of the emergency    lamps normally fitted as standard in the vehicle, or else    forms a complementary part of the emergency lamp lighting    system fitted in the vehicle, designed to be activated    instantly in the event of a collision, sudden stoppage,    overturning or similar situation. An activator piston is    movably mounted inside a cylinder, which, in its reposing    position, maintains open the corresponding circuit for feeding    the two sets of emergency lamps provided in the system itself    and located on the right and left sides.    In its offset position, the piston, as a result of an    anomalous situation in the vehicle, such as a collision,    overturning or similar situation, establishes the closure of    the corresponding circuit by feeding a high sensitivity    interlocking remote controlled switch, thereby energising the    feeding switches in both sets of emergency lamps. The circuit    includes an internal pilot lamp to indicate that the system is    operative, in addition to an electronic component for    establishing the intermittence in the operation of the    emergency lamps.    ADVANTAGE -   Warns of an immediate emergency without loss of    time in order that other road users can act accordingly to    instantly avoid collision with other vehicles.
The bicycle incorporates conventional components of a pedal cycle (3) with solar panels (4) added on both sides of the wheels and frame. Further solar modules are fitted to a weather canopy (1) extending over the seat and handlebars.    The energy converter is provided with a buffer battery (6) from which current is supplied to a front-wheel hub motor (5) via a controller (2) when the vehicle is in motion. The battery is recharged from the solar panels and modules when it is stationary.    ADVANTAGE -   Existing components and surfaces are applied for power generation in addition to their customary tasks.
The wiring for a voltage regulator in the car's power loom has a main wire (6) connected directly to the battery and an auxiliary wire (9) going to the ignition switch. The regulator has one output, a power input from the main wire via a diode and a signal input via the auxiliary wire.    The auxiliary wire is also joined to the main wire by a second diode (10) and has a buffer condenser (12) between it and earth. The power input to the regulator has no such condenser connected. The diode joined to the auxiliary wire prevents the condenser from discharging. The signal input has a fuse (15).    ADVANTAGE -   With voltage sags on either main or auxiliary wire, regulator remains active as long as possible to supply constant voltage to circuitry following.
The vehicle battery has the case (1) resting on the base (2). The underside of the case has first electrical connections (4a) aligned with second electrical connections (4b) on the base (2). The base has a deeper part which forms a cavity (6) with a cover (5) in which the vehicles electrical distribution system is housed.    The distribution system includes are strip (7) of standard fuses (8), each fuse being connected to a conventional terminal (9) and a terminal fitted to a common contact strip.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For automobile electrical distribution systems. Battery can be used in any kind of vehicle.
The apparatus includes a theft detectors installed at front hood (2), trunk (4), door handle vicinity (6) and ignition switch (8) and connected to a CPU (10) used as the warning controller. A power detector (60) senses the voltage at the battery (50) and relays the data to the warning controller.    The CPU stops the operation of the warning devices on the interior lamp (16), headlamp (18), horn (22) when the detected voltage is below the minimum limit based on the stored data in a processor memory (20).    ADVANTAGE -   Saves energy usage in operating warning device since operation is limited to available energy with consideration on giving energy allowances.
The structure has batteries laterally and longitudinally mounted adjacently to each other on the intermediate frame (8) by which the interior of the outer frame is partitioned in a lattice-form manner. The ventilation trunk (12) for cooling air introduced from the front of the battery frame and discharged through a rear upper part is formed in a longitudinal direction.    The mounting height on a ground of the battery is set to a value gradually decreased from a front row to a rear row. The sectional area of the ventilation trunk below the battery is decreased from the front side toward the rear side.    ADVANTAGE -   Battery is stably fixed.
The air-tight sealed, oxidation free battery terminal has a bell clamp treated with an acid-resistant rubber or plastic. This prevents the gases and acid vapours flowing from the battery from oxidising the current conducting leads and parts of the system.    The terminal may be fitted onto the conical battery post (pole) by a fastening screw in connection with a left-hand thread on a four part cap.    ADVANTAGE -   Can be assembled without tools. Has shorter inspection time. Improved battery control. Prevents sparks and fire.
A reaction-free voltage converter for the illumination of trailers with a lower voltage network drawn by tractor vehicles with a higher voltage network uses two high frequency switching control systems without any intrinsic current flow to earth when open circuit and an appropriate number of pulse converters of lower frequency, again with no current flow to earth when open circuit. Each branch has protection against excessive load and temperature, the protective devices being in groups. The clock frequencies of the pulse converters are identical.    ADVANTAGE -   High efficiency and minimum expense to power a 12 volt trailer from a 24 volt tractor.
The electrochemical half-cell (1) comprises one or more electrolyte-holding electrode spaces (3,15) separated from a gas space (2) by at least one gas diffusion electrode (14) acting as anode or cathode, the gas space (2) being divided into two or more separate overlying gas pockets (2a-d) having an opening to the electrolyte (100) for equalising the pressure in each pocket with the pressure of the electrolyte liquid column in the corresponding part (15) of the electrode space (3,15) ahead of the gas diffusion electrode (14). The gas inlet (7) and the gas outlet (12a-d) of the individual gas pockets are separate from one another.    Preferably, the gas inlet and outlet of each gas pocket are sideways offset to result in sideways flow of electrode gas in the gas pocket.    USE -   Used e.g. as an oxygen-consuming cathode (e.g. as described in US 4657651) for alkali metal halide electrolysis.    ADVANTAGE -   The half-cell combines simple pressure compensation with active flushing of gas from the gas space beyond the diffusion electrode.
A vehicle electrical system has a generator whose exciter circuit is subject to a voltage regulator. Beside a first voltage level of 12 volts, a second voltage level is provided, realised by a parallel circuit with several chopper stages. The voltage regulation takes place at the first voltage level. There is a circuit for voltage transformation using a switch, a choke and a diode in a T-network. The diode is aligned in the direction to generate continuous current flow in the inductance and in the load. The number of parallel converters is inversely proportional to the height of the smallest attainable voltage level. The duty cycle of each stage is constant.    ADVANTAGE -   Apart from 12 V, another stabilised voltage level is given for high power-consuming loads.
A small-sized water electrolysing hydrogen generator is suitable for use in a deoxygenation reactor, for preparing highly pure nitrogen or rare gas as a hydrogen supply source. The electrolyzer is comprised of a certain number of common component parts, generators of different hydrogen capacity can be designed according to the hydrogen consumption. The generator has a liquid level balance tank mounted with a gas pressure balance device.    ADVANTAGE -   The generator features simple structure, convenient for automatic control, safe and reliable operation and low cost.
A tubular, rigid, porous, ceramic separator (12) for a re-chargeable, deep-discharge battery assembly, wherein the separator has a porosity greater than 40%. A battery cell (10) comprising a tubular rigid, porous, ceramic separator having a porosity greater than 40%, a positive active material (14) filling the interior of the separator and a positive electrode (16) embedded in, and extending from, the positive active material. A deep-discharge battery comprising several individual tubular battery cells as above held in a mounting and having a common terminal.    USE -   Useful in heavy-duty lead-acid batteries of the tubular design, having applications in electrically powered vehicles and ships.    ADVANTAGE -   The extruded ceramic tubular separators of the invention provide an improvement over the conventional woven fibre gauntlet and glass mat separator. The materials can be processed in a wide variety of sizes and porosity, tailored to the battery's requirements. The materials are strong and do not shred or fracture during normal use. The ceramic tubular separators are ideal for automated processing.
A method of fabricating an electrochemical or galvanic cell, comprising electrochemical components joined together in a stack, comprises: (i) providing a first component (1) formed from a deformable polymeric material with continuous groove(s) (2), comprising a female opening having a width (w) and a depth (h); (ii) providing a second component (3) with continuous upstand(s) (4), having a width &gt;w and a height &lt;h; (iii) pressing the first and second components together to give an integral seal between the upstand on the second component and the opening in the first component, with the seal between the parts obtained by sealing engagement of the sides of the upstand with the sides of the opening; and (iv) joining the first and second components together to form a stack.    Preferably, the first component is made from polyethylene, polypropylene, copolymers of polyethylene and polypropylene, acetal, nylon, PET, polyvinylidene fluoride, PVC, PTFE, fluorinated ethylene-propylene copolymer, polyfluoroamide, or chlorinated polyoxymethylene. The second component is made from filled grades of the materials from which the first component may be made, or polystyrene, PMMA or polycarbonate.    Also claimed are a secondary battery, fuel cell or electrolyser fabricated by the above method.    ADVANTAGE -   The cell is manufactured relatively easily to the required tolerances with the minimum of equipment and process steps. The seal can be used to join components made from different polymeric materials, including those which are incompatible to the welding techniques of prior art. The components may be disassembled to trace and repair faults not necessarily with respect to the sealing mechanisms but may be, e.g., faults in the membrane or electrode.
The multilayered composition has pillared metal complexes on a supporting substrate (2) which may comprise an organic polymer template. The pillars comprise divalent electron acceptor moieties (12) with a phosphate or arsenate (14) at each end.    The supporting substrate has a hetero-lamellar film comprising the complex formula; -L-[(YO3-Z-Y2O3)MeY]k.k^*p(Xq-)    where L forms a link, Y1 and Y2 are phosphorus or arsenic, Z is a divalent group which forms a stable reduced and oxidised form, X is an anion,    MeY is Me1nWm, where Me1 is a divalent, trivalent or tetravalent metal of group III, IVA or IVB having an atomic number of 21 or a lanthanide; W is an anion, n is 1, 2, or 3; m is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; k ranges from 1 to 250; p has a value from 0 to 3 and q is the charge on X. Each complex is bound to the substrate through L.    Each layer of parallel pillars is separated by a layer of a group (IVA), (IVB), (IIIA) or (IIIB) metal or a lanthanide (18). Particles of one or more group (VIII) metal at zero valence is trapped within each layer of the complex.    USE -   The complexes are useful for the conversion and storage of solar energy, for production of photocurrents and as catalysts for reduction reactions e.g. for hydrogen peroxide from hydrogen and oxygen gasses, hydrogen gas from water and reduction of ketones to form alcohols.
The storage medium (I) comprises a mixture of a reduced boron compound (II) and a carrier. (II) is oxidisable simultaneously with electric current generation and the medium (I) is in electrical contact with an electrode for carrying the generated current.    Also claimed are:    (i) a battery (III) containing a cathode and an anode comprising the medium (I), where (II) is oxidised simultaneously with battery discharge and (III) is connected to a load and generates current over a time period;    (ii) the system for transporting a borohydride anion from a generation to use point by applying an electric potential to a solution of oxidised borohydride in a first cell then transporting the resulting borohydride solution to the use point where it is oxidised in a second cell;    (iii) the method of synthesising a borane ion by electrically reducing borate ions; and    (iv) the system for transporting and distributing borohydride so that vehicles operating thereon may fill up with fresh borohydride and discharge borates.    USE -   A boron redox species provides an electrochemical cell for a battery used in electronic devices, e.g., hearing aids, cellular phones, ignition of motor vehicles or to power vehicles. (III) may be AAA up to D or 9 V size. Borohydride can be combined with water to generate hydrogen for industrial use. (III) is also usable for storage or load levelling.    ADVANTAGE -   The cell has favourable energy, operating costs, recharging efficiency, longevity and environmental impact.
A battery jar material for sealed secondary battery comprises a resin composition containing 50-98 wt.% syndiotactic styrene polymer (A), 2-50 wt.% at least one selected from polyolefin and styrene elastomer (B) and 0-10 wt.% polyphenylene ether (C).    Also claimed is another battery jar material comprising 100 pts. wt. a resin component composed of 5-98 wt.% (A), 2-50 wt.% (B) and 0-10 wt.% (C), 1-350 pts. wt. an inorganic filler (D) and 0-5 pts. wt. polyphenylene ether modified with a polar group.    USE -   The battery jar material obtained from the resin composition may be used in making battery jar for sealed secondary battery (claimed), for employment in electric vehicle particularly battery-operated fork-lift.    ADVANTAGE -   The material is lightweight, high resistance to heat, electrolyte and oil/grease, and has high electrical insulation, mechanical strength and mouldability, as well as capability to form thinner walls. When used, it does not deformation due to the generated heat and rise in internal pressure during rapid charging up of the battery, and is also suitable for operation at high temperatures, e.g. in electric vehicle for use outdoor at temperature of 100C.
The monitor includes an isolator for receiving a selected battery voltage signal and transferring it to a portion of the battery monitor isolated from the battery voltage signals from each of the number of batteries. A controller receives the selected battery voltage signal, and provides a signal indicative of the voltage of the selected battery voltage signal. A switch is used for allowing the controller to determine the battery voltage of the selected battery voltage signal when current from the number of batteries is flowing in the battery monitor and when current from the number of batteries is interrupted.    A microprocessor (52) sends commands to the isolated side (16) through an inverted buffer (60) and an opto-isolator (62). These commands control switching of filters (34) into and out of the battery monitor circuit (10), as well as the selection of the specific channels of the multiplexer (30). A signal on the address inputs (58) causes the microprocessor to send a control signal to the buffer (60).    ADVANTAGE -   Eliminate use of costly transformers, reduced electromagnetic compatibility concerns, reduces overall vehicle wiring and isolate battery voltage from other electrical systems.
(I) Lead acid battery comprises: (a) central core element of a material including iron or steel; and (b) protection layers covering the core element, for protection in the acid environment. Also claimed are : (II) an acid environment battery system comprising; container including acid; active battery element formed of iron or steel; positive side protection of the element including a path which allows acid to through to the element; negative side protection protecting the element from the acid; (III) a method of forming the battery in which during exposure to an acid environment iron oxide is formed with an effective thickness to remain conductive but sufficient to enable protection against the acid ; and (IV) a battery as described and capable of self healing.    USE -   Rechargeable batteries for electric cars.    ADVANTAGE -   Lighter and more powerful than previous lead acid batteries
The module includes an alternator cable terminal connectable to an alternator cable and removably connectable to a fuse. Connection of the alternator cable terminal to a fuse places the alternator cable terminal in close proximity to a second exterior surface of the battery. A second cable terminal is connected to at least one of electrical circuits and removably connectable to the terminal connecting device. Connection of the second cable terminal to the terminal connector places the second cable terminal in close proximity to a third exterior surface of the battery.    Closing cover (24) also places terminal hoods (38a-c) in protective positions over and around their respective cable terminals (75,77,79). The cover may be easily opened if necessary to inspect, remove, or service battery connecting module (10) by hooking a finger underneath a locking tab (30) and pulling outwardly and upwardly to disengage it from locking projection (28).    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For use in automotive vehicle. Mounts modular housing on top of vehicle battery for max convenience, accessibility and under-hood space utilisation.
This objective revival point deciding method comprises a step for deciding a value of a control constant according to a condition of a battery. This operation reflects a change in the maximum allowable voltage of the battery.    There is a subsequent step for deciding a control object, and using the control constant so that a control error of a voltage of the battery is suppressed, irrespective of a change in the maximum allowable voltage.    USE -   For achieving maximum revival power of battery with prevention of over-charge of battery.
A turning roller is attached to a cell stack to position it to the placement of the built in electrolyte supply pipe.    ADVANTAGE -   Electrolyte can be supplied exactly.
Support insulators are placed between the lower fastening plate of a cell stack and the bottom plate of the cabinet.    ADVANTAGE -   The fuel battery is reliable.
The circuit is used to supply power to an ECU (30), a capacitor (41), a DC battery (37) and a pair of current consumers (37,42) from a magneto unit (31). The above mentioned parts are connected together the magneto unit, includes a pair of armature coils (34,33) through which charging of the capacitor and DC battery is carried out.    A third armature coil (34) of the magneto unit is used for excess charging of the ECU.    ADVANTAGE -   Stabilises power supply to ECU. Is not influenced by DC battery breakdown.
The supply has a discharge resistor and a discharge control relay (6) which are connected in series between power supply relays. A condenser (10,14) connected between a load power supply input relays is discharged when the load power supply is stopped.    The discharge control relay opens and closes corresponding to the insertion and extraction of an electromobile key switch (15) through and from a key cylinder switch (17), respectively.    ADVANTAGE -   Eliminates need for condenser precharging by turning OFF electromobile only when key is pulled from key cylinder.
The system includes the water circulation pump which is placed in the water line between the fuel battery and the cooling-water storage tank. The air pump is connected to the water line to collect water from the water line into the tank when the water circulation pump is turned off.    ADVANTAGE -   System can be started rapidly at cold installation site.
A mixture consisting of styrene sulphonate (derivative) polymer and lignin is added to the plate.    USE -   As the power source of an electric car.    ADVANTAGE -   The operating life of the plate at high temperature is maintained.
Pivoted connection strips are respectively to battery terminals and attached to two parallel actuating bars so that the strips can be contacted to series-connection or parallel-connection conductors.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Used for batteries in an electric motorcar. Battery connections can be selected quickly.
A seal cap plate is secured to each of the ends of the tubular battery can by caulking.    ADVANTAGE -   The battery case can be constructed dependably.
The battery has a rectangular hollow cavity resonator metal body (1) in which incident transversal electromagnetic energy is stored in the form an ionisable gas plasma. Microwave energy can be supplied via a round waveguide (2) coupled to the hollow resonator metal body, for ionisation of the energy carrier gas, with a thermally-insulating jacket (7) enclosing the hollow resonator metal body encased in an outer metal casing (8) secured to the vehicle chassis.    ADVANTAGE -   Compact battery with reduced component costs.
A control circuit is described for metering the power to electrical loads on a bicycle which has an auxiliary drive (10). This works on one of the wheels and has a motor/generator (11). There are signal transmitters (21 to 23) for the bicycle state, feeding their signals to a microcontroller (14) which acts on the power electronics (13). The microcontroller apportions the battery power not only to the lamps but also to the motor/generator.    Relevant data for the built-in program are the battery's state of charge and the bicycle speed, which determine the power flow of the motor/generator when acting as a generator to charge up the battery and also the bicycle speed during braking when travelling downhill.    ADVANTAGE -   Allows the greatest travelling range using the given battery.
Additives for the sulphuric acid salts electrolytes of lead storage batteries consist of 1-3% Zn ions and maximum 2.5% indium ions and maximum 2.5% gallium ions. The effects of the last two additives increases during charging of the battery. Other additives may be added to adjust the density of the electrolyte.    USE -   Especially in starter batteries for making the electrolyte or regenerating the electrolyte in used batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   The additives improve the charge acceptance values of the battery.
The material composite has at least one layer containing ion-conducting and/or electron-conducting material and at least one layer containing one or more functional materials, bonded in intimate contact with an ion-conducting or electron-conducting layer. The relative fluctuation in the composite material thickness, DC conductivity, AC capacitance and/or surface roughness is less than 25 %.    USE -   For membrane electrode assembly in electrochemical- cells, such as fuel-cells, exhibiting low electrical power fluctuation.
The electrical power distribution module mounts to a vehicle battery (70) having a horizontal top surface and a battery terminal (71) projecting from the top surface. The module comprises a battery terminal connector (50) for making electrical contact with the battery terminal and a number of fuse receptacles (31a) electrically connected with the battery terminal connector by a bus bar (25).    L-shaped terminals (67a,68a) electrically connect a starter cable (67b) with the battery terminal connector and an alternator cable (68b) with the busbar. A fuse (60) is mounted between the alternator cable and the busbar. A wire harness guide channel (13) routes a number of wires, connected with the fuse receptacles, over the battery top surface. A cover has at least two separately opened hinged portions, where the first portion provides access to the battery terminal connector and the second portion provides access to the fuse receptacles. The power distribution module is adapted to be mounted in overlying relation to the battery top surface.    ADVANTAGE -   Compatible with standard battery designs. Imposes no adverse load on battery terminals. Provides access to automotive fuses. Makes efficient use of space in battery-mounted area. easily installed in vehicle. Protects vehicle electrical system against short circuit conditions.
The moulded battery case (11) made of plastics, is mounted in a lower part of an electric vehicle (1) behind a front wheel (2). The case body (12) has a base part (13) which carries the battery.    A lower surface of the base part has a number of parallel projection ribs (14) projecting down at regular intervals with corresponding reinforcing ribs (15) behind each projection rib, integrally moulded in the case. These ribs provide impact resistance for the case from small stones and other such solid articles catapulted by the front wheel tyre.    ADVANTAGE -   Does not increase number of parts or assembly man hours. Prevents breakage of battery case. Provides cost effective solution.
The cover of the case of a waste battery is cut out, and the anode and cathode plates are separated and cracked.    ADVANTAGE -   Firing is prevented during disassembling.
The full-sealed lead-acid accumulator for motorcycle features that its positive plate grid is made of super-calcium alloy, the active substance of positive electrode contains Pb, H2SO4, PTFE and activated carbon, its negative plate grid is made of Pb-Ca-Sn-Al alloy, the active substance of negative electrode contains Pb, H2SO4, BaSO4, alpha- or beta-naphthoic acid and diffusant N, and its electrode column has sealed labyrinth structure. Its advantages include high electrochemical capacity, long service life, good low-temp. performance and no leakage.
A fuel cell (17) has an anode (18) and cathode (32)positioned on opposite sides of an electrolyte (28). Both the anode (18) and the cathode (32) have a catalyst layer (24,34) on the surface facing the electrolyte (28) except in their edge regions (27). An ion impermeable layer (40) is positioned between the anode edge region and the cathode edge region (27).    USE -   A stack (2) of the fuel cells (17) is used to produce electricity. The ion impermeable layer (40) prevents reactant ions or molecules from reaching localised high potential areas of the non-catalysed parts (25,27) of the electrodes (18,32) and corroding the carbon of the electrodes.
Fuel cell electrode has two layers (5, 6), one (6) being self-supporting and being several times thicker than the other layer(5) which has catalytic properties. Preferably, the self-supporting layer (6) is porous, consists of metal oxides such as Cr2O3, Al2O3, Fe2O3 or UO2, preferably mixed with nickel, and may have internal gas channels for gas supply to the catalytically active layer. Also claimed is a fuel cell stack with the above electrode.    USE -   Used for a high temperature fuel cell (SOFC).    ADVANTAGE -   Separation of the supporting function from the catalytic function of the electrode allows use of less expensive materials to achieve mechanical stability.
A cell (10), which can be used for primary or rechargeable power supply, includes a negative pole (14) forming one outer insoluble layer and positive pole (16) forming another outer insoluble layer. The two outer layers are separated by a third layer (12) comprising aqueous electrolyte with a deliquescent material for keeping the open cell wet at all times.    The electrolyte includes an electroactive soluble material for obtaining ionic conductivity and a water-soluble polymer giving viscosity to adhere to the outer layers. The cell is preferably manufactured using suitable printing technology.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Also for voice recording and playing device, liquid crystal display, electronic calculator, IC card, temperature sensor, hearing aid or pressure sensitive buzzer. Includes deliquescent material to maintain wet electrolyte in flexible thin layer open electrochemical cell for primary or rechargeable power sources for miniaturised or portable apparatus. Devoid of both accumulation of gases and liquid evaporation limitations.
Battery connection switching device has a voltage sensor which detects output voltage of a main battery, a switching means which connects serially or cut the main battery and an auxiliary battery and a control means which the main battery and auxiliary battery are cut through the switching means when the output voltage detected with the voltage sensor is greater than nominal voltage and the main battery and auxiliary battery are connected serially through the switching means when the output voltage is less than the nominal voltage.    ADVANTAGE -   Apparent output voltage of the main battery can be increased and driving distance can be increased over survival capacity of the main battery.
A non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery comprises an anode, a cathode, a separator between the electrodes, a non-aqueous electrolyte impregnated in the separator, and a container. The cathode contains metallic lithium, lithium alloy, or a (conductive) material which absorbs or desorbs lithium. The positive electrode absorbs or desorbs lithium. The electrolyte contains heterocyclic compounds selected from 1,2,4-triazole,1,2,3-triazole, pyrazole, imidazole, or pyrrole.    Another battery is also claimed, comprising an anode, a cathode, a separator, a non-aqueous electrolyte, and a container. The cathode is treated with a solution containing the heterocyclic compounds.    USE -   For portable electric appliances or electric vehicles.    ADVANTAGE -   Dendritic formation of metallic lithium is effectively prevented. The battery has a lower internal resistance.
has bellows placed between top base plate and cell-pressing plate and connected to pressurised-fluid source, enabling fastening forces to be applied positively to cell stack
Cell stack fastener for a fuel battery comprises parallel bellows placed between a top base plate and a cell-pressing plate and connected to a pressurised-fluid source.    ADVANTAGE -   The fastening force can be applied positively to the cell stack.
The closed type fuel battery system comprises a solid state electrolyte water electrolyser (1), a water tank (3) for storing water supplied to the water electrolysed (1), an electric power unit for supplying electric power to the water electrolyser (1), 1st gas-liquid separators (5a, 5b) for separating water component from hydrogen and oxygen generated by the water electrolyser (1) and for returning the water component to the water tank (2), an hydrogen tank (10) for storing the hydrogen generated by the water electrolyser (1), an oxygen tank (13) for storing the oxygen generated by the water electrolyser (1), a solid state electrolyte fuel battery (12) for generating electricity by reacting the hydrogen from the hydrogen tank and the oxygen from the oxygen tank, a 2nd gas-liquid separators (8a, 8b) for separating water components from respective exhaust gases from a hydrogen system and an oxygen system of the solid state electrolyte fuel battery (12) and for returning the water component to the water tank (3), and compressors (9a, 9b) for returning gases with water components removed by the 2nd gas-liquid separators (8a, 8b) to the hydrogen tank (10) and the hydrogen tank respectively.    USE -   The closed type fuel battery system is suitable as an electric power unit for a vehicle, a lighthouse on an isolated island, etc.    ADVANTAGE -   A clean and compact closed type fuel battery system.
H2 absorbing alloy matter is contained in a filling container, and an exothermic reaction and endothermic reaction occur by absorbing and desorbing H2 , The alloy is formed by assembling H2absorbing alloy particles with a lubricating substance.    USE -    The matter is used for H2transportation equipment, heat pumps and fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -    The H2 absorbing alloy can reduce stress in a container, by lowering friction among the H2absorbing alloy particles.
The power supply has a battery (1) mounted to a vehicle body (4) by having a negative terminal grounded to the vehicle body. The positive terminal of the battery is connected with a cable (9-11) which is connected with a key switch (2). The switch connects between both terminals of the battery according to the ON-OFF operation. A solenoid (12) is connected and energised from the battery.    Pair of common contacts (13,14) join when the solenoid is energised and separate when the solenoid is not energised. The first rotor contact is grounded to the vehicle body as the second contact is connected to the negative terminal of the battery. The negative terminal of the battery is grounded to the vehicle body through the junction of both common contacts.    ADVANTAGE -   Reliably prevents short-circuits of battery by deterioration of cable which is directly connected to positive terminal of battery.
The electric vehicle includes a car (1) driven by an electric motor. A separate battery unit (2) is contained in a box-like structure mounted on wheels and is towed behind the car.    The battery unit can be detatched from the car and is pref. connected to it mechanically by a quick release ball and socket joint (4). A cable with a plug and socket (3) electrically connects the battery unit to the car.    ADVANTAGE -   Battery unit can be replaced immediately. Battery units of different capacities can be used to suit length of journey. Saves space inside vehicle.
The electrical power developed by a bank of fuel cells (1) is transferred to a battery (8) and to a load (Z1) by using a resonant converter (3,L,C). The connection to the load is via a step up transformer (5) whose secondary winding (51) is connected to a rectifier bridge (6).    The output from the rectifier bridge is connected to the battery terminals, and the switching frequency of the converter which operates with an output power independent of its load and proportional to the switching frequency, is controlled to ensure a power delivered by the cells between a minimum and a maximum and correlated jointly with the battery voltage and the load current.    ADVANTAGE -   Highly efficient, very safe and extremely simple electronic regulation system which ensures optimal performance.
The power unit comprises a dog clutch in an automatic 2-speed clutch transmission, with motor output shaft (7a), driver transmission gear (24), clutch movable portion (32), cylindrical drive portion (33), rectangular projections (32a), rectangular projections (24a), permanent magnet (34), excitation coils (35) and ferromagnetic yoke (36). The power drive is a meshing clutch which engages with one of two drive gears depending on which speed is selected. When the clutch is actuated by a make-and-break operation, the torque and rotational speed of the motor can be controlled in response to a clutch switching signal.    When the clutch movable portion is at the end of its movement stroke, attraction forces are exerted on the permanent magnet so that the clutch always tends to mesh with a driver transmission gear. As speed increases the excitation coils are activated by the transmission, forming magnetic fields which act on magnet (34) and cause the section (32) to move toward gear (26), enabling smooth engagement. The electric power unit has e.g. an aluminium alloy casing containing the storage cells and has heat radiating plates. The motor driving circuit is primarily a MOSFET circuit.    ADVANTAGE -   Can be easily replaced and assembled. Is reliable, has increased efficiency and improved performance. Improves overall travelling ability of electric vehicle.
A battery is provided with a controllably operated device (7) for rapidly draining electrolyte (4) from the electrolyte cavity (3) so that the electrodes (2a, b) are out of contact with electrolyte (4) and are galvanically separated from one another. Also claimed is a second battery provided with: (a) one or more deactivator spaces which are separate from the electrolyte space and which hold a deactivator material for deactivating all the current-generating processes in the electrolyte cavity; (b) piping for connecting the electrolyte space (3) with the deactivator cavity; and (c) a transport system for controlled transfer of deactivator material from the deactivator space into the electrolyte space.    ADVANTAGE -   The battery can be converted from its operational state to a safe rest state, during maintenance or danger (e.g. after a vehicle accident), in a simple and reliable manner while avoiding battery short-circuit.
A zinc-alkali secondary battery employs a zinc anode and an alkali electrolyte solution containing barium fluoride preferably in a concentration of 10-4 to 10-3 M.    USE -   As a power source for electric automobiles or as a stationary current supply battery.    ADVANTAGE -   The barium ions suppress zinc dendrite growth and prevent significant decrease in electrolyte conductivity, thus increasing battery life and charge/discharge yield.
The device has at least one element (4) which tightens at least one safety belt in the event of an accident in combination with at least one door unlocking element. The interaction can be mechanical, consisting at least partly of a Bowden cable (5) and/or a lever (11). Alternatively, an electric interaction can be formed making use of a current supply (26) independent of the vehicle mains.    Alternatively, the interaction can be electrical, making use of an electrical source which is independent of the on-board supply. At least one device for tightening a safety belt is connected to an adjacent unlocking device.    ADVANTAGE -   Automatically unlocks the motor vehicle doors in the event of an accident.    ]
In an oxidic material with at least one delimited case region, ionic conductivity predominates over electronic conductivity in the oxidic material and electroconductivity predominates over ionic conductivity in the case region because of other cations.    USE -   Used as electrode/electrolyte in a fuel cell (claimed), especially in a high temperature fuel cell with e.g. hydrogen as fuel.    ADVANTAGE -   The material provides a mechanically stable combination of ionically conductive oxidic material (serving as electrolyte in a fuel cell) and an electronically conductive case region (serving as fuel cell cathode and/or anode) and permits reduction of fuel cell temperature.
The electrically-driven car features that its power is provided by accumulators, wind-drive electric generator and non-driving wheel's electric generator, and such units as power unit, manipulator, steering mechanism and control circuit are installed on its chassis. Its advantages include flexible driving, stepless speed variation, and light weight.
An electrode for a coke/alkali metal electrochemical cell comprises (a) calcined coke particles containing (i) at least 0.5 wt.% of nitrogen and at least 1.0 wt.% of sulphur heteroatoms, (ii) the average particle size being 2-40 microns and not exceeding 50 microns, and (b) a binder.    Also claimed is an electrochemical cell containing: (a) the above electrode; and (b) a non-aqueous electrolyte comprising (i) an alkali metal salt in (ii) an aprotic organic solvent; and (c) a counter electrode.    USE -   In electrochemical cells particularly lithium/carbon cells for electric vehicle applications, etc.    ADVANTAGE -   The electrode is stable to the electrolyte and has capacity of up to 70% LiC6, an increase of 40% achieved with conventional coke.
The battery pack comprises a number of individual battery modules (38) stacked in two tiers (e.g. 36). A closed housing (2) encloses the modules. The housing has a lower part (6) supporting, and cover over, modules. A floor (78) lies at bottom of the lower part. A number of pedestals are upstanding from the floor. A first tray (34) is supported on the pedestals (84,86,88) and together with the floor defines a plenum below for conducting air for heat transfer beneath the first tray. The tray includes deck supporting first tier of modules. A gap lies between adjacent modules in tier. Openings in the deck communicate the plenum with the gap for passing the heat transfer fluid usually air upwardly.    A second tray overlies first tier of modules, including a second deck supporting second tier of modules. A space lies between adjacent modules in second tier. A number of holes in second deck each communicates a space with the underlying gap for passing the heat transfer air upwardly. An inlet to housing admits air into plenum. An outlet from housing exhausts air after it has passed through second tier.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Provides easy access, uniform temperature, with no module significantly hotter or cooler. Improves thermal management.
The controller has a fuel supply stoppage determining unit (51) that determines if fuel supply to an internal combustion engine stops during deceleration of a vehicle. A regenerated delay torque adjusting unit (52) adjusts the regenerated delay torque of an electric motor, which is coupled to the drive shaft of the internal combustion engine, based on the operation conditions during the determined stoppage of fuel supply.    An engine brake adjusting unit (53) reduces the delay torque of an engine brake of the internal combustion engine during the stoppage of fuel supply based on the size of the regenerated delay torque of the electric motor.    ADVANTAGE -   Recovers motion energy of engine brake as electric energy. Prevents inconvenience caused by vehicle deceleration. Maintains maximum recovery efficiency of motion energy. Accurately adjusts and controls delay torque of engine brake without using special controls.
The battery is equipped with a conductive common electrode which is formed from a light metal and composed of adjacent positive electrode active material and negative electrode active material.    ADVANTAGE -   High energy density and high speed charging.
The method involves providing a positioning hole for cell assembly on a pressure plate. A chamfered pin is inserted into the hole. Flat parts with holes are used to position the cell and a fuel battery is constructed by piling piled up cells, with each hole positioning the cell by matching with the knock pin. The battery is it tightened and fixed using the pressure plate.    ADVANTAGE -   Allows secure construction of battery from cells.
The method involves attaching an electrolyte holding device (m) to a reserve plate using capillary force. The amount of electrolyte contained is obtained by investigation (m) at the operation stop time of the fuel cell.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Simple estimation without decomposition.
The device has a first detector which detects power supply voltage supplied to charge a backup capacitor. A calculating part calculates the charging voltage of backup capacitor based on detected power supply voltage. A second detector detects real charging voltage of backup capacitor.    A judgment part judges whether electrostatic capacitance of backup capacitor is able to operate an ignition equipment based on comparison result of the real charging voltage with predetermined value.    ADVANTAGE -   Ensures reliable, accurate and correct measurement of capacitance reduction.
The controller has a circuit changing switch which switches the output place of an electric generation output of an alternating device (21) driven by an engine (1) with different electric loads. An electric control unit (5) regulates the electric generation output of the alternating device based on the switching direction of the circuit changing switch.    The output place of the alternating device electric generation output is switched to a low voltage car body electric equipment system from a high voltage heating resistor. The operation of the circuit changing switch is performed when the output of the alternating device is switched from high voltage to low voltage.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents fault of car body electric equipment system since output place of electric generation output of alternating device is switched from high voltage to low voltage.
A temperature control device for a hybrid automobile comprises a battery containing body (14) to contain the battery. There is also an engine containing body (18), and two switching devices (24, 26) to intercommunicate or disconnect the engine containing body and the battery containing body.    A fan (22) is provided to generate an air blast flowing from the engine containing body, to the battery containing body. There are temperature sensors (28, 30) to detect the temperatures of the outer peripheries of the battery and the engine, and a controller (32) to control the switching devices and the fan (22), based on the temperatures detected by the temperature sensor.    ADVANTAGE -   Engine starting is improved.
The vehicle includes a condenser module (4) that supplies power to a drive motor (2) through a power converter (3). The condenser module includes multiple condenser components (11) that are connected in series or parallel, with a circuit breaker (13) provided in-between them. Each condenser component includes two or more condensers (12).    The circuit breaker has a circuit disconnection part (14) and an abnormality detector (15). Based on the output of the abnormality detector, disconnection part opens the circuit, thereby interrupting power supply from the condenser components.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids instantaneous release of energy during abnormal short circuit caused by collision thereby improving safety of operation.
USE/ADVANTAGE -   E.g. for batteries in electrical motor vehicle. Enables condition of batteries to be monitored by wireless signalling.
An indication correction circuit is housed in the built-in battery condition display unit and connected to the output of a battery characteristic detector.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Used for the battery assembly in an electrical motorcar. The remaining power capacity of the battery can be detected exactly.
The sealed battery has a weight ratio (X) of cobalt in cobalt hydroxide in a main active material of an anode, to the total quantity of cobalt included in cobalt hydroxide and metal included in a nickel hydroxide, where X (weight%) 0.28T-8, when the temperature of the battery when an average value of Ni and Co becomes 3.1, is T (C).    USE -   The battery is used for an electric car.
Tubular electrolyte elements are placed in series, so that the element thickness is reduced toward the bottom side.    ADVANTAGE -   Long electrolyte life is ensured.
ADVANTAGE -   Compact system can be provided.
The voltage regulator comprises a comparator which compares the outputs from two voltage adjustment circuits. Voltage (Vcc) is supplied from the battery to the first circuit. Voltage is supplied from power supply circuit to the second circuit. The inverting output end of the comparator, is coupled to the circuits.    When supply voltage is less than predetermined voltage, then the first circuit is enabled, while the second circuit is disabled. When the supply voltage is higher than the predetermined value, then the first circuit is disabled, whereas the second circuit is enabled.    ADVANTAGE -   Deals with load dump conditions, effectively.
The system has a CPU (12) e.g. microprocessor capable of receiving a signal (36) from at least one sensor (38). At least one gauge assembly (14) is connected with the central processing unit. Each gauge assembly including a gauge, and gauge coding device providing a signal to the CPU dependent on the type of gauge in the gauge assembly. The CPU sends a signal to operate the gauge dependent on the signal from each sensor and the signal from the gauge coding device.    The gauge coding device includes a set sequence of resistive links, while the gauge assembly further includes at least one warning light which is illuminated on receiving a signal from the CPU. A light bulb is illuminated on receiving a signal from the CPU to illuminate the gauge. The gauge assembly is mounted within a housing which has electrical connecting pins extending from it.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Allows relative positions of gauges to be changed after initial assembly of instrument system.
A device has the following items; fuel cells in a stack, a thermal insulating shell, a follow-up of after-burning combustion chamber between the stack and the shell and an auxiliary burner. The follow-up chamber is joined at opposite ends through channels with at least one outlet (4) for exhaust gases. These channels are sealed off by two valves.    A combustion chamber of the auxiliary burner communicates with the channel between the follow-up chamber and the second valve. In a starting phase, the second valve is closed and the first is opened. A pre-reformer for gas treatment is in the shell, joined to a heat exchanger which has a heating channel used by the exhaust gas of the auxiliary burner.    ADVANTAGE -   No damage to cells during start-up phase.
A connector unit (10) includes a battery support surface (14) forming a tray (16) carrying multi-cell, metal-air batteries (12a,12b). Diagonally opposite lugs (18) form releasable structural connectors for connecting the unit to an electric vehicle. A terminal unit (20) has connections for cooling liquid (22,24) and battery output power cables (26).    Signal leads (28) transmit sensor readings and provide control instructions to battery units from a battery control unit.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For spent metal anode replacement. Provides connectors enabling convenient and efficient electric vehicle recharging with battery on-board or removed. Provides fast convenient connection and disconnection of all required electrical and fluid connections between battery and vehicle.
The terminal connection has a clamp piece (3)at one side of the battery pole with a pair of clamp plates (6,7) and a clamping device acting perpendicular to the plane of the clamp plates. The clamping device has a tensioning bolt (9) which is operated to move an angled surface (16) of a sliding block (10) against a second angled surface (17) provided by a recess (18) in one of the clamp plates (6), receiving the sliding block.    ADVANTAGE -   Suitable for use in restricted space.
The uninterrupted power source forms part of a transfer system which ensures a supply of electrical power to on-board equipment during normal switching from one power supply to another, such switching being initiated either manually by the pilot, or automatically by the system. The transfer system has separate DC power sources and includes a split bus assembly that ensures a continuous supply from a first generator until after a second generator has begun to supply power to the electrical system. Once the second generator is on line the first generator can be shut down. The system can be used when switching between different on-board power supplies or when switching between on-board and external power supplies.    ADVANTAGE -   Ensures continuous power supply during changeover from one power source to another, lightweight, compact, and low cost.
A fuel-cell element of a type mended for an electrochemical reaction comprises a backing and a catalytic material which includes uniformly mixed and randomly spaced Pt-Ru bimetallic powder having distinct sites of Pt and Ru.    Also claimed are: (i) a method of forming a material for a fuel-cell element, comprising the steps: (a) forming a solution of Pt, Ru and an extra material which maintains a separation between the Pt and the Ru; (b) mixing the solution; (c) processing the solution, including heating the solution, and (d) further treating the solution so as to remove the said extra material; (ii) fuel-cell element of a type intended for an electrochemical reaction, wherein the catalytic material includes a material that has similar characteristics to Pt and Ru; (iii) a fuel cell as above wherein the catalytic material includes a material that has similar characteristics to Pt.    USE -   Has applications to methanol fuel cells using non-acid fuel with uses for powering motor vehicles.    ADVANTAGE -   Improvements to the electrode improve its operation, especially the efficiency of methanol production. The need for expensive Pt catalyst is reduced or obviated Ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure air can be used as the reduction mechanism.
The bicycle includes a battery case (21) which is formed in a long shape and is removably arranged on the upper side of the down-tube (2b). The connector for discharge is disposed at the lower part of the battery case (21).    A connector on the motor side is disposed at the lower part of a foot through-space (S), and an armour cover (10) with which the connector on the motor side is covered is provided.    ADVANTAGE -   Even when motor-driven bicycle is parked in outdoor place in such state that battery case is removed, contact terminal on motor side is not exposed to rainwater.
The unit has a dynamo (5) and a solar power supply (6) which generates electric power. The generated power is stored in a first battery for vehicle (7) and a second battery for information appts (8). The first battery supplies power to vehicle alone and the second battery supplies power alone to the information appts mounted in vehicle.    A first transfer unit, transfers power from first battery to the vehicle and a second transfer unit transfers power from second battery to the information appts. A power controller controls the electrical power transferred by first and the second transfer units.    ADVANTAGE -   Operates information appts of vehicle. Solves electric power shortage problem.
The battery case (14) of, e.g. a motor-assisted bicycle (13) is engaged in a base-plate (39) and lodges against a spring-loaded throw-off bar (17) on the main frame tube (3). A lock (15), operated by the motor on/off key, inserts a bolt into the case top, securing it. The tether (20), running from an L-shaped end-tag (21) through the frame tubes (3, 4), connects (24, 25, 26) with a thinner cable (23) on an automatic retracting bobbin (22) under the seat (5).    With no battery present, the tag fits a recess in the lock bolt, which is then retracted, securing the tether round e.g. a lamp-post. The battery, if present, is momentarily freed, the tag being trapped in the lock bracket (30) when the battery is re-locked.    ADVANTAGE -   Dual-purpose system, stowed on board.
The connector unit (10) comprises a battery supporting platform (16), multi-cell metal-air battery units( 20) and releasable connector units (10) which support the cells in a predetermined position in the vehicle during operation. The platform is provided with air ducts for both battery cooling and airborne oxygen supply.    The connector units, with bolt-down lugs (17), are made preferably from glass fibre reinforced polyester for good weight to strength and chemical resistance characteristics.    ADVANTAGE -   All services required by batteries are provided on a common removable platform conveniently and quickly attached to an electrically propelled road vehicle.
The maximal capacity battery system has rectangular shaped battery module housings [1,2] that can be stacked. The side walls have apertures [10a] that are for the passage of cables and also allow electrolyte levels to be seen. Holes [11] are provided as a means of lifting. The undersides are formed with projections [14] as a means of aligning units when stacked.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Electric vehicles, such as fork-lift trucks.    Compact means of providing capacity.
The operating method has a fuel gas supplied to the fuel cell anodes via an anode input (5), the anode discharge gas fed to an anode output (6), with a cathode gas similarly fed to the fuel cell cathodes via a cathode input (7) and the cathode discharge gas fed to a cathode output (8).    Part of the cathode discharge gas is fed back from the cathode output to the cathode input, with part of the anode discharge gas fed from the anode output for mixing with the feedback cathode discharge gas. The oxygen content is measured at a given point in the flow path of the anode or cathode gas, for controlling the anode or cathode gas flow and/or the mixing ratio of the cathode and anode discharge gases.    ADVANTAGE -   Ensures optimum efficiency of fuel cell device.
An electrically insulating layer (4), for joining electrically conductive components (2, 6) of a high temperature fuel cell, consists of a ceramic layer (10) sandwiched between two layers (8, 12) of glass solder. Also claimed is a high temperature fuel cell with the above electrically insulating layer.    ADVANTAGE -   The insulating layer is impermeable to gases and its production is independent of the conductive components to be joined.
Individual cells (E) of a battery are connected in-series by a common lead (1). Each cell has a module (2) connected across its terminals which can send and receive data from a central processor via the current lead (1) used as modulated bus. The processor can control the charging current for each individual cell by polling the modules for data, e.g. cell voltage, temperature, storing the data and controlling a bypass current which reduces the charging current. The by-pass lead is fitted with a fusible link as safety device.    Depending on the cell design the modules are implemented as separate units on printed circuit boards, as part of the cell links, the cell housings or caps.    ADVANTAGE -   Requires minimum circuitry and power.
The electric vehicle has a propeller as well as the electric motor. This begins to turn according to the slip stream caused by the forward movement of the vehicle, guided through channels. The propeller has hollow blades increasing in size as the radius increases and which are filled with oil.    The oil is supplied from a reservoir when the vehicle moves forward and the oil returns to the reservoir when the vehicle stops. The propeller is in the lower region of the vehicle, over the roof or inside the vehicle.    ADVANTAGE -   Trickle charging of battery without using auxiliary IC engine.
The method is applied to stacks (Z1,Z2) between which a first heat exchanger (W1) is inserted for transfer of heat between fresh air (Lo) and the air (L) leaving the first stack at e.g. 1000 deg C (Ta). The heated air is passed through a second heat exchanger (W2) before being admitted to the first stack at a suitable inlet temperature (Te). The cooled exhaust from the first stack enters the second stack at a more favourable inlet temperature of about 900 deg C.    ADVANTAGE -   Uniform process conditions are guaranteed for all cells with avoidance of large temperature differences between inlet and outlet.
The system includes a primary energy generator (12) drivingly coupled for proportional rotation to the IC engine (18) to supply electrical power to vehicle electrical loads. A secondary energy generation mechanism, a permanent magnet motor (22), is selectively coupled in response to the speed of the IC engine for proportional rotation to the IC engine to provide supplemental electrical power to the vehicle electrical loads.    The secondary mechanism has an electrically actuable clutch for selectively coupling and decoupling driving torque from the IC engine. A controller receives a signal indicating the speed of the engine and generates a control signal for electrically actuating the clutch to couple and decouple the driving torque from the IC engine.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Also for hybrid electrical generation system for providing electrical energy to vehicle electrical system. Eliminates battery from vehicle equipped with hybrid system using charged capacitor instead to provide electrical energy to start vehicle, system provides sufficient energy to vehicle over all engine speeds.
The appts has an motor and a fly wheel (3) which is coupled coaxially to the rotor shaft of the motor. The motor converts electrical energy to kinetic energy and a converted kinetic energy is stored in the fly wheel. The kinetic energy is converted back to electrical energy when needed. The motor has an hollow disc type rotor (7) which has two or more permanent magnets with opposite poles.    A stator (9) is set up in an planar direction and has two or more coils. A clearance is provided between the permanent magnets of the rotor and the stator. A dynamic pressure bearing is coupled to its rotor shaft and its pressure bearing supports the fly wheel. A magnetic bearing supports 50% or more weight of the rotary system.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves energy conversion efficiency, sharply. Enables to store large energy. Enables easy maintenance.
The apparatus has a generation motor that has a disk like rotor (7) and a fly wheel (3). The rotor and the fly wheel are fixed at a shaft (5) coaxially. A set of permanent magnets are provided in the rotor that are polarised alternately along the peripheral direction which perpendicularly intersects the axle line of the shaft. A set of flat shaped coils are provided in a stator. The coils are arranged at equal intervals in the peripheral direction that interconnects the axle line perpendicularly.    A predetermined space is maintained between the coil and the permanent magnets. The intermediate and the lower end parts of the shaft are supported in a non-contact state by dynamic pressure bearing during high speed rotation. The shaft is rotated to convert electrical energy to kinetic energy. The kinetic energy is converted to electric energy and supplied to the road through the fly wheel.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces core loss and eddy current loss. Improves energy conservation efficiency. Improves stability of rotary system. Enables storage of large energy.
The appts has a rotor (7) and a flywheel (3) of a generator motor fixed co-axially with a shaft (5). The electrical energy is converted and is stored as kinetic energy by rotating the shaft. This kinetic energy is converted into electrical energy while supplying electrical energy to a load.    The rotor has a rotor member equipped with several permanent magnets of different poles which are alternately positioned by intersecting the axial line of the shaft perpendicularly. A stator (9) has a stator member equipped with several coils intersecting perpendicularly with the axial line of the shaft. A clearance is provided in between the permanent magnet of the rotor member and coil of the stator member arranged opposing each other in the direction of axial line of the shaft.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces core loss and electrical eddy current loss. Has high energy conversion efficiency. Reduces size and weight of device. Enables easier maintenance. Enables to store large energy.
A lamination of cells with gas flow channels which is secured in a holder filled with elastic material.    ADVANTAGE -   Battery can be inspected for gas leak.
The fine particles having average diameter of less than 10 micrometers, are dispersed in the glass matrix, as the formation is liquified by high pressure and not liquified by low pressure.    ADVANTAGE -   Sealing matter for fuel battery has good gas leakage preventing effect. Free from occurring cracks caused by heat cycle, and has high pressure resistance.
The apparatus has a second transistor in which a current value equal to the load current of a first transistor flows. The first transistor has a control terminal and a carrier input terminal which are connected to a first current mirror circuit and a second transistor carrier input terminal, respectively. A second current mirror circuit supplies a current value equal to the second transistor load current to several load circuits.    The first transistor is provided with two parallely connected load circuits which are provided with a respective DC source. A bypass circuit prevents the flow of load current from the DC source to the first transistor. A first control transistor inserted between the bypass circuit and the DC source has a switch which switches the conduction or non-conduction of the bypass circuit.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces power consumption during non-operation of DC current supply apparatus.
The apparatus has a generator (1) and a secondary battery (9) which supply AC power or DC power to a headlight (8) selectively. The generator and a secondary battery (9) provided as a backup power supply are connected to the headlight selectively based on the operation of a relay switch (7b).    An illuminance detection switch (10) and a speed detection switch (6) are provided and connected in series to a relay circuit (7) that switches the relay switch. A secondary battery switch (11) is provided at the conductive path connecting the relay switch and the secondary battery. The supply of power to the headlight is selected based on the illuminance of the surrounding and the running speed of a bicycle.    ADVANTAGE -   Maintains service life of lighting apparatus for long time since DC and AC supply is supplied based on running speed of vehicle. Maintains service life of second battery for long time since fault discharge of second battery is prevented.
The electric vehicle has a buffer material provided in a capacitor protection case (12) which reinforces the strength of the lower portion of a vehicle body (11). A wiring connector between a electrical double layer capacitor and an external device is provided in the capacitor protection case.    A control apparatus including a capacitor charger, a voltage controller, and an operation controller is accommodated in the protection case combined and fixed to the vehicle body. A connector connects the electrical double layer capacitor provided as a power supply for the control apparatus, operation circuit, and lighting apparatus between the control apparatus and electric motor.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces attachment pace of electrical double layer capacitor. Provides simple manufacturing process and maintenance. Reinforces strength of vehicle body or frame simultaneously. Reduces entire weight of electric vehicle. Reduces electric vehicle cost and simplifies electric vehicle structure.
ADVANTAGE -   Support rigidity of battery case is ensured without increasing thickness of lower part of battery case.
The cover and case of the waste battery is cut out, and the anode and cathode plates are sepd.    ADVANTAGE -   Firing can be prevented during disassembling.
The load power monitors are connected respectively to the load on/off switches.    The monitors are also coupled to a comparator, to which a power generator output controller is connected.    ADVANTAGE -   Power generator shutdown can be prevented.
The method of determining the = internal resistance of a secondary battery is found by reference to a battery temperature dependent function, a battery temperature and a voltage dependent function, and a battery voltage and deterioration dependent function.    These parameters are measured, and the internal resistance is deduced indirectly on a basis of the measurements.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For electric car. Internal resistance measurement can be implemented without battery loading current.
The method is used by a portable operation device (1) is orders to communicated with a vehicle mounted communication apparatus (2). The operation device is furnished with a set of signal lamps (20-1to 20-3). Display demand signal for indicating remaining storage capacity of the vehicle mounted battery is O/P to the portable operation device to the communication apparatus.    The display demand signals for different ranges corresponding to rated capacity of the storage battery are O/P from the signal lamps. And when the communication apparatus receiving the demand signal, distinguishes whether the remnant capacity of battery lies within predefined ranges. And corresponding to distinction result, remnant capacity display signal is O/P to the operation device form the communication apparatus. The signal camp, corresponding to range within which detected remnant storage capacity falls, activated in the operation device.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces electric power consumption of portable operation device.
An inspection machine body (1) is formed about in a thin box-form shape. A grip (2) is arranged on one side of the inspection machine body and a load (4) connected between the terminals of a battery or the terminal.    The body of a motor vehicle is arranged in a position above the grip and a position below the grip. An opening and closing device (5) to connect and disconnect a current flowing through the load is arranged at another position.    ADVANTAGE -   Weight balance is improved and support is easy to make.
A fixed frequency AC supply (10) has a DC power source and power switched (12) with anti-parallel diodes (14) and capacitors (16). A resonant converter (18) is driven by the AC supply (10) includes a tank circuit comprising an inductor (20), resonant capacitor (22), the primary winding of a transformer (24) and an inductor (26) paralleled with the capacitor.    The inductor can be controlled over a wide range by a DC current passed through its control winding (32). This allows the output voltage of the converter to be regulated by comparing the output and reference voltages.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   E.g. for communication system, electric furnace, electric tool, PC, pure electric or hybrid electric vehicle, or electric toy. Enables output voltage of converter operating at fixed frequency to be regulated while giving minimum interference and improved performance.
The fuel cell comprises a fuel cell unit (18) with an anode (16) and a cathode (14) and a plurality of separators (20).    Each separator comprises an aqueous methanol solution flow adjusting plate (82) with grooves (82a), and an oxygen containing gas flow adjusting plate (80) also with grooves (80a). Methanol and water tanks (85,86) are connected to a supply passage (89) through pumps (87,88). The supply passage communicates through a passage to the aqueous methanol solution flow adjusting plate. The flow adjusting plate is formed of a porous conductive material.    ADVANTAGE -   Simple system which reliably supplies proper amount of aqueous methanol solution to entire surface of anode.
The apparatus controls power supplied to an electrically heated catalyst attached to an exhaust gas passage (2) of an internal combustion engine (1) from a power source (8) through a power supply circuit which includes a control relay (11) that is opened and closed by a control circuit (10). The control appts. comprises a fault detector (20) for detecting the occurrence of such a fault that the power supply to the catalyst cannot be interrupted by the control relay. A forcible circuit shut-off unit is provided in the path of the power supply circuit from the power supply source to the catalyst and forcibly shuts off the power supply circuit when it is actuated.    The forcible shut-off circuit effects shut-off operation when a fault is detected by the fault detector. The forcible shut-off unit may be the control relay, or a relay provided between the control relay and a fuse (7) provided in the power supply circuit from the power source to the catalyst. Alternatively, the forcible shut-off unit may be a heater or a burner which melt-cuts the fuse.    ADVANTAGE -   Reliability is enhanced, even when fault has occurred in power supply circuit. Shut-off portion may be replaceably attached, allowing power supply circuit to be easily restored.
An energy control terminal converts the alternating current generated in a combined heat and power plant or a flywheel motor into direct current in order to charge up an electric vehicle. Furthermore, a closed biological control circuit generates direct current or hydrogen according to the principle of photosynthesis in a liquid. The converted electrical energy from the former and the generated energy from the latter can be stored and then distributed to the grid, consumers or agricultural growers. The transport of energy is measured by a counter. A computer registers this and manages the computation directly using a user-code or indirectly with a pre-payment card.    ADVANTAGE -   Solves the problem whereby decentralised power generation and eco-friendly emission-free private transport are separate and the shortage exists of external services and energy carriers in the private sector.
An electromechanical battery, with rotating masses and inductive coupling of energy, employs materials with a load capacity of up to 300 GPa.    USE -   As an electromechanical energy storage device for automobiles and other applications.    ADVANTAGE -   The diamond layers are used instead of carbon fibres to provide about tenfold increase in strength (above 160 GPa compared with a projected value of about 10 GPa for graphite fibres) and a consequent theoretical hundredfold reduction in volume.
