A thermal energy collector has tube(s) (20) for a heat transfer fluid raised above the surface of a thermal insulating base (12) by spacers (22). This exposes all the surface area of the tube(s) to an external heat source to maximise the heating capacity of the collector.    USE -   Used as an efficient solar thermal energy collector    ADVANTAGE -   The collector is rigid, durable and efficient
A polyether copolymer comprises: (A) 1-98 mol.% repeating units derived from a monomer of formula (I); (B) 95-1 mol.% repeating units derived from a monomer of formula (II); and (C) 0.005-15 mol.% repeating units derived from a monomer having one epoxy group and additionally at least one reactive functional group, with number-average molecular weight 50,000-2,000,000, glass transition temperature (Tg) of the copolymer by DSC of -60C, and heat of melting 70 J/g. (where, R1 = 1-12C alkyl, 2-8C alkenyl, 3-8C cycloalkyl, 6-14C aryl, 7-12C aralkyl or tetrahydropyranyl). Also claimed are: (i) a crosslinked body formed by crosslinking using the reactivity of the reactive functional group(s) of the copolymer; and (ii) a solid polyelectrolyte containing a crosslinked body and electrolyte salt compound.    USE -   The crosslinked polyether copolymer may be used to prepare solid polyelectrolytes for application in batteries (claimed), condensers and display elements, such as electrochromic display e.g. of electronic machinery.    ADVANTAGE -   Crosslinked solid electrolytes produced with the composition has excellent ion conductivity, processability, mechanical strength, flexibility, heat resistance, suitable for ultra-miniaturisation and thinning-down.
A gelled anode, for use in an alkaline electrochemical cell, comprises: (a) an aqueous alkaline electrolyte; (b) an effective amount of a zinc powder; and (c) a potassium polyacrylate super-absorbent polymer (SAP) gelling agent formed by making a monomer mixture comprising water containing a total of 55-80 wt.% of potassium acrylate plus a polyvinyl monomer, then adding a polymerisation initiator to the monomer mixture to initiate modified bulk polymerisation. Also claimed is an alkaline electrochemical cell comprising: (i) a positive current collector; (ii) a cathode in contact with the positive current collector; (iii) a gelled zinc anode as above inside the cathode; (iv) a separator between the cathode and the anode; and (v) a negative current collector in electrical contact with the anode. Further claimed is a method of forming a gelled anode.    USE -   In primary alkaline cells used in high-current environments, e.g. portable audio equipment, cameras and flashes.    ADVANTAGE -   The gelled anode has reduced material costs, it maintains its integrity in the manufacturing process, it has superior electrical discharge performance, an improved anode network robustness, it is less subject to separation, it has increased reliability and physical robustness and it is suitable for any size of cell that uses a gelled anode. The gelling agent is less viscous than the prior art, allowing the gelled anodes to be more readily and more reproducibly incorporated into alkaline cells. Mixtures with other gelling agents provide superior results.
Preventing damage from overcharging to a metal-sulphur cell comprises: (a) providing a metal-sulphur cell that includes a metal cathode and a sulphur anode; and (b) charging the cell to a level beyond the normal charge capacity while the cell maintains an overcharge voltage, which is not substantially higher than the first cell voltage, which the cell attains when fully charged but not overcharged. 10-100% of the active sulphur in the sulphur anode is available for the electrochemical reaction. The sulphur anode comprising: (i) active sulphur; (ii) an electronic conductor mixed with the active sulphur; and (iii) an ionic conductor mixed with the active sulphur.    USE -   In charging rechargeable metal-sulphur battery systems, preferably thin film secondary batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   The cell contains an overcharge protection system, which limits the cell voltage during overcharge to a safe level very close to the normal voltage of a fully charged cell. Thus, the overcharge voltage remains below the level that would cause damage to cell components, e.g. it does not cause the electrolyte to electrolyze, the current collector and/or the cell separator to degrade rapidly, and the anode to be irreversibly damaged.
Deposition of metal catalyst(s) onto at least a portion of substrate(s) comprises: (a) placing onto at least a portion of substrate(s), mixture(s) comprising metallic compound(s) and indirect reducing agent(s); (b) exposing at least a portion of the substrate(s) with the mixture(s) on to an energy source; and (c) contacting at least a portion of the substrate(s) with developer(s) to permit reduction of the metallic compound(s). Also claimed is formation of component(s) of a solid polymer electrolyte fuel cell, comprising: (i) depositing metal catalyst(s) onto at least a portion of polymer substrate(s), by placing onto at least a portion of the polymer substrate(s), mixture(s) comprising a material comprising ferric oxalate and metallic compound(s) comprising platinum, palladium and/or ruthenium; (ii) exposing at least a portion of the polymer substrate(s) having the mixture(s) on to a source of electromagnetic radiation; and (iii) contacting at least a portion of the polymer substrate(s) with developer(s) to permit reduction of the metallic compound(s).    USE -   The process is useful in formation of components of solid polymer electrolyte fuel cells (claimed), and other electrochemical applications, refining applications, eg. oil refining, automotive applications eg. automotive catalytic converters, etc.    ADVANTAGE -   The process results in the deposition of finely divided, uniformly dispersed metal particles onto substrates, resulting in eg. increased fuel cell efficiency.
A cooling water flowing path formed on a separator, is composed of several paths connected in parallel in a direction parallel to a reaction gas flowing path, one of the inlet and outlet of the cooling water is formed at an upper part of the installation part of the reaction gas flowing path, and the other is formed at a lower part of the same.    ADVANTAGE -   The in-plane temperature can be unified.
Fluorine-containing solvent for lithium batteries is claimed. The solvent is a partially fluorinated ether of formula: RO((CH2)mO)nCF2CFHX (I) or XCFCHCF2O((CH2)mO)nCF2CFHX (II) (where R = 1-10C linear alkyl, or 3-10C branched alkyl; X = F, Cl or 1-6C perfluoroalkyl also containing ether oxygen; m = 2-6; and n = 1-8), and is added to the electrolyte system of the battery.    USE -   Used in rechargeable batteries for high quality camcorders, laptops, etc.    ADVANTAGE -   The solvent increases the safety of the battery and has high thermal stability, high flash point, low vapour pressure, low viscosity, can be mixed with usual battery solvents, and has high stability towards metallic lithium.
The device uses a fuel cell (10) which has an air pole and a fuel pole arranged on either sides of a polymer solid state electrolyte film. An exhaust gas which includes the reaction formation water ejected from the air pole, is exhausted through an exhaust gas valve (16). A thermometry unit (18) measures the temperature of the exhaust gas. A current measuring unit (19) measures the output current of the fuel battery. A controller (17) adjusts the opening of the exhaust valve based on the measured exhaust gas temperature and the output current.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids use of humidifier. Avoids use of external heater at low temperature environment. Maintains optimum water balance condition. Enables quick response to lead fluctuations.
The device uses a fuel battery (10) which has an air pole and fuel pole distributed at both sides of a polymer-solid state electrolytic film. A circulation path is connected to an intake suction of air pole and gas exhaust side. An air intake is connected to the circulation path such that air is introduced into air pole from external. An exhaust port is connected to circulation path, such that exhaust gas which includes reaction formation water ejected from air pole gets ejected to external. A thermometer (18) measures temperature of exhaust gas. An ammeter (19) measures the current value output from the fuel battery. A controller (17) adjusts opening of exhaust port and air intake, based on measured exhaust gas temperature and output current value.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids need for humidifier. Reduces size and weight. Ensures uniform flow rate distribution. Ensures electricity generation efficiency. Enables to respond to load fluctuation quickly.
A polymer containing a structure of formula: -(X-N(Y))n - is new (where, X = -CO-CFZ-SO2 - or -SO2 -CFZ-CO-; F = F or CF3; Y = alkali metal, alkali earth metal, transition metals, rare earths, ammonium or H; n = at least 2). Also claimed is a solid polymer electrolyte containing 10-100 wt% of the polymer.    USE -   Used in a secondary cell (electrodes connected via a solid polymer electrolyte).    ADVANTAGE -   Product excels in fabrication ability, flexibility, mechanical strength and ion transport number.
A compsn. which can produce a solid electrolyte, comprises (a)monomer(s) having (meth)acryloyl gp(s). and acetoacetoxy gp(s)., (b) curable monomer(s) having (meth)acryloyl gps., (c)Li cpd(s). and (d)solvent(s) which can dissolve the Li cpd(s).    USE -   The solid electrolyte is used for a sheet cell.    ADVANTAGE -   The compsn.with improved adhesiveness with an electrode, ion-conductivities and film-forming properties, is obtd..
The method involves forming a sheet of length less than 3 mm, by mixing heat volatility property pulp fibre of 65-90 weight % part and conifer pulp 10-35 weight % part. A thermosetting resin solution is impregnated into the formed sheet and an impregnated sheet is formed. The porous glassy carbon plate is formed by baking carbonisation of the impregnated sheet at a temperature of more than 800C in a non-oxidising atmosphere.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables formation of porous carbon plate with favourable strength and electrical conductivity, and produces a humidification member which has suitable blow-hole characteristics.
The method involves forming a gelatinising agent which is a dry mixture of fixed mass of mercuric zinc powder which is not a negative electrode active substance and carboxyl vinyl polymer. A negative electrode sealing plate is filled into an insulated gasket and an electrolyte made of caustic potash is injected. A positive electrode case in which the positive electrode active substance is filled, is sealed. A measurement plate (1) made of ceramic is formed which is cut by a cutting member.    ADVANTAGE -   Restrains staining of measurement plate and measurement hopper, and restrains gassing caused by contamination.
Production of solar cells comprises: (a) forming a 1st electrically conducting region on a 1st surface of a semiconductor substrate (1), in which through-holes (3) are provided and on which is formed an emitter layer (2); (b) arranging the semiconductor substrate on a transport substrate, where a 2nd surface of the semiconductor substrate lies opposite the 1st surface of the transport substrate, and over a resin material; (c) connecting the semiconductor substrate and the transport substrate using the resin material; and (d) forming a 2nd electrically conducting region on the 1st electrically conducting region. Also claimed is the solar cell produced.    ADVANTAGE -   Thin silicon solar cells can be secured to a covering glass plate after electrodes are formed.
Treating outer/inner surfaces of a porous non-conductor comprises: (a) placing the porous non-conductor between a pair of electrodes, which are located opposite to each other and carry a dielectric layer on a surface facing the other electrode, so that the porous non-conductor is brought into contact with both dielectric layers without coming into contact with the electrodes; (b) applying an alternating current voltage having a frequency of 0.1 - 100 kHz between the electrodes to induce an electric discharge in voids contained in the porous non-conductor and sandwiched between a pair of electrodes. Also claimed are: (i) a process for manufacturing a separator for an alkaline battery, comprising placing a non-woven fabric between the electrodes; and (ii) a modified porous non-conductor, in which the ratio of the functional group-introducing efficiencies of exposed and unexposed surfaces is less than 1.    USE -   For use in alkaline batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   Hydrophilic, hydrophobic or adhesive properties may be imparted to the outer/inner surfaces of the porous non-conductor.
The battery includes an anode (1) and a cathode (3) in an electrolyte (2). The electrodes are coupled on one side by an adhesive layer (5) which comprises at least two sorts of high polymers.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves durability, shortens production time, prevents anode conductivity reduction, and improves battery capacity
The chlorine water-resistant rubber(X) is prepared by vulcanising a rubber compsn. consisting of (A) 100 pts.wt. of an ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymer(EPDM) and (B) 2-20 pts.wt. of at least one kind of admixture selected from phenol-formaldehyde resins and prepolymers of phthalic acid series.    USE -   (X) is used for kettle's boots of solar heaters and electric heaters and packings and diaphragms of city water pipe lines.    ADVANTAGE -   (X) has a high chlorine water resistance.
The transducer consists of a semiconductor layer (11) which contains fluorine.    An optical electrolytic polymerisation (pi) conjugate polymer layer (12) is formed over the semiconductor layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves photoelectric conversion efficiency.
The method involves coating a solution containing organic solvent with dispersed metal ultra small particles, on a substrate (4) to form a sub layer electrode.    Another solution with same content but having a higher density is used to form an upper layer electrode.    ADVANTAGE -   Forms homogeneous metal electrode with high reflecting rate and electric conductivity. Attains desired size and roughness.
The element includes a photoelectric cell part that has an anion conductive type solid electrolyte polymer. The photoelectric cell part also includes a platinum electrode with cathode active material separation structure with light absorption type molecules. A secondary battery parts includes a cation conductive type solid electrolyte comprising polymer and carbon cathode, laminated with anode active material isolation structure.    ADVANTAGE -   The structure is simplified.
The battery has a cathode (2) comprising alkali metal. A chemical resistant separator (3) made of fibre encloses an electrolyte (6) that serves as active substance for an anode. With an anode part (4) comprising porous carbonaceous material. The electrolyte includes 0.1-2 wt % of at least any one among polyethyleneglycol, polypropylene glycol and glycerol.    USE -   In e.g. calculator, clock, memory back up power supply of industrial equipment.    ADVANTAGE -   Inhibits voltage drop and improves discharge characteristic.
Measuring the specific surface area (SSA) available for reaction of a noble metal catalyst of an electrode material powder for a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) comprises: (a) reducing a first electrode material powder comprising a noble metal catalyst on a powdered carbon carrier; (b) reducing a second electrode material powder comprising a noble metal catalyst covered with polymer electrolyte (PE) on a powdered carbon carrier; (c) exposing the first electrode powder to carbon monoxide and measuring the total SSA of the noble metal catalyst from the amount of carbon monoxide adsorbed; (d) exposing the second electrode powder to carbon monoxide and measuring the SSA of the catalyst from carbon monoxide adsorption as above; and (e) obtaining the available SSA by subtracting the value obtained in step (d) from the value obtained in step (c).    Also claimed is an electrode for a PEMFC having an electrode material comprising: (i) a noble metal catalyst powder; and (ii) a polymer electrolyte; such that the utilisation ratio of the catalyst is at least 40% of the saturation utilisation value.    USE -   Used for determining the utilisation ratio of a noble metal catalyst in a polymer electrolyte. PEMFCs are used as the power supply aboard spacecraft and also for consumer uses, e.g. as the driving power source for electric vehicles and boats, and as portable power supplies.    ADVANTAGE -   The SSA of catalyst available for reaction is measured accurately to allow control of the catalyst utilisation ratio. This control provides an electrode material with excellent polarisation characteristics.
A battery element, used as a positive plate in a lead acid battery, comprises an efficiency improving amount of an acid resistive additive incorporated into the positive active material of the positive plate. The additive is either: (a) a metal impurity inhibiting organic polymer with functional groups having a preferential affinity for soluble metal impurities in the cation or anion state; or (b) three-dimensional macroporous particles, containing sulphuric acid electrolyte in the pores and having sufficient macro-porosity to allow participation of the sulphuric acid electrolyte during discharge of the active material and mixtures. Also claimed are: (1) the above battery element, used as a negative plate, and the soluble metal impurity in (a) is in the anion state; (2) the above battery element, used as a negative plate, and the acid resistive additive is as (a), where the soluble metal impurity is in the cation state; and (3) the above battery element, used as a separator in a lead acid battery, and the acid resistive additive is (a), provided that a portion of the porous polymer is associated with the separator.    ADVANTAGE -   The battery element inhibits the detrimental effect of soluble metal impurity on the negative plate and improves utilisation efficiency of the active material in a lead acid battery.
Composite mixture for the preparation of solid state polymer film electrolytes used in chemical power sources, electrochemical sensors and energy and information transducers, contains (wt.%) an organic solvent in the form of acetone 88.86-89.76, a polymer in the form of cellulose acetate 9.80-9.90 and an ion conducting organic salt of substituted thiapyryl 0.34-1.34.    USE -   In the preparation of solid state polymer film electrolytes used in chemical power sources.    ADVANTAGE -   The electrical conductivity of the said solid state polymer film electrolytes is increased, improved contact is obtained at the electrode-electrolyte interface, the electrical characteristics of lithium chemical power sources are enhanced, and the technology for preparing the said solid state polymer film electrolytes is simplified.
Two sheets of electrodes are installed at the outer faces of a flat fuel electrode and an oxidising agent electrode respectively facing the main faces of a flat solid high molecular electrolyte member and having a reaction flow path. An outlet for the reaction gas is located at both sides of the lowermost part of the reaction gas flow path.    ADVANTAGE -   The reaction gas can flow smoothly.
A paste containing the hydrogen occlusion alloy and a binder is formed on a current collector, and a carbon layer formed on top. The binder is an ethylene-vinyl acetate resin.    ADVANTAGE -   Oxygen absorption is improved, and the accumulator capacity is not reduced.
An Li or Li-ion rechargeable battery with improved cycling performance and a nominal voltage of 4 V comprises: (i) an anode of Li optionally alloyed with other metals or of an electroconductive material which intercalates Li; (ii) a non-aqueous electrolyte; and (iii) a cathode based on a manganese spinel, where part of the manganese is substituted by Ga, of formula LiGaxMn2-xO4 (x = 0-0.1).    USE -   Used in place of lead-acid and NiCd batteries, in consumer electronics such as camcorders, in fixed appliances such as telephone exchanges and alarm systems, or for electric vehicles.    ADVANTAGE -   The battery capacity is maintained sufficiently during cycling, without any significant initial loss in capacity.
The method involves applying a solution of polysilane onto a substrate (1). The polysilane is expressed with a general formula (SiR12)n, where R is chosen from any one of alkyl group, phenyl group, silyl group consisting of two or more carbon atoms. After application of the polysilane solution, the substrate is heated, resulting in the formation of a semiconductor thin film.    ADVANTAGE -   Forms semiconductor thin film containing silicon or germanium easily. Enables mfr of solar battery with large capacity.
The battery includes an armour part (11) with a heat shrink resin layer (10) provided at its inner side. A negative electrode terminal board (8) is provided in the lower internal surface of the armour part. The negative electrode terminal board has a cyclic packing (9) at its circumference to provide fluid tight nature. The cyclic packing contains paper with density 0.4- 0.6g/cm3as its base material that is impregnated with 35wt% of water repellent matter. The water repellent matter consists of 1- 3wt% of polyvinyl alcohol, 9-27wt% of polybutenes and 70-90wt% of paraffine wax.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves leakage proof characteristics. Maintains soft state of packing under ordinary temperature. Improves yield and reliability.
Ionically conductive solid electrolyte (I) comprising (A) and (B) matrix is new. (A) is electrolytic salt(s), and (B) is composition of 2 crosslinked polymers having different elasticity.    Electrochemical device(s) comprising (I) is claimed, also.    USE -   (I) is useful as material for preparation of electrochemical device(s) esp. secondary cell.    ADVANTAGE -   (I) has good viscoelasticity, both ionic conductivity and viscoelasticity of (I) are held for a long time.
A secondary battery (1) comprises: (i) positive active material carrying out reversible electrochemical reaction, in a non aqueous electrolyte; (ii) a negative electrode (6) composed of carbonaceous material; and (iii) a positive electrode (5) having a lithium compound composition containing one or more aromatic compounds such as naphthalene, anthracene and phenanthrene of 5-10 wt%. During overcharging, the aromatics undergo a polymerisation reaction which increases internal pressure of the electrolyte of crossing gate structure.    ADVANTAGE -   The battery gives reliable current cut off during over charge conditions due to rise in internal pressure and has improved discharge characteristics. It does not require an overcharge protection circuit and inhibits the rise in temperature.
An air tight lead storage battery comprises: (i) a synthetic resin object (1) of sheet shape covering a plate group (6) and having a strength maintenance layer (2), a gas barrier layer (3) and a heat fusion layer (4); and (ii) bags (5) enclosing nitrogen gas and equivalent volume of water, provided in the heat fusion layer.    ADVANTAGE -   The damage to the synthetic resin object is prevented, and the amount of steam from the battery is restrained.
The method involves using a battery jar (5) where positive/negative electrodes separated by a separator are provided. A paper dipped into aqueous sodium silicate solution, is stuck either to the separator contact surface of positive electrode plate or negative electrode plate. Then, positive electrode plate or negative electrode plate is dried by ageing process.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves discharge characteristic. Improves durability.
The method involves coating rare earth complexity compound luminescent material on surface of a solar battery. The rare earth complexity compound is synthesized from rare earth ions such as bispyridine, phthalocyanine, pyridine, phenanthroline, quinoline and organic ligands such as two benzoic acid, diphenyl acid, naphthalic acid, phthalic acid and derivative of pyrocatechol, pyrogallol and salicylic acid. The ring structure of the corrugated system parts of the rare earth ions and organic ligands resemble each other.    The structure of the synthesized rare earth complexity compound partially resembles the 3D structure of silica trimethoxy silyl or silica 3-propyl acrylate (TMSPM) and substituted compounds of diethoxy dimethoxy silane (DEDMS) such as diethoxy diphenyl silane (DEDPS). The organic-inorganic complex type matrix (ORMOSIN) which substituted rare earth complexity is coated on the surface of the solar battery by a specific techniques. After coating the material it is processed at a temperature of about 50-350degC, so as to increase the light absorbing property of the solar battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves output of solar battery, by improving its light absorbing property.
A rechargeable alkaline cell (10) comprises: (a) a cathode current collector (16) in contact with a cathode; (b) a Zn anode (12) including a chemically reactive anode mixture containing Zn; (c) a functionally operable anode current collector (18), in electrical contact with the anode mixture, made of Cu and containing 0.5 - 11 wt.% Si; and (d) an alkaline electrolyte and a separator (20).    USE -    Rechargeable alkaline manganese dioxide (MnO2) cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The anode current collector has reduced susceptibility to oxidation, especially irreversible oxidation, and the cell has low internal resistance.
Porous Fe metal body is manufactured by: (i) electroplating an Fe coating onto a conductive porous base; (ii) removing the base by roasting; and (iii) reducing the coating.    The Fe plating bath is an acid plating bath containing an acid Al or Ti compound and the anode used contains Al or Ti and has a surface area of 1/3 and not larger than that of the porous base. The reduction comprises a two-step heat treatment consisting of improving the Fe structure and subsequent softening.    USE -   Used in batteries, filters, catalysts etc.    ADVANTAGE -   A high quality, low-cost porous Fe body is provided having low rusting tendency.
The concrete solar cell comprises a photovoltaic material (12) embedded in a cement layer (14) and extending beyond the front and back surfaces, fibres (54) reinforcing the layer, and conductive material (28,30) contacting the front and back surfaces, the conductive material (30) at the light receiving surface being transparent. Also claimed is the formation of the solar cell comprising embedding the photovoltaic particles in the cement layer, positioning reinforcing fibres in the layer, and adding the conductive contacts.    USE -   Used as a large area, outdoor solar cell which may be constructed as a shingle, building module or railroad tie, etc..    ADVANTAGE -   The solar cell is robust, low cost, crack resistant and durable.
This invented control system of charging of a storage battery comprises an equal voltage charging section, a floating voltage charging section, a switching circuit which switches each output of above-mentioned two charging sections, a storage battery to which a switched output of the switching circuit should be given, and an accumulating area of a discharge amount of the storage battery which sends a signal to the switching circuit if an accumulated discharge amount becomes above a specified setting.    USE -   For providing a charging control system which can prolong a life time of a storage battery even though there is a fluctuating load.
A collector plate, for the gathering of solar energy, has conductor connections (5) or the distributor tubes lying upwards over the absorber side of the sandwich plate (1) above the rips (2), so that they run outside the absorber covering (8). The absorber covering (8) is of polyester with glass fibre reinforcement.    USE -   The plate is for installation in a building roof, etc., to collect solar energy.    ADVANTAGE -   The connections for the tubing are not passed through the plate structure.
The battery includes a solid state polyelectrolyte hollow filament (1) which is divided into an electricity generation part (6) and a humidification part (7). The cathode (2) is formed in the interior of the hollow filament. An anode (3) is formed outside the hollow filament. Fuel is supplied to the cathode side, and an oxidising agent is supplied to the anode side.    ADVANTAGE -   The battery simplifies structure of battery; and reduces size of battery.
A polymeric sheet comprises a fabric formed from fibres which have been treated by a graft-polymerisation reaction with a component which renders the fabric hydrophilic under such conditions that the component grafts preferentially on one surface of the fabric compared with the opposite surface, making that surface more hydrophilic than the opposite surface. The hydrophilic character of at least the opposite surface is substantially homogeneous over that surface.    Also claimed is a method of making a sheet as above.    USE -   The sheet is used as an electrode separator in an electrochemical device (claimed), especially a rechargeable battery such as a nickel-hydrogen battery.    ADVANTAGE -   The hydrophilic surface is more easily wetted by aqueous electrolyte, which can be advantageous in the region of the positive electrode. This can inhibit flow of hydrogen gas from the negative to the positive electrode when the battery is being recharged. The less hydrophilic surface leads to the creation of a three phase boundary at the surface of the negative electrode (between the surface of the electrode, the electrolyte and oxygen gas generated at the electrode) which can help to control the internal pressure in the battery on recharging due to the generation of oxygen. The homogeneous nature of the hydrophilic character provides even current density over the surface of an electrode in contact with the sheet when in use as an electrode separator. This can lead to an even discharge of the electrode and therefore efficient utilisation of the electrode material. It can minimise the formation of dendrites as can be a problem in certain rechargeable cells e.g. NiCd cells.
The solar cell module is made by sealing the peripheral portions of a solar cell module main body (11) formed by fixing solar cells (111) on a rectangular transparent plate (112) by a resin by a sealing material. The solar cell module main body (11) is housed in a moulding die composed of a surface mould (211) incorporating inner surface shape nearly equal to the external shape of the surface of the solar cell module main body and a back surface mould (212) incorporating the inner surface shape nearly equal to the external shape of the back surface of the solar cell module main body while positioning the cell module main body to form a cavity (213) surrounding the peripheral portions of the solar cell module main body. A high molecular sealing material compound is charged and solidified in the cavity.    USE -   The solar cell module is suitable for forming solar cell generating unit placed on a roof of a house etc..    ADVANTAGE -   The securely sealed solar cell module is formed effectively by a simple devices without requiring heating device.
The battery has a positive electrode material layer (2) having BaNiO3, formed on one side of a positive electrode collector object (1). A negative electrode material layer (4) having graphite is formed on one side of a negative electrode collector object (3). The positive electrode layer and the negative electrode layer are separated by an electrolyte layer (5). The electrolyte is of solid polymer type containing alkaline-earth metal salt.    ADVANTAGE -   Prolongs life time of batteries. Improves capacitance of battery. Prevents decay of active material layer.
The battery has a polymer electrolyte layer positioned between a positive electrode (2) and a negative electrode (4). The electrolyte layer consists of non aqueous electrolyte which comprises of an active material and polymer to maintain the electrolyte. The polymer performs heterocoupling with a copolymer of hexafluoropropylene-fluoride vinylidene.    USE -   The battery is used as a lithium secondary battery, for power supply of cordless equipment.    ADVANTAGE -   Maintains electrolyte for long periods of time and increases life cycle of battery.
Cathode activating material comprises graphite powder (A) with basic reaction sites of consumption capacity (B) for hydrochloric acid of less than 10-7 mol/m2 . (B) in (1) is 0, or &lt;510-6mol/g. Also claimed is a method of producing (A), where (B) is as above. (A) is thermally treated in dichloro-difluoro-ethane gas flow at 2000 C.    USE -   Used as cathode activating material of lithium ion secondary cell contg. non aqueous electrolyte.    ADVANTAGE -   Lithium ion secondary cells are produced with larger vol. energy density and larger wt. energy density.
The battery includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode and a non-aqueous electrolyte. The negative electrode includes a negative electrode agent layer containing carbon material and binder deposited on a collector object. The binder is a mixture containing polyvinyl acetate and polyvinyl pyrrolidone mixed in suitable ratios 3:7-8:2, respectively.    ADVANTAGE -   Excels in charging/discharging characteristics.
The invention relates to a kind of mirror made by spreading the flexible reflecting membrane on a tubular frame. A double membrane pneumatic flat, convex and concave multifunctional mirror made by spreading respectively reflecting membrane and the flexible membrane on two sides of the frame. A bag capable of aerifying is used as frame after aerifying. When not in use, the bag is flexible, so that the mirror is light and capable of reducing to portable small size when not in use. The mirror can be made from plastic membrane and provide large area concave mirror for collecting sun light, so it is beneficial to spread the solar energy utilisation.
Polymer gel electrolyte system (20) comprises: (i) an electrolyte active species adapted to promote ion transport between the anode (20) and cathode (30); and (ii) polymer support structure comprising inert, nonwoven first polymer and a gelling polymer selected from polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polyurethane, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinylpyrrolidinone and their mixtures. Also claimed is another electrolyte system comprising a liquid electrolyte active species, and a polymer support selected from polyethylene, polypropylene, polytetrafluoroethylene, polystyrene, polyethylene terephthalate, nylon, and their combinations, and a gelling polymer.    USE -   Used for electrochemical cells e.g. in batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   The novel system combines the properties of good mechanical strength, as well the ability to absorb sufficient amounts of liquid electrolytes to produce electrolytes of high conductivity of liquid electrolytes. The electrolyte prevents excessive swelling.
Solar cell module consists of a photovoltaic semiconductor layer at least whose light incident side is coated with a transparent organic polymer resin layer (a) and a transparent fluororesin film (b) successively. A transparent thin layer (c), which is a mixt. of silicon oxide and silicon nitride given by firing a polysilazane coating, is applied to at least one of the faces of the transparent fluororesin film.    USE -   For electric power generation.    ADVANTAGE -   The solar cell module has good damp resistance. Water cannot easily penetrate into the modules.
The method involves arranging a number of unit cells (21) on a thermal bonding type resin layer (1) at predetermined intervals along the longitudinal direction. Each unit cell includes a negative electrode containing carbonaceous material and a positive electrode with a solid state polymer electrolyte layer provided in between them. The positive and negative electrodes are supported by an armour member. The unit cells are covered by a second thermal bonding type resin layer (2). A guide plate (3) with thickness equal to that of unit cells is positioned on the second resin layer such that its side wall contacts the unit cell. The two resin layers are passed through the space between a pair of elastic rollers (5a,5b) which are heated. Thus by applying heat and pressure to the resin layers the periphery of the unit cells is thermally sealed with the resin layers.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces clearance between armour member and unit cell. Enables to produce battery with high capacitance.
The battery has a polymer film (21) on whose one end an ion exchange part (21a) is formed. The ion exchange part is formed after mounting the masking unit on a predetermined area. Then, potassium hydroxide is flooded in the unmasked area. The ion exchange part acts as hydrophone, after carrying out ion exchange process. Then, the polymer film is adhered to the separators (24,25) with help of adhesive.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents need of separate O-ring. Improves battery property and shows superior adhesive property.
Prodn. of electrolyte films comprises: (1) removing a medium from a liq. which contains an organic cpd. having ion-exchange gps. to obtain a film; and (2) heating the film in water or in a saturated steam.    USE -   Used for producing electrolyte films. They are used for solid polymer electrolyte fuel cells or water electrolysis cells, or other electrochemical systems.    ADVANTAGE -   Hydrophilic parts which are formed in step (1) are swollen and connected together in step (2). The connected hydrophilic parts provide a water content and a higher conductivity.
Art electrolyte additive for lead acid batteries with antimony additive comprising: synthetic oil, naphthenic oil, and an ethylene-propylene copolymer.    USE -   Manufacture of lead acid batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces hydrogen gassing the misting, reduces or eliminates offensive odours, and increases cycling longevity and performance durability.
An apparatus for heating domestic water supply has a storage tank (14) with a metallic outer wall and a glass lining containing the supply, a combustible fuel burner (12) positioned to heat the supply within the tank, and a solar heating tube connected to a supply of solar heated fluid. A heat transfer coil (32) mounted within the storage tank is connected to the solar heating tube (11).    It has a non-metallic outer wall in contact with a metallic inner wall, the double wall being sealed to prevent mixing of the domestic water supply and the solar heated fluid and the metallic inner wall being electrically isolated from the metallic outer wall of the tank. A sensor (17) senses the temperature of the solar heated fluid delivered to the heat transfer coil and a controller (19) connected to the sensor and the combustible fuel burner actuates the burner to heat the water supply when the temperature of the solar heated fluid is insufficient to heat the water by heat transfer.    USE -   The apparatus utilises solar power as a primary heat source and combustible fuel as a back-up heat source.    ADVANTAGE -   The mixing of domestic water and solar heated fluid is prevented. Also, the exposure of water to dissimilar metals and consequent accelerated corrosion is prevented.
An energy storage device comprising a pair of electrodes and an electrolyte. At least one of the electrodes comprises an activated carbon support having absorbed therein a protonated polymer film implanted with an electroactive material. The protonated polymer film further comprises a coating of an ionically conductive negatively charged polymer.    Also claimed is an energy storage device with an electrode comprising an activated carbon support having absorbed therein protonated poly(4-vinylpyridine) implanted with Ru and having a coating of a perfluorosulphonic acid polymer overlying the implanted protonated poly(4-vinylpyridine).    USE -   The electrode is used in electrical energy storage devices e.g., double layer capacitors.    ADVANTAGE -   The electrode has high capacity and long cycle life and low resistance.
Moulded plastic component (10) for bipolar battery has metal substrate (18) with periphery having plastic frame (12) about it, the metal periphery being embedded in the plastic. At least one surface of the metal substrate is suitable for accepting an active material paste and the plastic frame has two sets of opposed sides, one set (14) having a first thickness defining the acceptable thickness of the paste and a second set (20) having a greater thickness than the first providing a dam for active material applied to the surface of the metal substrate.    Also claimed is a bipolar battery having a number of moulded plastic components, each as claimed above.    USE -   The modular plastic frame for a bipolar battery having an embedded electrically conductive substrate facilitates automatic pasting to yield a consistent active material thickness for desired battery performance. Its design facilitates the formation of electrolyte acid fill/vent holes which are unlikely to be damaged during drilling. It also facilitates alignment in assembly.
The module includes a transparent organic polymer resin layer (102) impregnated with a fibre like inorganic compound (502) that is provided on the light incident side of a photovoltaic cell (101). The exterior surface of the organic polymer resin layer is coated with two or more layers of rough material.    The distance between vertex and recess at three adjacent points on the rough surface and set to Xn, Xn+1, Xn+2, such that 20 microns &lt; Xn-Xn+2 &lt; 500 microns and thus roughness of 1.1 units is provided.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces direct reflection of light at surface. Offers high reliability. Prevents folding of surface film. Eliminates stain formation even if used for long time in outdoor.
A lithium cell comprises: at least one composite electrode containing a cathode, an anode and a polymer electrolyte (B); and a separator made of a solid polymer electrolyte (A). Where (A) and (B) are different polymers, (A) having a larger dynamic modulus than (B).    USE -   In e.g. electric vehicle, power storage.    ADVANTAGE -   Reconciles characteristic of solid polymer electrolyte. Secures lithium cell with high reliability.
The cell consists of a diffusion paper (3) which is positioned at the bottom of a positive electrode case (1). The positive electrode case has a vent (2) at its lower surface. The diffusion paper is made of high molecular weight polyethylene resin.    ADVANTAGE -   Cancels electrolyte leakage. Improves reliability and productivity.
A new polymer solid electrolyte battery comprises a cathode, an anode, and a solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) containing a specific heterocyclic compound having double bonds.    USE -   For main or back-up power sources of portable electric appliances.    ADVANTAGE -   The heterocyclic compound provides good affinity between the negative electrodes and SPE, preventing the reaction between them. The battery has a higher output and a longer charge-discharge cycle life.
The fuel battery has a fuel pole (12) and an air pole (13) which are arranged on both sides of a solid state polymer film, in a main body (11). A pair of condensers (25A,25B) are arranged at fuel pole side and air pole side respectively. Hydrogen gas exhausted by the fuel pole and oxygen gas exhausted by the air pole are supplied to the corresponding condensers, through respective pumps (14A,14B). Excess of moisture contained in the exhaust gas is removed by the condensers. A recirculating circuit mixes the exhaust hydrogen and oxygen gas and feeds it back to the fuel and air poles respectively. Temperature of condensers are controlled by respective temperature controllers (20A,20B), which in turn controls temperature of the gas.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies composition. Avoids need for separate humidifier.
The fuel battery includes positive and negative electrodes (2,3). Polyelectrolyte film (1) is formed to the entire surface of the electrodes by screen printing process.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables to form thin electrolyte film. Improves characteristic of battery.
The fuel battery has a main body (1) containing phosphoric acid as electrolyte in-between a fuel pole (4A) and an air pole (7A). A preforming catalyst film is formed by applying powder catalyst in a first carrier mixing object which kneads the powder catalyst with poly tetrafluoroethylene and a dispersion medium. Again, a preforming carrier film is formed in-between rollers by applying carrier carbon in a second carrier mixing object which kneads the carrier carbon with poly tetrafluoroethylene and dispersion medium. The preforming catalyst and carrier film are kneaded in-between the rollers to form a compound catalyst film (20) which is arranged in inner side surface of the air pole and fuel pole such that it touches the main body surface.    ADVANTAGE -   Obtains optimum die thickness of catalyst layer. Prevents deterioration of catalyst by corrosion of carbon. Offers stabilized fuel battery for long period. Reduces amount of catalyst used.
The cell has a positive electrode (1) and negative electrodes (2), which is coated with a layer of polyvinyl-pyridine resin, containing an electrolyte, on the surface of a mixture of active material and electrically conductive agent. A solid or gel-like electrolyte (5) is filled in the space formed between the electrodes.    ADVANTAGE -   The cell has improved capacitance and charge and discharge characteristics.
The film is made up of a mixture containing: 16-45 wt.% polypropylene and 55-84 wt. % polyethylene copolymers including 0.05-2 mol.% alpha-olefin of molecular weight 500000-1000000.    USE -   For lithium primary battery, lithium ion secondary battery, lithium secondary battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Has improved safety function.