The characteristic of high energy regenerated hydrogen-lead fuel cell is that, it takes WC, H2 as its negative electrode PbO2 as its positive electrode, takes H2 SO4solution as electrolyte, it features high energy, low cost, long life and overdischarge protection.
The motor home comprises a commercial vehicle converted to a recreational vehicle, the vehicle having a body including a floor and a rear bumper and a water heater having a burner in it suspended below the floor at the rear floor the vehicle and forwardly of the rear bumper of it, the water heater having a vent in it for releasing burner exhaust fumes rearwardly of the vehicle.    The water heater is suspended at its front end by a hinge permitting the water heater to be swung downward away from the floor to provide for service access to the rearward end. The rear bumper has exhaust heat deflector shield on forward facing surface for receiving and deflecting exhaust fumes from the water heater and allowing dissipation of the fumes into the air while reducing heat build-up in the rear bumper.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides class B motor home with utilities for comfort hidden away from view in floor, meeting safety regulations.
The chassis assembly (12) includes a frame (72), at least two axles (24) each having at least two wheel assemblies (22), and a drive assembly (80) which includes an engine (86) mounted onto the frame (72) for propelling the transport (10) over roadways. The passenger/office portion (14) includes an exterior shell (28) that defines an interior (26) and mounts onto the forward end (20) of the chassis assembly (12). The interior (26) is capable of supporting and seating passengers, using perimeter seating, a folding work table, a rest-room, and space for basic office equipment, such as telephone, copier, coffee maker, or row-style passenger seats.    The tow assembly (16) mounted onto the rear end (18) of the chassis assembly (12) and used for towing or hauling a vehicle (145) includes a boom (46) having a first actuator (48) capable of raising, lowering and telescoping the boom (46), a vehicle lift apparatus (52), a winch assembly (50) capable of lifting a heavy object, and control circuitry (54) to operate the boom (46), winch assembly (50) and vehicle lift apparatus (52). The vehicle lift assembly (52) includes both the wheel lift assembly (58) and the tow sling assembly (60).    ADVANTAGE -   Provides sheltered gathering area at site of incident, office space and equipment, can tow disabled vehicle and provide clean and pleasant shuttle service for stranded individuals, provide alternative power supply for lighting site, and eliminates excess vehicles at scene of incident.
The battery includes a substrate (1) with a multilayered electrochemical cell deposited on it. Each cell has a layer of disordered hydrogeneated carbon negative electrode material (3) which electrochemically desorbs lithium ions during charge and discharge. A layer of positive electrode material (5) electrochemically similarly desorbs lithium ions.    A layer of insulating and conducting material (4) is located between the positive and negative layers, and is electrically insulating and readily conducting or transporting lithium ions from the positive to the negative layer while the battery is charging and vice verse when discharging. An electrically conductive layer is deposited on top of the last of the cells to provide a battery terminal.    USE -   Relates to electrically insulating ionic conductors useful as solid state electrolyte and thin film all solid state batteries employing these ionic conductors.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides gravimetric and volumetric energy densities of unparalleled performance.
Anode active material for alkaline storage batteries is composed of particles of aggregates of crystals of nickel hydroxide, the surface layer of which contains a solid solution of nickel hydroxide and Mn. A process of producing the above active material and a positive plate for an alkaline storage battery are also claimed.    USE -   The active material is used for the positive plate of alkaline storage batteries. Alkaline storage batteries are used for portable machines, electric cars, etc.    ADVANTAGE -   Batteries having the positive plates contg the active material have a high charging efficiency at high temps.
Sulphonyl/phospho electrolyte solvents of formula: Cl3PNSO2Cl, Cl3PNP(O)Cl2, Cl3PNCH3 and Cl3PNCH2CH3 are new. Also claimed are: (i) electrolyte solutions comprising less than 50 mole% solute dissolved in either R-SO2-X (where, X = halide; R = optionally perchlorinated or perfluorinated alkyl or -N=PX3) or X3P=N-R (where, X = halide; R = -P(O)X2 or 1-6C alkyl); and (ii) electrochemical devices containing the solutions.    USE -   In batteries, fuel cells, photochromic displays, photovoltaic cells, gas sensors and especially rechargeable cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The solutions have high electrochemical stability, are (relatively) involatile, can dissolve large mole fractions of most electrolyte solutes, do not crystallise at temperatures above 0 C, exhibit wide electrochemical windows and are stable in the presence of alkali metals.
A new quasi-salt inorganic ionic liquid is the reaction product of a strong Lewis acid with an inorganic halide-donating molecule containing a group of formula -NPX3, -SO2X or -C(O)X (where, X = halogen). Also claimed are: a mixture of the ionic liquid with an electrolyte; and an electrochemical device containing this mixture.    USE -   The ionic liquid/electrolyte mixture is used in various electrochemical devices e.g. rechargeable cells, fuel cells, batteries and gas sensors.    ADVANTAGE -   Compared with organic cation-containing ionic liquids, the new liquids (i) are stable in the liquid phase and have high conductivity between room temperature and -40C, (ii) can dissolve large mole fractions of alkali metal salts, (iii) are stable in the presence of alkali metals, (iv) have a wide electrochemical window and (vi) enable reversible deposition (and stripping) of alkali metals under charging (and discharging) conditions in an electrochemical cell.
A lead acid battery has a container with a common negative terminal (A) and two positive terminals (J,K). Each positive terminal is connected via lugs (B,C) to an independent series of cells comprising positive and negative electrodes and separators. The negative terminal is connected via other lugs (D,E).    Two independent circuits (A - J,A - K) can be constructed suitable for simultaneous or separate supply of power to independent electrical loads having different electrical requirements.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables a battery to work with two or more relatively independent series circuits of cells each designed according to the duty or load to which it is assigned.
The drive control apparatus involves a hybrid vehicle, which consists of an engine (11) and a generator (16). The rotation number of the generator can be controlled. An electric motor is coupled with a drive output shaft, which transmits the driving force and drives the wheel. A first gear element is coupled with the output shaft of the engine. A second gear element is coupled with the rotor of the generator. A third gear element is coupled with the drive output shaft by means of a differential gear apparatus.    An engine starting unit controls the rotation number of the generator and starts the engine. A fixing unit fixes the rotation of the generator. A speed detector detects the speed of the engine. The engine starting unit starts the engine by controlling the rotation number of the generator during low-speed transit. During high-speed transit, the engine is started by fixing the rotation number of the generator by means of the fixing unit.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables starting of engine at all times. Removes restrictions on transit conditions. Improves efficiency. Enables miniaturisation.
A number of cooling water lines composed of an active carbon filter and ion exchange resin bottles are arranged in parallel and a minimum flow pipe is connected from these outlets to the head tank.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduction of the pressure head loss of the system and facilitation of carrying due to miniaturised bottles.
The battery has at least one opening (2) for leading-off the gases leaving the battery, in which the backfire protective barrier (3) is arranged. An impact wall (12) is positioned in front of the backfire protection barrier and an antechamber (17) is arranged in front of the impact wall.    The backfire protection barrier is positioned in a filter chamber. Preferably the antechamber and/or the filter chamber (15) are formed using a backfire protective housing. The impact wall preferably includes one or more openings (14) which are situated in the upper region of the impact wall.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   E.g. for motor vehicle. Improves effectiveness of backfire protective barrier to prevent explosion caused by ignition of gases leaving battery cells.
The circuit comprises a pair of input terminals for coupling to the photovoltaic cell terminals, and a pair of output terminals for coupling to the terminals of the rechargeable storage device. The switch selectively establishes and breaks the electrical connection between the input terminals and the output terminals. A device is coupled to the device terminals for providing a signal proportional to a terminal voltage across the output terminals.    A first actuating device is responsive to the signal and a first voltage limit for causing the switch to establish an electrical connection thereby permitting a current of a predetermined magnitude to flow between the input terminals and the output terminals when the signal is equal to a first predetermined proportion of the first voltage limit. A second actuating device is responsive to the signal and a second voltage limit for causing the switch to establish an electrical connection between the input terminals and the output terminals when the signal is equal to a second predetermined proportion of the second voltage limit, thereby permitting the current of a predetermined magnitude to flow between the input terminals and the output terminals.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For use in areas where electric power is needed but not readily available. Also for charging motor vehicle lead-acid battery. Improved charging efficiency.
The battery balancing system includes a series connected battery array having a predetermined number of series connected batteries. A predetermined number of bidirectional charge balancing modules are provided and each respective module is coupled across two consecutive batteries. A controller is connected to each of the batteries for sensing the state of charge of each of the batteries and for providing control output signals that turn on and off and control the current direction flow of the modules to balance charge among batteries.    Each module includes first and second series connected switches coupled across two consecutive batteries. Each of the series connected switches have control inputs connected to control outputs of the controller. First and second diodes are respectively coupled across the first and second series connected switches. An inductor is coupled from a point between the first and second series connected switches and a point between the batteries.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For standby power systems and spacecraft. Improves useful battery array capacity and life.
The isolator charges a main battery (5) and a secondary battery (6) using voltage output from an AC source (1). A main battery monitoring circuit (11) monitors the main battery while a secondary battery monitoring circuit (12) monitors the secondary battery.    The secondary battery monitoring circuit interrupts the supply of electric power to a load (10) when the secondary battery voltage reaches a predefined voltage level. A current controller (13) regulates the current flowing through the secondary battery based on the voltages monitored by the main and secondary battery monitoring circuits.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents faulty discharges from both main and secondary batteries; maintains sufficient voltage level for turning starter.
A protective guard is placed around each power output terminal ;bolt so that the height of the guard section is higher than the top of the bolt.    ADVANTAGE -   Short-circuiting between the terminals can be prevented.
A terminal strip fastening nut is assembled to a stud bolt which is fitted to a female screw hole in the top cover of a cell.    ADVANTAGE -   Cell connection can be simplified.
The structure includes a back and front frame (5) arranged on a base plate. A groove (8) of a battery frame (1) in the back and front frame is provided at the intersection part of a crossing frame (6) and the back and front frame. The crossing frames press fit to the groove.    The top surface of the front, rear plate and the crossing frame is made to match with battery frame surface (1). The scam surrounding the press fit part is welded thereby welding the back and front frame the crossing frame.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves welding efficiency and coupling intensity. Improves mounting efficiency of battery.
The battery storage cabin (1) is under the floor panel (12). An air-duct (21) is formed at air entry port (10) at the front end of the battery zone and rises with an enlarged section up-to dash board panel (17).    Entire motor room side gets covered.    ADVANTAGE -   Ensures high ground clearance for inlet of air-duct. Prevents water invasion. Provides efficient cooling. Maintains rapid expulsion of gas. Provides thermal and sound insulation. Improves residence environment of vehicle.
Recovery of hydrogen during regeneration of a gas purification catalyst, in which an iron oxide catalyst is catalytically reacted with the gas to be purified and contain hydrogen sulphide to remove hydrogen sulphide and then regenerated, is characterised by introducing superheated steam into a reactor to generate hydrogen gas and hydrogen sulphide gas and then recovering hydrogen gas.    ADVANTAGE -   The catalyst life can be extended and the catalyst can be regenerated stably. Also hydrogen obtained can be reused.
The device includes a round inductive coupler comprising an emitter (1) placed on the ground. The emitter cooperates with a receiver positioned under a vehicle (3) whose battery is to be charged.    Both the emitter and the receiver include an electromagnetic coil (4) part of a magnetic circuit (5). The coil and the magnetic circuit are protected by an insulating shell (6).    USE -   For charging battery of electric car.    ADVANTAGE -   Is simple and economical. Is reliable and facilitates positioning of emitter and receiver.
Negative electrode material for use in lithium-ion secondary batteries comprises: (a) milled pitch-based graphite fibres (A) obtainable by graphitisation at 2400C; and (b) milled pitch-based carbon fibres (B) obtainable by carbonisation at 550-1300C.    Also claimed is a process for the production of the negative electrode material.    Both fibre types (A) and (B) have an average particle size of 10-30 m, and 10 wt.% of the fibres are of particle size 5 m. Fibre types (A) and (B) are blended at a weight ratio (A:B) of 95-40:5-60.    The pitch fibres are produced by spinning mesophase pitch. The milled pitch-based graphite fibres (A) are optionally produced by graphitising part of the milled pitch-based carbon fibres (B), followed by blending with the balance of the milled pitch-based carbon fibres (B).    USE -   Lithium-ion secondary battery shows a potential for use as a power source in a portable electronic appliances and as high-performance battery for use in electric vehicles and for electricity storage.    ADVANTAGE -   The negative electrode material provides high initial charge efficiency, has large charge and discharge capacities at high current densities, and enables easy detection of the remaining capacity during discharge. The graphite layer structure of the materials is especially advantageous for the entry and exit of lithium ions, provides reliable particle size distribution, ensures easy uniform blending and two-dimensional orientation, and provides high packing density.
The clamp construction is made from sheared and cold pressed tinned brass plate, preferably with a tin coating of 7 mm. The central flat portion (2) extends from a conical frustum-shaped enclosure (3) providing a seating e.g. for the lead pole of a vehicle battery. The inner surface of the seating has evenly spaced projections (9).    Two facing legs (5a,5b) are contoured forming a passage (6) for a bolt (7). The latching or clamping part (11) can receive cables preferably from 10 to 35 mm2.    ADVANTAGE -   Greatly reduces weight and cost of manufacture and allows one clamp to be used left or right handedly and for positive or negative poles.
The solar panel (10) is connected to a regulator (12) which terminates the charging operation for a battery (13) when a predetermined battery voltage has been reached. The regulator is connected to the battery terminals (16,19) by a charging cable (17,20) and a battery voltage feed back cable (18,21).    The regulator can be integrated with the solar panel case, be located behind the panel and cast with it. It could be designed for a current rating of approx. 3-5 A and the solar panel for an output of approx. 50 watts.    ADVANTAGE -   Economic to manufacture and flexible in regard to number of solar modules used.
The photoelectric vehicle using light and magnetic energy to generate electric power supplied to driver is composed of casing comprising photovoltaic cells and made of light resin, electric generator set, accumulators, driving unit,    controller, chassis and running mechanism.
A method for determining the charge level of a battery (6) supplying an electric motor (7) consists in applying an yield coefficient (Kj) to each quantity of electricity generated by the battery. The coefficient is selected from a number of coefficients K1,...Kn. A first estimate of the battery charge is thus calculated.    A second estimate of the battery charge is made by measuring the voltage (U) and current (I) of the battery and using conversion tables which give the battery charge function of U and I. If the difference between the two estimates is significant then the yield coefficients are corrected accordingly.    USE -   For measuring charge of lead batteries in electric cars.    ADVANTAGE -   Is simple, reliable and accurate.
The capacitorised structure comprises removable and    interchangeable cubic areas of an electric entity each    consisting of a long, positive charged metallic plate folded    into multiple, involuted flat layers that are superimposed on    both sides of the plate with argon gas under pressure. A    dielectric is further provided.    A long, negative charged metallic plate has the same size as    above positive plate and is folded into similar multiple,    involuted, flat layers that are also superimposed on both    sides of the negative plate with argon gas under pressure.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For toy, roller skates, bicycle, motorcycle,    automobile, truck, tractor, bus, train, boat, airplane, or    metal building, to move faster, with more power, grater    efficiency, at lower cost, and with no pollution.
The low voltage drop out circuit (10) has a voltage regulating transistor (13) between a supply voltage (12) and an output terminal (28). An active feedback loop controls the voltage regulating transistor (13) according to a magnitude of the supply voltage (12) to control the voltage on the output terminal (28). A reference voltage source (25) produces a reference voltage, and a switch, which may be a second transistor (45) of similar type than the voltage regulating transistor (13), is connected in parallel with the voltage regulating transistor (13).    A comparing circuit (42) detects when the supply voltage (12) falls below the reference voltage (25) to operate the second transistor (45), which may be sized to be much larger than the voltage regulating transistor (13) to effectively short across the voltage regulating transistor (13) when the supply voltage (12) falls below a predetermined level.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For computer system. Improves drop out voltage of voltage regulator circuit. Extends low voltage operating range of voltage regulator circuit without interfering with stability of main control loop of low voltage drop out circuit.
The method is for controlling the operation of the vehicle having an AC generator driven by an internal combustion engine, a first power convertor for converting the AC generator output to a DC voltage, an intermediate DC circuit having an input connected to an output of the first power converter, and a second power converter for converting the DC output of the intermediate circuit to an AC voltage. The AC generator has an auxiliary winding energised by the IC engine for exciting the AC generator and providing an auxiliary power source for operating the vehicle. AC induction motors are connected to the output of the second power connector for driving the vehicle wheels. Braking resistors are provided in the intermediate DC circuit for consuming power during vehicle braking. The braking resistors are divided into two groups, connected in parallel, with semiconductor switches connected in series with each group.    The method involves operating the semiconductor switches in a chopping operation during the braking of the vehicle to vary the resistance value of the braking resistors, and using voltage drops across the braking resistors to run the motor for the cooling blower. The cooling blower is used to cool the braking resistors of the vehicle.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   E.g. for self-running type crane car. Improves high speed performance, efficiency and braking performance.
A modular energy device for combining fuel cells for use in a fuel system. It has a pair of end plates (22), each with a number of integral fuel and oxidant channels connected with respective inlets, and with at least one recessed area on their interior faces connected to the channels. A number of plastic biplates (24), with at least one recessed area on each face corresponding with the recess on an end plate or an abutting biplate, has fuel and oxidant inlets connecting with the channels and further channels connecting with the recesses. The biplates and end plates are made of electrically insulative material. At least one fuel cell (32) is located within a recess of each biplate and includes an anode, a membrane of a plastic material connected to the anode, and a cathode on the opposite side of the membrane. A current collector (28) has an electrical lead extending from a corner and a number of oblong orifices. A sealing gasket (30) is inserted between the biplates and t he end plates. A number of mating protrusions and indentations are located on abutting end plates and biplates for aligning them. The protrusions are generally circular in cross section with an annular ring locked on them and the indentations have a corresponding circular cross section for receiving the protrusions and a circular groove for receiving the annular ring so that they mate in a snap and lock engagement.    Also claimed are a further two embodiments of a modular energy device as above.    USE -   For combining fuel cells for use in a fuel system.    ADVANTAGE -   The modular energy device is lightweight and more economical to manufacture than previous systems. Its components are easily replaced and additional modules can be added to increase the energy output. It is more efficient in use of fuel and oxidant and generation of electrical energy.
Pulse load supply consists of the battery bank (1), capacitive accumulator (2), reversive diode (3), thyristor (4) and the current limiting resistor (5). The thyristor (4) control electrode is connected to the battery positive terminal through the current limiting resistor (7), the capacitor (10) and the circuit breaker (6) contact of the auxiliary load (11). The pulse load is connected via the isolator (9).    The circuit breaker (6) connects the auxiliary load (11) closing the circuit including the battery (1) positive terminal, second current limiting resistor (7), capacitor (10), thyristor (4) control electrode, first current limiting resistor (5) and the battery. The switch closure duration is sufficient for charging of the capacitor (10) and opening the thyristor (4). When the charging process is complete the device is ready for the next cycle.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Supply is used to feed short duration current pulses to electric loads. Additional switch requirement is removed.
The electrodynamometer has a main body (2) that measures an integrating electrodynamic force based on a input sensor signal.    A CPU (11) detects detachment of a sensor side connector (5) from a main body side connector (4). When the detachment of the sensor side connector is detected, a warning is produced by a display (14).    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Used in charging battery mounted in electric vehicle. Enables accurate integrating current measurement by eliminating inclusion of measurement error resulting from sensor side connector having detached in integrating electrodynamic force. Achieves reduced manufacturing cost by utilising CPU as connector detachment detector, as sensor recognition unit and as memory which stores integrating electrodynamic force data during electric power failure.
Analysis is achieved using solution flowing type electrolyte cell consisting of an ion exchange membrane, an operating electrode with flowing sample solution with carrier solution, a counter electrode with flowing oxidation-reduction solution, and a reference electrode.    ADVANTAGE -   Measurement method and equipment for valence number and concentration of vanadium ion is achieved easily and continuously, and is suitable for automatic analysis.
The vehicle has an engine (11) and a generator (16) with a generator brake (28). A driving force is transmitted to a driving wheel using a driving shaft (14). The drive motor is coupled to the shaft. A first gear wheel element is coupled to the output shaft of the engine. A second gear wheel element is coupled to the rotor of the generator. A third gear wheel element is coupled using a differential gear mechanism.    The number of revolutions of the generator is controlled by a control unit (41). Based on the output of this unit, the rotation of the generator is fixed by the brake. Then, the fixation of the rotation of the generator is released, a counter torque opposing the engine transmission torque is added to the generator.    ADVANTAGE -   Restricts rapid change in number of revolutions of engine of generator. Avoids mechanical/electric shocks caused by sudden change in generator torque.
The controller is provided in an IC engine (1) with a divergence passage (7) provided at the upstream side of an electrode thermal catalyst (5) arranged along an exhaust passage (4). An exhaust change over valve (11) is provided in the exhaust passage at the threshold of the divergence passage. This valve is switched using a controller (10).    Power is generated according to the exhaust gas flowing in the divergence passage, using a generator (8). When the catalyst is energised, the exhaust passage is interrupted. The exhaust gas flows through the divergence passage and the power is then supplied to the catalyst.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents defects caused in IC engine and deterioration in battery.
The system has a set of cooling fans (18) mounted in the rear end of a battery box (14). An air inlet (15) is provided at the front end. Batteries (12) are arranged in the box with inter space provision. The top surface edge of the box in position assumes a forward curve.    A temperature sensor (17) and a gas detector (27) are provided in the battery region. A fan drive appts (16) operates fans when vehicle speed or battery temperature rises to preset values or on gas detection. A generator coupled to motor maintains charge of battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves aerodynamic characteristic of cooling air. Ensures reliable functioning of cooling system. Maintains temperature of battery at predetermined value and prevents rapid temperature rise.
An energy storage protection device for car occupants has an airbag with an electrolytic capacitor (4) as the energy store for the emergency situation and a charging circuit using an amplifier (1) connected to the battery.    The capacitor is discharged if its terminal voltage exceeds its striking voltage of a preset voltage threshold. There is a diagnosis circuit for the capacitance of the capacitor incorporating the amplifier. The amplifier takes the battery voltage and increases it to a given level. There is another circuit to decide if the capacitor voltage exceeds the threshold. Another circuit does the compulsory discharging for a certain time until the voltage falls below the threshold.    ADVANTAGE -   Detects and prevents overcharging of capacitor without using additional hardware components, just software.
One electrode in fibrous or thin gauge wire is covered e.g. by a porous polymeric separator coating. A second electrode, or active material of a second electrode is impregnated on the outside pores of the separator. The single fibrous cell thus formed has a capacity proportional to its length. A single electrically conductive fibre of approximately the same size may have to be placed to contact the fibre cell as a current collector if the active material is not conductive.    USE -   The component fibres may be folded and compacted. Electrodes are brought out to external contacts making a cell with very high electrode surface area giving high voltage or current density characteristics.
The thermoelectric element comprises a substrate of 2 mm or thinner and a thermoelectric thick film of 0.01-1.0 in thickness on the substrate. The thermoelectric thick film material may be formed on both sides of the substrate. The thermoelectric thick film is coated with a vitreous film, which prevents the separation of the thermoelectric film from the substrate and the oxidation and deterioration of the thermoelectric film.    The substrate may be a ceramic plate with a thermal expansion coefficient of 6x10-6 to 13x10-6/C.    ADVANTAGE -   Thick-film thermoelectric element which is durable, inexpensive, well responsive to heat, and capable of producing relatively large electric power.
A mesoporous desigel comprises at least one metal nitrides, carbides, borides and silicides.    Also claimed are: (1) the production of the gel by reacting a 1st metal compound in solution to produce a gel composed of a 2nd compound of the metal embedded in a solvent, followed by removing the solvent while maintaining at least some of the network structure; and (2) an electrical device where at least one electrode is made of the above desigel.    USE -   In an electrochemical cell or capacitor (claimed), such as ultra-capacitors, super-capacitors and pseudo-capacitors, as well as in catalysts, fuel cells and sensors.    ADVANTAGE -   Very high surface area is obtained. Complicated processing and equipment are not required.
An electrochemical cell comprises a cathode current collector (12), cathode catalyst layer (13), solid polymer electrolyte membrane (14), anode catalyst layer (15) and anode current collector (16). The cathode current collector is an electroconductive nonwoven fabric containing apertures (11) to allow contact between the catalyst layer and a gas. The preparation of the cell involving forming the apertures before forming the cathode catalyst layer on the current collector, and two other cells and their respective preparation methods are also claimed.    USE -   For automobiles and spacecraft.    ADVANTAGE -   Supply of reaction gas and gas discharge is smoothly conducted, and the maximum output can be obtained. Stable operation at higher current density.
The controller has an engine (40) and a motor (10) used as drive sources. A battery (20) supplies electric power to the motor. A transit state detector (62) senses the transit state of the hybrid vehicle based on the mean power in the frequency distribution for every predetermined and required electric power for vehicle transit.    The mean power is obtained from various operation detection signals of e.g. acceleration pedal, brake pedal, and vehicle speed in predetermined area. A control unit (61) regulates the operation of the engine based on the output of the transit state detector.    ADVANTAGE -   Eliminates engine noise and prevents air pollution since electric vehicle does not emit hazardous smoke. Ensures good acceleration and deceleration response.
The power supply unit (1) comprises a motor (1) which drives a vehicle. The braking energy of the vehicle is used to revive electrical energy as power supply for the vehicle. A mass condenser (7) and a battery (8) are connected in parallel.    An electric supply part and a charging combination circuit are comprised by a breaker (6) which is connected to the motor. The breaker interrupts the mass condenser and the battery independently.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves regeneration efficiency of energy. Enables to charge mass condenser for accelerating or decelerating during transit state, frequently. Improves combination degree of freedom of power supply.
The apparatus controls the supply of electric power from an engine-driven generator (Gen) and a battery (B) to a motor (M) for vehicle transit. A controller (C) controls the output of the generator according to a target electric power.    A prediction unit (R) predicts in advance the transit path of an electric vehicle. A setting unit (Tgt) sets the target electric power based on the predicted transit path.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables reducing response delay of output of generator with respect to electric power used in driving motor. Reduces frequency of charging and discharging of battery, thus improving power efficiency of vehicle.
The appts has an operation state detector (20) to detect the operating state of a vehicle which mounts a battery (1). The battery is used to run an electric motor (2) which drives a generator (7). The generator generates electric power.    A judgment unit (11) judges the road situation of the vehicle based on the detected operating state. A controller (10) controls the operation of the generator based on judgment of road situation.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces fuel cost. Judges type of road, easily. Corrects electric power generation according to running road situation.
A remaining capacity measuring device for a battery comprises a deciding device to decide whether the discharge rate of an on-vehicle battery exceeds a given value and a computing device to reduce the battery capacity by first rate of discharge when a decision value by the deciding device is below a given value and by a second rate of discharge when it exceeds a given value.    ADVANTAGE -   An error in measurement of remaining capacity of an on-vehicle battery is reduced as much as possible.
The device has a distance sensor (22) which detects the distance traveled by a vehicle. A residual energy amount sensor (21) detects the amount of remaining energy stored in a vehicle-mounted battery (1). A memory (13) stores several sets of detected distance data and detected residual energy amount data which are mutually and approximately identical.    A transit distance calculating unit (15) computes the estimate transit distance of the vehicle based on the data stored in the memory. A display unit (12) displays the computed transit distance.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables accurate estimation of effective and practical vehicle transit distance due to function of estimate transit distance calculating unit. Enables accurate calculation of amount of effective residual energy stored in battery due to function of residual energy amount sensor. Enables driver to easily manage battery charging and fuel supply.
A battery remaining capacity detecting device comprises an electric energy measuring device (81) to measure charge and discharge electric energy of a battery (1); a correcting device (81) to correct the charge and discharge electric energy according to the temperature of the battery (1); and a computing device (83) to calculate remaining capacity of the battery (1) based on charge and discharge electric energy corrected by the correcting device (82).    ADVANTAGE -   By taking a charge loss into consideration, high-precise remaining capacity is detected.
The electric automobile comprises an electric motor output detector (23) to detect an actual output value generated at an electric motor (2); an operation state detector (24) to detect the operation state of a driver; a first computer (13A) to compute an indication output value generated at the electric motor (2) based on a detecting result by the operation state detector (24); a second computer (13B) to compute a ratio of an actual output value to the indication output value; and a deciding device (14) to decide the degree of deterioration of battery (1) based on the actual output value and the ratio.    ADVANTAGE -   Deterioration display of a battery is accepted by a driver.
The fuel cell apparatus comprises a digestion tank for biological treatment of an organic sludge with an anaerobic microorganism, digested gas separation film equipment for separating the digested gas produced from the digestion tank to a condensed carbon dioxide, and condensed methane gas, and fuel cell.    ADVANTAGE -   Makes the total equipment compact, and reduces running cost and equipment cost.
The storage has an outer box (31) provided with an insertion opening (31g) and an inner battery box (32) in which batteries are loaded. The inner box is inserted into the outer box through an insertion opening. A lid part (45) along with a lifting handle (66) is provided for the inner box.    Necessary electrical connection facilities are provided in the lid part. The battery consists of multiple battery cells (70) which are rechargeable and connected electrically. The cells are packed with shrinkable film.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides easy detachable facility of batteries. Reduces vibration due to running of vehicle. Provides reliable holding of battery cells. Prevents shortening of cells mutually. Prevents wrong connections by providing direction of storage to inner box.
The electric power supply appts has a 2 make contact relay switch (30) connected to a generator (10). The switches connects generator to high voltage heater load for catalyser heating (L2) through micro relay switch (30a). When the activation temperature of catalyser heating is high, the low voltage load for electrical equipments is connected through a micro relay switch (30b).    The low voltage load for electrical equipments and a battery (33) are connected in parallel to the closed side of relay switch. A control appts is provided which stops generator operation when switching operation is performed and switches on the generator when switching operation is completed. The low load side is connected to normally connected side of relay.    ADVANTAGE -   Eliminates generation of high voltage surges due to rapid interruption of contacts. Prevents voltage drops and supplies maximum power. Offers high reliability.
The charger consists of a relay switch (13) provided in the output side of a generator (11). The generator connected to the movable contact (13a) of the relay switch, supplies electric power selectively. A battery (12) is connected with the normally closed side stationary contact (13b) of the relay switch.    An electrical double layer condenser (15) is connected with the normally closed type stationary contact (13c). A braking switch (14) connected with the battery switches ON the excitation coil of the relay switch when the vehicle is in braking state.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies structure. Enables charging within short time, without burdening battery. Improves fuel consumption and endurance of relay switch.
The equipment has a battery driven vehicle (5) which is mounted and sealed in an air tight container (1) which has washing facility for a hazardous pipe layout. When performing washing, the vehicle is made to move to a branch rail (4) by a branching appts (26) and fluid spraying is done on the pipe layout with a number of jet nozzles (7) provided on a cleaning main pipe (6) in the container.    Simultaneously, a battery (8) is also charged by EM induction between an internal EM coil (9) and electromagnet (10) in the vehicle which faces an external coil (12) in the air tight container wall.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides simultaneous washing and battery charging. Detects defects in piping for hazardous fluid such as combustible gas, due to earthquake and corrosion. Prevents generation of accidents. Provides non-contacting charging. Eliminates need for connecting vehicle to power supply.
The controller includes a battery (14) mounted in a vehicle. A electric motor (15) which couples an output shaft with the driving wheels of the vehicle, is electrically connected to the battery. A prime mover (11) mounted in the vehicle operates a generator (12) according to its releasing operation. The generator supplies electricity to the battery and the motor. The amount of energy losses during electricity generation is calculated from operating state of the prime mover and the generator.    The controller controls operation of the prime mover such that the amount of battery energy loss is calculated. The ratio of the amount of generated electricity to the sum of the amount of energy output of the generator, the amount of generated energy loss and the amount of battery energy loss is maximum during operating state of battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces exhaust gas. Improves power supply efficiency. Prevents fuel consumption.
A new non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery comprises a positive electrode of lithium-containing double oxide, a negative electrode of compressed carbon mouldings with a packing density of 1.4-2.0 g/cm3 , and a non-aqueous electrolyte solution comprising 0.8-2.0 mol/l of lithium salt dissolved in a solvent which consists of at least three constituents of formula R1 -O-C(O)-O-R2 (1), where R1 and R2= alkyl OR can form a ring through adjacent O or C atoms.    USE -   Used for electric vehicles.    ADVANTAGE -   The new battery has longer charge-discharge cycle life at high temperature. They also provide a higher capacity at lower temperature.
A fastening clip is filled between the end clamp sections of the cell stack to pressurise the stacked cells.    ADVANTAGE -   A compact module structure can be provided.
A pocket smaller than cell size is formed in the cell contact face of one fastening plate for the assembled cell stack and pressurised water is introduced into the pocket.    ADVANTAGE -   The applied pressure can be distributed uniformly.
The stack has a gas flow block section formed between two cell sub-stacks to which their respective gas supply lines are connected.    ADVANTAGE -   Stable cell operation can be ensured.
Electrically separated electrolyte circulation lines are connected to the cell stack groups.    ADVANTAGE -   High efficiency power generation is implemented.
An hydrogen cylinder holder and a fuel cell holder are formed in two movable separate sections of a mobile cabinet.    USE -   Used to provide energy.    The mobile fuel cell has extended continuous battery operation.
A resistance meter is connected across a series of at least two insulation bypass pipes coupled to the cooling-water supply line connected to the fuel battery.    ADVANTAGE -   The quality of cooling water is monitored.
Heated inert gas is introduced into the carbon monoxide converter and fuel preheater of the fuel cell.    ADVANTAGE -   The time for heating is shortened.
A catalyst burner is connected to the fuel gas supply unit and equipped with an air supply fan controller to which a catalyst temperature sensor is connected.    ADVANTAGE -   The catalyst is burned efficiently.
An aluminium or stainless steel seal is placed between the electrolyte injection hole and its plug.    ADVANTAGE -   The electrolyte injection hole can be sealed dependably.
Each case (k) has a bevelled base, matching a top nesting recess, for stacking, with 6 lifting slots (j). Ground manoeuvring wheels (m) are fitted at one end, and a hitch (u) and stub legs (n) at the other. Two plate (s), carrying vertical supports (a), are hooked (o) and latched (n) into one side wall, with a third such assembly on the opposite side.    Spring-loaded (f) supports, rotatable with slight vertical play (h, x) in two bearing brackets (r), end in offset hemispherical tips (b) fitting resilient seats on the vehicle. In this position, the lower ends (1) are retained in grooves in the case. One hemisphere (b), insulated from its support, acts as battery positive. When the case is raised, the support tops automatically retract.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For rapid replacement of discharged batteries at service stations.
Refer to FR2740263, covering the same invention. The description there given is repeated virtually verbatim in the present Application, omitting only all reference to the Figures, neither of which are here supplied.
The battery (1) has a case (3), a cover (4), and an electrode group (2) comprising positive and negative electrode plates with separators between them in the case. A specified volume of electrolyte is immersed into the electrode group. Positive and negative poles (7,8) are connected to lead tags (10) of the two plates of the group, and a safety valve (9) is fixed in an air tight and liquid tight fashion to the cover.    The cover fitting part and the case upper edge are bonded to form a monoblock structure. A tube (6), which has a bottom protruding towards the inside of the cell, is joined to the cover, with the tube pointed end as close as possible to the upper central part of the group or in direct contact with the lead tab of one of the plates. A temperature sensor is inserted and fixed inside the tube so that the temperature sensing part is in direct contact with the inner surface of the tube pointed end.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides long-life sealed rechargeable battery with simple structure, which maintains state of hermetic seal for long time and has high reliability. Facilitates measurement of temperature in cell from outside in good response thereby controlling charge and discharge.
A wiring loom for a car to supply the headlamps and other lamps has a switch (zr) operated by the ignition key which interrupts the supply to the lamps when the ignition key is in the "park" position or is withdrawn, yet restores the supply when the key is switched on. The switch is an electromechanical relay with contacts for the various lamps. The coil is deactivated when the ignition key is switched to 'park' or withdraw.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents battery discharging when the lamps are left on with the ignition key, needed for low-price cars where there is no optical/acoustic warning system for this.
The thermoelectric generator comprises a heat transfer support structure, defining an inside surface and an outside surface, comprising an inlet and an outlet and a passageway in between the inlet and outlet for passage of the exhaust gasses produced by the engine. A number of fins are located on the inside surface for improving the transfer of heat out of the exhaust gasses. A number of thermoelectric module seats are provided on the outside surface for easy seating of thermoelectric module on the outside surface. An exhaust flow distributor is positioned inside the passageway for distributing exhaust gas flow within the passageway. A number of thermoelectric modules define electrical outputs seated on the thermoelectric module seats.    At least one good contact cylinder surrounds at least a portion of the heat transfer support structure for providing a framework from which spring forces can be applied to hold the modules in good contact with the outside surface of the heat transfer support structure. A number of module springs provide a spring force between the number of thermoelectric modules and the at least one good contact cylinder. A heat sink cools one side of the number of thermoelectric modules. An electric circuit connects the electrical outputs of the number of thermoelectric modules in order to provide electric power to the motor vehicle.    ADVANTAGE -   Produces electric power for engine driven motor vehicle from heat contained in exhaust gasses from engine of motor vehicle.
The battery (2) comprises a container (4) and carrying handle (10) connected to the container. A knob (12), attached to each endwall (8) of the container for engaging the handle, includes a stem, with opposed flat faces, and a flange (16) extending radially outboard the stem, by a first length, spaced from the endwall. The flange has an inner surface on the stem side of the flange confronting the endwall.    A terminal, positioned on each end of the handle engaging a knob, comprises a wall (20) defining a pocket (22) containing the flange and engaging the inner surface so as to prevent axial displacement of the terminal with respect to the knob. A rim on the wall defines a socket in the wall receiving the stem portion. The socket has a stem-retention zone and a slot-like gate portion with an opening for interference-fit ingress and egress of the stem into and out of the stem-retention zone so as to retain the stem in the zone in normal use yet permit manual removal of the handle. The stem comprises a bilaterally truncated cylinder having a pair of opposing arcuate faces (30a-b). The flange extends around the stem sufficiently to completely overlie the slot throughout at least about 180 degrees of rotation of the handle about the knob.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Also for marine and recreational applications. Prevents undesirable detaching. Restricts direction in which handle can be removed from battery. Resists detachment when pulled in direction perpendicular to endwall.
A proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell has at least one cell comprising two electrodes, a membrane electrolyte for ionic conduction and a conductive contact. The contact element comprises a metal core (50) of Al or Ti, on which is a protective coating (52) and a micro-discontinuous Ti nitride topcoat (54) which has many defects, exposing the protective coating to a corrosive operating environment within the fuel cell. The protective coating is susceptible to oxidative passivation by this environment to form a corrosion barrier and thus protects the core.    USE -   As a proton exchange membrane fuel cell for electric vehicles    ADVANTAGE -   Corrosion of the contact element core with consequent increase in electronic resistance is prevented and cell life is prolonged.
The starter includes a dynamo (1) that is connected to a double layer condenser (5). At the time of engine starting, the armature of the dynamo is rotated by the power supplied from the condenser. The dynamo rotates the pinion that is engaged with a ring gear of the engine.    After the engine is started, the rotation of the ring gear is transmitted to the armature of dynamo that starts generating electrical power. The condenser gets charged by the dynamo.    ADVANTAGE -   Charges condenser during early stages of starting of engine.
The apparatus has a main controller (5) that generates an inversion signal used by a main power window motor (4) to drive and close a main window glass (20). Window open or close signal instructions of a sub-power window motor (8) are generated through a sub-power window switch (7). One side of a sub-controller (9) is connected to a power supply (50) while the other side is electrically connected to the main controller and sub-controller.    The main power window motor drives and closes the main window glass and the sub-window glass. The main window glass and the sub-window glass are opened respectively through the main window motor and sub-window motor by interrupting and inverting electric power through power supply relays (RL1,RL2).    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents arrangement of relay to each door by providing inversion function for all doors. Reduces manufacturing cost.
The control appts (21) is connected with a parallel load (24). A charger (27) is connected in parallel with the load and the groove battery. A bypass circuit (23a-23n) is connected in parallel with each individual cell (21a-21n). A voltage sensor (22a) which controls the bypass circuit is connected across each individual cell. When the terminal voltage of the individual cell reaches a predefined voltage then the charging current IB flows through the bypass circuit. Otherwise the charging current flows through the individual cell. A current detector (25) outputs the charging current supplied to the battery module. A current control circuit (26) transmits a current decrement value IS when one or more bypass circuits are satured to the charger.    The desired value of the charging current IB* is set. The current correction circuit transmits the deviation `DELTA' IB corresponding to IB* and the IB to the charger. If the current decrement value IS is received from a current control circuit, then the value IS is employed for reducing the output current. If the deviation `DELTA' IB is received from the current correction circuit then `DELTA' IB is used to correct the output current.    ADVANTAGE -   Keeps charging current to constant value even when load current deviates from constant value. Charges individual cell completely.
The method uses a pair of polarised electrodes containing charcoal (1) as principle components which are arranged opposite to each other.    The electrodes are immersed in a aqueous solution of sulphuric acid and sealed in a case. Then, AC power supply is applied to the electrodes.    ADVANTAGE -   Obtains highly reliable condenser with breakdown voltage withstanding nature.
The connector includes a pair of insulated connector housings (11,31) which can be joined and detached. A pair of terminals (15,35) is mounted on both connector housings.    A protection tube (20) made of a ceramic surrounds the contact portion of both terminals when both terminals are separated from one side of the connector housings.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents heat of arc to be exposed in connector housing due to protection tube made of ceramics. Increases cooling efficiency of arc since contact area of arc is large. Prevents generation of superfluous stress resulting from difference in rate of thermal expansion of protection tube and connector housing since arc disappears quickly.
Fuel battery generating apparatus comprises supplying cold water to a water cooling system cooler by a cold water circulation pump. A saturated vapour is obtained by collecting an exhausted binary phase flow sent to a vapour improving system by a vapour separator. A heating and circulating system for heating a body of fuel battery is provided in the vapour separator. A heating and circulating pump is actuated by a VVVF inverter. Such heating and circulating pump is operated at low-speed during a normal generating operation. A very small amount of cold water in the heating and circulating system is always circulated.    USE -   For providing a fuel battery generating apparatus which can be controlled without a large change in temperature and pressure.
A by-pass line for compressed air at a turbine compressor exit which may meet a compressed air line at an instrumentation system exit is connected to a compressed air line at a turbine compressor exit. An air system switching valve is placed on the compressed air line at an instrumentation air system exit. When a turbine compressor has been operated, the route of the air toward the instrumentation equipment is switched so that the air becomes compressed.    USE -   For decreasing the power of an assistant equipment when a high-pressure type fuel cell generating system has been operated, and for improving system efficiency.
A first group of support parts which contact an electrode and a partition is set in an exit side of a fuel gas that passes through an oxidising agent gas route provided to whole area of cathode side of cell. A second group of support parts is set in an entrance side of the fuel gas. More oxidising agent gas flows through the entrance side of the high temperature fuel gas. Less oxidising agent gas flows through the exit side of the low temperature fuel gas.    ADVANTAGE -   Uniform temperature distribution.
Fuel battery comprises: (a) a cooling plate made of resin having a route for a cooling media; (b) an entrance of the cooling media and an exit of the cooling media made on the cooling plate; (c) an electricity generating cell which contacts the cooling plate; and (d) a current collector which is connected to the electricity generating cell from outside. A single layer or many layers of the cooling plate and the electricity generating cell are laminated in this fuel battery.    ADVANTAGE -   The fuel battery is compact, light and economic.
The plate includes a mixture of condensed materials of naphthalene sulphonic acid or its derivative and lignin.    USE -   Used as power source of an electric car.    ADVANTAGE -   Drop in life performance of the plate at high temperature can be prevented.
The method involves selecting a stored monitoring program, and checking that prerequisite conditions in the program are met. A speed of an engine is regulated providing power to the power take-off and maintaining a monitoring function on operating status of the engine and of ancillary components relating to the power take-off. Data logging operating parameters relate to the power take-off during operation of the power take-off. One or more indicators are displayed as to the monitored status. An automatic engine speed control is provided in response to set monitored functions levels.    A control unit ensures that engagement of a power take off unit can only occur once prerequisite conditions have been fulfilled. The unit also controls sequences the engagement of the power take-off unit and speed of an engine powering the power take-off unit. The unit further maintains a monitoring function on the operating status of the engine and key ancillary components.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For operating on unmanned stationary vehicle where engine speed control is critical to provide correct performance for driven device. Excludes operation of PTO lever while vehicle is driven tat might damage gear box.
The supply device is for a vehicle which has a starter motor (6) and starter battery (5) and also a service battery (3) and generator (4). The on board electrical components are grouped together (1) for supply purposes as are those electrical components necessary to motor starting (2).    The interconnections between these units are controlled by a liaison unit (7) which comprises voltage sensor modules (12) (15) for the service battery (3) and on board components (1), and operate a contactor (10) and changeover contactor (11). The electrical components (2) necessary for starting are changed from the service battery to the starting battery if the former has been exhausted.    ADVANTAGE -   Motor starting security is improved and battery charging takes place under controlled conditions.
The load testing method uses selective switching of the load supplied by the vehicle battery, with measurement and evaluation of the specific current requirement of the switched-in load. The current measurement is effected by measuring the battery voltage (U1,U2) shortly before and after disconnection of the load, after decay of the switching pulse and evaluating the difference between the measured voltage values.    ADVANTAGE -   Simple testing of individual loads.
5-30 wt.% of acryl monomer is graft polymerised onto a surface of a porous film of a polyethylene including more than 1 wt.% of a component of more than 7 x 105wt. average molecular wt., in presence of a crosslinking agent, by ionisation radiation treatment.    USE -   Used for a base of a thin film electrolyte for a fuel battery, and a separator for a battery.
The absorbent comprises carrying at least one kind of metal selected from gp. consisting of manganese, cobalt, copper, nickel, iron and platinum on A- or X-type modified binder-free zeolite contg. 90-96 wt. % of zeolite crystal member provided with macro-holes and microholes.    ADVANTAGE -   Trace component, in particular, sulphur compound contained in gas for fuel cell can be removed efficiently by absorbent excellent in absorption performance.
Method includes the following stages: a) measure battery current(I); b) calculate battery efficiency for instantaneous temperature(theta) and its discharge state(Pdd); c) calculate the effective recharge current(Ir); d) calculate the effective charge or discharge current(Ie); e) calculate the charge lost(Chp) by integrating the effective current over time; f) calculate the charge remaining(Chr) in the battery from its capacity and charge loss(Chp); g) calculate the instantaneous charge(SOC) from the battery capacity(Cr) and the remaining charge(Chr). The system includes: - a circuit(2) which calculates the absolute value of the battery current(I); - a subtractor(3) associated with a multiplier(4) with a gain equal to 1/2 which permits calculation of the negative current component(I), corresponding to the recuperation current entering the battery by its +ve terminal during braking; - an adder circuit(5) receiving at its input the measured absolute current value and which is associated with a multiplier(6) so as to calculate the +ve component(I+) of the current(I) which is the current flowing from the batteries +ve pole.    ADVANTAGE -   System does not need to operate when the vehicle is at rest, operates during battery charge or during vehicle movement.
Several 24v battery sections (2) are series-connected, providing substantial output voltage, e.g. for traction motors. Each section has a regulator (4), powered by the section itself, which digitises signals representative of the battery state - e.g. temperature and terminal voltage - for passing to a central controller (5) having its own e.g. 5v power supply (10). The regulators receive in return, and decode, the controller's digital commands.    Two digital channels, one (9) for time and one (9') for data signalling, pass between regulators and from one regulator to controller. At each interconnection a 10nP decoupling capacitor (8,8') makes possible intercommunication at the differing voltage levels. For multiplexing over the common channels, coded addresses are used, with coding and decoding circuits in each regulator.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids use of complex isolation - e.g. photo-coupler - devices.
A non-sintered positive electrode comprises a nickel hydroxide powder and a cobalt hydroxide powder, in which (part of) the surfaces of the particles of the cobalt hydroxide powder are covered with a stabilizing agent of at least one compound selected from (i) a higher carboxylic acid, (ii)an ester of a carboxylic acid, (iii) an aldehyde, (iv) a phenol and (v) a vitamin.    Also claimed are: (1) a sealed alkaline storage battery comprising the above electrode, a negative electrode configured with a hydrogen storage alloy and an alkaline electrolyte; (2) a sealed alkaline storage battery as (1) above, in which the stabilizer comprises one or more agent selected from citric acid, isoamyl acetate, citral, beta-naphthol and vitamin C; (3) a method for charging the sealed alkaline storage battery comprising performing an initial charge of battery (2) above, after its assembly, with the theoretical amount of electricity for oxidizing the Co (II) of the cobalt hydroxide and the metallic cobalt contained in the nickel positive electrode to Co (III) at a current of 1/2 CA or less, calculated on the above amount of electricity; and (4) a method for charging battery (2) above comprising method (3) above plus continuing a subsequent charging at a current of 1/2 CA or less, calculated on the theoretical capacity of the nickel hydroxide.    USE -   The electrode is used in rechargeable battery systems used as power sources for mobile objects, e.g. portable equipment and electric vehicles.    ADVANTAGE -   Batteries containing the electrode are smaller and lighter in weight because the improved nickel positive electrode has a higher capacity. The stabilizer has no harmful effect on battery performance and it facilitates dispersion of the fine particles of cobalt hydroxide and improves utilisation of the active material.
The battery includes a spirally coiled electrode assembly with positive and negative electrodes each with a web-like collector coated with an active material on their opposite surfaces with separators between them. Several rectangular leads (11) extend from the collector sides in directions perpendicular to a direction where the electrodes and separators are wound.    Positive and negative terminals (20 & 21) are connected to the leads. A cylindrical casing housing the electrode assembly, the leads, the terminals and a pair of caps mounted on the opposite ends of the cylindrical casing. The terminals are fixed to the caps.    ADVANTAGE -   Has relatively small internal resistance while at same time has relatively thin collectors of positive and negative electrodes.
A rigid, tubular, ceramic separator (12) for a rechargeable deep-discharge battery assembly has greater than 40 (greater than 60) % porosity. Also claimed is a battery cell (10) comprising the above separator having an interior filled with positive active material (14) and a positive electrode (16) embedded and extending from the material. Also claimed is a deep-discharge battery composed of several of the above cells, held in a mounting, and having a common terminal.    USE -   Used in lead-acid batteries for e.g. fork-lift trucks, golf carts, road vehicles, boats, ships, and submarines.    ADVANTAGE -   Separators can be produced in a wide range of shapes and sizes with porosity and pore sizes appropriate to the service requirements. Materials are strong, resistant to breakage in service, and provide structural strength to the battery construction. Loss of active material from the electrode prevented.
The battery includes several electrochemical cells (12) in a rectangular box (1) and an electrode structure with negative and positive plates filled with electrolyte and covered with a top lid through which pole terminals protrude. The cells are connected in series and in a side by side arrangement.    The cell connection is by long electroconductive conducting pieces each connecting one pole terminal of one cell with the pole terminal of the next cell. An insulating cover (16) of synthetic resin with vent perforations (15) is mounted on the battery to cover the tops of the cells with the vents above the connecting pieces.    ADVANTAGE -   Suppresses increase in temperature of storage battery during high-rate charging and discharging to increase lifetime of battery.
Sealed alkaline electrolyte battery comprises: (a) an electrode group comprising positive electrodes and negative electrodes which are piled alternately and separators sandwiched between; (b) a battery case containing the electrode group; and (c) a lid for sealing an opening portion of the battery case; the battery case and lid are made of a polymer alloy containing polyphenylene ether (PPE) and an olefin resin as main components, the olefin resin comprising 20-60 wt.% of the polymer alloy. Also claimed is a sealed alkaline electrolyte battery in which the battery case or lid is made of a composite material of polymer alloy mainly comprised of PPE, and an inorganic powder dispersed in the polymer alloy.    USE -   The battery may be used as a power source for a moveable body e.g. electric vehicle.    ADVANTAGE -   The battery has a long life, is resistant to outdoor conditions, and can be guaranteed maintenance-free for 7-10 years.
The power supply device uses a generator (2) coupled to a storage battery (4) supplying the onboard voltage network (6), with an auxiliary electric braking network (8) coupled to an accumulator (22). A current limiting device (24) is inserted between the electric braking network and the onboard voltage network, with the internal resistances of the accumulator, the generator and the storage battery matched to one another. Pref. the voltage limiting device is coupled to a voltage converter (26).    ADVANTAGE -   Ensures required electrical braking energy without overloading onboard voltage network.
The assembly (10) comprises a bottom tray (12) with a base (26), side (30) and back (32) walls defining a lower and an upper cell receiving space. A first set of short sealed lead-acid cells (14) are vertically positioned in the lower cell receiving space, a top tray support structure (16) positioned in the bottom tray and a top tray (18) located on the top tray support.    A second set of short sealed lead-acid cells (20) are located in the top tray. The tray is located in the upper cell receiving space of the bottom tray. The respective sets of cells are electrically connected together.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For automated guided vehicles, mining vehicles, and railroad vehicles. Provides mounting arrangement that requires minimum number of cell sizes to be manufactured and is suitable for use in existing installations.
The attachment includes a control block including a number of electrical pins, having each practically infinite internal electrical resistance assigned by preprogramming as a sensing input device to gamer at predetermined intervals of time the logical states of devices electrically connected to it. A suitable number of electrical pins assigned by preprogramming as controlled output device actuate, when energised, other devices electrically connected to it. The logical processing device includes a memory device preprogrammed to decide when to energise and when to deenergise the controlled output device according to the combinations and sequences of the logical states of devices electrically connected to the sensing input device.    A light switch transducer provides on demand from the control block, the logical state of at least one of the number of positions of the light switch. An ignition switch transducer provides the logical state, presence or absence of the STOP mode of the ignition switch. Electrical wire insert and interrupting devices are included. An electrical wire signalling device is connected to light and ignition switch transducers as well as to the sensing input device to provide to the logical processing device the combinations and sequences of the logical states of the light and ignition switches, the transducers being predetermined to be the most convenient on the vehicle.    ADVANTAGE -   Makes it very inexpensive to provide many beneficial operations in turning off with different delays headlights, park lights, and dome lights, as well as to provide automatic battery protection against any routinely used lights when they are inadvertently left on, without using any confusing additional switches as in prior art. Legal daytime running lights, resettable electronic circuit breaker and compact ignition switch transducer, readily includable at low cost, further enhance tile viability of attachment.
The fastener consists of three individual parts: a bolt, a nut, and a spring washer. The bolt differs from conventional bolts in that it has no threads and has a keying feature. The nut is distinguishable from a standard nut in that it also has no typical thread, but has a keying feature and internal ramps.    The spring washer provides a linear increase in force proportional to deflection. Like the bolt and nut, the spring washer also has a keying feature.    ADVANTAGE -   Fastens and retains two or more conducting    elements with sufficient normal force to insure a reliable electrical contact. Eliminates loose electrical connections between battery cables and power distribution boxes. Is not loosened by vibration.
The enclosure comprises a tray secured to the underbody and supporting a number of batteries each spaced one from the next by a gap between them. The tray has a floor supporting the batteries and a number of vents extending through the floor beneath the batteries. A housing encloses the batteries and is secured to the tray. The housing has side walls encircling the batteries and a ceiling overlying the batteries.    A fan is operatively associated with the housing for pressurizing the housing with air, and flowing such air through each the gap and out of the housing via the vents. A splash guard underlies the tray for preventing road water from splashing up in the housing via the veins. The splash guard comprises a shield having a number of apertures in it offset from the vents and through which air exhausted through the vents flows to beneath the vehicle.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides thermal management and protection of electric vehicle battery pack from road water.
The electric power supply apparatus supplies electric power from a power supply (1) to the loads (13A to 13D). The positive terminal (1a) of the power supply is connected to a positive line (11), which connects the positive terminals (14) of the loads. The negative terminal (16) of the power supply is connected to a negative line (22), which is connected to the car body (8). The negative terminals (15) of the loads are connected to the negative terminal of the power supply.    The earthing line (17) is connected to the car body through the branched lines (19A to 19D) consisting of resistances (21A to 21D). A monitoring line (25) is connected to the voltmeter (26). An alarm (27) is operated when the electrical potential difference detected by the voltmeter exceeds a threshold value.    ADVANTAGE -   Detects short circuit reliably. Prevents noise generation.
The power supply circuit consists of a normal line (13), which supplies power from a power supply (11) to the electrical equipment (12), which constitutes a load. A recovery line (14), which is provided in parallel with the normal line, connects the power supply to the load.    The power is supplied to the load through the normal line during normal operation. A switching part connects the power supply to the load through the recovery line when a short circuit or disconnection occurs in the normal line.    ADVANTAGE -   For use in controlling door-lock, engine and airconditioners. Provides uninterrupted power to load during short circuit.