In the preparation of methyl methacrylate copolymers with improved long-term UV-A transparency by copolymerisation of a monomer mixture in the presence of free-radical initiators and a sterically hindered amine, the monomer mixture comprises (a) 80-99.5 wt.% methyl methacrylate (MMA), 0-19.5 wt.% alkyl acrylate, (c) 0-10 wt.% alkyl methacrylate with more than 2 carbon (C) atoms in the alkyl group, styrene, vinyl acetate and/or monomers with 2 or more polymerisable double bonds and (d) 0.5-10 wt.% -methylene--butyrolactone(s) of formula (I); in which R1 = hydrogen (H); R2, R3, R4, R5 = H, 1-7 C alkyl or halogen, in which the alkyl groups may be branched or linear, may contain nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and sulphur (S) hetero-atoms and may have O-alkyl and/or halogen substituents and/or contain carbonyl groups; and R2 or R3 with R4 or R5 may complete a 5- or 6-membered ring to form a bicyclic compound. Also claimed are acrylic 'glass' plates with improved long-term UV-A transparency, that can be obtained by bulk polymerisation of this composition.    USE -   The plates are useful as UV-A-transparent glazing material or solar panels (all claimed). They are also useful e.g. for glazing greenhouses and conservatories, mouldings made by forming sheet, such as lamp covers etc., and as transparent acoustic screen walls.    ADVANTAGE -   The copolymers have good resistance to thermal damage. Addition of 0.5-10 wt.% (I) to the monomer mixture increases the transmission in the 280-390 nm range on weathering for 1000 or 3000 hours with a UV radiation source with a maximum at 300 nm.
A battery comprises an electro-active cathode, a metal hydride (MH) cathode and a proton-conducting solid organic electrolyte between them. The cathode provides a proton to the electrolyte during charging and the valency of the electro-active material changes during charging and discharging; the electrolyte is non-aqueous.     Also claimed are: (i) a method of making the battery above comprising depositing a thin film of NiOx, where x = 0.1-1, on a substrate to form a cathode, forming the metal hydride anode from a multiphase alloy and blending an acid of high ionisation constant, at least equal to sulphuric or phosphoric acid, with an organic base polymer to form the electrolyte which is placed between the anode and cathode. (ii) a battery as above including a battery case enclosing cathode, anode and electrolyte.    USE -   As a rechargeable battery    ADVANTAGE -   The battery is rechargeable and capable of rapid charge and discharge. It has a long cycle life and may be hermetically sealed.
NOVELTY - The module has an amorphous silicon solar cell (101) at the inner part of a sealing material (103) provided inside a fluororesin sheet (102) and a nylon sheet (104). The inner surface of the nylon sheet is provided with a steel plate (105). The tension from the outer to the inner side of the main body is received by a coupling structure (106) whose suspension unit (107) is attached at the steel plate.    ADVANTAGE - ADVANTAGE Prevents roof surface from being oscillated by pressure e.g. strong wind or noise.
The appts includes a feed roll (4) which conveys a flexible substrate (10) whose tensile strength at predetermined temperature is maintained. The substrate is conveyed from feed roll to rolling up roll (5) through multiple guide rolls (6,14). Along the conveyance direction, multiple heaters (9) are set. The guide rolls are driven at speed synchronized with the conveyance velocity.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves productivity and stability of electrode. Enables to mfr high efficiency amorphous silicon solar battery.
Air supply duct of environmental control system for buildings includes a fabric air diffuser (1) formed by a frame (5), for attachment to the duct and an open-weave, fabric sheet (7), mounted in the frame, for changing the direction of the air exiting the sheet. Preferably, the sheet is flat and comprises a non-combustible material, coated with a soil-resistant non-combustible composition of a low surface energy polymer, particularly PTFE. Also claimed is a method for diffusing air flowing from an air supply duct, using an open-weave fabric sheet in a frame.    ADVANTAGE -   Does not accumulate dust, is lightweight and reduces noise emission.
New method of producing solar cell modules which are formed on flexible boards and are coated with adhesive resin comprises (a) adhesive resin applied to both faces of solar cells by pressing it through a separating sheet; and (b) then sheet peeled off.    USE -   Used for producing solar cell modules having protective adhesive layers.    ADVANTAGE -   Solar cell modules having no protective films are produced.
The material (6A) is made of a plastic that contains an electrochemically active material. The plastic is extruded from the metal collet in the shape of a thick film. The thickness of the plastic material is set at 100 - 1000 m.    USE -   For lithium ion battery, lead storage battery, Ni-Cd battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Capacity of electrochemical element is increased, by increasing the weight of active material. Homogenous density of active material can be maintained.
Heat collector (200) has a box through which a fluid flows from an inlet (202) to an outlet (203) with a heat collector plate (206) to receive heat from the fluid, and a solar cell to receive sunlight through a window (204) in the box. Also claimed is a passive solar apparatus comprising the heat collector as above with the fluid outlet connected, via a duct containing a fan, to a house.    USE -   In supplying heat and electrical power to a house.    ADVANTAGE -   Heat of the collector plate (206) allows the solar cell to operate at a temperature where Stebler-Ronskie deterioration does not occur and also prevents snow accumulation which would shade the solar cell preventing its operation.
A microporous polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membrane has a microporous surface comprising minimum pores, an opposite surface comprising maximum pores, and a thickness between them comprising a porous support formed from filamentous webs of polymer material. Also claimed are: (a) membranes including: an asymmetric integral membrane, where the porous support comprises flow channels having diameters which gradually increase along a gradient from the microporous surface to the opposite surface; and an internally isotropic membrane, where the porous support comprises flow channels having diameters which correspond to a first average diameter, which is that of the minimum pores, within a first region of the porous support which is adjacent to the microporous surface, and having diameters which correspond to a second average diameter, which is that of the maximum pores, within a second region of the support which is adjacent to the opposite surface; the diameters of the flow channels between the first and second regions of the support are constant; (b) preparation of the membrane; and (c) an improved filtering device comprising an ozone resistant microporous PVDF membrane for filtering aqueous solutions.    USE -   In a variety of microfiltration applications including electronic water filtration where ozone is present, and in batteries as a separator between different cells of a battery, or to house an alkaline gel.    ADVANTAGE -   The highly porous, ultrathin membranes have high flow rate and exhibit good chemical resistance, tensile strength and elongation at break.
A new non-aqueous electrolyte contains a sulphite compound of formula R1OS(=O)OR2 (I) (where R1 and R2 = (halogen substituted) groups, at least one of R1 and R2 = halogen substituted alkyl group). Non-aqueous electrolyte batteries using the new non-aqueous electrolyte are also claimed.    USE -   Used for non-aqueous electrolyte batteries. The batteries are used as a power source for consumer electronics instruments.    ADVANTAGE -   The electrolyte is resistant to higher cell voltages, having a higher conductivity. The batteries have a higher operating voltage and a longer charge discharge cycle life.
The battery has an anode (2) and a cathode (3) provided on both sides of an electrolyte film (1). A first separator (4c) with a heating gas conduction path (6) and a second separator (5c) with an oxidizing agent gas conduction path (7) are provided. A first sealing surface (40A) and a second sealing surface (50A) are formed in the first and the second separators, respectively. The electrolyte film is supported and hermetically sealed between the two sealing surfaces.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids use of special sealant. Maintains reaction gas, effectively. Reduces cost and saves space.
The battery has an electrode catalyst which consists of noble metals dispersed in carbon fine powder. The particle diameter of the carbon powder is 8 nm or less such that this powder occupies a volume below 500 cm3/g. Besides the noble metal catalyst, chlorine and sulphur are also highly dispersed in the carbon fine powder whose composition is 2 ppm or less with acetylene is used as a raw material to form a positive and negative electrode.    ADVANTAGE -   Secures good discharge characteristics. Prevents deterioration caused by impurity.
The plate has a number of active material particles (2) which acts as lead or PbO2. The porous powder polypyrole (1) is added as sulphuric acid maintenance material in the active material.    ADVANTAGE -   Increases amount of sulphuric acid contained in plate. Increases strength of plate. Obtains high discharge characteristic and extended life span.
A composite tube is made by: (i) inserting a core material into a metal tube; (ii) packing one or more types of metal powder, other inorganic substance powder, and synthetic resin powder into a space between the core material and the inner surface of the metal tube; and (iii) extruding it through extruding dies having a smaller calibre than the outer diameter of the metal tube, to obtain a composite tube having dissimilar coating layers of particles of one or more types of dissimilar metal powder, other inorganic substance powder, and synthetic resin powder, which are formed on the inside surface of the metal tube.    USE -   For containers for fuel cells, and piping.
The battery has an alkaline electrolyte containing 10 - 1000 ppm of polyethylene oxide and/or polyvinyl pyrrolidone. A positive electrode (2) containing an Ni compound and a negative electrode (4) containing hydrogen and metal alloy are provided. A separator (3) is provided between the positive and negative electrodes.    ADVANTAGE -   Self discharge characteristics are improved.
The battery has an accommodation case (1) containing a fuel battery main body (2). The case has a case main body (20) at the top face of which, a vent (20a) is provided. A cover (30) is used to open and close the vent. The cover slides up and down along a slide unit (50) fixed to the case main body. When the cover is closed, a projection frame (25) at the case main body and a recess frame (35) at the cover are united. The united projection and recess are bonded using a sealant.    ADVANTAGE -   The cover can slide to the closed position easily, which prevents moisture from entering into the fuel battery main body, and extends battery life.
The battery has a positive electrode and a negative lithium electrode, between which a non-aqueous electrolytic layer is formed. The positive active material has a compound conductive polymer and inorganic active material. The average molecular weight (Mw) of the conductive polymer is 1104 - 2105.    USE -   The battery can be used in a laptop, desktop or notebook type electronic device.    ADVANTAGE -   Capacity and performance characteristics of the battery are improved.
The battery consists of fine porous film (8) made of thermo fusion type resin, a negative electrode (3), and a positive electrode (2) which are layered alternately, that constitute a multilayered body. A heat resistant porous film (20) made of polyamide film or an inorganic film is arranged adjacent to each fine porous films.    USE -   For road levelling.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids damage caused to battery. Reduces discharge current. Inhibits short circuit generation.
The multilayered composition has pillared metal complexes on a supporting substrate (2) which may comprise an organic polymer template. The pillars comprise divalent electron acceptor moieties (12) with a phosphate or arsenate (14) at each end.    The supporting substrate has a hetero-lamellar film comprising the complex formula; -L-[(YO3-Z-Y2O3)MeY]k.k^*p(Xq-)    where L forms a link, Y1 and Y2 are phosphorus or arsenic, Z is a divalent group which forms a stable reduced and oxidised form, X is an anion,    MeY is Me1nWm, where Me1 is a divalent, trivalent or tetravalent metal of group III, IVA or IVB having an atomic number of 21 or a lanthanide; W is an anion, n is 1, 2, or 3; m is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; k ranges from 1 to 250; p has a value from 0 to 3 and q is the charge on X. Each complex is bound to the substrate through L.    Each layer of parallel pillars is separated by a layer of a group (IVA), (IVB), (IIIA) or (IIIB) metal or a lanthanide (18). Particles of one or more group (VIII) metal at zero valence is trapped within each layer of the complex.    USE -   The complexes are useful for the conversion and storage of solar energy, for production of photocurrents and as catalysts for reduction reactions e.g. for hydrogen peroxide from hydrogen and oxygen gasses, hydrogen gas from water and reduction of ketones to form alcohols.
Solar reflector has a base layer, including a first reflective layer (203) covered by a first transparent layer (204), bonded to the solar collector substrate (201). A first upper layer, including a second reflective layer (206) covered by a second transparent layer (207), is removably bonded to the first transparent layer of the base layer so as to be removable to expose the base layer. Also claimed is a method of manufacturing the solar reflector by bonding the base layer to the solar collector substrate and removably bonding the first upper layer to the first transparent layer of the base layer, the second transparent layer of the upper layer preventing exposure of the second reflective layer which it covers.    USE -   The solar reflector is typically used in a heliostat steadily reflecting solar radiation in a constant direction so as to channel it for producing electric power. The top reflector layer may be peeled off to expose a new reflector layer underneath.    ADVANTAGE -   This is a long-life, light weight self-renewing, solar reflector stack formed, which is made at low cost but with the life span of an expensive glass reflector capable of a 90 % solar reflectance average over 30 years. When the topmost plastic reflector layer becomes degraded, it can be removed to expose a new reflector layer.
A solid state electrochemical cell comprises: (a) an electrolyte; (b) an anode; and (c) a cathode. (a) consists of a polymeric matrix, an inorganic salt and a solvent. (b) consists of a thin film of lithium metal or its alloy. (c) consists of a polymeric matrix, a conductive carbon, and a metal salt, M2ZO4, in which M is Ag or Cu, and Z is W, Mo, or Cr.    USE -   The thin film lithium polymer battery can be used in instrumentation, computer backup, and the electronics market.    ADVANTAGE -   The battery has a flat discharge curve.
A sealing material film is provided between a cell for a solar battery and an upper transparent protective member, or between the cell and a lower protective member. The sealing material film consists of an ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer film containing 25% or below of vinyl acetate. Also claimed is a solar battery module formed by providing the sealing material film between the cell and the upper transparent protective member, and/or the lower protective member.    USE -   The sealing material film is used for a solar battery module for use in a roof.    ADVANTAGE -   The use of the sealing material film reduces water vapour permeability, yielding a sufficient moisture-proof effect without using expensive Al foil. The solar battery module has is moisture-proof.
The method involves sealing multiple solar cells formed on a flexible support base by an insulating sealing material. The insulating sealing material is crimped to the support base, the solar cells contacting the surface of the insulating sealing material, which faces the support base.    ADVANTAGE -   The method facilitates mass production and gives device compactness, easing conveyance of the base.
The solar cell (1) has a sub module (2) which is formed on surface of a reinforcement sheet (8) through a hot melt adhesive layer (3). The reinforcement sheet which is made of plastic has heat shrink rate of 1.0% or less, thermal expansion coefficient of 1.8x10-5 cm/deg centigrade at a temperature of 0-150 deg centigrade or less.    The sub modules comprises laminated structure of a back plate, electricity generation layer and a transparent electrode which are sequentially formed on upper surface of an insulated substrate. The substrate is made of polyimide, PET, PEN or acrylic resin.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents deformation of cell at elevated temperature.
A new non-aqueous battery consists of an anode, a cathode, and non-aqueous electrolyte solution. The solvent of the electrolyte solution contains at least one kind of specific solvent of sulphone compounds of formula R1SO2R2, (where R1 and R2=1-4C alkyl groups; and R1 and R2 are not both the same groups).    USE -   For high energy density, high power lithium secondary batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   Lithium ion permeable membranes are formed at the interfaces between the electrolyte solution and cathode or anode. These membranes work to prevent reaction between the electrolyte and cathode or anode material, reducing self-discharging loss on storage.
A new non-aqueous secondary battery consists of a cathode, an alkali metal ion conductive electrolyte, and an alkali metal anode. The electrolyte is a polymer gel electrolyte which contains a specific polymer matrix. The polymer matrix is produced by polymerising an ethylene oxide adduct of trimethylolpropane-triacrylate of formula (1) and an ethyleneoxide-propyleneoxide-block polyether-diacrylate of formula (2) or polymerising the ethylene oxide adduct of formula (1) and a polycarbonate-diacrylate of formula (3), (where m and n 1; R=(CH2)s or [(CH2)kO(CH2)k]t; s, k and t 1).    USE -   For small electronic instruments e.g. watches or cameras.    ADVANTAGE -   Dendritic formation of anode alkali metal in the course of cell charging and discharging is effectively prevented. The new battery has an extended charge-discharge cycle life and a higher reliability.
The potential difference and temperature difference between the battery anode electrode and cathode electrode are detected and compared with their reference values.    ADVANTAGE -   Battery failure can be prevented positively.
Charging materials for charging gap between an ion exchange film and a battery plate are placed between a periphery of an electrode and a sealing portion.    ADVANTAGE -   Transformation and impair of the ion exchange film can be prevented and the cell has improved durability.
The lead storage battery comprises a reactive surfactant capable of making a radical polymerisation in molecule, having double bond, and added to the cathode plate active substance or the electrolytic liquid or both in the battery where the anode plate, and cathode plate are laminated by way of the electrolyte layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Extended battery life, and active paste viscosity is maintained.
The solar cell module includes a photovoltaic element. The element has a light receiving face. The face has a collecting electrode with an electrically conductive coat and a surface side cover. The electrode is metal wire with either a gold or silver surface. The electrically conductive coat is formed of a paste. The cover includes a filler and a surface protective film which are sequentially laminated. The filler is an ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer.    A thin resin layer is interposed between the photovoltaic element and the filler so as to fill gaps present in the conductive coat. The filler is cross linked by an organic peroxide which has a one hour half life temperature of between one hundred and three hundred degrees Celsius.    USE -   For power generation.    ADVANTAGE -   Improved moisture resistance. Improved transparency. Improved surface side cover. Highly reliable. Heat resistant. Improved scratch resistance. Improved electrical insulation. Flexible cover. Improved appearance.
Feed through apparatus has a ferrule (32) with an electrical conductor (50) glassed into an internal longitudinal through opening. A locating member (82) contacts one end of the ferrule and extends beyond its other end. A cavity between the ferrule and the member contains insulation (61), preferably a fluoropolymer. The apparatus may have a height to diameter ratio &lt; 0.5.    USE -   Feedthrough insulation system for a low profile electrochemical cells, e.g. lithium iodine cells.
A fuel cell (17) has an anode (18) and cathode (32)positioned on opposite sides of an electrolyte (28). Both the anode (18) and the cathode (32) have a catalyst layer (24,34) on the surface facing the electrolyte (28) except in their edge regions (27). An ion impermeable layer (40) is positioned between the anode edge region and the cathode edge region (27).    USE -   A stack (2) of the fuel cells (17) is used to produce electricity. The ion impermeable layer (40) prevents reactant ions or molecules from reaching localised high potential areas of the non-catalysed parts (25,27) of the electrodes (18,32) and corroding the carbon of the electrodes.
A clear, colourless encapsulating material for protective encapsulation of an operating photovoltaic device, which is free of a UV light absorbing component, comprises a polymer component and a curing agent component.    USE -   For protecting devices such as solar energy collectors.    ADVANTAGE -   A composition free of a UV light absorber has a colour and clarity that do not change over a significant period of time, which enhances the lifetime and efficiency of the photovoltaic device.
A cell (10), which can be used for primary or rechargeable power supply, includes a negative pole (14) forming one outer insoluble layer and positive pole (16) forming another outer insoluble layer. The two outer layers are separated by a third layer (12) comprising aqueous electrolyte with a deliquescent material for keeping the open cell wet at all times.    The electrolyte includes an electroactive soluble material for obtaining ionic conductivity and a water-soluble polymer giving viscosity to adhere to the outer layers. The cell is preferably manufactured using suitable printing technology.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Also for voice recording and playing device, liquid crystal display, electronic calculator, IC card, temperature sensor, hearing aid or pressure sensitive buzzer. Includes deliquescent material to maintain wet electrolyte in flexible thin layer open electrochemical cell for primary or rechargeable power sources for miniaturised or portable apparatus. Devoid of both accumulation of gases and liquid evaporation limitations.
A polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell has: (a) a gas diffusion layer (26) with a first side contacting a catalytic surface (28) of the membrane (32); (b) a macro-porous flow-field layer (24) contacting the second side of the gas diffusion layer, for distributing a gaseous reactant over the layer for transport to the membrane; and (c) a reactant distribution plate, having interdigitated flow channels (22) contacting the flow-field layer, for delivering reactant to and removing reactant from the flow-field layer. Also claimed is a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell as above where the flow field layer defines the interdigitated flow channels. Further claimed is the field flow layer.    ADVANTAGE -   the flow field has reduced pressure drop through the field. Accumulation of water in the flow field is minimised and access to the catalyst layers is maximised. Backings are very thin, to minimise the gas diffusional barrier.
Non-aqueous electrolytic liquid battery anode mix paste comprises a TFE resin binding agent and cellulose derivative soluble to organic solvent as a thickener in the anode mix paste containing anode active substance, conductive material, binding agent, thickener, and organic solvent.    ADVANTAGE -   Paste has an adequate viscosity, and inhibits active substance from deteriorating, and conductive support from being corroded. Large reaction surface area is provided.
The film is made of a material of at most 10 in iodine value and/or at most 0.005 mol/g degree of unsaturation by NMR, e.g. a polypropylene oligomer, a polyethylene oligomer, polyisobutylene, polydimethyl siloxane, or a trifluorochloroethylene-vinylidene fluoride copolymer.    ADVANTAGE -   The electrolyte and the adhesive are prevented from reacting with each other.
Photovoltaic module (1) comprises a photovoltaic panel (2) having front and back sides and edges forming a perimeter, and at least one photovoltaic cell which converts radiation, incident on the front of the panel, to electrical energy. The panel is encapsulated in a non-reacted injection moulded polymeric material (3) which forms an environmental seal for the module.    USE -   Used to produce photovoltaic devices which may form useful structures e.g. shingles, blocks, cases or boxes.    ADVANTAGE -   The process is adaptable, and does not require the use of precursors, extenders, catalysts and blowing agents used in reaction-injection-moulding, these chemicals being expensive and toxic.
A metal oxide textile which when heated has a multiband emission spectrum with peaks between 400 and 2500 nm and a tensile strength over 75 kPa, comprises a rare earth oxide of at least one of Ce, Dy, Er, Eu, Gd, Ho, Nd, Pr, Sm, Tb, Yb and Th.    Also claimed are: (i) a textile comprising an intimate mixture of a rare earth oxide as above and sufficient ThO2 so that the microcrystalline grain size is 2 micron maximum; and (ii) a method of making a textile by imbibing a polymeric organic textile with an aqueous nitrate solution, exposing the textile to gaseous ammonia to form a metal hydroxide, and heating the imbibed textile to produce a metal oxide textile.    USE -   The textile is a spectral emitter for semiconductor photovoltaic cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The composition is controlled to match the emission spectrum of the textile to the absorption spectrum of the cell. The presence of ThO2 restricts grain growth to produce strong, flexible fibres.
The battery comprises a solid macromolecular electrolyte, consisting of at least one of low and high melting-point polyethylene oxide/lithium perchlorate mixture layers, closely sandwiched between anode and cathode.    ADVANTAGE -   Interfacial resistance between the electrolyte and each of the electrodes can be reduced to lengthen the charging and discharging cycle life of the battery.
The cell comprises a porous matrix, impregnated with phosphoric acid and put between catalyst layers for fuel and air electrodes. The catalyst layers are composed of acetylene black, as a platinum catalyst support, and polytetrafluoroethylene, as a binder. The mixing ratio by weight of polytetrafluoroethylene to carbon, is 0.2-0.8.    ADVANTAGE -   Transferring phosphoric acid to the fuel electrode is suppressed, which lengthens the life of the cell.
The composition comprises 100 parts weight of organo-polysiloxane with a degree of polymerisation of 3,000-20,000 containing 93 molecule% or more methyl- and 0.01-2 molecule% vinyl-group combined to Si atoms, 40-130 parts weight of silica powders with a primary particle size of 0.1-10 nanometer coated with hexamethyl-disilazane and 0.05-15 parts weight of an organic peroxide. Also claimed are 0.1-5 mm sheets of the composition for the protection of solar battery module.    USE -   The protective sheets for solar battery module.    ADVANTAGE -   The composition produces sheets with the improved transparency, adhesion, flame resistance, weatherability and processability.
A polymer in the solid electrolyte is used between the positive and negative electrodes, is composed of an acrylate monomer and/or methacrylate monomer, the ratio of an unsaturated carboxylic acid ester gp in the total ester gps. in the solid electrolyte, &lt; 5%.    ADVANTAGE -   High charging, discharging properties.
A polymer electrolyte Li battery comprises an electrode composed of an electrically conductive binding agent obtd. by dispersing and attaching a fluorine resin binding agent to a surface of an electrically conductive agent, the active material particles, and a gel polymer electrolyte.    ADVANTAGE -   High capacity and long life.
A sealing plate is coated with an adhesive mainly composed of polyolefin eg. polyethylene, and having a functional group modified by an acid e.g. a maleic acid, and is moulded in a body with a synthetic resin gasket.    ADVANTAGE -   Liquid leakage properties are improved.
A fuel-cell element of a type mended for an electrochemical reaction comprises a backing and a catalytic material which includes uniformly mixed and randomly spaced Pt-Ru bimetallic powder having distinct sites of Pt and Ru.    Also claimed are: (i) a method of forming a material for a fuel-cell element, comprising the steps: (a) forming a solution of Pt, Ru and an extra material which maintains a separation between the Pt and the Ru; (b) mixing the solution; (c) processing the solution, including heating the solution, and (d) further treating the solution so as to remove the said extra material; (ii) fuel-cell element of a type intended for an electrochemical reaction, wherein the catalytic material includes a material that has similar characteristics to Pt and Ru; (iii) a fuel cell as above wherein the catalytic material includes a material that has similar characteristics to Pt.    USE -   Has applications to methanol fuel cells using non-acid fuel with uses for powering motor vehicles.    ADVANTAGE -   Improvements to the electrode improve its operation, especially the efficiency of methanol production. The need for expensive Pt catalyst is reduced or obviated Ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure air can be used as the reduction mechanism.
A container (1) has internal partition(s) (7) at least one of which has an upward extension (11) with an orifice. A top has a recess to fit around the extension(s) and is sealed to the container by adhesive (4).    The container may be of ABS, 'Noryl' (RTM) or PVC. The adhesive is methacrylate paste. A lead alloy connection nugget (2) fits through the orifice.    USE -   Used as an inter-cell connector assembly for lead acid batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   More compact electrochemical cells can be manufactured, and the battery does not have to be inverted during manufacture.
A photoelectric module is in the form of a layer construction, having a layer of ethylene copolymer with vinyl acetate placed on the rear and face surfaces of the commutated photo-elements. At least one peroxide cross-linking initiator and one organosilicon monomer primer, improving adhesion, are dispersed in the layers. The presence in the polymer layer of the corresponding amount of peroxide initiator ensures 10-65% gel content during module formation. Addition of organosilicon primer to the composition increases the capability of forming micro-separations because of gas production from hydrolysis, which is eliminated by use of polymer layers based on ethylene copolymer with vinyl acetate, forming a three-dimensional structure with a gel content of 10-50%.    USE -   Used in solar generation of electricity    ADVANTAGE -   The compositions have improved working properties.
A pigment concentrate comprises: 40-60% of a fine pigment based on tin(IV) oxide; 2-4.9% of a terpolymeric anionic polyacrylate consisting of 35-45% of an alkyl (meth)acrylate with the alkyl chain having 1-3 C('s); 35-45% of an alkyl (meth)acrylate with the alkyl chain having 4-12C's and 10-30% of acrylic or methacrylic acid; 0.1-4.9% of an amine (which results in the PH of 7.0-10.0); 0.1-0.9% of a nonionic surfactant adduct of ethylene oxide to an alkylphenol, alcohol or carboxylic acid; 0.1-2.0% of a viscous material based on a polyacrylate, polyurethane or cellulose derivative; 0.1-6.0% of a glycol derivative; and 21.3-57.6% water.    USE -   The pigment concentrates are used for regenerative photovoltaic cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The water-based pigment concentrates contain a fine pigment based on metal oxide with high stability, semiconductor properties and controlled aggregation on drying.
A secondary cell contains a liquid electrolyte, two electrodes and a polysulphide compound that is operatively associated with the cathode. The polysulphide is prevented from dissolving in the liquid electrolyte and is activatable into a conducting state.    One or more of the polysulphide bonds are broken so that ions in the liquid electrolyte are reversibly attracted. The material for activating the polysulphide in to a conductive state is associated with polysulphide and with the cathode, is electronically conducting, but insoluble in the electrolyte, and specifically comprises carbon or gold.    ADVANTAGE -   The cathode material allows a higher battery capacity with reversibility, good electronic conductivity and low solubility in the electrolyte.
An absorber, especially for the collection of solar energy, has walls (11, 12) which are sealed against the heat carrier medium over part of the surface and/or in lines, bonded together by an adhesive (2). The channels (15) to carry the heat carrier medium are formed by the blocks of adhesive (2) between the walls (11, 12). The walls (11, 12) are spaced apart sufficiently, to give the required channel (15) cross section. The walls (11, 12) are of thin metal sheet or thin plastics boards, a plastics film or of a compound metal/plastics material. The adhesive (2) is a silicon adhesive.    ADVANTAGE -   The structure gives an absorber for solar energy, with a low pressure heat carrier medium flow, at lower costs and reduced energy loss.
The composition, based on polyester and metal perchlorate, contains the latter in form of sodium perchlorate and the former in form of polyphenylene oxide, at ratio of components (in parts per weight): polyphenylene oxide 100, sodium perchlorate 100-120 and solvent 50-100.    USE -   Polymeric composition is used as solid electrolyte for chemical batteries, employed in various instruments and constructions working in autonomic supply regime.    ADVANTAGE -    Composition has increased electroconductivity (at least 1 10-4/cm at room temperature).
A non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery is composed of: (a) an anode; (b) a cathode; and (c) a polymer solid electrolyte. The tensile strength of the polymer electrolyte where it contacts the electrodes is stronger than the rest of it.    ADVANTAGE -   The non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery is free from degradation of electrodes even after repeating charging and discharging, and has good cycle characteristics.
Gas inlet and outlet pipes are attached to two end insulation plates between which a cell stack is held.    ADVANTAGE -   Long-term stable battery operation can be ensured.
The solar battery module is covered by coating material of two or more layers. The light incident surface of a photovoltaic cell is sealed by a coating material containing several layers of a transparent surface protective film and a sealing material resin layer (102).    The sealing material resin layer contains a binder resin of a glass fibre non-woven fabric (106). The outer side of the surface protective film is in contact with the sealing material resin layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables to withstand prolonged outdoor exposure and is weather resistant. Improves reliability over longer period of time without deterioration of surface coating material.
A battery has an electroconductive carbon fibre, having at least 1.0% rupture elongation, added to the anode active material.    ADVANTAGE -   The battery has improved initial properties, about 20% improved positive pole active material utilisation factor and about 50% improved cycle life.
The tube for the collection of solar energy, for heating water, is a double-walled tube, with the heat carrier medium within the inner tube. The ratio of the surface content of the inner tube cross-section to the diameter is 7.5-15 mm. The inner tube (3) is of black single-colour plastics, and the outer tube (2) is of a plastics to allow sun rays through. The inner tube (3) is of black polyethylene, with up to 3 wt% carbon for the black colouration or the polyethylene is mixed with up to 60% of black finely distributed rubber. The outer tube (2) is of polymethylacryl acid ester, polycarbonate or polyvinyl chloride (PVC). The inner tube (3) and outer tube (2) can be of soft PVC or the inner tube (3) of high density polyethylene and the outer tube (2) of soft PVC.    USE -   The tube structure is for heating water by solar energy, for hot water supplies, swimming pools and the like.    ADVANTAGE -   The tube assembly gives an effective collection of solar energy, which can be fitted to a variety of geometric shapes. It is easily and cheaply produced, with a capacity which can be expanded easily and at will.
There is provided a kind of special electrolyte for lithium-manganese dioxide battery, the solution of the electrolyte is prepared by composite cyclic ether including pentacyclic dioxide, decacyclic tetroxide, dodecyclic tetroxide, hexacycl ic dioxide, and 1,2-propylene- carbonic ester, glycol-dimethyl ether added with solute lithium perchlorate, its concentration is 0.l8-1.25 M. The composite cyclic ether is prepared from ethandiol, polyformaldehyde, sulphuric acid, urea, sodium carbonate through condensation, dealdehydation, and water elimination. The battery with present electrolyte has large current density and improved low temperature performance.
Sulphonyl/phospho electrolyte solvents of formula: Cl3PNSO2Cl, Cl3PNP(O)Cl2, Cl3PNCH3 and Cl3PNCH2CH3 are new. Also claimed are: (i) electrolyte solutions comprising less than 50 mole% solute dissolved in either R-SO2-X (where, X = halide; R = optionally perchlorinated or perfluorinated alkyl or -N=PX3) or X3P=N-R (where, X = halide; R = -P(O)X2 or 1-6C alkyl); and (ii) electrochemical devices containing the solutions.    USE -   In batteries, fuel cells, photochromic displays, photovoltaic cells, gas sensors and especially rechargeable cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The solutions have high electrochemical stability, are (relatively) involatile, can dissolve large mole fractions of most electrolyte solutes, do not crystallise at temperatures above 0 C, exhibit wide electrochemical windows and are stable in the presence of alkali metals.
The article comprises a three dimensional inorganic, porous substrate, other than electrically conductive tin oxide, having an outer surface area and an internal pore surface area, and having a coating containing electrically conductive tin oxide on a major portion of its three-dimensional outer surface and a limited coating on its internal surface with at least 10% of the internal pore surface being non-coated. The porous substrate has a total surface area of 0.01-700 m2/g.    USE -   Used in lead acid batteries, catalysts, resistance heating elements, electrostatic dissipation elements, electromagnetic interference shielding elements, electrostatic bleed elements, protective coatings and field dependent fluids.    ADVANTAGE -   The article has good coating uniformity in the thickness of the coating and the distribution of any dopant component in the coating. It has high electrical conductivity and good stability in terms of electrical properties and morphology.
A resin composition comprises:    (A) 60-85 wt.% of a saponified ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer having an ethylene content of 25-50 mol% and a saponification ratio of vinyl acetate of more than 95 mol.%;    (B) 5-30 wt.% of a polyamide multicomponent copolymer comprising at least three kinds of polyamide including 50-80 wt.% of the sum of polyamide 6 and polyamide 66; and    (C) 10-35 wt.% of a maleic anhydride-modified ethylene-propylene copolymer.    Also claimed are:    (i) a diaphragm containing a resin layer comprising the compsn.; and    (ii) an accumulator containing a flexible membrane comprising the diaphragm.    USE -   Used for diaphragms and accumulators.    ADVANTAGE -   The compsn. has high gas barrier properties and resistance to fatigue from flexing at cold temperature.
A rechargeable electrochemical cell includes an anode, a cathode and an electrolyte system comprising: (a) a polymeric support structure comprising at least 50 vol.% of a filler material and a gelling polymer; and (b) an electrolyte active species dispersed through at least the gelling polymer.    Also claimed are: (1) an electrolyte system for a rechargeable electrochemical cell as above, comprising a filler and a gelling polymer; and (2) the production of a highly filled polymer gel electrolyte for a rechargeable electrochemical cell comprising: (i) providing a mixture comprising at least 50 vol.% of an inert filler material, a gelling polymer and a processing aid; (ii) providing a processing aid; (iii) heating the mixture and the processing aid to a temperature sufficient to melt at least the gelling polymer; (iv) forming the mixture into a free-standing film; and (v) removing any residual processing aid from the film.    USE -   The polymer gel electrolytes are used in high performance batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   The electrolyte system has good mechanical integrity and it can absorb sufficient active species to produce an electrolyte with the high ionic conductance of liquid electrolytes. Use of the processing aid to reduce the processing temperature of the gelling polymer prevents degradation. When the electrolyte is cured, it adheres the layers of electrode material to the support structure.
A non-aqueous rechargeable lithium battery having a lithium insertion compound cathode, a lithium compound anode, a non-aqueous liquid electrolyte, a maximum operating charging voltage and an internal electrical disconnect device. The disconnect device activates at a predetermined internal pressure. The battery comprises a monomer additive mixed in the liquid electrolyte, the monomer additive polymerising at battery voltages greater than the maximum operating voltage thereby generating gas, pref. hydrogen and pressure activating the disconnect device during overcharge abuse. Method for providing overcharge protection is also claimed.    USE -   Non-aqueous rechargeable batteries are provided.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves safety by using aromatic monomer additives as means for generating gas for pressure activating overcharge protection device in the lithium ion batteries.
The accumulator synergist is prepared by dissolving cadmium sulphate, carboxymethylcellulose, sodium chloride and sodium phosphate in distilled water and features effectively increasing capacity of accumulator, elongating service life, shortening charge time and improving low-temp. start performance.
Forming a thin profile battery having a thickness that is less than a maximum linear dimension of its anode comprises: (a) providing an electrically conductive first terminal housing member material; (b) depositing an electrically insulative, unpolymerised chemical precursor of butyl rubber, which is free of any polymerizing or curative agents, in a region to be used for sealing the first terminal housing; (c) forming the first terminal housing member into the shape of a desired first terminal housing; (d) providing an electrically conductive second terminal housing member placed facing the first terminal housing member; (e) providing an anode and a cathode, with an electrolyte positioned between them, which are positioned between the first and second terminal housings with the anode and cathode positioned to connect electrically with opposite housings; (f) providing a preformed gasket of butyl rubber and applying the chemical precursor of butyl rubber onto the gasket; and (g) joining the first and second terminal housings together to form an enclosed battery housing retaining the anode, cathode and electrolyte, the combined housing having an electrically insulative, fluid-tight seal between the two halves comprising the pre-formed butyl rubber gasket and the unpolymerised butyl rubber precursor. Also claimed is a method of forming a thin profile battery as above, in which the butyl rubber precursor comprises a uncured precursor containing a curative and polymerising agent, and in which the precursor is not cured until the first and second terminal housings have been joined.    USE -   For making button-type batteries, as used in watches and other electronic devices requiring a thin profile.    ADVANTAGE -   Batteries of thickness less than 1 mm with a reliable, fluid-tight seal may be made.
High molecular solid electrolyte is used between the anode and cathode. Particle size of the electrode material in the anode and cathode is increased at side of interface in contact with the high molecular solid electrolyte, and lessened at the opposite side.    ADVANTAGE -   High charging and discharging property are attained.
A high molecular solid electrolyte is used between the anode and cathode, and a layer of an anode material having a crystalline property different from that used in the anode, is formed at interface of the anode and the high molecular solid electrolyte.    ADVANTAGE -   High charging and discharging property is obtained.
A rechargeable lithium battery incorporating a carbon anode and composite cathode, separated by a gel electrolyte containing LiClO 4 dissolved in a 1:3 mix BEG-1:EC electrolyte and 20 per cent by weight poly methyl methacrylate. The electrolyte BEG-1 has a chemical structure including two propyl group and (CH2)3. The composite cathode mix includes LiCoO2, carbon black and the electrolyte pressed onto Ni foil. When cycled between 2.5 and 4.4 volts, the cycling limit was increased to 4.5 volts. The cell continued to cycle and showed a significant increase in capacity.    USE -   Stable boron electrolyte solvent mixtures can be made by adding a boron electrolyte solvent to a conventional solvent e.g. for a rechargeable lithium battery with gel electrolyte giving improved performance.