The power supply circuit consists of a DC-DC converter (25), which amplifies the DC voltage from the main battery (20). Then the amplified DC voltage is converted into an AC power supply by the DC/AC inverter (27) and is supplied to the output connector (T2). The AC power supply, output to the connector (T2), is supplied to the wall socket (16) of an outlet (15).    The current detector circuit (24) is connected to the output connector (T3). The DC voltage output to the connector (T3) is supplied to the first socket (13) and the second socket (17) of an outlet. The current detector circuit (24) detects the current flowing in the DC-DC converter and the output connector (T3). The overcurrent protection circuit (31) stops the operation of the DC-DC converter when an overcurrent flows.    ADVANTAGE -   For use in car radio, cassette recorder, televisions. Reduces cost. Facilitates simultaneous use of various electrical appliance. Prevents blowing of fuse.
The apparatus controls a vehicle having a power transmission system that includes a clutch (18) and a motor generator (12) that transmits power drive power from an internal combustion engine (11) to a wheel.    It has an electronic control unit (50) that controls the motor generator based on a predetermined condition. In response to the temperature of the clutch, the ECU corrects the output torque of the motor generator.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents burning of clutch by preventing output of motor generator when temperature of clutch is at predetermined range. Need to directly or indirectly detect temperature of clutch is eliminated by providing temperature estimating unit.
The safety device comprises a battery device (10) to drive a running motor for the electric vehicle connected to batteries (11), and a battery case (20) securely containing the battery device (10).    The abnormality detector (30) detects abnormality of the electric vehicle to output an abnormality signal. The emergency device (40) has a coolant for the battery and injects the coolant in the battery case (20) when an abnormality signal is output.    ADVANTAGE -   Secondary accident owing to flying-out of content of battery does not occur.
The generator (10) has an engine (12) whose output shaft is added with torque. A motor (14) is directly linked to the output shaft of the engine to absorb the added torque. A clutch (20) is connected to the output shaft of the motor and drive shaft of the vehicle.    A partial connection detector (46) senses the partial connection of the clutch. A controller (36) regulates the operations of the engine, motor and clutch and prevents the release of the motor when the clutch is sensed partially connected.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents addition of large torque to clutch due to prevented torque addition to motor if clutch is partially connected, thus extending life of clutch disk. Prevents car body vibration, thus preventing riding inconvenience. Prevents sudden engine steaming since engine load is prevented from sudden changes. Prevents wearing of clutch disk due to reduced shocks when changing clutch in partial connection state.
An air exhaust duct is coupled to the surface of a hydrogen storage alloy tank connected to a built-in hydrogen catalyst burner.    ADVANTAGE -   The start-up time of the battery can be reduced.
(US5798646-A)   NOVELTY - The apparatus has an exact point selection unit coupled to an initial remaining capacity calculation unit for obtaining a line corresponding to values of a set of voltages and values of a set of currents. The line shows a relationship between voltage and current from a set of points. An approximate line calculation unit is coupled to a selection unit for finding initial remaining capacity voltage to intersect a reference current value with the line. A remaining capacity calculation unit is coupled to the line calculation unit for displaying the initial remaining capacity voltage.    USE - Battery remaining capacity measuring apparatus for use in an electric car.    ADVANTAGE - The apparatus utilizes an electric car that turns an accelerator on, and immediately turns the accelerator off so as to left a battery not connected to load, thus obtaining the initial remaining capacity, and hence quickly displaying the correct initial remaining capacity voltage when the electric car starts continuously running after charging.    DESCRIPTION OF DRAWING(S) - The drawing shows a graphical representation of voltage data of an accelerator in on state.
The circuit has a zener diode (9) connected between input terminal elements (8a,8b) of an ECU (8). The first input terminal is connected to a stabilized power supply (10).    The second input terminal is connected to a set of horn switch (2a,2b). A constant voltage drop is generated based on the open/close state of the horn switch.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces storage space of steering wheel by avoiding large sized condenser.
Method of crystallising and filtering material from soln. involves (a) introducing the soln. into a pptn. and filtration reactor; (b) stirring the soln. in the presence of 300-1000 (pref. 400-1000) g./l. crystallisation seeds of the material to ensure homogeneous dispersion of the seeds without producing fines by shear; and (c) filtering to recover a purified soln.    Also claimed is a pptn. and filtration reactor for the above method, the reactor having (i) a filter cartridge (20) which divides the reactor interior into an internal pptn. chamber (12) and a recovery chamber (13) located between the cartridge and the reactor side wall; (ii) an inlet (11) for introducing soln. into the pptn. chamber; (iii) an outlet (14) for discharging treated soln. from the recovery chamber; and (iv) a mechanical stirrer (30) positioned in the pptn. chamber (12).    USE -   Esp. for treating fuel cell electrolyte, e.g. for continuous removal of hydrargillite from an aluminium-air fuel cell electrolyte.    ADVANTAGE -   The method provides controlled pptn. to achieve rapid pptn. only on the seeds, employs a high concn. of seeds so that solns. having slow reaction kinetics and lower crystallisable material contents (e.g. 40-60 g./l. Al concn. compared with 120-180 g./l. in prior art) can be treated, and prevents fines prodn. so that filter clogging is avoided.
The motor vehicle starter battery (A,C) has sockets (A1,C1) integrated into the housing of the battery which enable the connection of service cables (B), esp. cables for emergency external starting, with plugs (B1,B2) which are designed to fit into the sockets.    The connection to a starter cable fitted with the plugs can be conducted without rotation of the cables.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents the occurrence of accidents during external starting.
An arrangement to give an uninterruptable power supply (UPS) to at least one consumer has the energy taken from the AC grid and if there is an fault on the grid, the energy is taken from a fuel cell. The fuel cell (8) is connected at its output to at least one inverter(7) whose output in turn passes to the consumer(s) with a switch(4) linking the grid (6). If the grid voltage drops below a certain threshold, the switch opens. When the voltage is over the threshold, the switch is closed and the fuel cell is in stand-by mode, but when the switch opens, it supplies power to the consumer(s). The switch is in series with a choke (5).    ADVANTAGE -   Rapidly provides the necessary voltage to the consumer if the mains voltage drops.
A procedure for making stabilised DC voltages available with the help of linear or clocked voltage converters and for charging small batteries has the converters and the charging apparatus fed not from the public mains but from DC.    In this way, a superposition of AC hum is prevented and a transformer is not needed. The DC power can be provided by solar energy plant, for example, or from a wind power plant. By the elimination of the transformer, the output power can be increased without problem by enhancing the output stage of the converter. An arbitrary number of converters or chargers can be joined in parallel.    ADVANTAGE -   Eco-friendly process giving high efficiency for all laboratory use.
The apparatus includes at least two cells (12) and one or more electrical connectors. The cells can be located adjacent to one another and have locating devices provided on them. The connectors are capable of being attached to the cells to allow current flow between them and to allow various configurations of the modular battery in series or parallel.    The locating devices are in the form of complimentary male and female members, e.g. several raised ribs, provided on the cells. The ribs are arranged so as to positively locate one cell with respect to an adjacent cell. Each cell is provided with socket formations able to receive a corresponding conductive plug formation located on or w.r.t. an adjacent cell.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides modular battery design in which whole battery need not be replaced if only one or more cells need to be replaced.
Polymeric electrical storage device comprises a polymeric compsn. capable of storing an electric charge. Also claimed are: (1) an electrolyte gel comprising a soln. of ZnCl2in polyvinyl alcohol and enough polyacrylic acid to form an acceptable gel; and (2) a conductive polymer comprising a polyaniline/polyvinyl alcohol copolymer.    USE -   USed in flashlights, recorders and camcorders. The device can also be prepared in a large format for use in industrial applications and electric vehicles.    ADVANTAGE -   The device is lightweight, does not readily degrade with use, contains no environmentally hazardous components so can be easily disposed of, delivers an electric current over a period of time, and can be repeatedly recharged quickly and easily, opt. by visible light.
A layer of zeotype material (I) is formed by: (a) combining: (i) silicone material; (ii) a basic soln.; (iii) a structure-directing template material; and (iv) source of heteroatom; (b) reacting at 90-300C for more than 4 hrs.; and (c) forming a layer of crystalline (I) including the heteroatom in the crystalline framework.    USE -   (I) is in form of a thin layer, coating or film, esp. an inorganic membrane., for use as a molecular sieve, e.g. for changing the compsn. of a fluid mixt., and as catalyst. Mixts. that may be sepd., include inter alia nitrogen/oxygen, and straight/branched hydrocarbons; natural gas and flue stack gases may be purified. (I) may be used in batteries and fuel cells. Reactions catalysed include hydrocarbon and alcohol conversions, and dehydrohalogenation. Photochemical reactions may be conducted on the surface.
The regenerative unit of fuel elements has several alternating fuel (1) and electrodialysing (2) elements including anode and cathode chambers mutually displaced by 90 deg., ion-conducting membranes based on solid electrolyte being in contact with catalytic anode and cathode from various metals positioned in frame (15), made from ceramic material comprising pipes (16) for loading in and out of reagents. The fuel and electrodialysing elements are united into several alternating modules separated by hermetically sealing gaskets, while the numerical ratio of electrode chambers in fuel and electrodialysing modules is equal to 2:1 - 3:1.    The modules are stacked by electrode chambers with glue. The cathode chamber of electrodialysing module has catalytic cathode and membrane based on solid electrolyte for e.g. dioxide of zirconium and calcium carbonate, while its anode chamber has catalytic anode and membrane based on solid electrolyte for e.g. aluminosilicate of lithium.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   In generation of electrical energy by converting chemical energy of hydrocarbon fuel into electrical energy using electrodes with raised efficiency and reliability.
The support structure comprises a first slope (16a) descending toward the battery side which is formed at a radiator core support upper (16). A through-hole (16b), through which a bolt (8) for mounting a battery frame (14) passes, is formed in the first slope.    A second slope (14e), having an inclination angle about coinciding with that of the first slope, is formed at the front end of the battery frame. An oblong hole (141) is formed in the second slope along an inclination line.    ADVANTAGE -   No gap occurs to connection.
A ferrite stainless steel is coated with ZrO2by CVD or MOCVD, and includes more than 15 wt.% of Cr, and more than 3 wt.% of Al.    ADVANTAGE -   Heat-proof properties are improved by reduction of the oxidation rate of the ferrite stainless steel.
Coupling flanges are attached to a metal pipe whose inner wall is coated with PTFE. Metal pipes are connected respectively to the flanges.    USE -   Used as cooling water piping for a fuel battery.    ADVANTAGE -   The piping can be used safely.
A ceramic pipe is fitted into a metal pipe with coupling flanges to which insulation gaskets are attached.    ADVANTAGE -   The piping can be furnished with a dependable electrical insulation structure.
The fuel battery generating device comprises a fuel battery, a quality improving device, a circulation line, an exhaust gas supply line, and a heating line for starting provided with a heater and a hot wind generating furnace. The heating line for starting controls the temp. of a cathode gas that should be supplied to the cathode by heating the circulation line during generation as well as on the starting of the fuel battery.    USE -   Used for decreasing the power of a high-temp. blower of a circulation line and for decreasing scattering of heat from a heating line for starting.
A fuel gas whose discharge flow satisfies a min. output condition for an inverter and a diluted gas whose discharge flow is large enough for making a highest temp. for firing all of the fuel gas less than an allowable temp. of a quality improving device are supplied to the quality improving device.    USE -   Used for suppressing temp. distribution in a quality improving device and the temp. of a combustion room to an allowable range without using an exhaust gas processing appts..
A fuel battery formed from many unit cells and cooling plates comprises a cooling water circulation system, a generated water collecting system, and a water processing system. A sterilisation equipment which radiates ultraviolet rays to microbes for sterilising them is provided.    USE -   For effectively preventing a proliferation of microbes without needing a complicated maintenance.
A fuel battery formed from many unit cells and cooling plates comprises a cooling water circulation system, a generated water collecting system, and a water processing system. An antibiotic filter for preventing a proliferation of microbes is provided.    USE -   For effectively preventing a proliferation of microbes.
The generating facility comprises a cooling water system which circulates cold water toward a cooling plate through a vapour separator and a cold water circulation pump. A heat exchanger is provided in a cold water circulation circuit of the cooling water system. The heat exchanger has a cooling/heating function. When the fuel battery is started, it receives heat from the outside and the temp. of a battery itself rises. While the heat exchanger has been operated, the received heat is released outside. Thus, the generated heat of the battery gradually falls.    USE -   Used for receiving heat from outside and collecting exhausted heat of a fuel battery in one device and for decreasing initial costs and running costs of a generating facility.
Fuel cell generating facility comprises: (a) a heater which indirectly heats a cathode gas of a fuel cell; (b) a hot gas generation furnace which supplies a high-temperature gas to the heater; (c) an exhaust gas line which supplies a fired exhaust gas come out of a combustion room of a quality improving equipment into the hot gas generation furnace. At the start of generation, the fired exhaust gas is supplied to the heater through the hot gas generation furnace.    ADVANTAGE -   The temperatures of a fuel cell can be kept in a specified range without using surplus fuel, greatly decreasing heat loss.
The separator for a fuel battery comprises an almost rectangular flat type cathode mask, a cathode collector, a centre plate, an anode collector and an anode mask. The centre plate has a concave and convex area for an electrode formed by a pressing process and has another concave and convex area for a mask. The centre plate surrounds all through holes for gas and an opening of the anode mask, comprising a closed type ring-shaped anode seal ring area which supports the anode mask and a closed type ring-shaped cathode seal ring area which supports the cathode mask.    USE -   Used for providing a separator for a fuel battery which is soft, high in flat precision and economic. It can also largely decrease a by-pass flow flowing outside a reaction area.
Cell has a gas/liq tight metal cap on a cell case, a anode and a cathode terminal are arranged on the cap so as to electrically insulate, and a synthetic resin layer is formed on the total inner surface of the case in a body junction.    USE -   The cell is suitable as a high energy density power source for an electric vehicle and road conditioner.    ADVANTAGE -   The cell has improved running life.
The traffic control sign is mounted on a vehicle and includes two arrays of discrete light sources which are arranged to display a respective arrow symbol (7,8) and, optionally, a circular ring (9). Each array is formed by the free ends of each of optical fibres (21-24), the other respective ends of which are located adjacent to a respective lamp unit (20L,2OR).    A switch (25) switches on one of the lamp units to an illuminated condition. The sign may also include an optical fibre running from each lamp unit to the cab of the vehicle to indicate which unit is operative. The sign may flash, and an ambient light detector may be included to adjust the display brightness in response to measured light levels.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For indicating to other drivers which direction to pass vehicle to prevent accidents. Is more visible to other drivers and can be changed between states without need to stop vehicle thus reducing likelihood of collision.
The trolley includes upper (A) and lower (D) handle assemblies. These two components are designed to operate in a fully telescopic action and a power pack of a trolley. The trolley is fully telescopic, and arranged that, a female and male trolley when required for normal working position requires a plunger to be withdrawn and the two handle assembles to be pulled apart in the fully telescopic action, until the plunger clicks into the location hole in the lower handle tube and the power pack.    Power pack location hooks are mounted on the upper handle legs (B) after the power pack has been removed and the plunger is withdrawn. In operation a difference in the length between the two sets of legs causes the axle including motor to be drawn up to the handle assemblies for stowage.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Fully telescopic foldable electric powered golf trolley. Fits into car boot. Easy for folding and unfolding.
The system (10) comprises an electric motor (14) which is operated by electrical energy generated by a generator and stored in a storage device (36). The engine (12) has a controller (28) operating in the electricity generating drive mode when a predetermined condition is satisfied. The controller operates to provide an output greater than the power required to drive the vehicle so the generator is driven by the surplus power.    The controller includes a device (S4) operated in the event of a failure of the generator for inhibiting the generating drive mode and selecting the engine drive mode to operate the engine for driving the vehicle with the required power, even when the predetermined condition is satisfied.    ADVANTAGE -   Vehicle does not suffer undesirable change in running performance in the event of a failure of the electric motor.
The fuel cell stack (2) has top and bottom cover plates (6,8), pressed together for exerting a pressure in the direction of the longitudinal axis (10) of the fuel cell stack, via at least one clamp element (12). Pref. the clamp element is provided by a screw connection (14-20) between the top and bottom cover plates, which is altered in length to control the pressure exerted on the fuel cell stack.    ADVANTAGE -   Allows pressure to be maintained on fuel cell stack during transport and in its stationary working position.
An electrical energy device comprises at least one component contg. conductive ceramic fibres having a length of 10-10000 microns and a length-to-dia ratio of 1-20:1.    Also claimed are: (i) a Ni-contg battery including a fibre as above. (ii) a fuel cell contg. the above. (iii) a capacitor contg. the above. (iv) a sensor contg. the above. (v) a Pb-acid battery contg. many electrodes with active material and current collector including the conductive fibres above. (vi) a battery in which the ceramic comprises conducting V oxide. (vii) a battery in which the ceramic comprises Al or Zr oxide coated with a metal.    USE -   In batteries, sensors, fuel cells and capacitors    ADVANTAGE -   Device performance is increased with reduced resistance, increased charging efficiency and corrosion resistance and less expensive electrodes.
The hydrogen storage electrode comprises a hydrogen storage alloy in which a rare-earth element which is less basic than La is mixed or present as a constituent element. The nickel electrode comprises nickel hydroxide in which a rear-earth element is mixed or present in the state of a solid solution. The alkaline storage battery has nickel electrodes and/or separators which are coated with rare-earth element.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For portable apparatus or electric vehicle etc. Prevents rise in internal pressure. Good discharge cycle characteristics. Can be used at high environmental temperatures.
The process prepares a dispersion (201) of particles of refractory material and mixes the dispersion with a carrier solution of a salt of cellulose xanthate to form (202) a spin mix. A filament (203) of regenerated cellulose is formed from the mix using general wet spinning techniques.    The filament having the particles dispersed in it. The filament is heated (204) to sufficient temps. and for a suficient time to remove all the regenerated cellulose and to sinter the particles to form the fibres of refractory material (206). The particles are low activity particles selected from a group consisting of particles coated with an organic barrier, particles combined with an inorganic compound, precursor particles that convert to the desired refractory material during the process, or a combination of these.    USE -   For producing refractory filaments of substantial length and useful flexibility.    ADVANTAGE -   Process provides control and flexibility over material and configuration of fibre made.
The electrical connector (20) for connecting a battery post (25) to a wire (30), comprises a U-shaped clamp (35) having a concave portion (40) sized to hold the battery post (25) and opposing first and second legs (45), (50) extending from the concave portion. The first leg (45) has a first hole (55) through it, and the second leg (50) has a second hole (60) that is aligned with the first hole.    A wire holding compression stud extending through the first and second holes of the U-shaped clamp, is provided for (i) compressing a wire against the U-shaped clamp, and (ii) compression fitting the U-shaped clamp about the battery post. A fastening device tightens the stud (65) on the U-shaped clamp (35).    ADVANTAGE -   Has reduced number of components to minimise corrosion and vibration-induced failure of connector, during operation of vehicle. Occupies small cross-sectional area for use in small engine compartments.
A method of providing electrolyte to an electrolyte starved battery comprises:    (i) supplying electrolyte form a source to a dispenser; and    (ii) rotating the dispenser to dispense the electrolyte from the dispenser sequentially to each of the electrolyte inputs in the electrolyte starved battery.    Also claimed are:    (a) an electrolyte dispensing device;    (b) an electrolyte dispensing device comprising manifold outputs coupled to battery cells with relatively large potential differences coupled to non-adjacent manifold outputs;    (c) an electrolyte dispensing device comprising a supply valve; and    (d) an electrolyte dispensing device comprising flushing valve(s) for bypassing the battery cells and coupling the manifold to an electrolyte collecting tank.    Both the dispenser and manifold are of polyolefin.    The dispenser is chain driven.    USE -   Used for batteries of electric vehicles.    ADVANTAGE -   Only enough electrolyte is provided automatically on a periodic basis.
A transport system contains an accumulator battery, an electric motor with 2 excitor windings for series and shunted connection, a reverser, an isolating diode, a brake regulator, shunting resistors and 3 contacts.    The presence of the second and third contacts, of the regulated resistor and connection of the shunting resistor in parallel with the first excitor winding reduces the discharge current and forms the optimum braking mode of the transport device.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Construction of transport systems with DC electric drives. Increased life of battery and running time    of transport device.
The device includes the battery case (6) engaged with the connection terminal member (7), mounted on the lower pipe (5), from the side. By an unlocking operation applied on the lock member (8) attached to the lower pipe (6), the battery case (6) is removed to the side of the bicycle.    ADVANTAGE -   Power source is abundant in general purpose ability.
The rectifier-filter unit for the air anion generator features three rectification circuits: a single-phase bridge, a single-phase double wave and a single-phase voltage doubling; four filter circuits: capacitor, inductance, capacitor- inductance, and resister-capacitor; and three kinds of vehicle with traditional igniter, semiconductor igniter, or AC electric generator. Their different combination can meet various requirement.
The method includes providing a voltage sensitive circuit and a concurrent source or sink, controlling the one of a controllable current source and a controllable current sink with microcomputer in order to apply at least one predetermined current pattern to or sink at least one predetermined current pattern from at least a portion of an energy delivery system, and responding with the voltage sensitive circuit to a voltage developed in response to the current pattern applied or sunk.    A value of at least one electrical characteristic of the energy delivery system is calculated as a function of the responding. At least one electrical characteristic of the energy delivery system is an internal resistance of an electrical source and an external resistance and further includes calculating a figure of merit of the energy delivery system as a function of the internal resistance and the external resistance.    USE -   For measuring conductance or milli-ohm resistance of electrical connections between vehicle battery cables and battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Quickly and accurately measures various parameters of electrical system such as those employing DC motors, material handling equipment without inserting test instrument and without test load current flowing.
Prepn. of a modified cation exchange membrane in which a sulphide of Ag, W, Mo or a mixt. of these is deposited within the polymer matrix comprises: (a) forming within the polymer matrix of the membrane a complex of Ag, W, Mo or a mixt. of these with a water soluble cpd. contg. an -SH gp.; and (b) converting the complex into the insoluble sulphide of Ag, W, Mo or mixt. of these.    USE -   The modified cation exchange membrane is useful in various electrochemical applications, pref. in appts. for energy storage and/or power delivery.    ADVANTAGE -   The method overcomes the disadvantages of the method disclosed in PCT/GB95/00668 in which the metal sulphide is pptd. either at the membrane surface or in the region of the polymer matrix adjacent to the membrane surface, and a deficient band is left in the centre of the membrane.
An Li battery is manufactured by contacting ceramic cathode material, Li ion-conductive electrolyte material containing a non-conductive material, and anode material, then dynamically compacting the assembly. At least one of the materials is introduced into a carrier in the form of a fine powder before contacting with any of the other materials.    USE -   Two or more cells can be serially connected, for use in electrically powered vehicles and on a miniature scale in consumer and microelectronics.    ADVANTAGE -   The properties of the electrode materials and electrolyte layer are improved, thus improving battery performance. Improved handling of powdery material.
The state-of-charge measuring method uses multilevel Peukert's equation. Two sets of Peukert's constants are first determined, a first set for calculating the state-of-charge when an average discharge current is on a lower side, and a second set for calculating the state-of-charge when the average discharge current is on a higher side. The discharge current from a battery is measured and an average discharge current is calculated.    A used capacity is calculated from the average discharge current and this is compared to an intermediate current. The average discharge current is classified as the lower or higher side to determine which set of Peukert's constants to use. An available capacity is obtained using the set of Peukert's constants. The state-of-charge is determined using the used capacity and the available capacity.    ADVANTAGE -   Measures state of charge of battery more accurately regardless of magnitude of average discharge current.
Appts has a rechargeable battery which includes means for mechanically manipulating at least one electrode to plastically deform it to increase its charging-discharging efficiency.    Method for increasing the charging-discharging efficiency of a battery using the above appts is claimed.    Pref. means applies a dynamic, static, compressing, torquing or tension force or an acoustic or shock wave to the electrode(s). Pref the electrode(s) have sheet form with a spiral or sinusoidal cross-section or comprise parallel tubular members.    USE -   with eg Pb-acid car batteries and NiCd batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   overall battery efficiency is enhanced.
The converter includes a generator (2) which is actuated with engine (1) of the vehicle.    At the time of stoppage of engine, DC battery (3) is applied to the neutral point of the armature winding of the generator.    ADVANTAGE -   Eliminates need for independent reactor for booster circuit by utilizing leakage inductance of armature of generator.
The hybrid vehicle consists of an IC engine (1) and a generator (16) in which number of revolution is controlled based on an instruction signal. An output shaft (14) of the engine and the generator are coupled through a planetary gear unit (13) with differential gear mechanism. The gear unit possesses three gear wheel elements in which at least two gear wheels are coupled at a time and selection is made by selecting the fastest rotation and is output. A lubricating oil pump (55) driven by the rotation output is selected. An one way clutch (F1) is interposed between a carrier (CR) and engine by the planetary gear unit.    The lubricating oil pump is driven by rotating the secondary side of the one way clutch. The rotation of generator is controlled with a vehicle control device (41) and as a result rotation is adjusted to control discharge amount of lubricating oil by the planetary gear unit.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables to improve transit time with usual fuel cost. Enables to prevent deterioration in driving system due to lubricant storage.
Terminal plates for a fuel cell where each terminal plate has a terminal hole for measuring voltage, a hole for a thermocouple for measuring a temp., a hole for connecting cables for taking out power, positioning knock holes for assembling a cell, a hole for guiding gas, and a hole for guiding cooling water. Each terminal plate comprises a gas plate plane and a cooling plate plane. A hole for a bolt for fixing a unit is made on one terminal plate. A hole for setting free a head of the bolt is made on the other terminal plate.    USE -   The terminal plates are used for easily, effectively, and securely assembling a plate and a unit for a fuel battery, and for measuring the battery during assembly.
The generating appts. of a fuel battery comprises a body of fuel battery, a power exchange equipment, a fuel processing equipment, an oxidising agent supplying equipment, a cooling water supplying equipment, detection steps for discharge flow of fuel, a concentration of hydrogen, discharge flow of oxidising agent, a temperature at an entrance of the cooling water made on the body of fuel battery, a temperature at an exit of such cooling water, an output direct current of the body of fuel battery, an output direct voltage of an upper-side single cell/upper-side many cells of the body of fuel battery, and an output direct voltage of an upper-side single cell/upper-side many cells of the body of fuel battery, and an output direct voltage of a lower side single cell/lower-side many cells, a voltage computing step, a voltage comparison step, and an output control step which controls an output power of the power exchange equipment.    USE -   For suppressing damage to a body of fuel battery as much as possible under various operating conditions.
The warm water produced by cooling a fuel cell is introduced to a humidity adding device and the reacting gas is added with humidity.    ADVANTAGE -   The gas humidity adding system has good energy efficiency and good controlling ability for humidity adding amount.
The device comprises a cell stack composed of cells assembled with separators in lamination. The cell includes an ion exchange membrane, a catalyst anode, and a catalyst cathode. The ion exchange membrane is held between the separators.    ADVANTAGE -   Supply of reaction gas can be smoothly performed. Reliability of the cell can be improved.
The structure includes an inlet port (12) provided to the front end part of battery frame (1). The battery frame is connected with the lower surface of a vehicle body floor (9). An air intake duct (16) is connected with the inlet port. The exhaust port is provided in the rear of the battery frame.    The air intake duct is set in the width direction of the vehicle body. An air inlet (17) of the air intake duct, is arranged in rear of the vehicle body, for the intake of air for battery cooling.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves wind leading performance of air intake duct. Enables mounting several batteries on frame. Provides herematic sealing between batteries. Covers water droplets and dust entering in battery mounted area of frame. Prevents reduction of performance of battery due to water and dust entry. Prevents damage of air intake duct by chipping which vehicle is under motion. Reduces air resistance while running vehicle. Improves aerodynamic characteristic of vehicle.
The electrical circuit comprises a first branch or sub-circuit including the battery (5), an alternator (2) to be driven by the vehicle's engine or transmission and for recharging the battery, a starter motor (1) deriving electrical power from the battery and for initiating engine operation, and one or more electrical components relatively insensitive to voltages somewhat higher than the battery's nominal output voltage. The electrical circuit also includes a second branch or sub-circuit including one or more supply-voltage-sensitive electrical components (e.g. lighting units) and connected to the first branch via a diode (10) providing a constant voltage drop.    Two or more reduced voltages supplies can be provided by a corresponding number of diodes deriving their input from the main voltage supply line of the alternator or battery, each diode providing an output to a reduced voltage supply line. Pref. a switch is provided in parallel with the or each diode providing the voltage drop to avoid heat creation from the diode(s) when the engine is not running. The switch can be open whilst the engine is running so that the alternator's internal fan cools the diode(s).    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For cars, commercial vehicles and tractors. Maximizes battery recharging voltage whilst restricting voltage to lighting and/or other voltage sensitive circuit(s).
Prepn. of a current collector in contact with the cathode material in light rechargeable solid state batteries comprises the deposition on a nickel layer, having a rugosity Ra of 1-3 microns, of a cathode paste comprising (1) a powder of active cathode material; (2) an electronic conductor; (3) a polymeric compsn. essentially constituted by (3a) a polymer deriving from the polymerisation of a mixt. of a vinyl ether of general formula R-[O-CH2-CH2]n-O-CH=CH2 (I) and a divinyl ether of general formula CH2=CH-[O-CH2CH2]m-O-CH=CH2 (II): where R = methyl or ethyl, n = 1-16, m = 1-10; (3b) lithium salts selected from LiBF4 alone or in a mixt. with other salts.    Also claimed is an electrochemical cell in the form of a thin layer comprising (a) an alkali metal anode; (b) an ionically conducting polymeric electrolyte; (c) a composite cathode deposited on a current collector constituted by a nickel foil prepd. as above.    USE -   These current collectors are used in light rechargeable solid state batteries, for use in the "consumer" sector, e.g. for credit cards, hand cellular telephones, computers, and in the automotive sector.    ADVANTAGE -   This process allows very good adherence between the cathode and the current collector, partic. nickel. Batteries contg. these electrochemical cells attain a higher number of cycles than those in prior art.
The monitoring system has a measuring/evaluation unit (2) for determining the condition data of the battery (1), also generating of the warning and/or the control commands for the application of the battery and of the vehicle according to the condition data. The measuring/evaluation unit and an indicating unit (3), for indicating the condition data and the control and warning commands, together with the battery are accommodated on the vehicle.    A warning or a control command can be generated, which concerns the service due of the battery and/or blocks the operation of the vehicle entirely or partly. With the measuring/evaluation unit one or more of the following condition data is determinable. The voltage (U) or the voltage (Ut) of the individual battery cells. The ratio (U/Ut). The charge and discharge times over a period. The rated capacity of the battery and the residual capacity.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents unfavourable operating conditions to ensure protective operation of vehicle and battery.
The method involves feeding the combustion gas which contains both carbon monoxide and hydrogen, in part to a gas turbine plant (2) and in part to a fuel cell plant (4). The gas turbine plant and the fuel cell plant are operated in combination with one another, for optimum energy recovery.    A separator (6) is used to separate out the hydrogen from the supplied combustion gas, for feeding it to the fuel cell plant. The carbon monoxide and a residual amount of hydrogen are fed to the gas turbine plant. A shift reactor may be used to convert part of the carbon monoxide into carbon dioxide and hydrogen via a shift reaction.    ADVANTAGE -   Guarantees efficient energy recovery from combustion gases from gasification plant, supplied with coal, oil, tar, natural gas or waste material.
The storage unit mixed-mu bearing uses both ferromagnetic and diamagnetic phenomena. Two stationary permanent magnets (12,16) are located above and below high temperature superconductors (14,18). A rotor (20) is positioned to rotate vertically between these two magnetic structures. The rotor can be a ferromagnetic material, e.g. steel. The entire bearing is field cooled using liquid nitrogen to create the superconducting states. The entire bearing can be in a vacuum housing.    The permanent magnets are polarised vertically in the same direction. Magnetisation of the steel induces shielding currents creating a repulsive force to support the bearing.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For energy storage on electric vehicles such as cars and buses, or as wayside energy storage for electric trains or other transit vehicles. Provides electricity storage unit that has very low rotational losses.
A battery switch incorporating the circuit breaker, is mounted on a battery top and can be added as an accessory to control all of a battery's power. A battery protection device uses the battery switch and a control system to automatically control a battery, prevent overdischarge, and reserve starting power.    A manually resetting battery protection device is also provided. The battery protection device is adaptable to be incorporated into the design of a battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables battery to have long-life with trouble-free operation. The circuit breaker is small and switches with small amount of current.
The residual capacity display involves detecting the temperature, the current and the voltage of the battery. A temperature indicator is made up of a first linear array of spaced light-emitting elements and displays the temperature of the battery by way of light emitted from at least one of the light-emitting elements. A memory stores fully charged capacities corresponding respectively to temperatures of the battery and the fully charged capacity which corresponds to the detected battery temperature is read from the memory. This fully charged capacity is displayed by an indicator made from a second array of light emitting elements.    The residual capacity of the battery is calculated while the battery is being discharged. The calculation is based on a discharging current and voltage detected by the current detector and voltage detector when the battery is being discharged. The residual capacity of the battery while being charged is calculated on the basis of detected values of charging current and voltage when battery is charged. A third indicator made of a third array of light emitting elements is for displaying the residual capacity in the battery in association with the displayed fully charged capacity of the battery displayed. At least one of elements in this third array emits light corresponding to the calculated residual capacity.    ADVANTAGE -   Highly accurately displays residual capacity of battery on electric vehicle in relation to fully charged capacity of battery.
Multicell battery has at least two thin film cells (22,24) in a stacked or side-by-side formation, each formed of thin films of cathode material (28), Li anode (26) and intervening electrolyte (30), of thickness no more than a few m. The cells are connected in series or parallel and are sepd from each other by an insulating film (32), pref of parylene.    Also claimed is a rechargeable battery comprising a number of stacked thin film battery cells connected together for simultaneous withdrawal of electrical power.    USE -   Used as a sec battery used for supplying relatively large amts of power (claimed) e.g. in an electric vehicle.    ADVANTAGE -   Design incorporates the characteristics of thin film cells while being able to satisfy high power level requirements.
An electrochemical process for energy storage and/or power delivery comprises: (a) maintaining electrolyte circulation in a cell or cell array having positive (42C) and negative (44C) chambers contg. positive (42E) and negative (44E) electrodes, respectively, with sepg. cation exchange membranes (46) forming one or more buffer chambers (43C), the electrolyte circulating via the negative chamber during power delivery containing a sulphide and that in the buffer chambers comprising an idler electrolyte; and ( b) oxidising any sulphide or hydrosulphide ions in the idler electrolyte to pptd. S which is collected and reintroduced into the negative electrolyte.    USE -   Used for energy storage and power delivery systems.    ADVANTAGE -   The net loss of sulphur is prevented from the bromine/ sulphide system.
A fuel battery system has a solar battery, a water-electricity decomposition tank using electricity from the solar battery, a H storing means and an O storing means for H and O generated from the decomposition tank, and a fuel battery operable by H and O from the storing means.    ADVANTAGE -   The electricity from the solar battery is effectively converted into H and O.
The appts (11) consists of an auxiliary (16) and a switching device (17). Various load side electrical equipment (12) such as motor for door lock, engine controller, radio, air conditioner, and defogger are divided into an essential load (12A) and a general load (12B). In a normal operation, a main battery (1) supplies power through a normal power supply line (14a), which divides into an essential load supply line (14b) and a general load supply line (14c) for feeding both loads.    The auxiliary battery is connected by a change-over relay (19) to the normal power supply line and put on a charging mode. When an abnormality interrupts the normal power supply line, the relay discontinuous the charging and connects auxiliary battery to the essential load and maintains the power supply.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides simple configuration with single relay.
The vehicle mounts a prime mover (50). A generator converts the energy produced from the prime mover to an electric power. The electric power is stored in a secondary battery. A pair of inverters (91,92) of a torque transmission appts (20) actuate a clutch motor (30) and a secondary motor (40) using the stored power.    When the prime mover is not operated, the carrier frequency of the inverter increases by which sound produced is enlarged. When the prime mover is operated carrier frequency is decreased to reduce the sound produced.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents fluctuation of sound in vehicle. Enables adjustment of pitch and tone quality of sound.
The controller has a hybrid energised type generator (7) which generates a high voltage for a DC motor when it is actuated by an auxiliary engine (ENG). The hybrid energised type generator generates a low voltage for the DC motor when it is energised for less time. When a stoppage state is detected by a stoppage state detector, a rotation number control circuit (3) of the auxiliary engine controls the engine rotation number to reduce the voltage of generator till it becomes equal to that of the auxiliary DC battery.    A pair of switching circuits (9a, 9b) switches the generator to the auxiliary battery side. When the stoppage state detector detects a non-stoppage state, the rotating number control circuit controls the engine rotation number to raise the voltage of the generator till it becomes equal to that of the motor DC battery. Then, the switching circuit switches the motor DC battery side.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces cost by reducing size of appts.
At least one of a water manifold inlet (5) and a water manifold outlet (6) are divided into sections. The manifold arranged in such a state to be divided into sections are connected to respective pipings of a cooling water system through respective insulation pipes (8, 9) independently away from each other.    ADVANTAGE -   Even when a quantity of cooling water is increased, the internal pressure strength of a water manifold and an insulation pipe is sufficiently ensured.
A collection plate (6) to collect fine powder mixed in oxidant gas is arranged at an oxidant gas inlet part in which oxidant gas in a manifold (4) flows. At least the part of the collection plate facing the oxidant gas inlet part forms a porous substance.    ADVANTAGE -   Adverse influence exercised on performance is simply and effectively prevented.
An insulation member (13) mounted on the end part of an insulation pipe (8) and an insulation hose (9) connected to the insulation pipe (8) are fixed by a fixing metal fitting (11) from an outer peripheral part. The insulation member (13) and the flange of the fixing metal fitting (11) are fixed by a stud (14) for reinforcement.    ADVANTAGE -   There is no fear of cooling water leaking.
The portable fuel battery is formed in such a manner that a fuel battery body (3) to generate uses hydrogen from a hydrogen feed source and intake air from the outside heater for starting heats the fuel battery body by using a power generated by the fuel battery body (3) during starting. The battery body and heater are loaded in a portable case. The heater (34) for starting is arranged along the outer surface of the fuel battery body (3) in such a state to make contact with the fuel battery body.    ADVANTAGE -   Temp. distribution in battery stack during starting of fuel battery is high-efficiently uniformized.
An inactive gas inflow line (35) to introduce inactive gas to a cathode (12) through a valve is arranged downstream of discharge oxidant gas flowing through a cathode (12) in a second flow passage (23). An inactive gas discharge line (36) to discharge inactive gas from the cathode through a valve is situated upstream of introduction oxidant gas to the cathode (12) in the second flow passage (23).    ADVANTAGE -   The exchange frequency of a cylinder for inactive gas is reduced and the cylinder is used for a long period.
The plant includes the steam separator (6) is connected to the cooling water discharge side of the cooling plate (14) of the fuel battery body (1). The steam turbine (11) is connected to the steam discharge side of the steam separator (6) through the steam heater (10).    The steam heater (10) is constituted in such a manner to heat inflow steam by exhaust gas from a modifier. A steam injector (13) is connected to the steam discharge side of the steam turbine (11) so that discharge water from the steam injector is fed as cooling water to the fuel battery body.    ADVANTAGE -   Exhaust heat is utilised to maximum.
The fuel battery generating device comprises the catalyst burner (12) to introduce a part of modified gas discharged from the fuel battery body (1) and at least a part of air discharged from the fuel battery body (1) to burn the gas and air. The heat-exchanger (13) recovers heat generated through combustion.    ADVANTAGE -   Heat is effectively utilised and combined efficiency is improved.
Battery comprises closed alkali batteries connected at least in series. The surface of the closed alkali batteries is made of a synthetic resin having water repellency.    USE -   The battery with 200-300 sets of combinations is suitable for electric car since it has higher energy density and improved running life.    ADVANTAGE -   The battery has improved safety since formation of fault current circuit by leakage of electrolyte is effectively prevented.
The method for monitoring multiple same-type sources, such as multi-cell batteries or multi-cell combustion blocks, determines the mean output value of the cells (UM) from the individual values of each. If the subsequent value for any single cell (Umin) then falls below limits determined by the mean, a warning display is given. In addition, a warning is given if the difference between the greatest (Umax) and the smallest individual voltages exceeds an acceptable difference value.    By this method, using existing technology, the output capability of multiple same-type voltage sources can be monitored reliably and at low cost, regardless of their load condition, and a deficit or diminished output can be determined.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For monitoring combustion cell systems in electric vehicles. Process uses existing technology. Reliable and inexpensive.
The heating system comprises the resistance heating element in heating contact with the engine and/or ignition battery, and the power supply, such as a lead-acid battery, within the vehicle for providing power to the resistance heating element. The resistance heating element may be one or more of a block heater, battery warmer or oil pan heater. A switch/processor is provided in a circuit between the power supply and resistance heating element for controlling actuation of the resistance heating element.    A power supply charging device is provided for charging the battery. The charging device is a vehicle alternator and a charge control unit which receives power from the alternator and controls charging of the battery. The charge control unit includes an automatic voltage control sensor for monitoring the state of charge of the battery. The resistance heater is disconnected from the power supply upon vehicle starting. The resistance heater may also be directly connected to an AC mains power supply. The resistance heating element may be remotely actuated by a radio, infrared or cellular telephone link.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Device is self-contained within vehicle and can provide sufficient power for operation of block heater and battery warmer without requiring connection to mains power supply each time heating system is used. Can be used in remote locations to improve engine starting and reduce engine wear.
The fuel cell (10) comprises several fuel cell members (20) between separators (40), and passages (29a,29b). The passages circulate cooling water along both sides of generating portions (28) of the fuel cell members (20) to cool them.    ADVANTAGE -   Has simple structure in which local temperature irregularities are prevented while maintaining its effective area and performance.
The mfr. of an amorphous carbon material for use as an electrode in a rechargeable electrochemical cell comprises (a) providing a multi-functional organic monomer of formula (I), (b) mixing the monomer with operative amts of an acidic catalyst, and (c) subjecting the mixt. to a solid state carbonisation process in an inert atmosphere. R1 , R2 and R3 = carboxylic acids of 8C or less, carboxylic esters of 8C or less, alcohols of 8C or less, carboxylic anhydrides of 8C or less and/or amines, provided that at least one of R1 , R2 and R3is different than the others.    Also claimed is the mfr. of an amorphous carbon material in which the carbonisation process inc. the step of heating the multi-functional organic monomers to a first temp. sufficient to condense the functional gps. and heating the condensed monomers to a second temp. sufficient to polymerise the monomers.    USE -   The carbon material is used as an electrode e.g. anode of an electrochemical cell.    ADVANTAGE -   The carbon material is easily mfd in a simple, high yield method.
Oxygen and hydrogen gas generated by electrolysis of water are collected and electricity generation is performed by a fuel cell using the collected oxygen and hydrogen, and a portion of the generated electric power is used for the electrolysis of water. The facility comprises an electrolyser (1) incorporating an anode and a cathode sepd. by a diaphragm (4) while providing a raw water supply opening (7) and an ionic water output opening (19), and a fuel cell (3) for receiving the oxygen gas and the hydrogen gas generated in the electrolyser. Electric power generated by the fuel cell is supplied to the anode and the cathode.    ADVANTAGE -   Power consumption is reduced considerably and a large amt. of ionic water can be obtd. at low cost.
The appts. boosts an electric power from a DC-battery (12) to several electrical equipment that is connected to power supply boxes (15) that linked through single power supply bus (11). A current detector detects the current value in the power supply bus and a recognition unit recognises the situation of each operating equipment that consumes the electric power from the supply.    A load controller controls each recognised equipment according to the detected current value. When an abnormality of power supply in the bus is detected, a bus switch (17) is controlled and the power supply is stopped by an interruption unit.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces power supply line in motor vehicle and wire size of power supply thereby reducing size and cost, and simplifying appts. Performs proper charging control of DC-battery and increases design flexibility of vehicle front part. Obtains proper amt. of electricity generation.
Battery uses a positive case made of Ni basis alloy plate or pipe contg. Cr/Co/C and pref. contg. Mo and/or W, and also contg. a deposited carbide of 1 element selected from Cr, Mo and W.    USE -   The battery is suitable for power source of electric car.    ADVANTAGE -   The cell has improved running life and reliability, since the alloy has improved corrosion resistance. The cell is easy for prodn., since the alloy has improved workability.
Battery fabricated with a solid state electrolyte (SSE) pipe having Na ion conductivity, an insulating ring (IR) connect with the SSE, positive and negative pole flanges set with the IR, positive pole active material of S, negative pole active material of Na and positive case. The flanges are made of a duplex stainless steel of which ferrite is deposited in austenite matrix.    USE -   The battery is suitable for power source of electric car.    ADVANTAGE -   The battery has improved running life by using the flanges.
Cell using a positive case made of Co based alloy plate or pipe contg. Cr and C. Carbide of Cr is deposited in the alloy.    USE -   The cell is suitable for power source of electric car.    ADVANTAGE -   The cell has improved running life and reliability, since the alloy has improved corrosion resistance. The cell is easy for prodn. since the alloy has improved workability.
The starter for fuel cell power generation includes an initial air supply line (101) with a battery-driven compressed air supplier (104) to supply air into an air suction side of the compressor (2b) until switch-over from starting to self-servicing state. A subsequent air supply line (110) has an automatic open-close valve (112) to supply air after switch-over to the self-servicing state.    ADVANTAGE -   Initial operation is quickly switched over to self-operation without rapid change of turbo charger revolutions, making easy the operational control at starting.
In a gas plate (3) for a solid high-molecule electrolyte fuel cell, the gas introduction and discharge ends (9,10) of gas passage channels (5) connected to gas manifolds (8) are covered with a flat plate (13) and have a tunnel structure. Similarly, in a cooling plate (4), the cooling water introducing and discharging ends are covered with a flat plate (28) and have a tunnel structure.    ADVANTAGE -   Clogging the introducing and discharging ends of gas or cooling water by both sides packings is avoided, to prevent leakage of gas and cooling water.
The appts has a temperature sensor (5), which detects the temperature of a DC battery (3). A load (1) and battery are set to open circuit state and the maximum and minimum voltages of the DC battery are detected. A linear pattern connecting the detected maximum and minimum voltages is produced.    If the detected temperature does not lie within a predefined range, the produced linear pattern is corrected based on detected temperature. The load and the battery are set in closed circuit state and an arithmetic unit (19) calculates the residual capacity from the corrected linear pattern.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables to calculate exact residual capacity, easily.
The clamp is made by shearing and cold pressing a tinned galvanised brass plate. The clamp has a clamping portion for receiving cables with varying cross-sections ranging from 10 to 35mm2. The cables are clamped only on the copper material.    The clamp can be used as either a clamp for the positive pole of the battery or the negative by changing the fixing hole on the battery pole, or as a right or left clamp by reversing the clamping bolt (7).    ADVANTAGE -   Can be assembled in two directions, flexible applications, reduced environmental impact
An electrically heated catalyst (6) mounted on a vehicle is connected to a power source (8,9),the alternator, as the engine is started. The maximum amount of power is supplied for a predetermined time till just before the catalyst is activated.    A second power source, the battery, then interrupts the first and the resistance of the catalyst measured for a second predetermined period of time long enough to activate it. The amount of power supplied from the battery is controlled by feedback through a switch and is based upon the measured resistance keeping it at a predetermined level.    ADVANTAGE -   Increased reliability of catalyst heating.
The accumulator casing has a carrying handle (4), which is located rotatable at the cover, using handle bracket the handle is fixed on a bearing pin (8), formed flattened at the cover. The bearing pin is fixed at its outer side with fixing cams (14,15), and on its inner side is provided with a return spring, which lies on the flattened top surface of the bearing pin.    The bearing pin on its side facing the cover has an undercut section. The two fixing cams lie approximately opposite lying corresp. slots (11,12), in the cover region surrounding the bearing pin, which work together and effect a fixing of the carrying handle, in the flat locked position and in the vertical carrying position.    ADVANTAGE -   Handle is removable in flat position. Facilitates reliable locking of handle in all positions. Automatic return from carrying position is possible, to prevent damage e.g. with lowering of engine bonnet. Handle construction is closed and cover as far as possible and stowage of battery is not hindered.
The appts includes a stack holder for fixing fuel cells in position under compression within a stack assembly (4). The stack holder has a top end plate (8) positioned at the top of the fuel cell stack and parallel to the fuel cell stack electrodes. A bottom end plate (10) is positioned at the opposite end of the fuel cell stack assembly and also parallel to the fuel cell electrodes. Each of the top and bottom end plates has four corners.    Each corner has a through opening, and a tie rod(14), positioned through each of the holes in the top plate and passing through a hole in the bottom end plate. The tie rods are parallel to the fuel cell stack assembly. The tie rod end fixed in place at the top plate has an electrically insulated sleeve positioned about the tie rod end in contact with the top plate.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For mounting fuel cell stacks to support structures. Cost effective, durable, while allowing lighter wt rigid frames to be used.
A power generating system comprises: a source of hydrogen, a source of fluorine; and an electrode assembly including a fluorine cathode, a hydrogen anode and an electrolyte layer between the electrodes comprising KF.xHF, where x is at least 1. Also claimed is a method of generating power comprising: (a) reacting H2 with F2 in the presence of an electrolyte layer comprising KF.xHF as above, impregnated in a porous separator material so as to generate heat, thereby melting the electrolyte layer; (b) electro-reducing fluorine the a fluorine cathode to produce fluoride ions; (c) transporting the fluoride ions across the electrolyte layer; and (d) reacting the fluoride ions with hydrogen at a hydrogen anode to produce HF and power.    USE -   Used as an on-board power source for strategic and tactical missiles and portable weapons systems, partic. military and space vehicle applications.    ADVANTAGE -   The system has an extremely high energy density, which is over twice that of a Li/SOCl2 fuel cell, and produces 2 V of power. It has a shelf life of greater than 25 years, it may be activated at any temp. down to -188 C and it operates at any temp. at which the electrolyte remains molten (i.e. -10 to 250 C), depending on the value of x. The start-up time is very fast w.r.t. thermal and/or reserve batteries, generally less than 1 s.
A battery contains elements (1), each consisting of a 2-sided electrode frame (2), 2 support frames (3), 2 air cathodes (4), an anode (5) and 2-contour seals (6), while insulators (7) separate all elements. The frame is made of titanium and has reinforcing ribs and guide elements centering the anode in the internal cavity of the frame, while openings in the ribs ensure a uniform distribution of the electrolyte flow in the inter-electrode gaps.    The anode is made of aluminium plates with addition of indium and its consumable end (35) is placed in the frame between the cathodes. The battery has a common cover, consisting of plates (41) of an insulating material and anode current collecting covers (42) of the anodes, connected to plates (41) through a threaded joint. Electrolyte and air is passed into the battery and the resulting thermal energy is removed by the electrolyte flow, also removing hydrogen formed in the battery during corrosion of the aluminium and aluminium hydroxide.    USE -   Supply of energy to electric vehicles using batteries of air-aluminium elements    ADVANTAGE -   Better specific energy characteristics of battery
The exhaust steam turbine engine consists of a generator (22) coupled with the rotor shaft of the exhaust steam turbine (20), which collects exhaust air energy. The generator generates the electric power. The compressor (28) is actuated by an independent electrically-driven motor (30). The compressor is linked to the engine (10). A DC battery (54) is electrically connected to the generator, an electrically driven motor and an electrically driven generator (50).    The electrically driven generator is coupled with the crankshaft of the engine through a slowdown mechanism. The generator of the electrically driven motor for compressor actuation and the exhaust steam turbine drive are controlled according to the operation state of the engine. The electrically driven generator functions as a motor or a generator.    ADVANTAGE -   Recovers exhaust air energy efficiently. Simplifies configuration. Results in miniaturisation.
Use of anaerobic digestive gas comprises contacting anaerobic digestive gas with neutral or weak alkaline soln. to conduct desulphurisation/decarboxylation treatment and contacting it with alkaline soln. to conduct desulphurisation decarboxylation treatment in order to increase methane density in it and using it as fuel for fuel battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Running cost can be reduced and life of fuel battery can be prolonged.
The charger (100) has a first battery (1) used to drive a one-phase AC motor (15). A power converter (2) converts the AC motor power from AC into DC. A controller (33) regulates the power converter. A charger unit (4) charges the first battery. The AC motor has a stator (16) whose prim. windings (12-19) are coupled to magnetic coils (20-22) for charging. The charger unit is connected to the prim. windings of the AC motor.    If charge reactors charge the coupled magnetic coils and prim. windings inside the AC motor, the prim. windings are stimulated and the charging of the first battery is controlled. If the coupled prim. windings and magnetic coils are insulated, a second battery (52) is charged by the voltage rectified and generated by a coil (42). The coil is charged by the charger unit based on the operation of a switch (43).    ADVANTAGE -   Controls charging current since reactor exists between charger unit and first battery to stop rush current flow. Reduces charger cost and wt. due to light one-phase switch. Charges second battery even during charging of first battery.
The method tests an electronic control unit (ECU) (50) having a connection socket (52) which is coupled (54) to the vehicle wiring loom (56) through a loom connector (58). The signal from the ECU is connected (60) to an input signal processing system (62) which comprises an input multiplexer (64), an attenuator (66), a filter (68), a sample and hold unit (70) and an A-D converter (ADC) (72).    The input multiplexer switches the signal from the socket to the ADC via the attenuator to prevent damage to the ADC by high amplitude signals. The digital signal from the ADC is processed by a software subsystem (74) to determine the maximum signal amplitude. The subsystem makes a decision, based on analysis, on the routing of the input signal either via the attenuator to the ADC or to the software subsystem that connects it to the pre-processing stage (80) for data to the ECU.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides rapid testing without drawing large currents from the battery.
The hybrid drive system comprises an internal combustion (IC) engine, and at least one electric machine for providing a drive slip or traction control arrangement in which the electric machine (4) is designed to reduce drive slip, in particular by braking action and/or by electromagnetic coupling slip action in the drive train. The electric machine functions specifically as an eddy-current brake for producing a reduction in drive slip, and more specifically as a generator brake, in which the electrical energy produced by recuperative (dynamic) braking is stored for re-utilisation or is converted into heat. The automatically actuated coupling is arranged between the drive unit and the electrical machine, and is fully or partially opened when the drive torque is reduced, or more specifically the electric machine is itself designed as an electromagnetic coupling.    Energy stored in the flywheel during braking, the flywheel being connected, via the electrical machine into which it feeds back the stored energy, to the drive system, can be re-used to complement the use of the electrical machine as part of a hybrid-drive arrangement where the electrical machine can provide or support an acceleration of a drive shaft in order to accelerate the vehicle.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Motor vehicle hybrid-drive system with traction control Improved drive slip control arrangement. Compact and simplified design.
A method for dissolving hardened glass solder (16) in which the hardened glass solder (16) is heated in hydroxide melt, and in which components (12,13) bonded to one another by glass solder (16) are separated by heating the glass solder in a hydroxide melt.    A method for dismantling a fuel-cell requires heating the fuel cell, at least in the region of the glass solder (16) used to join the fuel-cell components together, in a hydroxide melt. More specifically, the melt used is an eutectic mix of at least two hydroxides.    USE -   For dismantling e.g. fuel cells, and separating metal- ceramic structures soldered with glass solder.
The deterring system includes a generator for producing a high output voltage. A conductive region on an outside of a body of a vehicle is connected to the voltage generator through a circuit. The voltage generator includes a conventional battery linked to a chopper circuit and a step up transformer (16) .    The output voltage has a peak to peak value of between 350V and 500V. The conductive region includes two closely spaced conductive electrodes connected to the voltage generator. The electrodes are mounted on two surfaces of a door handle of the vehicle.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For generating electric shock when unauthorised person touches vehicle. Difficult to bypass or ignore.
A mobile AC power source is described for generating AC electrical power that is powered by any rotational energy source such as a vehicle engine. The output of the mobile generator is sinusoidal but could have other shapes as well and is stable with variations in load and engine RPM. The AC output can vary in voltage from approximately 100 to 500 VAC RMS and in frequency from approximately 40 to 400 Hz. The mobile AC power source employs an alternator driven by the vehicle engine or any other rotational source and incorporates two stator windings and one rotor, or two stators, four windings and two rotors on a common shaft.    The stator windings are insulated electrically from each other. AC output voltage is held constant by using the voltage produced by the alternator as feedback and controlling the alternator rotor current. A voltage step up circuit boosts the voltage from the alternator if it is below a threshold value as occurs at low engine RPM. A 2 quad PWM circuit encodes a low frequency sine wave onto a high frequency carrier. An output filter removes the high frequency carrier and produces a sine wave output. Also included is electronic protection against over current, over load, short circuit and thermal over load conditions.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   As mobile source of AC power, and optionally DC power, capable of efficiently utilising the output of an alternator. Can be installed in an engine, such as a vehicle engine, or any other engine or rotating system of power e.g. wind or water power systems. Provides protection electronically against short-circuit, overcurrent and thermal overload conditions.
A storage battery comprises a pair of electrodes having a space therebetween, and an electrolyte pad, within the space, comprising a pair of outer porous layers and a quantity of acid gelling agent distributed between the porous layers and sealed therebetween.    Also claimed is a gel type acid storage battery comprising a pair of spaced electrodes and an electrolyte pad between the electrodes comprising a pair of outer superimposed porous fabric layers, a number of closed pockets between the fabric layers, and a quantity of powdered acid gelling agent in the pockets.    Also claimed is making a battery comprising providing a battery structure having adjacent positive and negative electrodes and a space therebetween; fabricating a porous pad having outer porous layers and a quantity of acid gelling agent between the porous layers in dry particulate form; inserting the pad into the space; and adding liq. acid to the space to form a gel between the acid and the gelling agent.    USE -   These storage batteries can be used in vehicles and for other uses.    ADVANTAGE -   The use of pre-assembled pads greatly facilitates the prodn. of a battery. The super-absorbing polymer causes rapid and uniform absorption of the battery acid to produce a uniform gel, free of voids. These polymers are capable of absorbing many times their wt. of acid without being chemically degraded substantially. The use of a number of individual pockets in the pad allows for uniform distribution of the gelling agent and better circulation of the acid. It also prevents settling of the gelling agent as well as gel blockage. The gel particles expand on addn. of the acid, causing the pad to expand and completely fill the electrolyte space, with good contact with the electrodes.
Electrochemical generator power unit comprises four air-aluminium batteries (1), electrolytic container (2), aggregate cell (3), common power frame (4), internal heat exchanger (5), manual extruder-pump (9), electric pump (9), pipes (10), a hydrogen extractor comprising de-oscillator (11), hydraulic seal (12) and hydrogen generator (13), internal collectors (14), pump (15), refrigerator-radiator (16), ventilator (17), expansion tank (18), pipes (19), inlet filter (20), carbon dioxide separator (21), air compressor (22), oxidiser inlet and outlet pipes (23), pipes (24), control unit (25), press. sensor (26), temp. sensor (27) and guide cones (30). Electrolyte passes from container (2) into the batteries via pipes (10) and back to the container. The oxidiser is fed via elements (20-22) to the batteries and processed air is removed into the surrounding air from the batteries via an open blower valve. If purified oxygen is used as the oxidiser the valve is closed. Thermal energy is carried away by the flow of electrolyte and a heat exchange process with temp. control through switching of pump (15) and ventilator (17). Hydrogen formed in the process of dissolving aluminium in an aqueous alkaline electrolyte is carried away by the electrolyte flow into the container (2) where it is removed from the liq. as a result of the flow rate and temp. gradient and passed to a hydrogen regenerator to form water for the container (2). Aluminium hydroxide is also removed.    USE -   Power unit may be used as powerful current source in vehicles.
The circuit includes a battery (26) connected in series with a capacitor (24). A first FET (28) which has a first power converter receives the voltage from the battery and the capacitor. The first power converter supplies an actuation voltage to a motor (30).    A second FET (32) has a second power converter which supplies a charging voltage to the capacitor. The motor is actuated by the first power converter through the voltage from the capacitor during power running of the motor. The capacitor is charged by the voltage from the electric power converter during regeneration of the motor.    ADVANTAGE -   Does not need to connect several capacitors in series and high-voltage capacitor. Improves efficiency of power supply circuit. Provides power supply circuit at low cost. Reduces power consumption of entire power supply circuit. Provides automatic switching of circuit component during power running and regeneration of motor.
The raw fuel gas, e.g. city gas, contg. fine amount of O2, is reformed to H2 rich gas by a desulphurisation device (3), a steam refining device (2), and a CO converter (4), and supplied to the electrode of fuel cell (1). A part of reformed gas is recycled to supply to (3), and fine amt. of O2 is converted to water and removed.    ADVANTAGE -   The fuel cell power generating system is operated by using raw fuel of city gas contg. fine amount of O2, by reforming fuel gas by harmless treating O2.
The raw fuel gas, e.g. city gas, contg. small amt. of O2 is reformed to H2 -rich gas by a desulphurisation device (3), a steam refining device (2) and a CO converter (4), then supplied to the electrode of a fuel cell (1). A combustion catalyst device (10) is provided as the small amt. of O2is converted to water and removed.    ADVANTAGE -    The fuel cell power generating system is operated using raw fuel of city gas contg. fine amt. of O2by reforming fuel gas by harmless treating.
Gas contg. H2 is supplied to the fuel electrode (Ia) and gas contg. O2 is supplied to the oxidising electrode (Ib). The relation between secular change of supplying amt. of gas contg. O2 and secular change of voltage (v) generated by fuel cell stack (2) is recorded. If (v) changes rapidly, it is the evidence of occurring of H2 leakage at (2).    ADVANTAGE -   Diagnosing of fuel cell stack can surely detect cross leakage without using specialised appts..
The actuator has a power supply unit (15) with an N-type MOSFET (Tr0) arranged between a power supply and a ground. Several load actuation units (12-14) individually include several P-type MOSFETs (Tr1,Tr2,Trn) arranged in parallel.    The load current outflow side of several solenoid coils (L1,L2,Ln) is connected to the N-type MOSFET. A node (A) is connected to a microcomputer (11) that monitors the node voltage.    ADVANTAGE -   Detects leak current and short circuit abnormality on load actuation units for every channel by using microcomputer to monitor node voltage. Arbitrarily alters detected voltage value of power supply according to characteristic of microcomputer circuit. Simplifies structure since power supply unit is arranged in downstream side. Reduces circuit scale since it does not require circuit for correcting fluctuation of power supply, thus reducing cost.
Power generation comprises: (a) reacting steam and oxygen with coal to produce a high-temp. combustible gas consisting mainly of carbon monoxide and hydrogen; (b) supplying the combustible gas for use as fuel to a gas turbine power generating device; (c) using the combustible gas before supplying to the gas turbine power generating device, and the high-temp. combustion gas after driving the gas turbine as heating source, applying water vapour reforming to each hydrocarbon by means of a reforming device having a hydrogen-separating and transmitting membrane to produce high-purity hydrogen; and (d) supplying the resulting high-purity hydrogen to fuel cells for power generation.    ADVANTAGE -   The method uses heat energy from the combustible gas obtd. from a gasification furnace for coal for hydrogen formation by reforming a natural gas in the reforming device. The result efficiently supplies fuel for the fuel cells. In power generation by means of the gas turbine, heating value provided by a fuel waste gas is used for other reforming device. The result efficiently reforms the natural gas for fuel for the fuel cells. The entire devices provide dramatically enhanced power generation efficiency.
The converter (100) includes a transformer section and a choke. It also has a core and primary and secondary windings. The primary circuit includes a switching circuit which is coupled between one primary choke winding and a primary transformer winding. A second switching circuit is coupled between the primary transformer winding and the second primary choke winding.    The two switching circuits operate in a push-pull manner throughout a switching cycle. A flux flow in the transformer assembly is such that a voltage induced in the secondary windings provides a continuous output voltage and current throughout the cycle.    ADVANTAGE -   Increased efficiency due to use of fewer components. Allows twice normal flux excursion. Reduced ripple due to avoiding use of capacitor.
The converter converts thermal energy into electrical energy using at least a first p-type semiconductor and a second n-type semiconductor of wire or strip material. The conductors (2,3) are arranged in hot (5) and cold (6) regions separated by a thermally insulating layer (9) and are mutually electrically isolated.    The ends (4) of the conductors in the hot region are electrically short circuited and the electrical energy delivered at the ends of each conductor pair in the cold region is dependent on the thermoelectric material properties and the temp. difference of the lengths of the conductors in the hot and cold regions.    ADVANTAGE -   Electrical energy is generated using new technique.
Polyarylene sulphide-sulphonic acids which are soluble in polar aprotic solvents are new.    Also claimed is the prepn. of the acids, comprising completely dissolving the polyarylene sulphide in chloro sulphonic acid, opt. adding oleum or acetic anhydride, and then precipitating the prod. in an aq. medium.    USE -   Used in the prodn. of coatings, mouldings, films, membranes (esp. for micro-, nano- or ultra-filtration) or fibres, or as materials for condensers or electrochemical cells, esp. fuel or electrolysis cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The ion-exchange prods. are soluble in, e.g., N-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP), DMAC, DMSO or DMF. Polyarylene sulphides such as Fortron and Ryton (both RTMs) can therefore be modified to give prods. suitable for direct mfr. of the above membranes. The modified prods. have 0.1-100 mol.% of their repeating units sulphonated and 0-40 mol.% chlorinated, opt. with some or all of the S linkages oxidised to SO2. The membranes have a proton conductivity of 2-200 mS/cm.
The power supply (1) has a controller (4) which is connected to a vehicle mounted DC battery (3) which energises a cigar lighter socket (2). Then output of the intermittence controller is compared with the set point which indicates DC battery voltage.    The controller interrupts third accessories circuit (7), a second accessories circuit (6) and the first accessories circuit (5), sequentially.    ADVANTAGE -   Performs automatic reset by disappearance of interruption cause. Enables to set total power consumption of entire accessories circuit, beforehand. Avoids interruption of accessories circuit.
The charger includes an EM type fuse breaker (11) which is provided near a DC battery (6) of the fork lift.    A control circuit enables operation of the fuse breaker.    ADVANTAGE -   Inhibits fire accident by short circuit current from battery.
A DC/DC converter (6) is installed in a generating control chamber (E) and cooled through heat-exchange with air (J) inputted from an air intake port (12) by a reaction air feed fan (4).    An amount of air flowing through the generation control chamber (E) is adjusted through control of the reaction air feed fan (4) according to a generation amount of the fuel battery body (2).    ADVANTAGE -   Effective cooling of a DC/DC converter is practicable without increasing the size and the weight of a device.
A heat-exchanger (5) is located in a secondary cooling line (4). A part of a return passage (21) running from a first heat-exchanger in a high temp. exhaust head line (2) to a fuel battery (6) is branched and a bypass circuit (22) is provided.    The bypass circuit (22) and the second heat-exchanger (5) are intercommunicated and further a three-way valve (7) is located in a confluence part (23) between the bypass circuit (22) and the return passage (21) of the high temp. exhaust heat line and the temp. of a fuel battery inlet (25) of the high temp. exhaust heat line (2) is controlled to a constant value.    ADVANTAGE -   A second cooling tower is brought into disuse and a system is simplified.
The cooling water supply device for a water-cooled fuel battery comprises conductivity sensor (2) to detect impurity concentration contained in cooling water for a cooling water circulation system and a silica concentration sensor (22).    A control part outputs an opening command toward a blow water control valve (28) when the detecting level of either of the two sensors exceeds a predetermined reference value.    ADVANTAGE -   Liquid junction phenomenon and the generation of scales do not occur.
Cooling water heaters (6,11) are arranged between a cooling water circulation pump (4) through which cooling water flows and a fuel battery body (a) and between a fuel battery body (1) through which pressure water or a gas liquid two-phase flow and a steam separator (3).    ADVANTAGE -   The pressure of a steam separator is stably controlled.
The recycle system has a gas purge line (7) released to the atmosphere side, arranged in a branch of the recycle circuit (4) for OFF-gas between the OFF-gas outlet of the fuel battery (1) and the fuel gas/OFF-gas mixture point of the fuel gas feed circuit (2). Part of the recycling OFF-gas is released through the gas purge line.    ADVANTAGE -   Fuel cell or battery is operated for long time in such state and maintains stable performance.
The fuel cell or battery is a generating device which feeds modified gas to the fuel electrode (3) of a fuel battery body (1) and reaction gas to the air electrode (2) by a blower (5). A cooler (7) for the reaction air is arranged at a stage before the blower (5).    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Generates DC power through electrochemical reaction. Safe rated operation is practicable.
A tank is partitioned into two chambers by a filter material and one chamber is connected to a recovery pipe of the condensate and an overflow pipe and the other is connected to a water purifier and its return pipe.    USE -   For a circulation system of the cooling water for fuel cell generation.
Device comprises an anode (4), a cathode (2) formed by a gas diffusion electrode, an electrolyte (1) between the anode and the cathode, unit (8) for supplying water to the electrolyte, an electrical voltage applying unit (6) for electrolysing the water by applying a DC voltage to the anode and the cathode, a sepg. unit (10) for separating an anode side space and a cathode side space (11), and catalyst layer on the surface of the cathode or placed near the cathode.    Catalytic burning of hydrogen generated from the cathode side and oxygen staying in the cathode side space is generated by catalyst layer. Concentration of the oxygen in the cathode side space (11) is reduced.    USE -   The deoxidation device is suitable for reducing concn. of oxygen in a refrigerator, etc..    ADVANTAGE -   Deoxidation can be continued continuously and stably at room temperature.
The battery includes an inside tube having its inside upper part filled with nitrogen, argon or xenon while its lower part and an anode-side region lie between a sodium ion transmissive outside solid electrode tube communicating with the inside lower part via a hole through the inside tube respectively filled with sodium.    ADVANTAGE -   The battery provides operational stability.
The battery has a hole of 0.01-0.1 mm2cross-section formed through a sodium container, so that the amt. of sodium flowing out of the hole can be reduced more than that of sodium ion flowing through a solid electrolyte tube when a short circuit occurs between an anode and a cathode.    ADVANTAGE -   Excellent operational safety.
The assembly comprises modules, each having at least a sodium-sulphur battery or the like received in its heat insulating vessel, assembled in one. The vessel is provided with an electric heater employed during operation of the battery or for high-temp. control and piping for feeding a heating gas into the vessel when the battery is operated.    ADVANTAGE -   Temp. of the vessels is accurately controlled.
The battery includes an electrode assembly prepd. by folding each of two belt-like cathode and anode sheets in the form of a concertina and alternately inserting the square cathode folds between the square anode folds via a separator such that the folded edges of the cathode sheet may be orthogonal respective to those of the anode sheet.    ADVANTAGE -   Excellent battery performance and mass-productivity are achieved.
The generator has a fuel battery comprising fuel cells stacked upon one another, a tank storing water for humidifying hydrogen gas and/or carbon dioxide gas and a gas-liquid separator which separates exhaust from the battery into gas and water and recycles the water into the tank.    ADVANTAGE -   The generator eliminates the need of externally resupplying water to the battery.
The head (1) has a vertical bore (2) through one end for the pole which is secured by the end of a plate (4) with complementary sloped edges (3,5). A nut is tightened on to the screw (8) with pressure on the centre (6) of the plate. The other end of the head has a lower vertical extension (14) with an opening (15) for the end of an electric cable. The clamping effect is produced by the slope (10) on the edge of the plate co-operating with a complementary slope (11) on the head.    USE -   On a vehicular starter battery, the head is easily secured to the pole in a readily automated operation.
The motor vehicle (1) possesses a control installation with control equipment (2) connected to ancillary units by a multiplex single-wire bus (3). These units include door locks (4,13), window opening mechanism (5) and an anti-theft device (6), all provided with an actuating element (7) and connected to the control equipment by remote actuating units, such as a transmitter (8) and a receiver (9).    The control installation is normally coupled to the starter battery (10) and, as mentioned above, to the emergency battery (11) by the emergency driving circuit (12) if needed.    ADVANTAGE -   Usual mechanical units e.g. for unlocking doors and so on are no longer required.
The fuel cells has a first separator (16) made of a compact material, fitted into a hole (24) in a second separator (18) mad of a compact material, to define a chamber (25). A filling material (83) is charged in the chamber. The first separator is pushed towards a solid polymer electrolyte film (60) by the pressure of water introduced into the camber and it swells.    The filling material in the chamber also swells. The pressure in the fuel cell increases and the lamination fastening force increases.    ADVANTAGE -   Small, simple structure. Ionic resistively of solid polymer electrolyte film, and of contact resistance between film and electrode plate are low.
The battery grid (36) comprises a top frame (38) and a lug (40) extending from the top frame. A bottom border (42) extends parallel to the top frame opposite the lug.    A reticulum (44) has left and right ends (46,48) and extends between and connects the top frame to the bottom border. A left side border (50) extends from the top frame to the bottom border and is connected to the left end of the reticulum at a series of junctions. A right side border (52) extends from the top frame to the bottom border and is connected to the right end of the reticulum at a series of junctions. At least one of the side borders has a slot formed between a pair of adjacent junctions to relieve stress.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides resistance to detrimental effects of grid growth. Relieves stress at predetermined locations. Provides positive grid which can be formed on continuous casting machine. Has growth relief mechanism to accommodate condition of imperfect grain formation without interruption of reticulum.
ADVANTAGE -   Protects battery holder from damage due to mechanical shock.
A portable fuel cell comprises portable enclosure (1) and a fuel cell (2) to generate power using hydrogen supplied via a hydrogen supplying tube (40) from the hydrogen source. The hydrogen supply tube (40) is installed on the ventilating air passage interior and includes heat exchanger (40a).    ADVANTAGE -   The hydrogen gas preliminarily heated through the heat exchanger is supplied to fuel cell, contributing to the uniform temp. distribution in the fuel cell.
The fuel cell power generating system includes a fuel cell reacted exhaust gas and reform-added source, which are supplied to the fuel reformer (2).    A mean electric load is determined from the values given through a load detector, for the specified number of hours. This controls the reforming source fuel flow and the reform-added heat source charging volume.    ADVANTAGE -   Maintains fuel reform reaction at constant, to generate power for fuel cell using small-capacity auxiliary battery.
The gas plate has gas grooves formed at the centre of both of its surfaces. The grooves are in parallel with each other and have 1-20 mm pitch, 0.5-10 mm width, 0.1-3 mm depth, and 0.05-100 m total length.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables gas to be supplied throughout electrode even when area of electrode is large.
Both ends of an outer casing of a battery to be discarded, are cut. A slit is formed on a body in a longitudinal direction, to remove the outer casing, and a matter to be recycled in a content, is sepd. from waste.    ADVANTAGE -   The contents can be easily taken out to be recycled.
A secondary battery monitoring system uses a micro-processor (32) to compute the energy capacity during the use of the battery by charging and discharging, thereby determining the decrease in the battery capacity. This data is provided to the user and is transmitted to a battery residue capacity measuring means, so that the battery may be charged if needed. The total discharged energy amount is stored in a ROM, and analogue signals obtained from a power supply means are converted to digital signals, while an actually used total energy amount is stored in a non-volatile RAM (35).    The value stored in the RAM (35) is compared with the value stored in the ROM (33), thereby computing the decrease of the battery capacity. This decrease in the battery capacity is transmitted through an output processing section (37) to a display means (40) for display so that the user and the battery residue capacity measuring means (60) know the decrease in battery capacity. Therefore, the monitoring of the energy performance of the battery can be determined even during the operation of the system. Based on the value of the decrease of the battery capacity, the replacement time of the battery can be determined, and therefore, system malfunctioning due to power failure can be prevented.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For monitoring the energy performance of a secondary battery. Use of microprocessor for checking the energy capacity of the battery over time provides a value of the decrease of the energy capacity and of the energy performance of the battery being monitored.
A hydrogen mfg. device comprises an upright burner device (1); a cylindrical radiation plate (2) to surround the outer periphery of the burner device (1) with an air passage (3A) between and form a combustion chamber (15) having an upper part being opened (at 3B); an inner cylinder (4) to surround the outer periphery of the radiation plate and form a ceiling plate (5) and a closed reaction chamber (11) between the radiation plate and the inner cylinder; an outer cylinder (9) to cover in a closed state ceiling plate and the outside part of the inner cylinder and form a combustion gas passage (14) communicated with the combustion chamber; hydrogen permeation pipes (6) arranged in reaction chamber and having an upper end closed; off gas pipes (10) arranged in the reaction chamber and having an upper end being released; sweep gas pipes (7) in the hydrogen permeation pipe (6) and having an upper end being opened; and a modified catalyst (13) with which the reaction chamber is filled.    ADVANTAGE -   High purity hydrogen is mfd. from hydrocarbon and/or alcohol.
A device comprises a burner device (1) standing-upright; an upright cylindrical radiation plate (2) to surround the burner device and form a combustion chamber (15) having an upper end opened; an inner cylinder (3) to surround the outer periphery of a radiation plate and form a flow passage for urban gas between the radiation plate and the inner cylinder; an outer cylinder (4) to surround the outer periphery of the inner cylinder and form a ceiling plate (5) and a closed reaction chamber (11) between the inner cylinder and the outer cylinder; standing-upright hydrogen permeation pipes (6) arranged in the reaction chamber (11) and having an upper end closed; standing-upright off gas pipes (10) arranged in the reaction chamber (11) and having an upper end released; sweep gas pipes (7) arranged standing-upright in the hydrogen permeation pipe and having an upper end opened; an outermost pipe (8) to cover in a closed state the upper part and the side of the outer cylinder (4) with a gap between and communicated with the interior of the inner cylinder (3); a modified catalyst (9) inserted in the hydrogen permeation pipe and the peripheries of the off gas pipe (10) in the interior of the reaction chamber (11); and a combustion catalyst (9B) inserted between the outermost pipe (8) and the outer cylinder (4).    ADVANTAGE -   High purity hydrogen is produced directly from hydrocarbon and/or alcohol.
A device manufactures hydrogen from hydrocarbon and/or alcohol through steam modification reaction. The hydrogen mfg. device comprises a plate-form surface combustion burner (3) to which fuel hydrocarbon and air are fed; a plate-form modified catalyst layer (1) arranged in parallel and facing the plate-form surface combustion burner (3) with a heating changer (10) between; and a hydrogen permeation pipe (2) embedded in the modified catalyst layer. The hydrogen permeation pipes (2) are embedded in the modified catalyst layer (1). The plate-form surface combustion burner (3), the plate-form modified catalyst layer (1), and the hydrogen permeation pipe (2) are laminated in stages.    ADVANTAGE -   As a hydrogen mfg. device is formed in a plate-form state, the area of a hydrogen permeation film is increased and as a result, a hydrogen permeation amt. is increased, and performance of the hydrogen mfg. device is improved.
The device comprises an upright burner device (1), a cylindrical radiation plate (2) surrounding the burner device, an inner cylinder (3) having a closed annular top plate (10), surrounding the cylindrical radiation plate and forming a reaction chamber (11) between the radiation plate and the inner cylinder, a raw material feed pipe (4) having an upper part, in the reaction chamber, an upright hydrogen permeation pipe (5) in the reaction chamber (11) and having a closed upper part, a sweep gas pipe (7) upright in the hydrogen permeation pipe (5), an outer cylinder part (6) to cover in a closed state the outer periphery of the inner cylinder (3) and communicating with a combustion chamber (15), a catalyst combustion pipe (8) extending through the hydrogen permeation pipe (5) and arranged upright, a modified catalyst (9A) inserted in the periphery of the hydrogen permeation pipe (5) in the reaction chamber (11), and a combustion catalyst (9) inserted in the catalyst combustion pipe (8).    ADVANTAGE -   High purity hydrogen is produced directly from hydrocarbon and/or alcohol.
A device comprises an upright burner device (1); a cylindrical radiation plate (2) surrounding a burner device and forming the interior of a combustion chamber (15); an outer cylinder (3) having a closed annular ceiling plate (10) and forming a reaction chamber (11) and surrounding the outer periphery of a cylindrical radiation plate and forming a reaction chamber (11) between the radiation plate and the outer cylinder; a top cover part (6) to cover in a closed state the upper part of the outer cylinder (3); a raw material feed pipe (4) surrounding the radiation plate (2) at the interior of the reaction chamber (11); an upright hydrogen permeation pipe (5) arranged in the reaction chamber; sweep gas pipes (7) arranged upright in the hydrogen permeation chamber (5); smoke conduits (8) extending through the hydrogen permeation pipe (5) and arranged upright in the reaction chamber (11); and a modified catalyst (9) inserted in the periphery of the hydrogen permeation pipe in the reaction chamber (11).    ADVANTAGE -   High purity hydrogen is mfd. from hydrocarbon and/or alcohol.
A film of a soln. obtd. by dissolving an oxygen transporting carrier including a metallic complex reversibly bindable with O, into a solvent, is formed in a gel condition.    USE -   Effectively used in an air and fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The penetration of an aq. vapour and carbon dioxide can be prevented.
The fuel cell module contains several fuel cell stacks (1) arranged one upon the other, pipes delivering fuel gas and a free air supply in a closed housing. A flat seal (11) is mounted between each pair of vertically adjacent stacks. The flat seals have central air openings (22) and separate peripheral fuel gas channels (24). The lowest stack is mounted on the base plate (6) via a similar seal. The base plate contains a collection channel (5) for the waste air and a channel (9) for the fuel gas.    ADVANTAGE -   A high packing density, modular and scalable arrangement is achieved enabling simple replacement of the individual fuel cell stacks.
A rolled cell electrochemical device which comprises at least one cathode layer, at least one composite polymer electrolyte layer in contact with the cathode layer, an anode layer in contact with the composite polymer electrolyte layer, the cell has positive and negative terminals on it, and where the electrolyte is wet or semi-solid during rolling and may be solidified after rolling.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For mfr.of polymer electrolyte batteries, capacitors, and fuel cells. Provides devices with increased power density and ease of mfr.
The battery connector assembly includes a clamp portion joined to an electrically conductive body member at one end and a stud portion joined to the body member at another end. A pinchbolt and fastener is used to secure the clamp portion to a battery terminal post of a first battery. A transfer terminal is electrically connected to a second battery and is also removably connected to the stud portion.    When both the battery connector assembly is connected to the terminal post of the first battery, and the transfer terminal is connected to the stud portion, the fastener used to clamp the clamp portion to the terminal post is obstructed from access.    ADVANTAGE -   Removing clamp portion from first battery is inhibited without first removing transfer terminal.
The battery system is for a bicycle comprising a frame and a pathway illuminating light, and the water bottle cage mounted by fasteners to the frame so as to be entirely open at one end at all times. The portable source of electrical power, such as a pack of interconnected batteries, comprises a longitudinal axis, terminals free of contact with the water bottle cage and an external casing encasing the battery pack in a stationary position in it.    The battery pack comprises at least one exterior side surface removably force compression-fit transverse to the longitudinal axis into tight compressively contiguous relation with the water bottle cage so that (a) the terminals are adjacent to the entirely open end of the cage, (b) the one side surface of the external casing is subjected to transverse force thereby holding the battery pack in the water bottle cage and (c) the one side surface of the external casing is also substantially exposed to the atmosphere, the terminals being electrically connected to the pathway-illuminating light.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Safe, reliable and secure lighting system for mountain bike which prevents battery pack from being dislodged from bicycle when travelling over rough terrain on night ride.
An electric generator of a fuel battery utilises waste heat of engine's cooling water, and comprises a hydrogen generator (7) contg an organic cpd liq (6), which generates a mixed gas contg hydrogen by heating above the boiling temp and by contacting with a dehydrogenating catalyser, a hydrogen separator (3) sepg the mixed gas into hydrogen gas and organic cpd liq by cooling, a fuel battery (10) contg an electrolyte soln (11) provided with a hydrogen pole (12) and organic cpd pole (13) connected to the outlets of the hydrogen separator (3), a heat exchanger (14) and a return pump (15). The hydrogen separator is placed in the engine's radiator (2) to cool the mixed gas, while the hydrogen generator (7) utilises waste heat of the engine's cooling water passed through the radiator (2) to heat the organic cpd liq (6).    ADVANTAGE -   Waste heat of the engine's cooling water is effectively utilised to generate subsidiary electric power.
The system consists of a cooling water source (9) from which the cooling water is supplied to a heat exchange part (3). A refrigeration equipment (16) collects water from the cooling water source or the cooling water system and obtains chilled water containing ice from the cooling water.    The chilled water with ice is stored in chilled water tanks (19). The cooling water supply from the cooling water source is stopped and chilled water from the chilled water tank is supplied for cooling the heat exchange part.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For use in factory and large scale building. Facilitates continuous operation of important installations at least for some time during emergency situations. Prevents damage to installation due to lack of cooling facility. Takes care of initial action during emergency.
The device comprises a linking element between a charged auxiliary battery (B1) and a discharged battery (B2) which is linked to the immobilized vehicle. The device consists of four circuit sections with each having switching and signalling elements. The first section has three relays (RL1,RL2,RL3) and which detects incorrect connection of the auxiliary battery.    The second circuit section has a single relay (RL4) and detects a polarity change. The third section has two relays (RL5,RL6) and detects a short circuit condition. The fourth section comprises a relay (RL7) and a timer (T) and actuates the whole assembly when the first three sections indicate a safe condition for connection of the auxiliary battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Ensures that the auxiliary battery is only connected to the vehicle under safe conditions.
An instantaneously rechargeable voltaic cell is disclosed, comprising (a) a component (14), electrically connected in series, and in fluid communication with, other such components where each component consists of (i) a container (1) having at least one end open; (ii) an anode element (4) provided with openings (5) for the circulation of fluid; (iii) a cathode element (9) within the anode element; (b) manifolds (12) to provide fluid communication in series of the open ends of the components; and (c) a catalyst liquid introduce into the voltaic cell which comprises a sealed assembly.    USE -   The voltaic cell of the invention is suitable for use in electrically powered vehicles.    ADVANTAGE -   The voltaic cell is rechargeable simply and quickly. Also provides rechargeable voltaic cells suitable for portable electrical equipment. A single component can achieve a voltage of 0.6 V and a current of 0.5 A.
Precipitated silicic acid has a BET surface area of 100-130m2/g (DIN 66131); a DBP absorption (water-free (DIN53601) ASTM D244 of 275g/100g, a dry loss (2 hrs./105C) of 3.5-5.5 wt.% (DIN ISO787/11,ASTM D280, JISK5101/21), and a sieve residue with ALPINE air sieve of 10;0 wt.% (&lt;63mm), 0.1wt.% (&lt;150 mm), and 0.01 wt.% (&lt;250mm).    Prodn. of the silicic acid is also claimed.    USE -   The silicic acid is used in polyethylene-silicic acid battery separators and for starter batteries based on lead-(acid)claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   The silicic acid has low BET surface are and good structure stability.
The generator achieves continuous attenuation of the magnetic flux through the generator coils during operation by regulating the power with varying revolution rate.    When the magnetic flux is reduced, the magnet can be removed from the magnetic circuit without becoming demagnetised. A flux control plate (3) can be used without causing eddy current braking as the flux control plate rotates with the magnet (1).    ADVANTAGE -   Enables constant power output from defined minimum revolution rate. No losses are caused by additional elements limiting the electrical efficiency. Magnetic reversal losses in the core of the generator coil are reduced.
The charger contains a charging device for charging a rechargeable battery using a motor vehicle battery supply voltage. A voltage monitoring device monitors the vehicle battery voltage and outputs a voltage signal indicating the voltage.    An interruption device deactivates the charger during continuous recharging of the rechargeable battery when the monitoring device's signal indicates that a low voltage state of the vehicle battery persists for a first defined period. The lowest possible voltage for starting the engine is defined as the low voltage threshold.    ADVANTAGE -   Contains an anti-overdischarging device which enables a charger to continue charging even when the vehicle battery voltage is reduced to below a lower threshold.
Polyarylene sulphide sulphonic acid (I) is soluble in polar aprotic solvent.    USE -   (I) is used for making mouldings, films, membranes or fibres, pref. membranes for filtration, esp. micro-, nano- and ultra-filtration, and proton-conducting membranes, esp. with a proton conductivity of 2-200 mS/cm; and the membranes are used in capacitors and electrochemical cells, esp. fuel cells and electrolytic cells (all claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   Normal polyarylene sulphides are modified to render them soluble in polar aprotic solvents and facilitate conversion e.g. to films and to convert them to cation exchangers.
The system includes several battery control modules (18) and a control unit (22), each configured to transmit and receive radio frequency signals comprising information relating to the operating parameters of batteries in a battery pack (10), and control commands for regulating the operating parameters of such batteries (10).    Each battery control module (18) is configured to monitor one or more operating parameters of a respecive battery (10) and to regulate one or more operating parameters according to a control system program in the control unit (22). Each battery control module (18) includes one or more sensing elements to measure one or more operating parameters of a respective battery (10), a radio frequency receiver, and a radio frequency transmitter.    ADVANTAGE -   Does not add weight to vehicle, is not vulnerable to battery corrosion, is easy and quick to install, does not require use of HV isolators, and optimises performance of battery pack.
Resin compsn. comprises polypropylene resin, polyphenylene ether resin and compatibiliser, having a structure in which the particles of the phenylene ether resin are dispersed in the matrix of the polypropylene resin and the particles of which have a minor axis of 2 m and aspect ratio of 1-10.    USE -   The resin compsn. is used to make sec. battery jar (claimed) including for Li metal battery, Li ion battery, Ni-H battery Pb battery and Ni battery, and also used in fabricating parts etc. in electronic and electrical industries, automobile industries etc.    ADVANTAGE -   The compsn. has resistance to oil, chemicals, heat, impact, steam permeation and thermal creep, as well as superior balanced rigidity and tenacity (elongation).
The system comprises a voltage sensor for detecting a voltage across the battery, and a current sensor for detecting a current flowing from the battery to a load. A memory stores the detected values of the voltage and current from the voltage sensor and the current sensor at a number of times while the battery is being discharged.    A processing device calculates an internal resistance and an open-circuit voltage of the battery based on the detected values stored in the memory, determines a deterioration of the battery based on the internal resistance, and determines a memory effect on the battery based on the open-circuit voltage.    USE -   For determining conditions or states or nickel-based secondary battery such as nickel-cadmium secondary battery, nickel-metal hydride secondary battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Can distinguish between voltage drop due to memory effect on battery on electric vehicle and voltage drop due to deterioration of battery while battery is dynamically varying.
Prepn. of a perfluorocarbon copolymer having sulphonic acid functional gp. comprises soln. polymerisation of (A) a perfluorocarbon monomer having a sulphonic acid functional gp. and a perfluoroolefin in a medium of a fluoroalkene obtd. by hydrogenation a perfluoroalkene obtained by oligomerisation of tetrafluoroethylene, or hexafluoropropylene.    USE -   The copolymer is used as ion-exchange membranes for diffusion dialysis, ozone evolution electrolysis, electrolytic reduction, fuel cells, in applications requiring corrosion resistance, especially a laminate with a cation-exchange membrane for alkali electrolysis having high performance.    ADVANTAGE -   The prepn. uses a medium not affecting ozone layer depletion due to absence of a specified CFC, and gives a copolymer having a large perfluorocarbon monomer content.
The operation detecting device includes a fluctuation signal generating circuit (21). A frequency detection circuit (11) detects the frequency of the inverter output. Fluctuations in the frequency detecting circuit output are monitored. An advance phase signal generator (27) generates a signal an advance phase signal with amplitude greater than that of the fluctuation signal generator. A delay phase signal is generated for a given time when the frequency monitoring circuit is operational.    A switching circuit (29) exerts a steady micro fluctuation on ineffective power setting of the inverter. Upper and lower frequency monitoring circuits monitor a deviation between the output of the frequency detecting circuit and a reference frequency. An individual operation signal is generated when either the upper or lower frequency limit monitoring circuit (30,31) is operated.    ADVANTAGE -   Individual operation is reliably and rapidly detected.
The device comprises a gas manifold for supply and discharge of reaction gas, and reaction gas supply / discharge piping connected to the gas manifold. The reaction gas pipings are composed of upstream side ones having a nozzle at a tip, and downstream side ones fixed to the upstream side ones through an insulation coupling by a hose clamp.    USE -   Deterioration of insulation performance by internal contamination can be restricted.
The device comprises an ejector disposed on the entrance side of a burner of a reformer. The ejector is connected to the exit side of an air electrode through an air electrode blower, and to the exit side of an air electrode through fuel electrode exit pipings. The ejector sucks discharge gas from the exit side of the fuel electrode.    USE -   Leak of hydrogen-rich reformed gas to the external can be prevented. Safety is improved.
The power generating system is provided with refiner (3), fuel cell (5) consists of fuel electrode (5a), oxidiser electrode (5b), cooling plate (5c), heat exchangers (14,16) and steam separator (15).    ADVANTAGE -   The power generating system can reduce bad influence on a fuel cell, and can improve high temperature exhaust heat recovering efficiency.
The generation system has a fuel cell provided with an upstream side valve and a downstream side valve, and a pressure alarming device. Fuel gas is enclosed before starting power generating operation, and pressure change is detected by the pressure alarming device, so generation of leak is detected by reduction of enclosed pressure.    USE -   Safety can be improved.
Device comprises a reformation cooling plate held between separators. The cooling plate comprises upper and lower recessed parts contg. an anode and a cathode respectively, manifolds to supply gas to the anode and the cathode and a reformation chamber between the anode and the cathode.    ADVANTAGE -   Flow of process gas can be restricted. Reformation reaction is achieved stably.
The solid electrolyte has a compsn. of (CeO2 )x (Sm2 O3 )1-x (x = 0-1) coated with mixt. of La1-y Sry MO3 (M = Mn or Co; and y = 0-1) and (CeO2 )x (Sm2 O3 )1-x(x = 0-1).    ADVANTAGE -   The solid electrolyte type fuel cell has improved excess voltage, reducing ability and endurance of the electrodes.
A pair of rib electrodes having flowing grooves for liq. fuel and liq. oxidising agent are arranged inserting matrix impregnated with electrolyte, and unit cells are laminated by means of carbon separators to form fuel cell.    ADVANTAGE -   The cell and separator can be easily sepd. even if they are adhered by long operation, and defective cells can be exchanged without damaging normal cells.
The fixtures installs the pair of batteries (5A,5B) on the panel (3) while keeping a small gap (S) between the batteries.    The board bracket (1) with side walls (11,12) and central wall (13) stands on the small gap (S).    One end of the retainer bar (2A,2B) is engaged with a linkage (14,15) at the top of the side walls (11,12). The other end of the retainer bar (2A,2B) is united to the panel (3) at the other edge for each battery (5A,5B).    ADVANTAGE -   Two batteries mounted can be retained tightly in small space.
The battery unit includes the pair of terminal covers (32) which are attached to the battery body (29) in a way of flexibly standing up and laying down.    Under the terminal cover (32) laid down, the positive and negative electrodes (31) of the battery (28) are shielded. Under the terminal cover (32) standing up, the cover is used as a grip for attaching and detaching the battery body (29).    ADVANTAGE -   Workability in taking out battery is improved without using extra space.
The device has a current detector which detects charging and discharging current (I) flowing a storage battery (BT). A temperature detector detects the temperature of the storage battery. The charging and discharging efficiency of the storage is computed based on the output values of the current detector and temperature detector.    An arithmetic unit (1) computes the residual capacity of the storage battery for every predetermined time interval using the formula Cn=(t/3600)[Ixn+Cn-1xB]x100/B where `t' is the sampling time in seconds, Cn-1 is the previous residual capacity of storage battery, B is the storage battery capacity.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables providing correct information relating to residual charge of storage battery to user at time of using electric vehicles. Performs accurate measurement of residual capacity of different storage batteries.
The air turbine (4,5) is located in a tunnel at a position 8 in an electric car to drive a generator to provide power for equipment such as lights, heater and wipers thus increasing the range of the car.    The turbine is made up of three main body parts. The first part is the turbine blades (4), and the second part (5) is fixed to the body of the car and acts as the commutator allowing the turbines blades to spin around it. The third part is a flywheel (6) which helps to maintain the turbine speed.    ADVANTAGE -   Generates electricity by using air dynamic forces exerted upon electric vehicle while in motion at all legal miles per hour speeds.
The power system (20) comprises a generator (40) and an energy storage device (1) and is installed on the car (30). The generator comprises an energy converter (2) and a generator (3). An off-board power supply line (6) is also connected to the car. A regenerative fuel cell (7) is also mounted in the car.    The fuel cell comprises a heat exchanger (8) which cools and heats each device, a water electrolyser (9), a hydrogen and oxygen store (10) and a fuel cell (11). The hydrogen and oxygen are used to power the fuel cell. A control device (12) controls the generated power and the regeneration.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides high energy to weight ratio and volume efficiency.
The arrangement contains devices which are arranged in the airstream, and which convert the energy of the inflowing air into rotational energy to thereby produce a current. A rotor is arranged on an outside and furnished with sheets, and a stator is arranged on an inside of the devices. Several rotors have pref. parallelly arranged axes, and may stand horizontally or vertically. Movable and fixed air guiding arrangements are pref. provided to optimize the air-flow onto the sheets of the rotor.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Esp. for hybrid vehicle. Utilizes air-stream over vehicle to charge vehicle battery.
The vehicle comprises wheels which supports the body and move relative to a ground so as to move the body. A driving device supplies an energy to the wheels and thereby drives the wheels relative to the ground so that during movement of the vehicle the body is moved together with the wheels in a travelling direction and at the same time the wheels and the body also displace relative to one another in a vertical direction. A device converts the displacement of the wheels and the body relative to one another in the vertical direction into an additional electrical energy supplied to the wheels for driving the wheels.    The converting device includes a stator mounted on the body and a shaft formed as a purely linearly displacing rotor and mounted on the wheels so that during the displacement of the wheels and the body relative to one another the rotor purely linearly displaces relative to the stator and thereby the additional electrical energy is generated.    ADVANTAGE -   Vertical displacement between vehicle body and vehicle wheels is converted into an energy which is utilised for driving vehicle.
An electric battery consists of a plastic body resistant to sodium hydroxide and filled with water having an insignificant addition of sodium hydroxide - electrolyte (2). Silver electrodes (3) are immersed in the electrolyte and the surface area of a cathode (4) is twice less than that of an anode (5), electrolytically covered in silver oxide, while the anode is coated by an alloy of sodium and silver. During charging, an electrical potential difference is formed on the electrodes and the distance between the silver atoms is increased on the positive pole according to their mobility and is reduced on the negative pole, causing their respective heating and cooling.    Regeneration of the surfaces of the electrodes occurs because of absorption of energy of an external source and vacancies are formed, contg. oppositely charged ions, causing generation of energy which is returned to the source, Discharge of the battery occurs after shorting of the electrodes, forming the corresp. EMF of 3.114 volts, while water from the electrolyte is collected on the cathode and sodium hydroxide is collected on the anode The water formed during discharge is converted into electrolyte and into dielectric during charging.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Construction of autonomous electrical energy sources for electric vehicles. Improved specific electrical characteristics and long working life. Bul. 15/27.5.96
Prepn. of a perfluorocarbon copolymer having sulphonic acid type functional gp. comprises soln. polymerisation of a perfluorocarbon monomer having sulphonic acid type functional gp. with a perfluoroolefin in (perhaloalkyl)difluoromethane.    USE -   Used as an ion exchange membrane, as sepg. membranes in diffusion dialysis, ozone formation electrolysis, electrolytic redn. and fuel cell, esp. in fields required for corrosion resistance.    ADVANTAGE -   The copolymer has a large content of sulphonic acid type functional gp.- bearing perfluorocarbon monomer with ease and high yield by using a medium having little fear of ozone layer depletion.
The power source appts. is started in a process having a control step in which an output voltage is gradually increased based on an output order, an allowable current value is set so that it gradually increases from its min. setting owing to an allowable current setting step.    At that time, an output current of an AC/DC conversion step is detected, and if such output current becomes larger than above-mentioned allowable current value, the output voltage or an output frequency or both of them are controlled so that the output current becomes less than the allowable current value.    USE -   For starting power source appts. for short time irrespective of kind or capacity of outer load equipment.
The cable connector (1) is a separate component with at least one fixing device for attaching it to the connection clamp (9) and at least one fixing device for an electrical cable (17) and/or a further cable connector. The device for attaching the cable connector to the connection clamp is an aperture (3).    The fixing device for the electrical cable is a compression connection (2). The attachment device for an additional cable connector is a separate component which can be removably or permanently attached to the cable connector, e.g. a cylindrical pin or bolt (4).    ADVANTAGE -   Enables simple and convenient connection of extra cables.
In the accumulator, auto electrolyte replenishing, auto gas exhausting and fast capacity increasing devices are added, and an auto tap connecting device of accumulator controller is improved. The method is suitable for fixed lead-acid accumulators as DC power source in various industrial departments and accumulators for start and drawing of motor-driven vehicles.    By using the method, there is no need for regular charge and discharge, electrolyte replenishing and density regulation; capacity of used accumulators may be restored fastly; service life of accumulators is prolonged; and the DC bus voltage is automatically restored to rated value in the case of AC power-off.
The power system (10) comprises a turbogenerator system and a low voltage amplifier. An amplifier fuel cell is connected to the low voltage amplifier for supplying electrical power to it. Medium and high voltage amplifiers are connected to the turbogenerator system for receiving HV electrical power from it, the high, medium and low voltage amplifiers supplying electrical power at selected radio frequencies to an electrical system.    A thermal management subsystem circulates a hydrogen fluid coolant through the turbogenerator system and the amplifiers, before flowing through the amplifier fuel cell for use as a fuel. The turbogenerator and fuel cell each produce water effluent which is treated in a regenerator tier to separate oxygen and hydrogen from it. A propulsion motor is connected to the regenerator tier and receives the hydrogen from the regenerator for use as a fuel to operate and provide propulsion to the power system.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Space applications for providing multi-megawatts of burst power to neutral particle beam accelerator system mounted on space platform. Exhaustion of hydrogen in small amts. minimises likelihood of contamination of space environment, resulting in adverse effects on computer, electronics, optical or other subsystems. Modular configuration minimises use of power cables and associated EM interference problems.
The system includes an alternator for supplying electrical power to an ac motor via a rectifier and a drive inverter. An heat engine drives the alternator. A combination of cranking inverter and boost converter is coupled in series between the alternator and an energy storage device. The combination is coupled substantially in parallel with the rectifier in a series hybrid drive. The alternator includes a three-phase alternator and the system cranking inverter includes six pairs of electronic switches and diodes. Each diode includes an anti-parallel diode and each switch has a device selected from a group consisting of field effect transistors, insulated gate bipolar transistors, metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors, bipolar junction transistors, and metal oxide semiconductor controlled thyristors.    ADVANTAGE -   Maximise fuel economy while minimising engine emission.
A cold formed side wall terminal for a storage battery, the terminal being formed from a lead slug having a cavity at one end, a stainless steel nut positioned in the cavity and encapsulated in it on cold working the lead slug, the terminal further including a spline ring at the other end and a number of seal rings formed on the outside of the terminal intermediate the ends of it.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For application with storage batteries for automobiles. Formed from lead blank and embedded in side wall of battery and not having any protruding parts and therefore free from any risk of damage during use or in storage.
The reliability of gas generation and electrochemical plant is improved by reducing the brittle and perforation failure of separator sheets used to partition the compression and molecular hydrogen compartments in the plant. The reduction is achieved by providing the separation sheet as a composite hydrogen embrittlement, bonded to a layer of a corrosion resistant material with the separation plate oriented so that the corrosion resistant material faces the compression compartment and the hydrogen resistant layer faces its molecular hydrogen containment section. Also claimed is an electrochemical or gas generator having cells which are partitioned to form a compression compartment and a compartment for containing molecular hydrogen, the partition forming a hermetic sealing arrangement between the compartment, and composed of a composite layer of a material resistant to corrosion facing the compression compartment, and material resistant to molecular hydrogen embrittlement facing the hydrogen container, the apparatus similar to that used in the method claimed above.    USE -   In the operation of electrolysis cells and fuel cells or similar, and gas generators and compression, and particularly in resisting anodic corrosion pitting of metal sections of the process cells during the operation of these.    ADVANTAGE -   The composite formed is resistant on one surface to hydrogen embrittlement and on the other face, resistant to corrosion, the two combining to increase the reliability and useful life of the cells, by reducing the risk of cracking, perforating or gas leakage.
During welding, i.e. during opening of terminals (15,16), voltage at the output (3) of a transformer exceeds that from its second output (4) and thyristors (9,10) are not opened. After striking of an arc, the voltage on terminals (15,16) is reduced to the level of the arc voltage, the voltage on terminal (3) is below that on terminal (4) and one of the thyristors (9,10), depending on the polarity of the voltage half-waves, is opened.    The welding current is increased from the moment of opening and passes through parallel branches contg. a section (7 or 8), a smoothing choke (6), a rectifier (11 or 12), the arc circuit, a diode (14 or 13), terminal (15), the arc circuit, terminal (16), diode (14 or 13) and terminal (5).    Welding characteristics from a min. to a max. current are obtd. by change of the angle of opening of the thyristors (9,10).    To act as an engine starter, rectifiers (11,12) are replaced by thyristors, forming 2 independent circuits, to charge the accumulator battery and to start the engine.    USE -   Manual arc welding using melting electrodes, starting of vehicle engines, and charging of accumulator batteries    ADVANTAGE -   Reduced current consumption and increased working life of rectifier.
The device has a control unit (92) that detects the voltage value and current value of each DC cell (18,19) of a battery (81). A calculating unit calculates the residual capacity of each cell.    The control unit detects a cell whose residual capacity reaches predetermined minimum discharge level based on the calculated residual capacity.    ADVANTAGE -   Detects fault discharge state thereby improving lifespan of battery.
An exposed area at a tip of an insulated and coated metal bar is made into an electrode, and another tip is made into a terminal. A cylindrical body is hung from an outer circumferential edge of the insulated and coated tip to a position covering the electrode. A slit is made at a side of the cylindrical body. Thus, a body of electrode is constructed. The body of electrode is inserted into a lower end of a group of electrode plates of a sealed type lead storage battery.    A detection circuit is set between a terminal whose potential is lower than that of a cell inserted into the body of electrode and a terminal area of the body of electrode. If the potential of the terminal area of the body of electrode becomes lower than a specified setting or becomes zero, it is alarmed that some abnormality happens. If such potential is higher than the specified setting, it is judged normal.    ADVANTAGE -   can detect a sign of dry-up.
In a methanol evaporator, an original methanol is evaporated from a heat reception side by a heat exchange with a battery cooling water at a pre-heat side. Then, after the heat exchange, the battery cooling water is returned to a steam separator. Thus, a tank and a pump for storing and sending a condensed water generated after the heat exchange that have usually been needed when steam should be used at the pre-heat side become unnecessary.    ADVANTAGE -   Stably evaporates original methanol at normal temperatures.
Direct current generated by a fuel battery is changed to alternating current of a commercial use, then is supplied to an electric system. An electric power changing apparatus is formed from an inverter and a pressure rising chopper connected to a front stage of the inverter. When starting the fuel battery, electricity is supplied from a power system to a condenser in the pressure rising chopper and is charged until the condenser obtains a specified operation voltage.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents shortage of gas which may be caused by inrush current of pressure rising chopper into condenser in process of starting fuel battery.
The appts. recycles the fuel-off gas which should be exhausted from the fuel battery. The fuel gas that is newly supplied from outside is mixed with the fuel-off gas, and then both are supplied to the fuel electrode of the fuel battery.    A humidity removing device for removing moisture included in the fuel-off gas, is provided to a recycling circuit of the fuel-off gas that is arranged between a gas outlet and a mixing spot of the gas of the fuel battery.    USE -   For preventing moisture included in fuel-off gas from being condensed in gas flowing route while being mixed with newly supplied fuel gas.
Electricity is generated by driving an engine, employing a high temp. waste gas obtd. by driving the engine as a heating source of reformer (4), mfg. high purity hydrogen by steam-reforming methanol with the reformer, having a hydrogen sepn. membrane and supplying the high purity hydrogen obtd. to a fuel cell (8).    USE -   Used for generating electricity by combining an existing generator with a fuel cell.    ADVANTAGE -   Methanol is reformed to hydrogen with high efficiency using a reformer having a hydrogen sepn. membrane, and waste gas exhausted from the engine is effectively used to obtain a high efficiency or power generation per unit fuel.
The device has an oscillation output part (11) equipped with a switching element (3). A DC-DC switching power supply IC (2) has an oscillator (13), a rest period control voltage generator (11), an error amplifier (12) and a PWM comparator (14). The error amplifier amplifies the error detection voltage output from the oscillation output part. The PWM comparator receives the input from each part in the DC-DC switching power supply (IC) and outputs a control signal to the switching element. The input supply voltage (Vcc) is applied to the power supply terminal (C) of the DC-DC switching power supply IC from the DC input terminal element (a) of the oscillation output part.    A first stabilised power supply part (10) connected to the power supply terminal, supplies stabilised voltage to the oscillator, the rest period control voltage generator, the error amplifier and the PWM comparator. A second stabilised power supply part (17) is inserted between the DC input terminal element of the oscillation output part and the power supply terminal of the DC- DC switching power supply IC.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces space and is applicable to high density electronic device. Reduces heat loss. Enables supply of two different voltage level using power supply circuit.
This apparatus includes an inverter which is controlled so that an active power outputted from the inverter becomes a set value and a reactive power outputted from the inverter also becomes a set value. Inverter control involves changing an output voltage of the inverter according to a deflection in the detected reactive power and the set reactive power.    The inverter control prevents the output voltage of the inverter from becoming larger than the set value even though there exists a deflection signal for the detected reactive power and the set reactive power.    ADVANTAGE -   Stably maintains power supply to power supply line of fuel battery even when power supply stops.
A fuel cell generating plant feeds fuel gas to the fuel cell anode body, having an anode and a cathode and feed air to the cathode to effect generation. An oxygen condensing device to increase oxygen concn. in air is disposed in a feed line (10) through which air is fed to the cathode.    ADVANTAGE -   Installation space is saved, and environmental properties are improved.
A fuel battery storage body, a hydrogen cylinder (C) and an arrangement pipe (7) to feed hydrogen from a fuel battery body to hydrogen are securely mounted on a signal conveyable frame (7).    ADVANTAGE -   Through detection of non-reaction hydrogen gas during generation, any situation is dealt with automatically.
The device comprises hollow-form porous substances (70, 72) in which a feed water passage (76) is formed. A gas flow passage (74) causes the flow of gas. Hence the gas is moistened by penetration of the gas through the porous substances from the interior to the exterior or from the exterior to the interior.    ADVANTAGE -   Gas right before use is reliably maintained in specified wet state.
A fuel battery generating plant comprises a condensation heat-exchanger (20) to feed steam, sepd. from a gas water separator (2K), to the high temp. heating side from the gas water separator (2K), return condensate from the high temp. heating side to a water processing device (10), and feed hot water from a low temp. side to be heated to hot water utilising equipment (4); and a flow rate control valve (21) to adjust condensate from the high temp. heating side of the condensation heat-exchanger (20).    ADVANTAGE -   Steam heat from a fuel battery generating plant is effectively recovered.
Single cells formed in such a manner that an electrolytic layer is nipped between an air pole and a fuel pole are laminated to form a fuel battery body (1), oxidant gas is caused to pass through a gas pass flow passage arranged at an air pole and fuel gas is caused to flow through a gas pass flow passage arranged at a fuel pole. In the so formed fuel battery generating device, a flow rate of nitrogen gas is controlled according to the load condition of the fuel battery body (1) is mixed in oxidant gas and the mixt. is caused to pass the gas pass flow passage of the air pole.    ADVANTAGE -   A cell output voltage is held at up to a given value and damage is prevented.
The electrode is prepd. by mixing hydrogen storage material particles, a styrene-butadiene copolymer and a fluororesin to form a paint, and then coating the paint on a current collector in a body junction.    USE -   A Ni-hydrogen battery using the electrode is suitable for portable electronic devices and cars.    ADVANTAGE -   The battery has improved charge-discharge cycle life, since the electrode has improved mechanical strength and current collecting ability.
In a lead storage battery having rectangular plates (1, 11) having width (W) larger than height (H), the plates (1, 11) have selvage parts (2, 10) arranged about at the central part of a side.    ADVANTAGE -   Internal resistance of tall lead storage battery is reduced and when lead storage battery is used for starting of engine, lead storage battery having high terminal voltage can be provided.
The device comprises an electrolyser (1) for housing an aq. soln. for electrolysis, two pairs of electrodes (6,7,8,9) with height of about a half. The depth of the electrolyser arranged between upper and lower parts of the electrolyser while insulated together, leading wires (12,13) connected to the respective electrode plates, and a cover (2) put on the electrolyser while incorporating terminals (10,11) connected to the lead wires. Electrolysis of the soln. housed in the electrolyser is performed by applying voltage to the lower electrode plates (8,9) hydrogen and oxygen generated by the electrolysis are guided between the upper electrode plates so as to react together, and electric power generated by reaction between the hydrogen and the oxygen is taken out from the terminal (10) connected to the upper electrode plate (6,7).    ADVANTAGE -   The device can be used as a teaching aid for demonstrating principles and mechanisms for electrolysis and power generation of a fuel cell.
The battery has measurement connections which can be applied to the terminal poles (2) and which make contact with the poles via annular plates (3) with slots (5) on their inner dias. and which are pressed onto the poles.    The inner diameter (di) of the annular plates is smaller than the outer diameter (da) of the terminal poles at their bases. The annular plates are made of lead-coated metal or high-grade steel. The plates are connected to conducting tracks (6) on the underside of a plastic foil applied to the battery cover.    ADVANTAGE -   Has contacts for measurement devices which can be simply applied to accumulator to make reliable contact and which can be manufactured at low cost.
The vehicle battery includes a battery housing (1) with two parts (2 and 4). The first encloses several battery cells (5) connected to positive (12) and negative (13) terminals located internally in the housing. A control circuit (10) is located in the second part and is electrically connected to the positive and negative terminals.    The circuit has a heavy duty contact switch (37) between one of the internal battery terminals and the corresp. external battery terminal lug (7) to electrically immobilise the corresp. vehicle in which the battery is located.    ADVANTAGE -   Modified battery can be mfd. at price comparable to that of standard battery, module is not embedded into battery housing and can be used in successive batteries. Due to construction of battery and wiring, no additional wiring is required for operation of battery.