A flexible energy storage device comprises first and second sheets of flexible polymeric sealing materials enclosing a flexible battery device comprising a battery anode and a battery cathode and having an electrolyte material disposed therebetween; and at least one flexible photovoltaic device having an anode and a cathode, being disposed on a layer of metallic reflecting material deposited on the outer surface of one of the first or second sheets of polymeric sealing materials, the battery anode being electrically coupled to the photovoltaic device anode and the battery cathode being coupled to the photovoltaic device cathode; and where the layer of reflective material renders one layer of polymeric sealing material substantially liquid and vapour impermeable.    USE -   The energy storage device may be used in portable electronic devices including cellular telephones, pagers, computers and personal digital aids.    ADVANTAGE -   This flexible energy storage device includes integrally formed recharging devices.
A modified polymeric cation exchange membrane for use in an electrochemical cell comprises: (i) a polymer matrix; (ii) a water insoluble ionic salt of silver, tungsten and/or molybdenum deposited within the polymer matrix, the ionic salt being insoluble in electrolytes which, in use, contact either side of the membrane. Also claimed is an electrochemical apparatus comprising a single cell or an array of cells, each having a chamber containing an anode and an electrolyte, and a chamber containing a cathode and an electrolyte, where the adjacent chambers are separated by the above cation exchange membrane.    USE -   The membrane is used for electrochemical applications, e.g. fuel cells and power delivery.    ADVANTAGE -   The exchange membrane has a lower water content for the same ion exchange capacity and permselectivity, it combines low electrolytic resistivity with improved permselectivity.
The method is based on preparation of mesh material and fixing it on base matrix. To improve results, the mesh material is made of glass threads by weft-filling weave method, said material is stretched on base matrix under specific load 0.2-0.7 kGf/cm, treated with varnish, based on silico-organic resin, and fired at 90-120C, in vacuo 10-4 - 10-7mm Hg, for 2-5 hours.    USE -   In production of solar cells producing electricity directly from solar power.    ADVANTAGE -   The method increases service life of solar cell owing to reduction of degradation of mechanical and electric parameters
A foamed sponge layer is bonded to the gasket or separator of each cell in the cell stack.    ADVANTAGE -   Cells can be sealed firmly.
The structure of a polymer containing solid electrolyte in a negative electrode side is different from that of a polymer in a positive electrode side.    ADVANTAGE -   Reaction of the electrolyte and the materials can be controlled and ion conductivity in the electrolyte and battery performance such as retention property can be improved.
Production of solid polymer electrolyte comprises polymerising the monomers in a mixture of the monomers and a transition metal oxide.    A new solid electrolyte battery is also claimed which comprises a positive electrode, a negative electrode and a solid polymer electrolyte containing transition metal oxide.    USE -   Used for solid state secondary batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   Monomers having double bonds can be fully reacted and polymerised in the presence of the oxide so the batteries containing them have storage properties and extended charge-discharge cycle life.     PREFERRED PROCESS - The metal oxide is TiO2.    PREFERRED BATTERY - The amount of oxide contained in the electrolyte is 0.5-7 wt.%.     EXAMPLE - A solid polymer electrolyte was prepared by mixing acrylate monomer of molecular weight 1,000 and formula CH2 -CH-C(O)-O-(CH2 -CH2 -O)n -CH2 -CH3 and electrolyte solution comprising 1 mol/l LiClO4 dissolved in a mixed solvent of ethylene carbonate and dimethylcarbonate, adding 5 wt.% TiO2and coating mixture on a positive electrode to a thickness of 25-100m, then irradiating with 200 kV electron beams at 2-5 Mrad to give a solid electrolyte.
A copolymer of at least diallylmaleate and polyalkoxyacrylate is used as a polymer composing the electrolyte of the battery.    ADVANTAGE -   The ion conductivity of a polymer solid electrolyte can be heightened, discharge characteristics can be improved, degradation of the electrode can be prevented and the battery having excellent charge and discharge characteristics and charge and discharge cyclic characteristics and having high battery performance can be obtained.
Hybrid electrolyte which is used for metallic lithium anode or lithium ion batteries consists of a polymer capable of forming gel electrolyte, ethylene carbonate (EC), and lithium salt.    In an example, a polymer and 40 volume% EC were mixed at 60C with 1 mol/litre of trifluoromethane sulphonic acid imide lithium was dissolved in the mixture. The polymer is an ethylene oxide and propylene oxide copolymer tri-functional acrylate with molecular weight of 9000. The resultant mixture was coated on a metal foil and irradiated with electron beams. A 160 micron thick hybrid electrolyte film was obtained.    USE -   For metallic lithium anode or lithium ion batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   The electrolyte is hardly frozen at lower temperature.
A high molecular solid electrolyte lithium secondary cell includes a carbon material as cathode material, and a high molecular solid electrolyte of a high molecular compound having at least one of an aromatic hydrocarbon group and a complex aromatic hydrocarbon group is used.    ADVANTAGE -   High capacity and long life are attained.
A cooling-water circulation line is connected to a cell stack and equipment with a water pressure controller.    ADVANTAGE -   The pressure and flow capacity of cooling water can be controlled independently.
A damping-water groove is formed adjacent to each cell and coupled to a gas flow path through a porous supporter.    ADVANTAGE -   Damped reaction gas can be supplied exactly.
A fuel cell, having an electrolyte film, a fuel electrode film and an oxidising agent electrode film, has a humidification portion, for humidifying at least one of a fuel gas and an oxidising agent gas, at a stack portion of the unit fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The unit is compact.
A solution of an ion exchange resin as a solid high molecule electrolyte is dropped onto the surface, near the centre, of a porous electroconductive sheet including an electroconductive component, catalyst metallic particles and a water repellent while rotating the sheet so the resin penetrates through the sheet.    ADVANTAGE -   High durability is obtained.
A method for converting and patterning a poly(phenylene vinylene) PPV derivative precursor (1) comprises (i) forming a layer of a solution (1); (ii) irradiating portions of the layer with accelerated electrons to form the insoluble conjugated polymer of (1) in a preselected pattern; and (iii) removing non-irradiated parts of the layer with a solvent for (1).    Also claimed are methods for the manufacture of an organic L.E.(light emitting device) and a photomask.    USE -   The precursor PPB (1) can be patterned into any physical shape with simultaneous partial or complete conversion to the final conjugated polymer.    ADVANTAGE -   Polymer containing light emitting devices can be easily manufactured. Etching and masking steps can be eliminated, simplifying fabrication of the devices. Since large quantities of precursor can be washed away by solvent during the removal step, the conversion of HCl and tetra hydrothiophene by products are minimised.
In working electrochemical cells, especially photovoltaic cells, batteries or electrochrome windows, with each cell including a working electrode, a counter-electrode and an ionic or electronic conductor between the electrodes, the working electrode is made by successive deposition, on a polymer substrate of an electrically conducting layer, and a semiconductor nano-crystalline layer, and sintering the semiconducting layer at below 200C.    USE -   The method can be used for lithium batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   Conventional, cheap polymers are used, and the cells are easily cut, giving a wide choice of shape, and can be rolled up on bobbins. They are made in a atmosphere of normal humidity. Electrochemical cells for small electrical apparatus can be made.
A NiO/Y-Sr-Zr combined powder is manufactured by preparing the necessary elements in solution, coprecipitating by adding a coprecipitation agent, and decomposing to give the combined powder.    USE -   The combined powder can be used for a solid electrolyte fuel battery.    ADVANTAGE -   The NiO/Y-Sr-Zr combined powder has improved uniformity of component and structure.
The non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery is composed of positive electrode having positive electrode compound(p), negative electrode and non-aqueous electrolyte,. (p) is provided with positive electrode active material at least containing lithium ions, and binder of hydroxyethylcellulose and polytetrafluoroethylene resin.    ADVANTAGE -   The inexpensive non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery has high capacity.
The combined electrode is formed by unifying organic disulphide having S-S bond and polyaniline carried on metal Zn foil.    ADVANTAGE -   The combined electrode has good charge and discharge cycle characteristics without spoiling high energy density of organic disulphide compound.
The sulphide-Li secondary battery has positive electrode having membrane of strong basic polymer compound.    ADVANTAGE -   The sulphide-Li secondary battery has good cycle life time and high energy density.
The sulphide-Li secondary battery has positive electrode containing strong basic polymer compound.    ADVANTAGE -   The sulphide-Li secondary battery has good cycle life time and high energy density.
The graphitised vapour phase growth carbon fibre has specific surface area of 5 m2/g and average aspect ratio of 2-30.    USE -   Used for cathode of the Li ion sec. cell.    ADVANTAGE -   The Li ion sec. cell, having improved cycle characteristics and improved initial charge/discharge efficiency can be obtained.
The production of the terminal comprises containing dye whose tone changes by irradiation of UV rays in UV hardening resin, and measuring change of tone before and after the irradiation.    ADVANTAGE -   Coating thickness of the resin can be controlled digitally. The terminal has good reliability and safety.
The prodn. for the battery comprises irradiating ultra-violet rays on sheet materials made of polyolefin synthetic resin fibre non-contg. optical stabiliser to graft-copolymerise vinyl monomer provided with hydrophilic gp..    ADVANTAGE -   Self-discharge characteristic at high temp. and charge and discharge cyclic life of the battery can be improved.
Hardened materials of visible rays, hardening composition consisting of radical polymerised vinyl compound, ultraviolet absorbent, visible rays polymerisation initiator and pigment, are charged between a positive electrode terminal and a negative electrode.    ADVANTAGE -   The battery is rust resistant, has insulation reliability, working productivity, without fading due to insulation materials.
Hardened materials of a coloured visible ray hardening compsn. are charged between a positive electrode and negative electrode terminals.    ADVANTAGE -   The battery has excellent rust resistance, insulation reliability, working property and productivity.
Hardened materials of visible light hardening compsn. consisting of cpd. having at least two ethylene double bonds, cpd. having at least two mercapto gps., an optical irradiator and pigment, are charged between an anode and cathode.    ADVANTAGE -   The battery has good rust prevention properties, insulation reliability, working property and productivity.
The method heats an essentially stationary body of water. The water is confined by e.g. polychloroprene skirts hanging down into it, from floats. Heating is effected especially by heat pump(s). One side of the heat pump receives water from the open section of water, extracts heat from it, and returns it there. On the other side of the heat pump, water from the confined region accepts the heat so extracted, and is returned back to the confined region. In the new method, heated water return is made below the surface of the confined water, by jets angled downwards. On the opposite side of the confined section, water is taken to the heat source. Extraction and return take place below the surface.    Also claimed is a plant substantially as described, with both main- (5) and additional, preferably rectangular hollow floats (6).    USE -   To delimit a stationary body of water using floats and synthetic rubber skirts, and heat it, e.g. using solar energy and/or heat pumps.    ADVANTAGE -   The method may be applied to raise the water temperature of a cold body of water locally. It may achieve a comfortable level, e.g. for bathing. Precise, well-distributed control of the temperature is readily achieved. Use of a heat pump, working between the enclosed and free bodies of water allows substantial energy savings to be made, in comparison with direct heating. The system may be used for bacteriological and chemical investigations on a comparative basis, testing samples from both within and outside the barrier. Good temperature insulation is claimed for the polychloroprene. In a test, with unspecified internal temperature, the temperature difference between the outside of the skirt and a point one metre away, outside the barrier, amounted to only 0.2-0.3C.
The thin cell(s) (I) contain a compsn. (II) comprising liquid crystal polyester resin(s) (56-99 wt.%) and epoxy gp(s).-containing ethylene copolymer resin(s) as sheathing material (44-1 wt.%). Ethylene units are present in an amt. of 50-99.9 wt.%. Unsaturated glycidyl ether unit(s) are present in an amt. of 0.1-30 wt.%. Ethylenically unsaturated ester unit(s) are present in an amt. of 0-49.9 wt.%.    USE -   Used as power source for electronic instruments, radios and communications equipment.    ADVANTAGE -   (II) has good gas barrier properties, resistance to chemicals and heat and good compatibility with sealers.
The compsn. with ionic conductivity comprises polyethylene glycol di(meth)acrylate; an unsatd. cpd. bearing an acetoacetoxy gp.; an inorganic lithium cpd.; and a photoinitiator.    USE -   The compsn. is useful as a battery material.    ADVANTAGE -   The compsn. has practical film forming properties, excellent mechanical properties and ionic conductivity and is curable with light with the cured compsns. having excellent crack resistance.
A new thin battery uses a film consisting of a liq. crystal polyester contg. 30 mol.% of repeating structural units of formula (1) as exterior material.    USE -   The thin battery is used in personal computers, pocket bells, cellular phones, radio sets, telecommunication equipment and toys.    ADVANTAGE -   The exterior materials have excellent gas barrier properties, chemical and heat resistance and adhesion. The thin battery is lightweight and has long life without invasion of steam and oxygen into the batteries, leakage of electrolyte out of the batteries, short circuit and electric shock.
A method is provided for producing an optical device comprising arranging an optical element with a space between it and two moulding surfaces of an elastic element it contacts and injecting resin through an injection port in one of the surfaces before setting the resin and removing the elastic.    USE -   Used for a photoelectric converting device having a guide member, for a facsimile machine, image reader, digital copying machine or electronic blackboard.    ADVANTAGE -   A guide an readily be incorporated into the element.
An electrochemical fuel cell comprises a membrane hydrated electrode assembly and a layer of an electrically conductive porous material adjacent to it. The layer has at least two portions with different mean pore sizes. The first portion adjacent the assembly has a porosity no greater than a second portion adjacent to the opposite side of the layer. The second portion has a porosity of at least about 82%, and a mean pore size of at least about 10 microns and at least ten times greater than the mean pore size of the first portion. Also claimed is a fuel cell in which the layer of material is a nonwoven porous layer; the second portion having a porosity of at least 50% and a mean pore size of at least 35 microns. Also claimed is a prepn. of a fuel cell in which a layer of a conductive compsn. is applied to a sheet of a porous conductive material to form a composite.    USE -   The electrochemical fuel cell has a membrane electrode assembly with flow field structures adjacent to it.    ADVANTAGE -   The fuel cells are able to operate at a high current density at a relatively high voltage, and provide a high power density even when operated under relatively low gas pressures.
The module is provided with a back side coating material (111), an optical conversion member (107) and a surface coating material (112) arranged in piles on a back side reinforcement plate (101).    The surface coating material and the back side coating material contains an organic material (106). A bending process is pe performed on the solar battery module.    ADVANTAGE -   Obtains solar battery with superb coating nature. Enables reducing thickness of coating. Realizes high rigidity. Prevents fracture of surface film
The system comprises:    (i) a pair of hot press bonding rolls (14) for passing solar cells formed on a flexible base plate (1); and    (ii) a protective film (21) interposing the flexible base plate to cover both sides of the solar cells on the flexible base plate by bonding the protecting films.    Belts (6) formed by an adhesive releaser connect the surfaces of the hot press bonding rolls and the surfaces of cooling rolls placed at respective positions sepd. from the hot press bonding rolls.    USE -   Used for solar cell module mfr..    ADVANTAGE -   Attaching of the adhesive on the surfaces of the hot press bonding rolls is prevented and a continuous prodn. of the solar cell modules is obtd..
A solar cell module comprising a solar cell element and at least a surface side covering material positioned on the light receiving side of the element, where the surface covering comprises at least a filler, a nonwoven glass fibre member (GM), and a surface protective film, where the glass fibre has a texture bonded with an acrylic resin.    Also claimed is a process for producing a solar cell module which includes the steps of : (a) laminating an insulating film, a back side material, a solar element, a nonwoven glass fibre member having a texture bonded with an acrylic resin (AR), a surface side filler member(F), and a surface protective film (PF) in the name order to obtain a stacked body, and (b) subjecting the stacked body to thermocompression treatment to obtain a solar cell module.    USE -   Environmentally acceptable power generation.    ADVANTAGE -   The surface of the solar cell is no more than slightly coloured at high atmospheric temperatures and when exposed outdoors for long periods excels in external appearance, scratch resistance, low flammability, weatherability, light resistance and heat resistance.
Process for producing a transparent, carbon nitride film on a substrate comprises: a) sputter depositing carbon atoms from a carbon target onto a substrate using a magnetron sputter gun and b) simultaneously depositing nitrogen atoms onto the substrate from an ion beam source in an atmosphere of less than 2.5 Pa of nitrogen gas to produce a carbon nitride film having a nitrogen content of about 36% and having a transmittance of at least 95% compared to glass throughout the visible spectrum when the film has a thickness of 40 nm.    USE -   Useful for optical and solar cell devices.    ADVANTAGE -   The hardness of the films makes them scratch resistant. During manufacture low pressure and high velocity ion beam are used simultaneously.
A resin film is contacted on an outside face of a side retainer and the retainer and the film are attached to each other in a lower portion of a battery jar.    ADVANTAGE -   The retainer can be reinforced by the resin film, damage of the retainer in the accumulator assembling can be prevented and life span of the accumulator can be prolonged.
A photovoltaic element has at least one optically active layer of a semiconductor serving as a photo-conversion member. The photovoltaic element is covered with a surface protective material consisting of at least an outer layer and a surface adhesive layer. At least the surface adhesive layer consists of a silicone resin contg. 20-70 wt.% filler having a difference in refractive index between the silicone resin and the filler of 0.05. The outer layer consists of fluororesin.    USE -   Used as a solar battery module.    ADVANTAGE -   The use of the silicone resin retains sufficient mechanical strength and requires no hard protective cover, including glass or polycarbonate. A difference of refractive index of 0.05 or below maintains transparency.
An optical accumulator has a composite electrode obtd by coating filtering sheet with a polypyrrole film, and making a plaster-type polytungstic acid gel held on fibre of the polypyrrole film.    ADVANTAGE -   Electrode having high specific surface area, can be obtd..
A gel is formed by a chemical bond by intermolecular crosslinking of a monomer of a mixt. of an organic electrolyte and the monomer, and at least one of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide is included in a structure of the monomer.    USE -   Used for a battery.    ADVANTAGE -   The organic gel electrolyte has high thermodynamic stability and low temp. property.
Electrolyte layer between positive and negative electrode active materials is composed of a main electrolyte layer in which a non-aq. electrolyte is included in a separator, and an auxiliary electrolyte layer mainly composed of a high molecular solid electrolyte and formed between the main electrolyte layer and the negative electrode active material layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Lowering of capacity is prevented even in discharging with a high electric current.
A group of pole plates are composed of a pole plate and a separator coated with a hot melt-type resin to make the thickness uniform, and an effective reaction surface of a sheet of pole plate is divided into several blocks.    ADVANTAGE -   Difference of specific gravities of electrolyte between the upper and lower pole plates is reduced.
Coupling flanges are attached to a metal pipe whose inner wall is coated with PTFE. Metal pipes are connected respectively to the flanges.    USE -   Used as cooling water piping for a fuel battery.    ADVANTAGE -   The piping can be used safely.
The cell has heat insulating fittings respectively having a screw for fitting a gas tube at one end, and a seal groove at the other end, and attached to holes of a fastening plate.    ADVANTAGE -   Lowering of temp. of reaction gas is prevented.
A fuel battery is mfd. by laminating a solid electrolyte (11), anode (12), cathode (13), 1st catalyst layer (14) and 2nd catalyst layer (15).    ADVANTAGE -   The solid polymer fuel battery prevents loss caused by shortage while maintaining battery performance.
The method includes sandwiching a solid polymer electrolyte film between two frames with holes, inserting electrodes into the holes, and heating and pressing the electrodes.    ADVANTAGE -   Water evapn. from the electrolyte film can be prevented.
A porous 1st separator (16) is fitted into a hole (24) of a dense 2nd separator (18) to form a cooling chamber (25) between 1st (16) and 2nd (18) separators. The 1st separator (16) is pressed and swollen into the solid polymer electrolyte film side by the water pressure in the chamber (25).    ADVANTAGE -   The solid polymer electrolyte fuel battery has a simplified structure, can be miniaturised and decreases the resistance of electron and ion conduction.
An electrical energy device comprises at least one component contg. conductive ceramic fibres having a length of 10-10000 microns and a length-to-dia ratio of 1-20:1.    Also claimed are: (i) a Ni-contg battery including a fibre as above. (ii) a fuel cell contg. the above. (iii) a capacitor contg. the above. (iv) a sensor contg. the above. (v) a Pb-acid battery contg. many electrodes with active material and current collector including the conductive fibres above. (vi) a battery in which the ceramic comprises conducting V oxide. (vii) a battery in which the ceramic comprises Al or Zr oxide coated with a metal.    USE -   In batteries, sensors, fuel cells and capacitors    ADVANTAGE -   Device performance is increased with reduced resistance, increased charging efficiency and corrosion resistance and less expensive electrodes.
A method of providing electrolyte to an electrolyte starved battery comprises:    (i) supplying electrolyte form a source to a dispenser; and    (ii) rotating the dispenser to dispense the electrolyte from the dispenser sequentially to each of the electrolyte inputs in the electrolyte starved battery.    Also claimed are:    (a) an electrolyte dispensing device;    (b) an electrolyte dispensing device comprising manifold outputs coupled to battery cells with relatively large potential differences coupled to non-adjacent manifold outputs;    (c) an electrolyte dispensing device comprising a supply valve; and    (d) an electrolyte dispensing device comprising flushing valve(s) for bypassing the battery cells and coupling the manifold to an electrolyte collecting tank.    Both the dispenser and manifold are of polyolefin.    The dispenser is chain driven.    USE -   Used for batteries of electric vehicles.    ADVANTAGE -   Only enough electrolyte is provided automatically on a periodic basis.
A cell tester device (I) for an electrochemical cell having first terminal (II) and a second terminal (III) of opposite polarity is claimed. (I) comprises (A) a translucent plastic layer, (B) a transparent electrically conductive electrode printed on (A) and adapted to make electrical contact with (II), (C) an ionically conductive electrolyte layer disposed on (B). (C) contains at least one electrochromic material (IV) that undergoes a visible change in colour as the result of a chemical reaction in response to an applied potential voltage and (D) a conductive layer disposed over (C) and adapted to make contact with (III) so that when (B) is in electrical contact with (II) and (D) makes electrical contact with (III), (IV) will undergo a visible change than can be seen through (B).    Also claimed is a method for producing (I) by: (i) printing a transparent electrically conductive electrode ink with conductive means onto a transparent plastic film; (ii) printing an ionically conductive electrolyte ink on (B); and (iii) printing a conductive ink on (C).    USE -   (I) is useful in cell testing labels indicating the state of charge of a battery.    ADVANTAGE -   (I) can be applied and left in place on the battery using at all times.
An Li battery is manufactured by contacting ceramic cathode material, Li ion-conductive electrolyte material containing a non-conductive material, and anode material, then dynamically compacting the assembly. At least one of the materials is introduced into a carrier in the form of a fine powder before contacting with any of the other materials.    USE -   Two or more cells can be serially connected, for use in electrically powered vehicles and on a miniature scale in consumer and microelectronics.    ADVANTAGE -   The properties of the electrode materials and electrolyte layer are improved, thus improving battery performance. Improved handling of powdery material.
An electrochemical battery comprises: (a) a casing; (b) a first electrochemical cell house within the casing and comprising: (i) a first anode comprising an alkali metal electrically associated with a first anode current collector; (ii) a means for connecting the first anode current collector to an external lead; (iii) a first cathode of cathode-active material electrically associated with a first cathode current collector; (iv) a means for connecting the first cathode current collector to an external lead; and (v) an electrolyte between the first anode and cathode; and (c) a second electrochemical cell housed within the casing and comprising the same 5 components as the first cell. Also claimed are: (1) an electrochemical battery as above, in which the first cell is dischargeable independently of the second cell to provide separate and independent sources of electrical energy; (2) in a combination with an implantable medical device requiring electrical power for a monitoring function and a device-operating function, a battery comprising: (a) a medium-rate constant discharge or constant drain cell for providing low-level currents for the monitoring function; (b) a high-rate pulse discharge cell for providing high-level current for the operating function; and (c) a single case contg. both cells; and (3) a method of providing an electrochemical battery capable of simultaneous and independent discharge at both a constant discharge rate and under a current-pulse discharge application.    USE -   Partic. for implantable medical devices,    ADVANTAGE -   The battery comprises a medium rate, constant discharge cell and a high rate, pulse discharge cell within the same housing, allowing the battery to supply a low-level currents for the maintenance of electronic monitoring circuits as well as high level current during device activation. The battery can be designed to meet the drain rate and current discharge requirements of a particular application.
The module consists of a photovoltaic element (101) over which a load material (102) of thermoplastic transparent organic macromolecular resins is coated. The load material contains a glass fibre.    The rate of content of gel of organic macromolecular resin is made as 80% or more. Then, a transparent resin film (103) is layered on the larger surface side of the load material. An adhesive (104) and an insulated film (105) are positioned sequentially on other side of the photovoltaic element.    ADVANTAGE -   Assures scratch-proof nature and fire retardancy. Does not affect glass fibre even in long term external usage. Provides high reliability.
The module includes a photovoltaic element (101) which is enclosed in a transparent load material (102). A transparent resin film (103) covers this material. A back side coating layer (104) and reinforcing materials are formed to the rear side of the photovoltaic element, sequentially.    The backside coating layer includes a hard film (106) sandwiched between a pair of organic macromolecular resin layers (105).    ADVANTAGE -   Improves attachment intensity of resin layer. Raises lifetime of module. Simplifies mfg process.
Plate of a bis(maleimide)-triazine cpd. having lower viscosity is impregnated into a gas permeability C plate which is machined to a required shape, has 1.8 bulk density and is sintered at lower temp. to give no gas permeability to all or part of the plate.    USE -   The plate is suitable for various fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The plate is easily machined, has no leakage of gas at high pressure since there is no shrinkage at processing and is produced at lower cost.
Material prepd. by mixing a pitch having 0.45-0.95 of aromatic hydrocarbon fraction and formalin of which has 0.05-0.4 wt. formaldehyde wt. ratio to the pitch, heated for reaction, a component soluble to n-hexane and toluene is removed to obtaining a resin type polymer cpd., and then the cpd. is carbonised.    USE -   For a negative pole at high energy density sec. cell.    ADVANTAGE -   The cell has stable charge/discharge cycle capacity.
The removal of carbon monoxide comprises selectively oxidising and removing carbon monoxide from gas contg. hydrogen and carbon monoxide in the presence of a gold catalyst.    Also claimed is the catalyst for removing carbon monoxide from gas contg. hydrogen and carbon monoxide, which consists of ultrafine gold particles dispersed in and supported on a metal oxide.    USE -   The hydrogen or hydrogen-contg. gas obtd. can be used in solid polymeric electrolyte fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The gas contg. hydrogen or hydrogen contg. no carbon monoxide can be produced from gas contg. hydrogen and carbon monoxide obtd. by air or steam reforming hydrocarbons such as methane and methanol.
Prepn. of a current collector in contact with the cathode material in light rechargeable solid state batteries comprises the deposition on a nickel layer, having a rugosity Ra of 1-3 microns, of a cathode paste comprising (1) a powder of active cathode material; (2) an electronic conductor; (3) a polymeric compsn. essentially constituted by (3a) a polymer deriving from the polymerisation of a mixt. of a vinyl ether of general formula R-[O-CH2-CH2]n-O-CH=CH2 (I) and a divinyl ether of general formula CH2=CH-[O-CH2CH2]m-O-CH=CH2 (II): where R = methyl or ethyl, n = 1-16, m = 1-10; (3b) lithium salts selected from LiBF4 alone or in a mixt. with other salts.    Also claimed is an electrochemical cell in the form of a thin layer comprising (a) an alkali metal anode; (b) an ionically conducting polymeric electrolyte; (c) a composite cathode deposited on a current collector constituted by a nickel foil prepd. as above.    USE -   These current collectors are used in light rechargeable solid state batteries, for use in the "consumer" sector, e.g. for credit cards, hand cellular telephones, computers, and in the automotive sector.    ADVANTAGE -   This process allows very good adherence between the cathode and the current collector, partic. nickel. Batteries contg. these electrochemical cells attain a higher number of cycles than those in prior art.
A gelled polymer electrolyte comprises an organic electrolyte soln. and a polymer alloy comprising a polymer (I) which is hardly soluble in the organic electrolyte soln. and another polymer (II) which is soluble in the solution. Also claimed is a lithium polymer battery comprising a cathode, an anode and a gelled polymer electrolyte as above placed between the electrodes. Also claimed is preparing a gelled polymer electrolyte comprising preparing a polymer alloy by combining polyvinylidene fluoride or a copolymer including vinylidene fluoride with polyethylene oxide to be mixed together or dissolved into each other, and gelling a film, by impregnating the film with an organic electrolyte.    USE -   Lithium secondary batteries are highly promising as the new secondary battery type of the next generation.    ADVANTAGE -   Polymer electrolyte has both mechanical strength and ionic conductivity. The lithium polymer battery demonstrates a discharge characteristic equiv. to those of batteries with a liq. electrolyte system. It has high safety and reliability and is free from internal short-circuiting.
A solid sec. electrolytic cell comprises an anode (41), a cathode (31), a solid electrolyte between them (35) and a mask comprising an insulative layer coated on the perimeter of the anode (71). The mask is made by depositing a liq. radiation-curable material and curing it, the mask being interposed between the electrolyte and anode or cathode.    Also claimed are cells as above in which: (i) there are two masks as above. (ii) the mask is on the perimeter of the anode, cathode or electrolyte between it and the anode or cathode.    USE -   As solid-state sec. electrolyte cells or batteries    ADVANTAGE -   Dendritic growth is prevented and shorts and edge effects avoided, thus increasing service life.
Multicell battery has at least two thin film cells (22,24) in a stacked or side-by-side formation, each formed of thin films of cathode material (28), Li anode (26) and intervening electrolyte (30), of thickness no more than a few m. The cells are connected in series or parallel and are sepd from each other by an insulating film (32), pref of parylene.    Also claimed is a rechargeable battery comprising a number of stacked thin film battery cells connected together for simultaneous withdrawal of electrical power.    USE -   Used as a sec battery used for supplying relatively large amts of power (claimed) e.g. in an electric vehicle.    ADVANTAGE -   Design incorporates the characteristics of thin film cells while being able to satisfy high power level requirements.
The composite solid electrolyte consists of lithium ion conductive polymer electrolyte in which metal carbonate is dispersed.    USE -   Used for electrochemical devices, esp. lithium batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   The composite electrolyte stabilises the interface between metallic lithium or carbon anode and the composite electrolyte, providing a lower interface resistance. The lithium batteries using the composite solid electrolyte provide an extended charge-discharge cycle life.
The solid electrolyte type fuel is formed by lamination of oxidising agent electrode (o), solid electrolyte layer and another electrode. (o) is composed of two layers of La1-x Srx MnO3 (x = 0.05-0.35) having fixed composition and (La1-x Srx )1-y MnO3(x = 0.05-0.35 and y = 0.015-0.035) having unfixed compsn. .    ADVANTAGE -   The solid electrolyte type fuel battery cell can prevent formation of reacted products between oxidising electrode and electrolyte and has improved cell characteristics.
Ionic conductors comprise a crosslinked polymer prepd. by polymerising a F-contg. polyether diacrylate or dimethacrylate of formula CH2 =CRCOO-(CH2 (CF3 )CH-O)n -OCRC=CH2 (I) by heating and/or active light, an alkali metal salt and an organic solvent. R = H or CH3; and n = 1-100.    USE -   The ionic conductors are useful for lithium cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The ionic conductors have a high ionic conductivity and give rigid films on moulding.
A solar cell module comprises number of solar cell units which are sealed separately with one another with a transparent resin and fixed on a substrate such that their light receiving faces are directed upwards. The cells are electrically connected to one another, and are covered with a transparent adhesive sheet which can be peeled off from each unit cell. A frame is mounted around the periphery of the substrate. The sheet consists of a number of transparent films which are laminated with transparent adhesive or transparent adhesive films. The sheet has an adhesive layer on its rear face.    The adhesion of the adhesive layer is 100-500 g/20 mm. The top layer of the sheet is treated and becomes hard. The sheet consists of UV-light absorbing films and damp-resisting films.    USE -   For generating electricity.    ADVANTAGE -   The sheet can be replaced in a simple manner. The solar cell modules provide stable performance over a long time.
The battery comprises positive electrode (p), negative electrode (n), and solid polymer electrolyte layer. Electrode (p) is formed by laminating positive electrode layer contg. active material, non-aq. electrolyte and retaining polymer on the collector. Electrode (n) is formed by laminating negative electrode layer contg. carbon material to absorb and desorb Li ion and retaining non-aq. electrolyte on the collector.    ADVANTAGE -   The laminated polymer electrolyte sec. battery comprises parallel connected elementary battery.It has simple construction, small size and high resistance to shock.
Battery comprises closed alkali batteries connected at least in series. The surface of the closed alkali batteries is made of a synthetic resin having water repellency.    USE -   The battery with 200-300 sets of combinations is suitable for electric car since it has higher energy density and improved running life.    ADVANTAGE -   The battery has improved safety since formation of fault current circuit by leakage of electrolyte is effectively prevented.
Pack has a non-aq. electrolyte battery, a sheath case for the battery, terminals protruding from the case for external connection and an oil absorbing body (OAB) mounted on the terminals. The (OAB) has a structure of which a crosslinked polymer based on a monomer having a polymerisable unsatd. gp. base on a monomer having up to 9 of solubility parameter in a molecule and crosslinking monomer having polymerisable unsatd. gp. in a molecule as reaction compsn. is carried on a hydrophobic porous material.    USE -   Used for prolongation of storage life of battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Influence of leaked electrolyte is avoidable.
An element has a positive temp. coefft. (PTC) conductive compsn. formed by dispersing conductive particles covered with a thermoplastic resin into a thermosetting resin and at least 2 electrodes in contact with the PTC conductive compsn.. Each electrode consists of nickel foil. Roughening nickel plating is applied to the PTC conductive compsn.-contact surface of the nickel foil.    ADVANTAGE -   The use of the roughening nickel plating-applied electrodes reduces resistance at normal temp. as opposed to overcurrent protecting elements using metal foil. The result reduces power loss. Resistance is rapidly changed at higher temps. to exert high resistance making much difference between the high temps. and the normal temp.. The result increases a current runaway preventing effect to provide a thin and compact shape to the element. The element has a stable variation in resistance after continuous service allowing the use of the element for various electrical and electronic circuits requiring reliability. The thin and compact element is housed in a prim. battery or a sec. battery to provide a compact battery circuit, enhancing the reliability of the battery circuit.
The collector (10) includes a polymeric matrix containing a dye and hindered amine light stabiliser. The matrix is made of polycarbonate which is transparent and exhibits good optical properties. The dye used is from the thioxanthone, perylene inide and thioindigoid classes of compounds. One or more conventional colorants may be used.    Preferable 2,2,6,6 tetramethyl piperdine compounds are employed as the hindered amine light stabilisers due to their availability. The sunlight is absorbed in the collector and converted into fluorescent light (3) which is deflected by notches (5) to a solar cell (7).    USE -   For concentrating sunlight onto solar cells.    ADVANTAGE -   Has increased fluorescence durability. Does not require protective overlays.
The solar battery module consists of a transparent resin layer (102) crosslinked with block isocyanate set up at the light incidence side of a photovoltaic element (101). The blocking agent of the block isocyanate is selected from alcohols to crosslink transparent resin layer into alcoholic resin layer.    A transparent organic macro molecule resin layer is layered on the transparent resin layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides superb heat-proof nature. Minimises retrogradation of characteristics by reduction in transparency.
Battery has 5 layer laminate comprising: (a) positive pole layer contg. positive pole current collector and an active material and an electrolyte and a polymer for holding the electrolyte; (b) a solid state polymer electrolyte layer contg. an electrolyte and a polymer for holding the electrolyte; (c) a negative pole layer contg. a C material allowing intercalate/disintercalate Li ion and an electrolyte and a polymer for holding the electrolyte; (d) a positive pole current collector in order; and (e) an insulating layer at the positive pole side or the negative pole side. These are wound spirally and also with terminals for the poles and a heat shrinkable sheath tube.    USE -   The battery is suitable for a power source of smaller size and light wt. portable electronic equipment.    ADVANTAGE -   The battery has larger capacity and light wt..
A solid electrolyte fuel cell (1) comprises unit fuel cells, layer-built heat exchangers to remove the heat generated at the unit fuel cells, and pressurising plates (53), (54) at both ends of the layer-built heat exchangers. Inlets and outlets from the heat exchangers are interconnected with the flow passages arranged parallel to introduce and discharge a thermal catalyst from each inlet and outlet respectively.    ADVANTAGE -   The heat distribution of the layer-built heat exchangers is equalised to improve the power generating performance of the fuel cell.
In prepn. of a catalyst consisting of WC and an ion-conducting oxide, by heating a mixt. of WO3 and an ion-conducting oxide to high temps., there is added to a paste consisting of a cellulose-based binder and a conveyor for screen-printing pastes, or to WO3 , a polymer formed of C, H and O, sol. in the paste, the paste is mixed with a powder consisting of WO3and the ion-conducting oxide to form a screen-printing paste, and this paste is heated at 600-900 deg.C under a protective gas.    USE -   The catalyst is used in reforming processes (claimed), esp. in a high temp. fuel cell. WC anodes can also be produced.    ADVANTAGE -    The catalyst is less active than Ni, but sufficiently active for an easy reformation process. In the fuel cell, the operating temp. is little altered, evapn. of large amts. of water is avoided, and the reformation gas has a higher content of CH4.
A solar collector comprises a gas dammed tube (1) which is transparent to sunlight, an absorber surface (2) which is in contact with other tubes (3) (pref. of copper) for heat transfer fluids, and a lid (10) (pref. of copper) with penetrations (2) at one end of the tube (1). The tubes are filled with a gas which has a lower thermal conductivity than air, pref. krypton (esp.), xenon, argon and/or carbon dioxide. The lid is pref. adhered to the tube using a butyl adhesive and a silicone seal.    USE -   The arrangement is used in solar collector units.    ADVANTAGE -   The collector has improved performance and mechanical stability.