The power converter includes a number of transformer inputs (T1A,T1B) for respective phases of a multiphase source of AC power and a number of first rectifiers (CR1A,CR1B) connected respectively to the inputs. A multiphase harmonic neutralising converter (T100,T200) includes a power switching inverter having an input connected to the outputs of each of the first rectifiers, the inverter including LC resonant circuits.    A number of second rectifiers having respective inputs connected to the output of the inverter through a number of respective transformers having outputs that are connected in voltage additive relationship to the outputs of the respective individual phase first rectifiers. A single set of power switches (Q1-Q4) is utilised to neutralise multiple input power phases.    ADVANTAGE -   Uses series resonant converter topology which requires minimal number of components to achieve neutralisation and does not itself generate own harmonics which must be eliminated with additional circuitry.
The connector (10) comprises a body portion (8) adapted for surrounding and clamping the connector to a generally cylindric battery post (11). A cable attachment portion (20) is connected to the body portion for conducting electricity between the body portion and a cable (18).    The structure of the body portion (8) is comprised of a strip of sheet metal configured to create opposed partially cylindrical section shapes (12,14) normally inwardly biassed towards one another for clamping about the cylindric battery post (11). An oblong member (16), associated with each of the partially cylindrical section shapes, moves them apart and stops the compression of the battery post.    ADVANTAGE -   Connector is easy to put on and release from cylindrical battery post. Easily biased from an open position to a closed position without aid of tools. Reliable and durable to withstand frequent movement between open and closed positions.
The battery includes a solar cell (4) which is connected through an impedance converter (5) and an adverse current flow prevention diode (11) with an electrically double layered capacitor (6).    The solar cell on being subjected to solar radiation carries out electrical power generation and thus power is stored in the capacitor. A secondary battery (8) for power supply and another secondary battery (9) for loads are connected with output end of the capacitor through a DC-DC converter.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables practically useful power supply to be obtained.
In a co-generation system an alternating current load (4) is connected via an inverter (3) to a power output line (2) of a fuel cell (1) and a commercial power supply (7) is applicable to the alternating current.    The commercial power supply (7) is connected to the power output line via a back-flow preventive converter (5) of which set voltage is lower than a normal voltage of the fuel cell (1).    ADVANTAGE -   Shortage of alternating current load can be backed up with commercial power, realising compact fuel cell.
The system contains e.g. a H2/O2 fuel cell system (4) such as PEM-cell with a proton-conducting membrane, for generating electrical power for operating electrical loads (5) instead of a conventional generator, but other types of fuel-cell could be used instead. It contains a device (10,11) for separating hydrogen from the fuel used to operate the internal combustion engine, a pipe line (12) for delivering the hydrogen to the fuel cell system and a disposal line (15) for delivering the residual fuel constituents to the engine (1) and/or to a fuel tank (2).    The hydrogen separating system consists of a splitting system (10) and a hydrogen separation system (11). In the splitting system the fuel is split into hydrogen and a residual gas. In the hydrogen separating system the hydrogen is separated from the remaining fuel components.    ADVANTAGE -   Current for electrical loads is provided with reduced fuel consumption and independently of the instantaneous engine revs. rate.
A combined vehicle battery and control unit has two batteries and a switch (r1) that is normally open for separate battery outputs, but is closed for charging up the batteries in parallel from the generator. One battery is used just by the starter motor, the other for electrical auxiliaries. They have different construction and different charge/discharge characteristics.    The switch is controlled by evaluating the current flow between the batteries or their respective voltages. If the switch is closed and a current of 50 A flows between the batteries, the voltage drop between them is less than 500 millivolts. There is a second switch (r2) normally closed but opened when a certain discharge level is reached.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For use in vehicles and equipment operating with petrol and diesel IC engines, ships, aircraft etc. Avoids extreme discharge of batteries i.e. down to at a level at which they could no longer start the engine.
A high temp. fuel cell has at least two overlying layers (2, 10) including at least one electrically insulating layer (2), which contains a periodically repeating sequence of two or more overlying ceramic layers (4, 6) of different compsns.    Also claimed is a method of producing the above fuel cell in which the individual ceramic layers (4, 6) are produced by successively spraying ceramic densely onto the layer (10), by atmospheric plasma spraying, flame spraying, high velocity flame spraying or vacuum or low pressure flame spraying.    ADVANTAGE -   The insulating layer has maximised insulating properties, good adhesion and mechanical stability.
The temperature regulating system includes an electric motor (15) for driving wheels (20) of the vehicle which is powered from the fuel cell stack (30) e.g. via a DC-DC booster or DC-AC inverter (40). At least one conduit external to the fuel cell stack defines a coolant medium path (55) from at least one coolant outlet port to at least one coolant inlet port of the fuel cell stack.    The resistor (70) in a sealed resistor housing (75) having a coolant inlet and outlet, is in communication with the cooling medium for heating it. The resistor is connected to a source of power such as electric power comprising regenerative electrical power derived from regenerative braking of the vehicle, shore electric power and fuel cell stack generated electric power. A cooling pump and radiator and disposed in the coolant path, with a fan generating air flow over the radiator. Hydrogen and air supply systems are included for generating electric power in the fuel cell stack.    ADVANTAGE -   Helps maintain temp. of fuel cell stack within range for satisfactory cell performance. Resistor acts as bleed resistor at shut down by consuming reactants remaining in fuel cell stack to lower stack voltage and leave it in electrically safe state.
A methanol modifying unit (A) consists of a modifying chamber (B), a combustion chamber (C), a fuel dispersing chamber (D) and a carbon monoxide transforming chamber (E), (E) is installed adjacent (B) and carbon monoxide is transformed into carbon dioxide in it. Heat generated in (E) is used by (B). (A) which is equipped with a pair of (B) and a (E) that is sandwiched with them.    USE -   Used for producing hydrogen by the modifying of methanol.    ADVANTAGE -   This method can reduce the size and fuel consumption of conventional unit due to the layout of (B) and (E).
The structure has front body cover (4) situated at the lower part of a steering wheel. A couple of main body covers (8) are installed on each lower side of a seat (7). A floor cover (9) is installed between the front body cover and main body covers. The floor foot cover is provided with a foot plate (10) on its upper surface and an under cover (11) on its lower surface.    A built-in engine (12) is installed on the lower part of the scooter main body. Above the floor cover is a battery storage chamber (18) contg. a battery (19), extending to the front surface side of the main body cover and foot plate. The battery is covered by a common lid (15) that also covers the engine.    ADVANTAGE -   Offers body cover with simple structure which improves assembly work. Easily mfr. body cover since component parts are reduced. Prevents occurrence of accident since running movement of scooter is stabilised.
ADVANTAGE -   Battery solution amount can be inspected easily.
The battery has a flexible substrate (12) where an adhesion layer (14) is adhered on its surface. A back-side electrode (16) adheres to the other surface of the substrate.    The back-side electrode includes a transparent electrode (20) which is adhered to the silicon layer (18) that includes a positive-negative junction.    ADVANTAGE -   Fixes battery on roof of motor vehicle since adhesion layer is provided in surface of substrate. Simplifies assembly process of battery since fixing tools are unnecessary. Reduces time corresp. to fixing and connection of battery to vehicle.
The overdischarge prevention circuit uses low voltage power from a DC-DC convertor (6) to supply an exciting winding (8a) of a relay and to also supply a low voltage secondary battery (7) through a diode (14). The low voltage power is supplied to low voltage loads (5) through a contact (8b) of the relay. The DC-DC converter is constructed so that low voltage power output is stopped when the output voltage is reduced to a value less than a specified range due to a reduction in battery capacity. If the main switch is left in the closed position the converter output is stopped and the contact (8b) of the relay is opened thus preventing discharge of the low voltage secondary battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Uses simple circuit configuration and low voltage switching
The device comprises the electrolyte reservoir divided into two compartments connected by the valve arranged to periodically allow flow of electrolyte from the first smaller compartment to the second larger compartment. The second compartment comprises a gas-tight vessel in fluid communication with air compression device for effecting electrolyte pumping of cooled electrolyte into each cell, and the air compression device comprises an inlet in the second compartment for supplying bursts of compressed air to it, whereby at the closure of the valve increased air pressure in the second compartment periodically drives electrolyte from it.    A warm electrolyte liquid flow path leads from an electrolyte-holding volume of each cell of the battery to an inlet port of the first compartment. A cooled electrolyte liquid flow path leads from an outlet port of the second compartment to the electrolyte-holding volume of each the cell of the battery. At least one cooling fluid conduit passes through the first compartment for extracting heat from hot electrolyte contained in it. The pumping device circulates a cooling fluid through the conduit and through the radiator device arranged for the disposal from it of heat.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides cooling device which efficiently achieves its function with addition to battery of only minimal weight and bulk.
The cell has a laminate of a number sq. shape generator cells and a number sq. shape cooling plates, 4 gas manifolds for reaction gas are provided at each side faces of the laminate. A seal face for side face of the laminate is arranged at periphery of each gas manifold and clamps are provided for fastening each edge of the manifolds. At least one portion of the clamps has mutually different angle to each seal face.    ADVANTAGE -   Cell has no generation of gas leakage, since each fastening force is controlled to giving homogeneous press.
The power plant includes an anode (6b) and cathode (6c). A filter (12a,12b) is used to remove impurities contained in fuel gas. The filter is installed downstream side from the connection point of a discharge piping of a cathode recycling blower (9). This is used for circulation of the discharged gas from the cathode (6c).    ADVANTAGE -   Impurities including iron rust and salt in cathode gas can be removed during servicing of plant.
The cell uses an ion exchange film (IEF) made of a solid state polymer electrolyte. The (IEF) is at least three layers laminate of (a) an anode side (IEF), (b) an (IEF) contg. a catalyst for accelerates H2O forming reaction from H2 and O2, and (c) a cathode side (IEF).    USE -   The cell is suitable for the power source of vehicles.    ADVANTAGE -   The cell has larger output power with higher open electromotive force and terminal voltage, and easy operation.
The protective device has a fixed member (8) to hold the battery (2) vertically along the upper side of a packing case. An opening is formed along the bottom portion of the packing case, and is located between a cross member and a battery terminal.    The extended part of the fixed member is provided with a protective member (13).    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents interference problems even if package case falls down accidentally. Improves work efficiency sharply. Controls determination of packing case.
The fuel cell is of planar, essentially centrally symmetrical design and has an electrochemically active plate (4) and an interconnector (1) in the form of an air heat exchanger with air supply points on its periphery. The interconnector has three layers. The middle layer is a plate (2) with at least approximately the same thermal expansion as the electrochemically active plate. The side layers (3a,3b) are metal plates and essentially thinner than the central plate.    The side plates have a relief structure and are connected to the central plate at several contact points (32). They have direct contact with the electrochemically active plate and with corresp. plates in an adjacent cell. The central plate can be of composite material, at least partly of metal, metal alloy or ceramic material.    ADVANTAGE -   A smaller vol. and reduced manufacturing costs are achieved.
A fuel cell has a drainage system (5) for water or steam with a water separator (2). This has a float valve (6) allowing automatic draining from the separator and a needle valve (7) to control the flow of gas.    ADVANTAGE -   Simple removal of water produced and no external humidifier needed.
The fuel cell device (2) has a fuel cell block (4) with anode and cathode parts (6,8) and at least one heat source (12,14) for heating the fuel cell block, pref. located outside the fuel cell block.    Pref. the heat source is provided by an electric heating element, contained within a thermally insulated fuel cell container (10), filled with a heat transfer material (11) for transfer of heat to the fuel cell block.    ADVANTAGE -   Simple heat source, which provides good temp regulation characteristics with min. loss of heat to environment.
The connector includes two clamp members, an elongate member, and a cam-shaped lever pivotally coupled to the elongate member, e.g. a coach bolt, and which also engages at least one of the clamp members. The two clamp members are pivotally coupled to each other and the elongate member is coupled between the pair of clamp members.    A pivotal movement of the lever between an engaged and disengaged positions relative to the elongate member causes at least one clamp member to pivot relative to the other. In the engaged position, the pair of clamp members clamp onto the post and in the disengaged position the clamp members are released from the post.    ADVANTAGE -   Connector can be expeditiously connected and disconnected from posts of various cross-sectional size. When lever is in given position and clamp member is resiliently deformed, lever is pivotally forced about eccentric pivot axis by bias force exerted by clamp member.
Energy storage device consists of an energy storage housing, beam (14) of single charged particles (e.g. electrons) in an orbital (15) layer within the housing, and a charge neutralizer positioned relative to the orbital layer (15). Also claimed is a method of storing energy by use of the above energy storage device.    USE -   For storage of a monocharged plasma with a fixed geometry in which particles move in definable paths. Provides a generator for a fixed geometry, monocharged plasma having a specific toroidal shape. The plasma can be shaped into a toroid using a circular magnetic field generated by a charged particle beam, single conductor or a toroidal conductor coil.    ADVANTAGE -   Monocharged plasma will be more containable and controllable to a far greater deg. than an amorphous plasma. Energy can be added to or removed from the plasma in a well defined, simple and controlled manner opening new possibilities for energy storage.
The device has a diagnostic unit which performs diagnosis of a pair of back-up capacitors (141,142). A first decision unit judges if the value stored by a first specific address of a random access memory (135) is the value that shows the specific condition of the air-bag electronic control device. A second decision unit judges that the value which expresses the diagnostic time of the back-up capacitor is more than the predetermined limit value.    Execution of the diagnostic unit is permitted when the value that expresses the diagnostic time in the second decision unit is more than the predetermined limit value. A diagnostic controller forbids the    execution of the diagnostic unit when the value that expresses the diagnostic time in the second decision unit is lower than the predetermined limit value.    ADVANTAGE -   Offers air-bag electronic control device which completes diagnosis of back-up capacitor when air-bag electronic control device is reset. Changes battery voltage hen internal combustion engine is started. Enables reliable diagnosis of back-up capacitor when supply voltage is reduced after air-bag electronic control device is reset.
Exhaust gas from the water collector connected to the fuel battery is guided to a ventilation fan through a speed-reducing duct.    USE -   Used to discharge steam-contg. exhaust gas from a fuel battery power generation system.    ADVANTAGE -   White-smoke gas discharge is prevented.
A desulphuriser removes sulphur in crude fuel introduced into a fuel processing system in a fuel cell generating set. The desulphuriser has a heat transfer means for making uniform a temp. profile in the fuel gas flowing direction generated on a desulphurisation catalyst layer held in a desulphuriser container.    USE -   Used for a fuel cell generating set.    ADVANTAGE -   The heat transfer means makes uniform the temp. profiles of the catalytic layer and an adsorbing material layer in the desulphuriser, relaxing the partial low-temp. region evolved in suspending fuel cell plant operation. The resulting catalytic layer and adsorbing material layer retain temp. exceeding the temp. required for their functions. The fuel cell generating set under the suspended state enables immediate restart to recover generating operation.
A city gas supply line and a liquefied propane gas line are connected to the built-in hydrogen-rich gas reformer. The fuel-battery cooling-water line is connected to the heat exchanger in the evaporator of the gas reformer.    USE -   Used as a fuel battery power generation system.    ADVANTAGE -   Liquefied propane gas is gasified economically.
A blowdown device is coupled to the steam separator connected to the cooling water circulation line of the fuel cell.    ADVANTAGE -   Silicon cpd. can be released easily from the steam separator.
ADVANTAGE -   Plastic deformation due to applied fastening force can be prevented.
The device has an analog switch (3) which is provided with a pair of circuits (1,2) that receives an input voltage (Vin) and the output of a D/A converter (6) as input. An A/D converter (4) receives both the output of the analog switch and the output of a differential amplifier (7) as an input. A control part (5) computes and outputs a reference value using the digital value output from the A/D converter. The D/A converter converts the reference value output from the control part to a reference voltage value. The differential amplifier compares the reference voltage value output with the output of the analog switch.    The analog switch selects the output of the D/A converter based on the control signal received from the control part during the time of calibration mode. The input voltage is selected by the analog switch at the time of input voltage measurement mode based on the control signal output from the control part. The A/D converter selects the analog switch output based on the control signal output from the control part. The A/D converter selects the differential amplifier output only after selecting the output of the analog switch as the input signal. The resolution is raised as output number of bits is made larger than number of bits of A/D converter.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides highly precise measurement value with resolution of 12 bits using low bit A/D converter.
The power supply comprises a set of relays (3-1 - 3-n) which are provided to select a suitable path to connect a set of batteries (2-1 - 2-n) with a motor (1). A terminal voltage monitoring circuit (4) detects the battery which is deteriorated by detecting the terminal voltage of the batteries. When the batteries are not deteriorated, a path which goes via the batteries is selected to connect with the motor.    When a battery is deteriorated, a control circuit (5) controls the relays so that they select a by-pass path to connect with the motor by detaching the deteriorated battery.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For electric vehicle such as car. Prevents reduction of whole voltage. Ensures extension of covering distance of vehicle. Ensures simplified composition. Enables power supply to stop automatically. Prevents advancement of deterioration of batteries.
The method involves detecting the voltage of each cell (2) of a battery (1). Each cell is provided with a transmitter (3). The transmitter of each cell is operated based on the operation of a starting switch. A signal is transmitted from the transmitter based on the comparison result of the cell voltage and the reference voltage. When the cell is judged to be normal, then a light emitting diode is made to turn ON.    When the cell is judged to be abnormal, then a different light emitting diode is turned ON. The signal transmitted through the transmitters is received by a receiver (11) through a receiving antenna (13). The receiver displays the state of each cell on an indicator (12) based on the received signal.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables to detect deterioration of cell, easily.
The charger consists of a microcomputer control part (62) that judges a charging time of a secondary battery installed within a moving body (10), based on signal input from a charging time detector (64). Then the moving body is guided to a specific area by wireless transmission. A permanent magnet of a charging mechanism part (140) attracts the moving body.    Then the control part judges static state of moving body based on signal from a moving body existence detection switch (180). Then the control part charges the battery in moving body based on signal input from a charging quantity control part (120). When charging of battery is completed, the static state of moving body is cancelled.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables automatic charging of battery. Enables automatic release of moving body.
The battery charger has a generator (20A) which is provided on the output shaft of an engine (26). The generator is provided with a main winding and a supplementary machine winding wire. The main winding is connected to a main battery (16) and a motor (10) through an inverter (18A) whereas the supplementary machine winding wire is connected to a supplementary machine battery (36) through an AC to DC convertor (30).    An electricity generation control part controls the charging power of the main battery and the driving power of the motor for vehicle transition by carrying out rotation drive of the generator. A supplementary machine charge control part controls the supplementary machine battery using the voltage induced by the supplementary machine winding wire during the rotary drive of the generator.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces number of components between engine and supplementary machine battery. Improves charging efficiency of supplementary machine battery. Reduces engine load and improves starting nature of engine. Ensures charging of supplementary machine battery without stopping engine and complicated control operation. Ensures simplified composition and low cost. Maintains electricity generation from main winding without burdening generator and engine. Avoids generation of electric power when supplementary machine battery is charged disorderly.
The display device has a number of light emitting diodes (1) that perform a display based on the residual capacity of a battery (B) mounted in an electric vehicle. The light emission is controlled based on the addition result of the amount of charging and discharging, when the amount of discharge is below a predetermined amount or when the battery voltage is more than a predetermined voltage.    When the threshold is exceeded the light emission of the diodes is controlled by the residual capacity based on the terminal voltage (1) of the battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables correct prediction of time of transit stop of vehicle. Prevents ON-OFF switching by increase and decrease of terminal voltage.
The device comprises a steam separator, a water processing device for processing condensed water of separated steam, and a condensation heat exchanger. A water injection tube is connected to the high temperature heating side of the condensed heat exchanger.    USE -   Uncondensed gas on the high-temperature heating side is extracted sufficiently. Stable operation is achieved.
The fuel cell is composed of joint material (20) of electrolytic membrane (21) and a couple of electrodes (22), (23) and a gas flow pat forming material which forms water flow path (71) and connecting flow path (75).    ADVANTAGE -   The fuel cell allows water to be supplied to the electrolytic membrane without decreasing power generating ability. Miniaturisation is possible.
The device comprises a fuel cell connected to a city gas supply line. The cell is also connected to a supply passage from transportable fuel source such as a hydrogen storage alloy tank and a fuel-enclosed pressure container.    USE -   The system can be operated even when the city gas supply line is broken e.g. because of a disaster.
The device comprises a low temp. blower to supply combustion waste gas to the cathode side of a fuel cell, an oxygen concn. gauge to measure oxygen concn. in the waste gas, and a controller to control rotation speed of the blower based on the measured oxygen concn..    ADVANTAGE -   Cost is reduced, and compactness and simplicity achieved.
Method comprises: (a) a powder type lignin which is press moulded; and (b) the moulded lignin is pulverised.    USE -   The lead battery is suitable for high quality car.    ADVANTAGE -   The battery has improved characteristics at higher temp., since deterioration of negative pole active material is prevented.
The battery is mfd. by sealing a thin rectangular parallelepiped electrode laminate impregnated with an organic-solvent electrolyte in a bag case of Al, Cu, Sn or Pb leaf coated with polyolefin resins while fixing the cathode and anode terminals of the laminate to their respective insertion holes in the case via O-rings.    ADVANTAGE -   The battery is lightweight, small-sized and has excellent heat radiation.
The gas turbine has a controlled valve (42) interposed between the compressor (30) and the turbine wheel (38). To brake the output shaft (16) of the turbine (12) the valve is controlled so it diverts some at least of the compressed air toward an energy dissipater (40).    The energy dissipater is a nozzle (44) through which the compressed air expands and is directed into the turbine exhaust. The gas turbine drives an electric generator (14) that supplies an electric motor (22) which drives the vehicle wheels (24). During braking the motor acts as a generator to charge the vehicle accumulators. Once the accumulators are charged the controlled valve is activated to provide the load to aid braking.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Gas-turbine for hybrid electric vehicle traction. Provides braking effect at gas turbine when accumulators have been fully charged by regenerative braking.
The vehicle has a wireless controller that allows the doors and other units, e.g. engine, to be activated remotely. The control system has a receiver (1) mounted in or near the instrumentation panel to achieve good reception. The vehicle control circuits (2) are mounted elsewhere. The receiver unit has its own power supply (16) and a power control circuit (13). When the receiver is active it demodulates (12) a signal and also measures (15) the received carrier strength.    The vehicle controller is periodically activated and enables the receiver power until a suitable security/command code is recognised. If the signal is poor the power is disabled.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces the power required by the receiver circuit by selective enabling and provides a compact receiver.
The cart has an upright rod (1) with a handle (2) for steering, and a transverse tube (3) containing the drive shaft (4) for the two main wheels (5). The motor (25) and gearing are seated on the tube which also carries the rechargeable battery (6). The solar module (14) is mounted on a retaining ring (11) around the top of the elastic bag (10) and wired (16) to the battery. The ring enables the solar module to be turned to face the sun for optimal insolation of its cells (15).    ADVANTAGE -   The battery is recharged continuously during play and can be smaller and lighter in weight.
The battery clamp assembly includes a split ring battery terminal clamp which co-operates with a battery terminal post. The clamp has two outwardly directed flanges on the split ring. An urging device co-operates with the flanges on the split ring. It urges the flanges towards or away from each other.    The urging device is an elongated assembly such as a threaded rod and two nuts which can be extended or retracted. The elongated assembly has different receiving formations for the flanges on the split ring. The receiving formations are slots on each nut.    ADVANTAGE -   Easy to secure. Provides for self-lubrication of interface between terminal post and battery clamp. Avoids flange snapping off during tightening.
The battery charging control system includes a short circuit protection circuit and an instant overvoltage protection circuit. A master control integrated circuit monitors a power state of a battery. A power input regulator is linked to the integrated circuit. A current input control gate is operated by the regulator.    Charging power is rectified into direct current. Radiant energy of light which has been collected is converted into electrical power. An overvoltage protection controller monitors supply voltage. A change in power supply is detected, as is temperature. Indicator lights show the status of the system.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids damage to battery due to monitoring conditions during recharging. Allows rapid charging. Effective collection of light energy. Does not require connection to mains supply for recharging. Improved service life.
Fuel cell(s) are used to power O2 generators or removers which are based on solid electrolyte O2 systems (SEOS), the fuel cell(s) and SEOS being integrated in the same device or housed separately. The fuel cell(s) may be any conventional type eg H3 PO4, polymer electrolyte, alkaline, molten carbonate, solid oxide etc. The SEOS and the fuel cell(s) may operate in about the same temp range, the configuration of the device depending on the operating temp(s).    USE -    Esp. in generation (or removal) of O2 for e.g. medical use in remote locations having no power supply; the device may be used to generate O2and / or electric power.    ADVANTAGE -   Need for an external d.c. power supply, esp. a converted a.c. supply, to power the SEOS is avoided. The device is compact, efficient and portable.
The system has a squib switch (18) which is ignited using a voltage supplied from a voltage source (1). When the ignition of the squib is interrupted, back up power is supplied from a back up capacitor (14). The charging voltage of the capacitor is decided by a booster circuit (4) based on the resistance of the squib.    When the voltage of the capacitor is boosted, the current flowing in the squib is decreased by changing the amount of current (I) applied to the base of a transistor (24) of a control circuit (22). The change in current is controlled according to a limitation rate (R).    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents heat emission of various circuit elements reliably. Decreases load of voltage source.
The power generation method involves constructing the positive electrode and the negative electrode, from which an electric current for power generation is to be taken, from catalytic electrodes, and interposing an electrolyte between both catalytic electrodes. A reactant is contacted with the negative catalytic electrode while heat is applied to the positive catalytic electrode and the negative catalytic electrode to form decomposition products on the negative catalytic electrode by catalytic reaction.    The method then involves reproducing the reactant on the positive catalytic electrode from the decomposition products, followed by circulating the reproduced reactant to the negative catalytic electrode to make it act on the negative catalytic electrode. The heat applied to the catalytic electrodes is solar heat.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Clean type power generation device requiring no special heating device. Does not require reactant reproduction and release steps performed in conventional catalytic reactors.
The circuit connects two series strings (A,B) of solar cells to the load (L). One string (A) comprises amorphous cells on the roof, and the other string (B) is formed of crystalline cells around the edge of the roof. The amorphous string with its lower no-load voltage is protected by a preferably Schottky reverse-current-blocking diode (16). Alternatively the two strings may be formed of unequal numbers of cells of the same type and individual no-load voltage.    USE -   For driving a vehicle-borne electric ventilation fan or battery-charger; the power produced by the solar cells is adapted optimally to the demand from the resistive or inductive load.
Fuel stacks (1) are made of many cells each having interrelated mono and bipolar collector plates (BSPs) comprising laminated plastic or ceramic platelets (12) sandwiched between conductive microscreen platelets with an electrode membrane (EMA 5a,b,c,d).    The platelets are produced from sheet material with through and depth features e.g etched, embossed to form serpentine flow channels.    ADVANTAGE -   Esp. useful with PEM fuel cells using H2 and air/ 02 as fuel to provide cheap, lightweight, high power density, fuel cells.
An electrolyte soln. for use in a lead-acid storage battery comprises: (a) sulphuric acid and water; and (b) a cathodic inhibitor soln comprising an inhibitor selected from triazine, thiourea, diethyl-thiourea, dibutyl-thiourea, propargyl alcohol, 1-hexyne-3-ol, hexamethylene tetramine, keto amine, triphenyl sulphonium chloride, and/or alkyl pyridine(s). Also claimed is a method of improving the performance of a lead-acid storage battery comprising adding a cathodic inhibitor to the battery housing disposed in an appropriate receptacle, and comprising at least one battery cell contg. a lead anode, lead oxide cathode, and an electrolyte soln. comprising 10-50 vol% H2SO4 in water.    USE -   The lead-acid storage batteries are used in automobiles, airplanes, ships, submarines, and construction equipment etc.    ADVANTAGE -   The electrolyte soln. works without entering strong ionic components into the electrolyte, thus reducing the possibility of short lived enhancements to the battery or premature loss of battery activity. The electrolyte soln. increases the performance, life, safety, reliability and efficiency of the battery, and provides greater performance under extreme temp. variations. The soln. also reduces gassing, and the possibility of explosion, and reduces corrosion of terminals, lead plates, lead posts and cables. The battery can remain idle for long periods without losing its charge.
The system generates signals in the form of high power, low energy pulses that are imposed on cables that are connected directly to the terminals of a low impedance battery. The signals are transmitted between a memory device located on the battery and a data recorder located at the charger end of the battery charging cables. Information transfer between the battery memory device and a charger is done through the battery cables, eliminating the need for special connections.    The high power, low energy pulses imposed on the battery cables may be detected at each end of the cables, in spite of the low impedance nature of large lead acid batteries. Pulses are created across the terminals of the battery using a fast acting switch (preferably a FET), a capacitor, and a current limiting resistor connected in series across the cables. When the switch is closed in response to an external command, high power, low energy pulses imposed at one end of the cables are detected at the other end of the cables.    ADVANTAGE -   Battery charging information can be ascertained automatically. Does not require any special connections to battery to download any stored data.
The connector comprises the band, the flexible loop of the band, the portion of the band remote from the loop, and the flexible arm having a distal end and a proximal end. The arm is swingably connected at the proximal end to the remote portion of the band. The lever is connected to the distal end of the arm and is pivotable relative to the arm. A leg of the lever connected to the loop, is biased away from the post by the loop.    The connector has a clamping configuration where the distal end of the pivot arm is at a proximal location relative to the band portion. The connector also has another configuration where the distal end is at a location farther from the band portion than the proximal location, and the pivot arm is more deformed than during the proximal location. The combined length of the leg and the arm in its free state is greater than the distance between the proximal end and the post.    ADVANTAGE -   Electrical connector quickly clamps to or releases from vehicle battery post.
The method involves using a voltage current variation calculation part (21) which obtains the voltage current flow in a battery. The straight line approximated by the obtained value is determined by the straight line calculation part (25). Based on a voltage corresponding to a reference value, the residual capacity of the battery is displayed on a display part (11) from a residual capacity calculation part (23).    Whenever the display value is output, it is compared with a previous display value. When there is a variation in the compared result, the display data is updated.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids sense of incongruity even if large amount of fluctuation results. Reduces size of memory. Reduces power consumption. Improves display precision.
The measuring device consists of a current sensor (7) and a voltage sensor (9) which measures the current supplied by a main battery (3) and the voltage across it. First the current and the voltage of the main battery is measured during vehicle running. When the voltage of a sub-battery (41) is above certain value, an approximation straight line function is obtained from the terminal voltage. The residual capacity of the main battery is shown in the table, based on the approximation straight-line function.    The vehicle is stopped and the battery does not supply current. The residual capacity of the battery in no load condition is calculated. Further, a power supply control circuit prevents the ignition ON condition. The main battery voltage is stabilized after a predetermined time. The power supply voltage is brought to a level of operation of power supplied for predetermined time till the battery is stabilized.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides simple composition. Makes user to understand residual capacity of battery correctly. Displays residual capacity value with high precision.
The booster (22) has a first back-up capacitor (Cb) through which electric power is supplied. It has a transistor (Qs) which undergoes a pulse-width-modulation control. The output voltage of a rectifier (6o) is controlled through a fixed command.    When the energisation of a converter (6) by the power from a battery (4) is abnormal, the duty ratio of the pulse-width-modulation output is diminished. A central processing unit (23) controls the continuous charging of the back-up capacitor with residual electromagnetic energy from a choke coil (L).    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents advance discharging of back-up capacitor by execution of parallel charging. Reduces capacitance of back-up capacitor, thus reducing size and mfg. cost of appts. Enables safe and reliable data storing operation by preventing leakage from non-volatile memory. Enables reliable operation of vehicle-mounted control devices e.g. air-bag appts., anti-lock braking system.
The appts. connects a power supply (21) and a vehicle electrical equipment at the side of a load with a pair of power-supply lines (22,23). The power-supply lines are connected with a pair of back-up lines (45,46) provided with a pair of relays (41,42) and a pair of alarm lamps (43,44).    A power is supplied to the electrical equipment when short circuit generates on the power supply lines.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides warning to driver about short-circuit generation through alarm. Improves function which stabilizes and supplies power to electrical equipment. Prevents simultaneous disconnection of power-supply line and back-up line.
The controller includes a PWM control unit (14) for noise countermeasure, which performs coordination of a power supplied to a ventilator motor (12). A temp. sensor (10) detects the temp. of the PWM control unit periphery. The power is directly supplied to the ventilator motor through a contact (20a) without affecting the PWM control unit.    The rotation number control of the ventilator motor is performed by the PWM control unit when the detected temp. of the temp. sensor is lower than the predetermined value. A by-pass controller (16) supplies the power to the ventilator motor through the contact.    ADVANTAGE -   Restrains temp. rise of PWM control unit. Performs forced cooling of semiconductor element through ventilator motor.
The current detector has a pair of sensors (2a) that are arranged on both sides of a circuit in which the current (1a) to be measured, flows.    The current intersects the magnetic field (1b) generated around the detectors and an emf (2) is generated. The current detection is carried out by amplifying the emf generated.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For test of battery drive circuit mounted in motor vehicle, in clamp, power control device, switchboard and measurement board. Enables effective utilisation in high voltage line where circuit disconnection is difficult. Eases installation work. Increases efficiency of test. Measures DC current without voltage drop.
The fuel cell comprises a cell end member, and a facing member to which the cell end member is tightly applied. The facing member has communication holes to a gas inflow port, etc., formed in the cell end member. A gas leak seal member is provided between the cell end member and the facing member around the communication hole.    ADVANTAGE -   Gas communication structure is simplified.
Each unit cell is held by a pair of cell holding members disposed at both end surfaces of the cell. The cell has inclined surfaces, and the cell holding member has inner abutting surfaces to be applied to the inclined surfaces of the cell, and outer abutting surfaces.    USE -   The unit cells can be assembled in correct arrangement conditions in a relatively short work time.
The fuel cell system comprises a fuel cell which achieves electrode reaction by receiving fuel gases of H2 rich gas and O2-contg. gas, heat source to discharge heat energy at least at the starting time of fuel cell and water system to introduce formed water produced by electrode reaction to the outside of the fuel cell. The heat source and the water system are provided as heat exchange is possible.    ADVANTAGE -   The fuel cell system with improved starting characteristics.
The device comprises a jacket having a water entrance, a water exit, a fuel gas entrance, a fuel gas exit, a pair of partition plates in the jacket to form a water chamber, and a hollow yarn membrane through which fuel gas gets in contact with cooling water, to be humidified.    ADVANTAGE -   High humidification efficiency is achieved while achieving compactness.
Device comprises a fuel cell to be mounted on an electric car, a DC/AC inverter to convert generated power of the fuel cell into AC power, and a power supply to change the out of the DC/AC inverter from a drive part of the electric car to an external power requiring facility.    USE -   Heat by fuel cell power generation can be effectively used.
The battery cable comprises a cable (1) with one end connected to the negative electrode of a battery. The other cable (2) has its end connected to the chassis. The cable has terminals (3,7).    One contact face is elastically displaceable in the longitudinal direction of the cable and the others. On switching to the open position, a detachable insulating board (21) is moved between the terminals of the cables.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Carries current for instrumentation system of vehicle. Terminals make contact at surfaces under pressure.
The siren apparatus (50) includes a back-up battery condition detector (74) which causes a warning signal to be issued if the voltage of a back-up battery (72) is outside a predetermined range. The warning signal may be given by inhibition of the chirp signals normally emitted from a siren speaker (64) on arming/disarming the security system (66), or by issuing a predetermined number of chirps from the speaker (64), or by use of a voice synthesiser (75) or an LED (741, Fig. 2A).    The battery (72) is charged at a high rate from the vehicle electrical system when the vehicle engine is running or the ignition is on, and the battery (72) is charged at a low rate at other times. The siren sounds in response to a signal from the security system (66), and if it is disconnected from the system (66) or from the vehicle battery. A timer (76) limits the maximum time for which the siren may sound.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces current drain from vehicle battery, automatically and immediately notifies vehicle owner if siren's rechargeable battery has failed, and sets maximum siren duration if either vehicle's battery is disconnected or if siren is disconnected from alarm system.
A battery current flow output terminal electronic locking device operated by a reprogrammable timing device or keypad (1) and a remote control wireless device and receiver (2) to enable the battery current flow to be fully controlled.    A sensing circuit amplifier (22A,22B) is provided to enable small amounts of current to be drawn while the lock is in operation, and the lock will fully lock the flow if more than a small amount of current is drawn from the terminals. A mechanical switch can be used to replace the electronic control device.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For restricting, locking and timing current flow from a battery, such as for example in application with a warning device, an electric fence or for a battery connected to a motor vehicle, motor boat or even a motor cycle. Can be used with any battery to secure the battery against usage and to save and prolong battery life.
The battery has several cells. Each cell has a housing which forms an interior space which holds a zinc electrode. A generally planar air permeable and liquid impermeable air electrode is fitted into a window opening of the housing. An electrolyte is in contact with the zinc electrode and the air electrode.    A flow of reaction air is directed from a scrubber across outer faces of two adjacent air electrodes. A cooling air flow is directed and focused between a pair of thin plates. The outer faces of the thin plates are in contact with the reaction air.    ADVANTAGE -   High rate of cooling due to use of additional cooling air. More uniform operation due to more uniform temperature across battery. Avoids drying out air electrode by excessive air flow due to separating reaction air from cooling air.
The circuit protects the load (3) to which current is supplied from e.g. a 10V DC battery via a p-channel MOSFET (1). The ratio of a resistive voltage divider (7,9,11) switched (13) to the same supply is varied by a p-n-p transistor (5) in parallel with one section (11).    Excessive load current alters the base voltage of the transistor so that the MOSFET is cut off by the change in voltage at its gate (G). Premature reaction is prevented by a time-constant capacitor (15). Turn-on of the transistor is delayed by another capacitor (21) for loads with substantial parallel capacitance.    ADVANTAGE -   Less complex, bulky and costly circuit consumes less current and reacts more rapidly to fault current.
The clamp has two jaws (3,4) and a clamping piece. In the initial clamping position the inclined faces (11,12) of the flanges on the jaws and the clamping piece lie against each other at contact points (P4) on the end of the flange facing away from the jaws.    A minuscule amount of free play exists between the inclined faces which increases from the outer end to the inner end of the flanges. The inclined faces on the jaw flanges at these initial contact points have a larger local curvature than the faces on the clamping piece here. The effective lever arm line for the clamp movement is effectively tangential to the inclined faces.    ADVANTAGE -   Good force relationships and wear-reducing lever arm relationships.
A flow of nitrogen (I), obtained by feeding air to the cathode of a fuel cell and fuel to it's anode to form a fuel depleted flow and oxygen depleted air at the cathode as flow (I), is mixed with a hydrogen flow containing a hydrocarbon (II) to catalytically convert (II) to an ammonia product.    USE -   Ammonia production from synthesis gas.    ADVANTAGE -   The method has improved energy efficiency, together with an increase in capacity of existing plant. N2 and H2 mixture contains less carbon monoxide and dioxide.
The catalytic cracker produces an oily matter by applying a catalytic cracking process on a synthetic polymer under a coexisting state with a catalyst for accelerating a cracking process. The catalytic cracker comprises a screw type extruder (1) for melting and kneading a reactive mixture and sending the mixture in a quantitative manner, an inclined tubular pre-heating unit (2) connected to an outlet of the extruder, an inclined tubular cracking furnace (3)connected to the pre-heating unit (2), an acceptor for accepting a generated liquid cracked matter, and a gas recovering system for recovering the cracked matter as the oily matter by cooling a gaseous cracked matter. The oily matter mfg. method comprises a step for melting and kneading the synthetic polymer by the extruder, a step for heating the melted and kneaded synthetic polymer to 300 - 450 deg. C by the pre-heating unit, and a step for applying a catalytic cracking process for 5 - 120 minutes under a temperature of 300 - 500 deg. C.    USE -   They are suitable for liquefying waste plastic contained in municipal waste, industrial waste, etc..    ADVANTAGE -   An oily matter is obtained effectively while suppressing or eliminating deactivation of the catalyst caused by styrene polymer etc..
Compost production device has a charge port (15) for raw material formed in a cylinder body (27) and a piston (33) to compress a raw material in the cylinder body (27). A charge port closing body (36) to protrude in a backward movement direction and close the charge port (35) is used. A filter body (46) having fine holes is arranged in a space part in a compression direction by a piston (33). The space part (44) is partitioned into a solid content compression chamber (47) on the piston side and a liquid content discharge chamber (48) on the opposite side to the piston by the filter body (46). An impeller (49) rotation of which is controlled is arranged in the solid content compression chamber (47) and a solid content discharge port (59) to discharge a raw material compressed by the impeller is arranged in the solid content compression chamber (47). The effective sectional area of the solid content discharge port part (59) is decreased to a value lower than that of the solid content compression chamber (47). A raw feed part (2) having a liquid content discharge port part (65) to discharge a liquid content and a cylindrical can body (70) to have a raw material charge port (77) and a treated substance output port (78) are positioned in a liquid content discharge chamber (48). An agitator to agitate a raw material is arranged in the can body (70). A ventilating device (7) is connected to the can body (70) and the can body (70) consists of a fermentation tank part (3) having a heater. A solid content discharge port part (50) of the raw material feed part (2) is connected to a raw material charge port (77) is connected to a raw material charge port (77) of the fermentation tank part (3).    ADVANTAGE -   Dehydration by which the moisture content is adjusted to a value suitable for fermentation is effected.
Prepn. of rice chaff compost comprises crushing the chaff coarsely while adding water, heating and then swelling to soften, adding a high-temp.-fermenting bacterium to carry out primary fermentation, mixing, with stirring, a bacterium decomposing amino acids and protein, a bacterium decomposing cellulose and hemicellulose and a bacterium decomposing lignin and silicate with the prim. fermentation prod. to carry out sec. fermentation in order to obtain the compost.    USE -   The method is used for composting waste produced in large amounts.    ADVANTAGE -   The method permits prepn. of high-quality rice chaff compost f rom the troublesome waste and has high fertilising effects in soil.
A moisture content regulating device regulates an amount of a moisture content contained of an object treated into compost prior to ferment the object treated into compost by a device to ferment organic waste to produce compost. The moisture content regulating device comprises an agitating tank (1) arranged separately from a fermentation disposing tank (6) to effect fermentation disposal and agitating high moisture content organic waste fed as a substance to be regulated; a moisture content material feeder (3) to feed a moisture content regulating material, having water absorbing ability, to an agitating tank (1) such that a feed amount is regulatable; a moisture content amount detector (4) to detect a moisture content amount of a substance to be regulated agitated in the agitating tank (1); and a controller (52) to control the feed of a moisture content regulating material by the moisture content material feeder (3) so that a moisture content amount of the substance to be regulated is adjusted to a value within a predetermined set range based on a detecting value from the moisture content amount detector (4).    ADVANTAGE -   Fermentation treatment by a device to ferment organic waste to produce compost is effected rapidly with high efficiency.
Denaturing device (A) contains three catalyst layers (B, C, D). (B) is installed in the upstream end and is composed of thermal resistant high temperature denaturing catalyst, (D) is installed in the downstream end and composed of denaturing catalyst for low temperature with smaller a diameter than that of (C), and (C) is installed between (B) and (D), and composed of denaturing catalyst for low temperature. (A) is equipped with cooling pipe system. Preferably, (B) is a Fe-Cr denaturing catalyst, and (C) and (D) are Cu-Zn denaturing catalysts.    USE -   Used for decreasing carbon monoxide concentration of denatured gas containing a high concentration of carbon monoxide.    ADVANTAGE -   This device is able to decrease the concentration of carbon monoxide down to a level (less than 0.5 %) where it can be used as the fuel of a fuel cell.
The contaminated soil is purified by using bacteria under anaerobic condition with introducing H2 gas to promote activity of bacteria.    USE -   The method is used to purify contaminated soil.    ADVANTAGE -   The contaminated soil is purified by using bacteria under anaerobic condition without afraid of secondary contamination.
A biological remedy and cleaning of contaminated soil comprises contacting soil contaminated by aromatic and/or organic chlorine cpds. with a microorganism capable of decomposing the cpds. and uses a decomposing microorganism(s) cultured at a temp. with a temp. difference from the temp. of the soil of up to 5 deg. C, monitored in advance. Pref. the microorganism expresses an oxygenase activity. Pref. the an aq. medium contg. the microorganism is introduced into the soil to proliferate in the soil. Pref. the medium is introduced into the soil by applying a press. through an injection well arranged in the soil.    ADVANTAGE -   The method eliminates influence of temp. on growth and decomposing activity of microorganisms and is economical and efficient.
The contaminant in soil is decomposed by decomposing activity of bacteria, while periodically decreasing absolute number of bacteria.    USE -   The method is used for restoring and purifying of contaminated soil.    ADVANTAGE -   The hindrance of breeding and decreasing activity of decomposing bacteria are avoided, and activity of bacteria can be maintained for long period.
Biological remedy and cleaning of contaminated soil comprises contacting s oil contaminated by aromatic and/or organic chlorine cpds. with a microorganism capable of decomposing the cpds. and is characterised by keeping the temp. of the soil at a temp. lower than the growing and optimal decomposing temps. of the microorganism so as to adjust the decomposing activity and duration of the activity of the microorganism. The temp. of the soil is kept at a temp. 5-10 deg. lower than the opt. temp. The temp. of the soil is kept at 10-25 C, more pref. 15-20 C. The temp. maintenance is carried out with a heating or cooling gas or liq. introduced into the soil. The microorganism expresses an oxygenase activity.    ADVANTAGE -   The method is efficient.
A new butane hydrogenative decomposition catalyst consists of a specific synthetic smectite having the compositional formula of [(SiO2 )8 -(MO2/3 )a-(OH)2/3 (a+b)]b--bX + (M = Mg, Co, Ni, or Zn; X is proton or monovalent alkali ion; a = 0-10, b= 0-1 ) and Pt which is loaded on the smectite. The smectite has a specific surface area of 100-800 m2 /g, an average dia. of micropores of 2-8 nm, a micropore volume of 0.1-0.8 cm3/g, and an anion exchanging capacity of 0.1-1.2 meq./g. The prodn. of the new catalyst is also claimed, where aq. soln. dissolving water-soluble salts of Mg, Co, Ni, or Zn is added to another aq. soln. contg. alkali metal silicate and alkali hydroxide; the resultant slurry is hydrothermally reacted to prepare the smectite; aq. soln. contg. Pt cpds. is impregnated into the smectite; the smectite is dried and reduced with H2 at 300-700 deg.C. Method of butane decomposition is also claimed, where butane is contacted with H2 at 180-400 deg.C in the presence of the new catalyst.    USE -   For butane hydrogenative decomposition.    ADVANTAGE -   The selectivity is regulated by changing the composition of the smectite.
Production of compost from organic materials comprises accelerated decomposition of the organic materials with increased oxygen concentration in a sealed vessel, partic. by introduction of highly pure oxygen, especially at a concentration of 20-100% and removal of gas generated by decomposition with a means to absorb or adsorb the gas, particularly with an alkali, a cation exchanger and/or an inorganic acid.    The process is preferably carried out under increased oxygen concentration of 20-100 (preferably 50-100, especially nearly 100)% and the generated gas (e.g. ammonia, carbon dioxide, organic acids and/or water vapour) is absorbed or adsorbed with e.g. sodium hydroxide or sulphuric acid.    ADVANTAGE -   Smooth and rapid production of compost is effected.
Waste disposal device has a vertical cylindrical fermentation tank (2) and agitating devices (4, 5, 6) in the fermentation tank (2) to agitate and mix together waste and starting compost. The agitating devices (4, 5, 6) have agitating blades (7) to push up waste and agitating blades to push downward waste and a rise flow and a lowering flow are generated in the fermentation tank (2). An agitating device is formed so that an outer spiral blade (5) is fixed on a rotary shaft through a lateral stay (8) and an inner spiral blade (6) on reverse winding to the outer spiral blade (5) and has an outer shape smaller than the inside diameter of the outer spiral blade. A rise flow and a lowering flow are generated in the fermentation tank.    ADVANTAGE -   Waste and compost are uniformly mixed together and continuous fermentation is effected.
Waste disposal device comprises disposal tanks (5 - 7) to store waste; partition plates (3, 4) to partition the adjoining waste tanks from each other; opening parts (3a, 4a) formed in the partition plates (3, 4), and allowing movement of waste from one of the adjoining tanks to the other; a rotary shaft (156) crossing the partition plates at right angles; agitating blades (16) arranged on the rotary shaft and agitators (14) to agitate waste stored in the disposal tanks. Waste fermentation progresses from one disposal tank to another through the opening parts (34a, 4a). The opening parts (3a, 4a) are formed in the partition plates (3, 4) at a level higher than that of the rotary shaft (19) and on the rear side in a rotation direction than a position above the rotary shaft.    ADVANTAGE -   Disposal efficiency of waste is improved.
Charge cover opening and closing apparatus for a waste disposal device has a waste charge port (11) to charge waste in a disposal tank (30) formed in a ceiling part (8a) of a casing (8) containing the tank (30). The rear side edge of a charge cover (12) is pivotally supported at the rear side edge of the charge port (11) and the charge cover (12) is vertically openable. A pivotal support shaft at which the charge cover (12) is pivotally supported is caused to span in a position below a ceiling wall (8a) of the casing (8) so that it is stretched in the direction of a lateral width. The base end of a coupling arm (15) is attached to one side end of a coupling arm (15). A cover load reducing device (17) is located between the tip of the coupling arm (15) and the disposal tank (30). The cover load reducing device (17) is arranged in the casing (8) along one of the right and the left side walls.    ADVANTAGE -   A charge cover is easily opened through manual operation.
Waste disposal device comprises a waste disposal part (2) for fermentation and effect ageing treatment of waste and a deodorising part (4) at one side of the right and the left of the disposal part (2) and deodorising generated odour. One end opening part of an exhaust duct (101) is communicated and connected to the upper part of the rear wall of a waste disposal tank (30) at the waste disposal part. A deodorising chamber (86) is arranged at the deodorising part (4) and an exhaust fan case (94) is arranged at the upper part of the rear side of the deodorising chamber (86). The other end opening of the exhaust duct (101) is communicated and connected to the upper part of the rear side of the deodorising chamber (86). The other end opening part of the exhaust duct (101) is communicated and connected to the suction flow passage of the exhaust fan case (94). A scirocco fan (95) having the axis of the rotary shaft extended in a lateral width direction is arranged in the exhaust fan case. The exhaust flow passage of the exhaust fan case is arranged on a virtual line crossing the axis of the rotary shaft about at right angles, and the discharge flow passage is communicated with the deodorising chamber (86).    ADVANTAGE -   The device is compact.
Waste disposal device comprises a waste disposal part (2) to ferment and effect ageing disposal of waste and a deodorising part (4) arranged at one side of the right and the left of the waste disposal part (2) and deodorising odour. Exhaust windows (100,100,100) are formed in the upper part of the rear wall of a waste disposal tank (30), arranged at the waste disposal part (2) throughout the whole width of the right and left widths of the disposal tank (30). One end opening of an exhaust duct (101) is communicated and connected to the exhaust window. An exhaust fan case (4) is arranged at the upper part of the rear side of the deodorising part and the other end opening of the exhaust duct (101) is communicated and connected to the exhaust fan case (94). The exhaust duct (101) extend to the right and left and a longitudinal width between the rear wall of the exhaust duct and the exhaust window (101) is gradually decreased from the exhaust fan case (94) side.    ADVANTAGE -   The deodorizing efficiency of the interior of a waste disposing tank is improved.
Waste disposal device comprises a waste disposal part (2) for fermentation and effect ageing disposal of waste, a recovery part (2) to recover a final residue and a deodorising part (4) to deodorise odour. The recovery part (3) is arranged at one side of the waste disposal part and a deodorising part (4) is arranged at the other side of the waste disposal part (2).    Preferably, in a waste disposal part (2), after waste is charged in a fermentation disposal tank (32), agitating claws attached on the agitating claw support shaft (41) are rotated in a anticlockwise direction (a) by a motor (61) for driving agitating claws and fermentation treatment is effected as waste is agitated.    ADVANTAGE -   The degree of freedom of selection of an arrangement plate is increased.
Disposal apparatus used to convert waste into compost contains waste in containers (14) arranged in perforated cylinder pipes (16). The waste is converted into compost during the automatic passage of the containers through a specified length of the cylinder pipe (16).    Waste containers (14) are preferably arranged in perforated cylinder pipes (16) in the direction of an advancing direction (2). Adsorbing equipment (2) is arranged in soil (1) to remove malodour with activated coal. First sterilisation of the waste and removal of the odour is effected by illumination with ultraviolet light at (3). After further removal of the odour, the temperature of the interior of a perforated cylinder pipe (16) is kept at 25 - 30C and by ultrasonic equipment (5), small animals and rats are removed and consecutively, by inputting methane gas at (7), gas is removed.    ADVANTAGE -   Costs are reduced.
A process for the treatment of household refuse or similar substances comprises the following steps :    (a) a fine fraction is obtained by a pre-treatment step such as crushing;    (b) inert substances are removed from the fraction;    (c) anaerobic treatment is carried out, during which metals are dissolved out of the chelate compounds in the phase by hydrolysis and acidic fermentation, in order to convert them into a water-soluble ionised form;    (d) the phase containing the dissolved metals is separated from the sludge;    (e) the sludge is supplied to a methane generating plant;    (f) decanting is used to recover the fermentation sludge from the rest of the sludge, and    (g) the fermentation sludge is dried using an external heat source and used as a fertiliser substrate.    USE -   The process is particularly suitable for the disposal of fines (e.g. sand, glass and stone particles) found in household refuse or commercial waste. Sulphuric acid, lead and cadmium can all be removed.    ADVANTAGE -   The time required to sanitise and dry the fermentation sludge is reduced, as is the space taken up by the equipment needed for these steps.
A container for household waste, which allows organic waste to compost, comprises a tubular member (1) which has a bath (3) which can be separated and which is used to collect liquid. The container has a lid (5) with small air holes (10) and a mixing unit (6-8) is located in the member.    USE -   The container is used for composting organic household waste.    ADVANTAGE -   The bath section can be pulled out so that the liquid collected can be returned to the container.
A compost (18) extraction system for long rectangular composting bays (1) of a composting plant has a frame (9) with rails on which at least one belt conveyor (10) can move along the composting bay. Multiple belt conveyors (10,11,12,13) are arranged one over the other so that they can be telescopically extended and retracted. Also claimed is a composting plant which uses the above compost extraction system.    USE -   System is used to extract composted material from the composting bays of a composting plant.    ADVANTAGE -   The system avoids the use of loading shovels.
A feed system for a long rectangular composting bay (1) of a composting plant, where the novelty is that the system has a frame (14) with rails on which a delivery conveyor (15) can be extended and retracted. The end of the delivery conveyor (15) can be raised and lowered and swung from side to side. One or more belt conveyors (20,21,22) are linked to the delivery conveyor (15) in extending-ladder fashion, so that raw material can be conveyed to the far end of the composting bay (1). Also claimed is a composting plant which uses the above feed system.    USE -   The system is used to feed evenly e.g. waste matter with an organic content, into the composting bays of a composting plant.    ADVANTAGE -   The system spreads the raw material evenly throughout the composting bay, and avoids compacting the raw material. Loading shovels are not required.
The new process produces fuel gas from organic materials, especially wood and other biomass. These are pyrolysed, producing low temperature carbonisation gas It contains hydrocarbons, tar and water vapour removed with thermal decomposition. The residue is a char containing inorganic matter. The resultant gas is burned rich, at temperatures of 1200 C and above. Resultant hot gas is used to gasify the char, producing dust-laden synthesis gas, which is then cleaned. Novel features include removal of the low temperature carbonisation gas with minimal dust loading. Its subsequent combustion is only partial, under conditions of imposed vorticity. Also claimed is a plant to carry out the process described.    USE -   To produce gas from organic materials e.g. wastes and biomass.    ADVANTAGE -   A high grade fuel or synthesis gas is produced in this process. Minimal dust is removed from the pyrolysis stage, reducing the quantity of slagging matter reaching the rich combustion stage, avoiding operational difficulties. Maximum temperatures of 1500C are reached. Steam injection introduces the water gas shift reaction, and controls the temperatures below excessive levels, whilst enhancing the hydrogen and carbon monoxide content.
Aeration system for a composting plant which has composting chamber (5) with a perforated floor (3) under which there is an aeration chamber (4), where the novelty is that the aeration chamber (4) is divided into separate sub-chambers each of which is supplied by a separate aeration pipes (6-11). The aeration pipes (6-11) run from one end of the rectangular composting plant, parallel to each other along aeration chamber (4). Also claimed is (a) a through-wall manifold bushing which has a housing and connects aeration pipes through the dividing walls between the sub-chambers of the aeration chamber; (b) a composting plant which uses the above aeration system.    USE -   System is used to supply air to the perforated floor of the composting chamber of a composting plant.    ADVANTAGE -   The system ensures an even distribution of air throughout the composting chamber.