The absorber surface (2) is in contact with tubes (3) for a heat transmission fluid. At least one metallic cover (10) is fitted in a gastight manner to one end of the collector tube (1) and conduit are provided for the heat transmission fluid in at least one of the covers. The cover is adhered to the collector tube, using a butyl adhesive supported by a silicone seal.    The cover is made of refined steel. The space under the absorber surface is filled with an insulation. The absorber surface is concave. The tubes for the heat transmission fluid are of copper, have an external diameter of 2 to 5 mm and a wall thickness of 0.1 to 0.5 mm. The collector is provided with a filler valve and in its interior has a drying medium for absorption of water vapour. The collector is filled with an inert gas eg. crypton, xenon, argon or carbon dioxide.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   The mechanical stability of the collector is improved so that it is more robust in its handling. A maintenance of a vacuum or a gas filling under pressure is ensured over a long time.
A solid polymer electrolyte comprises a salt incorporated into a crosslinked terpolymer network which is formed by polymerisation of: (a) a 1st monomer having 2 acryloyl gps.; (b) a 2nd monomer having one acryloyl gp. or one allyl gp., and also having a high polarity due to the incorporation of a carbonate or cyano gp.; and (c) a 3rd monomer having an acryloyl or oligo(oxyethylene) gp..    Also claimed is a solid polymer electrolyte comprising a lithium salt and a plasticiser in a crosslinked polymer network of formula (I) in which R1 = H or (fluorinated) 1-10C alkyl; R2 = -C(O)-O(CH2CH2O)y1-R4; R3 = -CN or -C(O)-(OCH2CH2O)z1-OC(O)O-R4; R4 = 1-10C (fluorinated) alkyl or (fluorinated) aryl; x1, y1 and z1 = integers of 1-20; and m, n and i = the mol. reactions of monomers = 0-1.    USE -   Used in high energy rechargeable solid state batteries, super-capacitors, fuel cells, sensors, electrochromic devices, etc..    ADVANTAGE -   Thin films of the electrolyte have good mechanical properties and useful ambient temp. ionic conductivity without phase sepn..
A storage battery comprises a pair of electrodes having a space therebetween, and an electrolyte pad, within the space, comprising a pair of outer porous layers and a quantity of acid gelling agent distributed between the porous layers and sealed therebetween.    Also claimed is a gel type acid storage battery comprising a pair of spaced electrodes and an electrolyte pad between the electrodes comprising a pair of outer superimposed porous fabric layers, a number of closed pockets between the fabric layers, and a quantity of powdered acid gelling agent in the pockets.    Also claimed is making a battery comprising providing a battery structure having adjacent positive and negative electrodes and a space therebetween; fabricating a porous pad having outer porous layers and a quantity of acid gelling agent between the porous layers in dry particulate form; inserting the pad into the space; and adding liq. acid to the space to form a gel between the acid and the gelling agent.    USE -   These storage batteries can be used in vehicles and for other uses.    ADVANTAGE -   The use of pre-assembled pads greatly facilitates the prodn. of a battery. The super-absorbing polymer causes rapid and uniform absorption of the battery acid to produce a uniform gel, free of voids. These polymers are capable of absorbing many times their wt. of acid without being chemically degraded substantially. The use of a number of individual pockets in the pad allows for uniform distribution of the gelling agent and better circulation of the acid. It also prevents settling of the gelling agent as well as gel blockage. The gel particles expand on addn. of the acid, causing the pad to expand and completely fill the electrolyte space, with good contact with the electrodes.
A sealing material film is provided between a cell for a solar battery and a transparent plate on between the cell and a back cover. The sealing material consists of a flame retarder-contg. ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer.    Also claimed is a solar battery module having the sealing material film between the cell and the transparent plate for covering the cell and/or the cell and the back cover.    USE -   The sealing material film is used for solar battery and solar battery module. The solar battery module is used for roofing.    ADVANTAGE -   Positive fire retardancy and non-combustibility ae provided to the solar battery module.
A damped-fluid intake port is formed in a fuel gas or oxidiser gas flow path to damp the solid-polymer electrolyte film sandwiched between the anode and cathode electrode plates.    ADVANTAGE -   The battery can be restarted rapidly.
An ionic conductive polymer gel polymer electrolyte (X) is prepd. by polymerising acrylate monomers with a mol.wt. of &lt; 1000 in the presence of an electrolyte salt and a non-aq. solvent. The electrolyte salt is of formula LiX(R1SO2)n (A). (where X = N, C, B, O, or C(R2)m (R2= H or 1-12C alkyl group); R1 = 1-12C halogenated alkyl group; m = 1 or 2; n = 1, 2 or 3. A secondary battery comprising (X) having a negative pole forming an intercalation cpd. with Li is also claimed.    USE -   (X) is used as a solid electrolyte for batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   (X) has high ionic conductivity and uniformity.
The cylindrical electrode assembly is formed by winding an anode, a cathode, and a porous polymer separator to a circular or elliptic shape, and pressed to the non-circular shape electrodes. The gas permeating rate of the separator of the non-circular shape is arranged as 1.1-1.4 times of that of circular shape before pressing.    ADVANTAGE -   The battery having high rate discharge characteristic and good cycle characteristic is mfd. simply and efficiently.
A cell group consists of at least one cylindrical cell (11). One cell group is connected to another cell group via a flexible bending connector (13) while keeping a certain distance. The cylindrical cells (11) are covered with a soft resin tube (12). Terminals to charge and discharge the cells are installed on the connector (13) between the cell groups.    USE -   Used in satellite.    ADVANTAGE -   The composite cell uses a flexibly bending connector to cancel the restriction of the location area.
The battery includes a lithium insertion compound cathode, a lithium compound anode and a separator. A non-aqueous liquid electrolyte is incapable of polymerising at voltages greater than a maximum operating voltage of the battery. A monomer additive is mixed with the liquid electrolyte.    The additive polymerises at voltages greater than the maximum operating voltage. This increases an internal resistance of the battery. The additive is less than 5% by volume of the mixture of liquid electrolyte and monomer. The additive may be 3-R-thiophene, where R is a halogen.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For military or remote power applications. Protects battery from overcharge due to additive. Improved safety.
A portable solar heating system (10) comprises (a) a frame defining a rectangular enclosure divided into sections (12-18), and provided with interchangeable panels (42, 50, 52, 56), in which each section contains (b) a coil (28) of dark polyethylene tubing mounted on support members (24,26), and each connected in parallel to (c) a water supply line (30) via inlets (34), and an outlet line (32) via outlets (36), and (d) the top panels (50), side panels (52) and end panels (42) are transparent, while the other panels (56) are opaque and have a solar reflective coating (58) on their inside surfaces. The panels are all slidably mounted in grooves attached to the frame.    USE -   Used for heating a swimming pool.    ADVANTAGE -   A low cost, easily mfd. passive solar heating system which is transportable to various locations.
The heavy-duty LeClanche electrochemical cell comprises: (a) a zinc anode; (b) a manganese dioxide cathode; (c) an ionically permeable separator placed between the electrodes and comprising a kraft paper substrate coated with a material that inhibits corrosion of the zinc anode and comprises an organic inhibitor, an inorganic inhibitor, a binding agent and a starch; (d) an electrolyte comprising zinc chloride as a prim. component, (partially) wetting the electrodes and the separator; and (e) a current collector electrically connected to the cathode.    Also claimed is the use of a LeClanche cell as above comprising discharging the cell across its positive and negative terminals.    USE -   Used in applications requiring power from round or flat dry batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   The cell has comparable or improved performance, capacity and storage characteristics w.r.t. prior art LeClanche cells. It provides increased performance at lower cost. It contains no mercury, or has a very low mercury content, and it may be dumped in landfill sites without creating a health hazard. It has low gassing rates, reduced leakage during storage and reduced parasitic corrosion reactions at the surface of the zinc anode. The separator has improved performance w.r.t. prior art separators and it is cheaper to make.
The prodn. of a thin film solid polymer electrolyte having a thickness of 1-5 mils for use in electrochemical devices comprises (a) forming a liq. precursor soln. contg. monomers having a MW less than 300 and an electrolyte salt, (b) spreading the soln. in a thin film on a support, and (c) polymerising the soln. to produce a thin solid polymer electrolyte film.    USE -   The electrolyte films are used for the mfr. of solid state rechargeable batteries and other solid state electrochemical devices e.g. supercapacitors, fuel cells, and sensors.    ADVANTAGE -   The precursor soln. is free flowing, easy to process and polymerises to produce a crosslinked network with excellent mechanical properties and enhanced ambient temp. conductivity.
A solar battery module comprises several solar battery cells electrically connected to one another and sealed with an aliphatic and/or alicyclic polyurethane resin on a substrate. The polyurethane resin is prepd. by curing a mixt. of a polyisocyanate with a polyol at ratio NCO/OH 0.8-1.2.    ADVANTAGE -   The cell battery module does not decrease its power generating ability over a long time and has excellent shock resistance using a proper polyurethane resin. When a hard urethane resin is coated onto the surface, a surface or back glass can be eliminated, resulting in a light-wt. solar battery module.
The polymer electrolyte element battery (e) is provided with anode retaining non-aq. electrolyte, cathode contg. carbon material to occlude and discharge Li ion and non-aq. electrode, and solid polymer electrolyte contg. non-aq. electrolyte and retaining polymer. The laminated polymer electrolyte sec. battery is constructed by series connecting of (e).    ADVANTAGE -   The laminated type polymer electrolyte sec. battery can detect the voltages of the element batteries at charge and discharge.
The polymer electrolyte sec battery is formed by laminating of anode retaining non-aq electrolyte, cathode contg carbon material to occlude and discharge Li ion and non-aq electrode, and solid polymer electrolyte contg non-aq electrolyte and retaining polymer. The laminated material is enclosed in a container and the pressure is reduced and the non-aq electrolyte is poured into it to impregnate electrolyte into the laminated material.    ADVANTAGE -   The polymer electrolyte sec battery has quick impregnation of non-aq electrolyte into the laminated matter, and has increased retaining amt of electrolyte.
The polymer electrolyte sec. battery is provided with anode retaining non-aq electrolyte, cathode contg carbon material to occlude and discharge Li ion and non-aq. electrode, and solid polymer electrolyte contg. non-aq. electrolyte and retaining polymer. The collectors of the anode has a structure in which their ends are folded.    ADVANTAGE -   The polymer electrolyte sec battery can avoid internal shorting by improving collector.
The polymer electrolyte sec. battery is provided with anode retaining non-aq. electrolyte, cathode contg. carbon material to occlude and discharge Li ion and non-aq. electrode, and solid polymer electrolyte contg. non-aq. electrolyte and retaining polymer, and exterior film. The exterior film can permeate H2 selectively, but not water vapour.    ADVANTAGE -   The polymer electrolyte sec. battery can avoid condensn of water into the exterior film.
The polymer electrolyte sec battery is provided with anode retaining non-aq electrolyte, cathode contg carbon material to occlude and discharge Li ion and non-aq electrode, and solid polymer electrolyte contg non-aq electrolyte, retaining polymer, water absorbing agent, and exterior film.    ADVANTAGE -   The polymer electrolyte sec battery can avoid mixing of condensed water into the battery.
The polymer electrolyte sec. battery is provided with anode retaining non-aq. electrolyte, cathode contg. carbon material to occlude and discharge Li ion and non-aq. electrode, and solid polymer electrolyte(e) contg. non-aq. electrolyte and retaining polymer. (e) is formed by evaporating volatile non-aq. solvent(s) and volatile liq. (l) from the mixt. of (s) and (l), dissolving (e).    ADVANTAGE -   The polymer electrolyte sec. battery has increased holding amt. of non-aq. electrolyte by improving retaining polymer.
The polymer electrolyte sec. battery is provided with positive electrode retaining non-aq. electrolyte, negative electrode contg. carbon material to occlude and discharge Li ion and non-aq. electrode, and solid polymer electrolyte (e) contg. non-aq. electrolyte and retaining polymer, (e) has microporous film of polyolefin which is arranged to face to the surface of (e).    ADVANTAGE -   The polymer electrolyte sec. battery has high heat safety which battery function is stopped by excess charge or fault operation.
The polymer electrolyte sec battery is provided with anode retaining non-aq electrolyte, cathode contg carbon material to occlude and discharge Li ion and non-aq electrode, and solid polymer electrolyte contg non-aq electrolyte and retaining polymer. The polymer is mfd by impregnating mixed soln contg volatile non-aq solvent into synthetic fibre unwoven cloth, and the volatile non-aq solvent is then evaporated.    ADVANTAGE -   The secondary battery is provided with solid polymer electrolyte layer having uniform thickness.
The fuel battery stack (1) is provided with a laminated matter of several units of fuel battery (8), and pressurising plates (2A), (2B) situated at both ends of the laminated matter. (2A), (2B) are provided with the water drop removing device (21) consists of a water reservoir (211), a penetrating hole (212) as the outlet port for oxidising gas (98), a penetrating hole (931) as the inlet port of oxidising gas (98), and a penetrating hole (213) for drainage port for water (4).    ADVANTAGE -   The solid polymer electrolyte type fuel battery can remove water from the reaction gas.
A holding substance (744) in which a separator (2) has a structure for relaxing a stress located on the side where the support body makes contact with an electrolytic film. A structure for relaxing a stress which the holding body (744) has is a plate-form member.    ADVANTAGE -   Mfg. cost of a solid high mol. electrolytic fuel battery is reduced.
An intermediate layer of Al tapes 0.1-0.2 mm thick is inserted between inner and outer pipes of polyethylene or linked polyethylene, as Al tapes are overlapped each other at their edges.    ADVANTAGE -   The intermediate layer of Al tape is inserted into the floor heating pipe formed by laminating polyethylene or linked polyethylene, while maintaining shape forming ability of Al tape.
The method carries out thermocompression bonding so as to seal a solar battery (1) between a pair of EVA films (3). The solar battery is composed of a substrate on either sides of which high polymer film are present.    Waterproof coating is provided to exposed surface of the polymer films. Wiring is formed in enclosed state over the solar battery substrate.    ADVANTAGE -   Offers good weather resistance. Is flexible.
A new collector electrode (100) consists of a metal wire (101) and a conductive adhesive coating (102). The conductive adhesive coating contains a triazine cpd. A new photovoltaic device is also claimed comprising a semiconductor layer having at least one pn or pin junction and a transparent electrode formed on the light entering side of the semiconductor layer. The new collector electrode is formed on the transparent electrode.    USE -   For solar cells.    ADVANTAGE -   Metal ion migration from the metal wire can be effectively prevented. The photovoltaic device with the new collector electrode has higher reliability.
The configuration consists of a metal foil (3) that is attached to an electrically conductive surface (9) of an electricity generating element (1) in a solar battery through a cementing layer (5). Then a connection hole (6) is formed by penetrating the metal foil and the cementing layer.    The connection hole is filled up by an electrically conductive binding material such as solder to carry out electrical connection in between metal foil and the electrically conductive surface of the electricity generating element. Then a lead wire (4) is connected to the metal foil.    ADVANTAGE -   Inhibits peeling off of metal foil while connecting lead wire. Simplifies mfr process and hence reduces cost. Fixes lead wire to metal foil at exact position. Simplifies filling of electrically conductive paste in connection hole. Prevents position slippage of metal oil while coupling lead wire.
A new collector electrode (100) comprises: (i) a metal wire (101); (ii) semiconductor layers (103,104,105) which contact the metal wire, and a pn or pin junction; and (iii) a conductive adhesive layer (102) which contacts the semiconductor layer. Photovoltaic device comprises a semiconductor layer having at least two pn or pin junctions, and a transparent electrode on the light entering side of the semiconductor layer. The transparent electrode is equipped with the new collector electrode.    USE -   Used for solar cells.    ADVANTAGE -   Metal wires are coated with multilayers of semiconductor, so that the metal wires bring less shunt errors.
The method involves using an electricity generation element (1), whose back portion is coated by a back film (3) and front face is coated by a permanent plastic film (2). The front film and the back film are projected from the periphery of the electricity generating element and thus constitutes a peripheral sealing part (5).    This peripheral sealing part is mutually attached through a cementing layer (4) layered on inner side of front film. The attachment force by which the back film adheres to the electricity generating element is weaker when compared to the attachment force by which front film adheres to front face of the electricity generation element.    ADVANTAGE -   Inhibits peeling off of front film from electricity generating element. Prevents formation of air bubbles between front film and electricity generating element. Irradiates electricity generating element, efficiently by light permeated through plastic front film. Carries out electricity generation efficiently. Seals peripheral sealing part, reliably. Inhibits retrogradation of electricity generation element from water content.
The method involves coating a plastic layer (2) on an electricity generating element (1). A solder (3) connects a lead wire (4) to a terminal part of the electricity generating element, by penetrating the plastic layer. The solder is fastened between the inner part of plastic layer and front face of the terminal part.    The solder has an anchor part (3A) provided at inner side of the plastic layer, whose area is greater than the penetrating part (5) of the solder. This anchor part is fastened between the plastic layer and the terminal part    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies mfg process of solar battery. Prevents peeling of electricity generating element from polyimide resin.
The electrolyte contg. plasticiser, comprises one material hardened by irradiation of pulsed electron beam.    ADVANTAGE -   Deterioration of the electrolyte due to electron beam is prevented and th battery with excellent retention performance and cyclic performance is obtd.
The electrolyte non-contg. plasticiser practically, comprises one hardened by irradiation of electron beam having pulse shape.    ADVANTAGE -   Deterioration of the electrolyte due to electron beam is prevented and the battery with good retention performance and cyclic life is obtd.
The system has a tank, which stores substitution water for residual gas in fuel gas piping, fed to the fuel electrodes of stacked cells, connected to fuel gas supply piping or exhaust piping for the electrodes via a valve turned on, when the system is out of action or when the gas supply piping goes wrong.    ADVANTAGE -   The system requires only a small space.
The appts has an unit side header tube (16) which encloses an entrance side header tube. A heat insulation material (18) is arranged on the periphery of exit side header tube.    The heat insulation material is stored in a plastic made header box (19). The heat insulation material consists of urethane foam of porous fibre layers and styrene acrylic polymerisation resin.    ADVANTAGE -   Restrains temperature reduction of heating medium, in exit side header tube. Avoids deformation of heat insulation material at high temperature. Reduces soaking of water.
A laminated windshield for a moving vehicle comprises (a) outer and inner layers both having the same non-planar shape, (b) first and second layers of polyvinylbutyral (PVB), and (c) a string of solar cells sandwiched between the first and second layers of PVB. Also claimed is a laminated windshield and battery comprising (a outer and inner glass layers both having the same complex curved shape and an opaque or translucent border area proximate at least one edge of the glass layer, (b) first and second layers of PVB having the same shape as the glass layers, (c) a string of dendrite solar cell strings sandwiched between the first and second layers of PVB and superimposed over the border area of the glass layers, and (d) a vehicle battery electrically coupled to the solar cell strings to receive a recharging current from the solar cell string.    USE -   To recharge vehicle batteries when the engine is not running, to counteract the drain from e.g clocks and security systems.    ADVANTAGES -   The performance of the solar cells is enhanced without disrupting the desired properties of the windshield.
A battery element comprises: (a) acid resistant three-dimensional resilient organic, porous particles with H2SO4 electrolyte in the pores; and (b) an active material containing some of the porous particles where the porosity and resiliency allows the H2SO4 to participate during the active material discharge. Also claimed is a negative battery element as above.    USE -   The battery element is used as (part of) a plate in a lead acid battery.    ADVANTAGE -   The element has a uniform coating thickness, and is acid-resistant and have stable electrical and morphology properties.
The electroluminescence cell consists of a transparent electrode film (1) on which a transparent electrode layer (1a) is formed. A light emitting area (2) is then formed over the transparent electrode layer. An insulated layer (3) and a tooth back electrode layer (4) are formed sequentially over the insulated layer.    An insulated electric insulation resin layer (5) is formed at predetermined part starting from transparent electrode layer to tooth back electrode layer by dispersing insulated fine particles (6) in electric insulation resin.    ADVANTAGE -   Offers EL cell with high durability and reliability under elevated temperature. Reduces size of cell.
Additive is prepd. by a prodn. process comprising:    (a) forming a reaction product by reaction of alkoxylate and resol resin; and    (b) the reaction product is heated at a temp. of at least 600 C.    USE -   The additive is suitable for smaller size and light wt. of high capacity secondary lead battery.    ADVANTAGE -   The additive is produced at lower cost, and the active material is capable of contg. more lead dioxide c.f. prior art additive.
A label system for adhesion to an article surface includes an imprint layer (10) arranged between a carrier layer (4) and an adhesive layer (12), so that the carrier layer provides not only a base for printing the required information, but also serves as a protective layer, thus avoiding the need for a lacquer or over laminating layer.    The carrier layer (4) comprises a transparent film of plastic or PVC material, and the label assembly is carried out on a backing layer (14) coated with a release agent (18). An adhesive coating is applied to the backing layer (14) coated with a release layer, during mfr.of the label. The backing layer is then brought together with a web of printed carrier film (2), to thus transfer the adhesive coating from the backing layer to the print layer.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For labelling of cylindrical items, such as dry cell batteries, or for applications in the cosmetics or agrichemical industries. Provides protection for imprint layer and has reduced tendency to lift or peel off in region of label overlap.
Improved lead-acid accumulator features use of pasty colloid containing diluted sulphuric acid, plaster and alkyd varnish as electrolyte to avoid splashing out. Said accumulator is suitable for car, ship and airplane.
The method involves soaking a polyurethane base (1) in an adhesive solution containing acrylic fibre and a primary cohesive base (1a) which is considered as a reticulation frame is obtained. This cohesive base is introduced into a power adhesion appts (2) containing fluidized dried nickel powder (3).    The compressed air is introduced into the appts through an inlet (6) and the powder is made to adhere on the cohesive base surface, after which heating processing is carried out at predetermined time interval.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables uniform adhesion of powder on base surface. Reduces pollution to environment due to dispersion of powder.
A non-aq. electrolyte comprises (a) a Li salt, and (b) a non-aq. solvent comprising a mixt. of a halogen-substd. ether cpd. of formula R1-O-R2 (I) and at least one other cpd., the solvent being capable of dissolving the Li salt in an amt. of not less than 0.5 mole/l. In (I), R1 = alkyl or halogen-substd. alkyl gp. having 2 C atoms; and R2 = halogen-substd. alkyl gp. having 2-10C.    Also claimed is a lithium secondary battery comprising a cathode that can be doped/undoped with lithium ions, an anode of lithium metal or alloy that can be doped/undoped with lithium ions, and the above non-aq. electrolyte.    USE -   The secondary lithium battery is useful for lap-top computers, portable telephones, and personal digital assistants.    ADVANTAGE -   The battery has improved cycle life for repeating charging/discharging and low temp. capacity, partic. superior in high-rate capacity, and causes little deterioration of high-rate capacity due to cycles.
A battery comprises a positive electrode, a negative electrode and a solid ion conductive polymer electrolyte layer formed by curing a compsn. comprising hydroxyalkyl polysaccharide and/or its deriv., an ester cpd. contg. a polyoxyalkylene component, and an ion conductive metallic salt.    Pref. the compsn. comprises 100 pts.wt. hydroxyalkyl polysaccharide and/or its deriv. and 20-2,000 pts.wt. ester cpd. contg. polyoxyalkylene component. The hydroxyalkyl polysaccharide deriv. contains hydroxy gps. bearing substituents through ester or ether bonding. The ester cpd. is a mixt. of diester cpd. contg. a polyoxyalkylene component of formula (I) and monoester cpd. contg. a polyoxyalkylene component of formula (II), the wt. ratio of diester:monoester being 2.0-0.2.    R1, R2 and R3 = H or 1-5C alkyl; and x is greater than or equal to 1, y is greater than or equal to 0 and x+y is no more than 50, or x is greater than or equal to 0, y is greater than or equal to 1, and x+y is no more than 50.    R4, R5 and R6 = H or 1-5C alkyl, and a is greater than or equal to 1, b is greater than or equal to 0 and a+b is no more than 50, or a is greater than or equal to 0, b is greater than or equal to 1, and a+b is no more than 50.    ADVANTAGES -   The electrolyte has high ion conductivity, excellent film formability, high film toughness and strength, excellent handling properties, and battery is rechargeable.
Laminated photoelectrochemical cell system has a transparent conducting layer, a semiconducting layer, a polymeric solid electrolyte contg. a redox system and a conducting layer. The novelty is that several individual cells are connected together directly in series. Also claimed are methods of making the system.    ADVANTAGE -   The system can yield higher voltages than usual without external connection of separate cells.
The cell comprises a negative electrode (2) with light metal as an active substance, a positive electrode (4) with metal oxide, sulphide or halide as major active substance, a separator (3), a cell case (5), a port sealing board (1) and a synthetic resin gasket (7). The synthetic resin gasket (7) contacts squarely the port sealing board bottom and an inwardly projected gasket part is installed in the area squarely contacting the positive electrode mixture agent.    ADVANTAGE -   The projection at the inner periphery of the gasket stops the expansion of the positive electrode mixture agent under discharge, to increase the expansion to the height direction.
An armour label made of a heat contractive plastic film as substrate and printed on the surface is wound around a cylindrical body of a dry cell (1). The top and bottom end surfaces of the armour label has no printed layer or locally dispersed printing ink.    ADVANTAGE -   The redn. of build-up ink at the top and bottom ends of the armour label reduces variance of contraction to achieve the tight adhesion to a cell.
The solar battery module consists of a transparent glass (1). Multiple convex shaped part (1b) are formed in the upper surface of the glass suitably. Multiple solar cells (2) are arranged below the transparent glass.    A transparent resin (7) is used for supporting the arranged solar cells. A protection sheet (7) is formed on the peripheral surface of the resin. A frame member (4) holds either sides of the structure.    ADVANTAGE -   Inhibits reflection of solar light thereby avoiding trouble to neighbouring residents and performs walking on road.
Li battery is formed by lamination of polymer electrolyte combined positive electrode (1), low ionic conductive electrolyte layer (2), high ionic conductive electrolyte layer (3), and metal Li (4).    ADVANTAGE -   Li polymer battery can suppress internal shortage caused by dendrite shape Li.
Negative electrode is formed by coating active paste on collector. The active paste contains pre-charging material of Cd. hydration preventing agent of phosphate, and added with methyl cellulose.    ADVANTAGE -   The alkali storage battery can depress increasing of inner pressure of the battery, and can prevent the decreasing of filling destiny of active material.
Positive and negative electrodes are formed by expanded lattices. Theoretical vol. ratio of the positive electrode active material to the negative electrode active material is 0.7-0.95. Positive electrode lattice contains 1.0-2.0 wt.% Sn. The electrode assembly is contained in the polypropylene vessel.    ADVANTAGE -   The Pb storage battery can suppress decrease of electrolyte by using expanded electrode plate lattices and polypropylene vessel having small water vapour permeation.
A semiconductor device having a semiconductor element is disclosed wherein the device comprises a stacked body formed from a laminate. The laminate consists of a semiconductor element (501) and a sealing resin (502,504) which are interposed between a surface member (503) and a back member (505). The laminate is vacuum-treated at a vacuum of 5 torr or less for 5-40 mins, thermocompression bonded at a vacuum of 5 torr or less and then cooled to engage in contact-bonding.    Also claimed is a process for producing a semiconductor device as above.    USE -   Suitable for fabricating semiconductor devices, esp. solar cell modules.    ADVANTAGE -   The solar cell module has an improved surface cover which resists peeling even under repeated exposure to outdoor conditions of changing temp. and humidity. The module contains no residual air bubbles and is produced to a high yield. Excellent adhesion is obtained between the surface members and the sealing resin.
A protective material comprises a transparent resin layer for a semiconductor element, where the protective material is formed of a resin contg. a silane coupling agent in a state with no free material of the silane coupling agent.    Also claimed are:    (a) a semiconductor element with the protective material including a transparent resin layer; and    (b) a semiconductor device with a protective material including a transparent organic resin layer.    USE -   Used for a photoelectric conversion element e.g. a solar cell element as a surface covering material on the light incident side.    ADVANTAGE -   The highly reliable surface covering material is free of the occurrence of sepn., has a satisfactory heat resistance and is hardly yellowed, enabling the semiconductor element or device to effect characteristics without being deteriorated, even when repeatedly used over a long period under severe environmental conditions with high temp. and humidity.
A system to absorb solar energy in the ground is a pipe system with at least one pipe (9) between the undersoil (3) and at least one covering layer (19, 21, 22). At least one pipe (9) is of metal or plastic, pref. polypropylene. The pipe (9) is embedded in a mass (7) of cement mortar or an epoxy cement/concrete mortar. The covering layer (19) is an epoxy cement/concrete filler or polymer cement/concrete mortar. An additional covering (22) is a synthetic resin cladding and pref. with a polyurethane base.    USE -   Used to absorb solar energy on outside surfaces e.g. balconies and access paths to garden houses, which are exposed to sunlight.    ADVANTAGE -   The system makes use of solar energy at the ground or similar surface, for conversion into heat.
An Li ion rechargeable battery having C - based anode, a cathode based on an Li - intercalating cpd., and a non - aq. Li - ion conducting electrolyte. The anode comprises a K - intercalated graphite of formula KC8 as active material before the 1st cycle of the battery.    Also claimed is a battery as above contg. a graphite intercalation cpd. as active material resulting from the cycling of the KC8.    USE -   For popular electronic devices such as telephones, video recorders and computers.    ADVANTAGE -   The active material can be produced from inexpensive starting materials and gives better performance and allows a more flexible choice in cell design. The graphite structure reversibly intercalated Li up to an amt. corresp. to LiC6 in the subsequent cathodic cycle, at a fast rate. The kinetics of the electrochemical process are improved during the 1st discharge cycle, K is released into the electrolyte and Li is intercalated.
Hybrid thin film electrolyte comprises a gel-forming polymer retaining a soln. comprising: ethylene carbonate (EC); organonitrile(s); and lithium salt(s) with polarisable anion(s) and soluble in the soln.    USE -   The electrolytes are used in rechargeable lithium batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   The thin film electrolytes are stable in compsn., environmentally safe, can be efficiently produced in large quantities, and have high conductivity (9 x 10-4 to 3 x 10-3 -1 cm-1).
The battery includes a first thin film layer, second porous active material layer, third porous electrolytic soln. retention layer, fourth metal cpd. or carbon material layer and fifth metal thin film layer, composing generation element of the battery, which are joined to each other using a binder consisting of synthetic resin.    ADVANTAGE -   The battery has excellent handling property and productivity.
A battery has a positive electrode contg. manganese hydroxide and a solid polymer electrolyte or positive electrode contg. nickel hydroxide and a solid polymer electrolyte, a negative electrode contg. hydrogen absorbing alloy as main component and a separator consisting of a solid polymer electrolyte.    ADVANTAGE -   The battery has good capacity efficiency and liq. leakage resistance.
A reaction air inlet header and an outlet header are provided to a body of solid high molecule type fuel battery. In the outlet header, a hydrogen absorption alloy tank exchanges heat with an exhausted air and collects moisture. A hygroscopicity porous material passes through a short cloth expanded in the reaction air inlet header.    USE -   For humidifying a reaction air which should be supplied to a fuel battery without using a humidifier.
Ethylene copolymer and inorganic hydroxide flame resistant material are fused and mix-kneaded, impregnated with an organic peroxide cpd. and fusing extruded to give a flame resistant sheet.    USE -   Used to seal a solar battery.    ADVANTAGE -   The flame resistant sheet has good adhesion to solar battery element and substrate protecting material, and can improve flame resistance to the solar battery module.
The alkaline ion conductive polymer electrolyte and active material of alkali metal are unified by forming the metal into a foil shape, exposing to the electrolyte and hardening.    ADVANTAGE -   The unified material of the polymer electrolyte and electrode suppresses generation of dendrite, and produces a non-aq. electrolyte sec. battery.
A mixt. of an organic cpd having a polymerisable functional gp. an organic solvent and a Li salt, is placed between the anode and cathode and is polymerised.    ADVANTAGE -   Generation of interface between the electrolyte and the electrode is effectively prevented.
The Mn dry battery comprises a cathode substance contg. mercury-free zinc, and a neutral electrolyte including a silicon-contg. water-soluble polymer used in an electrolyte mainly composed of zinc chloride or ammonium chloride.    ADVANTAGE -   Lowering of voltage at a discharging of light load can be prevented.
A plate group (4) is packed with a synthetic resin laminate film (6) with a built-in aluminium layer (5) to constitute a closed type lead storage battery. Aluminium layers (5) are respectively laminated in a synthetic resin lamination film (6) in the lamination direction of the plate group (4). The aluminium layer (5) is formed in such a manner not to be exposed to the cut surface of the synthetic resin lamination film (6) and the end face of a heat fusion part between the films (6,6).    ADVANTAGE -   Even when an aluminium layer is incorporated, lowering of strength does not occur.
A single ply label for a dry cell battery comprises: (a) a transparent, self supporting monoaxially oriented, heat shrinkable polymer film backing; (b) an opaque pigmented layer of an alkali resistant, electrically non-conductive ink applied to the inner surface of and supported by (a); and (c) an electrically non-conductive PSA layer. (a) has a shrinkage in the direction of width of backing of up to 60% along the width. (b) exhibits no perceptible change on exposure to the action of 7.2N KOH for 24 hrs. (c) has sufficient peel strength to prevent lifting of an applied label from the case of the battery, and sufficient shear strength to prevent movement of an adhesively applied edge of (a) to the case relative to an applied second edge of (a) to the case on heat shrinkage of (a).    Also claimed are: (i) a labelled dry cell battery; and (b) a method of mfg. a labelled battery.    USE -   For labelling a dry cell battery with a single ply label. Batteries to be clad with the label include cylindrical "AA", "AAA", "C", and "D" size batteries. Other battery configurations include but are not limited to 9-volt batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   Single ply battery label has a service life in excess of 5 years without exhibiting losses due to environmental stress, including cyclic exposure to temps. above 150F and humidities approaching 100%. The label withstands mfr. without benefit of other plies. Single ply label construction maximises functional battery vol. by reducing the thickness of the label and allowing more energy to be packed into a total battery construction of fixed external dimensions.
A hybrid energy storage system comprises a sec. battery (12) selected from Pb-acid, Ni-Cd, Ni-metal hydride, Li ion or polymer and combinations for given a constant current of less than 1 A and an electrochemical capacitor (14) for giving intermittent bursts of current of more than 1 A. Output electronics (16) coupled to the devices condition the output and couple the system to a load (20).    Also claimed are: (i) a system as above for pulsed power communications in which the capacitor is planar and can provide current pulses of at least 5 A for at least 10 ms at a frequency of 10 Hz; and (ii) a system as above in which one capacitor electrode is a metal oxide, the other of metal oxide or conducting polymer and there is an electrolyte between the electrodes.    USE -   For portable electronic devices such as radios, CD players, cellular telephones and computers.    ADVANTAGE -   Sufficient voltage for high power pulses is obtd. while the system has a long usable life, is small and can be shaped as needed.
The surface protecting layer has surface protecting layer of laminated films of UV ray shielding film and amorphous cyclic shaped olefin copolymer.    ADVANTAGE -   The surface protecting layer has low moisture permeation rate at not only ambient temp. but around 80C and has good heat resistance and transparency by module forming condition.
A solar cell module consists of a laminated structure consisting of a surface protective layer, an adhesive resin layer, if necessary, a solar cell element, an adhesive resin layer, and a back protective layer. The back protective layer consists of a layer prod. consisting of: (a) a film consisting of a fluororesin, or polymethyl methacrylate; and (b) a film laminated on the inner surface of the (a) film, and consisting of an amorphous cyclic olefin copolymer having a glass transition temp. of at least 80 C.    USE -   The back protective layer is used for the solar cell module.    ADVANTAGE -   Film consisting of the amorphous cyclic olefin copolymer having a Tg of at least 80 C has low water vapour permeability at around 80 C as well as normal temp., preventing the solar cell element from humidity under various outdoor severe conditions. The back protective layer has sufficient heat resistance under forming the solar cell module.
Polymer electrolyte is composed of the polymer having two phase of low polarity polymer phase and high polarity polymer phase contg. copolymer of nitrile and ester derivs., and the solvent of ethylenecarbonate or propylenecarbonate or mixt.    ADVANTAGE -   The polymer electrolyte has good ionic conductivity and cycle characteristic, and can be applied for high energy density battery.
The organic electrolyte battery is composed of a positive electrode can, a negative electrode can, a positive electrode (p), a negative electrode (n), a separator, and a gasket. (p) and/or (n) consist of organic semiconductor having polyacene gp. skeleton structure. The gasket consists of polyphenylene sulphide.    ADVANTAGE -   The organic electrolyte battery has improved heat resistance and reflow soldering is possible.
The Ni-H2 battery has main constructing material of H2 absorbing alloy (a), and is composed of negative electrode of H2electrode of the mixt of (a) and tetrafluoroethylene, the positive electrode of Ni-oxide, electrolyte contg KOH and LiOH.    ADVANTAGE -    The Ni-H2battery can achieve satisfying capacity and large discharging capacity for initial charging and discharging cycle.
After housing an electrode plate gp. (1) into a battery jar (9) made of polyolefin-base resin, the heated and fused polyolefin-base resin (8) is poured into the longitudinal ends at the top of the electrode plate gp. (1) to make the electrode plate fixture member. Before solidifying the polyolefin-base resin, the force spreading over an inner wall or partition wall of the battery jar (9) is relieved.    ADVANTAGE -   High durability against vertical, horizontal and combined vibrations is available for a lead accumulator, contributing to the extended service life.
Fuel cell has peripheral part (7) formed in circumference of electricity generating part equipped with the matrix (5) supported by air pole (1) and fuel pole (2) electrodes, both having heat fusion films, made of fluorinated resin, and non-heat fusion films, made of polyimide resin. The internal dia. of the peripheral part of the air pole side is greater than that of the fuel pole side.    USE -   Used as fuel cell, in which phosphonic acid is used.    ADVANTAGE -   Heat shrinkage of the heat and non-fusion films is prevented. The measuring accuracy of the cell is good.