A method of operating a power generating plant (2) containing at least one high-temp. fuel-cell module, to which is connected on the output side an additional installation (26) for generating electric current, and in which, in the high-temp. fuel cell module, a reformat manufactured by reforming out of the fuel, is used as the working resource for the extra plant (26).    The capacity or output ratio between the high-temp. fuel cell module (4) and the additional plant for generating electric current can be variably adjusted.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For power generation using hydrocarbon based fuels, such as natural gas, fuel oil, naphtha, biogas with reforming processing. Reduced costs for running power generating plant, achieved by keeping electric current fraction of high-temp. fuel cell module small.
The process for producing butane-CO mixed gas fuel uses limestone and coke as raw materials. Limestone is decomposed at 1000-1100 deg.C in incinerator into CO2 and calcium oxide, and the CO2 and steam are reacted on coke at 1100 deg.C in ga s generator to generate CO-hydrogen mixed gas. Under the action of catalyst, CO and hydrogen react on each other at 400 deg.C to synthesize methane. The calcium carbonate generated by reaction of calcium oxide with coke at over 2200 deg.C i n electric furnace reacts on water to generate ethyne, which reacts catalytically on methane to synthesize butane.
A compound organic liquid fertiliser is prepared from powdered stalk or stem, bran, wood dust and leather by fermentation.    ADVANTAGE -   The fertiliser contains high-concentration amino acids, peptides, enzymes, organic acids, N, P, K and trace elements. It serves to resist diseases, accelerate growing, promote early ripening, increase the yield and reduce the nitrate content in vegetables.
The method for producing high-porosity hollow brick with garbage features use of quick aerobic fermentation and two-stage mechanical screening to make garbage as raw material of bricks and selection of technological parameters to increase p orosity and quality. Its advantages include short fermenting period (30-40 days), high utilization rate of garbage up to 85%, and no need of coal and clay.
Azeotrope-like compositions comprising trifluoromethane, carbon dioxide, ethane, and hexafluoroethane. The composition boils at -99 2C at 760 mmHg. Also claimed is a premix of a polyol and a blowing agent comprising the above composition. Further claimed is a method for producing foam comprising blending a heat plasticised resin with a volatile blowing agent comprising the above composition and feeding the resin/volatile blowing agent blend into a zone of lower pressure to cause foaming.    USE -   The composition is used for producing polyurethane and polyisocyanurate foams by reacting and foaming a mixture of ingredients that will react to form the polyurethane and polyisocyanurate foams in the presence of a volatile blowing agent comprising the above composition. The compositions are useful for refrigeration by condensing a refrigerant comprising the above composition and then evaporating the refrigerant in the vicinity of a body to be cooled, or for producing heating by condensing a refrigerant comprising the above composition in the vicinity of a body to be heated and then evaporating the refrigerant (all claimed). The compositions are also useful for aerosol propellants and gaseous dielectrics. The compositions are environmentally desirable replacements, e.g. for chlorofluorocarbons (CFC's) and the hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFC's), e.g. R-503 (chlorotrifluoromethane and trifluoromethane) which are suspected of causing damage to the ozone layer.    ADVANTAGE -   The compositions have low ozone depletion potential, are negligible contributors to greenhouse global warming, are non-flammable, and have low compressor discharge temperatures. Additionally, the compositions offer superior efficiency and capacity, compared to, e.g. R-23 alone and exhibit constant vapour pressure characteristics and relatively minor composition shifts as the liquid mixture is evaporated, being comparable to a constant boiling single component refrigerant or azeotropic mixture.
Separating hydrogen and methane from a high pressure flow of gaseous hydrocarbon, containing at least hydrogen, methane, ethane, and ethylene, comprises: (1) recovering hydrogen gas from the high pressure flow of gaseous hydrocarbon, using a hydrogen separator for substantially separating only hydrogen gas prior to cooling the gaseous hydrocarbon; (2) sequentially cooling the gaseous hydrocarbon in two or more temperature bands, arranged at least in series to cause vapour-liquid separation in each temperature band with separated condensed liquids being supplied to methane separation, and non-condensed gas to a following temperature band; and (3) recovering methane gas in the methane separation, as well as condensed liquid substantially containing no methane. A refrigerant of a higher temperature than in a conventional method can be used, thereby making it possible to set higher the suction pressure of a refrigerator, to reduce the refrigerator power.
A method (I) of separating an emulsion comprising a water-miscible (WM) phase, a water-immiscible (WI) phase and fine solid particles into a WM phase and a WI phase comprises: (a) passing the emulsion through a hydrocyclone to form an overflow emulsion and underflow emulsion; (b) inverting the overflow emulsion; (c) passing the inverted emulsion through a further hydrocyclone (or hydrocyclones in series); and (d) collecting WM and WI phases; the particles are collected in the discontinuous phase from step (c).    USE -   The essential process is (Ia), the emulsion treated being produced in a bio:de-sulphurisation (BDS) process for treatment of sulphur-containing fossil fuels; the emulsion typically contains intact bacterial cells, and the processes directed to recovery of substantially pure oil.
The device has an electricity generation area (18), a first combustion zone (19) and a second combustion zone (17). A first fuel battery (1A) is fixed at a position penetrating the second combustion zone and the electricity generation area. A second fuel battery (1B) is fixed at a position penetrating the first combustion zone and the electricity generation area. An oxidation gas flow path (7) is established in each battery. An outlet of oxidation gas flow path of the first battery is opened to the first combustion zone. An outlet of the oxidation gas flow path of second battery is opened to the second combustion zone.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents reduction of electricity generation efficiency. Improves co-generation efficiency of whole device.
Treatment of organic waste containing metals comprises (1) feeding a gasifier with organic waste containing metals and a gasifying agent containing O2and steam from the top of the gasifier to it to gasify the waste and (2) exhausting the generated gas from the bottom of the gasifier.    ADVANTAGE -   Organic waste can be treated without generating polychlorodibenzodioxin.
Heavy metal ion scavenger comprises a biogenic water soluble phosphoric acid condensate extracted from an unicellular green algae, Dunaliella sp.    The concentration of the phosphate in the culture is preferably 1.0-2.0 mg P/l. Preparation of the heavy metal scavenger comprises cultivating unicellular green algae Dunaliella sp. in a culture containing nitrate and phosphate while phosphate is added to give a concentration of phosphate of 0.5-5.0 mg P/l and extracting a water-soluble phosphoric acid condensate in the algae cell of Dunaliella sp.    USE -   The heavy metal ion scavenger scavenges heavy metal ions in water.    ADVANTAGE -   The heavy metal ion scavenger scavenges heavy metal ions in water with good efficiency without producing sludge. The scavenged heavy metal can be easily recovered by chromatography without using acids or alkalis. The scavenger can be easily produced with low cost without polluting the environment.
Waste disposal apparatus for a multiple dwelling house comprises a waste crusher (4) in a drainage pipe (3) of each house; a storing tank (7) to temporarily collect drain containing a pulverised solid substance from the drainage pipe (3) of each house; a solid liquid separating device (8) started when a storage water amount in the storage tank (7) attains a specified amount and separating drain, containing a crushed solid substance in a storage tank, into a pulverised solid substance and drain; and a bio-treating tank (9) effecting distinction treatment of the crushed solid substance, separated by the solid liquid separating device (8), by a useful microorganism group or treatment of the crushed solid substance into compost. The solid liquid separating device (8) has a lower part in which drain inlet (14a) is formed, and a rotatable screw compression shaft (13) rotatable throughout a range of from the drain inlet (14a) to a solid discharge port (14b) is rotatably arranged in a casing (4), and a drain port (11f) is formed in the casing (4).    ADVANTAGE -   Capacity and the size of a drain treating device are reduced.
Raw waste processing for vegetable, fruit, grain, meat and fish involves using a bag-like processing tank (13) made of cloth with air permeability. A support frame (12) supports the processing tank. The support frame is made to rotate about a shaft (125).    Microorganisms are cultured in the processing tank to decompose the raw waste. A medium material is stored in the processing tank for the culturing of microorganisms.    ADVANTAGE -   Offers effective decomposition of garbage. Avoids use of agitating member. Avoids sticking of garbage to processing tank. Prevents stink generated and pollution of surroundings. Avoids use of forced suction mechanism, exhaust mechanism and forced heating mechanism.
Waste processor for kitchen waste using microorganism has a processing tank (1) with a holder which stores the micro organism. A case (26) covers the processing tank.    A fan (18) which exhausts the air inside the processing tank, is installed in the case. An air flow path is installed between the processing tank and the case. An exhaust port (10) is connected to one end of an exhaust path which leads to the exterior.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces unpleasant feeling caused by bad smell.
Kitchen waste processor using microorganism has a processing tank (1) with a holder (2) which stores the microorganisms. A fan exhausts the air in the processing tank. A heating unit (3) heats the processing tank. A temperature detector detects the temperature in the processing tank. The ON/OFF operation of the heating unit is controlled based on the temperature detected by the detector.    Consequently, the processing tank is heated to a predetermined temperature. The moisture content of the holder is detected based on the ratio between the turn ON time and turn OFF time of the heating unit. A controller controls the fan based on the moisture content detected.    ADVANTAGE -   Offers stable and efficient processing using microorganisms. Enables to control amount of water stored in holder.
The processor has a processing tank (1) which is made of low friction material. A holder (2) is provided in the tank to store organism. The tank has semicircular bottom wall and side wall along which a stir body (24) rotates.    The stir body is arranged in the tank to rotate the holder and stir the stored organism.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents holder from adhering with tank bottom. Improves stir efficiency of holder.
Apparatus for separating raw laver from acid processed liquid of laver net has an inner tank with fine water holes which are arranged on a side wall of the inner tank set in an outer tank. A rotary cylinder is set in the inner tank. A spiral blade on which fibres are planted is planted in the rotary cylinder so that tips of the fibres contact the wall of the inner tank. An exhaust part of a raw laver being separated is set on the outer tank. A drain pipe for exhausting separated liquid is set at a lower part of the outer tank. A tube for flowing acid processed liquid is connected to a lower part of the inner tank.    USE -   The apparatus is used for continuously separating solid material such as raw laver mixed in acid processed liquid of a laver net.
The plant consists of an electrolyte layer in which phosphoric acid is impregnated as an electrolyte. The electrolyte layer is sandwiched between an anode (1a) and a cathode (1b) in order to form an unit battery. A cooling plate (4) is arranged on the unit battery through a separator to form a battery stack. A fuel battery main body (7) has a pair of gas manifolds which supplies and ejects hot gas and an oxidizing agent, respectively.    A fuel supply system (8) supplies the hot gas to the anode. The oxidising agent supply system (9) supplies the oxidising agent gas to the cathode. A coolant supply system (10) supplies a coolant to the cooling plate. An ammonia absorber (11) is installed in the fuel supply system.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies installation of ammonia absorber. Enhances electricity generation efficiency of phosphoric acid type fuel battery.
The battery includes a cell (1) that has a pair of electrodes (1a,1b) which sandwiches an electrolyte layer (1c). A number of cells are laminated to form a multilayered body (2), between which a gas division plate (3) is arranged. A number of direct current detectors (19a-19c) detects current distribution along planar direction of cell. A control unit (22) controls supply flow rate and load current of reaction gas based on detection result of the detectors. When the tolerance limit of the standard current which is established previously is compared to be less than the present tolerance limit, the supply flow rate of the reaction gas is controlled.    ADVANTAGE -   Prolongs life span of fuel battery. Prevents deterioration of battery.
The system circulates a gas supplied by a gas supply apparatus through a feed pipe. A recycle pipe is connected to an exhaust port which ejects the unconverted gas. A fuel battery main body generates electricity according to the electrochemical reaction of a reaction gas containing hydrogen and oxygen. The unconverted gases returned to the feed pipe from the exhaust port. A gas feed hopper (12) adjusts the pressure in an air tight container (11). An inlet pipe (14) introduces the unconverted gas into the container. A discharge pipe (15) which discharges the unconverted gas into a recirculating line is connected to a recess (19) of an operation box (13). A drive unit (16) excites the diaphragm which generates a pressure fluctuation in the recess.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables recirculation of unconverted gas not used in electricity generation. Enables utilization of 100% of reaction gas. Provides electricity generation capacity of 5KW or more. Maintains pressure in container at fuel battery internal pressure. Restrains differential pressure of diaphragm.
The system includes a parallel supply unit which consists of a sheet of feed pipes (201-203) which supply heating gas, oxidizing gas and cooling water to the battery main body, respectively. The battery main body consists of a set of fuel battery multi-layered bodies (101-103) each of which consists of multiple single cells. A parallel ejection unit which consists of a set of ejection pipes (301-303) ejects heating gas, oxidizing gas and cooling water from each multi-layered body.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables to perform fuel control simply. Improves reliability of system.
The system includes a battery main body (5) which consists of a set of single cells (4). Each single cell comprises a fuel pole (1) and an oxidizing agent pole (2) immersed in an electrolyte (3). A coolant tank (6) sends out a coolant through a coolant circulation piping (9) for cooling purpose during heat generation, when chemical reaction takes place within the battery main body. The circulated coolant is returned to the coolant tank again. A modifier (13) has a modifier main body (10) which includes a fuel chamber (14) and a reforming chamber (15). Hydrogen gas from the fuel pole and air from a blower (17) are introduced into the fuel chamber. Water and liquid fuel are introduced into the reforming chamber. A set of heat exchangers (18,19) are formed in the periphery of the fuel chamber and reforming chamber respectively. The heat exchanger releases the modifier main body.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves thermal efficiency. Enables safer usage.
The battery includes a hot gas supply process line (2) that supplies hot gas to a set of fuel battery multilayer bodies (1a-1c). The hot gas is supplied to the fuel battery multilayer bodies through a set of supply branch lines (3a-3c). The hot gas from the multilayer bodies is outputs to an ejection processing unit (5), through a set of ejection branch lines (4a-4c). A controlling valve (6) is provided in the supply process line that adjusts gas flow rate. A set of first orifices (7a-7c) are provided in the supply branch lines that compensates pressure loss in branch lines based on shape of branch lines. A set of second orifices (8a-8c) are provided in the ejection branch lines that compensates pressure loss inside multilayer bodies. A set of third orifices (9a-9c) are provided in the ejection branch lines which compensates pressure loss is branch lines.    ADVANTAGE -   Obtains sufficient space efficiency.
The detector comprises a package part (4). A piezoelectric transducer (5) is bonded to the package. Several gas vibrations holes are provided in the package. A gas sensing element (1) is provided at the bottom of the package. A vibrating device applies suitable vibrations to the package.    USE -   Used for detecting propane, steam, oxygen and chlorofluorocarbon.    ADVANTAGE -   Detection is carried out in a short time.
Biochemical treatment of organic solvent comprises comprise receiving organic solvent into a control dilution tank having a lid, diluting the solvent with diluted solution, introducing diluted solution in the tank into an aeration tank and introducing gas on the liquid face into the dilution tank and aeration tank.    ADVANTAGE -   The solvent such as ethanol, methanol, propanol, butanol, acetone and methylethylketone can be treated safely and efficiently with compact facilities and treating water can be obtained stably over a long period.
Waste is fed into a boiler (24, 26) after it has been subjected to a hydrothermal reaction treatment (12) in the presence of water. The hydrothermal reaction occurs under high temperature and pressure conditions. An acidic slurry is formed during part of, or throughout, the hydrothermal reaction. This reduces the oxygen content in waste relative to the carbon atoms in the building molecules of the waste. It also causes any halogens in the building molecule to be transferred into the slurry. The slurry is then cooled, dewatered and fed into the combustion section (24) of the boiler.    USE -   Municipal wastes, night soil, sewage sludge, industrial wastes, other wastes containing organic matter ae converted into a fuel fed to a boiler.    ADVANTAGE -   Method reduces the moisture content of the wastes to reduce the exhaust gas from the boiler. Also foreign matter is removed to prevent the formation of incombustible items in the bottom of the furnace. There is no problem of corrosion by halogen compounds. The production of toxic dioxins is suppressed while the content of heavy metals in the ash is reduced. Corrosion of system components in contact with the slurry is reduced.
Preparation of a mixture of waste for composting comprises putting materials together in a mixer and discharging for composting. A part of the materials is preheated before introducing to the mixer, so that the temperature of the mixed components is 20-100C on discharge from the mixer. The preheated components are especially excrement or sludge. The preheated components are heated to preferably 60-100C within a part-sterilisation process. The preheating is effected using preferably waste heat generated by combustion of composting gas effluent, or discharged from mixer-motor coolant.    USE -   The process is used for composting organic wastes especially kitchen wastes, garden wastes, straw and hay from stables and farm animals, lawn cuttings, wood ash, excrement and sludge.    ADVANTAGE -   The process extends the range of especially difficult materials for composting.
Line composting rotor assembly heaps organic wastes in a series of immediately adjacent parallel rows and separated from each other by walls. From time to time, the material in each row is lifted, turned and replaced either in the same position or another position by a machine having a rotor (1) and moving along the row. The rotor (1) moves about an axis (4) and occupies a diameter which is slightly smaller than the maximum width (B) of the compost row (5) held in a channel (14). The rotor is held and suspended in a cage ring (6) about its circumference and linked to pick-up shovels (2). The pick-up shovels (2) also cut and/or break up the lumps or organic residue.    USE -   The assembly accelerates line composting.    ADVANTAGE -   The rotor assembly is of simple construction and requires limited energy input.
A waste disposal process and apparatus are claimed that combine incineration (26) and fermentation/composting (25) processes. Organic residues (19) are composted (21) and the resulting gases (22) and waste water (27) are collected. The incineration furnace (10) receives combustible gases (22) via a gas pipe (30) from the composting assembly (21). Inorganic residues (20) are incinerated using gas (22) from the composting assembly (21).    USE -   The process and assembly process organic and inorganic esp. municipal wastes for disposal.    ADVANTAGE -   The process and assembly are suitable for relatively small-scale construction and operation.
Apparatus for in situ gas sparging for bioremediation or removal of contaminants in a soil formation containing a subsurface aquifer comprises: (a ) injection wells extending to the aquifer; (b) a means of providing an oxidising agent (I) which comprises ozone; (c) a means of controlling the mixing of (I) with ambient air to form a multi-element gas (II); (d) using microporous diffusers to inject (II) into the aquifer without applying a vacuum, to form micro-fine bubbles of (II) that oxidise chlorinated hydrocarbons to form harmless byproducts, and (e) a means of agitating water in the well intermittently, to alter the path of the bubbles through a porous formation.    USE -   The apparatus is useful in the treatment of poorly biodegradable organic substances, especially chlorinated solvents, are stripped from a site by the microbubbles and rapidly decomposed (claimed).
The level of Cr (VI) in a liquid aqueous residue (I) is reduced by: (a) providing a consortium of anaerobic Cr (VI) reducing bacteria (II) that use Cr (VI) as a terminal electron acceptor for reducing Cr (VI) to Cr (III), the consortium having been selected by (i) collecting a soil sample, (ii) diluting it with a sterile aqueous diluent, (iii) mixing with a bacterial growth nutrient medium and Cr (VI), and (iv) incubating the mixture in substantial absence of oxygen to stimulate growth of (II); (b) mixing (I) with a bacterial growth medium; and (c) contacting the mixture in substantial absence of oxygen with the consortium of (II), thereby reducing Cr (VI) to Cr (III). The method of selecting bacteria (II) using step (a) is claimed independently. Also claimed is in situ bioremediation for reducing concentration of Cr (VI) in contaminated soil and/or groundwater, by providing a nutrient medium and maintaining the soil/groundwater in substantial absence of oxygen, thereby stimulating growth of (II) to reduce Cr (VI) to Cr (III).    USE -   Groundwater, industrial effluent, waste water, soil wash or soil is remediated    ADVANTAGE -   An in situ or ex situ method of bioremediation is provided that does not require use of a pure bacterial culture and operates under substantially anaerobic conditions.
Use of 10-oxo-trans-8-decenoic acid (ODA) as a fungal growth hormone to stimulate mycelial growth of cultivated mushrooms (M's) comprises: (a) selecting a species of cultivated M; (b) selecting a solid or liquid growth medium suitable for growing the M; (c) adding ODA to the growth medium to achieve a final concentration of 10-7-10-4M; (d) inoculating the M into the growth medium; (e) culturing the M, and (f) harvesting the mycelium of the M.    USE -   10-oxo-trans-8-decenoic acid is used as a fungal growth hormone to stimulate mycelial growth of cultivated mushrooms.
Separation of carbon dioxide from landfill gas stream containing carbon dioxide, methane and trace contaminants of relatively higher boiling gases involves: (a) compressing the landfill gas stream and removing water therefrom to produce dehydrated gas stream, (b) introducing the dehydrated gas stream into absorption column for absorbing contaminants with a carbon dioxide absorbent mainly comprising the carbon dioxide present in the landfill gas stream, (c) withdrawing at a first location a spent absorbent stream containing no more than 35% of the carbon dioxide contained in the landfill gas stream and all of the gas contaminants, withdrawing at a second location above the first location a carbon dioxide product stream free of contaminants and containing most of the carbon dioxide from the landfill gas stream and (d) withdrawing from the absorption column a methane product stream free of contaminants and containing most of the methane from the landfill gas stream.    USE -   For treating landfill gas to concentrate and recover methane used as fuel and carbon dioxide.    ADVANTAGE -   Removes pollutants from landfill gas streams using reduced amounts of carbon dioxide absorbent which can be derived in situ. Process streams can be used to provide fuel for compression and/or refrigeration and/or to regenerate carbon dioxide absorbent.
A bio-toilet tank assembly comprises; (i) a primary digestion chamber (2) including an inlet (4) for the waste and a concentrated microbacterial additive, and effluent outlets; (ii) a secondary digestion chamber (3) for receiving effluent from the primary chamber, including discharge outlets (6); (iii) a disinfection chamber (5) for receiving effluent from the secondary chamber, with an outlet for discharging clear, pathogen free effluent; and (iv) a disinfectant supply tank (7) variably connected to the secondary chamber to incorporate varying quantities of disinfectant in the effluent flowing to the disinfection chamber.    Also claimed is a method of treating human waste using the apparatus.    USE -   The assembly is used for collecting and treating human waste on trains, buses, caravans and trucks and from domestic and hospital toilets; and beach resorts.    ADVANTAGE -   The waste is treated on-site, reducing the load for the central effluent treatment plant. The system can be fixed inside hospital toilets, preventing cross contamination by pathogens. The system overcomes problems associated with conveniences on board transport vehicles.
A device for organic fertiliser manufacture comprises a mixing device (10) to mix together livestock dung, such as cow dung, and a moisture content-regulating material; a crushing chamber (20) to rotatably support a crush feed shaft body (13), having a number of crushing pieces (22) and regulate and control a conveyance amount as livestock dung is crushed; a heating chamber (30) to knead livestock dung as the livestock dung crushed and mixed at the crushing chamber (20), and promote fermentation by the generation of heat due to friction, and a crushing discharge chamber (50) to crush the livestock dung solidified after heating kneading, and communicated with the heating chamber (30).    ADVANTAGE -   Livestock dung is rapidly fertilised.
Manufacture of an organic fertiliser comprises: (1) mixing waste containing an organic matter containing a liquid with vegetable fibres; (2) conditioning the liquid content of the obtained mixture by removing a proper quantity of the liquid from the mixture to ferment it, and (3) blending it under pressure.    ADVANTAGE -   An organic fertiliser can be obtained simply without controlling the mixing ratio.
NOVELTY - Plate type modifying device comprises a modifying chamber (3), in which adjoining catalyst (5) for modification are contained with a heat transmission partition wall; and a combustion chamber (4) to contain a catalyst (6) for combustion, and by using a combustion heat generated in a combustion chamber, modifying reaction is effected in the modifying chamber. In the plate type modifying device, At least one of the catalyst (5) for modification and the catalyst (6) for combustion is formed in a powder-like or a fine particle-like state and a powder-like or a fine particle-like catalyst is held in a porous substance, and contained in the modifying chamber or the combustion chamber.    USE - USE Especially suitable in a fuel battery generating system.    ADVANTAGE - ADVANTAGE A plate type modifying device formed in a compact manner and improving thermal efficiency is provided.
Biological treatment of sludge contg. organic matter comprises heat-treating the sludge at least partly, and the heat-treated sludge is used as a culture soln. for the microorganism producing an enzyme decomposing the organic matter.    USE -   Used for treatment of sludge produced in drainage-treating processes.    ADVANTAGE -   The method supplies, stably in pref. conditions, the culture soln. for the microorganism producing an enzyme decomposing organic matter in the sludge.
Treatment of waste water containing organic and inorganic matter comprises adding an alkaline agent to the water to aggregate the inorganic matter and aerobic microorganism to decompose the matter while aerating it.    USE -   The method is used in garbage incinerators.    ADVANTAGE -   The number of processes can be reduced, operation can be simplified and operation time can be shortened.
A treatment apparatus for waste water containing nitrates comprises a cylindrical reactor charged with a carrier carrying a microorganism aggregate containing denitrification bacteria in an anaerobic fixed bed-type reactor and an aperture for supplying the waste water into the reactor in a rotation axis of the reactor.    ADVANTAGE -   A biochemical film having optimum thickness can be formed on the carrier homogeneously and maintained.
Treatment of waste water containing nitrogen component and an organic component comprise introducing the water into a reactive tank and conducting the biochemical treatment with coexistent biochemical carrier carrying a denitrification or nitrification microorganism having smaller specific gravity than the waste water.    ADVANTAGE -   The biochemical carrier can be separated from the treating solution easily without a screen device and the cost for maintenance can be reduced.
Treatment of waste water is carried in an apparatus composed of lower anaerobic and upper aerobic fix bed reactors charged with carriers coated with microorganisms, an agitating and aerating device at the bottom, aeration pipes between reactors and a waste water feed pipe at the bottom.    ADVANTAGE -   The method provides a simplification of the after treatment in an aerobic-anaerobic combined system.
An apparatus for treating a selenium-containing water is equipped with a biochemical treater for reducing SeO32- and/or SeO42- present in the water into selenium with an anaerobic biochemical treatment to insolubilise and remove it. It is provided with biochemical treatment tanks for conducting anaerobic biochemical treatment.    USE -   The apparatus is used in mines, thermal power stations and glass industries.    ADVANTAGE -   Drop of reactive efficiency of reduction reaction and the stability of treatment due to short path can be prevented.
Solids of animals and plants are immersed in a solution containing at least anaerobic bacteria to achieve the 1st treatment, and then they are introduced to the aerobic treating tank to achieve the 2nd treatment.    USE -   The process and apparatus are used to treat animal and plant solids.    ADVANTAGE -   The solid parts like bones, shells and sand are separated from animal and plant soft parts like corps, meat and internal organs.
Device for garbage disposal provides garbage agitation in a vertical type agitating tank (1) together with aerobic microorganisms and a medium material. The garbage is placed on a screw feeder (16) and conveyed upward along with rotation of the screw feeder. Then it is dropped, in order, from a hollow part (12) formed between the screw feeder and a central shaft (8) to the bottom of the vertical agitating tank (1) and raised again to effect circulation operation. By decomposition and fermentation operation through the working of charged aerobic microorganisms, garbage is digested and reduced in volume together with the circulation operation.    ADVANTAGE -   There is no fear of garbage residing without treatment and disposal efficiency being reduced.
During rotational drive of an endless running body (8), a contact member makes contact with a scraper (18) for protrusion arranged inside the moving locus of a flight member (10) and is rotated. As a result, an agitating blade (17) is protruded outside. By bringing the agitating blade into contact with a scraper (21) for push, arranged outside the moving locus of the flight member, for rotation in other place than the front side in an advancing direction of the agitator (5), the agitating blade is pushed to the moving locus side.    ADVANTAGE -   The efficiency of agitation fermentation of organic waste by an agitator is improved.
An agitating claw support shaft (41) interlocked and coupled to a rotational drive device is caused span in a garbage disposing tank (30). Agitating claws (42-48) are attached at intervals of a distance in an axial direction on the outer peripheral surface of the agitating claw support shaft (41). The agitating claws (42-48) are arranged in positions to which the whole periphery of the agitating claw support shaft (41) is peripherally uniformly distributed.    ADVANTAGE -   High-efficient agitation is practicable.
A crude garbage disposing apparatus (A) is provided both with a crude garbage fermentation vessel (32) and with an ageing vessel (33) partitioned by a vertical division wall inside a crude garbage disposal vessel (2), and also a deodorising part (4). The crude garbage stirring paddle shaft (41) is supported by a pair of right and left support stands (41a,41b), so that the cutout grooves in the upper parts of the stirring paddle shaft and the parts of the shaft-inserting long holes are sealably closed by sealing members respectively.    USE -   The structure is for fitting a stirring paddle shaft of a crude garbage disposing apparatus.    ADVANTAGE -   The stirring paddle shaft can be easily fitted and also the time for closing the cutout grooves and the shaft-inserting long holes can be reduced.
Kitchen waste processor includes a stir tank (5) in which the kitchen waste is stirred. The kitchen waste from the stir tank is decomposed by microorganism in an oxidation tank (6).    The decomposed material is laid aside in a precipitation tank (7) provided under the oxidation tank. An activated carbon layer (4) is provided in the oxidation tank by which microorganism adheres to the oxidation tank.    ADVANTAGE -   Shortens time required to fix microorganism.
Kitchen waste processor with bacterial removal function consists of a processing tank (1) which accommodates a holder (2) which holds the kitchen waste to the processed. The stored wastes are stirred by a stirring unit (27) provided inside the holder. The temperature in the upper part of the holder before/after performing stirring operation is detected by a pair of detectors (30).    The stirring unit in the holder is controlled by a controller based on the temperature gradient output by the detectors.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables to adjust moisture level of holder contents, easily. Prevents reduction of processing efficiency.
Kitchen waste processor using bio-catalyst e.g. microorganism includes a holder (2) which is installed in a processing time (1). Waste which is disposed is emptied in the tank.    A stirring body (26) stirs the holder and thereby the garbage contained in the tank. A sensor (52) detects the electrostatic capacitance of the holder. A control unit controls the stirring body, based on the output of the sensor.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves processing efficiency. Prevents occurrence of stink due to holder.
Amycolatopsis mediterranei HT-6 (FERM P-15023) having ability of decomposing polybutylene succinate resin is new.    Also claimed are a method for the decomposition of a polybutylene succinate resin in which an actinomycetes is contacted with a polybutylene succinate resin to decompose it, and a method for producing 4-hydroxy-n-butyric acid in which an actinomycetes is contacted with a polybutylene succinate resin.    ADVANTAGE -   The method forms no waste gas. 4-Hydroxy-n-butyric acid can be used again in the synthesis of a polymer.
Treatment of biodegradable waste comprises: (a) introducing the waste into a reaction vessel; (b) sealing the vessel; (c) subjecting the waste to digestion in the absence of oxygen; (d) adding further biodegradable waste; and (e) continuing the process to produce digestate material.    USE -   The process is useful for the management of domestic, household, commercial and non-hazardous industrial refuse, and certain agricultural and horticultural materials. The biogas produced by the process can be extracted and used elsewhere (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   The process is more effective in terms of throughput and optimum usage of the digestion cell than prior art batch waste digestion processes. The digestate material can be disposed of in a landfill site within a lower volume and without leachate problems.
Disposal of infected animal cadavers by autoclaving and fermentation comprises: (a) introducing the cadavers into a first autoclave (2) in which they are cooked and reduced to a mass which can be conveyed by a pump; (b) pumping the mass to a second autoclave (3) where it is sterilised; (c) homogenising the sterilised mass in a mixer assembly (4); (d) separating the homogenised substance if required into fractions containing different fat contents and placing them in separate tanks (5, 6) to accumulate in batches, the contents of the tanks are discharged to a mixer tank (7) as an intermediate product; (e) a fermentation reactor (8) which accepts the contents of the mixer tank, and (f) processing the residues.    USE -   The process is for animal cadavers or their associated wastes which can then be subsequently mixed with other waste products and processed in a conventional sewage treatment plant.    ADVANTAGE -   The process is capable of dealing economically with large volumes of animal wastes.
The novelty is that in a process and assembly (a) an adsorption agent bearing a load of impurities is regenerated by a retro-fitted cleaning and decontamination assembly (b) the retro-fit assembly facilitates the in-situ regeneration of the adsorption agent; (c) in-situ regeneration prevents damage that might otherwise occur during transport of the agent to a treatment installation; and (d) the regeneration takes place within the reactor in which the adsorption agent treats water (e.g. ground water, waste water, process water), in normal operation.    Preferably (e) the regeneration process uses electrolysis generating hydrogen at the cathode, the gas being surrendered to microorganisms; (f) the cathode is surrounded by an ion-exchange membrane from the rest of the reaction vessel, and discharging the gas to a reactor outlet pipe (g) the specific choice of membrane at the reactor outlet prevents the ingress of microorganisms from the reaction vessel into the pipes and the mixing vessel, during cleaning and decontamination operations; (h) as soon as the adsorption agent is fully laden, cleaning and decontamination commences by creating conditions within the reactor which enable the microorganisms to convert the load (without heavy metals) into minerals.    USE -   The process and assembly regenerate an adsorption agent in situ in a water filter.    ADVANTAGE -   The adsorption reactor can be operated continually without having to interrupt operations for a decontamination phase.
Bacterial fertiliser is produced by preparing a bacterial liquid with azophoska bacteria and bacteria-decomposing cellulose, lignin and starch and mixing the bacterial liquid, the nutritious liquid which favours microbial propagation and plant growth and turf as adsorbent.    ADVANTAGE -   The fertiliser increases the yield of crops and improves the quality of fruit and the soil.
A reformer (10) comprises a stack of thermally conducting plates (12) interspersed with catalyst plates (14) and internal or external reactant manifolds. As a steam reformer, endothermic steam reforming reaction energy is provided externally to produce carbon monoxide, hydrogen, steam and carbon dioxide.    If used as a partial oxidation reformer, a fraction of the natural gas is oxidised in the presence of a combustion and reforming catalyst in intimate thermal contact with thermally conducting plates elongated in the direction of gas flow. An average in-plane plate temperature is maintained to allow effective reforming action and reduce occurrence of hot spots.    USE -   Provides a compact, plate type, natural gas steam reformer or a partial oxidation reformer using waste heat generated in a closely associated electrochemical converter.
A thermally cracked feedstream containing hydrogen, ethylene, propylene and other 2-6C and heavier unsaturated hydrocarbons produced in thermal cracking is processed to separate ethylene and propylene and hydrogenate unsaturated hydrocarbons without prior separation of hydrogen from feedstream and without hydrogenating ethylene and propylene by: (a) introducing the feedstream into the feed zone of a distillation reaction column containing distillation stripping zone below the feed zone and a combination distillation rectifying and catalytic reaction zone above the feed zone, (b) concurrently: (i) contacting the feedstream in the distillation reaction column with vertically oriented bed of hydrogenation catalyst in the combination reaction zone, (ii) maintaining a high ratio of the total of 4-5C hydrocarbons:2-3C hydrocarbons at the bottom of the catalyst bed where the ethylene and propylene remain unhydrogenated while other unsaturated hydrocarbons are hydrogenated and (iii) fractionating the resulting mixture of hydrogenated and unhydrogenated products, (c) withdrawing an overhead stream containing 2-4C hydrocarbons and part of the 5C hydrocarbons and a bottoms stream containing the 6C+ hydrocarbons and part of the 5C hydrocarbons and (d) processing the overhead stream to recover ethylene and propylene.    USE -   For processing thermally cracked feedstream to recover ethylene and propylene and produce gasoline products.    ADVANTAGE -   Process does not hydrogenate ethylene and propylene and does not require prior removal of hydrogen thus reducing costs and energy requirements. Fouling is minimised.
Soil polluted with chemical toxic substances is treated by introducing microorganisms capable of destroying the pollutants. Manure type microflora obtained by composting involving multistage cyclic fermentation is used. The fermentation process is carried out at 23 (3) C adding the chemical toxic substances and gradually increasing their concentration 0.1-2 mass % at the last fermentation stage. The initial material used at each stage is 10-30% of ready compost from the previous stage.    USE -   Method is used to remove pesticides from soil.    ADVANTAGE -   Bio-technological soil remediation method is applied.
Treatment of plastic waste comprises (1) heating plastic waste containing a halo-polymer containing plasticiser, while pressing it with generated gas, to decompose the plasticiser; (2) separating the obtained decomposed product while degassing the halide compound; (3) carbonising the residue obtained from the thermal decomposition to generate oil; and (4) recovering the oil.    ADVANTAGE -   Plastics waste can be recycled.
Fermentation for treatment of organic wastes comprises primary treatment of rapid and forced fermentation of raw material, particularly crushed wastes, in a semi-sealed tank with stirring for 24-72 hours, particularly at 40-60C and 50-75% of water content with stirring 1-5 times/minute and secondary treatment of fermentation in open air under piled up condition for 60-90 days, particularly at 1000-2500 mm height, 50-80C and water content of 35-60%, optionally with added 2-15% fresh raw wastes or 5-20% ash or 5-30% carbonated wastes.    USE -   The process is used for treatment of plants (e.g. cut grasses and twigs) and animal wastes (e.g. animal faeces) originated raw materials.    ADVANTAGE -   Two step fermentation produces rapid and smooth production of compost or soil conditioner for improved culture of crops.
Production of compost from organic wastes containing biodegradable plastics involves (1) crushing biodegradable plastics, (2) mixing the crushed biodegradable plastics and easily degradable organic wastes, particularly further adding fermented compost or biodegradable plastics separated from fermented wastes, and (3) fermenting the mixture. Also claimed is an apparatus comprising a crusher, a mixer and a fermentation tank , to enable mixing of fermented compost and biodegradable plastics separated from fermented wastes.    Biodegradable plastics (e.g. starches, polyhydroxy alkanoates or aliphatic polyesters) are preferably crushed to pieces of 5-50 (preferably 5-20) mm and mixed with organic wastes to give a content of biodegradable plastics of 2-20 (preferably 5-10) wt.% and fermented to give the compost.    ADVANTAGE -   Rapid and smooth degradation of biodegradable plastics may be effected.
Production of compost from organic wastes containing biodegradable plastics comprises (1) crushing raw wastes, (2) mixing with fermented compost or biodegradable plastics separated from the fermented compost, and particularly the content of the plastics is 2-20 wt.% and (3) fermenting the mixture.    Organic wastes containing biodegradable plastics (e.g. those made from starches, polyhydroxyalkanoates, aliphatic polyesters) are preferably crushed to pieces of 5-50 (preferably 5-20_ mm and mixed with biodegradable plastics separated from fermented wastes to give content of biodegradable plastics of 2-20 (preferably 5-10) wt.% and fermented to give the compost.    ADVANTAGE -   Rapid and smooth degradation of biodegradable plastics is effected.
Raw garbage processor for decomposition processing of industrial and cooking waste using microorganism includes a processing tank (7) in which agitating vane (2) for processing inside the tank is provided.    A crease groove is provided in the inner wall of the tank along agitating vane movement direction.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents noise during agitation. Keeps inhabitation environment of micro-organism to satisfactory.
The detector consists of separate circuits for warning of gas leakage and incomplete combustion (4,3). A methane sensor (1) and a carbon monoxide sensor (2) which are provided in the respective circuit emit signals when there is gas leakage and an incomplete combustion, respectively.    A signal interruption circuit is also provided to interrupt the methane sensor signals, when both the sensors emit signals, simultaneously.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents false reporting. Performs warning of gas leakage and incomplete combustion separately.
Soil enriching or composting material comprises plant-originating organic material including wood-based organic material and animal manure or slurry. The wood-based material is amenable to breakdown in soil during soil enrichment or composting use. The plant-originating organic material is mixed uniformly with the manure or slurry. Also claimed is a method of preparing the soil enrichment or composting material comprising mixing the plant-originating organic material with animal manure or slurry to mix uniformly and storing the mixture for a period during which initial heating takes place followed by organic degradation or decomposition.    ADVANTAGE -   The material provides a clean and effective method of returning pig slurry to the soil in a constructive manner. The nutrients are concentrated in the slurry by degradation of the soil enriching medium. The method also enables use in agriculture and horticulture of pig slurry which is extremely unpleasant material and presents significant problems in its disposal.
Conversion of partially or completely decomposed fibrous or textured protein matter and other hazardous waste compounds to environmentally acceptable waste comprises thermal degradation and fermentation.    USE -   The method is used for conversion of byproducts of various waste treatments to environmentally acceptable waste (claimed).
Biomass material, such as cellulose lignins and proteins and organic adjuvants are transformed in a high pressure bioreactor. The reactor consists of a double walled vertical cylindrical vessel (201 and 202) with a cover (25). A mixer (250) powered by a motor (206) is supported by the cover. A number of ultrasonic emitters (608,. 609, 610 and 612) are mounted on the inner wall (201) and cover of the reactor. A circular outer wall encloses heaters and arms which help fill the reactor.    USE -   Degradation of cellulose lignins, protein and bioorganic adjuvants by mechanical grinding, heating pressure and ultra sound.    ADVANTAGE -   Use of ultra sound means operation can be carried out at lower temperatures than would normally be possible.
High-quality organic compost is prepared using city solid organic waste and sludge by mixing the waste with sludge, reacting in rotational reactor, coarse sieving, ageing, fine sieving and packaging. The rotational reactor comprises cylindrical body, drive mechanism and supporter. It has several slots inclined to the horizontal on its inner wall and rotates on supporting rollers.
The method for treating animal discards features that heated animal oil, fish oil or plant oil as heat carrier is contacted with the animal discards in sealed container and then mixed with them in three pressure-reducing stages, that is, 10 0-300 mmHg lower than, 500-700 mmHg lower than and 700-750 mmHg lower than ordinary pressure respectively for initial, intermediate and final stages.
A concentrated pig feed is prepared from fowls droppings and an additive by fermentation using yeast in combined aerobic and anaerobic mode. This is followed by processing the fermented substance with formaldehyde, instantaneous high-temperature sterilising, drying, breaking and mixing with corn, cake, lysine, paraminoacid, trace elements, edible salt and an activator.    ADVANTAGE -   The product features no odour of fowl droppings, killed pathogenic bacteria and parasites, increases sucking rate of raw protein, calcium and phosphorus by 16%, is low-cost and accelerates growth.
Raw refuse disposer comprises a raw refuse container with a raw refuse introduction port provided in an upper portion, a discharge port provided in a lower portion and deodorising exhaust ports. It also includes a raw refuse stirring screw erected in the container so as to be rotatably driven by a driving source, the screw being constructed such that the vane radius of a screw vane gradually decreases toward its top and that it has a substantially conical shape when viewed sideways.    USE -   The disposer is used for decomposing refuse from kitchens with bacteria.
Production of 2C+ hydrocarbons by hydrogenation of CO comprises providing a catalyst comprising (1) a catalyst support comprising several substantially spherical particles consisting of a homogeneous mixture of silica particles and silicon carbide particles, where the silicon carbide is present in an amount of 10-50 wt % wrt the total weight of the spherical particles, the spherical particles have a surface area of at least 30 m2/g, an average pore diameter of at least 150 A, and a particle size of at least 0.1 mm; and (2) a catalytically active metal phase supported on the catalyst support, the active phase comprising a first metal selected from group IVb and a second metal selected from group VIII. A CO feedstock is then provided, and this is contacted with the catalyst system in the presence of reaction hydrogen under hydrogenation conditions so as to produce 2C+.    USE -   The catalyst is useful in the hydrogenation of carbon monoxide feedstock    ADVANTAGE -   The catalyst has improved attrition resistance and heat dissipation properties. It also has excellent activity and selectivity towards desirable hydrogenation reactions.
Ethanol is produced from non-virgin biomass (A), which comprises convertible biomass with deleterious materials (D) in amount sufficient to inhibit conversion of (B) to ethanol, by: (a) removing at least a portion of (D) to obtain a primary processed biomass (E); (b) mixing (E) with virgin biomass (B) to dilute (D) to the level that it does not inhibit conversion of biomass to ethanol; (c) treating the mixture with hydrolysis and fermentation materials (F) so that conversion to ethanol and byproducts takes place; and (d) separating the ethanol.    USE -   (A) is e.g. municipal waste, construction or demolition debris or yard waste; it contains materials, e.g. metals, inks, dyes, plastics, clays, and/or solvent, pesticide or herbicide residues that inhibit ethanol fermentation of the biomass present.
An apparatus for modifying waste water comprises: (A) an anaerobic ammonification/denitrification region (17, 18); (B) an aerobic nitrification region (22); and (C) an effluent drainage region (16). (A) has inlets for raw sewage and nitrified effluent, an outlet and conduit (23) with pump to transfer clarified outlet to (B), and an outlet (25) to discharge clarified effluent to (C). (B) comprises a biological reaction area (a), network to distribute clarified effluent to (a), and a network to distribute air to (a) and a network to collect nitrified effluent from (a) and discharge it to (A). (A) further comprises a container (D) for alternately filling with air and clarified effluent, an inlet/outlet providing effluent under pressure to (D) and allowing effluent to drain from (D), an air inlet valve (V1) which closes as effluent under pressure enters (D) and opens when effluent drains from (D), an air outlet valve (V2) with opens as effluent under pressure enters (D) and closes as effluent drains from (D), and an outlet (E) which allows effluent to exit (D) when (D) is filled with effluent and effluent under pressure enters (D). (C) comprises an adsorption field. Also claimed is an apparatus for distributing effluent and air to an environments, comprising a container (D) as above.    USE -   The apparatus is useful for treating waste water, e.g. sewage, on site to reduce nitrate content and biological oxygen demand.    ADVANTAGE -   The apparatus is easy to install, requires minimal maintenance and does not require addition of chemicals. Conditions occurring naturally in the treatment of sewage are exploited.
Enhancement of remediation of heavy metal or organic contamination from a contaminated soil area is effected by (a) treating the soil to decrease the rate of biodegradation of an organic mobilising agent; (b) applying the organic mobilising agent to the soil; (c) causing the mobilising agent to remove the contamination from the soil; and (d) treating the soil to increase the rate of biodegradation of the organic mobilising agent.    USE -   This process provides in situ removal of precipitated, insoluble or strongly adsorbed heavy metal or radionuclide organic contamination from soil.    ADVANTAGE -   Otherwise inert cationic contaminants are electrokinetically mobilised. Over 90% of the heavy metal contamination can be removed electrokinetically. The process ensures that the mobilising agent is not attacked by bioorganisms in the soil prior to removal of the contamination, and that the mobilising agent does not remain as a new contaminant. Gas phase manipulation both retards biodegradation of the mobilising agent prior to and during remediation of a contaminant, and stimulates biodegradation of the agent after remediation of the contaminant. Treatment is effected without harming indigenous microbes.
The composition, based on hydrocarbon-oxidising bacteria, culture medium. mineral additive and water, contains culture medium in form of organic fertiliser, and diammonium phosphate as mineral additive, at ratio of components (in wt.%): hydrocarbon-oxidising bacteria 0.02-0.6, organic fertiliser 1-2, diammonium phosphate 0.05-0.15 and balance water.    USE -   In oil and gas extraction industry, as composition for treatment of oil stratum.    ADVANTAGE -   The composition increases degree of displacement of residual oil owing to generation, directly in stratum, of oil-displacing agents: gases, surfactants, alcohols and aldehydes.
Processing of petroleum sediments comprises: (a) filtration and heating of the sediment at 40-45 C; (b) repeated heating; (d) filtration; (e) centrifugation, (f) separation in 3 phases comprising petroleum products, aqueous emulsion, and particulate admixtures containing heavy hydrocarbons; (g) settling and treatment of the separated product in a 4th phase.    USE -   The method is used in petroleum processing industry, specially in processing of petroleum sludge/sediments.    ADVANTAGE -   The method provides an environmental protection from the effects of by-products of petroleum processing. It also increases the degree of separation of petroleum sediments, neutralisation of petroleum-slurred particulate admixtures and spills, and utilisation of bio-mass.
A new anticorrosive additive to municipal waste in an incineration plant, is composed principally of at least one of sulphur, organic sulphur compound and inorganic sulphur compound.    ADVANTAGE -   A sulphur oxide generated from the anticorrosive additive by the combustion energy of municipal waste transforms a metallic chloride contained in the incineration residue into a metallic sulphate compound.
Prodn. of compost contg. useful microorganisms comprises: (1) fermentation of organic raw materials for compost at temps. to sterilise existing microorganisms, partic. at 55 C or higher for 3 days or longer, (2) forced cooling to temps. so as to allow growth of useful microorganisms, partic. microorganisms inhibitive against plant pathogenic microorganisms, (3) their inoculation, and (4) fermentation at temp. to proliferate them, partic. at lower than 55 C for 3 days or longer, esp. followed by temp. at 55 C or higher for 3 days or longer, to give the compost contg. useful microorganisms.    ADVANTAGE -   Prodn. of functional compost contg. a large amount of useful microorganisms.
A poultry manure processing device comprises a poultry manure tank (1) consisting of a first processing tank wherein poultry manure is contained and fermentation is not progressed, and a second processing tank wherein fermentation is progressed; an agitating device (3) having moving wheel (34) having a rotary shaft (84), the periphery of which is radially filled with claws, to feed air in the poultry manure by agitating the contained poultry manure; a moving device (4) to move the agitating device (3) the agitating device (3) from the first processing tank to the second processing tank according to the shape of the poultry manure tank (1) according to the shape of the poultry manure processing tank (1) and return it to the first processing tank again; and a circulation blast device (1) juxtaposed with the agitating device (3) and collecting a smell so that air containing a smell generated during agitation is sucked and prevented from outflow to the outside, and feeding smell-collected air from below the poultry manure contained in the poultry manure processing tank. The smell-collected air is caused to flow through approximately dried poultry manure in the second processing tank for deodorisation.    ADVANTAGE -   Smell is not scattered to surroundings.
A modified catalyst (3) in a catalyst pipe (20) is supported from below and held by a flexible support body (21A) without being constrained by the wall surface of the catalyst pipe (20). The flexible support body (21A) consists of a plate having a vertically expanding and contracting spring (24) and having a lower end supported by the bottom of the catalyst pipe (20).    ADVANTAGE -   Even when a fuel battery generating device is started in a short time, a fuel modifier is safely used.
A garbage disposing device comprises:    (i) a disposer (3) connected to a drain port part (2) of a sink (1) and crushing garbage fed together with drain;    (ii) a pump (5) to transfer crushed garbage, fed from the disposer (3) through a drain pipe (4), and drain;    (iii) a draining apparatus (8) to drain pumped up crushed garbage;    (iv) a dehumidifying and drying chamber (9) to dry crushed garbage, charged and fed from the draining apparatus (8); and    (v) a purifying tank (6) purify drain, flowing down from the draining apparatus (8) and deaerating drain in the middle of transfer of the drain to the drain pipe (4).    ADVANTAGE -   Garbage is easily and reliably transferred to the dehumidifying and drying chamber.
A process for control comprises:    (i) placing a pH meter, a measuring device of components of volatile organic acid and a controller for substrate arrangement in a methane fermentation tank; and    (ii) measuring the liquid phase pH value and nonionic volatile organic acid other than acetic acid by the measuring device.    USE -   Used for water treatment.    ADVANTAGE -   System failure in the tank can be inferred early.
Process for producing wood chips wherein bacteria are cultured, useful for decomposing organic substances, is claimed.    USE -   The bacterial cultured wood chips are useful for completely decomposing waste organic substances such as refuse and contributes to decreasing the environmental pollution.    ADVANTAGE -   By the use of the bacteria culturing wood chips, the organic substances can be simply and thoroughly treated to leave no residue.
A garbage disposing device charges garbage in a reaction tank (8) and the charged garbage is decomposed into water and carbon dioxide and disposed by microorganisms and microorganism medium contained in the reaction tank (8).    A rotary shaft (1) driven by a drive mechanism (9) is arranged in a reaction tank (8).    Through-holes (6) are formed in a zigzagging state in the rotary shaft (1) at intervals of a given distance and at a set angle.    A mounting shaft (3) for the agitating blade (2) is inserted in the through-hole (6) and the end part of the shaft is locked by a screw.    In agitating blades (2) mounted on the rotary shaft (1), a set angle between the adjoining agitating blades (2) is 135 .    The blade (2) is mounted on one end of a mounting shaft (2) attached on the rotary shaft (1) and a screw part (4) inserted through the through-hole (6) formed in the rotary shaft (3) is arranged at the other end of the mounting shaft.    ADVANTAGE -   Dislocation of an agitating blade during operation does not occur.
A garbage disposing device comprises a reaction tank (1) to contain microorganisms and a microorganism medium and be provided at its interior with a rotary shaft (3) having agitating blades (2); a deodoriser dehumidifier (11) consisting of a heater (5) arranged at the upper part of the reaction tank (1) and a catalyst (15); and a moisture content removing device (17). The reaction tank (1) is connected to the deodoriser dehumidifier (11), and to the moisture content removing device (17). The moisture content removing device (13) is provided with a discharge port (7) positioned facing the reaction tank (1) and a distributing pipe (21). The moisture content removing device (11) is a cooler. The reaction tank (1) has an air introduction pipe (9) an air introduction pipe (9) having a speed control fan (18).    ADVANTAGE -   Removal of a moisture content of gas in a reaction tank is remarkably promoted.
A rotary shaft (2) is arranged in a reaction tank (2) to contain microorganisms and a microorganism medium.    Agitating blades (4) are radially arranged at the rotary shaft (2) at a given distance and angle and a deodorising dehumidifying mechanism (8) comprising a heater (9) and a catalyst (10) through a conduit (6).    An outside air intake port (12) is formed in the deodorising and dehumidifying mechanism (8).    The deodorising dehumidifying mechanism (8) and the reaction tank (1) are interconnected through a reflux pipe (14) and a suction fan (15) arranged in the reflux pipe (14).    Further, the deodorising dehumidifying mechanism (8) are interconnected through the reflux pipe, suction fan (15) located in the reflux pipe (14), and a motor-driven damper (16).    ADVANTAGE -   Microorganisms in the reaction tank do not die.
A waste decomposition disposing device comprises:    (i) a storage tank (3);    (ii) a distribution mechanism (15); and    (iii) an agitator (12).    The distribution mechanism (5) comprises:    (a) a rotary frame (19) extending radially of the storage tank (11) and rotatable forward and reverse around the central part of the storage tank; and    (b) a distribution mechanism body (20) mounted on the rotary frame (19) and conveying organic waste, received from an input mechanism near a centre of rotation by the rotary frame, to one end part (22) in an extending direction of the rotary frame during forward rotation of the rotary frame and conveying the organic waste to the other end (23) in an extending direction during reversing of the rotary frame and charging it in the storage tank.    A position where organic waste is charged in the storage tank by the distribution mechanism differs in separation distance from the rotation centre of the rotary frame between one end part and the other end part in an extending direction of the rotary frame.    ADVANTAGE -   The amount of organic waste agitated by the agitator is stabilised.
In an air purifying appts provided with a soil layer (4) capable of breeding microorganisms and capable of circulating air, an air circulating part (6), and an air moving device ; the air circulating part (6) is made up of a soil supporting body (32) and an air flow passage (34) extendedly provided in the soil supporting body; and the air flow passage (34) is made up of block rows (40) stacked on both sides on a concrete plate (36), a concrete cover plate (42) placed on the block rows, an empty space (44) formed between both the side block rows, and opening parts (46) communicating the inside and outside of the empty space (44).    USE -   For purifying the air that has been polluted by the exhaust gas discharged from automobiles and factories.    ADVANTAGE -   By stacking many blocks, air passages having a large sectional area can be easily manufactured.
Simple analysis method of microorganism accumulating phosphorus in slurry, comprises measuring speed of treating living thing by the microorganism and comparing it with that of the standard microorganism.    ADVANTAGE -   Easy and rapid analysis can be conducted.
Treatment of organic-contaminated waste water containing ammoniacal nitrogen comprises producing magnesium ammonium phosphate from treated water in the presence of phosphate ion and magnesium ion under conditions such that pH is over 8, separating the product from the water and conducting methane-fermentation on the water.    ADVANTAGE -   The waste water can be treated efficiently in compact apparatus in a short residence time. Deposition of magnesium ammonium phosphate and production of scale can be prevented.
Enterococcus faecium HL-5 (FERM BP-4504) (I), which is capable of proliferating in an alkaline nutrient culture medium of pH 9.5, is new.    USE -   (I) is used in the production of an alkali-treated softened bagasse (claimed), which can then be used, optionally in combination with other nutrients, as an animal fed, particularly for ruminants, but also for monogastric animals e.g. pigs and poultry. The softened bagasse can also be used as a fertiliser.    ADVANTAGE -   (I) produces lactic acid which decreases the pH of the alkali-treated bagasse. The fermented bagasse is produced more quickly (3-6 days).
An assembly shreds and mashes organic waste using one or more helical cutters having replaceable blades surrounded in part by a drum. The blades are so shaped that the gap varies between the blade cutting edge and the drum.The helical blade-holders are fabricated from flat elements, each having a chamfered edge facing the adjacent blade-holder.    The cutting blades are fixed to the non-chamfered holder surfaces by a sprung arrangement.    USE -   The assembly is a shredder or masher for organic waste.    ADVANTAGE -   The assembly can also process e.g. citrus fruit, tubers and citrus fruits.