Photovoltaic device comprises (a) semiconductor layer, (b) current collecting electrode comprising a metal wire, and (c) a bus bar electrically connected to the current collecting electrode; a part of the current collecting electrode positioned between the bus bar and the semiconductor layer. Also claimed are (i) the above photovoltaic device laminated on a substrate; (ii) formation of a photovoltaic device comprising (a) positioning bonding agent or adhesive material on a semiconductor layer or a transparent conductive layer, (b) fixing a current collecting electrode on a semiconductor layer or transparent conductive layer with a bonding agent or adhesive material, (c) placing a bus bar on the current collecting electrode, and (d) effecting connection between the current collecting electrode and the semiconductor layer or transparent conductive layer by heat and/or pressure; and (iii) the formation of a photovoltaic device comprising (a) positioning bonding agent or adhesive material on a substrate, (b) fixing a current collecting electrode on the substrate with the bonding agent or adhesive material, (c) placing a bus bar on the current collecting electrode, and (d) effecting connection between the current collecting electrode and the bus bar and connection between the current collecting electrode and the semiconductor layer or transparent conductive layer by heat and/or pressure.    USE -   The device is used as a solar cell for outdoor use e.g. roofing material.    ADVANTAGE -   The electrode configuration provides satisfactory current collecting property, satisfactory work efficiency and high throughput. The device is simple to mfr., has satisfactory initial characteristics and satisfactory long-term reliability.
Water-activatable prim. cells are claimed, as are also batteries comprising a number of cells in the form of bipolar electrodes, the cells comprising highly water-activatable light metal (or alloy) anodes (1) and being such that (a) the cathode consists of two layers (3, 5) bonded together by a conductive metal net (4); (b) the layer (3) directed towards the anode (1) is of a conductive porous material and is in direct contact with net (4); and (c) the other layer (5) contains cpds. (opt. in admixt. with fillers) which form with water a conductive soln. of a depolarising oxidn. agent. The cathodes pref. contain polyethylene or PTFE.    ADVANTAGE -   The cells are activatable by fresh or seawater, while being environmentally-friendly and of high stability and safety and have an average capacity of 0.3 kW per kg.
An electrochemical energy storage device comprises two asymmetrical electrodes and a gel electrolyte in contact with the electrodes. The electrolyte comprises a polymer matrix of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVOH) or poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc), in which is dispersed a metal hydroxide and a metal porphine modifier.    Also claimed are: (1) a rechargeable electrochemical cell comprising: (a) a zinc anode; (b) a cathode made of silver or Ni/Mo/Cr alloy; and (c) a gel electrode as above, but not contg. the porphine, in contact with the electrodes; and (2) an electrochemical cell which stores charge via an oxidation/reduction charge storage mechanism, comprising two electrodes, at least one of them made of Ni/Mo/Cr alloy; and a gel electrode as for cell (2) above, in which the metal hydroxide is selected from the hydroxides of K, Na, ammonium, Li, Cs, Be, Mg, Ca or a mixt.    USE -   For high power, esp. high current pulse, rechargeable batteries and/or electrochemical capacitors, e.g. those used in communications devices and power tools.    ADVANTAGE -   The gel electrolyte provides improved power density and a higher cycle life, or an increased charge storage capacity, allowing the size of the energy storage device to be reduced.
Prepn. of aerogel comprises hydrolysing a polycondensable alkoxysilane to prepare sol. gelling the sol through polycondensation, hydrophobising the sol. with a hydrophobising agent and subjecting the hydrophobised prod. to supercritical drying. After hydrophobising and drying, the resultant prod. is heat-treated at a temp. equal to or higher than the decomposition temp. of the alkoxyl gp. and lower than the decomposition temp. of the hydrophobic gp. imparted by the hydrophobising.    Pref. the hydrophobising agent is an organic silane cpd. The temp. of heat treatment after drying is 270-400C.    USE -   The aerogel is used in light-transmissive insulation materials for solar heat collection, insulation materials for openings of houses and observation holes of furnaces.    ADVANTAGE -   The method provides an aerogel having high transparency, insulation and hydrophobicity and time-lapse stability of performance even under high humidity conditions.
A lithium chemical current source contains an anode (1), a cathode (2) with a current collector in the form of a porous metal foil and a separator (3), while porous metal foil (4) is pressed to the anode. The anode and the cathode are equipped with the corresp. terminal (5,6). Oxidation of the lithium occurs on the anode during discharging and the initial oxide is reduced on the cathode (2), while the initial oxide is impregnated by the active cathode mass.    During use of sulphonyl chloride or thionyl chloride as a cathode oxidiser, discharging of the source is limited by precipitation of lithium chloride in the pores and the cathode and increase of the pressure in the element by formation of sulphur dioxide. The separator is made of glass-fibre or of other non-organic fibres, nickel or stainless steel is used for the construction material and glass or fluoroplastic is used as insulation. The nickel foil (4) with a thickness of 20-250 micrometres and porosity of 30-60% prevents formation of lithium dendrites because of its small pore size, ie. 1.0-40.0 micrometres.    USE -   Prodn. of rechargeable lithium chemical current sources    ADVANTAGE -   Increased working life and improved fire-explosion danger properties
A sulphonyl fluoride substd. monomer isomer of formula (I) is claimed.    Also claimed are: (i) a cpd. of formula (Ia); (ii) a homopolymer of cpd. (I); (iii) a polymeric compsn. of formula (II), in which m &gt; 0; (iv) a polymeric compsn. of formula (III), in which m &gt; 0, at least one of n, p and q &gt; 0, and A1, A2 and A3 = H, halogens, alkyls, perfluoroalkyls, CF=CF2, CN, NO2, OH, O-R (where R = alkyls, perfluoroalkyls and aryls); (v) a polymeric compsn. of formula (IV) in which m, n and p &gt; 0, and A1 and A2 = H, F, CF3 and paraphenoxy.    USE -   Used as a polymeric membrane of a compsn., an ion exchange membrane, or an electrochemical fuel cell comprising the ion exchange membrane (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   The membranes can be hydrolysed to give sulphonated membranes. Extrusion, a method for large- scale membrane prodn., is further facilitated by the lower glass transition temps. (Tg) typical of monomeric copolymers. The compsn. is at least partially crosslinked (claimed). Prepd. copolymers have favourable properties such as thermal stability, chemical resistance and mechanical properties such as tensile strength, compared to homopolymeric material formed from , , -trifluorostyrene alone.
The cell uses an ion exchange film (IEF) made of a solid state polymer electrolyte. The (IEF) is at least three layers laminate of (a) an anode side (IEF), (b) an (IEF) contg. a catalyst for accelerates H2O forming reaction from H2 and O2, and (c) a cathode side (IEF).    USE -   The cell is suitable for the power source of vehicles.    ADVANTAGE -   The cell has larger output power with higher open electromotive force and terminal voltage, and easy operation.
New gel electrolyte is given by mixing polymer and an organic electrolyte soln. which contains cyclo-ester or cyclo-carbonate. The solvent of the organic electrolyte soln. is -butyrolactone.    USE -   For metallic lithium or lithium ion batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   The new gel electrolyte has a lower glass transition temp., preventing an anomalous decrease in ionic conductivity at lower temp.
An additive (I) for use in an electrochemical cell having an acidic electrolyte comprises a polyoxyalkylene nitrogen-contg. cpd.    Also claimed is an electrochemical cell having an acidic electrolyte and no added mercury, and comprising (I) as an additive.    USE -   To inhibit gassing and leakage in cells and batteries contg. no added mercury, including Leclanche and zinc chloride cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The additive reduces gassing, leakage and corrosion, preventing perforation of the can during use and storage without reducing the electrical performance of the cell.
Appts. for heating liquid using light energy has lens means (18) focusing the light energy on the liquid and a bottom portion coupled to the lens means defining a water tight tubular passage (26) in which the liquid flows. End caps (14) coupled to each end of the tubular passage form liquid tight seals preventing the liquid from spilling out and nozzles (16) coupled to the end caps allow the liquid to enter the passage to be heated and to exit once it has been heated.    Pref. walls (24) are coupled to the lens means and bottom portion to define channels (26) in which the water being heated flows. One end of each wall is recessed to allow liquid to flow through one channel, around the recessed end, and through an adjacent channel. The lens means focuses the light energy on the liquid flowing through each channel.    USE -   Appts. is essentially a cost effective solar energy water heater which uses a lens to intensify the light energy from the sun.    ADVANTAGE -   Appts. is more reliable and durable than present solar water heating appts. and more efficient, being capable of heating the water even if the sun is not directly above it.
A solid electrolyte comprises:    (i) a solid polymeric matrix;    (ii) an inorganic salt;    (iii) a solvent; and    (iv) a catalyst selected from:    (a) solvent polymerisation catalysts and / or;    (b) volatile material polymerisation catalysts, where it is micro encapsulated in a heat sensitive material that melts at 90 - 120 C.    (a) cause the solvent to polymerise and (b) cause volatile substances to polymerise, both to form oligomers which increases the impedance of the solid electrolyte.    Also claimed are:    (1) an electrochemical cell comprising the above polymeric electrode between an anode and a cathode; and    (2) a battery comprising at least two of the above electrochemical cells.    ADVANTAGE -   Microencapsulation allows the controlled release of the catalysts into the electrolyte. The catalyst inhibits thermal runaways.
A gas diffusion space and a gas rectifying plate are placed in the gas intake section of the reaction gas exhaust manifold in two end plates, between which a cell stack is sandwiched.    ADVANTAGE -   Reaction gas can be supplied uniformly to the cells.
Insulator spray nozzles are placed along the endless battery feed belt coupled to a battery collection box.    ADVANTAGE -   Waste batteries can be insulated electrically.
The Li battery has polymer electrolytic inserted between the positive and negative electrodes. The positive electrode has positive electrode activating material and impregnated with electrolyte contg. cyclic ether.    ADVANTAGE -   The Li battery can decrease the impedance of the combined positive electrode and can have high capacity.
The battery comprises:    (i) cation exchange resin; and    (ii) lignin added to a cathode active material.    USE -   Used for improving negative pole plate.    ADVANTAGE -   Improved discharge characteristic efficiency at lower temp. and life cycle characteristics are obtd..
Cell has a positive pole and a negative pole, which are allowed for intercalate/disintercalate of Li, and a non-aq. electrolyte contg. Li salt in a cell case. The positive pole and/or the negative pole contg. a polymer made of a vinyl monomer having at least acrylic or methacrylic ester, acrylonitrile and an acid component.    ADVANTAGE -   The cell has increased discharge capacity and improved charge/discharge cycle characteristics.
The battery is mfd. by sealing a thin rectangular parallelepiped electrode laminate impregnated with an organic-solvent electrolyte in a bag case of Al, Cu, Sn or Pb leaf coated with polyolefin resins while fixing the cathode and anode terminals of the laminate to their respective insertion holes in the case via O-rings.    ADVANTAGE -   The battery is lightweight, small-sized and has excellent heat radiation.
A battery with a width to thickness ratio ranging from 1.5 to 8.0 uses heat-shrinking material. The heat-shrinking material shrinks in the height and width directions of a battery and has an arc shape for at least one opening. Relation between a curvature radius (R) and a width (W) of the battery is expressed by R being not less than 1.2 W and not more than 6.5 W.    ADVANTAGE -   Uneven shrinkage at corners of a battery is prevented. Good appearance and complete electric insulation.
A gas re-combination accumulator comprising at least two electrodes and a porous material impregnated with an aq. electrolyte inserted between the electrodes; the electrolyte comprises an additive with at least one stable fluorinated organic cpd. having at least one free atom in cationic form.    USE -    The invention applies partic., but not exclusively, to lead / acid batteries comprising a porous material impregnated with an electrolyte (e.g. H2 SO4 ) adapted to allow diffusion of O2 between the electrodes. The transfer O2allows a redn. of water loss by the electrolysis and diminishes the necessity for periodic maintenance of the battery by topping up with water.    ADVANTAGE -    The addn. of a fluorinated cpd. has been found to prolong the life of the battery under charge and reduces risks linked to the release of H2and leakage of electrolyte.
A solid state electrochemical device comprises an anode, a cathode, a polymeric electrolyte, and, adjacent to the anode or cathode, on the opposing side to the electrolyte, a current collector comprising: (a) an Al- or Cu-contg. metal layer; and (b) a corrosion-preventing polymeric coating between the electrode and the metal layer which: (1) is conductive; (2) is pin hole-free; and (3) contains sufficient conductive material to give conductivity 1 Scm-1 or less.    A method of forming the current collector by curing a coating as above on the metal layer is also claimed.    ADVANTAGE -   Corrosion in the battery is minimised while not adding appreciably to the cost or weight, a coated Al current collector as above adding 40% less wt. and 10% less cost compared to a prior art Ni current collector.
A sheet consists of EVA copolymer formed by blending a crosslinking agent and a silane coupling agent. Radiation crosslinking is applied to the sheet to obtain a predetermined gel percentage.    Also claimed is that th prodn. of the sheet comprises:    (a) using the EVA copolymer formed by blending the crosslinking agent and the silane coupling agent;    (b) depositing the EVA copolymer;    (c) irradiating radiation with a predetermined radiant quantities at the sheet.    USE -   The method produces the sheet for sealing a solar battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Radiation crosslinking is applied to the sheet until obtaining the predetermined gel percentage. The result controls fluidity at the melted region to reduce heating contraction, and affectively prevent opening. The method increases prodn. rate, from radiation irradiation to sheet formation.
Crosslinkable resin compsn. contains a copolymer of a vinyl-pyridine with a hydroxy gp.-bearing (meth)acrylate cpd., and a polyisocyanate cpd.. The crosslinkable resin compsn. pref. contains the copolymer of a vinyl pyridine of formula (1) with the hydroxy gp.-bearing (meth)acrylate cpd. of formula (2) and a polyisocyanate:     In (1), (2) R1 = H, alkyl gp., or halogen; R2 = H or alkyl gp.; R3 = H or CH3 ; R4= 2-4C hydrocarbyl moiety.    USE -   Compsn. is used for adhesives, esp. binders for Li batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   Compsn. can form a cured material having good resistance to solvents (partic. alkylene carbonates used in Li sec. batteries), high adhesion, and excellent flexibility.
The fluid in the solar plant flows through the inside of a double-walled receptacle(1) which is provided with an inlet(12) and an outlet(10). The cavity(4) between the walls is evacuated, and the walls of the receptacle consist of transparent material in the visible and in the infrared range. The fluid has a high absorption in these wavelength ranges. The fluid consists wholly or partially of silicone oil, and circulates in the plant within a closed circuit. A heat exchanger(9) is located downstream of the outlet of the receptacle.    ADVANTAGE -   The radiation absorption takes place through the transporting medium so that the efficiency of the plant is considerably increased.
Preparing a fluorescent dyed polymer compsn. comprises dissolving by means of ultrasonic agitation a fluorescent dye in a soln. of mono(methyl methacrylate) or partially polymerised methyl methacrylate, and adding either before, during or after dissolution organic peroxide initiator at a sufficient temp. to initiate the polymerisation and produce the fluorescent dyed polymer compsn. without the formation of voids or bubbles. Also claimed is a fluorescent dyed polymer compsn. prepd. as above, and a luminescent sunlight collector comprising the fluorescent dyed polymer compsn..    USE -   Used for making luminescent sunlight collectors for illumination of buildings and as fluorescent concentrators for solar cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The problem with prior fluorescent dyes was that they suffered from light emission losses through various mechanisms, such as absorption and scattering in dyed polymer. A means has been achieved of increasing the half-length of the fluorescent dyed polymer so as to increase the distance over which the fluorescently emitted light can travel within any length of a sunlight collector.
A photovoltaic roofing member comprises (a) a strip of roofing material having a length Ls and a width Ws including an overlap portion having a width Wo which is &lt; Ws and an exposed portion having a width Wt which is &lt; Ws such that Wt+Wo = Ws; (b) a number of photovoltaic devices linearly arrayed in a spaced part relationship along the length of the exposed portion and each including a positive and negative electrode and a body of photovoltaic material disposed between them, each device operating to generate a flow of electrical current between the electrodes in response to the absorption of photons by the photovoltaic material; (c) an interconnection system connecting the devices; (d) positive and negative electrical terminals on the bottom surface of the roofing member electrically connected to the devices; (e) an inactive region interposed between adjoining pairs of devices; (f) encapsulant layer of transparent non conductive material on the exposed portion over the devices and embossed over the inactive regions so that the roofing strip is visible through the encapsulant layer.    Also claimed is the material as described previously in which a series of tab portions depend from the overlap portions defined by the number of inactive portions interposed between them.    USE -   Generation of electrical power.    ADVANTAGE -   Can be substituted for conventional roofing materials.
The sea water battery is composed of anodes (1) held by anode insulators (81) on the upper frame (71) and anode insulators (82) of the lower frame (72), and cathodes (2) held by cathode insulators (91) on (71) and cathode insulators (92) on (72), and (71) and (72) are coated by a paint layer (12).    ADVANTAGE -   Dissolved oxygen in the sea water is used as anode oxidising agent, and sticking and breeding of sea algae and sea animals are prevented by the coated layer of paint.
The battery has electrode separator made of a thermoplastic resin contg. 0.01-5.0 wt.% of at least one of cpd. like trioctyl phosphate, tridecyl phosphate, trilauryl phosphate, trimyristyl phosphate, tripalmityl phosphate, tristearyl phosphate, triphenyl phosphate, octyl-distearyl phosphate, trioleyl phosphate, etc. of formula (I) (where R1 , R2 , R3= 8-30C alkyls or alkenyls).    ADVANTAGE -   The battery has excellent impregnating ability with an electrolyte, large capacity and stabilised electric performance.
The enclosed type battery comprises a cell vessel to hold generating element, and a safety valve device to close the opening of the cell vessel. The safety valve device is composed of the dish-shaped enclosing plate having a gas vent in the centre of it, an elastic valve body placed on the dish-shaped enclosing plate to shut the gas vent, and a cap-shaped anode terminal in which the valve body is positioned in the valve chamber. The elastic valve body consists of mixture of thermoplastic elastomer and crosslinked ethylene-propylene rubber.    The thermoplastic elastomer to form the elastic valve body is composed of hard phase and soft phase. The hard phase comprises polypropylene or polyethylene. The soft phase comprises ethylene-propylene rubber. The ethylene-propylene rubber and the thermoplastic elastomer are mixed in a ratio of 1:2-1:4.     The operation pressure of the safety valve device shall be set at 4-8 kg/cm2at 100-120C, and the operating pressure shall be kept until the temp. reaches 250C.    USE -   The enclosed type battery is used as the rechargeable secondary cell.    ADVANTAGE -   The enclosed type battery having the highly safe safety valve device to prevent fire breakout of cell can be obtd.
A label for writing data such as the service life of a battery, etc., comprises a protective film of polypropylene with an adhesive layer backing laminated on a synthetic paper board with an adhesive layer backing. The film has minute irregularities formed to be satined in its surface.    ADVANTAGE -   Data can be written with a pencil or a ball pen, and the data is unerasable.
A novel active material, for lithium battery anodes, has the formula LixMn2-yMyO4 (where M = divalent metal (pref. Ni, Co, Fe or Zn), y = 0.45 to 0.60 and x = 1 to 2.1) and has a cubic spinel structure with a lattice constant of 8.190.    Also claimed are (i) methods of making the above active material; (ii) a lithium battery having an anode, using the above active material, and a negative electrode, using a material selected from lithium metal, lithium alloys, carbon and graphite, and (iii) a novel active material for a lithium battery anode, the material having the formula LixMn2-zMzO4 (where M = trivalent metal (pref. Fe, Ni, Al, Co, B or V), z = 0.5 to 1 and x = 1 to 2.1).    ADVANTAGE -   Charge/discharge reactions of the active material are single phase reactions, cell vol. changes and capacity redn. during repeated charge/discharge cycles are reduced and a constant variation of potential can be obtained.
The non-aq. sec. battery has one of the anode and cathode contg. Li or a Li-absorbable and desorbable substance as active material, and the other electrode contg. a lithium transition metal nitride having an anti-fluorite type structure as active material.    Also claimed is a cell where the cathode contains Li transition metal nitride as active material and the anode contains an Li-contg. MnO2 material with an Li/Mn ratio not greater than 0.5.    ADVANTAGE -   The cell is initially in a charge state, and is free from internal short circuits. Good charge-discharge repetition characteristics and high energy efficiency are suitable for low-voltage driven electronic devices. The cell is safe.
Sulphonated polyimides with recurring groups of formula (In) and recurring groups of formula (Im) are new (where, C1, C2 = tetravalent group containing at least one 6-10C optionally substituted aromatic ring, and/or 5-10C optionally substituted heterocyclic, based on aromatic ring, containing one or more heteroatoms selected from S, N and O, C1 and C2 each forming rings of 5 or 6 atoms with neighbouring imide groups; Ar1, Ar2 = divalent group containing at least one 6-10C optionally substituted aromatic ring, and/or 5-10C optionally substituted heterocyclic, based on aromatic ring, containing one or more heteroatoms selected from S, N and O, at least one of rings of Ar2 also being substituted by sulphonic acid group). Also claimed are membrane containing polyimide and fuel cell containing the membrane.    USE -   In preparation of low-cost ion-exchange membranes used in manufacture of fuel cells (claimed) to replace fossil fuels.    ADVANTAGE -   Polyimides produce membranes which have good mechanical, chemical and electrical properties; particularly good thermal stability, resistance to hydrolysis by acids, thermal stability at high temperatures for long periods of time, and resistance to oxidation and reduction.
A flow of nitrogen (I), obtained by feeding air to the cathode of a fuel cell and fuel to it's anode to form a fuel depleted flow and oxygen depleted air at the cathode as flow (I), is mixed with a hydrogen flow containing a hydrocarbon (II) to catalytically convert (II) to an ammonia product.    USE -   Ammonia production from synthesis gas.    ADVANTAGE -   The method has improved energy efficiency, together with an increase in capacity of existing plant. N2 and H2 mixture contains less carbon monoxide and dioxide.
Deposition of metal catalyst(s) onto at least a portion of substrate(s) comprises: (a) placing onto at least a portion of substrate(s), mixture(s) comprising metallic compound(s) and indirect reducing agent(s); (b) exposing at least a portion of the substrate(s) with the mixture(s) on to an energy source; and (c) contacting at least a portion of the substrate(s) with developer(s) to permit reduction of the metallic compound(s). Also claimed is formation of component(s) of a solid polymer electrolyte fuel cell, comprising: (i) depositing metal catalyst(s) onto at least a portion of polymer substrate(s), by placing onto at least a portion of the polymer substrate(s), mixture(s) comprising a material comprising ferric oxalate and metallic compound(s) comprising platinum, palladium and/or ruthenium; (ii) exposing at least a portion of the polymer substrate(s) having the mixture(s) on to a source of electromagnetic radiation; and (iii) contacting at least a portion of the polymer substrate(s) with developer(s) to permit reduction of the metallic compound(s).    USE -   The process is useful in formation of components of solid polymer electrolyte fuel cells (claimed), and other electrochemical applications, refining applications, eg. oil refining, automotive applications eg. automotive catalytic converters, etc.    ADVANTAGE -   The process results in the deposition of finely divided, uniformly dispersed metal particles onto substrates, resulting in eg. increased fuel cell efficiency.
A photoelectric converter has: a substrate (1) with a conductive surface (2); a non-single-crystal semiconductor layer (3) having a p-i-n structure; and an upper conductive layer (8,9). The i-layer (5) contains a p-type impurity of graded concentration so that its concentration decreases towards the n-layer, and also contains H or halogen as a recombination centre neutraliser and O at a concentration of less than 5 x 1019 atoms per cc. The non-single-crystal layer has an n-i-p structure; and the i-layer contains C at a concentration of less than 4 x 1018 atoms per cc and/or P at a concentration of less than 5 x 1015 atoms per cc.    ADVANTAGE -   The device retains high photoelectric conversion efficiency over prolonged periods; degradation of the device caused by the Staebler-Wronsky effect is minimised.
Denaturing device (A) contains three catalyst layers (B, C, D). (B) is installed in the upstream end and is composed of thermal resistant high temperature denaturing catalyst, (D) is installed in the downstream end and composed of denaturing catalyst for low temperature with smaller a diameter than that of (C), and (C) is installed between (B) and (D), and composed of denaturing catalyst for low temperature. (A) is equipped with cooling pipe system. Preferably, (B) is a Fe-Cr denaturing catalyst, and (C) and (D) are Cu-Zn denaturing catalysts.    USE -   Used for decreasing carbon monoxide concentration of denatured gas containing a high concentration of carbon monoxide.    ADVANTAGE -   This device is able to decrease the concentration of carbon monoxide down to a level (less than 0.5 %) where it can be used as the fuel of a fuel cell.
A cooling water flowing path formed on a separator, is composed of several paths connected in parallel in a direction parallel to a reaction gas flowing path, one of the inlet and outlet of the cooling water is formed at an upper part of the installation part of the reaction gas flowing path, and the other is formed at a lower part of the same.    ADVANTAGE -   The in-plane temperature can be unified.
The method involves laminating together a backside electrode layer (22a,22b), a non crystalline semiconductor layer (23a,23b) and a transparent electrode layer (24a,24b) formed over the surface of an insulating substrate (21), so as to form photo voltaic cell. The layers are cut along a common cutting part (31) so as to form first and second divided cell parts (30a,30b) respectively.    By removing a part of the non crystalline semiconductor layer and transparent semiconductor layer at second cell part, a back side electrode outcrop (32b) is formed. A collected pole (26a) provided on the transparent electrode layer at the first cell part is electrically connected to the backside electrode outcrop of the second cell part.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies manufacture. Obtains solar battery of superior characteristics. Establishes degree of integration of cell, freely.
The fuel battery has an oxidising agent pole where an oxidising agent is supplied. Similarly, hydrogen is supplied to a fuel pole. An electrolyte film is supported by the oxidising agent pole and the fuel pole. Electricity is generated corresponding to the chemical reaction of the hydrogen gas and the oxidising agent. A multilayer body (1) consists of a cooling part. A drilling part (5) is provided in the multilayer body. The fuel and oxidising agents are supplied and collected by the multilayer body through a support unit (6) with a circulation part.    ADVANTAGE -   Secures less weight and miniaturisation. Obtains satisfactory electric property. Prevents leakage of fuel, oxidising agent.
The device has a fuel battery (1) that uses the hydrogen as heating gas. The fuel pole exhaust gas from the fuel pole is introduced into the air pole (3) through a closed loop line (7). A valve (8) provided in the closed loop line is opened/closed by a controller (10).    ADVANTAGE -   Improves safety by preventing release of hydrogen to atmosphere. Stabilises power generation efficiency.
The device uses a fuel cell (10) which has an air pole and a fuel pole arranged on either sides of a polymer solid state electrolyte film. An exhaust gas which includes the reaction formation water ejected from the air pole, is exhausted through an exhaust gas valve (16). A thermometry unit (18) measures the temperature of the exhaust gas. A current measuring unit (19) measures the output current of the fuel battery. A controller (17) adjusts the opening of the exhaust valve based on the measured exhaust gas temperature and the output current.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids use of humidifier. Avoids use of external heater at low temperature environment. Maintains optimum water balance condition. Enables quick response to lead fluctuations.
The battery (1) includes a pair of porous substrates (22,23) that are arranged opposite to each other with gas channels (22a,23a) formed on their outer surfaces. Phosphoric acid is impregnated in the porous substrates. A cell (10) is arranged in between the substrates, that includes a pair of porous electrodes (12,13) arranged on both sides of an electrolyte matrix layer (11). Phosphoric acid is impregnated in the porous electrodes. The porous substrate has reduced mean pore size.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves durability of battery. Raises acid holding power of porous substrate.
The cell has a gas diffusion methanol cathode which comprises catalytic powder consisting of platinum or its alloy and a Lewis acid containing at least one of a lanthanoid, scandium and yttrium uniformly diffused in a porous sheet containing mainly of carbon black, acetylene black or graphite and polytetrafluoroethylene.    ADVANTAGE -   The fuel cell outputs high power.
The method involves casting of the slurry which contains 50-90wt% of indium and tin compound along with a dispersion medium. An antifoamer is added to the slurry to degas it. The shaping die is oscillated during slurry casting.    ADVANTAGE -   Offers uniform compact with high density.
The method involves forming a transparent electrically conductive film (2) over a glass substrate (1). Then, a non crystal section film (3) and metal electrode (4) are formed sequentially over the electrically conductive film.    The metal electrode and the transparent conductive film are selectively etched by irradiating laser beam (L), with predefined intensity.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves effective area. Increases activity efficiency. Shortens processing time.
The method involves using substrate (14) provided in reaction chamber (4) which maintains internal pressure in the range of 0.5-50 m Torr. The substrate is maintained at temperatures below 250C by means of heater (15). Inlet (18) and exit (19) handle the gaseous raw material flow that forms the fine crystal film deposit on the substrate. Plasma (13) is maintained within the reaction chamber by injecting high velocity electrons through electron beam (12). The beam forming electron gun (1) works in an argon atmosphere with separate inlet (16) and exit (17). The DC power supply (6,5), various anodes (8-10) and cathode (7) and focussing coils (11) are part of the gun structure.    USE -   For use in thin film solar photovoltaic cells, PiN structures. Hastens film deposition using lower substrate temperatures.    ADVANTAGE -   Permits use of gaseous inputs involving higher dissociation energies.
The method involves heating semiconductor material (10) which is separated by a predefined interval from a semiconductor substrate (17).    The semiconductor material is heated at about 300deg C under atmospheric pressure in hydrogen or helium atmosphere.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves efficiency. Eliminates need for pressure adjustment device.
The equipment comprises (a) a holder with an air distribution passage, (b) hydrogen storage alloy tanks arranged in the air distribution passage and (c) a pipe connected to the hydrogen storage alloy tanks to guide hydrogen released from the hydrogen storage alloy tanks.    ADVANTAGE -   The hydrogen supply equipment is easy to handle and continuously supplies hydrogen for a long time.
The method involves maintaining a compound fine particle film on a support body. This compound fine particle film is a bipolar membrane containing two or more sorts of fine particles comprising an ultra-thin section. Light (25) is irradiated onto the compound fine particle film and an image is formed from the reflected light. An image data processing part (29) processes the clearance part of the obtained image based on which clearance distribution between fine particles is measured.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables to measure clearance distribution of compound fine particle film, accurately and easily.
The refining apparatus is composed of a refining device and an oxidising device. The apparatus produces reformed gas rich in hydrogen.    USE -   The refining apparatus is used for fuel cell.    ADVANTAGE -   The refining apparatus for fuel cell can reduce heat energy loss and the system size.
An apparatus for forming I-III-VI2 thin films comprises (a) a first reaction space made of carbon and holding an intermediate product for thin film formation; (b) one or more second reaction spaces, each of which is made of carbon and holds a group VI element vapour source; (c) a conduit connecting the first reaction space to the or each second reaction space; and (d) a temperature-controlled heating system positioned outside each reaction space.    Also claimed is a process for forming I-III-VI2 thin films in vacuum using the above apparatus by (i) raising the temperatures in the reaction spaces to that at which a solid solution of the group VI element is produced; (ii) raising the temperature in the second reaction space to above this solid solution temperature so that vapour of the group VI element passes from the second reaction space through the conduit into the first reaction space for forming the group VI element solid solution; and (iii) lowering the temperature in the se cond reaction space before that in the first reaction space so that the group VI element, present within the first reaction space and as an unreacted deposit on the I-III-VI2 thin film surface, returns as vapour through the conduit back into the second reaction space.    USE -   For producing thin films of I-III-VI2 compound semiconductors, e.g. CuInSe2 (CIS), for use in e.g. solar cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The apparatus permits efficient production of good quality I-III-VI2 thin films with less energy and lower costs.
Production of solar cells comprises: (a) forming a 1st electrically conducting region on a 1st surface of a semiconductor substrate (1), in which through-holes (3) are provided and on which is formed an emitter layer (2); (b) arranging the semiconductor substrate on a transport substrate, where a 2nd surface of the semiconductor substrate lies opposite the 1st surface of the transport substrate, and over a resin material; (c) connecting the semiconductor substrate and the transport substrate using the resin material; and (d) forming a 2nd electrically conducting region on the 1st electrically conducting region. Also claimed is the solar cell produced.    ADVANTAGE -   Thin silicon solar cells can be secured to a covering glass plate after electrodes are formed.
A process for porous layer production on a substrate involves: (a) applying and drying a paste in an atmosphere containing the vapour of the liquid used in the paste, the vapour pressure being controlled such that the drying time is longer than 10 (preferably longer than 30) mins. per 10 microns layer thickness at the prevailing temperature; and (b) sintering the dried paste layer. Preferably, the drying temperature is at least 41 C below the boiling temperature of the liquid, preferably water, at atmospheric pressure.    USE -   For producing highly porous layers e.g. for photoelectrochemical or dye-sensitised solar cells, catalysts, catalyst supports or (thin film) chromatography.    ADVANTAGE -   The resulting layer has a higher porosity than prior art layers, the porosity increasing with increased drying time and relative humidity.
The use of a silicided substrate of chromium based alloy, as a connection conductor plate (6, 8) in a high temperature fuel cell (preferably a fuel cell stack), is new. Preferably, the substrate consists of a chromium based alloy of composition Cr5Fe1Y2 O3and is provided with a 20-300 microns thick silicon-containing layer (34).    USE -   As a bipolar plate (8) or cover plate (6) of a high temperature fuel cell stack.    ADVANTAGE -   The silicided layer stabilises the chromium based alloy substrate to prevent evaporation of chromium and its compounds, exfoliation of the oxide layer formed at the high operating temperature of the fuel cell and further oxidation of the chromium based alloy.
Laminated structure comprises: (a) a substrate (1); (b) a corrosion- and/or moisture-sensitive layer (2); and (c) a barrier layer (4) is a thin layer and is chosen from Al2O3, Si3N4, TiN, MoN and SiOxNy. Also claimed is the production of a climate- and corrosion-stable laminated structure.    USE -   The structure is used to encapsulate solar cells and solar modules (claimed), and optoelectronic components, e.g. display devices.
A film deposition method comprises: (i) forming a deposit cavity wall around a film forming space, the wall being surrounded by an outer chamber (111); (ii) introducing a film forming gas into the film forming space; (iii) arranging a strip shaped base (103) on one of the side attachment walls of the film forming space, moving continuously along the longitudinal direction; (iv) generating a microwave plasma by providing microwave energy radiation; (v) continuously forming a film on the surface of the moving strip shaped base; (vi) arranging a heat conduction baffle plate and a temperature control jacket such that they cover the deposit cavity wall outside; and (vii) maintaining the deposit cavity wall at a suitable temperature for film deposition.    USE -   Used in the manufacture of solar battery for an electricity generation system.    ADVANTAGE -   The method restrains the temperature rise of the deposit cavity wall during the film formation.
Production comprises: (a) applying porosity to the surface of a semiconductor substrate to form a porous layer; (b) forming an epitaxial semiconductor layer on the porous layer with a current carried to the semiconductor substrate; (c) peeling the epitaxial semiconductor film through the porous layer from the semiconductor substrate.    USE -   The method produces the thin film of a semiconductor suitably used in solar batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   The semiconductor substrate is used up by only the portion having the porous layer on its surface. The result repeatedly uses the semiconductor substrate by grinding its surface. The thin film of the semiconductor has higher conversion efficiency compared to a thin film of amorphous silicon, and flexibility. The method produces the large-area thin film of the single crystal of the semiconductor at lower costs.
Forming an indium tin oxide sintered compact comprises: (i) using a slurry containing 50-90 wt.% of tin compound, indium compound and dispersion medium; (ii) adding an antifoamer in the slurry; and (iii) subjecting the slurry to oscillation casting process before baking in ozone environment.    USE -   Used in solar batteries, liquid crystal displays.    ADVANTAGE -   The compact has uniform density, the curing process is carried out precisely. The compact is obtained with desired composition.
NOVELTY - Plate type modifying device comprises a modifying chamber (3), in which adjoining catalyst (5) for modification are contained with a heat transmission partition wall; and a combustion chamber (4) to contain a catalyst (6) for combustion, and by using a combustion heat generated in a combustion chamber, modifying reaction is effected in the modifying chamber. In the plate type modifying device, At least one of the catalyst (5) for modification and the catalyst (6) for combustion is formed in a powder-like or a fine particle-like state and a powder-like or a fine particle-like catalyst is held in a porous substance, and contained in the modifying chamber or the combustion chamber.    USE - USE Especially suitable in a fuel battery generating system.    ADVANTAGE - ADVANTAGE A plate type modifying device formed in a compact manner and improving thermal efficiency is provided.
Preparing a cation exchange membrane comprises incorporating an organic polymer (A) with sulphonic acid groups and finely distributed electrically conductive catalyst material particles (B) into an aqueous phase and then coating at least one side of a cation exchange material (C) film with the resulting suspension.(A) is soluble in an aprotic polar solvent and contains repeat units of formula (Ar1X) (I) or (Ar2Y) (II) at least partially substituted with sulphonic acid groups. In the formulae: Ar1 and Ar2 = arylene; X = O or S; and Y = carbonyl, sulphoxide or sulphonyl. A suspension is formed by adding (B) to a solution of (A) in a solvent. (C) contains a cation exchange resin with sulphonic acid groups. The coating on the film is treated with a liquid which is miscible with the solvent for (A) but is not capable of dissolving (A), resulting in coagulation to form pores in the membrane coating.    USE -   The membranes are used as proton conductor membranes in electrochemical fuel cells. They can also be used in electrolysis cells or membrane fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The catalytic cation exchange materials show improved resistance to chlorine and alkalis, are relatively cheap and can be processed more easily due to their good solubility.
A reformer (10) comprises a stack of thermally conducting plates (12) interspersed with catalyst plates (14) and internal or external reactant manifolds. As a steam reformer, endothermic steam reforming reaction energy is provided externally to produce carbon monoxide, hydrogen, steam and carbon dioxide.    If used as a partial oxidation reformer, a fraction of the natural gas is oxidised in the presence of a combustion and reforming catalyst in intimate thermal contact with thermally conducting plates elongated in the direction of gas flow. An average in-plane plate temperature is maintained to allow effective reforming action and reduce occurrence of hot spots.    USE -   Provides a compact, plate type, natural gas steam reformer or a partial oxidation reformer using waste heat generated in a closely associated electrochemical converter.
A highly sulphonated polymeric membrane is produced by a method comprising: (a) preparing a polymer solution by combining (i) a copolymer that comprises vinyl aromatic polymer segment(s) bonded to flexible connecting polymer segments, with (ii) a sulphonation agent under controlled reaction conditions and within a compatible solvent system; (b) removing a portion of the solvents from the polymer solution; and (c) casting the resulting material on a substrate to form a membrane that absorbs at least 50% of its weight in water, that in its fully-hydrated state can be stretched by at least 10% of its original dimension without fracture and exhibits a conductivity of at least 10-5 S/cm.    Polymer segment is of formula (I) bonded to flexible connecting polymer segments of formula (II) or (III) where R1-4 are each H, Ph or alkyl; R5 is H, Cl or lower alkyl; R6 is H or CH3; R7 is SO3H, P(O)(OR8)OH, R9-SO3H or R9-P(O)(OR8)OH; R8 = H or lower alkyl; R9 = lower alkylene; Ar is Ph; and m,n,p,q are each 50-10000.    Also claimed is a process for preparing a mechanically stable, ion-conducting membrane; and a direct-methanol fuel cell.    USE -   Fuel cell incorporates ion-conducting membrane.    ADVANTAGE -   Membrane allows diffusion of ions, but keeps fuel and oxidant gases separate, and is inexpensive and stable.
The solid ion conductor comprises ion-exchange resin as polymer matrix, in which hygroscopic inorganic porous particles of 0.1 m - 3 mm size are mixed and dispersed.    USE -   The solid ion conductor is used for fuel cells, primary cells, secondary cells, electrochromic displays, ion sensors, and gas sensors.    ADVANTAGE -   The solid ion conductor, having improved ion conductivity and uniform physical property, can be obtained.
The method involves electrocoating of a ceramic particle to a thermo-couple strand (6) by electrophoresis method. The particle sinters and a ceramic film is formed.    ADVANTAGE -   Forms high quality thermo-couple overcoat easily.
Calcium doped lanthanum chromite powder (A) has the formula F1=La1-xCaxCrO3, where x is larger than zero and equal to or smaller than 0.4. (A)'s crystal phase comprises calcium chromate phase (B) and perovskite phase (C). Ratio (D) of (XRD) intensity of (B) to that of (C) is equal to or smaller than 0.05. (D) in (1) is equal to or larger than 0.05 and equal to or smaller than 0.25.    USE -   Used as interconnector of solid electrolyte type fuel cell.    ADVANTAGE -   This product is homogeneous and has strong resistance for oxidation and reduction.
A modifying device comprises a reaction container (25); a modifying catalyst layer (24) consisting of a modifying catalyst arranged in a reaction container (25) and modifying raw fuel into modified gas; a raw fuel introduction part (32) to introduce the raw fuel to the modifying catalyst layer (25): a modified gas discharge part (33) to discharge modified gas from the modifying catalyst (24); a combustion gas feeder ) generate combustion gas; combustion gas outgoing pipes (28) running through the modifying catalyst (24) and causing a flow in the same direction as that of a flow of raw fuel in the modifying catalyst layer (24); a combustion gas return pipe (29) running through the modifying catalyst layer (24) and causing a flow of combustion gas, flowing through the combustion gas outgoing pipe (28), in a direction opposite to that of a flow of the raw fuel in the modifying catalyst layer; a combustion gas inversion part (26) inverting combustion gas, passing through the combust ion gas outgoing pipe (28), and guiding the combustion gas to a combustion gas discharge part (30).    ADVANTAGE -   The increase of the temp. of a reaction pipe does not occur.
The transducer consists of a semiconductor layer (11) which contains fluorine.    An optical electrolytic polymerisation (pi) conjugate polymer layer (12) is formed over the semiconductor layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves photoelectric conversion efficiency.
The method involves forming an electrically conductive thin film on a substrate. A window layer comprising an ABC2 thin film is formed where A=Cu or Ag, B=In, Ga or Al, C=S, Se or Te.    Low resistance ABC2 thin film is partially formed along the depth direction from the reverse side of the electrically conductive film. Finally, a transparent electrically conductive film is formed on the ABC2 film.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves characteristics. Obtains highly efficient thin film solar battery.
The method involves coating a solution containing organic solvent with dispersed metal ultra small particles, on a substrate (4) to form a sub layer electrode.    Another solution with same content but having a higher density is used to form an upper layer electrode.    ADVANTAGE -   Forms homogeneous metal electrode with high reflecting rate and electric conductivity. Attains desired size and roughness.
The method involves dipping an anode and cathode in an non-aqueous solvent containing silicon compound. A negative semiconductor thin film is formed by precipitation of silicon by electrolysis.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables mass production of solar cell, sharply in large area.
The fuel reformer includes a desulphurization reactor (2), modifier (3) and a carbon monoxide conversion unit (4) that are connected through a nitrogen gas circulation circuit (12) with a blower (5). A nitrogen gas supply circuit (11) is connected to gas circulation circuit. A heater (7,8) is provided in the desulphurization reactor and the carbon monoxide conversion unit respectively that maintains warm state at power generation shutdown state.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces time duration for raising temperature of reactor. Offers efficient starting operation.
The battery includes a multilayer body (2) which comprises a set of cells (1) arranged between a set of cooling plates (4), through a set of gas division plates (3), respectively. Each cell has an electrolyte layer which contains phosphoric acid. A fuel pole and an oxidising agent pole are arranged on both sides of the electrolyte layer in each cell. A first supply unit (5a) supplies heating gas to the fuel pole of each cell of the multilayered body. A second supply unit (5b) supplies an oxidising agent to the oxidising agent pole of each set. A first charging line (15) supplies hydrogen gas to the first and second supply units. A second charging line (16) supplies an inert gas to the first and second supply units. A voltage application unit (21) applies a predetermined voltage among the cells of the multilayer body.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables to obtain predetermined output characteristics. Enables to perform external voltage application, easily.
The fuel cell has a number of laminated cells. Each cell has an anode and a cathode. The impurity that has phosphoric acid absorption function is removed from the anode front face before forming a matrix layer that is supported by the anode and cathode.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces amount of impurity coating on front face of electrode. Maintains stable performance characteristic.
The fuel battery includes an anode and a cathode arranged on both sides of a flat matrix material maintaining the electrolyte. A heating gas and an oxidised gas are supplied on the external surface of the anode and cathode. A porous object is provided passing gas to anode and the cathode. Several such cells are laminated in-between which a separator is positioned. The porous object distributed at external surface of anode consists of an electrode base material (1) containing porous carbon. A set of ribs (2) are formed on the base material. A heating gas flow path (3) is formed between the ribs. One of the ribs is replaced with a rib (2a) having higher blow rate which is divided to form an outward style and return style of heating gas on its both sides.    ADVANTAGE -   Inhibits corrosion of carbon material at partition of outward and return style. Improves durability of battery. Provides high efficiency.
The battery has an anode reaction gas supply groove and a cathode reaction gas supply groove formed in a thin metal film like conductive resin plate. A separator plate (6A,6C) is laminated between the anode and the cathode in a parallel manner.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables efficient cooling of anode or cathode. Aims at miniaturization and simplification of battery structure.
The fuel cell comprises a solid electrolyte with an air pole and a fuel pole formed on each side. The fuel pole is formed using nickel as a raw material. The fuel pole comprises titanium oxide at its central part (70) that serves as a surface treatment powder and nickel metal at its cortex part (72). The central part of the fuel pole is formed in an irregular shape.    ADVANTAGE -   Deterioration of the electricity generation property is prevented due to sintering of nickel in the fuel pole. Durability of the battery is improved.
New method of forming oxide ion conductive films comprises forming a film of the second oxide ion conductive material on a substrate of the first oxide ion conductive material. The second oxide ion conductive material is fused or softened when the film of it is formed on the substrate.    USE -   For forming oxide ion conductive films. They are used for SOFC (solid oxide fuel cells) or high temp. water vapor electrolysis apparatus.    ADVANTAGE -   The second oxide ion conductive material forms a protective film and repair the small scratches or defects of the substrates.
The fuel battery includes a fuel cell (10) comprising an air pole (11) and a fuel pole (13) formed on either sides of a solid electrolyte (12). A removable core (30) is provided at upper surface of the air pole corresponding to position of air grooves (21). The core is removed after providing separator (20) on air pole thereby providing separator with air grooves on fuel cell.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids assembly of fuel cell and separator. Reduces area over which gas sealing is to be carried out. Improves efficiency.
The film includes indium oxide and tin oxide as a principal component along with silver. Composition of tin is of about 1- 2 atom% and silver is of about 0.05-3 atom%.    ADVANTAGE -   Ensures film formation at low temperature.
Measuring the specific surface area (SSA) available for reaction of a noble metal catalyst of an electrode material powder for a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) comprises: (a) reducing a first electrode material powder comprising a noble metal catalyst on a powdered carbon carrier; (b) reducing a second electrode material powder comprising a noble metal catalyst covered with polymer electrolyte (PE) on a powdered carbon carrier; (c) exposing the first electrode powder to carbon monoxide and measuring the total SSA of the noble metal catalyst from the amount of carbon monoxide adsorbed; (d) exposing the second electrode powder to carbon monoxide and measuring the SSA of the catalyst from carbon monoxide adsorption as above; and (e) obtaining the available SSA by subtracting the value obtained in step (d) from the value obtained in step (c).    Also claimed is an electrode for a PEMFC having an electrode material comprising: (i) a noble metal catalyst powder; and (ii) a polymer electrolyte; such that the utilisation ratio of the catalyst is at least 40% of the saturation utilisation value.    USE -   Used for determining the utilisation ratio of a noble metal catalyst in a polymer electrolyte. PEMFCs are used as the power supply aboard spacecraft and also for consumer uses, e.g. as the driving power source for electric vehicles and boats, and as portable power supplies.    ADVANTAGE -   The SSA of catalyst available for reaction is measured accurately to allow control of the catalyst utilisation ratio. This control provides an electrode material with excellent polarisation characteristics.
Fabrication of an electrochemical cell component which comprises an ion exchange membrane joined to a frame member formed from a dissimilar polymeric material is claimed comprising: (i) coating the border of at least one face of an ion exchange membrane with a solution of the polymeric material from which the frame member is made, or of a polymeric material which is compatible with the polymeric frame material, in a solvent which is miscible with water; (ii) optionally allowing the coated membrane to stand and/or drying the coated membrane; (iii) placing the coated face of the ion exchange membrane in contact with the frame member ; and (iv) joining the coated ion exchange to the frame member.    Also claimed is a frame/membrane assembly prepared as above.    Also claimed is an electrochemical cell which comprises one or more frame membrane assemblies as above.    USE -   This electrochemical cell component can be used as a fuel cell or a cell for energy storage and/or power delivery.    ADVANTAGE -   During this process, the edges of the membrane are heat sealed and this prevents the membrane wicking. The frame/membrane assembly makes it easier to handle the membrane and provides an easy way of locating the membrane in a cell structure.
A coating substrate, for thin film coatings in electronic component production, has an aluminium or aluminium alloy layer for receiving the thin film coatings. The novelty is that the aluminium layer is a rolled product having, on its coating surface, local irregularities in the form of small pits or fine-grained or acicular surface elements. All of the irregularities have a maximum dimension of 0.1-10 m (exclusive) perpendicular to the substrate surface, and have a structure such that their side walls are completely exposed to material deposition perpendicular to the substrate surface, thus avoiding defect sites in the electronic components. Also claimed are processes for producing the above coating substrate in which: (i) the substrate surface is subjected to a chemical brightening process or a plasma etching process; (ii) the substrate surface is provided with a barrier layer which completely covers the local irregularities so that no sharp edges are present; or (iii) the substrate surface has single or multiple thin film solar cells of amorphous or microcrystalline silicon, the solar cells being coated on the light-facing side with a sol-gel layer.    USE -   As solar cells for facade elements or as solar cells which are protected against environmental influences, especially humidity and corrosive substances, and against mechanical stresses (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   The inexpensive coating avoids inter-diffusion of substrate elements and thin film coating elements and enables thin film coatings to grow completely over the irregularities.
A composition for producing a polyimide film with a reflective surface comprises: (a) sufficient of a silver organic complex with a 1-6C carboxylic acid to provide 0.001-20 wt.% of silver in the film; (b) a solubilizing agent for the complex selected from hexafluoroacetyl acetone (HFAA), trifluoroethyl acetone and trifluoroacetic acid; and (c) a polyimide film forming solution selected from polyamic acid precursors and solubilized polyimide. The silver organic complex is dissolved or dispersed in the polyimide film forming composition with the solubilizing agent.    USE -   For producing films, or coatings on flat or textured surfaces, that are flexible and highly reflective, e.g. contoured reflectors used to concentrate light energy on a solar cell or passive solar medium, optics used in space, protective reflective layers for underlying parts, reflective coatings on tools, decorative film packaging, X-ray filters, large area antennae, etc.    ADVANTAGE -   The silver reflective surface is permanently affixed to the underlying polyimide and the films are flexible, abrasion resistant, temperature stable and have reflectivities approaching that of an optical mirror.
A modified catalyst (3) in a catalyst pipe (20) is supported from below and held by a flexible support body (21A) without being constrained by the wall surface of the catalyst pipe (20). The flexible support body (21A) consists of a plate having a vertically expanding and contracting spring (24) and having a lower end supported by the bottom of the catalyst pipe (20).    ADVANTAGE -   Even when a fuel battery generating device is started in a short time, a fuel modifier is safely used.
A composite of an oxide electronically conductive ceramics and a low expansible non-electrically conductive ceramics, and a composite composed of a heat-proof metal including at least one kind of heat-proof alloy selected from Ni alloy, Co alloy and Fe alloy, and the low expansible non-electrically conductive ceramics, are stacked.    USE -   Effectively used for a separator of a fuel cell, and a high temp. electrically conductive material.
Two sheets of electrodes are installed at the outer faces of a flat fuel electrode and an oxidising agent electrode respectively facing the main faces of a flat solid high molecular electrolyte member and having a reaction flow path. An outlet for the reaction gas is located at both sides of the lowermost part of the reaction gas flow path.    ADVANTAGE -   The reaction gas can flow smoothly.
A catalyst layer has an area of high alloy catalyst density formed near a rear face of the gas diffusion electrode.    ADVANTAGE -   The capacity factor of the alloy catalyst in the catalyst layer can be improved.
Casting a solid polymer electrolyte membrane, comprises (i) preparing a solution of the polymer in an acid solvent which further contains a doping acid; (ii) casting the solution to produce a membrane; and (iii) drying the cast membrane.    Also claimed are (1) an acid solution suitable for casting as a polymer electrolyte membrane capable of achieving conductivity levels 3 - 5 times that of similar membranes cast from non-acid solutions under similar conditions, the acid solution comprising an acid solvent capable of dissolving a polymer suitable for use as a solid polymer electrolyte, the polymer, and doping acid suitable for enhancing the high temperature stability of the polymer; (2) casting a solid polymer electrolyte membrane exhibiting enhanced conductivity in methanol/air fuel cell use, comprising casting the polymer from a solution of trifluoroacetic acid (TFA)/H3PO4 containing 300 mol% polymer; and (3) a solid polymer electrolyte membrane comprising an acid solution-cast polymer membrane capable of achieving conductivity above 0.04S/cm in a methanol fuel cell at 130 - 190 C and at water plus methanol pressures of 1 atmosphere.    USE -   The membranes are useful in methanol-air fuel cells (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   The solid polymer electrolytes have significantly enhanced conductivity. The membranes exhibit excellent oxidative and thermal stability, exhibiting stable chemical and electrical properties up to at least 200 C. They exhibit good mechanical and film properties, high proton conductivity and low fuel permeability, and can conduct protons with very low water activity. They do not suffer from known problems associated with catalyst stability and activity.
The method involves applying a solution of polysilane onto a substrate (1). The polysilane is expressed with a general formula (SiR12)n, where R is chosen from any one of alkyl group, phenyl group, silyl group consisting of two or more carbon atoms. After application of the polysilane solution, the substrate is heated, resulting in the formation of a semiconductor thin film.    ADVANTAGE -   Forms semiconductor thin film containing silicon or germanium easily. Enables mfr of solar battery with large capacity.
The structure includes a P type Si semiconductor substrate (11) on whose inner light incident surface, an N type Si semiconductor layer (12) is arranged. A SiO2 film (16) is arranged on the back of the substrate, selectively. An hydrogenated SiN film (17) is arranged on the SiO2 film.    A P type fine Si crystal semiconductor layer (18) is provided on the back of substrate, such that it penetrates into the hydrogenated SiN film and SiO2 film, and contacts the surface of the substrate.    ADVANTAGE -   Suppresses reduction in film quality of fine crystal Si semiconductor layer. Improves photoelectric conversion efficiency.
The appts consists of a n+ type silicon crystal wafer (1) on whose surface an n type silicon layer (2) and a p+ type silicon layer (3) are layered alternately. A first PN junction (101) is formed near contact surface of the n type and p+ type silicon layers.    Then, a n+ type InGaP layer (4), an n type InGaP layer (5), P- type InGaP layer (6) and a P+ type InGaP layer (7) are deposited sequentially on the surface of the P+ type silicon layer. A second PN junction (103) is formed near the contact surface of N type and P- type InGaP layers.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids influence of Pn junction formed on upper surface of silicon crystal wafer. Generates electricity efficiently.
The appts consists of an n+ type silicon wafer (1) on whose surface n- type silicon layer (2) and a p+ type silicon layer (3) are formed sequentially. A first PN junction (101) is formed in the contact surface of the n- type silicon layer and the p+ silicon layer.    Then, an n+ type cadmium telluride layer (4), an n- type cadmium telluride layer (5), a p- type cadmium telluride layer (6) and a p+ type cadmium telluride layer (7) are formed sequentially on the surface of the p+ type silicon layer. A second PN junction (103) is formed in contact surface of the n- type and a p- type cadmium telluride layers.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids influence on PN junction near upper part of silicon wafer. Generates electricity efficiently. Suppresses cost increase to minimum extent.
Forming a silicon thin film comprises: (i) changing a substrate (11) inside a film forming chamber (1); (ii) introducing hydrogen gas inside the chamber; (iii) generating DC arc discharge plasma inside the chamber; and (iv) heating and evaporating metal silicon inside the chamber. Then, a silicon thin film is formed on the substrate under DC arc discharge plasma.    ADVANTAGE -   The method reduces the dangling bond density in silicon thin film.
The porous semiconductor electrode consists of niobium oxide with which suitable colouring material is added.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces production cost by using minimum number of sheets.
An interior modification type module has a generating chamber which is formed in interior of a vessel enclosed with heat insulating material and solid electrolyte type fuel battery stacks are positioned in the generating chamber and a high temperature type modification device which has vapour modification catalyser which modifies hydrocarbon fuel supplied from exterior with vapour reacting to hydrogen and carbon monoxide. A low temperature type modification device is set at a module fuel intake port of upstream side of the high temperature modification device.    ADVANTAGE -   System efficiency and generating efficiency can be improved and life of the high temperature type modification device catalyser and the solid electrolyte type fuel battery stacks can be elongated.
The fuel cell includes several laminated elements (1) each of which consists of a pair of an anode and cathode electrode plate (10). An electrolyte phase (14) is supported by the electrode plate gap. A separator (2) which is provided with a heat insulation part (22) has a main body (20) made of an electrically conductive material that is made to contact the electrode plate. An oxidised gas and a heating gas containing active anode and cathode material is made to flow through a first and second gas flow path (31,32) respectively.    ADVANTAGE -   Restrains heat dissipation to external. Reduces variation in temperature distribution. Reduces irregular electricity generation.
The appts includes a container (1) which has a conveyance chamber (2). Multiple reaction chambers (3p,3i,3n) are coupled with a conveyance chamber. Substrates (10) conveyed into the conveyance chamber are exhausted by vacua.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces cost of appts. Improves productivity.
The stripper has an air mixing part that mixes air with reforming gas received from the exterior. The air mixing part has a double pipe structure with an inner tube (11) and an outer tube (12). The inner tube has a nozzle shaped injection tip from which reforming gas is blown off. The outer tube forms a circulation path of air between the inner tubes. When reforming gas is injected from the nozzle, an ejector inhales air inside the outer tube through the air circulation path. The carbon monoxide gas contained in the reforming gas is converted to carbon dioxide by an oxidised catalyst layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces size and weight of appts. Reduces inner amount of load of fuel battery system. Enables air blower actuation without requiring electric power. Increases electricity generation efficiency. Enables efficient selective oxidation reaction.
The module comprises a III-V group semiconductor layer (2) formed on a heterogeneous substrate (1). A non-crystal layer (3) which has a window part (4), is formed on the semiconductor layer.    The III-V group semiconductor layer is exposed on the window part which acts as a nucleus and it grows on the non-crystal layer. A solar battery (6) which consists of p-n junction is arranged on the semiconductor layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Increases photoelectric conversion efficiency of solar battery.
The method involves laminating a CdS film (2) and a CdTe film (3) on a glass substrate (1) sequentially. A carbon paste and fusible copper organic compound which is caking additive, or coated on the CdTe film. The caking additive component is evaporated by subjecting it to heat decomposition.    The copper compound which is obtained by introducing an acceptor impurity into the CdTe film, is thermally diffused thereby leading to the formation of a copper electrode film (4) on the CdTe film.    ADVANTAGE -   Diffuses copper into CdTe film uniformly. Raises doping effect. Provides CdS/CdTe solar battery of high efficiency.
The method involves collecting tap water and condensate of a condenser (5) in an auxiliary water tank (12). The condensate is obtained by condensing the gas in a fuel battery and steam in combustion gas of fuel modifier (2). The ion exchange treatment of the water collected in the water tank is carried out by a treating unit (27). The treating unit has multiple ion exchange resin tubes (27A-27D) that are connected serially. The conductivity of water is reduced by the ion exchange resin tubes. The conductivity of water in entrance side of the last resin tube, is monitored and compared with the set value. When the measured conductivity exceeds the set value, the silica density increment in processed water, is judged. Then, the modifying of the front stage ion exchange resin tubes is carried out. The water obtained by treatment is supplied to cooling water circulatory system of the fuel battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables maintenance of silica density and conductivity of water at low level. Reduces electric power loss. Prevents blockage of flow path by deposit of silica. Enables to re-modify ion exchange resin tube, without ion exchange futility.
The device has a first pipe line (11) that supplies the cathode waste gas from a cathode pole (3b) of a fuel battery (3) to an combustion chamber of a modifier. The anode waste gas from an anode pole (3a) of the fuel battery is supplied to a combustion chamber of the modifier by a second pipe line. The hot gas is supplied to the reforming chamber of the modifier by a third pipe line (7). The anode gas from the reforming chamber of the modifier is supplied to the anode pole of the fuel battery by an anode gas pipe line (8). A mixed gas circulation pipe (22) supplies the mixture of gas containing oxygen and combustion gas to the cathode pole of the fuel battery. The steam formed by recuperator is supplied to reforming chamber of the modifier by a steam pipe (27). The part of anode waste gas is supplied by a circulation pipe line (36) to the second pipe line. The gas flow end of the circulation pipe line is connected to the third pipe line.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves fuel utilisation factor. Reduces steam consumption for reforming. Improves plant efficiency.
A connection lead plate (4) of chromium-based alloy, for a high temperature fuel cell stack (2), has at least part of its surface (18, 20, 22) coated with a contact layer (24) comprising a lower oxidic layer (26), a middle ceramic layer (28) and an upper ceramic layer (30), the middle ceramic layer having less porosity than the upper ceramic layer.    Preferably, the lower oxidic layer (26) is an La0.9Sr0.1CrO3 or La0.8Sr0.2MnO3 layer and the middle and upper ceramic layers (28, 30) are La1-xSrxMnO3 (x = 0.1 to 0.2) or LaCoO3 layers.    USE -   In a high temperature fuel cell stack (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   The contact layer ensures long term stable electrical contact between the cathode and the connection lead plate and the fuel cell stack has reduced production costs.
The device for locally increasing light wave fields has a smooth substrate material (1) bearing the following sequence of layers: (a) a reflective layer (2); (b) a transparent resonator layer (3) with a thickness of , , 5/4, 7/4, 9/4, 11/4 or 13/4 of the mean wavelength of the employed light in the transparent material of the resonator layer; (c) a 2-5 nm thick reflector layer (4); (d) a 1.2-2.2 nm thick dielectric layer (5); (e) metal clusters (6) with an equivalent mean layer thickness of 1-3 nm; (f) a functional layer (7) requiring a high electric field strength of the light in the region down to about wavelength above the dielectric layer (5); and (g) a conventional uppermost transparent protective layer (8).    Also claimed is use of the above device in thin film solar cells, in which: (i) the functional layer (7) is a silicon layer which is applied directly onto the metal clusters (6) and which has a thickness of 30-150 nm depending on its doping and on a charge carrier separation layer formed as an active junction on production of the silicon layer and/or the uppermost transparent protective layer (8); (ii) the silicon layer is contacted from above by metal contacts (10) at the light-incident side and from below, via the underlying layers, by metal contacts (9a,9b); and (iii) the uppermost transparent protective layer (8) comprises silicon dioxide and is also used to insulate the metal contacts w.r.t. one another and the silicon layer.    ADVANTAGE -   The device produces a high light intensity in a thin surface region and allows use of a semiconductor functional layer of thickness corresponding to a few (preferably one) half wavelengths of the incident light.
The photoelectrically active semiconductor thin film, especially an absorber layer for a thin film solar cell, contains, as main constituent, an Snx (Sb,Bi)y (S,Se)zcompound semiconductor material preferably having an amorphous or a sulpho salt structure.    Also claimed is the production of the above thin film by thermal evaporation of tin (Sn), antimony (Sb) and/or bismuth (Bi) and sulphur (S) and/or selenium (Se) or their compounds and deposition on a substrate held at 450C.    ADVANTAGE -    The thin film deposition temperature is relatively low (much lower than that of a CuInSe2compound semiconductor material), thus reducing production costs and avoiding the risk of glass substrate softening.
The concrete solar cell comprises a photovoltaic material (12) embedded in a cement layer (14) and extending beyond the front and back surfaces, fibres (54) reinforcing the layer, and conductive material (28,30) contacting the front and back surfaces, the conductive material (30) at the light receiving surface being transparent. Also claimed is the formation of the solar cell comprising embedding the photovoltaic particles in the cement layer, positioning reinforcing fibres in the layer, and adding the conductive contacts.    USE -   Used as a large area, outdoor solar cell which may be constructed as a shingle, building module or railroad tie, etc..    ADVANTAGE -   The solar cell is robust, low cost, crack resistant and durable.
An air electrode and a fuel electrode are formed on substances having oxygen ion conductivity. Flowing water vapour to the fuel electrode separates the water vapour into hydrogen and an oxygen ion owing to a catalyst for the fuel electrode. The oxygen ion passes through the substances, resulting in an oxygen molecule by the air electrode. The oxygen molecule is outwardly released to produce hydrogen and oxygen. At least two oxygen ion conductive substances are joined together. The air electrode and the fuel electrode are formed on the substances. Where, at least two substances are joined together in the order that oxygen ion activating energy may be increased from the air electrode to the fuel electrode.    USE -   The high-temp. water vapour electrolytic device produces hydrogen and oxygen by utilising technique on a solid electrolyte fuel cell.    ADVANTAGE -   At least two oxygen ion conductive substances are joined together in the order that oxygen ion activating energy may be increased from the air electrode to the fuel electrode. The result increases current density in high-temp. water vapour electrolysis, yielding the small-sized high-temp. water vapour electrolytic device and dramatically enhancing durability.
A hydrogen mfg. device comprises a plate modifying apparatus (12) with plate-form modifying chambers and combustion chambers are alternately laminated; a hydrogen refining device (14) to adsorb other surplus gas than hydrogen at a high pressure and remove it at a low pressure to separate and refine hydrogen; and a surplus gas circulation line (16) to introduce surplus gas (13), separated away from a hydrogen refining device, to a plate modifying apparatus. By steam-modifying hydrocarbon by using the combustion heat of surplus gas from the plate modifying apparatus. modified gas (4) containing hydrogen is mfd., and hydrogen (9) is separated and refined from the modified gas by the hydrogen refining device.    USE -   For fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -   High purity hydrogen is produced with high efficiency. Device size and weight are reduced.
A two-stage combustion type plate modifying apparatus comprises a modifying apparatus body (12) where the plate-form modifying apparatus chambers (Re) and combustion chambers (Ca) are alternately laminated; and a primary burner (14) arranged to the outside of the modifying apparatus body (12) and feeding combustion gas to the combustion chamber (Co). The combustion chamber (Co) comprises a gas intermediate inflow device (16) arranged between a combustion gas inlet (15a) and a combustion exhaust gas outlet (15b) and in which combustion gas flows from the outside; and a secondary burner (17) arranged downstream from the gas intermediate inflow device (16).    ADVANTAGE -   Even when the combustion gas amount is low, there is no need to reduce the velocity of gas flow of the combustion chamber (Co) and high thermal conduction is expected.
In a container (1) filled with a hydrogen storage alloy and having a piping (3) for discharging hydrogen gas connected to a wall surface, a heater (2) having a catalyst (21) is arranged on the wall surface or in the vicinity of the container (1) and the heater (2) and the container (1) are interlinked through a hydrogen flow passage (4). A part of hydrogen gas discharged from the hydrogen storage alloy in the container is fed to a heater (2) through a hydrogen flow passage (4), and the catalyst is burnt in the heater (2). The hydrogen storage alloy filling container with a heater comprises aa temp. sensor (6) to detect the temp. of the hydrogen storage alloy in the container (1); a valve (7) to open and close the hydrogen flow passage (4); and a control part (5) linked to the temp. sensor (6) and the valve (7) and controlling operation of the valve (7) according to temp. detected by the temp. sensor (6). To maintain the temp. of the hydrogen storage alloy in the container (1) at a given value, a feed amount of hydrogen to effect catalyst combustion in the heater (2) is controlled by operation of the valve (7).    ADVANTAGE -   A need for an external heat source is eliminated.
Phosphoric acid is evaporated and constantly supplied to a reaction gas that is supplied from a gas manifold. The amount of phosphoric acid supplied to the reaction gas is more than the amount of phosphoric acid in a gas exhausted from the fuel cell.    USE -   For providing a phosphoric acid fuel battery which can prolong a life time of a battery itself by keeping an amount of electrolyte in a single cell within a fixed setting.
The module has a collection electrode wire (12) which is formed on an insulated substrate (14). A first resin layer (22) is formed in the clearance (18) formed between the electrode wire and the substrate's surface.    Also, the first resin layer is formed on the electrode wire. A second resin layer (36) seals the upper first resin layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Obtains mass production property. Improves reliability.
The battery includes a metal electrode film (23) which is formed on a stainless steel substrate (21). A non-crystal semiconductor (30) is formed on the metal electrode film. The non-crystal semiconductor comprises an n-layer (31), an i-layer (35), a p-layer (37) and a barrier layer (33) which is formed in- between the n and i-layers.    The barrier layer is formed by trace mixing third group element such as boron. A transparency electric conduction film (25) and a protection film (27) are then sequentially formed on the non- crystal semiconductor.    ADVANTAGE -   Inhibits i-layer diffusion. Facilitates high conversion efficiency by preventing photoelectric conversion efficiency reduction.
The method involves monitoring a fuel battery (2) that contains laminated multiple cells each enclosing a fuel electrode and an oxidizing agent electrode. The fuel electrode has a fuel electrode catalyst layer and a fuel electrode base material. The oxidizing agent electrode also encloses its catalyst layer and base material. An electrolyte layer is supported in-between the fuel electrode and the oxidizing agent electrode. The fuel electrode encloses a heating conduction path through which heating gas flows. The oxidizing agent electrode encloses an oxidizing agent gas conduction part which allows oxidizing agent gas to flow through it. The oxidizing agent gas is the reaction gas. The current density in the inplane of the fuel electrode and the oxidizing agent electrode, transforms the reaction energy of the heating gas and the oxidizing agent gas into an electric power. The load current variation of the fuel battery with respect to time, is measured by an electronic load appts (22). The temperature variation of arbitrary position of one of the components like fuel electrode base material, oxidizing agent gas base material, reaction gas conduction path or the electrolyte layer, is measured with respect to time by a thermocouple (23). The temperature variation follows the load current variation, both with respect to time. Hence, a heat generated in the arbitrary position is calculated to obtain the heating value. Thus, the instrumented current density distribution in the electrode inplane of the fuel battery is detected for its abnormality.    ADVANTAGE -   Offers simple method of detecting and monitoring abnormality.
The generator includes a modifier (3) which produces hydrogen and oxygen by adding steam to a hydrocarbon group fuel. The produced hydrogen and oxygen are made to react, by which suitable electrical energy is produced in a battery (2). An heat exchanger (4) and a waste gas condenser (5) recover the steam and water from the exhaust air of the modifier and the battery. A ventilating fan (7) cools the exhaust gas from waste gas condenser, before it is released into atmosphere.    ADVANTAGE -   Inhibits generation of smoke in exhaust gas.
The battery includes a solid state polyelectrolyte hollow filament (1) which is divided into an electricity generation part (6) and a humidification part (7). The cathode (2) is formed in the interior of the hollow filament. An anode (3) is formed outside the hollow filament. Fuel is supplied to the cathode side, and an oxidising agent is supplied to the anode side.    ADVANTAGE -   The battery simplifies structure of battery; and reduces size of battery.
The process comprises forming a mixture of coarse powder of solid state electrolyte material, and coarse powder of fuel pole material/coarse powder of air pole material. Shaping of the slurry and creating the required roughness regulation are performed. A ceramic air pole/fuel pole formation part is laminated to one side of the shaped body surface. The formed multilayered body is heated. The average grain size of the coarse powder is set to 10 m which is less than the thickness of the fuel/air pole formation parts.    ADVANTAGE -   The electrical property of the battery is improved. Internal impedance of the battery is reduced.
The battery comprises a multilayer body (2) into which a cooling plate (3a) is inserted. The cooling plate comprises a carbon material in several cooling pipes arranged in parallel fashion and in several header pipes (6a) coupled at the ends and turns into a cooling substrate (4a). The thickness of the part embedded in the cooling pipe is less than that of the part embedded in the header pipe. The part which is embedded in the header pipe, projects on the side face of the multilayer body and is distributed. At least one through hole is formed in a cooling plate to insert a tube for extraction of gas in the multilayer body for the cooling substrate of the part which is embedded in the header pipe in an air-tight manner.    ADVANTAGE -   Corrosion is inhibited. The life of the battery is extended. Dispersed phosphoric acid is collected automatically and accurately.
The ceramic has perovskite type crystal phase and oxide phase. The oxide phase has lanthanum as metallic component. The perovskite type crystal phase is expressed by the formula Rx+uMgy+vCrz, where R is metal chosen out of rare earth element except lanthanum. The constants are expressed by the relations as 0.0001 u/(x+y+z) 0.2, 0.2 &lt; (v+y)/(x+y+z) 0.6 and v &gt; 0.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables mass production of fuel battery at low temperature of 1600C or less. Obtains excellent stability in hot hydrogen environment.
Method for removing ammonia from reformed fuel cell power plant fuel gas comprises: (a) providing reformed fuel gas stream, (b) cooling the reformed fuel gas stream to 350F or less to form a cooled fuel gas stream and (c) exposing the cooled fuel gas stream to phosphoric acid to convert ammonia to ammonium phosphates sufficient to lower the concentration of ammonia in the cooled fuel gas stream to less than 1 p.p.m. A system for removing ammonia as above comprises: (a) reformer unit, (b) scrubbing unit for forming ammonia scrubber which contains phosphoric acid, (c) cooler unit for lowering the temperature of the reformed gas stream and (d) a unit for directing the reformed fuel gas stream from the reformed through the cooler and then through the scrubbing unit.    USE -   For removing ammonia from reformed fuel cell power plant fuel gas.    ADVANTAGE -   Effectively removes ammonia and extends operating life of ammonia removal system. Does not require scrubber beds in the system and does not depend on scrubber bed regeneration to achieve longer operational life. Minimizes acid loss due to evaporation.
Method for reforming a hydrocarbon supplied as fuel gas to generate hydrogen-containing gaseous fuel through a reforming reaction occurring in a predetermined reformed, comprises: (a) feeding a supply of oxygen to a raw fuel gas containing the raw fuel and enabling an exothermic oxidation reaction to proceed for a specified component of the raw fuel gas and (b) enabling an endothermic reforming reaction of the raw fuel to proceed with heat generated by the exothermic oxidation reaction of the specified component. Also claimed are: (i) apparatus for reforming a hydrocarbon supplied as raw fuel to generate a hydrogen-containing gaseous fuel through a reforming reaction comprising: (a) a reformer unit which comprises a first catalyst for accelerating an exothermic oxidation reaction of the specified component and a second catalyst for accelerating an endothermic reforming reaction with heat generated by the oxidation reaction, (b) raw fuel supply unit for feeding a supply of raw fuel gas to the reformed unit and (c) oxygen supply unit for feeding oxygen to the raw fuel gas; and (ii) a fuel cell system comprises fuel-reforming apparatus and a fuel cell for receiving a supply of gaseous fuel from the reforming apparatus and generating electrical energy.    USE -   For reforming hydrocarbon supplied as fuel gas to generate hydrogen-containing gaseous fuel.    ADVANTAGE -   The heat required for the endothermic reforming reaction is supplied by the oxidation of the raw fuel which is preferably methanol. No external heat source is required. Gaseous fuel with low content of carbon monoxide is obtained. Reformed raw fuel gas is obtained without lowering the energy efficiency of the whole fuel cell system.
Apparatus for the combined purification and compression of CO-containing hydrogen comprises: (a) a polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) having a proton-leading polymer membrane (3); and (b) an anode on one side and a cathode (4) on the other side of the membrane. The anode is formed as a double layer anode (5) comprising a CO oxidation-selective catalyst layer (1) on the side away from the membrane and an electrochemically active layer (2) to oxidise the hydrogen to protons on the side facing the membrane. A porous planar gas distributing layer is provided on the anode side which is connected to a current collector so that the PEM cell maintains differential pressures of 10. Process taking place in the apparatus is also claimed.    USE -   The purified hydrogen is used as fuel gas for a PEM-fuel cell (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   The apparatus is energy-efficient.