A biological process to dispose of animal waste comprises placing the wastes in a closed container in the presence of insects of the classes Diptera (flies) and/or Coleoptera (beetles), where the insects are present at all stages of their respective life cycles; and maintaining the physical conditions within the reactor so that all stages of the insects are able to survive.    Preferably the Diptera are of the class Calliphoridae; and the temperature, humidity, light and other physical conditions in the container are maintained to meet the requirements of the respective species.    USE -   The process is one for the disposal of infected animal cadavers and meat wastes unfit for human consumption, including mammal, bird and fish wastes.    ADVANTAGE -   The cadavers and wastes are destroyed with minimum energy input (no incineration).
In a process to treat waste water especially condensate or water which from e.g. cesspools, the novelty is that the water is alternately brought to an aerobic and then anaerobic condition.    The process preferably additionally comprises the following steps: (a) substances which resist break-down are exposed to catalysts and broken up (1); (b) the water is then subjected to ultrafiltration (4); (c) the water is then placed in a buffer-holder (5) before being subjected to nano-filtration (6); and (d) the residue from the two filtration stages are then subjected to the alternate aerobic and anaerobic treatment together with nutrients added at that stage.    USE -   The process and assembly compost organic residues esp. nitrogen compounds in waste water.    ADVANTAGE -   The process and assembly deal effectively with organic substances whose biological breakdown is difficult. The effectiveness of the process can be monitored with optical instruments.
A waste decomposition system uses a container (101) having an integrated air circulation system. This includes a positive air pressure source to force air through the waste, and a negative air pressure source (129) to withdraw air from the container.    USE -   The system is useful for the waterless decomposition of organic wastes producing a stable, safe, odour-free, nutrient-rich end product usable as a soil amender or fertiliser. The container may form the substructure of a building.    ADVANTAGE -   Water is saved as it is not required to convey the waste to remote treatment locations. Contamination and pollution of surface and sub-surface soils is limited. The rate of waste decomposition is maximised without manual stirring or turning. The evaporation rate of excess process liquids is enhanced. The process is odourless.
New strain of bacteria Acinetobacter species HB-1 for use in the purification of water and soil contaminated with oil and oil products.    USE -   The bacteria is useful in microbiology and environment protection technologies, especially in decontamination of water and soil which has been exposed to oil and oil products.    ADVANTAGE -   The new strain has high capability of utilising oil and oil products as a sole source of carbon, at a wide range of temperatures and over shorter time than the known strain Pseudomonas putida 36.
The new strain of bacteria Mycobacterium species TsKMK "B" TsKM B-60 B (Mycobacterium species IZh 4) is used for purification of water and soil contaminated with oil and oil products.    New strain causes biodegradation of hydrocarbons within temperature range 4-40C (optimum temperature 28C, optimum pH 7.0), unlike the known strain Pseudomonas putida 36, which becomes non-active at low temperatures, stops growing and is no longer able to utilise oil and oil products.    Tests show that the new strain utilises 67-80% of hydrocarbons over the period of two weeks, while Pseudomonas putida 36 produces similar results (68-74%) only after twice longer time of incubation (30 days).    USE -   In microbiology and environment protection technologies as new bacterial strain useful in decontamination of water and soil exposed to oil and oil products.    ADVANTAGE -   New strain has high capability of utilising oil and oil products as sole source of carbon within wide range of temperatures.
The container (1) has a container main body which is equipped with a first half part (11) and a second half part (12). The container main body is opened/closed by separating/joining the first and second half parts respectively.    A number of hydrogen occluding alloy compacts (6) are stored inside the container main body one above the other.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables to exchange hydrogen occluding alloy compact from container easily. Improves discharge characteristic of hydrogen occluding alloy compact.
Treatment of waste is claimed, in which garbage is put into a fermentation tank filled with a fermentation bed comprising cellulose type base material (support), several kinds of bacteria belonging to genus bacillus showing excellent activity of decomposing starch, protein, and fat, or spores thereof, and silica component and magnesium component, and the decomposition is carried out by stirring the bed and providing aeration.    USE -   The treatment process is useful for treating waste from houses, restaurants and food processing factories.    ADVANTAGE -   The present process can be applied to any waste regardless of its kind and size, and almost any garbage can be decomposed in 1 - 2 days, without increasing the fermentation bed since the decomposition is carried out completely. No need to supply the bacteria or support. The fermentation bed can be used as a compost as well. No bad smell is generated.
An organic waste disposing device comprises a disposing container to dry or ferment and dispose organic waste and a heater (3) to heat the interior of the disposing container (2).    In the organic waste disposing device, the heater (2) is disposed such that it can be input to and output from the disposing container (3). A holding device (4) is provided to hold the heater (2) in an operation position at the interior of the disposing container (2) and a non-operation position positioned at the outside of the disposing container (2) so that the positions are convertible to each other.    The disposing container (2) has an opening part (91) formed through the wall surface of the container (2) and an opening closing cover (92) to open and close the opening part (91). The holding device (4) holds the heater (3) in an operation position in such a state to be inserted in the opening part (91) and meanwhile, hold the heater in a non-operation position in such a state to cut out the interior of the disposing container by the opening closing cover (92).    ADVANTAGE -   The problem heater and heating efficiency do not occur.
A horizontal moving process and a vertical moving process are repeatedly performed in a stirring machine.    Organic waste matters stocked in a storing tank are stirred and fermented, then are shifted to a send-out groove in order.    The whole process from a fermentation to a send-out of products is effectively performed.    By a clockwise and counter-clockwise rotation of a chain conveyer and a movement of a scattering mechanism, a stirring and a fermentation of the organic waste matters are continuously performed without the stirring machine being pulled out of such organic waste matters.    USE -   For effectively processing waste matters in a small area.
A bacterium Bacillus stearothermophilus, partic. Bacillus stearothermophilus SPT2-1 (FERM P-15395), solubilises solid organic sludge, particularly wastes of starch production, and biological sludge, particularly waste water sludge,    USE -   Sludge and waste water treatment.    ADVANTAGE -   Effective solubilisation of solid wastes.
The device has a first pipe line (11) that supplies the cathode waste gas from a cathode pole (3b) of a fuel battery (3) to an combustion chamber of a modifier. The anode waste gas from an anode pole (3a) of the fuel battery is supplied to a combustion chamber of the modifier by a second pipe line. The hot gas is supplied to the reforming chamber of the modifier by a third pipe line (7). The anode gas from the reforming chamber of the modifier is supplied to the anode pole of the fuel battery by an anode gas pipe line (8). A mixed gas circulation pipe (22) supplies the mixture of gas containing oxygen and combustion gas to the cathode pole of the fuel battery. The steam formed by recuperator is supplied to reforming chamber of the modifier by a steam pipe (27). The part of anode waste gas is supplied by a circulation pipe line (36) to the second pipe line. The gas flow end of the circulation pipe line is connected to the third pipe line.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves fuel utilisation factor. Reduces steam consumption for reforming. Improves plant efficiency.
The system generates electricity by treating heated gas containing hydrogen and oxidised gas containing oxygen. A modifier (40) reforms the original fuel and forms a heated gas. A burner (60) performs high temperature combustion. A turbine (52) is actuated by the high temperature exhaust of the burner. A compressor presses the oxidised gas which is supplied by the anode. The heated gas from the modifier is supplied by the cathode. The heated amount of a waste gas is led to the modifier. A heated amount supplier performs reforming reaction of a original fuel.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces amount of energy emitted without utilising. Improves energy efficiency.
40 - 90 wt.% of combustible synthetic and other domestic, paper and/or woodworking industry, and/or agricultural, waste, e.g. cellulose paper, wood chips, sawdust, corn-stalks and/or straw, and 10 - 60 wt.% of a synthetic binder, e.g. polypropylene, polyethylene, polyamide, and/or polystyrene are comminuted as a complete mixture or comminuted separately and mixed. The resulting composition is homogenised and heated to 80 - 250C temperature. The mass is cooled, divided into suitable pieces and packaged.
Rigid end wall (17) forms part of a drum in this plant for accelerated aerobic fermentation of organic waste. The wall has a generally circular external profile, and includes an opening (18) offset from the axis (2). Also claimed are: (i) the corresponding fermentation drum, its long horizontal rotating casing (4) has a waste discharge in the outlet wall which turns synchronously with the casing, but may also be stopped relative to it, in accordance with the operational phase; (ii) the plant as described, in which the fan is associated with additional equipment for removing odours; and (iii) the method of operation. During discharge, the outlet end wall rotates with the drum, otherwise the outlet in this wall is set at its high position.    USE -   The apparatus is used for accelerated aerobic fermentation of organic wastes, producing compost.    ADVANTAGE -   Effective, continuous ventilation of the drum is provided. The air flows end-to-end keeping the humidity low, speeding decomposition and reducing odours. Any odours which are produced are removed by separate treatment. The method of ventilation is simple, reliable and economic, requiring no special controls. The throughput may be adjusted by control of the outlet opening, which controls the rate of discharge.
Control of a steam cracking process comprises keeping constant the value Vc of a property of P of feed material X. The method comprises measuring the absorption Dix of the material at more than one wavelength in the region 600-2600 nm. The signals (I), indicative of the absorptions or a mathematical function of them, are compared with signals (ii), similarly indicative, for at least 2 standards Sm, for which the property or yield has a known value V. One of the known standards Smc has value Vc and controls the process to ensure the standards have the smallest average value of the absolute difference at each wavelength I between the signal of the material and the signal of the standard Sm.    USE -   To control, by near infra-red spectroscopy, a steam cracking process, e.g. to determine the yield of at least one 2-4C alkene, methane and coke (as expressed by a coke-ability index).    ADVANTAGE -   The process covers many repetitive applications accurately, quickly and on line. There is no requirement in this approach for use of correlations and regressional calculations.
An apparatus treats municipal solid waste. It grinds (2) the waste arriving from a storage area (1) and drains any percolate. The ground waste is homogenised (4) with further percolate draining. The waste is next introduced into a compaction and pressing chamber (6) where pressure is applied to reduce its volume and bring its density to 1.4-1.5 tons/m3. The final percolate draining occurs. The compacted block is transferred to a pasteurisation container (20) where it is subjected to thermal pasteurisation without combustion to stabilise the organic materials and destroy microorganisms which produce fermentation. The block is finally cooled (50) and removed from its container.    USE -   The apparatus is used for disposing of municipal solid waste.    ADVANTAGE -   The volume of the waste is drastically reduced. The amount of heat energy added during pasteurisation is reduced. The waste is easier to handle. The process eliminates environmental problems associated with fermentation of organic waste.
The organic material is biodegraded by contacting the material with microorganism JM1 (FERM BP5352), and culturing JM1 in a medium which includes a source (A) of conjugated carbon comprising citric acid and maleic acid, or salts of these.    USE -   A polluted environment, e.g. a liquid, soil or air, is upgraded. Pollutants may be chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons, e.g. trichlor- or dichlor-ethylene, or aromatic compounds, e.g. phenol, toluene or cresol.    ADVANTAGE -   The medium enables JM1 to exhibit high degradation activity under many severe conditions.
Production of a material made of waste, especially household waste, industrial waste, shredder residue, electronic scrap or mixed waste, comprises: (a) preparing a mixture comprising 2-20% water, 5-25% ash, and &gt; 20% carbon; (b) pressing the mixture to a grain size of 10-100 mm and a bulk density of 0.3-0.9 t/m3; and (c) adjusting the fine grain amount of less than 1 mm of the fuel used to less than 25% after subsequent heating of the green body to 800 C and subsequent centrifuging with a speed of 25 U/min. for 1 minute.    USE -   Used for mixing with known additives and fuels in solid bed gasification.    ADVANTAGE -   The process has improved ecologically and technological manner for the preparation of waste.
Process for detecting CH4 with a Ga2 O3 sensor comprises:(a) operating the sensor at a 1st temperature (01) and whose signal (Gs) is compared with a 1st threshold value (SWEtOH); (b) in case the signal (Gs) is below the 1st threshold value, repeating step (a), and if exceeding the 1st threshold value, carrying out step (c); (c) increasing the sensor temperature and measuring the corresponding sensor signals (G(t1 ), G(t2 )) to two different time points (t1, t2); (d) forming the ratio from signals (G(t2 )) and (G(t1 )) and comparing the ratio with the 2nd threshold value (SWCH4 ); and (e) in case the ratio exceeds the 2nd threshold value, repeating step (a) and in case the 2nd threshold value is not exceeded, CH4is present.    USE -    Used in the detection of CH4in a gas mixture containing pollutant gases.    ADVANTAGE -    CH4 detection and CH4 concentration measurement is possible with conventional Ga2 O3sensors without modifying the sensor elements.
Preparation of a mixture of biological wastes from trade and industry, for fermentation or digestion comprises: (i) the bio-wastes being screened; and (ii) the bio-wastes being treated in a comminuter-mixer (4), where they pass from an inlet (4a) to an outlet (4b). They are size-reduced 10-30 mm, and mixed at the same time. Fluid is then added, and the material is transferred in the form of an homogenised suspension (21) for fermentation. Heavy, tramp components (stone and metal) are removed from the suspension at the outlet of the mixer-comminuter. The suspension, having a known dry matter content of 10-25%, is transferred to the fermentation vessel (13). Also claimed is the plant to carry out the process. This comprises a mixer-comminuter in a cylindrical, horizontal vessel, this contains a long, coaxial mixer shaft with radial arms fixed to it at intervals, which carry scoops at their ends, moving the mixture along horizontally. Between the arms along the casing there are rows of high-speed rotary comminuters on auxiliary shafts. One row lies between mixer shaft- and base level. Another is at the fluid level of the suspension in the casing. There is an interception sump (5) below the base for the tramp materials.    USE -   The method is used to prepare industrial and trade bio-wastes for fermentation.    ADVANTAGE -   The method renders the waste sufficiently homogenous for biological degradation in a fermentation vessel. The mixer-comminuter is described in greater detail in another, cited patent. One high row of comminuters deals with lighter materials, the other breaks down the sinks. The bowed form of the cutter blades assures a greater life, than in conventional comminuters, and because heavy tramp materials are removed, their accumulation in the fermenter or digester is prevented.
Fertiliser comprises (wt.%): sterilised waste powder (79), Azotobacteria (2), phosphorus degrading bacteria (2), kalium degrading bacteria (2), potato extract culture liquid (0.02 M) (5) and water (10). The industrial waste is fully macerated, dried and physically sterilised. The microorganisms are added and the product is dried.
Process to clean effluent air containing water-soluble, biological wastes comprises passing the air through a biomass held in a washing fluid. Before the air is passed through the washing fluid, the concentration of the biomass in the washing fluid is raised to 25(especially 30 - 50) g/l. Also claimed is an assembly for the above process which comprises an absorption column, an agitated basin, an enrichment assembly and a circulation pump. The enrichment assembly incorporates a membrane module (5) located between the agitated basin (3) and absorption column (1).    USE -   Large quantities of hot air saturated with moisture arising from e.g. drying processes are able to be treated.    ADVANTAGE -   The process and assembly increase the yield per unit time and process volume, facilitating the use of a much smaller agitation basin. The surplus condensate is separated via the membrane without reducing the biomass concentration.
Composite bioreactor (10) for the remediation of soil containing organic and/or metal species, contains sulphur oxidising bacteria (SOB) bioreactor (12) on top of a sulphate reducing bacteria (SBR) bioreactor (14). The SOB reactor comprises soil to be remediated containing suitable micro-organisms to react with and degrade contaminants and the SBR bioreactor comprises a trough (18) to support soil on permeable membrane (16) allowing passage of liquid but not soil, and containing sulphur reducing bacteria; and liquid and nutrient supply to promote growth of both types of bacteria within composite bioreactor. The method for remediation of soil containing organic and/or metal species is also claimed.    USE -   Remediation of soil polluted by toxic metal and organic contaminants.    ADVANTAGE -   The method is efficient and economic. There is no requirement for heavy capital plant expenditure. The bioreactor can be re-used after decontaminated soil has been removed.
Production of ether and alkylate from a feedstream including 4-5C n-alkane, isoalkene, n-alkane and isoalkane isomers involves: (a) mixing an etherification input stream comprising 4-5C n-alkane, isoalkene, n-alkane and isoalkane isomers with a 1-5C monohydroxy alcohol to produce a combined feed which is contacted with etherification catalyst in etherification zone to produce effluent stream containing ether and isoalkane, n-alkane and n-alkene isomers, (b) passing a separation zone input stream comprising part of the etherification effluent stream to a first separation zone, distilling the separation input stream to separate ether and withdrawing a high-boiling stream comprising the ether from the separation zone and a second stream comprising isoalkane, n-alkene and n-alkane isomers, (c) passing a first aliqot portion of the second stream equal to 10-50% of the second stream to an alkylation zone and contacting the first aliquot with an alkylation catalyst to produce alkylate product stream comprising high-octane motor fuel components, (d) passing a second aliquot portion of the second stream to an isomerisation reaction zone for the skeletal isomerisation of n-alkenes and contacting with an isomerisation catalyst, (e) withdrawing an isomerisation zone effluent stream and passing part of this stream to the etherification reaction zone and (f) passing the feedstream into the etherification zone, the separation zone and/or the isomerisation zone.    USE -   Used for production of ether and alkylate from mixed feedstream use as high octane gasoline components.    ADVANTAGE -   Combines alkylation with skeletal olefin isomerisation in an arrangement which simplifies separation of paraffin and olefin isomers and rejects isoalkanes and n-alkanes with only minimal loss of valuable olefin isomers. Improves octane and vapour pressure characteristics of the gasoline components.
A maximum pressure azeotrope (-like) composition comprises 65-99 wt.% of difluoromethane (HFC-32) and 1-35 wt.% of butane, and has a vapour pressure of 229.1-246.8 psia at 25C.    Also claimed are: (1) a process for producing refrigeration comprising condensing the above composition in the vicinity of a body to be cooled; and (2) a process for producing heat comprising condensing the preferred composition below in the vicinity of a body to be heated, and afterwards evaporating the composition.    USE -   As refrigerant compositions and also as cleaning agents, e.g. for electronic circuit boards, expansion agents for polyolefins and for producing closed cell polyurethane, phenolic and thermoplastic foams, aerosol propellants, heat transfer media, gaseous dielectrics, fire extinguishing agents, power cycle working fluids, polymerisation media, particulate removal fluids, carrier fluids, e.g. for placing a fine film of lubricant on metal parts, buffing abrasive agents, displacement drying agents for, e.g. jewellery and metal parts, as resist developers in conventional circuit manufacturing techniques including chlorine-type developing agents, and as strippers for photoresists when used with a chlorohydrocarbon, e.g. trichloroethane or trichloroethylene.    ADVANTAGE -   The compositions show azeotropic behaviour in terms of constant boiling properties and showing no tendency to segregate or fractionate on boiling. They are effective refrigerants and they have zero ozone depletion potential if released into the atmosphere.
Production of humic acid and/or methane gas and/or volatile fatty acids from coal comprises introducing coal into a medium containing an anaerobic culture Mic-1ATCC 55801 for a minimum period of time to convert the coal to humic acid and/or methane and/or volatile fatty acids and lower alcohols.    The medium contains a bioenhancer selected from methanol, citric acid, potassium citrate and/or sodium citrate. The culture is present in an amount of 1-20% by wt. of the coal. The coal is anthracite, bituminous, subbituminous or lignite, and may be obtained from mine tailings. The coal is slurried with water and the pH is adjusted to 7.8. The method is carried out at up to 60C in an atmosphere of 80% N2 and 20% CO2.    USE -   Humic acid is useful as a fertiliser component or a soil amendment agent. The culture Mic-1, ATCC 55801, is isolated from the hind guts of soil eating termites (Zootermopsis sp.). It contains methanogenic bacteria.
Extraction and concentration of microbial protein mass is carried out by two stage floatation with cultivation liquid atomisation at the first stage and aeration at the second stage, forming froth which contains microbial protein mass, and liquid enriched with heavy metal salts, removal of froth and extraction of the microbial protein concentrate. Anaerobic fermented waste is used as the cultivation liquid. Prior to floatation, the suspension is separated from the waste. The suspension prior to the first floatation stage is saturated with air or gas in a volume &gt; 50 % of the suspension volume. After froth formation the liq. enriched with heavy metal salts is removed. The froth after its formation is supplied to the froth damping device under rarefaction. The process is repeated several times until the required concentration of the microbial protein concentrate is reached. Also claimed is a floatation apparatus.    USE -   The method is used in agriculture to produce a protein-vitamin feed concentrate.    ADVANTAGE -   The efficiency is increased using fermented manure.
A new method of regulating soil contaminated with petroleum and petroleum products comprises treating the soil with a bacterial preparation `Batsispetsin` (I), based on natural bacterial slime, the strain used is Bacillus species VNIISKhM - N 132.    USE -   Used for treating petroleum contaminated soils.    ADVANTAGES -   The method avoids some of the drawbacks of previous methods, e.g. restricted growth of petroleum degrading microorganisms because of inadequate supply of oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus, the high material costs of the method based on activation of natural soil microflora. The new method accelerates the bio-degeneration of petroleum hydrocarbons and restores the agro-physical properties of the soil.
A process for prodn. of fertiliser comprises fermenting raw materials, partic. C/N ratios of 15-35, opt. contg. materials for aeration and water content adjustment, with seed culture of aerobic spore forming bacteria cultured in dehydrated sludge or cake contg. 1,000,000 or over, partic. 100,000,000-100,000,000,000 cells/g.    ADVANTAGE -   Prodn. of fertiliser in a short period of time.
The liquid type garbage is pumped up to the upper part of non-combustible trash stuck with bacteria.    USE -   The process is used to treat non-combustible trash and garbage simultaneously.    ADVANTAGE -   The non-combustible trash and garbage are treated by sticking bacteria onto them.
The processor (2) comprises a tank (1), inside which garbage to be processed along with processing material, is accommodated. A detector (4) detects the amount of processing material exhauster through an exhaust path (3) which is in the tank, during processing period.    An output unit (5) outputs the amount of exhausted processing material, detected by the detector. According to the output of the output unit, the amount of the processing material is increased.    ADVANTAGE -   Detects over drying of processing material, accurately and simply.
A method for deodorisation with compost prepd. by fermentation with an aerobic spore forming bacteria, partic. at concns. of 1,000,000 cells/g or over, esp. 100,000,000 cells/g or over, and filled in a deodorant tank or a hole dug in the ground, partic. with mixts. of 30-100% of the compost and 70-0% of carbon sources and soil, followed by introduction of bad odour, partic. at ratios of 100 cm/min. or over.    ADVANTAGE -   Low cost deodorisation.
A process for production of soil conditioner by half-burning and half-dry distillation of fermented excreta in a furnace, particularly under air supply of 0.35-0.55 of theoretically required amount of air and at 300-600C, to leave potassium in the excreta in organic state and a pH 8.0-9.5.    USE -   The procedure is preferably carried out to give semi-carbonated soil conditioner, used as semi-carbonated compost for growth stimulation of various microorganisms and sterilisation of harmful organisms (e.g. nematodes) in soil.
The image forming apparatus comprises an electron source with at least one electron emitting device on a substrate and an image forming member which forms an image when irradiated with electron beams emitted from an electron source all enclosed in a vacuum envelope containing an organic substance showing a partial pressure of more than 1 x 10-6 Pa and a total pressure of lower than 1 x 10-3 Pa. The organic substance has a mean absorption time shorter than the drive period of the electron source. The emitting device comprises a pair of oppositely disposed device electrodes connected to an electroconductive film with an electron emitting region and accompanied by a carbonaceous film.    Also claimed is the manufacture of the apparatus above including an energisation step to form the electron emitting regions, an activation step to form the carbonaceous films, a stabilisation step to remove the organic substance remaining in the vacuum envelope after activation step and a gas feeding step.    ADVANTAGE -   The image forming apparatus effectively suppresses any degradation in the electron emitting performance and increase its service life while preventing fluctuations in the electron emitting performance.
Charger (10), for loading a fermentation plant for organic wastes, comprises a stationary loading device (1) for the plant, and a transportable container (2) which can be coupled to the loading device. The container supplying the waste is first brought to the charging unit. The loading device has a mechanical means (11) for controlled dosing and transport of the waste into the plant. The container has separate openings (21, 222) which can be closed, for filling and emptying, the emptying outlet (222) has an exit section (22). The loading device has a reception opening (12) which is so constructed and fitted to the exit section, that following coupling, the internal volume of the plant is essentially sealed-off from the surroundings. Also claimed is the corresponding charging process, essentially as described.    USE -   The apparatus is used to charge organic wastes for digestion, e.g. plant material, especially garden waste and/or agricultural wastes e.g. containing animal waste (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   The equipment and method largely eliminate odour emissions during charging of a fermenter or digester producing biogas. They overcome the problems formerly experienced in the operation of a fermenter which can also be used to treat highly-polluted waste fluids.
Treating domestic wastes comprises: (i) sieving off a fine fraction, and comminuting the residue to a particle size up to 180 mm, supplied e.g. for incineration; (ii) removing ferrous objects from the fine and residual fractions by magnetic separation; (iii) washing out and removing inert materials from the fine fraction; (iv) subjecting the phase freed of inerts to anaerobic treatment (3, 11), in which by hydrolysis and acid fermentation (3) metals, especially those heavy metals forming organic complexes, are dissolved out, being converted into a largely-ionised, water-soluble form; (v) separating the aqueous phase (4) containing the dissolved heavy metals from residual sludge, and precipitating the heavy metals (6); and (vi) supplying the residual sludge to a stage of methanisation (11) from which the remaining sludge (13) is composted.    USE -   Used for the treatment of domestic waste.    ADVANTAGE -   This method treats the domestic waste producing a harmless aqueous effluent, decomposing the organic matter and concentrating the heavy metal content for disposal. The latter operation is achieved with the aid of acids produced naturally during fermentation or digestion, at the same time evolving biogas. A comminuted fraction of waste is sent for incineration. Residual sludge is used in brick or tile manufacture. The method is more environmentally-friendly than direct landfill, used formerly. The fractions handled, are further discussed in the text.
Horticultural riddle comprises an inclined sieve mounted in a frame and has a discharge area for oversize particles located below a feed area. The sieve comprises a uniform bent-wire mesh (3) which is elastically deformable and can be vibrated independently of the frame (4).    USE -   The device is useful for riddling compost.    ADVANTAGE -   When the sieve is manually vibrated, fine particles of fully rotted compost fall through the sieve, while coarse particles of incompletely rotted material travel down the incline to the discharge point (16).
Process for manufacturing a plant basis material, e.g. compost and garden humus, comprises packing the material as portions, in a film made of a biologically degradable material. The portions can be planted in the ground or in plant containers. The film preferably contains watering openings, and preferably incorporates a plant food or dung material.    USE -   The process is used for manufacturing plant basis material, e.g. compost or garden humus.    ADVANTAGE -   The material is packaged in small portions, which reduces waste.
Preparation of organic fertiliser comprises high temperature mixing of several kinds of microbe to ferment the excrement and urine of livestock and poultry. Both anaerobic and aerobic fermentation are implemented to make the organic fertiliser quickly become thoroughly decomposed.    ADVANTAGE -   When compounding with the chemical fertiliser, the organic fertiliser series can be obtained. By not adding the chemical fertiliser, an ecologically favourable organic fertilizer is obtained.
Drop-in substitute for 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R-134a) refrigerant, comprises either (A) 39-77 wt.% heptafluoropropane, 2-25 wt.% 1,1-difluoroethane and 23-47 wt.% pentafluoroethane or (B) 1 wt.% isobutane, 22-57 wt.% heptafluoropentane, 22-32 wt.% pentafluoroethane and 10 wt.% 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane or (C) 48-58 wt.% 1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoropropane, 41-51 wt.% pentafluoroethane and 1 wt.% propane.    Also claimed are 12 specific mixtures e.g. (1) 75 wt.% heptafluoropropane and 25 wt.% pentafluoroethane, (2) 1 wt.% isobutane, 75 wt.% heptafluoropropane and 24 wt.% pentafluoroethane and (3) 59 wt.% 1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoropropane, 20 wt.% pentafluoroethane, 1 wt.% propane and 20 wt.% 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane.    ADVANTAGE -   The zeotropic mixtures have a "temperature glide" between their bubble point and dew point causing the phase change area in the condenser to be larger than with a single refrigerant so increasing heat rejection of the condenser, lowering head pressure and increasing capacity and efficiency (compared to R-134a). Components may be selected to reduce the overall critical temperature of the mixture also increasing performance and lowering head pressures under hot conditions with undersized condensers. The mixtures cause very little global warming and no stratospheric ozone damage.
A process and assembly ferments and composts organic wastes. The novelty is that: (a) the assembly incorporates a biogas generator (1) which ferments simple organic waste; (b) the biogas generator (1) is connected by a pipe line (2) to a tank (3) containing the fermentation substrate; (c) the tank (3) is connected by a pipe (4) (i) to a composting pit for wastes retaining some physical structure (5), (ii) and/or to an enclosed composting plant for any contaminated organic waste also retaining some physical structure, and (iii) waste from a composting reactor (6); (d) also claimed is a method of processing the waste and a biogas generator (1).    USE -   The process and assembly converts organic wastes to biogas, compost and liquid manure. The organic residues are processed in separate batches of e.g. uneaten food, food waste, vegetable waste from kitchens, slaughterhouses, dairies, farms and food-processing industry. Residues processed include fats, organic solvents and other organic residues from the pharmaceutical and cosmetics industries, organic household residues, waste wood and polluted soil.    ADVANTAGE -   The assembly is rapidly adapted to handle different types of organic wastes in batches of different size.
High efficiency, self cleaning fluid filtration system comprises: (a) housing (150) containing elongate filter cartridges (12,14,16) each with side walls of filter material, the fluid passing through the side wall of the cartridge into the enclosed region, the cartridges being rotatable; (b) vertical support member within housing with multiple channel members each with two spaced apart panels between which, located by lips on the panels, are held brush assemblies (1002); (c) the panels are tilted to prevent brush displacement; and (d) the bristles of the brushes contact the rotating cartridges to remove debris; and drive means to simultaneously rotate cartridges.    USE -   High efficiency self cleaning filtering of fluids containing solids, and rapid and complete dissolution of gas within fluid.    ADVANTAGE -   It is a highly efficient filter system. It is also able to dissolve gases in fluid quickly. It is self cleaning. There are few components; the components are durable and long lived.
Chloroform and sodium formate are obtained by treating chloral with aqueous sodium hydroxide and active chlorine.    USE -   The chloroform is used in the manufacture of Freons and technical grade sodium formate is used in agriculture for the conservation of roughage, e.g. silage.    ADVANTAGE -   The method gives increased yields of chloroform
An oil decomposer contains a water-soluble N-containing inorganic compound and/or a water-soluble P-containing inorganic compound and a glycol.    Also claimed is oil treatment by scattering the oil to be treated with the oil decomposer to allow microorganisms having oil decomposing activities to decompose the oil.    USE -   Used for the treatment of sea water polluted by spillage oil from a tanker or a petroleum base.
Method for reforming a hydrocarbon supplied as fuel gas to generate hydrogen-containing gaseous fuel through a reforming reaction occurring in a predetermined reformed, comprises: (a) feeding a supply of oxygen to a raw fuel gas containing the raw fuel and enabling an exothermic oxidation reaction to proceed for a specified component of the raw fuel gas and (b) enabling an endothermic reforming reaction of the raw fuel to proceed with heat generated by the exothermic oxidation reaction of the specified component. Also claimed are: (i) apparatus for reforming a hydrocarbon supplied as raw fuel to generate a hydrogen-containing gaseous fuel through a reforming reaction comprising: (a) a reformer unit which comprises a first catalyst for accelerating an exothermic oxidation reaction of the specified component and a second catalyst for accelerating an endothermic reforming reaction with heat generated by the oxidation reaction, (b) raw fuel supply unit for feeding a supply of raw fuel gas to the reformed unit and (c) oxygen supply unit for feeding oxygen to the raw fuel gas; and (ii) a fuel cell system comprises fuel-reforming apparatus and a fuel cell for receiving a supply of gaseous fuel from the reforming apparatus and generating electrical energy.    USE -   For reforming hydrocarbon supplied as fuel gas to generate hydrogen-containing gaseous fuel.    ADVANTAGE -   The heat required for the endothermic reforming reaction is supplied by the oxidation of the raw fuel which is preferably methanol. No external heat source is required. Gaseous fuel with low content of carbon monoxide is obtained. Reformed raw fuel gas is obtained without lowering the energy efficiency of the whole fuel cell system.
A garbage disposal apparatus comprises:    (i) a processing chamber in which garbage is decomposed by microorganisms; and    (ii) a purifying chamber for purifying gas containing noxious components discharged from the processing chamber.    The purifying chamber includes; (a) a first purifying chamber provided with an ammonia purifying unit and connected to the processing chamber; and (b) a second purifying chamber including a non-ammonia purifying unit, into which the gas passes after the first purifying chamber.    USE -   For microbial disposal of garbage without production of noxious odours.    ADVANTAGE -   An excellent purification efficiency is realised. No dilution is necessary to avoid odour production. The running costs are reduced and no catalyst is required for the ammonia purification.
A process renders organic, especially food residues fit for disposal as they arise from food, especially retailing, food processing, hotels and catering.    The residues are:    (a) first coarse-shredded;    (b) heated to 70-130 (especially 90)C for 30 minutes while both mechanical and chemical destruction of the food proceeds, and    (c) the resulting wastes are then hydrolised and converted to methane in batches, adjusted to an optimum pH value and physical consistency.    USE -   The process converts organic wastes arising from municipal refuse collection, chemical and pharmaceutical industry, industrial food processing and catering wastes.    ADVANTAGE -   The final product is of consistent nature. The residence process time is minimised and the product rendered inoffensive and hygienic.
A process for removing hydrogen cyanide from gases containing H2 S and other acidic components, such as CO2 and COS, comprises: (i) physically scrubbing the gas to remove H2 S and the other acidic components using a scrubbing agent, which is regenerated and reused in the process; (ii) simultaneously scrubbing out hydrogen cyanide with H2 S and the acidic components; and (iii) adding SO2 , and optionally required NH3and/or alkali, to the scrubbing agent, and removing the rhodanides formed from the scrubbing agent. Also claimed is an apparatus used for carrying out the above process.    USE -   Used for treating natural gas, coke oven gas, on synthesis gas containing acidic components.    ADVANTAGE -   The process can be easily carried out.
In a quasi-continual process to compost biodegradable material, the refuse is first shredded before introduction to a revolving drum in which it is heated before being deposited on a compost pit, on a heap or rick.    The novelty is that:    (a) a portion of the composting material is removed from the drum, and is returned within the drum to the inlet zone where it is mixed with fresh incoming material, and    (b) the material leaving the shredder is subject to aerobic and/or anaerobic treatment before introduction to the drum.    USE -   The composting material returned to the drum inlet zone has a much enriched population of micro-organisms which is thoroughly mixed in with the incoming fresh material.    ADVANTAGE -   The composting process is accelerated.
A microbial fertiliser able to replace all or most of chemical fertiliser is prepared by adding a powder or liquid of yeast to starch, bran or cake dregs to directly obtain a liquid or solid, or mixing with soil, river and pond sludge, weathered coal, gangue, peat bentone, diatomite, and more natural matters to obtain a powder or granular product.    ADVANTAGE -   The process features no pollution and has a high yield-increasing effect.
A digester comprises a tank (1) a with lateral inlet duct (2) with a receiver (3) for the dung mixture, provided with an entry plug (4) and opening into the tank through a window (5). The tank is equipped with a stirrer (9) with paddles (10), and an internal tank (8) with walls slightly below the top of the tank (1). A depression (11) in the rim of the tank (8) allow the mixture to pass into the outer tank where there is a vent (13) for methane gas and a plug (14) for cleaning. The outlet duct (15) has an internal covering (16) which prevents the escape of gas due to the level of the fermenting material.
The composition of compound functional bacteria for treating waste water from electroplating processes comprises Desulphobacter sp. CB1.168, Desulphovibrio spp. CB1.268, Enterobacter cloace sp. CB1.129, Desulfotomaculum spp. CB1.139 and Bacillus sp. CB1.149.    USE -   The mixture of bacteria is used to treat waste water from electroplating plants, for removal of heavy and toxic metal ions to impart environmental protection.    ADVANTAGE -   Only cheap industrial culture medium is needed for cultivation of the compound functional bacteria but still with good growth. The treatment process is carried out at 25-40C, pH 5-7.5, with detention time under 5 hours, but without secondary contamination. Furthermore, the energy consumption, operating cost and investment cost for such process are low.
The assembly to process vegetable and/or animal organic waste, for conversion into new industrial products, has a reactor to give a combined bio-mechanical hydrolysis action, with sterilising and dehydrating, has an outer housing (41) and an inner housing (42) to take the material. It contains a kneading rotor (43) driven by a motor (430), a material feed channel and a gas extraction channel (465), and at least one gas injection channel (410,800). An initial heating system (450) has an assembly of channels (415-417,419,420,424) to heat the interior of the inner housing by circulation round the walls, using a gas or fluid heat carrier with the temperature set by the heating system (450). A second heating system circulates a fluid heat carrier along the interior of the rotor (43). A third heating system injects a flow of gas or air into the inner housing (42) through a port (410) at the upper section of the housing.    USE -   The assembly is used for processing waste matter from abattoirs, to be converted into industrial products.    ADVANTAGE -   The operation breaks down the material in an automatic system. It gives no contamination, the output has no residual bacteria which would damage the environment, has a low energy consumption and produces no residue.
The composition is based on mixture of alkyl-mercaptans, including n-propyl-mercaptan, isopropyl-mercaptan and tert. butyl-mercaptan, and additionally contains pyridine and -picoline. The ratio of components (in wt.%) is: 0.05 - 0.14 pyridine, 0.05 - 0.14 -picoline, 8.9 - 14.2 tert. butyl-mercaptan, 6.8 - 8.7 n-propyl-mercaptan, and the balance isopropyl-mercaptan.    USE -   The composition is used in the chemical and gas industries, as an odorous composition of commercial name "Loit", for providing an odour for odourless natural gas and other flammable gases. The composition can be used as reliable agent for detection and elimination of gas leaks from pipelines etc.    ADVANTAGE -   The composition produces high intensity stable odour at low concentrations (0.02 - 0.027 mg/m3, compared with 0.03 - 0.08 mg/m3 for a known agent). The composition has lower oxidation tendency and corrosion activity than known agents.
The generator includes a vapourizer (21) which heats and vapourizes the liquid fuel. The vapour is supplied to a modifier (2) for hydrogen rich reforming gas. This reforming gas is then supplied to fuel battery main body (30) to generate power. The vapourized liquid fuel is heated using the waste gas of air-pole (1) of the main body. The waste gas is supplied with warm water to the vapourizer through a heat exchanger (20).    ADVANTAGE -   Improves overall efficiency and reduces operation cost.
The multilayer body (1) includes a number of cells (8a-8e) that are arranged in layered form. Each cell has an anode electrode (10) and a cathode electrode (11) that are arranged on both sides of an electrolyte layer (9). A set of gas supply plates (13) with grooves are arranged such that they make contact with the anode electrodes of the cells respectively. The gas supply plates carry out supply of the reaction gas. A set of separators (15) having gas non-permeability nature are arranged between the gas supply plates and the cells respectively. A pair of cooling plates (17) is arranged at one side of last and first cells. An electrolyte absorption plate (20) is arranged between the second cooling plate and the cathode electrode of the last cell.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents non-uniformity of electrolyte amount between cells. Prevents deterioration of battery characteristics.
The processor has a stir vane (14) arranged inside a raw garbage processing tank (12). An insertion opening (16) and a condensation board (18) are provided in the upper part. An outlet (20) is provided at the lower part. A piping (36) has a valve (30), a pressure compensated flow valve (32) and an air heater (34). Air is passed to a ventilating entrance (24) through an air filter (28). The exhaust from a ventilating exit (26) provided with piping (48) which in turn has piping (44) and a valve (46) having suck blower (42) is introduced into a deodorisation device (50).    The opening control of pressure compensated flow control valve and the sucking gas capacity control of suck blower are done so that humidity in processing tank detected with a humidity sensor (70) is within a predetermined range. When the suck blower is stopped the pressure compensated flow control valve is assured to be fully closed and the air heater is stopped.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces number of valves. Prevents diffusion in atmosphere by back flow of bad smell.
The device has a timer in which the test time for a fuel change is established, beforehand. A control unit controls the amount of fuel supply by transmitting a control signal to a fuel switching unit and a fuel input unit. Fuel change is controlled based on the control signal. The start of the fuel switching is performed based on the test time established in the memory while its termination is performed based on the test time.    ADVANTAGE -   Automates changing of two or more routine fuels. Reduces operation of routine fuel switching, sharply.
The installation includes a pair of pipe lines which are used to supply anode waste gas `GEA' and cathode waste gas GEA from anode and cathode pole (3a,3b) of fuel battery to combustion chamber (1a) of modifier (1). Then, part of combustion gas from the modifier is supplied to gas turbine (16), then compressed air (A1) from compressor (17) is mixed with the combustion gas in the gas turbine. A circulation pipe line, which circulates the cathode gas to modifier, and pipe line are connected to part of the bypass line.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves plant power and reforming efficiently.
Paper industry waste sludge with 30-50% solids content is mixed with 1-10 volume% waste printer's ink. The C/N ratio of the mixture is adjusted to 1:20-1:100 by the addition of artificial fertiliser. The mixture is deposited and aerobic fermentation takes place at -5 to +40C during a period of 20-180 days.    If required, total ventilation is used.    USE -   The treated sludge may be used as compost.    ADVANTAGE -   The process enables the two waste products to be reused.
Process for treating so-called wet refuse of urban origin, especially food waste from canteens, communities, and other catering establishments, and originating from the food industry and the agrifood industry, comprises (a) subjecting a continuous stream of the wet refuse, previously ground and freed of metal parts, to heating to a pasteurisation/sterilisation temperature for the time needed for complete cooking, to give a continuous pasty and wet stream of cooked and sanitised refuse, and subjecting the continuous pasty and wet stream to drying, to give a product having a moisture content of 15%.    Also claimed is the apparatus for treating so-called wet refuse of urban origin comprising a crushing/grinding station, a turbo-cooker, means to transfer and feed the crushed and ground material to the turbo-cooker, a turbo-dryer/granulator and a station to separate, cool and recover the dried/granulated material.    USE -   The process is used for the large scale industrial processing of food waste from catering or industry, giving a product which forms an advantageous and effective supplement in animal nutrition.    The product is also a convenient alternative fuel due to its high calorific power.    ADVANTAGE -   Wet refuse is composted and recovered from canteens, communities, or the food and agrifoods industry, by transforming the refuse into fertiliser based on anaerobic fermentation.
A hair styling mousse composition (I) comprises 0.5-10 wt.% water soluble film forming resin 0.1-20 wt.% amphoteric surfactant and 0.5-10 wt.% propellant comprising a mixture of at least 1 hydrocarbon and a di(1-4C alkyl)ether in a weight ratio of 10:1-1:4.    ADVANTAGE -   (I) produces a creamy, velvety foam and imparts style-ability to hair. (I) eliminates sensory negatives such as sticky feel on the hair, dries rapidly and does not impart wetness to the hair on scalp.
One section (3) of a bio-reactor (2) biologically processes organic substances to produce the biogas. The gas is captured in the reactor (2) overhead section (5) from which it is discharged. The reactor (2) overhead (5) section incorporates a fixed bed (6) which oxides hydrogen sulphide and the biogas passes through the bed (6). The bed is supplied directly with an electron-acceptor, especially oxygen and/or nitrate and/or nitrite. The electron acceptor is not introduced into the other section (3) of the bio-reactor (2) held under anaerobic conditions. The fixed bed (6) is supplied with an electron acceptor by a sprinkle-circuit (7,8,10). Alternatively or additionally, the fixed bed may be a membrane serving as a substrate for the biomass, and for the controlled supply of the biomass with the electron acceptor.    USE -   Used for hydrogen sulphide oxygenation and biogas generation, incorporated within a single space-saving process stage.    ADVANTAGE -   The hydrogen sulphide does not disrupt the aerobic treatment stage.
A process and assembly for composting agricultural vegetable refuse within a heap or pile. The novelty is that: (a) air pores are created at the base of the heap from time to time by pulses of compressed air introduced just above the ground, and loosening the pile; (b) the compressed air is introduced to the pile by a system of pipes from one or more compressed air reservoirs; (c) after the central core of the refuse pile has been composted, it is exchanged by hand with refuse from the outer part of the pile, which is then composted; (d) the system of pipes is installed in a concrete base at sub-surface level, discharging compressed air through outlets in the concrete surface.    USE -   The process and assembly is useful for composting, especially for agricultural vegetable refuse.    ADVANTAGE -   The process and assembly are of low cost, and suitable for use in countries with limited financial resources.
Composting bin comprises wood, plastic or metal and has four corner-joints which comprise two triangular strips (1), with holes at the ends, positioned with the apex of the triangles abutting each other and joined by bolts (2). The bin is formed of slats or bars between the corner clamps, arranged crosswise. The shape of the bin can be varied to vary the amount of air in circulation.    ADVANTAGE -   No welds, nails or gluing are necessary, the construction is simple and the compost is easy to remove.
Process for NGL fractionation comprises: (a) a low pressure propane distributor column or deethaniser stages, including a lower stripping section below a feed stage and an upper rectification section above a feed stage, in which the stripping section and at least a lower portion of the rectification section are operated at low pressure; (b) a low pressure depropaniser; (c) an NGL feed consisting of ethane, propane and components equal to and greater in molecular weight than isobutane; (d) feeding the NGL feed to the feed stage of deethanisation stages, or the propane distribution column, from which a bottom liquid product is obtained and fed to the low pressure depropaniser; (e) withdrawing from the low pressure depropaniser a vapour sidedraw; and (f) feeding the vapour sidedraw to the bottom stage of the deethanisation stages or to the bottom stage of the propane distribution column, in which thermal coupling of the depropaniser to the deethanisation stages or propane distribution column is achieved.    USE -   NGL fractionation, especially deethaniser/depropaniser sequences.    ADVANTAGE -   The improvements include applying component distribution to multiple columns, inter-reboiling, inter-condensing, thermal and thermo-mechanical coupling to the commonly practised deethaniser and depropaniser fractionation sequences of NGL processing.
A method prevents all of oxidation, deterioration and putrefaction, creates only the reduction process of fermentation, decomposition, synthesis and the antioxidation process (the oxidation and reduction being simultaneously present ), utilises the function and substrate possessed by the microorganisms as informational microbial engineering, and freely uses proliferation, induction and fermentation to permit all the aerobic and anaerobic organisms to coexist in mutual coprosperity. In this method four types of microorganism, i.e. " aerobic-light" bacteria, "aerobic- dark bacteria, "anaerobic-light" bacteria and " anaerobic- dark" bacteria including hundreds or thousands of microorganism including ferment microorganisms (e.g. Lactobacillus, yeast), Actinomycetes (antibacterial substances-producing fungi ), Azotobacillus, Amirobacillus, photosynthetic bacillus, are allowed to coexist and symbiose in mutual coprosperity in a given space under artificial and natural conditions.    USE -   The method is useful for treating industrial waste water, for producing feed for e.g. cows, pigs and chickens, and in producing food for humans from wastes by utilizing fermentation in the gaseous, organic and inorganic culture beds. In the livestock industry, excrements from cows, pigs and chickens can be treated using this method, cattle sheds and barns can be kept clean and without odour, and cattle can grow healthy. In the textile industry, the fibres coated or adsorbed with this antioxidation enzyme can provide natural or synthetic textiles that can be provided with antistatic, antibacterial and antioxidation effect.    ADVANTAGE -   The method is economical and efficient since the energy and substances are utilised through the microorganisms. Since the method can be carried out without chemicals, as well as without large scale equipment, it is environmentally clean.
Process to convert animal and/or vegetable bio-organic matter into a variety of products, uses a combined bio-mechanical action in a closed chamber. It uses successive stages for heating (120) to raise the feed temp. TA to a temperature TB of about 117 C, increasing pressure (100, 101) to a value PB of 3 bar, and kneading at a speed of 5-15 rpm for 15 minutes.    At the same time, the temperature TB is increased (120, 121) to a temperature TC and the pressure PC is raised (103, 104) to a value PD of 10-20 bar, and the kneading speed is accelerated to 15 rpm for 20-30 mins.    The material is hydrolised and homogenised (123, 124) at a temperature TD and a constant pressure PD (104, 105) and a constant kneading speed of 10-40 rpm for 20-30 minutes.    The material is dried by cooling (124-126) with a reduced temperature TE of 90 C and pressure PE of 0.5 bar, to allow fresh drying and processing or a new material feed with a steadily reducing kneading speed of 5-10 rpm.    USE -   The system can be used for the disposal of animal carcasses and the like, to give animal feed, or other animal or vegetable waste matter for conversion into usable products.    ADVANTAGE -   The technique gives a rapid and safe processing of the material, in a short time span, without added chemicals or residues.
Process for decomposing harmful substances in contaminated media during the purification of air, waste waters or soil, comprises carrying out a continuous decomposition fermentation using microorganisms present in the contaminated medium and/or added microorganism cultures. The concentration of harmful substances present in the fermenter during the decomposition fermentation is controlled by a control circuit.    Also claimed are:    (1) the formaldehyde-decomposing microorganisms DSM 11423 and DSM 11424, and the phenol decomposing microorganism DSM 11425, and    (2) the use of DSM 11423 or DSM 11424 as donor organism for genetic material, especially for insertion of a formaldehyde dehydrogenase or formaldehyde dismutase coding gene and/or the associated promoter sequence into a microorganism or cell.    USE -   The process nad microorganisms are used for eliminating harmful substances such as formaldehyde and phenolic compounds from a medium during purification of air, waste water and soil.    ADVANTAGE -   The process provides for long-term survival and growth of microorganisms which are specific to the decomposition of the substances to be eliminated, which allows continuous operation of the process for long periods and thus improves the economics of the process in terms of running costs and time.
A heating medium is run through heat conduction pipes (8) provided in a rotating drum (7), the waste supplied in the rotating drum (7) is heated by the heating medium indirectly, and attachments of heat decomposition products attached on the respective heat conduction pipes (8) are removed. Temperature of walls of the respective heat conduction pipes (8) is raised to a temperature for enabling removing of the attachments.    USE -   Suitable for heat decomposition process for general waste such as municipal waste etc. and industrial waste such as waste plastic etc.    ADVANTAGE -   Heat conductive property of the heat conduction pipes is secured by removing attachments attached on the outer surfaces of the heat conduction pipes.
Rapid production of compost uses an oxidation and decomposition stimulator and comprises piling up raw materials containing organic materials with added at least 20% vol. of a stimulator, partic. porous material to absorb bad odour formed during compost formation, and continuously supplying oxygen or air from the lower part with intermittent or continuous stirring to accelerate catalytic oxidation. Conventional organic raw material are mixed with 20% of porous material (e.g. bundle of stems of plants, ceramics, fused slag and zeolite) and fermented with stirring and supplying air or oxygen.    ADVANTAGE -   Production of compost is done in a short period of time with reduced bad odour.
In drying of an effective microorganisms compost or feed manufacturing process where wet refuse is crushed, mixed, granulated, and dried, the material is dried continuously through hot air permeation. The drying device (1) comprises a feed port (3) and a removal port (4) provided on the device (1); two or more endless conveyors (2) formed of perforated plates, which is provided in parallel in the device (1); levelling devices (16) provided on each step of the endless conveyors (2); a heat exchanger (9); and an air supply port (11) and an exhaust port (14).    USE -   Used to manufacture compost or feed for recycling of wet refuse.    ADVANTAGE -   By the use of a multi-layer hot air drying device, the granulated material can be dried keeping the shape. Further, by drying the compost or feed, it can be handled easily.
A refuse disposing device is formed such that a fermentation tank (2) having refuse charge port (4) and fermenting with refuse and microorganisms agitated and crushed by a first agitating device (5) and an ageing tank (3) positioned below the fermentation tank (3) and ageing refuse under fermentation as the refuse is agitated by a second agitating device (14) are disposed in the same casing (1). A movement passage through which the refuse under fermentation is moved from the fermentation tank (2) to the ageing tank (3). A device (49) to deodorise a smell generated from the fermentation tank (2) and the ageing tank (3) is provided. The fermentation tank (2) is provided with a first heater (22) to control temperature to temperature at which microorganisms can breed.    ADVANTAGE -   Fermentation and ageing are separately effected and continuous charging of refuse is practicable.
A single mixed fertiliser with favourable disintegration property in soil and water is composed of silicic acid or potassium silicate prepared by mixing powder of silicic acid or potassium silicate fertiliser and fine powder of oyster shell, common scallop, Japanese pearl oyster, short-necked clam and a water soluble binder followed by kneading and granulation to give spheres of 1-4 mm sizes. The components are kneaded together with a binder (e.g. alcohol fermentation waste, water soluble starch, and by-prod. of sulphite pulp) to give the fertiliser.    ADVANTAGE -   Low cost production of single fertiliser.
Treatment comprise maintaining organic waste fluid to anaerobic state in the presence of sludge containing acid producing bacteria to produce organic acid, solid-liquid separating mixing solution in the acid production process and returning enriched sludge to the process.    ADVANTAGE -   Residence time for organic waste fluid containing solid organic matter and soluble organic matter in a digestion tank can be shortened and production of the sludge can be reduced with simple device and operation at a low cost.
A refuse disposing device comprises a decomposing tank (3) to decompose charged refuse by a microorganism carrier; a pulverizing rotor (9) having a first rotary shaft (10) and a pulverizing blade to pulverise refuse charged in the decomposing tank (3); a refuse moving device consisting of a second rotary shaft (15) arranged vertically to the first rotary shaft (10), a screw-form blade formed on the second rotary shaft (15), and a wedge-form member (11), having an upper part being opened and containing the screw-form blade, and moving refuse, pulverised by the rotor (9), in the axial direction of the second rotary shaft (15); a first slope (17a) formed in an advancing direction in which refuse is moved by a refuse moving device (13); and a second slope (18) inclined in a direction in which refuse moved to above by the first slope is moved to a position above a pulverizing blade.    ADVANTAGE -   Refuse is high-efficiently pulverised.
A decomposition microbe of Bacillus genus which can grow at a temperature range higher than the growing temperature of sundry germs or blight insects in an organic waste and shows a high decomposition activity against organic materials or organic waste at the temperature range. Also claimed is a method for the decomposition of organic waste in which the above decomposition microbe is fed to organic waste and said organic waste is decomposed aerobically at a temperature range higher than the growing temperature of sundry germs or blight insects in an organic waste.    ADVANTAGE -   The method can decompose organic waste very rapidly.    In an example, 1g of soil collected in Aichi-ken was suspended in 25 ml physiological saline and 0.1 m of the supernatant was inoculated to 5 ml of a selection medium containing olive oil as carbon source and cultured at 55 deg.C for 3 days. 0.1 ml of the culture was applied on an agar medium and cultured at 55 deg.C overnight. The colony was separated to give a strain of high lipid decomposition activity. The strain was named Bacillus brevis T1. It showed a high decomposition activity at 50 deg.C on lipid, carbohydrate and protein.
Base material production method involves processing industrial wastes such as drainage dirt (7) and charcoal dust (8). Predetermined amount of charcoal (10), which is to be crushed, is inserted into a bag (4). The bag is introduced into a hopper (1) to perform deposition fermentation. The contacts of the hopper is introduced into a crushing machine (2), which performs crushing of charcoal.    A blender (3) agitates the output of the crushing machine and mixes it with the fertiliser. Finally, predetermined amount of the output mixture of fertilizer and crushed material is obtained and is packed.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids problem due to large deposition. Minimizes amount of fertilizer consumption and reduces cost and production time.
A tube section for ventilating rotting material, comprises individual pipe members, which couple together with circumferential holes which allow air to enter the rotting material to assist in the rotting process. The pipe members (9) have releasable connections (11), which comprise male (13) and female (12) sections, and have a clamping member (14). The pipe members are preferably plastic.    USE -   The tube is used for ventilating rotting material.    ADVANTAGE -   The tube is simple to assemble and dismantle.
Process for ventilating a work-station (18) engaged in the processing of waste materials bearing a pollution load comprises continually conveying (16) waste materials through the work room (10) station (18) and sorting where pollutants freed during sorting are extracted and ventilated. The novelty is that: (a) the work room (10) has a continual supply of fresh air which passes through the room (10); (b) that the air is drawn to and passes over the conveyor (16) as a result of a drop in air pressure, pollutants freed from the residues are removed as these are liberated, before they can escape and migrate through the room (10); and (c) air is supplied by a blower (22) and removed by an extractor fan (20).    USE -   The assembly removes harmful substances from a manned refuse sorting room.    ADVANTAGE -   The risk is minimised to the health of the sorting worker.
Tail gas, from a hot-blast stove or boiler, is used as the heat source. The alcohol production waste liquor is atomised and dried by compressed air in a spray dryer. Then dry powder is collected using the cascade cyclone separator.    USE -   The dry powder is used to produce an organic compounded fertiliser or as a forage additive.
The method utilises a natural flocculant in extraction of coarse protein.    USE -   The method is suitable for extraction of coarse protein from exhausted tailing and sewage purification in alcohol factory, gourmet powder factory, brewery, amino acid factory, solvent plant and biological pharmaceutical factory.