The cadmium telluride solar battery with transition layer, belonging to semiconductor film one, features that a zinc telluride transition layer that has not and/or less doped is added between cadmium-telluride layer (P) and back contact layer that is zinc telluride doped P type or conductive back electrode (M) for improving the lattice match between original adjacent layers, so preventing atom diffusion and leakage. It has high photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability
The optical composite electrode for efficient conversion of solar energy is made of ZnSe GaAs, Yb or Ge in N+-N-P type features its doping concentration is distributed in gradient to form two graded heterojunctions, so having wide response frequency band and high output voltage. Its efficiency is up to 30% when used as electrode of photochemical or photovoltaic solar cell.
A method of coating a component (4) of a high temperature fuel cell stack (2) with a vitreous layer (8, 10) involves applying the vitreous layer by enamelling, preferably after applying an enamel base material by screen printing or wet powder spraying.    Also claimed is a high temperature fuel cell stack with several components joined together by a vitreous layer produced by enamelling.    USE -   For production of a high temperature fuel cell stack (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   Unlike prior methods using solder glass green foils, the present method does not reduce the power density of the assembled stack, avoids bubble formation in the vitreous layer and, when wet powder spraying is used, reduces costs by at least a factor of 15-20 compared with conventional thermal spraying.
The solar battery has an Mo thin film (2) on a glass substrate (1). An SiO2 thin film (3) is provided on the Mo thin film. A CU(In,Ga)Se2 thin film (5) is formed on the upper surface of the Mo thin film, so as to cover the SiO2 thin film. A CdS thin film is formed on the Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin film by solution precipitation process. The band gap of the CdS thin film is larger than that of the Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin film.    An ZnO thin film and an ITO thin film (8) are sequentially provided on the CdS film. An Au electrode (9) is formed on the ITO thin film and the exposed surface of the Mo film. A junction of Au electrodes and SiO2 thin film is formed through gaps formed on principal plane of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin film.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces recombination centre of carrier.
The method involves adding H2 O2to condensed water of fuel battery. Then, methanol is decomposed by making it contact with catalyst for oxidative degradation.    ADVANTAGE -   Removes methanol from condensed water efficiently. Extends run length of water treatment equipment.
The apparatus uses a fuel battery (3) comprising an anode (3a) and a cathode (3b). The anode waste gas (GEA) and cathode waste gas (GEC) of the fuel battery stored in a pressurised container (4) are supplied to a combustion chamber (16) of a modifier (1). The combustion of the anode waste gas is performed with the heat of the cathode waste gas and forms combustion gas. A reforming chamber (1a) supplies anode gas obtained by reformation of heating gas with the heat of the combustion gas, to the anode pole. A gas turbine (19) which actuates a compressor (18) is actuated by a part of the combustion gas ejected from the combustion chamber. A heater heats the remaining combustion gas and compressed air gas mixture formed with the compressor and forms cathode gas. A pipe line (43) circulates the cathode gas to the cathode pole of the fuel battery. Multiple holes (47) which blow off cathode gas to the pressurised container as differential pressure control gas (CG), are provided in the pipe line.    ADVANTAGE -   The necessity for a special apparatus for differential pressure control is eliminated, enabling reduction of size and cost.
The element has an anode which contacts one side surface of ion exchange film. The cathode is arranged on the other side of the ion exchange film. The ion exchange film consists of a fluorocarbon polymer which has a sulphonic acid group or carboxylic acid group containing non-conductive pillar shaped particles.    USE -   Electrochemical element e.g. solid state polyelectrolyte type fuel battery, air-zinc battery for vehicle power supply.    ADVANTAGE -   Does not produce short circuit. Provides high output. Improves ion exchange film conductivity.
The multilayer body (1) includes a number of cells (8a-8e) that are arranged in layered form. Each cell has an anode electrode (10) and a cathode electrode (11) that are arranged on both sides of an electrolyte layer (9). A set of gas supply plates (13) with grooves are arranged such that they make contact with the anode electrodes of the cells respectively. The gas supply plates carry out supply of the reaction gas. A set of separators (15) having gas non-permeability nature are arranged between the gas supply plates and the cells respectively. A pair of cooling plates (17) is arranged at one side of last and first cells. An electrolyte absorption plate (20) is arranged between the second cooling plate and the cathode electrode of the last cell.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents non-uniformity of electrolyte amount between cells. Prevents deterioration of battery characteristics.
The battery comprises an electrolyte layer on both sides of which an oxidising agent electrode and a fuel electrode are provided. A catalytic member comprising the metal or alloy particle (6) with catalytic action and a carrier (7) which is electrically conductive and electrolyte-resistant, is mixed with a fine powder of fluororesin. The fine powder of fluororesin is then sintered to form a first catalytic layer on one side surface of the oxidising agent electrodes, between the oxidising agent electrode and the electrode layer. A second catalytic layer is provided between the electrode layer and the fuel electrode.    ADVANTAGE -   Deterioration of the battery characteristics due to increase in diffusion polarisation are prevented.
The structure makes use of two kinds of semiconductor materials Inp and InAlAs. The valence bond and conduction bond of the Inp are denoted as Ev2 and Ec2 respectively. The valence band and conduction band of the InAlAs are denoted as Ev1 and Ec1 respectively. The Eg2 separates Ev2 and Ec2. Similarly the Eg1 (forbidden energy gap ) separating Ev1,Ec2 where Eg1 not equal Eg2.    The n type impurity is doped with InAlAs having its conduction band in higher energy side. The P type impurity is doped with the InP having its conduction band in lower energy side. Thus a PN junction of both InAlAs and Inp materials are obtained.    ADVANTAGE -   Raises output current. Improves transformation efficiency.
The cell consists of a crystalline semiconductor substrate on which an electrode is formed using burning of a specific metal paste.    The electrode is treated with any one of the chemical fluids selected from hydrobromic, hydrofluoric, DL-malic, stearic, adipic, salicylic, citric or lactic acids.    ADVANTAGE -   The cell reduces size; avoids necessity of cleaning solvents; improves yield; improves adhesive strength of substrate and electrode; and reduces cell inspection, by reducing surface roughness.
The semiconductor is formed by doping group four elements such as boron, carbon and silicon or group three elements to form a chalcopyrite of chemical formula I-III-IVx VI2-x.    USE -   Chalcopyrite structure semiconductor for photovoltaic apparatus e.g., solar battery.    ADVANTAGE -   The chalcopyrite has reduced crystal defects.
The process comprises depositing a compound containing sulphur on a CuInSe2 thin film (4) which is in turn formed on a base material (1). The deposited compound is made to react with the CuInSe2 film to form a Cu(In,Ga)(Se,S)2 film and a CuIn(Se,S)2. The concentration of sulphur in the CuInSe2 film is reduced gradually along the depth direction. The concentration of selenium in the Cu(In,Ga)(Se,S)2 film is increased gradually along the depth direction.    ADVANTAGE -   The solar battery has high energy conversion.
The photoconductor has an InP insulating substrate (1) on whose surface a pair of metal electrodes (2,3) are arranged oppositely. A first and second ion implantation area (41,42) are formed in the portion of the substrate touching the metal electrodes respectively, by selective impurity implantation.    The ion implantation areas corresponding to first and second electrodes are formed such that they do not contact mutually.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves response speed. Restrains increase in dark current.
The apparatus has a reaction chamber (20) in which a set of substrates (1) are enclosed. The substrates are installed with the principal plane opposing that of a set of electrodes (24). The electrodes at the other side (21) are equipped with large number of vents.    ADVANTAGE -   The apparatus secures uniformity in film thickness; and improves yield and reduces influence on peeling object.
The method involves forming a stable yttrium-zirconium electrolyte thin film on a porous base, by EVD. Mixing of metal chloride with oxidising agent which are used as raw material, is prevented using a sealing compound. The sealing compound includes lanthanum manganite, lanthanum chromite and lanthanum cobaltite each doped with alkaline earth metal.    ADVANTAGE -   Easy removal of seal part from base after film forming is possible. Cracks due to difference in thermal expansion coefficient of seal part and other components are avoided.
The method comprises providing a semiconductor substrate (11) with a surface, and anodizing the substrate to provide a first porous layer (12S) adjacent the surface having a first porosity. A second anodization step is performed at a second higher current density to provide at least one second porous layer (12H) adjacent the first porous layer opposite the surface having a porosity greater than the first porosity. Preferably, a third anodization step at a third higher current density is performed to define a third porous layer having a third porosity higher than the second porosity.    The difference in porosity between the porous layers provides an inherent line or zone of weakness located in the porous structure. A semiconductor thin film (13) is then grown on the surface and first porous layer. The grown film is separated from the semiconductor substrate along the line of weakness to provide the intended thin film semiconductor. The separated thin fill attached to the support substrate may be further processed to provide improved film products, solar panels and light emitting diode devices.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For window glass equipped with solar cells, solar car, etc. Provides solar cell which has large surface area, excellent crystallinity, and sufficient thinness can be cheaply produced.
The process of refining silicon by melting under reduced pressure using an electron beam to evaporate volatile impurities is carried out in a graphite vessel. Also claimed is an apparatus to refine silicon by the above process comprising a succession of interconnecting vessels where: (i) each vessel is positioned in a vacuum chamber, (ii) there is the means to supply solid raw silicon to at least one vessel, (iii) at least one vessel has an electron beam gun, and (iv) the apparatus includes a receiver for the molten silicon product.    USE -   is to produce silicon of sufficient purity(99.9999% or better) for use in solar batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   Heat loss is significantly reduced by the use of a graphite vessel compared to water-cooled copper vessels used in prior processes. This enables a greater amount of silicon to be melted at lower power inputs, and a more pure product to be obtained at higher inputs.
A liquid-circulating battery comprises: (a) positive and negative electrodes; (b) a permeable membrane between the electrodes; (c) two porous carbon electrodes of a liquid-permeable type disposed in the positive and negative chambers; and (d) positive and negative electrolytic solutions circulated respectively into the positive and negative chambers, such that an oxidation-reduction reaction occurs causing charging and discharging. The permeable membrane is an ion-exchange membrane including as an ion exchanger layer a polymeric pellicle formed by crosslinking a halogenated alkylated aromatic polysulphone type polymer using a polyamine. The membrane is 0.1 - 120 m thick, has an ion exchange capacity of 0.3 - 0.8 milli-equivalents/gram of dry resin, and has a recurring unit represented at least by the following formula (I). The electrolytic solutions have a vanadium ion concentration of 0.5-8 mols/litre.    USE -   The battery is sued as a redox flow type cell battery.    ADVANTAGE -   The redox flow cell battery has a reduced cell resistance, increased power efficiency in a wide range of current densities and prolonged cycle of charge and discharge.
The appts manages the production process of strip-shaped long continuum used as processing material. The variation of predetermined phenomenon generated in processing process is detected by a detector. Thereby, various phenomenon stored as data in memory are processed and displayed by a process part (P).    ADVANTAGE -   Enables to manage continuum using phenomenon data, during abnormal phenomenon generation.
The appts manages the production process of strip shaped continuum used as a processing material (22). The processing carrier data of material corresponding to each position is collected. The measured processing career data is matched with respective position of processing material and thereby it is displayed as a whole on display unit.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables operator to know defective part in processing material.
Radial flow reactor, consisting of a heat transfer assembly, comprises:    (a) a heat transfer plate having two oppositely facing major surfaces and an opening formed in its ventral portion, at least one of the heat transfer plate major surfaces having several heat transfer structures extending therefrom, and at least one fluid passageway extending within the heat transfer plate in the volume between the two major surfaces, the passageway having an inlet for introducing a heat transfer fluid stream into the passageway and an outlet for directing the heat transfer fluid stream away from the passageway; and    (b) a sealing plate having two oppositely facing major surfaces, one of the sealing plate major surfaces contacting at least a portion of the heat transfer structure, the sealing plate and the heat transfer plate cooperating to form a reaction chamber therebetween; and also    (c) a reactor housing encasing the heat transfer assembly, the reactor housing including reactant stream inlet an d outlet;    (d) device for directing a reactant stream introduced at the reactant stream inlet to the reaction chamber; and    (e) device for directing the reactant stream from the reaction chamber to the reactant stream outlet.    Also claimed are (i) a radial flow vaporiser; and (ii) a radial flow reactor processor.    USE -   Fuel processor for (non)catalytic processes being heat transfer driven.    ADVANTAGE -   The fuel processor is used as a vaporiser and as a methanol reformer producing a hydrogen-containing reformate fuel stream for an electrochemical fuel cell, in which large amounts of heat are transferred to or from process fluids in a limited reactor volume.
Organic thin film device comprises organic thin films which contain a specific pigment molecule of formula A-[-C(R)=C(B)(D)]n (I), A'-C(R)=C(B')(D') (II), -(-A{-[-C(R)=C(B)(D)]n-}-X-)m- (III), or -(C(D")=C(R')-A-C(R')=C(D")-X-)m- (IV) (where A = an aromatic hydrocarbon ring or heterocyclic ring; B = cyano, perfluoroalkyl, nitro, alkylsulphinyl, arylsulphinyl, amidosulphinyl, alkyloxysulphinyl, aryloxysulphinyl, alkylsulphonyl, arylsulphonyl, amidesulphonyl, alkyloxysulphonyl, aryloxysulphonyl, acyl, carbamoyl, formyl, carboxyl, oxyamoyl, alkyloxycarbonyl, or aryloxycarbonyl group; D and R = H, halogen atoms, alkyl, aryl, cyano, perfluoroalkyl, nitro, alkylsulphinyl, arylsulphinyl, amidosulphinyl, alkyloxysulphinyl, aryloxysulphinyl, alkylsulphonyl, arylsulphonyl, amidesulphonyl, alkyloxysulphonyl, aryloxysulphonyl, acyl, carbamoyl, formyl, carboxyl, oxyamoyl, alkyloxycarbonyl, or aryloxycarbonyl group and n = 2).    USE -   Used for EL elements, photosensitive thin films for electrophotography, organic solar cells, organic rectifiers, or ultra-high density charge-coupled memories.    ADVANTAGE -   EL elements, solar cells, and other devices with a longer operating life are obtained.
The system has a modifier (2) which makes original fuel and water to react. A hydrogen formation part (4) produces reforming gas which is rich in hydrogen. A pair of strippers (3) are connected in parallel which absorb carbon dioxide present in reforming gas. A fuel battery (1) generates electricity by introducing hydrogen in the reforming gas.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces concentration of carbon dioxide sharply. Improves electricity generation output. Reduces operation cost of fuel battery.
A gas humidification method comprises polymerising a cooling water plate (5) having a cold water passage (2) through which cold water is circulated, and a gas plate (9) having a gas passage (6) through which gas is circulated and humidified, on both sides of a solid state polymer electrolyte film (10).    ADVANTAGE -   The apparatus enables efficient and automatic humidification, miniaturisation of PEM battery, and stabilises electricity generation.
Removal of boron from metallic silicon comprises blowing 1 solid which decomposes at 1400 C and produces H2 O and/or CO2into a molten silicon bath together with a carrier gas.    USE -   High-purity metallic silicon obtained can be used in semiconductors and solar batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   Boron which is most difficult to remove from Si can be removed. By combining this with the conventional method for removing Al, Ca, and Fe from silicon, silicon as a raw material of solar batteries can be produced at low cost and in a large quantity from metallic silicon.
The method involves spraying grinding particles by an injection nozzle (12), onto the front surface of a substrate, to form a rough surface. The level difference of the rough part of the substrate is maintained at 0.1 - 0.5 m. A laminated structure for photoelectric conversion is then formed on the front surface of the substrate.    ADVANTAGE -   The short circuit current of the solar battery is improved.
The compound is soluble in an organic solvent which contains elements like oxygen or sulphur and a metal other than carbon and hydrogen.    ADVANTAGE -   Excels in endurance, solubility.
A solar battery comprises a first conductivity type semiconductor layer (12) on a first conductivity type semiconductor substrate (10). An undoped semiconductor layer (16) is formed on the semiconductor layer. A second conductivity type semiconductor layer (18) is formed on the undoped semiconductor layer.    A set of pillar shaped fine crystals (14) of either first/second conductivity are formed in the undoped semiconductor layer.    ADVANTAGE -   The batter has superior transformation efficiency.
Solar cell module consists of a photovoltaic semiconductor layer at least whose light incident side is coated with a transparent organic polymer resin layer (a) and a transparent fluororesin film (b) successively. A transparent thin layer (c), which is a mixt. of silicon oxide and silicon nitride given by firing a polysilazane coating, is applied to at least one of the faces of the transparent fluororesin film.    USE -   For electric power generation.    ADVANTAGE -   The solar cell module has good damp resistance. Water cannot easily penetrate into the modules.
The method involves forming a transparent electrically conductive thin film on a permeable substrate (1).     The thin film includes a mixture ABC2where A is selected from Cu/Ag, B is selected from In, Ga or Al and C is selected from either S, Se or Te.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves efficiency.
Fuel cell consists of a reactor, a water storage device, a container for H2 occlusion alloy contaminated by radioactive substances, an O2 storage device, and DC-AC conversion device.    The fuel cell is used for direct conversion from chemical energy to electric energy.    ADVANTAGE -   The fuel cell has H2 occluding alloy having high H2 absorbability, high H2 desorbability, and high energy conversion efficiency.
The unit includes a hydrogen generator (4) equipped with a modifier (2) that generates a reforming gas obtained by reaction of water with original fuel. The reforming gas is rich in hydrogen and the carbon monoxide present in it is removed by an absorption layer (3a) of a stripper (3) consisting of a monovalent copper compound.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables easy handling.
The battery has a polymer film (21) on whose one end an ion exchange part (21a) is formed. The ion exchange part is formed after mounting the masking unit on a predetermined area. Then, potassium hydroxide is flooded in the unmasked area. The ion exchange part acts as hydrophone, after carrying out ion exchange process. Then, the polymer film is adhered to the separators (24,25) with help of adhesive.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents need of separate O-ring. Improves battery property and shows superior adhesive property.
Prodn. of electrolyte films comprises: (1) removing a medium from a liq. which contains an organic cpd. having ion-exchange gps. to obtain a film; and (2) heating the film in water or in a saturated steam.    USE -   Used for producing electrolyte films. They are used for solid polymer electrolyte fuel cells or water electrolysis cells, or other electrochemical systems.    ADVANTAGE -   Hydrophilic parts which are formed in step (1) are swollen and connected together in step (2). The connected hydrophilic parts provide a water content and a higher conductivity.
The use of a zeolite based platinum catalyst in the catalytic reduction of carbon monoxide from a starting mixture rich in hydrogen and in the selective oxidation of carbon monoxide from a methanol reforming reactor is claimed.    Also claimed is the production of the catalyst, comprising: (a) the dissolution of Pt(NH3)4Cl2xH2O in distilled water; (b) the production of a suspension by the addition of the zeolite in the solution obtained in (a); (c) stirring the suspension for a predetermined time, filtrating, washing without chloride and drying at a predetermined drying temperature; (d) heating progressively the dried pulverulent material at ca. 400C under nitrogen; (e) reducing the heated material by the addition of a forming gas during 4 hours at ca. 400C; and (f) cooling the reduced material under nitrogen.    USE -   Used in hydrogen processing for use in fuel cells for electrical vehicles.
Production of moulded parts having a layer of uniform finely ground sintered structure esp. made of metallic material comprises producing a negative form of the moulded part for the contour of one side of the moulded part; and forming the moulded part by applying the layer by means of plasma spraying to the negative form acting as substrate.    The moulded part itself is also claimed.    USE -   Used as components of solid electrolyte fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The moulded part can be easily produced.
Assembly generating electrical energy with solid oxide fuel cells has an operating unit incorporating a heat exchanger (2) to pre-heat the gases and a stack of fuel cells (1). These components are incorporated within two separate housings linked by gas pipes. Fuel gas is introduced, and effluent gas is discharged, through hoods (39, 39'). The novelty is that: (a) the fuel cell section and the operating components are located in separate housings (40, 12); (b) the fuel cell section (1) and the operating components section (2) are joined by a short link (3); (c) the link (3) contains both electrical cables and gas pipes; (d) the link (3) contains transfer gas tubes (23, 24, 26; 7, 8) supplying fuel gas to, and removing effluent gas from, the fuel cell modules; (e) fixtures are installed by means of which the operating components (2) and fuel cell section (1) are adjusted, sealed (28) and secured (9) in position to the link (3).    USE -   For positioning the fuel cells and the operating components into two housings to minimise thermal expansion in the operating section.    ADVANTAGE -   The integrity and sealing of the assembly are ensured in the face of temperature changes of 1000 C. The relative movement of components to each other is minimised. Frangible ceramic components are so joined that they are not destroyed by extreme temperature changes.
The catalyst assembly for placing in the anode compartment of an internally reforming fuel cell, where the compartment includes an anode and a current collector with a number of peak regions with spacer regions between them, the spacer regions facing the anode, has a member including a catalyst material, with openings through the member having a distribution and configuration so that the member can be inserted over the current collector with the peak regions being received in the openings.    Also claimed is an internally reforming fuel cell.    USE -   The catalyst member is used in an internally reforming fuel cell.    ADVANTAGE -   The fuel cell can be oriented as wished without the catalyst plate moving or coming into contact with the anode to deactivate the catalyst. Also the catalyst distribution in the cell is more uniform and assembly of the catalyst in the cell is simplified.
Making ion-exchange membrane comprises impregnating a stretched porous film with polymer dissolved in a solvent, and drying it to adhere the polymer onto the porous film and introducing ion-exchange group into the polymer.    Also claimed is an ion-exchange membrane formed by the method.    USE -   The ion-exchange membrane is useful for e.g. solid high polymer-type fuel cell or water electrolysing device.    ADVANTAGE -   The ion-exchange membrane can prevent breaking of the membrane by repeated swelling and contraction caused in the operation of a device provided with the membrane. The amount of ion-exchange group introduced per unit surface area of the membrane can be increased by the method.
Certain geological systems are influenced by a process that uses electric fields which are generated to bring about electrochemical reactions, physical or chemical action on crystals or mobilisation or de-mobilisation of material within the system. The electric field is generated by a migrating electrode fuel cell or other electrochemical cell or by the installation of electrodes, the voltage being generated externally. The field produces pH gradients, Eh (redox) gradients and gradients of ionically dissolved or colloidally dispersed components that cause mobilisation, precipitation or transport of material in the system.    USE -   To change the structure, composition or physical and chemical properties of natural or synthetic geological systems.    ADVANTAGE -   New structures that have not been possible to achieve until now can be produced that can reduce the processing of unwanted material.
Cutting element (10) for use on a drill bit for drilling subterranean formations, comprises: (a) cutting structure (12) comprising a super-abrasive material defining a two-dimensional cutting face at a proximal end (18); (b) cutting face including a cutting edge (22); and (c) cutting structure comprising a predominant volume of cutting element.    Also claimed is a method of manufacturing a cutting element for a drill bit.    USE -   The super-abrasive, polycrystalline, diamond compact cutting elements is used for earth boring.    ADVANTAGE -   The cutting elements of the invention are cooled more easily, stay sharper for longer periods and are less susceptible to stresses encountered during drilling.
The method involves forming an organic titanium coated layer (3) containing phosphorus dopant which is formed on the surface of a p-type silicon substrate (1). An aluminium layer (6) is formed on the rear side surface of the silicon substrate. A n+ junction layer (2) is formed on the surface of the silicon substrate upon which a TiO2 antireflection layer (4) is formed.    An electric field layer (P+) (5) with a silver paste coating (10) is formed on the rear side of the substrate. A Sb alloy dopant (9) is formed by the side of the antireflection film. The silicon substrate is baked by an infra red lamp to form silver electrode (7) as well as a high concentration diffusion layer (n++) (20) so as to form the solar battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies mfg process thereby reducing production cost. Improves efficiency and productivity.
The thin film has Si layer and a Si1-xGex layer which are layered alternately. The thickness of the Si layer lies in the range of 0.4-2nm, where as the Si1-xGex layer has thickness 1- 2nm.    The thickness of the Si1-xGex layer gradually increases in the layered direction. The two layers have peak magnitude at two or more periods.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves photosensitivity.
The appts consists of a fuel supply unit (5) which supplies hydrocarbon group fuel (5a). The fuel is mixed with a processing gas (92a) maintained at predetermined temperature. The mixture is sucked in a suction path of an ejector (81). The fuel is vapourised by supplying steam (2a) maintained at a predetermined pressure in the suction part. Heating gas (84) which is a mixture of vapourised fuel and the steam is output to a fuel modifier.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces power consumption. Simplifies composition.
The conductive bonding agent uses La-Mn-oxide.    USE -   The conductive bonding agent is used to bond an air electrode and an interconnector, used as solid electrolyte fuel cell.    ADVANTAGE -   The conductive bonding agent is free from occurring of peeling off caused by unevenness of thermal expansion, and has good bonding strength, and is inexpensive.
The method involves mixing fine particles of oxides of metals such as La, Sr, Cr and Co in a predetermined ratio. Grinding is performed in nitrogen for 100 hours. Then, heat treatment is performed to the grinding mixture in air for 3 hours at of 500- 800 C. A LaSrCrCo alloy oxide is thus generated where the ratio of metal is at a predetermined level.    ADVANTAGE -   Restrains generation of nitrogen oxide. Alloy oxide has predetermined stoichiometry. Reduces manufacturing costs by reducing labour and material costs. Material exhibits required function as integrator.
The fuel battery includes a number of cells which are separated by a separator (20) to form a multilayered structure. Each cell is provided at one side of a solid electrolyte plate. A fuel pole of nickel-cermet material and an air pole of lanthanum strontium manganate group material is provided at the opposite surface of the electrolyte plate. A heat-proof type metallic layer (32) which is made of Ni-Cr is formed on the front face of the opposing side of separator which is made of a lanthanum chromite group ceramic material. A predetermined space is provided between the cells and the separator.    ADVANTAGE -   Maintains material characteristics under reducing environment satisfactorily. Improves efficiency of battery. Reduces electrical resistance. Avoids gas leakage due to strain of separator. Assures reliable safe operation. Ensures high conservation of electricity generation property.
Manufacture involves forming an UV hardening type resin film (24) on a ceramic substrate (22). Then, a part of the resin film corresponding to the contact part with the fuel cell is hardened. The other part of the resin film which corresponds to a gas passage groove, which is not in contact with the fuel cell is not hardened. The non-hardened part of the resin film is then removed by grinding. Finally, the hardened resin film is peeled off.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces losses. Improves efficiency and electricity generation property of fuel battery.
(1) Waste printed-circuit boards (A) contg. at least phenol resin are immersed into basic aqueous soln. (B). (2) After treating with (B), (A) is immersed into water, and the processes are carried out at least once. (3) (A), to whom various parts are attached, at least one part of them are removed prior to the treatment with (B).    USE -   Used for treating waste printed-circuit boards.    ADVANTAGE -   This method is able to treat waste printed-circuit boards without using conventional mechanical grinding process, to separate into Cu foils and resin base plates.
The reformer comprises a first gas flow passage, and a second gas flow passage filled with carbon monoxide conversion catalyst in the interior, and a gas from the first gas flow passage is fed to the second gas flow passage, using a reforming gas introduction part filled with heat transfer particles.    USE -   Used for steam reforming alcohol or hydrocarbon group fuel to form hydrogen, for a fuel battery system or hydrogen manufacturing apparatus.    ADVANTAGE -   Improved thermal efficiency and reduced and consumption are achieved, with improved heat transfer, giving a compact apparatus.
The composite ionic exchange membrane is made up by polymerizing porous polypropylene film with monomer able to introduce ion exchange radicals and proper treatment and features excellent electrochemical, mechanical and chemical stabilities . Other technical parameters are 60- 150 MPa stretch strength, 0 deg. foldable angle, 5 ohm. cm2 resistance, 0.85 selective static migration of ions and 0-5% aqueous swellability. It may be used in chemical separation, electrochemical prepa ration and fuel battery.
The method involves carrying out list display of phenomenon data involved in processing strip-shaped continuous member. The graphic display of phenomenon data is carried out in the order of generation. Then, visible display of the arbitrary phenomenon data in the list display and the corresponding graphic display is carried out in a display unit.    ADVANTAGE -   Facilitates easy detection of abnormality generation. Simplifies actuator control work to display target phenomenon data.
The method involves forming a thin film (11) of a group Ib element comprising Cu or Ag, over a glass substrate (10), by deposition and sputtering. Using a hot wall device for high boiling point, a group IIIb element of Al, Ga or In, as well as a group VIb element of S, Se, or Te is then supplied to the thin film, resulting in the formation of a CuInSe2 thin film (12).    ADVANTAGE -   The manufacturing process is simplified.
The method involves forming an Al electrically conductive layer (2) on a heat resistant substrate (1). A Si layer (3) with a homoepitaxial PIN junction is formed on the electrically conductive layer. The Si layer and the conductive layer are heated.    The crystalline nuclear growth effect is produced on the Si at low temperature. The size of the crystal grains are transformed to bigger size, thereby forming a polycrystalline Si layer, with aluminium diffused in it.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves photoelectric conversion efficiency.
The method involves forming a cadmium sulphide film (2) on a substrate (1). The UV ray is irradiated on the sulphide film.    A cadmium telluride film (3) is formed on selected portion of the irradiated sulphide film.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves product yield and efficiency. Reduces crystal defect. Removes carbon compound in cadmium sulphide film.
The method involves fusing a modifier (1) to which suitable fuel and water with mole ratio exceeding set value are supplied. The supplied fuel and water react in the modifier to produce hydrogen containing gas. The hydrogen containing gas contains 30 - 46 weight % of unreacted moisture, and is supplied to a pole (5) of a fuel battery (2). The moisture present in the supplied gas provides moisture to a solid state polymer film (3) of the fuel battery.    ADVANTAGE -   A humidification process is not required, and electricity generation of the fuel battery is reliably maintained. The fuel battery can be made smaller,
The device has a fuel supply unit which contains fuel change part and fuel feed part. The fuel change part changes supply of various kinds of fuels and fuel feed unit controls amount of supply of fuels. The supplied fuel and steam are reacted in the presence of a reforming catalyst in a reformer (4) and generates a hydrogen rich gas. The hydrogen rich gas is supplied to a fuel pole of fuel battery main body (7). On both sides of an electrolyte, the fuel pole and the oxygen poles are arranged in the fuel battery main body. Recycling process of fuel pole waste gas of the fuel battery main body is performed in the reformer through a recycling pipe.    ADVANTAGE -   Restrains raise of pressure loss. Reduces deheat time condemnation steam by increase in amount of reforming service water vapour. Avoids carbon precipitation during fuel change.
The power supply has a main body (6) which encloses noble metal group catalyst in a fuel battery part. Electricity is generated based on electrochemical reaction between heating gas and an oxidizing agent. A carbon monoxide combustion burner (14) in the main body removes carbon monoxide in the residual gas. An interruption film (22) which acts as an airtight unit, maintains airtight state of main body during unused condition. The interruption film is provided at a heating gas inlet, an oxidizing agent inlet, a heating gas outlet (4) and an oxidizing agent outlet (5).    ADVANTAGE -   Improves airtight nature of battery main body during unused condition reliably. Inhibits deterioration of noble metal group catalyst in fuel battery electrode by carbon monoxide, reliably. Prevents deterioration of battery characteristics. Inhibits encroachment of open air, foreign material, moisture into fuel battery main body. Prevents falling off of electrolyte density by moisture absorption. Reduces weight of power supply. Inhibits rupture due to differential pressure.
The redox-flow type battery has positive and negative electrode active materials and vanadium-based electrolyte containing tetravalent V ion.    USE -   The V electrolyte is used for redox-flow type battery.    ADVANTAGE -   The V group electrolyte is manufactured by industrially profitable way.
The device includes a phosphoric acid type fuel battery (1) consisting of a multilayer body of unit cells. A filter (3), a blower (4), and a pneumatic central valve (5) form an air supply group (2), to supply air drawn from outside to the air hole of the fuel battery. Steam reforming of the original fuel is carried out with a fuel modifier (16), and the obtained gas is heated by high and low temperature transformers (17, 18). Hydrogen-rich heated gas is supplied to the fuel pole of the fuel battery through a gas shut-off valve (19). Discharged air, from the air supply unit, is passed to a burner side (16D) of the fuel modifier, through bypass valves (22, 23), provided in a by-pass path (21). The oxygen concentration, and air pollution gas concentration in the discharged air are detected by a set of detectors. When an abnormality in any concentration is detected, an inhibition unit (20) of an air pole catalyst sends commands so that the pneumatic control valve and gas shut-off valve are closed, and the by-pass valves are released. A reforming temperature rise command (285) places the electrical power generating device in a reforming temperature rise mode.    ADVANTAGE -   Voltage reduction of the generated electricity is eliminated.
The fuel battery has a fuel pole (12) and an air pole (13) which are arranged on both sides of a solid state polymer film, in a main body (11). A pair of condensers (25A,25B) are arranged at fuel pole side and air pole side respectively. Hydrogen gas exhausted by the fuel pole and oxygen gas exhausted by the air pole are supplied to the corresponding condensers, through respective pumps (14A,14B). Excess of moisture contained in the exhaust gas is removed by the condensers. A recirculating circuit mixes the exhaust hydrogen and oxygen gas and feeds it back to the fuel and air poles respectively. Temperature of condensers are controlled by respective temperature controllers (20A,20B), which in turn controls temperature of the gas.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies composition. Avoids need for separate humidifier.
The battery comprises a board shaped cell consisting of an electrolyte matrix with an anode and cathode on either side. A separator comprising respective edge plates (7, 8) is mounted on both sides of an interconnector (9). The interconnector is non-permeable to gas and several such separators are layered alternately. A hole is formed on the circumferential part of the separator. Supply and exhaust of heating gas and oxidising agent gas is carried out by respective inner manifolds. A sealant compound (21) comprising glass fibre, and a manifold ring (15) connect both the edge plates facing each other on both sides of the cell.    ADVANTAGE -   Alignment problems during manufacture are reduced, and easy assembly within a short time is enabled.
The fuel battery includes positive and negative electrodes (2,3). Polyelectrolyte film (1) is formed to the entire surface of the electrodes by screen printing process.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables to form thin electrolyte film. Improves characteristic of battery.
The fuel battery has a matrix (2) that is formed between a fuel electrode (3) and an oxidizing agent electrode (4). The fuel electrode has an electrode catalyst layer (5) and a fuel electrode base material (11F). The oxidizing agent electrode has the electrode catalyst layer and an oxidizing agent electrode base material (11A). The electrode catalyst layer is supported in the flat porous charcoal base plate. A pair of reservoir plates (20,20F) are arranged at one side of the fuel electrode and the oxidizing agent electrode respectively. The reservoir plates are provided with the ribs (7) that form the reaction gas passage (8). A pair of separation plates (9) are formed at one side of both reservoir plates. The electrode base material and the reservoir plates have hydrophilicity. The reservoir plate at fuel electrode side has larger mean pore size compared with the mean pore size of the matrix. The fuel electrode base material has larger mean pore size compared with mean pore size of reservoir plate at fuel electrode side. The phosphoric acid electrolyte is maintained in the pore hole of the matrix.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces damage by eliminating direct reaction of gas with electrolyte. Simplifies mfg work sharply. Facilitates stable storage of phosphoric acid.
The fuel battery has a main body (1) containing phosphoric acid as electrolyte in-between a fuel pole (4A) and an air pole (7A). A preforming catalyst film is formed by applying powder catalyst in a first carrier mixing object which kneads the powder catalyst with poly tetrafluoroethylene and a dispersion medium. Again, a preforming carrier film is formed in-between rollers by applying carrier carbon in a second carrier mixing object which kneads the carrier carbon with poly tetrafluoroethylene and dispersion medium. The preforming catalyst and carrier film are kneaded in-between the rollers to form a compound catalyst film (20) which is arranged in inner side surface of the air pole and fuel pole such that it touches the main body surface.    ADVANTAGE -   Obtains optimum die thickness of catalyst layer. Prevents deterioration of catalyst by corrosion of carbon. Offers stabilized fuel battery for long period. Reduces amount of catalyst used.
The substrate (1) with the N-region is immersed into aqueous solution of the phosphoric acid, which consists of one or more components of a group, consisting of H3PO4, H3PO2, HPO3, sodium salts, potassium salts, and ammonia salts of such acids.    Preferably the treatment is carried out at temperature between room temperature and 200 degrees C. On the N-region is then deposited a silicon nitride layer, typically by CVD in thermal vacuum. The P-substrate and/or the N-region are of amorphous material.    ADVANTAGE -   More suited to amorphous substrates. Increased conversion efficiency.
Reactor for steam reforming of methanol, has a novel design. Three reactor stages in series are each catalyst-loaded. Of these, only the central stage (1b) has a heater (6). Inlet- (1a) and outlet- (1c) stages are separated by a thermally-conductive partition (3), for heat exchange. They are alternatively, spatially-separated, with heat exchange connections. The gas stream emerging from the final stage is passed through a tempering space, in contact with the inlet stage.    USE -   For the steam reforming of methanol.    ADVANTAGE -   This equipment is designed for low-cost mobility. In the first stage, heat transferred causes minimal conversion to product. This allows a more compact construction of the central stage, and reduced ageing by the unreacted components. The first stage at the same time, being comprised of catalyst pellets, filters out suspended particles. No filter is therefore required before the central stage, which is kept clear of water- and methanol droplets, for the important reforming reaction. No droplet separator is required for the final stage. The water boiler construction is also simplified. The central reaction is compact, with lower thermal capacity, allowing larger temperature swings with changing loading.