Urban refuse disposal process comprises selection, sifting, moisture detection, sealed fermentation in large tank, sieving, stoving, ball grinding, compounding, pelletising and packing.    ADVANTAGE -   The method and equipment not only avoid secondary pollution by refuse, but also control the refuse's fermentation process. The present invention makes it possible to treat and eliminate the refuse produced on the same day.
Process for cleaning waste air exhausted from plants manufacturing boards made from timber products and containing microbiologically toxic substances such as paraffins, wood oils and terpenes, comprises pre-cleaning the air stream in a gas washer and then further treating in one or more downstream biological filter beds, through which the air from the gas washer (7) passes downwards.    Also claimed is a waste air cleaning plant (1) for the process having one or more biological filter beds (12) downstream of a gas washer (7). The air handling system (4,14) delivers the waste air to the top of the beds and removes it from the bottom.    ADVANTAGE -   The water-washed air is delivered to the bio-bed at an ideal temperature and level of saturation for the activity of the micro-organisms. The downward flow of air and condensed water in the bed transport newly added micro-organisms through its depth, and the arrangement prevents drying out during shut-down periods.
Pathogenic organisms are concentrated from water. The water is continuously fed into an elongated flow path (34) which includes a separation section where the water flow is oriented tangentially with respect to a rotational axis. The flow path is subjected to centrifugal forces by spinning the flow path about the rotational axis so that the centrifugal force is perpendicular to the separation section.    USE -   The method concentrates waterborne pathogenic organisms from water potentially contaminated by dilute densities of the organisms. The pathogens include Cryptosporidium, Giardia, Microsporidia and Cyclospora.    ADVANTAGE -   The apparatus reduces process and material costs, uses less time and labour, and produces efficient separation. Accurate counts of contamination levels are possible allowing effective monitoring and treatment.
Preparation of biomass for the production of fodder additives comprises preparation of a nutrient broth, introduction of microorganisms into it, fermentation and subsequent removal of the biomass. A hydrolysate from solid waste from the purification of meat-processing plant effluent is used as the broth and a strain of Bacillus mucilaginosus (BKM B-1A46D) in quantity 0.1-0.2 g/l is used as the microorganism.    USE -   The method is useful in the meat industry, biotechnology and production of fodders for animals.    ADVANTAGE -   The method avoids some drawbacks of previous method such as the use of Candida fungi, which can cause candidamycosis, which used to decrease the biological value.
The system has a modifier (2) which makes original fuel and water to react. A hydrogen formation part (4) produces reforming gas which is rich in hydrogen. A pair of strippers (3) are connected in parallel which absorb carbon dioxide present in reforming gas. A fuel battery (1) generates electricity by introducing hydrogen in the reforming gas.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces concentration of carbon dioxide sharply. Improves electricity generation output. Reduces operation cost of fuel battery.
The plate (1) has a gas supply groove (2) formed on its surface. The groove is bent at many points and extended from a manifold (3) for gas introduction towards a manifold (4) for gas ejection. The grooves are set such that the flow direction of gas from the manifold for gas introduction is opposite to that from the manifold for gas ejection.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces extreme damage due to poisoning of catalyst.
A mixture of light hydrocarbon with at least 3 carbons, and enriched hydrogen-containing gas, generated by steam-modification of methanol, and water by a hydrogen generator is hydrogenated and desulphurised. Town gas is then produced by steam modification of the product. During the town gas production, part of the enriched hydrogen-contained gas generated by the hydrogen generator, a quantity of heat of the elementary raw material town gas is regulated. Various kinds of town gases ranging from low to high calorific value can be produced.    ADVANTAGE -   Convenience, the economical efficiency, and safety of the produced town gas are improved.
The working fluid is used in a refrigerating cycle containing a compressor, a condenser, a decompression device and an evaporator in the circulating circuit so that the working fluid circulate in turn and consisting of difluoromethane, 1,1-difluoroethane, pentafluoroethane and isobutane. The working fluid contains to 15 wt.% isobutane and difluoromethane, 1,1-difluoroethane and pentafluoroethane so that the mixing ratio of the latter three components makes the refrigerating effect of the working fluid comparable with or higher than that of chlorodifluoromethane.    USE -   The working fluids are useful for air conditioners and refrigerating machines.    ADVANTAGE -   The working fluids have improved properties comparable with those of chlorodifluoromethane and cause no ozone layer depletion(ozone depleting potential=0).
A fermentation method to treat kitchen waste to give compost by addition of quick lime (CaO) at about 3 wt.% of organic material to absorb produced NH3 in CaO and cause it to react with NaCl in the waste to convert into CaCl2 and NH4Cl.    ADVANTAGE -   Compost production free from bad odour and chemical injury due to NaCl is obtained.
A garbage disposing device comprises a garbage collecting device (A); and a compost producing device (B) and is built in a building as equipment for disposing garbage. The garbage collecting device (A) is formed in so that a garbage charging device (20) arranged in a garbage generating spot in a building. A discharging device (40) to discharge garbage to the compost producing device (B) are intercoupled through a garbage conveying device (30). The compost producing device (B) comprises a garbage fermenting device (50) coupled to the garbage discharge device (40); a fermentation residue ageing device (60) communicated with the garbage fermenting device (50); and a deodorising device (70).    ADVANTAGE -   A content of a moisture content in general waste is reduced and heat energy during incineration disposal is effectively recovered.
A process for separating and recovering paper from biodegradable plastic coated paper which is a used food package comprising a biodegradable plastic containing an aliphatic polyester as its main component and paper, to which food refuse is attached is new. The package is supplied to a fermentation tank (optionally after being crushed) and the plastic and the food refuse are preferentially aerobically fermented and decomposed by microorganisms to provide a compost, then the paper which is left after the fermentation is separated from the compost and recovered.    Preferably the aerobic fermentation decomposition is carried out at 40-80C. The obtained compost is added to the used food packages so that the resulting water content is 30-75 wt.%.    ADVANTAGE -   The conventional required washing process to remove the food refuse from the packages can be omitted. The coating material alone can be degraded in a short time and easily separated from paper, and the conventionally required separation process of the coating material from the paper can be omitted. This is an economical and environment friendly process.
An organic substance fermentation decomposing device comprises an organic substance storage tank (1) formed in a U-shape in cross section and having an upper part forming an air chamber (17) for fermentation; a turning device (5) arranged in the organic substance storage tank (1); a drive device (11) to rotate in a reciprocating manner the turning device (5) at intervals of a proper time; a heat insulation material (16) attached to the outer periphery of the organic substance storage tank (1); and an air chamber (18) for heat insulation with which the outer periphery of the heat insulation material (16) is surrounded.    USE -   Used for decomposition disposal of an organic substance, such as excrement and garbage.    ADVANTAGE -   After fermentation is started, energization to a heater is reduced and a running cost is extremely decreased.
A noble metal catalyst is manufactured absorbing a noble metal salt onto a carrier, and reducing the noble metal salt. The particle diameter of the noble metal is adjusted by controlling reducing temperature.    USE -   The noble metal catalyst is used to reduce the concentration of CO and methanol.    ADVANTAGE -   The catalyst has good uniformity and high performance.
The unit includes a hydrogen generator (4) equipped with a modifier (2) that generates a reforming gas obtained by reaction of water with original fuel. The reforming gas is rich in hydrogen and the carbon monoxide present in it is removed by an absorption layer (3a) of a stripper (3) consisting of a monovalent copper compound.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables easy handling.
The generator has a main body where a pair of electrodes, and a separator in-between is provided. The separator is comprised by an electrolyte layer. A gas manifold (20) is connected to the main body. A reaction gas feed pipe (8) is connected to the gas manifold and a closing valve is arranged at the reaction feed pipe. Multiple inert gas feed pipes (1) are connected to the gas manifold at predetermined intervals along their arrangement direction. An inert gas isolation valve (2) is provided in each inert gas feed pipe. A controller (9) controls open/close of the closing valve and the inert gas isolation valve.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves durability. Ensures stabilized characteristics.
A process for grinding waste containing organic solids while it is suspended in a liquid, followed by removal of liquid to convert the waste into a slurry, is improved by (a) maintaining the liquid at an alkaline pH and (b) returning the removed water to the suspending liquid.    Also claimed is apparatus for such a process, comprises means of feeding the waste to a vessel (7) containing an alkaline liquid (8) and grinding mechanism (9), primary screening mechanism (12) for filtering liquid being discharged from the vessel, and secondary screening mechanism (14) to separate liquid from the slurry product (19), and line (18) to return this liquid to the vessel; means of adding aqueous alkaline solution (25) and/or particulate matter, of measuring pH (24), and of adjusting the amount of this solution or particulate matter added on the basis of measured pH, are also provided.    USE -   The waste is municipal, industrial or agricultural; slurry produced may be used as a fuel.    ADVANTAGE -   By maintaining an alkaline pH, need to shut down to remove scale deposits is reduced, putrefaction is retarded and malodour suppressed.
A process for the catalytic cracking of ammonia present in a fluid containing hydrogen sulphide, is claimed.The fluid is passed into a reaction zone heated to 1000 - 1400C. containing an appropriate catalyst and a cracked effluent is obtained.The reaction zone is heated by electrical heaters or by thermal exchange distributed in the interior of the reaction zone.    USE -   The invention comprises a process and apparatus (F) for the cracking of ammonia in a gaseous or liquid fluid containing hydrogen sulphide, and a subsequent application, in an integrated process, for the elimination of hydrogen sulphide in a Claus unit.    ADVANTAGES -   The process enables the selective cracking of ammonia in the presence of hydrogen sulphide and obviates the use of procedures which involve their elimination, by incineration, in the form of ammonium sulphide which produces sulphur dioxide harmful to the environment.
Process for the elimination from fermenting organic material of H2S, mercaptans, NH3 and organic compounds (e.g. amines and fatty acids) in two stages comprises: (a) transformation of mercaptans to disulphides and H2S to sulphides in the presence of air and a catalyst, by bubbling air through the liquid medium containing KOH, lime, NaOH, LiOH or a carbonate of these bases; and (b) catalytic combustion of the air-entrained organic compounds including ammonia and light amines.    USE -   The invention applies to the treatment of fermenting organic waste, in particular pork wastes and other animal waste such as chicken droppings, leached household wastes etc.. The process is a refinement of EP682973.    ADVANTAGE -   The conversion of mercaptans to disulphides gives products of a much lower volatility and higher threshold of nitrogen removal. The release of nauseous volatile compounds and ammonia to the environment is thus limited.
A method for generating superheated steam by producing wet steam (8) in a boiler (1) with heat from waste matter (2) and air (3), and further heating the wet steam in a gas-fired superheater (9), comprises the superheater (9) being fired with biogas (10) produced in a biogas generation plant (12). Residual material (18) produced in a biogas generator (12) is burnt in the boiler (1). Heat from the superheater exhaust gas (15) is recovered in a heat exchanger (17) which heats input air (3) for the superheater (9), gas generator (12) and boiler (1).    USE -   The method used for generating superheated steam from waste matter (claimed), for use in e.g. a local district heating and power generation system.    ADVANTAGE -   the method generates superheated steam without using fossil fuels, as in a known plant. It allows the boiler (1) and pre-heaters (17) to be operated at low enough temperatures to avoid high rates of corrosion.
A filter mask for breathing air, covers the mouth and nose of the user and comprises a filter medium. The medium contains a substrate which can break down air pollutants. The substrate preferably contains aerobic bacteria and/or fungi. The substrate can preferably be dry stored.    USE -   The mask is used to filter air.    ADVANTAGE -   The mask is simple and offers improved filtration.
Balls of mechanically and biologically treated waste comprise a covering made of a fire resistant material. The fire resistant material is preferably a plastic and the balls are preferably surrounded by a net. The covering preferably neutralises pollutants which are released.    USE -   The balls are used as mechanically and biologically treated waste.    ADVANTAGE -   The waste is stored in such a way that the risk of fire is minimised.
Anaerobic brewage effluent along with reflux sludge from the reaction tower is led in the multifunctional pool. The effluent from the multifunctional pool is purified in a reaction tower, where water purifying agent in the amount of 0.04-0.15 % that of effluent to be treated is added, and is then led into a multi-layered filter pool. The effluent after treatment is drained or reused.
Product is manufactured from recycled manure and fixed by means of polymerisation. Also claimed are (i) the production of the above by drying the manure and then fixing it by polymerisation, together with shaping it and possibly adding other material; (ii) an apparatus to carry out the method above containing means to dry the manure and means to polymerise and fix it.    USE -   The production of useful building or covering products from recycled farmyard manure. Uses include plantable surfaces and slow release natural fertilisers.    ADVANTAGE -   The product is biologically degradable following a useful lifetime.
Method for cultivating fungi in a liquid growth medium comprises feeding the medium at 38-60 C through a zone containing microorganisms to promote the growth of fungi belonging to the class of Hyphomycetes in the zone, and removing the fungi from the zone.    The liquid growth medium is moved through the zone and the fungi removed from the zone at respective rates such that the hydraulic mean residence time of the growth medium in the zone is different from the mean residence time of the fungi in the zone.    Also claimed is an apparatus for cultivating fungi of the class Hyphomycetes suspended in a liquid growth medium comprising a reservoir containing the medium, means for moving the medium through the zone, heating for maintaining the temperature at 38-60 C and means for separating the fungi from the medium.    Use - The method is useful for cultivating microorganisms, especially filamentous fungi of the genus Aspergillus fumigatus. The fungi is useful for the treatment of industrial effluent.    Advantage - The method for treating industrial effluent is extremely easy. The method also allows for cultivation of selected fungi under conditions which inhibit or reduce spore formation through short cell residence time. The fungi can be dewatered easily and dries out easily and the size is such that little clogging or blockage of the sieve occurs. The fungi produced is of substantially reduced toxicity and pathogenicity due to selection pressure aimed at biomass production.
Open-circuit organic waste processing method comprises:    (a) collecting the waste;    (b) feeding the waste into a first reactor (R1) without prior sterilisation;    (c) decomposing the waste in R1 using mesophilic or thermophilic anaerobic bacteria;    (d) recovering the resulting liquid effluent and transferring it into a second reactor (R2) containing heterotrophic or photo-heterotrophic bacteria;    (e) using these bacteria to produce an edible biomass consisting of the bacteria, and    (f) recovering and packaging the biomass.    Also claimed is an apparatus for the process comprising R1, consisting or a vessel (2) having an inlet (3) for waste and an outlet (7) for recovery of liquid effluent, and R2, consisting of a vessel (11) having an outlet (14) for recovery of biomass.    The effluent from R1 is transferred (2) to R2 and the biomass is stored (18).    USE -   The method is useful for recycling organic animal waste (such as liquid manure) or water purification sludge for production of animal feed.    ADVANTAGE -   The process is useful for the environmentally acceptable utilisation of waste at low cost on an industrial scale to produce valuable products, i.e. edible biomass of high nutrient value (useful in animal feed), readily utilised combustible gas and compost for use as fertiliser. No toxic residues are produced.
The catalyst assembly for placing in the anode compartment of an internally reforming fuel cell, where the compartment includes an anode and a current collector with a number of peak regions with spacer regions between them, the spacer regions facing the anode, has a member including a catalyst material, with openings through the member having a distribution and configuration so that the member can be inserted over the current collector with the peak regions being received in the openings.    Also claimed is an internally reforming fuel cell.    USE -   The catalyst member is used in an internally reforming fuel cell.    ADVANTAGE -   The fuel cell can be oriented as wished without the catalyst plate moving or coming into contact with the anode to deactivate the catalyst. Also the catalyst distribution in the cell is more uniform and assembly of the catalyst in the cell is simplified.
A compost production device comprises a compost tank (2) to accumulate a compost material; a running frame member (10) movable over the compost tank (2); pipe members (11) arranged at the running frame member and each having a number of holes through which air flows; and a device to feed air to the pipe member (16). The pipe members are pierced into the compost material contained in the compost tank (2) and air is fed to the interior of the compost. The running frame member (10) arranged movable on the compost tank (2) comprises an upper frame member (11) and a moving frame member (14). The pipe members (16) are arranged at the lower part of the moving frame member (14) and a device (18) to feed air to the pipe member (16) is arranged thereon. By lowering the moving frame member (14) to the upper frame member (11), operation to piece the pipe member (16) into the compost is carried out.    ADVANTAGE -   By forming a number of air flow routes in the compost, compost fermentation is promoted.
The processor consists of a processing tank (1) into which fresh garbage is poured through an insertion opening (102). A container (3) is accommodated in a container cradle (4) whose motion is interlocked to a door (103) to close over the insertion opening. Microbes and a processing medium are poured inside the processing tank to process the fresh garbage.    The container cradle is moved by means of a linkage (5). When the door is opened, the container is moved to the outside of the tank with its open side up; and when the door is closed, the container cradle moves the container and inverts it, in order to pour fresh garbage into the processing tank.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables inserting garbage inside processing tank hygienically and easily.
A number of thin plates are cut out simultaneously by passing a body through a number of wires strung in parallel to one another and a slurry dispersing abrasive particles is supplied to the wires, comprises (a) the waste slurry discharged from the wire saw is contacted to bacteria beds where bacteria decomposing organic matters are fixed, so that the organic moieties contained in the waste slurry are decomposed; (b) the slurry from step (a) is sprayed in the air to separate it into the bacteria beds and inorganic solids.    USE -   For removing organic impurities from waste slurry discharged from wire saws. The wire saws are used to cut out a number of thin plates like silicon wafers at the same time.    ADVANTAGE -   Organic impurities are removed from the waste slurry in a cost-effective manner.
A shaft is set in the centre of a lower side of a stool of a toilet. Two metals are inserted into the shaft. A pulley is attached in almost the middle portion of the shaft. A belt is hung over the pulley. A motor rotates the stool. A stirring wing is inserted into the stool and is fixed to a seat. Fermented excrements are stirred by such stirring wing and mixed.    USE -   For providing a portable type toilet used in a construction site or the like which does not need water.
Culture of an acetic acid-assimilating methane-forming microbe uses methanol as the substrate. Culture was carried out at a pH lower than the optimum pH for the direct assimilation of the methanol and then the culture is used as seed sludge and added to sodium acetate and cultured at a pH lower than the above pH level to accumulate a methane-forming microbe of low pH resistance and of high resistance against non ionisable volatile organic acid.    ADVANTAGE -   Decrease in activity and growth rate of an acetic acid-assimilating methane-forming microbe can be prevented.    In an example, a basal medium containing 2.5 g/l potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 1.0 g/l dipotassium hydrogen phosphate, 1.0 g/l ammonium chloride, 0.1 g/l Mg chloride, 0.1 g/l yeast extract and 0.1 g/l Na sulphide heptahydrate was used, 250 ml digested sludge was mixed with 500 ml of the basal medium and fed in a small-neck bottle (3) and adjusted to pH 5.0 and methanol was added to it. The bath (1) was kept at 30 degrees C. A methanol culture was carried out for at least 3 weeks and then methane fermentation was effected at pH 4.2.
Two cycle process for preparation of compost substrate including composting cycle and peak heating cycle, comprises mixing straw, poultry litter and water; forming into clamp in open air and leaving to sweat for 4 to 20 hours; forming into long row for 24 to 48 hours for initial composting to commence; placing into enclosed tunnel with controlled environment for 4 to 8 days allowing top and bottom layers to reach and maintain 70 to 80C, and 40 to 58C respectively; transferring mixture from tunnel to open air and mixing in long row, leaving for 12 to 36 hours for reinoculation of high temperature layer. The compost formed by the process is also claimed.    USE -   Compost substrate is used for mushroom cultivation.    ADVANTAGE -   The time for the complete composting process is reduced compared with known processes, eg 8 days instead of 22 days. The compost quality is better and more consistent.
Sulphurous minerals are treated with thiobacillus bacteria to recover the metals present, particularly cobalt. The mineral ore (A) is mixed in a reactor (1) with the bacterial inoculum, which decomposes the mineral and causes metal ions to pass into solution. The biological reaction is interrupted before it reaches its maximum conversion and untreated ore is recycled for retreatment.    Preferably the biological reaction is interrupted when about 89% of the mineral is decomposed. The decomposed material is separated by a gravimetric method. The remainder is then returned to the reaction vessel.    USE -   Treatment of mineral ores, such as pyrites, to extract finely divided cobalt particles contained in the crystalline structure.    ADVANTAGE -   Separation and recycle of unreacted material from the stream leaving the reactor means a higher yield is obtained than would normally be possible without using a longer residence time.
Method of processing biological or biological/mechanical waste, comprises compressing the waste into bales or briquettes, and then subjecting them to microwave radiation. Any metallic matter in the waste is ground before being the compression.    ADVANTAGE -   The system gives simple and rapid processing for waste into a stable material of the required residual moisture level.
Processing of biological waste, by exposure to microwave radiation. Before treatment, the waste can be processed mechanically, and any metallic matter is ground before exposure to microwaves.    ADVANTAGE -   The system gives a simple and rapid processing for biological waste, giving stability and the required residual moisture content level.
Composting plant produces well-rotted humus from organic waste. In a composting region, controlled aeration accelerates the process, beneath this region, there are channels with outlet openings, allowing variable aeration. A novel feature is the covering (5) of the aeration channels (3), along the channels, a cover forms a variable pattern of holes (6) for air exit, each (6) having a closure (11).    USE -   The plant is useful for composting organic materials.    ADVANTAGE -   The plant improves on an earlier type of plant, by use of a more robust aeration arrangement, with good drainage, whilst the aeration channels are less prone to collect debris and become blocked. The delivery of air is adjustable over the length of the unit. The number of times the compost is turned, can be reduced. The aeration hole pattern assures maximum rate of composting and the conical shape of the holes prevents blockage.
The catalyst for hydrogenation methanation of CO2 is prepared through immersing Zr gel in a mixed solution of Ni, Ru and rare-earth elements, drying, calcining and reduction and features effective catalytic action under the conditions of ordinary pressure, high space speed (higher than 3000/h) and 0.25 of ratio of CO2 to H2, high transform rate of CO2, selectivity of methane and time-space yield rate of methane (up to 65 mol/l hr).
A protein feed is prepared from cake dregs by breaking, separation with a vibrating sieve, pneumatic separation, disinfecting, mixing with yeast and amylomyces, fermentation for 20 hours and drying.    ADVANTAGE -   The production of yeast and detoxication are synchronously conducted in its preparing process.
The conversion of a lighter hydrocarbon gas to heavier hydrocarbons involves: (a) reacting an air feed and lighter hydrocarbon gas feed to produce a synthesis gas comprising hydrogen and carbon monoxide, (b) reacting the synthesis gas in the presence of a hydrocarbon synthesis catalyst to produce heavier hydrocarbons, a tail gas and water, (c) combusting the tail gas to produce a combustion gas, (d) generating mechanical power with the combustion gas and (e) compressing the air feed with the mechanical power.    An apparatus for converting a lighter hydrocarbon gas to heavier hydrocarbons comprises: (a) a gas reformer reactor with a feed gas inlet for receiving a gaseous mixture of air feed, lighter hydrocarbon feed gas and process gas, and a synthesis gas outlet for discharging the synthesis gas, (b) a hydrocarbon synthesis reactor containing a hydrocarbon synthesis catalyst with an inlet for receiving the gas and a product stream outlet for discharging a product stream, (c) a combustor with a tail gas inlet and a combustion gas outlet, (d) a power turbine having combustion gas inlet to drive the power turbine, the turbine engaging a drive shaft and (e) an air compressor engaging the drive shaft for driving the air compressor and compressing the air feed.    USE -   For conversion of lighter hydrocarbon gas to heavier hydrocarbons useful as fuels.    ADVANTAGE -   Effective process for conversion which has reduced power requirements and reduced capital equipment costs. Produces reduced levels of contaminants to the environment.
Increasing the rate of methane production within a landfill comprises forcing ammonia into the landfill via a system of leach pipes extending into the landfill while limiting the presence of oxygen in the pipe system to less than 5 volume % so that the rate of anaerobic biodegradation in the landfill is increased.    ADVANTAGE -   Methane gas production rate in landfills is increased efficiently and economically. The ammonia displaces ambient oxygen and facilitates its consumption. The gaseous or highly volatile nature of the ammonia allows it to be rapidly permeated into the landfill while overcoming regulatory restrictions to limit deposit of liquids into a landfill. The ammonia supplies nutrient in a readily assimilable form to facilitate a rapid increase in the microbe population while also adjusting the pH to produce anaerobic activity.
Greenhouse gas is converted into a fuel- or chemical intermediate(s). The gas is subjected to a silent electrical discharge, promoted by an alternating current source (7) using a dielectric (6). This produces electrically excited and/or ionised reactants which are then converted into at least one energy-storing fuel or mixture. (13, 13'). An energy-storing, reaction catalysing gas containing nitrogen is added to the greenhouse gas. Following a relaxation interval, this transfers energy to greenhouse gas reactant(s). The volume of catalyst gas is 0.1%-5% of the entire volume of gases undergoing conversion. Also claimed is a plant converting a greenhouse gas as described. An additional thermal reactor (14) may be included.    USE -   To convert an undesirable greenhouse gas into a useful fuel, e.g. production of methanol from methane.    ADVANTAGE -   The fuel gas may be recovered for small energy expenditure, on a large scale. Carbon dioxide and hydrogen may be recovered in a single stage from a green house gas and converted in a second stage into the desired fuel. This has the advantage of obviating the use of hydrogen as a starting material.
The removal of contaminant(s) from a workstream comprises: (a) passing the workstream containing contaminant(s) of different molecular sizes through a first open ended monolith adsorber comprising activated carbon having mean platelet distance of 10-30 , for adsorbing the major part of the larger molecular size contaminant and allowing the smaller molecular size contaminant to pass through the monolith and produce an effluent stream; and (b) passing the effluent stream from the first adsorber through a second open ended monolith adsorber comprising activated carbon of mean platelet of 5-15 for adsorbing the smaller molecular size contaminant.    USE -   Used for removal of contaminants from a workstream and industrial exhaust gases.    ADVANTAGE -   The process effectively removes different contaminants from workstream which maintains adsorption efficiency over repeated adsorption-desorption cycles. The system can be regenerated.
The plant includes a feed receiver (1), feed dispersing device (2), mixer (3), heat exchanger (4), acidic (4), acidic regression (6), neutral (7), and alkaline (8) fermentation chambers containing granular material (10) and stirrers (9). The chamber (8) is connected with sectioned methane fermentation chamber (8) and the bottom section of the latter via the microfilter (21) with the transparent chlorella generator (23) and is provided with lighting fixtures (24) and has an axial barrel (25) with clearance fit transparent cones (26) alternating with similar inverted cones (27). The bottom part of the generator (23) connects with exhaust of the gas turbine (20) and the desintegrator (32), and the upper cone (26) with the chamber's (11) microfilter (21).    USE -   To produce methane and vitaminised proteins from animal and fowl waste.    ADVANTAGE -   The plant is more effective to high degree of utilisation of the feed materials.
A methane-tank contains a housing (1), loading stand-pipe (2), mixer (3), and a gas-collector (4), connected to a gas-line (5). Also included are a slide valve (6), a double partition (7) with thermal insulation material (8), partition (9), basic gas-collector (10), drain stand-pipe (11), mixer drive mechanism (12), thermal insulation layer (13), heat-exchangers (14, 15), and protection layers (16, 17). The tank is divided to chambers which are coated from above to 1/3 of their height with epoxy resin.    USE -   The methane tank is used in agricultural equipment, for processing of organic waste.    ADVANTAGE -   The unit has a reduced material content and increased productivity. Reliability of disinfection of organic waste is increased, because of processing is carried out in stages according to the sequence of chambers in the tanks.
Coaxial methane-tank is in the form of cylindrical reservoir (1) with conic bottom (2) and cupola cover (3) with gas collector (4) and pipe (5). On the lower side of cupola (3) a concentric partition (6) is fastened, not reaching the bottom (2) and forming outer middle-walls (7) and inner central (8) chambers.    The outer chamber (7) has a gas-output pipe (9) and pipe (10) for raw sediment or liquid waste input. The input pipe is with openings in different directions to provide mixing of fermenting waste in the outer chamber (7) under the pressure of input flow.    The separation element (11) in the form of a cut cone in lower part has a pipe (12) for the flow of bio-gas from the lower chamber to the central chamber (8). Pipe (13) is for fermented sediment output and emptying of the methane-tank.    The housing of the reservoir can have a cross-section in the form of a multi-lateral or an oval.    USE -   The unit can be used in agriculture in connection with sewage systems, for use on stock-breeding and poultry farms, settlements and kitchen-gardens. It is suitable for anaerobic fermentation of manure, litter, faeces and vegetation waste to obtain a high-quality organic fertiliser and combustible bio-gas with disintegrated pathogenic microflora and weeds.    ADVANTAGE -   The unit provides efficient anaerobic fermentation of different types of liquefied organic waste of agricultural and communal origin, which may also contain lighter material, e.g. straw, peat, saw-dust and vegetation stems. A deposit formation in the central chamber is avoided.
The appts consists of a fuel supply unit (5) which supplies hydrocarbon group fuel (5a). The fuel is mixed with a processing gas (92a) maintained at predetermined temperature. The mixture is sucked in a suction path of an ejector (81). The fuel is vapourised by supplying steam (2a) maintained at a predetermined pressure in the suction part. Heating gas (84) which is a mixture of vapourised fuel and the steam is output to a fuel modifier.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces power consumption. Simplifies composition.
The generator consists of a fuel battery module (6) in which compressed air from an air compressor (10) is made to flow. The oxygen obtained from a isomerism detachment unit and coal gas (19) is made to flow into the module. A deoxygenation unit (8) is arranged at the outlet side of the air compressor. The oxygen and fuel reacts, to generate electric power. The unreacted fuel and air in the module are supplied to a gas turbine using a combustor (9). The unreacted oxygen from the module is circulated to the outlet side of deoxygenation unit by a circulating pump (7) which is arranged along the unreacted air line at the output of module.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces power consumption of air compressor. Increases gas flow rate in inner room of module corresponding to increase of oxygen. Improves electric power generation in module by reducing temperature distribution.
Fermentation composting apparatus (1) has a fermentation tank (4) on an upper level and an empty chamber (5) for maintenance on a lower level. A second ventilation tube (14) is arranged at the bottom of the fermentation tank (4), which has suction and exhaust ports (8) for suction and exhaust. A fan (10) is positioned at the root of the second ventilation tube (14). A functional space air conditioner (12) produces negative or positive pressure or adjusts humidity in the empty chamber (5) . Hot air is blown up from below the organic substance (A) through a fermentation condition controlling device (11), and the organic substance (A) housed in the fermentation tank (4) is conveyed to the outlet port.    USE -   The apparatus is used to compost organic substance such as sludge, animal or plant dead bodies, and other organic waste.    ADVANTAGE -   A fermentation tank which can control the fermentation conditions is used and organic substance can be composted efficiently by controlling the environment.
Waste decomposition disposal device comprises a fermentation decomposing tank (11); a charge port (14) for waste formed in the upper part of the fermentation decomposition tank (9); an agitating device (18) in the fermentation decomposition tank (11); a rotation device (18) to rotate the agitating device (17); a ventilation device (20) to suck and discharge air in and from the fermentation decomposing tank (11); a filler (13) in the fermentation decomposing tank (15); a containing tank (24) arranged below the fermentation decomposing tank (11); an opening part (25) to communicate the fermentation disposing tank (11) and the containing tank (11); an opening and closing device to open and close the opening part (25) and a separating device (27) to separate the filler (13) at the opening part.    ADVANTAGE -   The usable period of a filler is increased.
Disposal container for waste comprises an inner drum (4) having rotary blades (2) for agitation arranged at the inside and an upper part being opened, and bottom part formed in the shape of a semicylindrical shape conforming to the rotation locus of the blade end of the rotary blade, and ventilation holes (4a) formed in a cylindrical shape surface. An outer drum (5) support the inner drum (4) with an upper part opened and surrounding the periphery of the inner drum (4) and forming a bottom cover (11) and a flow port (10) in the bottom part. A cover body (B) is fitted in the upper opening of the outer tank (5) having an air suction hole (14) and a support bed (C) supports the bottom of the outer tank (5) and has an inflow port and a motor fan (17) for exhausting air to the outside. The outer peripheral surface of an opening part (3) of an interpolation has a size to allow fitting in the inner peripheral surface of the bottom of a facing .    ADVANTAGE -   Agitation by rotary blades due to overcharge of waste is prevented and odour generated due to disposal of damp waste is not generated.
In a process to treat waste materials for re-use or disposal, comprises: (a) waste materials are sub-divided into separate flows, each containing a composition which is essentially constant in terms of its physical and chemical characteristics; (b) the rate of flow of the sub-divided waste is varied as it passes through the respective treatment process; (c) the respective physical, chemical or biological treatments are undertaken in exchangeable modular units; (d) the nature and rate of the treatment, or the type of the wastes processed, can be altered or adapted without delay; (e) the sub-divided waste flows are individually analysed, and suitable additives introduced as required for the respective treatment process; (f) compound materials are sub-divided by physical, chemical and/or biological processes.    USE -   The process treats waste materials for re-use or disposal.    ADVANTAGE -   The process applies the optimum chemical, physical or biological treatment to waste mixtures or compounds whose composition is not consistent or defined. Prior physical separation without biological processing saves 6-12 months in the processing of selected wastes.
The assembly for the production of compost, with a controlled turning and delivery system, has a break-up mechanism (A) which travels along and across and upwards over the composting site, with a pick-up (2) and a rising conveyor belt (1). The conveyor (B) has a lateral conveyor belt (4) over the width of the compost heap. Material is transferred from the lateral conveyor to a conveyor belt (5) at right angles to it leading to a deposit belt (6) with a length of about the compost heap width, moving across the longitudinal axis of the compost heap and moving across the centre longitudinal axis.    USE -   The assembly is for turning over the composting material.    ADVANTAGE -   The system ensures a consistent decomposition of the compost material, together with mixing across the line of the compost heap.
Process recovers and makes use of organic and inorganic refuse materials by their incorporation in ceramic building materials.    The novelty is that:    (a) a vessel (1) from which material which can be used as fuel (4) is separated and homogenised in a pyrolysis drum (22) assembly (13) with a residue (14) incorporating a ceramic binding agent and formed with other residues into nodules (16);    (b) the combustible gas (23) formed in the process (a) is then used in the thermal part of the process (a);    (c) a soil fraction (15) or its parts are transported through several stages of the process together with the nodules (16);    (d) part of the combustion air (27) is directly heated by the product emerging from the high-temperature stage.    USE -   In the process waste materials are recovered and incorporated in building materials for re-use, or rendered inert for disposal.    ADVANTAGE -   The energy required to achieve conversion is much reduced over previous processes. The quality of the building materials is much enhanced. The process is compact, requires less apparatus, and completely removes unwanted materials such as metal. The process can also treat polluted soil. The energy in the wastes can be recovered and used as fuel. The building material ingredients do not 'cake' when processed at high temperatures.
Recovery of waste rubber tyres and the production of an all-weather race track includes such technological steps as making waste rubber tyres into fine strips or powder, mixing with asphalt and aggregate, heating while stirring to melt surface layer of fibre strips for obtaining asphalt concrete containing fibre strips, and spreading it onto race track on ball field.    ADVANTAGE -   The all-weather race track has suitable elasticity and durability, does not age easily and is easy to maintain.
The refrigerant mixture comprises 80-100 wt.% of difluoromethane to form an azeotropic mixture with one or more hydrocarbons.    Also claimed is the refrigerant mixture containing 80-100 wt.% of difluoromethane and at least one of at most 20 wt.% cyclopropane, at most 10 wt.% isobutane and at most 5 wt.% butane.    USE -   The refrigerant mixture may be used together with conventional compressor lubricants other than ester oil in a conventional a refrigerant cycle plant (claimed) in, e.g., a refrigerator, and as propellant and foaming agent.    ADVANTAGE -   The mixture is compatible with conventional compressor lubricating oils other than ester oil. As a replacement of the usual CFCs, it is more ozone-friendly and less likely to cause global warming.
Milk industry effluent (I) is treated by:    (a) inoculating with a mixture (II) of bacteria and yeasts capable of living and growing in symbiosis in (I);    (b) aerating while at 0-50 C, pH 1.7-9;    (c) continuing step (b) until a suspended biomass generated by assimilation of milk products in (I) by (II) is achieved, and    (d) separating the biomass from residual interstitial water.    Also claimed is an apparatus for pretreating (I) comprising a reaction vessel equipped for a programmed and controlled aeration rate, dissolved oxygen detection, programmed acid metering into the vessel and a phase separation at the outlet.    ADVANTAGE -   The method is several hundred times faster than classical biological methods and produces a biomass of enhanced nutritional value for animal feed, and yields energy.
(I) Pulsed ion beam source comprising: (a) anode assembly radially symmetric about a central axis defining beam propagation and separated by an annulus between inner and outer anode sub-assemblies; (b) gas supply with puff valve located on the central axis behind the anode assembly and a radially extending gas passage from the puff valve to a gas ionisation zone located to the rear of the anode annulus and enclosed to the rear by a structure enclosing a fast coil means; (c) cathode assembly constructed and disposed in a similar manner to the anode but forward and separated from it by an accelerating gap, and with a slow coil means within the inner and outer cathode sub-assemblies; (d) means to deliver a power pulse to the anode assembly to accelerate ions, created from a gas delivered to the ionisation zone and ionised by the fast coil means, forward through the accelerating gap and out through the cathode annulus; and (e) means to ionise the gas into a plasma and deliver the plasma to the anode annulus prior to the delivery of the power pulse comprising a ringing circuit to impose a rapidly oscillating signal on a main signal delivered to the fast coil means and to initially reverse bias current through the fast coil which current is then returned to the normal polarity by the fast coil pulse as it is delivered to the fast coil.    Also claimed (II) is the source as (I) in which the means in (e) is to create nulls in the magnetic filed present in the ionisation zone.    USE -   MAP ion beam source for metal and polymer processing.    ADVANTAGE -   More efficient gas ionisation and improved electrode durability.
A composted poultry-manure for degrading hydrocarbon compounds is made by: mixing and aerating poultry manure to compost it; adding hydrocarbon-degrading microorganisms to the compost; and, aerating the compost so that the microorganisms multiply.    Also claimed is a poultry manure compost made by the above method.    USE -   The poultry manure product is used for treating surfaces and subterranean areas contaminated with petroleum.    ADVANTAGE -   The product is totally natural and recyclable, and is human, animal and earth friendly.
Thermophilic, aerobic, reactor (1) with a tank (5, 6) for receiving sludge (7), into which a gas containing oxygen is injected so that the gas rises through the sludge, has a blower (57) connected to the tank to withdraw gas which has passed through the sludge and recycle at least part of it for reinjection; a deliverer of fresh air (64) to the tank; and, a controller (66, 67) which maintains the temperature in the tank within a preselected thermophilic range by varying the mix of fresh air to recycled gas.    USE -   The process is sued to destroy pathogenic organisms, excess bio-solids and organic contaminants in sludge from, e.g. waste water treatments.    ADVANTAGE -   The organisms are destroyed rapidly. The sludge temperature can be controlled closely. The process is easy and economical to operate. Moving parts are located outside the reactor.
Rubber waste, such as waste tyre (30), is crushed into pieces with an average grain size of up to 5 mm. The crushed pieces are introduced as auxiliary fuel, into a kiln burner (3) of a great kiln type furnace of a pellet manufacturing equipment or a blow-in nozzle (3c) next to the kiln burner (3).    ADVANTAGE -   Waste tyres are disposed with high efficiency, without being limited by the grain size or feed position.
A suspension is made by mixing (w/w parts) 0.7 - 1.25 humus and 1.5 - 3 lukewarm water and blowing air with added Azobacterium. The mixture is left to stand for 5 - 8 days, then the pasty 8 - 10 cm top layer is taken off and trace elements and some environmentally friendly growth hormone are added to it.    The middle dark brown liquid layer is left to settle and is filtered and treated as above and the grains of humus are obtained from the bottom layer.    USE -   The top, middle and bottom layer products are all used as a fertiliser for agriculture, gardening and outdoor and indoor plants.
Process for operating a high temp. reactor for treating disposable material, e.g. industrial and household waste, comprises thermally treating the material, and passing via a charging point into the reactor. A loose gasifying bed is formed, in which the inorganic and organic components are melted and gasified and then homogenised. Above the charging site, the gaseous products are then subjected to high temp. treatment with addition of oxygen to form and stabilise the synthesis gas. The novelty is that water-cooled oxygen lances are used in the high temp. treatment, in which at least two lances are arranged below the charging sites so that they promote the flow direction of the material to be charged. At least two water-cooled lances are arranged above the charging site so that the flow of the increasing gaseous products is limited.    USE -   Used for treating household and industrial waste.    ADVANTAGE -   The quality of the mineral products is improved.
Bio-treatment method for improving sewage sludge properties, uses a NCF natural vegetable flocculating agent as biological somatotrophic activating agent in its aeration basin, biological contact oxidation reactor, biological fluid bed and anaerobic reactor, to raise the waste water biochemical activity and to intensify the mutual coagulation structure of microbial flocculate and microbial activity so as to raise the removal rate of organic substances and quality of discharge water.
The liquid fertilizer is prepared by mixing the fermentation liquor of main materials (straw powder, chaff, tree leaves, wood dust) and auxiliary (wheat bran, soya-bean cake, oil residue), amino acids from hydrolysed animal remains (animal blood, internal organs, skin pieces), fulvic acid extracted from peat or brown coal powder and the said main materials and the auxiliary materials after fermentation, and adding azotobacteria liquor, fermentation, and adding trace elements.    ADVANTAGE -   The fertiliser provides an ameliorating soil and increased yield.
An expandable polyolefin composition comprises: (a) an olefin polymer resin; (b) a stability control agent combination comprising: (i) compound(s) that is a partial ester of a fatty acid with polyol; and (ii) compound(s) of higher alkyl amine, fatty acid amide and/or complete ester of higher fatty acid; and (c) a blowing agent. Also claimed are an expandable article; a stability control agent; and a process for preparing a substantially closed cell olefin polymer foam having post-cooling dimensional stability.    USE -   Used for manufacturing expanded articles of olefin polymers of closed cell foam having density 0.6-15 lb/foot3 (claimed), for forming polyolefin foams (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   The composition prevents post cooling shrinkage and expansion, for high dimensional stability.
A method for the reactivation of a partially deactivated isomerisation catalyst comprises: (a) contacting a hydrocarbon feed with an isomerisation catalyst contained in a reaction zone in the presence of hydrogen and at mole ratio of hydrogen:hydrocarbon of 0.05:1 to 0.25:1 and temperature 200-350F for time such that the activity of the catalyst is reduced to provide the partially deactivated catalyst, (b) after the deactivation time period, increasing the mole ratio to 0.3:1 to 17:1 for a reactivation time such that the activity is enhanced and (c) returning the mole ratio to that of (a) and temperature to 200-350F.    USE -   The catalyst is used in paraffin isomerisation to products useful e.g. as gasoline octane enhancers.    ADVANTAGE -   Economic process in which the catalyst activity is enhanced by reactivation and hydrocarbons are simultaneously isomerised during the catalyst reactivation. Catalyst has long operating life.
Calcium sulphide(CaS) is oxidised by a process where CaS particles are subjected to a cycle of oxidizing and reducing conditions at 900-1200C in a fixed bed reactor where the gas composition is varied in a periodic manner to alternate the conditions; excess heat of reaction is removed and the cycle is repeated at least 3 times to convert all of the CaS to calcium oxide.    Also claimed are (i) a process as above which is carried out in a moving bed furnace and sulphur dioxide is removed from the reactor off-gas to form a tail gas which is recycled to dilute the reducing gas supplied to the reactor; (ii) the preceding process carried out in a fluidised bed reactor; (iii) a process as above which is carried out in a fluidised bed reactor wherein particles recirculated freely between a reducing lower zone to which gas containing 1-50% reducing gas is supplied, and an upper oxidizing to which gas containing 10-90% oxygen is supplied - tail gas resulting from removing sulphur dioxide is recycled to the reducing zone; and (iv) the preceding two zone process wherein water is added to the fluidised bed to control temperature.    USE -   Used to render CaS which is formed e.g. in reacting lime with coal gas to a form suitable for disposal by landfill.    ADVANTAGE -   Recycling through the reducing phase converts inert calcium sulphate, which is formed by oxidation and blocks complete oxidation of CaS to the oxide, to sulphur dioxide and calcium oxide.
In a treating device to utilise organic waste effectively including a first process to crush organic waste material and store the crushed material temporarily, and a second process to gasify the crushed material obtained by the first process and to manufacture purified gas by purifying the gasified gas obtained, the device consists of a first movable carriage on which the constitutive units for the first process are mounted, and a second movable carriage on which the constitutive units for the second process are mounted.    USE -   Used to recover energy, fuel gas, etc. from waste plastic, used paper, shredder dust, etc..    ADVANTAGE -   By moving the moving carriages to any places where organic waste is produced, the organic waste can be utilised effectively. When compared with the stationary equipment, no foundation work or buildings are necessary. Further, the cost for collection and transportation of material can be reduced.
To organic slurry (A, pH=8-9) containing phosphoric acid and ammonium is added magnesium salt (B) to form magnesium ammonium phosphate (B) which isolated by liquid (C) and solid (D) separation. (D) is composed under aerobic conditions (C) is treated methane fermentation bath with anaerobic sludge bed.    USE -   Used for treating organic slurry such as excrement of cattle.    ADVANTAGE -   Almost all of phosphorus and a part of ammonia are fixed as crystal sin compost, so that the concentration of phosphorus and nitrogen in liquid phase can be reduced.
In a waste disposal device (10) to dispose of waste charged in a disposal tank (22) by aerobic bacteria, a feeder (14) to feed oxygen-contained gas is arranged at the bottom of the disposing tank (22). Oxygen-contained gas is fed in the disposal tank (22) from the bottom of the disposal tank (22) by the feeder (14). The feeder (14) has a heater (48) to heat oxygen-contained gas, and the oxygen-containing gas heated by the heater (48) is fed in the disposal tank (22). Two horizontal rotary shafts (34a,34b) are arranged in the disposal tank and agitating rods (42) and radially extending agitating rods (42) are respectively attached on the rotary shafts. The bottom of the disposal tank has two curved surfaces (44a,44b) formed in an arcuate shape in cross section centering around the rotary shaft and axially extending. The two curved surfaces (44a,44b) join each other and a top part (46) is formed on an overlapping part along an axial direction. The two curved surfaces approach the rotation locus of the agitating members (42) and the top part is positioned below the rotary shafts (34a,34b). The feed port (53) of the feeder is formed at least in one curved surface. When the rotary shafts are rotated, the agitating rods of one rotary shaft are rotated without interference with the agitating rods of the other rotary shaft. Through rotation of the agitating rods, waste is agitated and crushed in the disposal tank.    ADVANTAGE -   Continuous disposal of waste is effected.
In a waste disposal device to decompose and dispose waste by a waste disposal agent charged in a waste disposal tank (1), a blast fan (8) to feed air in the waste disposal tank (1) is used. A control part (2) controls so that an amount of blast is reduced to a value lower than an ordinary blast amount during a specific time starting from the start of use and a blast amount is increased to an ordinary blast amount after a specific time. Control is effected so that until a rise of decomposition disposal in the tank (1) is detected, a blast amount is decreased. Control is effected so that during a specific time beginning with the start of use, a blast amount is decreased.    ADVANTAGE -   The speed of a rise by which temperature in a tank is increased and a decomposition disposal speed is increased.
In a waste disposal device to decompose and dispose of waste by a waste disposal agent charged in a waste disposal tank (1), an agitating device (4) is arranged in the waste disposal tank (1). An oxygen demand amount estimating device (5) to estimate an oxygen demand amount necessary to decomposition and disposal of the waste by the waste disposal agent (2) is used. A control device (6) controls an agitation amount by an agitator (4) according to the degree of an oxygen demand estimated by the oxygen demand amount estimating device (5). An oxygen demand amount is estimated by the oxygen demand estimating device (5) by determining a difference between the temperature of the waste disposal agent in the waste disposal tank (1) and an outside air temperature.    ADVANTAGE -   Delay in decomposition reaction of waste due to deficiency in oxygen when an oxygen demand amount is high is prevented.
The catalyst contains 50-94 wt.% of A-content of alkaline earth metal oxide, 1-20 wt.% of B-content of alkali metal oxide, 1-20 wt.% of C-content of binder, 3-30 wt.% of D-content of sintering promoter, and 0-30 wt.% of E-content of fusing promoter containing boron compounds.    A method of producing hydrocarbons having at least two carbon atoms is also claimed, where methane is contacted with the fluidised bed of the new catalyst in the presence of oxygen so as to convert methane into the hydrocarbon through oxidative coupling reaction.    USE -   In fluidised bed for the synthesis of hydrocarbons having at least two carbon atoms including ethane or ethylene from methane or natural gas containing methane.    ADVANTAGE -   The new catalyst is firmly bonded with a double oxide binder, having a higher mechanical strength.
The catalyst contains 50-94 wt.% of A-content of alkaline earth metal oxide, 1-15 wt.% of B-content of alkali metal oxide, and 5-45 wt.% of C-content of binder. Another production of hydrocarbons having at least two carbon atoms is also claimed, where methane is contacted with the fluidised bed of the new catalyst in the presence of oxygen so as to convert methane into the hydrocarbon through oxidative coupling reaction.    USE -   In a fluidised bed for the synthesis of hydrocarbons having at least two carbon atoms including ethane or ethylene from methane or natural gas containing methane.    ADVANTAGE -   The new catalyst is firmly bonded with a double oxide binder, having a higher mechanical strength.
Regeneration of livestock bedding comprises drying used livestock bedding (8) in the sun for hours. The livestock bedding is heated by heated air in an aeration fermentation room (1) for days as the livestock bedding is turned, and microorganisms are fermented at a high temperature. The livestock bedding is forcibly dried by air as the livestock bedding is forcibly agitated for days.    In a regeneration device for bedding, a discharge pipe (3) for high temperature exhaust gas is positioned from the two-room communication upper part of the aeration fermentation room (1) partitioned into two rooms to the outside of a room through a heat-exchanger (2) and opened to the outside of a system. Outside air intake pipes (7) positioned to feed pipes (4) and feed pipes (5) on the bottom of the aeration fermentation room (1) through a heat exchanger (2) and a feed blower (6). High temperature discharge gas discharged from the livestock bedding fermented at a high temperature in the aeration fermentation room (1). Simultaneously, outside air is heated by the heat-exchange (2) and fed in the aeration fermentation room (1).    ADVANTAGE -   Used livestock bedding is regenerated for reuse.
Complete ecological treatment of manure from sows, piglets, porkers, cattle, chickens and other animals is effected at the farm by transforming the manure into a small amount of homogenous, emission-free compost with fertilising value. The stable becomes emission-free. Also claimed is an apparatus comprising; (i) a reservoir with insulating walls, in which the composition material is put as a layer 0.5m high; (ii) an air extraction system on the bottom of the apparatus; (iii) temperature sensors at multiple locations in the apparatus; and (iv) a mechanism to shake or mix the mixture continuously or periodically.    The manure is preferably first separated into solid and liquid fractions. The solids fraction is composted and the liquid fraction subjected to nitrification and denitrification and evaporation. The small amount of remaining liquid is added to the solid fraction. The composting is effected under conditions of forced and controlled aeration. The air is passed through the solids fraction by blowing or by suction, either continuously or periodically. The temperature of the composting material varies by 10-15C during the composting process.    USE -   The process is used for treating animal manure on a small scale e.g. at one farm.    ADVANTAGE -   There is no need to transport the manure to a commercial treatment plant. The resulting compost can be used as an odour-free fertiliser.
CO2 is completely removed from the exhaust gases of incinerators by using generated electrical energy to produce sodium hydroxide from a sodium chloride solution and passing the exhaust gases into the NaOH solution to produce Na2CO3.    USE -   The process is used to provide an integrated unit to produce biomass (claimed) and/or bio-chemicals.    ADVANTAGE -   Block type thermal power stations may be used to provide the electrical energy. The Na2CO3 may be used as a carbon source for algae cultures which in turn can be used as biomass or to produce bio-chemicals.
Pressed bales of comminuted refuse are sealed all over, using a material which burns without producing a residue or harmful combustion products. The bale (4) is made of sorted waste, and is essentially free of kitchen- and food wastes; glass and metal also being excluded. Sealing is applied to the compressed bales.    Also claimed is the manufacture of the above bales, and combustion of the bales as a fuel used for power generation.    USE -   Used to bale sorted waste for combustion with power generation.    ADVANTAGE -   The bales may be burned for power generation, the calorific value suffering little or no detraction from the sheathing or coating applied. A complete seal is formed. Rotting processes in this state have little effect on the value of the material as a fuel. Minor damage to the seal, a result of transport and handling, has little effect, because of the tight compression of the bale, which substantially excludes external air. The bales can be stored for long intervals. Exclusion of all material finer than 30 mm, conveniently excludes the bulk of non-combustible materials in the waste. Addition of timber waste usefully increases the calorific value.
Anaerobic digestion process for treatment of waste water containing organic material comprises introducing a propane-containing gas, obtained from a source other than the digestion, into a biomass containing the waste water, in amount such that the biogas produced by the digestion contains at least 3 vol.% propane.    Preferably bottled propane gas or an industrial byproduct gas may be used and is preferably 6-15 vol.% of biogas; the gas may be introduced as liquid propane to vaporise in a flash on introduction to the biomass, or it may be sparged in; it may be introduced with biogas recycled from the process, and/or into liquid withdrawn from the reactor and then pumped back.    USE -   Anaerobic digestion is used to remove organic compounds from sewage, sewage sludge, and chemical, food, agricultural and paper processing wastes. The biogas produced may be used as fuel (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   Addition of propane increases the efficiency of the process and rate of production of biogas; it is thought that the propane acts by stripping digestion product gases, e.g. methane and carbon dioxide, from the cell walls where they tend to inhibit the process; the propane does not act as a food source. An existing digester may be retrofitted for the process.
The working agent is based on octafluoropropane (R-218) and additionally contains a component of higher boiling temperature in the form of isobutane, added in an amount of 10-20% per total weight.    USE -   Used in refrigeration systems comprising domestic and industrial refrigerators, air conditioners, etc..    ADVANTAGE -   The agent has reduced condensation pressure, increased service life and improved ozone safety, and can be used in existing refrigerators, with currently used oils.
Working mixture is based on 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane and hydrocarbon component. the latter can be pure butane or pentane or binary mixtures of n-butane and isobutane, or of n-pentane and isopentane, and the hydrocarbon content in working mixture is 5-80 mol.%.    USE -   As working liquid for refrigeration systems and also heat pumps, for small productivity units.    ADVANTAGE -   The working liquid has increased specific cold productivity and reduced normal boiling temperature in evaporator of refrigerating system below (-23)C.
Biological waste products (1), e.g. liquid manure or organic dirt, are fermented in a trough (2) and then mixed and milled (11) before passing through an exit (7) onto a removal transporter (26). The exit is placed along the length of the trough and a mobile arrangement with a screw (11) is placed above the base (6). The main axis of the screw passes through long slots (4,5) in the side walls. A product supply (8-10) is placed above the trough.    USE -   Used for the removal of fermented organic waste products after milling and mixing.    ADVANTAGE -   Both fermentation and removal occur in a single unit.
A footing floor (4) is formed by layer a litter material consisting of fermented compost and chaff or wood chips on the floor surface (5) of a livestock facility. The eluate of a filling material containing a soil body including humus is sprayed on the footing floor (4). Further, the faeces and urine of the livestock is received, and fermented with the litter material to make compost.    A water tank (9) is provided near the livestock facility, which is filled with the filling material. Water is supplied to the water tank (9) to extract the eluate of the filling material.    ADVANTAGE -   The solid material and wastewater produced in livestock facilities can be treated at low cost.
The installation for obtaining energy from e.g. urban waste comprises a device (1) for crushing the waste, a fluidised bed reactor (2) circulating air enriched in oxygen through the crushed waste, a cyclone (5) separating the solids from the gases leaving the reactor, a combustion chamber (9) for the gases leaving the cyclone, a device (10) for evacuating the ash from the bottom of the combustion chamber, a heat recovery unit (15) through which the gases from the combustion chamber pass, equipped with a first assembly of heat exchangers (16,17) lowering the temperature of the gases to ca. 450C, a second assembly of heat exchangers (23,24) placed in a chamber (22) into which the gases are brought, and a final treatment device for the gases. A dust extraction device (18), containing a hot filtration unit (21), is placed between the heat recovery unity and the second assembly of exchangers.    ADVANTAGE -   The installation ensures more of the ash and cinders are burned, reducing pollution.
Gas high in H2 and low in CO is obtained by subjecting the gas obtained by reforming methanol using a Cu/ZrO2 or Cu/ZnO/ZrO2 catalyst to selective methanisation using a catalyst/carrier containing TiO2, Al2O3, Ru and RuOx and/or selective oxidation using a catalyst material containing Pt and TiO2. The methanisation Ru/RuOx and a TiO2 composition of 75% rutile and 25% anatase. Also claimed is an apparatus for obtaining such a gas consisting of a methanol reforming reactor and a CO converter for carrying out the above process.    USE -   To generate a gas suitable for use in low temperature fuel cells for electric vehicles    ADVANTAGE -   The process is inexpensive to operate and can operate within a mobile system.