A reactor reforms methanol with steam and has a reaction chamber packed with catalyst pellets (2) carried by a sieve (3). Below the sieve, which only allows pellet fragments and dust through, there is a metal wool fleece (4). Preferably a space intervenes between sieve and metal wool. The metal wool is removable. In a connected region (5) following the reaction chamber and below the level of the sieve, there is an externally-cleanable filter (6) to abstract finer dust particles coming from the pellets.    USE -   A methanol/steam reformer catalyst for mobile use.    ADVANTAGE -   In this reactor, measures are taken to prevent its blockage by pellet fragments and dust particles. The reactor is particularly designed for mobile use, e.g. for the recovery of hydrogen as fuel, to be used in a fuel cell-operated vehicle. The sieve allows fragments and dust through, but not the pellets themselves. The metal wool intercepts the debris, and can be removed for cleaning and/or replacement. The device is particularly suitable for use in vehicles, where jolting is frequent. In a valuable feature, the fragments are retained, and can continue their action, though broken. Fine, suspended particles are removed by the additional filter.
Crystallisation centres are produced on the surface of a substrate (1) by the following steps: (a) deposition of a first layer (2) consisting of a first amorphous material on the substrate consisting of a second amorphous material; (b) melting of the first material within a number or non-overlapping regions - which form a regular patter - of the first layer by radiation with photons; and (c) tempering of the substrate (1) and the first layer (2) so that single crystals form in the radiated regions.    USE -   The crystallisation centres are used in solar cell manufacture.    ADVANTAGE -   Crystallisation centres are produced at arbitrary positions of a non structured surface of an amorphous substrate.
The material for bonding anode-to-anode material in a solid oxide fuel stack is formed of powders of: (i) reactive ingredients; (ii) nickel oxide; (iii) zirconia; and (iv) at least one of alumina, binder, plasticiser, rice or corn starch and a solvent. The reactive ingredients are selected from compounds of tungsten, tantalum, niobium, molybdenum and titanium and compounds of these elements with nickel, zirconium, silicon and aluminium. The binder is selected from polyvinyl butyryl resin, polyvinyl alcohol, synthetic rubber, plastic, cellulose and polymer systems which thermally decompose without crosslinking. The plasticiser is butyl phthalate or a phthalate solvent. The solvent may be organic or inorganic, e.g. water or alcohol. The bonding material is applied as an interlayer between facing surfaces of anode pairs and is sub-sintered at 1000-1300C with or without pressure.    Also claimed is an anode-interconnect bonding material, in which the powders of reactive ingredients are selected from nickel oxide, zirconium oxide, cobalt oxide, calcium oxide and strontium oxide, and additionally comprises one or more of lanthanum oxide, chromium oxide and lanthanum chromite.    ADVANTAGE -   The resulting bond is reliable and has a strength of more than 1 MPa. It is compatible with anode and interconnect materials and is conductive in SOFC operating environments.
A proton exchange membrane fuel cell comprises a composite perfluorinated polymer ion exchange membrane (A) comprising a thick fluoropolymer film having an equivalent weight of 800-1500, a thickness of 1-15 mil, and laminated on its surface(s) a thin fluoropolymer film having an equivalent weight of 600-900 and a thickness of 1-15 micron, wherein the thin film has a lower equivalent weight than the thick film, and the thin film faces a cathode of the fuel cell.    Also claimed is a process for operating a proton exchange membrane fuel cell, comprising feeding fuel to an anode of the cell and feeding an oxidant to a cathode of the cell, wherein the anode and cathode are separated by (A).    ADVANTAGE -   The composite membrane provides high current capacity and improved electrical performance while retaining good strength.
The matrix contains zirconium phosphate and silicon carbide, with addition of fibres of silicon phosphate having specific surface 70-90 m2/g, at a ratio of components of 20-35 : 10-20 : 50-65 % by weight    USE -   The matrix is suitable for fuel elements with a phosphoric acid electrolyte    ADVANTAGE -   The addition of the fibres, which have high resistance to phosphoric acid, gives a matrix with improved pore structure, and having a reduced permeability which results in a 3-fold increase in the gas seal pressure, without any change in the other properties
The appts includes a feed roll (4) which conveys a flexible substrate (10) whose tensile strength at predetermined temperature is maintained. The substrate is conveyed from feed roll to rolling up roll (5) through multiple guide rolls (6,14). Along the conveyance direction, multiple heaters (9) are set. The guide rolls are driven at speed synchronized with the conveyance velocity.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves productivity and stability of electrode. Enables to mfr high efficiency amorphous silicon solar battery.
The low reflection rate glass substrate (1) includes a glass substrate (2). A first thin film (3) having thickness of 70 - 85 nm and refractive index of 1.7 - 1.9 is formed on one side of the glass substrate. A second thin film (4) is layered on the first thin film. The thickness of the second thin film is 90 - 100 nm and its refractive index is 1.4 - 1.5.    ADVANTAGE -   Reflection on the front face of a glass substrate is reduced, and optical conversion efficiency is improved.
Silicon is produced by: (a) coating a releasing material on the inner surface of a casting mould; and (b) pouring a silicon melt in the casting mould. The releasing material consists of a mixture of silicon nitride and silicon dioxide with a wt. ratio of 28:72-75:25.    USE -   The method casts polycrystal silicon used for forming particularly solar batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   The use of the silicon nitride and the silicon dioxide with a wt. ratio of 28:72-75:25 enables one-time releasing material coating on the inner surface of the casting mould. No releasing material is stuck to the casting mould. The method prevents the silicon from cracks caused by sticking the casting mould to silicon ingots.
The battery has a set of comb shaped electrode layer (6) which consists of Mo or Ni, mounted onto a transparent base (5). A first semiconductor thin film (7) which consists of Ib group, IIIa group and VIa group elements such as CuInSe2, is formed on the electrode thin film. Then, a second semiconductor thin film (8) which has a forbidden band width larger than CdS or ZnO is deposited on the first semiconductor thin film. A electrode thin film (9) which contains NiCr or Au is formed on the second semiconductor thin film.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves transmission efficiency of solar battery. Improves productivity. Reduces defect. Absorbs solar light of large wavelength range.
New method of producing solar cell modules which are formed on flexible boards and are coated with adhesive resin comprises (a) adhesive resin applied to both faces of solar cells by pressing it through a separating sheet; and (b) then sheet peeled off.    USE -   Used for producing solar cell modules having protective adhesive layers.    ADVANTAGE -   Solar cell modules having no protective films are produced.
The battery has a solid electrolyte layer (33) where an air pole (31) is formed at the front surface and a fuel pole (35) is formed at the other side surface of the layer. The fuel pole comprises multiple poles (39) which are composed of 50-90% of Ni, Co, W and Ti. The thickness of the division pole is 100-300 micron, where ZrO2with 20-50% of the CrO, is formed in the division pole.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces thermal stress generation in fuel pole. Produces stabilized output characteristics of battery.
A component comprises a glass or glass ceramic substrate having a material applied either directly or via intermediate layer(s) between the substrate and the material The substrate is thermally stable at temperatures up to at least 700C and has a coefficient of thermal expansion which is the same as that of the material. A glass or ceramic composition is also claimed.    USE -   Used as substrates for solar cells and TFT's.    ADVANTAGE -   The refractory glass or ceramic withstands high temperatures and gives good performance at reduced cost.
A closed system fuel cell is new. Water fuel from a reservoir (1) enters a gas liberator (4) where it is electrolytically decomposed to produce a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen. The gas mixture is burnt in a double chamber combustion chamber (8, 10) to reform water vapour which is condensed and returned to the water reservoir for recycling. The volume of the gas evolved is dependent upon the surface areas of the inert electrodes and the distance between them. The thermal energy obtained from combustion of the gas is used to power a related open system.    USE -   For heating radiators associated with a central heating system.    ADVANTAGE -   Large volumes of gas may be evolved using low voltages. Loss of energy during electrolysis is minimised.
Gas high in H2 and low in CO is obtained by subjecting the gas obtained by reforming methanol using a Cu/ZrO2 or Cu/ZnO/ZrO2 catalyst to selective methanisation using a catalyst/carrier containing TiO2, Al2O3, Ru and RuOx and/or selective oxidation using a catalyst material containing Pt and TiO2. The methanisation Ru/RuOx and a TiO2 composition of 75% rutile and 25% anatase. Also claimed is an apparatus for obtaining such a gas consisting of a methanol reforming reactor and a CO converter for carrying out the above process.    USE -   To generate a gas suitable for use in low temperature fuel cells for electric vehicles    ADVANTAGE -   The process is inexpensive to operate and can operate within a mobile system.
The appts consists of a first electrode (102) with plasma excitation function and a second electrode (103) with substrate hold function which are positioned parallel to each other. The two electrodes are separated by a distance 'D' which is 30mm or less.    ADVANTAGE -   Increases yield.
The generator consists of a phosphoric acid type fuel battery main body (21) which is comprised by a fuel pole (18) and an oxidising agent pole (20) with an electrolyte (19) in-between. A reformer (8) with a reformer burner (9) is provided in which a fuel and steam are reacted in the presence of a reforming catalyser. Then, a hydrogen rich gas is supplied to the main body as a reaction gas.    A fuel supply unit supplies two kinds of fuels to the reformer. A fuel switching unit which is a cross valve (63) switches one kind of fuel to the reformer. The cross valve is used instead of two isolation valves. A fuel free feeding unit controls the cross valve to control the amount of supply of two kinds of fuel.    ADVANTAGE -   The generator reduces fuel consumption; improves reliability of generator; and supplies one kind of fuel to reformer when cross valve is switched.
The generator includes a detector (23) which detects concentration of unreacted fuel in recycle piping (17). A recycle release line (26) is branched from the recycle piping. A pair of isolation valves (24,25) are set in both recycle piping and release line, respectively. A control unit controls opening/closing operation of both the valves, based on the output of the detector.    ADVANTAGE -   Ensures safety during operation with prolonged recycle operation.
The battery has an anode (2) and a cathode (3) provided on both sides of an electrolyte film (1). A first separator (4c) with a heating gas conduction path (6) and a second separator (5c) with an oxidizing agent gas conduction path (7) are provided. A first sealing surface (40A) and a second sealing surface (50A) are formed in the first and the second separators, respectively. The electrolyte film is supported and hermetically sealed between the two sealing surfaces.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids use of special sealant. Maintains reaction gas, effectively. Reduces cost and saves space.
The battery has an electrode catalyst which consists of noble metals dispersed in carbon fine powder. The particle diameter of the carbon powder is 8 nm or less such that this powder occupies a volume below 500 cm3/g. Besides the noble metal catalyst, chlorine and sulphur are also highly dispersed in the carbon fine powder whose composition is 2 ppm or less with acetylene is used as a raw material to form a positive and negative electrode.    ADVANTAGE -   Secures good discharge characteristics. Prevents deterioration caused by impurity.
A composite tube is made by: (i) inserting a core material into a metal tube; (ii) packing one or more types of metal powder, other inorganic substance powder, and synthetic resin powder into a space between the core material and the inner surface of the metal tube; and (iii) extruding it through extruding dies having a smaller calibre than the outer diameter of the metal tube, to obtain a composite tube having dissimilar coating layers of particles of one or more types of dissimilar metal powder, other inorganic substance powder, and synthetic resin powder, which are formed on the inside surface of the metal tube.    USE -   For containers for fuel cells, and piping.
An emission material for electroluminescence elements (P1) has formula (1); where A to H = each independently an optional substituted aromatic ring).    Also claimed is an organic electroluminescence element (P2) comprising a pair of electrodes and an emission layer or a number of layers of organic compound thin films including an emission layer interposed between the electrodes and the emission layer contains (P1).    USE -   (P2) is suitably used not only for manufacturing flat surface light sources or various displays but also in the fields of image sensors, electrophotographic photoconductors, and solar batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   (P2) exhibits high brightness and high efficiency and has such high reliability that it hardly causes deterioration in emission.
La-chromite oxide (A), whose general formula is expressed as Law Cr1-x-y Mx Ny O3, where M = Mg and/or Al; N = at least one of Ni, Fe, Co, Zn, Al, Cu, Mn, V and Ti; 1.02 up to W up to 1.05; 0 up to x up to 0.2; 0 is less than y = 0.1 is claimed. Also claimed are: (1) three more clauses with respect to the method of regenerating the products whose chemical composition which does not satisfy the above definition; and (2) fuel cell using (A) as separator.    USE -   Used as the separator of fuel cell.    ADVANTAGE -   This method is able to produce La-chromite oxide, which is stable, with high sinterability, and high mechanical strength.
The production of silicon material powder comprises: (a) using silicon sludge consisting mainly of silicon generated in slicing a silicon ingot to form a silicon wafer as a material; (b) separating a solid portion from the material; (c) dipping the solid portion in an acid solution to remove impurities; (d) washing and drying the solid portion.    Also claimed is that the production of a silicon ingot comprising: (a) filling the silicon material powder or silicon material pellets obtained from the silicon material powder in a melted high-purity silicon bath for dissolution; (b) coagulating the melted silicon by one-direction coagulation.    USE -   The methods produce the high-purity silicon used as a material for silicon for solar battery.    ADVANTAGE -   The methods use the semiconductor silicon sludge, a waste. The result stably secures the material required for the solar battery.
The reflector consists of a transparent substrate on whose back side a transparent electric conduction film, an Ag layer (3) and an Al layer (4) are formed, orderly.    The thickness of the Ag layer is 60nm or more. The thickness of the Al layer is 1-20nm.    ADVANTAGE -   Suppresses reduction of reflecting rate in 150 deg C. Suppresses whitening of Ag.
The thin film includes a substrate on whose surface a hydrogenated non-crystal silicon germanium layer and two or more hydrogenated non-crystal germanium layers are formed, alternately.    The thickness of the hydrogenated non-crystal germanium layer ranges between 0.2-0.7nm    ADVANTAGE -   Improves curvilinear factor and photoelectric conversion efficiency of non-crystal solar battery.
A new microcrystalline Si layer contains silicon and 1 element selected from hydrogen, fluorine and chlorine. The layer further contains metal elements which promote crystallisation of silicon. The concentration of the metal elements is 5 x 1016 - 5 x 1019/cm3.    Also claimed is the production of the Si layer where source gases containing the constituents of the Si layer and the metal elements are decomposed by glow discharging.    Also claimed is a new photoelectric converter which consists of a p-type or n-type microcrystalline Si layer which contains the metal elements. Another photoelectric converter has a PIN junction which is made from the microcrystalline Si layer.    Also claimed is the production of the photoelectric converter.    USE -   Used for solar cells or thin film transistors.    ADVANTAGE -   Microcrystalline Si layers as thin as 10 mm thick are easily formed by adding the metal elements to the source gases.
The battery includes a positive electrode container (3) which accommodates a positive active material (5). Sulphur is used as the principal component in the positive active material. A negative electrode active material (6) in which sodium is used as the principal component, is accommodated in a negative electrode container (4) and a solid electrolyte container (1).    A safety container (8) is accommodated inside the solid electrolyte container such that a narrow clearance is formed. A thin film of negative electrode active material is filled in the clearance, thereby providing support to safety container.    ADVANTAGE -   Obtains battery with high safety and reliability.
The battery consists of multiple manifold structures which consists of an inner wall member (9) and an outer wall member (10). The inner wall member faces a fuel stack (1). The stack consists of multiple unit cells. With each unit cell comprised by a pair of porous electrodes pinching an electrolyte layer. The reaction gas is supplied to the porous electrodes and front manifold structure on one side is ejected out through other side. The inner and outer wall members form a hollow part (11) which is made vacuum.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents heat radiation from battery stack. Aims at size reduction. Eliminates need for heat insulating material cover.
The unit includes a modifier from which water obtained by condensation of combustion gas, is collected along with water obtained by condensation of gas exhausted from an air pole of the fuel battery. Carbon dioxide dissolved in the condensed water is removed. The condensed water is lead to a recovery tank after which it is treated using a film filter.    An adsorber performs selective adsorption treatment of residual iron ion from the filtered product. Deionisation is carried out using ion exchange resin of an electrodialyser.    ADVANTAGE -   Eliminates need of chemical. Improves compactness of device.
The power generator consists of a by-pass piping (2) formed in between a shift converter (11), a fuel cell main body (21) and a reformer burner (9). The by-pass piping supplies gas directly to a burner combustion gas piping (60).    A by-pass piping selector valve (1) switches the flow path of the reformer outlet gas to the by-pass piping through a controller (51). A fuel feed valve (3) controls the amount of fuel supply to a burner (62) for starting, by receiving a control signal from the controller. This fuel feed valve is provided in the middle of a burner piping (61) for starting.    ADVANTAGE -   Removes carbon precipitated on reforming catalyser of reformer remarkably.
The battery has an accommodation case (1) containing a fuel battery main body (2). The case has a case main body (20) at the top face of which, a vent (20a) is provided. A cover (30) is used to open and close the vent. The cover slides up and down along a slide unit (50) fixed to the case main body. When the cover is closed, a projection frame (25) at the case main body and a recess frame (35) at the cover are united. The united projection and recess are bonded using a sealant.    ADVANTAGE -   The cover can slide to the closed position easily, which prevents moisture from entering into the fuel battery main body, and extends battery life.
The battery (3) includes a stack (30) containing a number of cells (31) which are separated by separator plate (32). Each cell consists of an anode, a cathode, and an electrolyte layer. A number of H2 channels (34) are formed at the upper part (37) of the stack. A partition plate (51) divides the upper region of the stack into first space (61) formed below a H2 allocation manifold (40) and a second space (62) formed above a H2 recovery manifold (41). H2is passed between these spaces through holes (54).    ADVANTAGE -    The battery improves allocation of H2to each cell; raises electricity generation efficiency; simplifies device composition; restrains dispersion in electricity generation voltage of each cell in battery stack; and avoids deterioration.
The fuel battery includes a single cell which has a flat solid state polyelectrolytic object. A flat electrode with a laminated catalytic layer is provided on an electrode base material (3) set at the principal plane of this object.    A number of separators (8A) which have collector projections (14A) are set in contact with the base material. The termination (16A) of the projections which touch the base material are curved.    ADVANTAGE -   The battery prevents crack of electrode base material; and improves operational stability.
The fuel battery includes a cell stack (7) containing several laminated cell substacks (3). Sealants (9a,9b) are installed on the side face of the cell stack. Reaction gas is supplied to the unit cells (2) using a gas manifold (8).    A pair of protective sheets (23a,23b) having a heatproof, corrosion resistant, water repellent and electric insulation property are provided along the side face of the cell stack.    ADVANTAGE -   The sheet inhibits electric short circuit; and improves corrosion resistance, water repulsion, insulation and heatproof ability.
The battery consists of multilayered unit cells such that each unit cell has gas diffusion electrodes. An oxidising agent and phosphoric acid, which is used as fuel and electrolyte, are allowed to circulate around the electrodes. This layer cell is situated on both sides of a matrix layer. A cooling plate (8), into which a cooling pipe (9) having an inlet opening (8a) and an outlet opening (8b) is embedded, is set on all the cells to maintain their temperature uniformly by passing water in the cooling pipe. A gas manifold is arranged beside the layer cell to supply and extract, fuel and oxidising agent to and from the unit cells. Fuel and oxidising agent are supplied together to the unit cells through a return trip inlet opening and are extracted out of the unit cells through a return trip outlet opening. A partition is provided in the gas manifold to facilitate the two way passage of fuel and oxidising agent in the unit cells. The outlet opening of the cooling pipe is arranged near the return trip inlet opening.    ADVANTAGE -   Inhibits condensation of phosphoric acid. Aims at stabilisation of battery characteristic. Is compact.
The fuel battery includes a cell substrate (4) which consists of a porous NiCr group metal. A powder made of 60% of La0.9Sr0.1Ga0.8Mg0.2O3 and 40% of NiO is formed on the surface of the substrate and an anode (22) is formed. A solid electrolyte (21) is formed by a pressurised spraying process using 20-60micrometers of La0.9Sr0.1Ga0.8Mg0.2O3. Also, a cathode (23) is formed by using 20-60micrometers of La0.9Sr0.1CoO3 by a frame spraying technique and a multilayered film (3) is formed.    ADVANTAGE -   The battery attains superior electricity generation characteristics in low temperature area.
The battery includes a main part which has an air pole, an electrolyte and a fuel pole. Steam and fuel are supplied to this main part, using a conductive tube, from steam and fuel chambers respectively. An opening is formed at the reaction part of the steam and fuel chambers.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves characteristics of battery. Prevents carbon precipitate generation. Reduces amount of steam added to fuel. Enables effective utilisation of fuel density.
Production of hybrid polymeric materials (I), by oxidation reactions of pyrrole in presence of other polymers (II).    USE -   (I) are used in bio- and chemo-sensors, adhesives and sealants, fibres, electrical circuitry and storage media, composites, semiconductor components, screening materials, solar cells etc., and as antistatic additives.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables the production of electrically conductive polymeric materials with good mechanical properties, high stability, good solubility and good processing properties.
Coloured solar energy converter (absorber) for converting solar energy to heat, with a surface of a highly effective selective absorber with increased reflectivity in the range of a defined wave length to produce a desired visual colour effect. A method of manufacture and application of same is also claimed.    USE -   For decorative solar heating panels.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides coloured decorative solar collectors with a small loss of conversion efficiency.
Hydrocarbon fuel gas selective oxidiser assembly comprises: (i) a first inlet line which directs a mixture of fuel gas and oxygen into a gas flow section comprising first and second plates which define a number of gas passages between them; (ii) a second inlet line to direct coolant into the coolant section which is adjacent to the gas flow section and is formed from the first plate and, spaced therefrom on the side opposite the second plate, a third plate such as to include a number of coolant passages between them, whereby heat is transferred from the gas to the coolant via the first plate; and (iii) first and second outlets for the oxidised gas and the coolant respectively. Also claimed is the above assembly applied to the selective oxidation of a hydrocarbon fuel gas, and wherein the gas mixture and the coolant flow in opposite directions. Also claimed is the above assembly for a hydrocarbon gas, where the gas and coolant inlets are disposed on adjacent sides such that the flows are in cross directions. Also claimed is a method of converting carbon monoxide in reformed fuel gas to carbon dioxide by passing a mixture of the gas and oxygen over an oxidising platinum catalyst and providing an adjacent coolant stream flowing in the opposite direction.    USE -   The fuel gas is used in a fuel cell power plant.    ADVANTAGE -   The flat plate construction enables the heat exchange per unit volume of catalyst in intimate contact with the heat exchange surface to be increased such that for a 20 kW plant, the volume of the selective oxidiser can be reduced from 4 ft3 to 0.1 ft3.
A composite membrane comprises a porous substrate impregnated with a polymer composition comprising units from the monomer ,,-trifluorostyrene (TFS).    USE -   When the polymer composition includes ion-exchange groups, the composite membranes are particularly useful in electrochemical applications, particularly as membrane electrolytes in electrochemical fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -   Polymer that become brittle in a dehydrated state can be rendered mechanically stable, even when fully dehydrated, by impregnating them onto a suitable substrate. Even polymers with poor film-forming properties, or polymer that form films with insufficient mechanical and/or dimensional-stability properties, may be incorporated into composite membranes having the desired physical properties for a wide range of applications.
The on-demand electricity generating system comprises a photovoltaic cell, a mantle movably mounted w.r.t. the photovoltaic cell, and a positioning device, attached to the mantle, for positioning the mantle for efficient illumination of the photovoltaic cell. The positioning device includes a movable arm attached to the mantle.    Also claimed is a further system comprising a photovoltaic cell pivotally mounted on a surface having a hole, with a mantle positioned under the surface. When sunlight is unavailable to illuminate the photovoltaic cell, the cell may be pivoted 180 to be in a position to be illuminated by electromagnetic radiation emitted from the mantle.    USE -   Used as artificial illumination sources in conjunction with photovoltaic cells or panels for producing electricity on demand or continuously.    ADVANTAGE -   The system gives rise to efficient production of electrical power independent of sunlight or weather conditions from photovoltaic cells.
The steel for the separator comprises (by wt.) up to 0.2% carbon, 0.2-3.0% silicon, 0.2-1.0% manganese, 15-30% chromium, one or more of respectively up to 0.5% yttrium, 0.2% rare earth elements, and 1% zirconium, and balance iron and incidental impurities.    USE -   For the separators, substantially producing no flaking of surface oxide scale after heating it at 1100 C for 100 hours.
The complex ceramic comprises 30-95 vol.% of a rare each chromite ceramic of formula (L1-xAx)a (Cr1-y, by)b, O3 (where L = La or Y or both; A = at least one from Sr, Ca, or Ba; B = at least one from Co, Ni, Fe, Mn, Cu, or Zn; x = 0.02-0.4; y = 0.01-0.5; a over b is 0.95-1.05, and 70-5 vol.% of at least one uniform ceramic from nonconductive oxide ceramic, complex nonconductive oxide ceramic or silicon ceramic.    USE -   For fuel battery separator material.
The electrochemical half-cell (1) comprises one or more electrolyte-holding electrode spaces (3,15) separated from a gas space (2) by at least one gas diffusion electrode (14) acting as anode or cathode, the gas space (2) being divided into two or more separate overlying gas pockets (2a-d) having an opening to the electrolyte (100) for equalising the pressure in each pocket with the pressure of the electrolyte liquid column in the corresponding part (15) of the electrode space (3,15) ahead of the gas diffusion electrode (14). The gas inlet (7) and the gas outlet (12a-d) of the individual gas pockets are separate from one another.    Preferably, the gas inlet and outlet of each gas pocket are sideways offset to result in sideways flow of electrode gas in the gas pocket.    USE -   Used e.g. as an oxygen-consuming cathode (e.g. as described in US 4657651) for alkali metal halide electrolysis.    ADVANTAGE -   The half-cell combines simple pressure compensation with active flushing of gas from the gas space beyond the diffusion electrode.
Alkaline earth aluminoborosilicate glass contains (in wt.%): 50-65 SiO2, 10-20 Al2O3, 5-15 B2O3, 0.01-1 SnO, 0.1-2 ZrO2, 0-10 MgO, 0-20 CaO, 0-20 SrO, 0-20 BaO, 0-10 ZnO, 0-10 La2O3, 0-10 Nb2O5, 0-10 Ta2O5, and 0-10 TiO2.    USE -   The glass is used as a substrate for flat panel displays used in the computer industry, e.g. as liquid crystal display, or as thin layer solar cells, as substrate for colour filters, sensors and other optical applications and as masks (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   The glass has high chemical homogeneity and high crystallisation stability with low thermal expansion, high thermal and chemical resistance, low density and relatively low melting and processing viscosity.
A method of fabricating an electrochemical or galvanic cell, comprising electrochemical components joined together in a stack, comprises: (i) providing a first component (1) formed from a deformable polymeric material with continuous groove(s) (2), comprising a female opening having a width (w) and a depth (h); (ii) providing a second component (3) with continuous upstand(s) (4), having a width &gt;w and a height &lt;h; (iii) pressing the first and second components together to give an integral seal between the upstand on the second component and the opening in the first component, with the seal between the parts obtained by sealing engagement of the sides of the upstand with the sides of the opening; and (iv) joining the first and second components together to form a stack.    Preferably, the first component is made from polyethylene, polypropylene, copolymers of polyethylene and polypropylene, acetal, nylon, PET, polyvinylidene fluoride, PVC, PTFE, fluorinated ethylene-propylene copolymer, polyfluoroamide, or chlorinated polyoxymethylene. The second component is made from filled grades of the materials from which the first component may be made, or polystyrene, PMMA or polycarbonate.    Also claimed are a secondary battery, fuel cell or electrolyser fabricated by the above method.    ADVANTAGE -   The cell is manufactured relatively easily to the required tolerances with the minimum of equipment and process steps. The seal can be used to join components made from different polymeric materials, including those which are incompatible to the welding techniques of prior art. The components may be disassembled to trace and repair faults not necessarily with respect to the sealing mechanisms but may be, e.g., faults in the membrane or electrode.
Hydrocarbon fuel gas steam reformer assembly comprises: (a) an inlet manifold (26) for directing mixture of fuel gas and steam into assembly (2); (b) a reformer section (28), connected to inlet manifold to receive stream of fuel gas and steam mixture, formed from first and second spaced-apart plates with separate reformer gas passages sandwiched between first and second plates; (c) a regenerator-heat exchanger section (38), adjacent reformer section, formed from first and third plates (22, 24) spaced-apart from first plate on side opposite second plate, regenerator-heat exchanger section further including separated regenerator-heat exchanger gas passages (40) sandwiched between first and third plates, first plate providing heat transfer from gas flowing through regenerator-heat exchanger gas passages to gas flowing through reformer gas passages; (d) a burner gas section (14), adjacent reformer section on side of reformer section opposite to regenerator-heat exchanger section, formed f rom second and fourth plate (32, 34), fourth plate spaced-apart from second plate, burner gas section including separate burner gas passages sandwiched between second and fourth plates, second plate providing heat transfer from burner gases flowing through burner gas passages to gases flowing through reformer gas passages (44); (e) a gas flow-reversing manifold (36), connecting reformer gas passages with regenerator-heat exchanger gas passages, operating to direct a gas stream (B) exiting from reformer section into regenerator-heat exchanger section ; and (f) an outlet manifold connected to regenerator-heat exchanger section for removing reformed fuel gas from assembly.    USE -   Used as fuel gas steam reformer assembly formed from a number of repeating sub-assemblies.    ADVANTAGE -   The assembly is inexpensive to manufacture, is compact and lightweight and operates at lower temperatures than presently available reformer assemblies.
A triaxial fabric of fabric weight (metsuke) 40-75 g/m3 is made from an optical anisotropic pitch as raw material, which has a tensile elastic modulus of 35-60 tf/mm2 , tensile strength 300 kgf/mm2, tensile breakage stretchability 0.6%, fibre diameter 7.0 m, and additionally is constituted by or using a bundle of fibres with thermal conductivity in the fibre axis direction of the carbon fibre of 80 W/mk and yarn size 40-75 g/km. Also claimed is a process for producing the 3-axis fabric which is woven from a basic system with cloth density of 9.25 bundles/inch.    USE -   The triaxial fabric is especially used as the skin material of honeycomb panel like antennae and solar cells in space structures including satellites.    ADVANTAGE -   The material is simple to make and has light weight, as well as high elastic modulus, tensile strength and thermal conductivity, and extremely small thermal expansion coefficient, with no need for laminating, and little peeling of the layers.
A layer of p=type organic semiconductor copper phthalocyanide is applied onto a substrate of non-organic semiconductor n=type gallium arsenide. An upper metal semiconductor silver electrode is applied to the surface of the copper phthalocyanide layer. The gallium arsenide substrate has a thickness of 0.4 mm and is preliminarily subjected to etching. A front ohmic electrode of nickel or copper is applied, while the copper phthalocyanide layer, with a thickness of 20 nm, is applied to the other surface. The layer of copper phthalocyanide is alloyed with oxygen. The thin layer of silver applied to it transmits 10% of the incident light.    USE -   Manufacture of converters of light energy (solar elements) and light radiation indicators.    ADVANTAGE -   The solid-state photo-galvanic element is more efficient.
A sealing material film is provided between a cell for a solar battery and an upper transparent protective member, or between the cell and a lower protective member. The sealing material film consists of an ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer film containing 25% or below of vinyl acetate. Also claimed is a solar battery module formed by providing the sealing material film between the cell and the upper transparent protective member, and/or the lower protective member.    USE -   The sealing material film is used for a solar battery module for use in a roof.    ADVANTAGE -   The use of the sealing material film reduces water vapour permeability, yielding a sufficient moisture-proof effect without using expensive Al foil. The solar battery module has is moisture-proof.
The method involves sealing multiple solar cells formed on a flexible support base by an insulating sealing material. The insulating sealing material is crimped to the support base, the solar cells contacting the surface of the insulating sealing material, which faces the support base.    ADVANTAGE -   The method facilitates mass production and gives device compactness, easing conveyance of the base.
A corrosion-resistant electrolyte shield is placed between the bottom of a gas manifold and the corner of the bottom stack fastening plate.    ADVANTAGE -   The fuel battery is reliable.
A turning roller is attached to a cell stack to position it to the placement of the built in electrolyte supply pipe.    ADVANTAGE -   Electrolyte can be supplied exactly.
Support insulators are placed between the lower fastening plate of a cell stack and the bottom plate of the cabinet.    ADVANTAGE -   The fuel battery is reliable.
A gas ejector is attached to the top of a built in heat exchanger to introduce water vapour.    ADVANTAGE -   Fuel gas can be reformed efficiently by mixing with water vapour.
The solar battery includes a window layer (3) formed on an atomic layer (6), which comprises a group six element. The atomic layer is in turn formed on the front surface of an emitter layer (5). A pn junction is formed in the emitter layer and base layer (6). The emitter layer includes group two and six elements, such as mixed crystals of ZnSe, MgS and Zns.    ADVANTAGE -   The battery has a high photoelectric conversion efficiency.
The solar cell (1) has a sub module (2) which is formed on surface of a reinforcement sheet (8) through a hot melt adhesive layer (3). The reinforcement sheet which is made of plastic has heat shrink rate of 1.0% or less, thermal expansion coefficient of 1.8x10-5 cm/deg centigrade at a temperature of 0-150 deg centigrade or less.    The sub modules comprises laminated structure of a back plate, electricity generation layer and a transparent electrode which are sequentially formed on upper surface of an insulated substrate. The substrate is made of polyimide, PET, PEN or acrylic resin.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents deformation of cell at elevated temperature.
The method involves forming a photoelectric conversion layer, a first electrode layer (4) and a transparent electrode layer (6) on both sides of a semiconductor layer (5), which is formed over a substrate (1). A third electrode layer (71) which consists of surface layer of copper or copper alloys is formed on the other surface of the substrate. A first through-hole (2) is formed by dividing the area of third electrode layer by laser, which connects the first electrode layer area where the second electrode layer and photoelectric conversion layer is divided with the substrate.    A second through-hole (3) is formed in the area of second electrode layer such that the through-hole connects the first electrode layer and photoelectric conversion layer. Then, a conductive interface layer (72) is formed between the surface layer of third electrode layer and the substrate surface.    ADVANTAGE -   Inhibits damage during laser machining, by forming interface layer of low reflecting rate. Avoids diffusion, alloy reaction and electro chemical reaction between layers. Offers reliable solar battery.
The battery includes an electrode which has nickel layer (2a) formed over it.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves mfg yield. Enables to produce electrode layer, efficiently and at low cost.
The mfg method involves forming a Pn junction layer (14) of compound semiconductor formed on surface of a crystal surface (10) through a buffer layer (11). An annealing treatment is given to the Pn junction layer which is partially covered by a dielectric film (15a).    A surface electrode (20) is formed on the Pn junction layer and a backside electrode (21) is formed at the backside of substrate.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves conversion efficiency of solar battery. Prevents dislocation of Pn junction layer containing light receiving surface. Secures comparatively large light receiving area. Improves efficiency. Simplifies manufacture at low cost.
The method involves forming an n- type compound semiconductor layer over a p- type semiconductor layer, which intern is formed over a substrate (1).    A xanthation copper layer is sandwiched between the p type semiconductor layer and a collector layer (6).    ADVANTAGE -   Enables to obtain battery of high conversion efficiency.
The transducer includes xanthation copper layer sandwiched between a p type compound semiconductor layer and a collector layer (6).    The copper layer is formed by carrying out pyrolysis of organic copper sulphide.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables to obtain transducer of high conversion efficiency.
The transducer includes a transparent electrode (2) which consists of an n type compound semiconductor formed on a glass substrate (1).    The junction of a p type semiconductor which consists of cadmium sulphide compound, is joined with n type compound semiconductor.    ADVANTAGE -   Eliminates photoelectric conversion loss due to optical absorption or optical reflection in window layer. Transducer with high conversion efficiency is obtained.
The mfg method involves forming an amorphous silicon film on a substrate whose thickness is about 3microns or less.    Then, the amorphous silicon film is subjected to heat treatment process continuously and crystallized. Thus a polysilicon film of desired thickness is formed on the substrate.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves performance of solar battery. Offers TF polysilicon film with good characteristics.
A heater is assembled in the hydrogen-rich gas reformer connected to the methanol solution source.    ADVANTAGE -   Stable fuel gas supply can be implemented.
The fuel battery has a variable-volume methanol solution tank placed in the drain separation tank at the oxidant discharge port of the fuel battery.    ADVANTAGE -   A system with high energy density is provided.
The potential difference and temperature difference between the battery anode electrode and cathode electrode are detected and compared with their reference values.    ADVANTAGE -   Battery failure can be prevented positively.
A steam generator is connected to the fuel electrode of the fuel battery by a pipeline to which a nitrogen gas source is coupled.    ADVANTAGE -   Stable fuel battery operation can be ensured.
Charging materials for charging gap between an ion exchange film and a battery plate are placed between a periphery of an electrode and a sealing portion.    ADVANTAGE -   Transformation and impair of the ion exchange film can be prevented and the cell has improved durability.
A phosphate-supporting matrix is placed between the fuel-electrode catalyst layer and the air-electrode catalyst layer through which hole is formed.    ADVANTAGE -   Long-time stable operation can be ensured.
The solar cell module includes a photovoltaic element. The element has a light receiving face. The face has a collecting electrode with an electrically conductive coat and a surface side cover. The electrode is metal wire with either a gold or silver surface. The electrically conductive coat is formed of a paste. The cover includes a filler and a surface protective film which are sequentially laminated. The filler is an ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer.    A thin resin layer is interposed between the photovoltaic element and the filler so as to fill gaps present in the conductive coat. The filler is cross linked by an organic peroxide which has a one hour half life temperature of between one hundred and three hundred degrees Celsius.    USE -   For power generation.    ADVANTAGE -   Improved moisture resistance. Improved transparency. Improved surface side cover. Highly reliable. Heat resistant. Improved scratch resistance. Improved electrical insulation. Flexible cover. Improved appearance.
Preparation of a bis(fluoroalkyl-sulphonyl)imide (BFASI) or a (fluoroalkyl-sulphonyl) (fluorosulphonyl) imide salt comprises contacting a fluoroalkyl-sulphonamide (FASA) with a fluoroalkyl-sulphonyl halide or a fluorosulphonyl halide in the presence of a sufficient amount of a non-nucleophilic base under conditions of time and temperature sufficient to yield the imide salt.    USE -   The imides may be used as electrolytes in fuel cells and batteries and as catalysts for polymerisation e.g. of cationically sensitive monomers such as epoxy resins, and for esterification.    ADVANTAGE -   Unsymmetrical and polymeric imides may be prepared by an efficient method that provides high yields. Readily available starting materials are used and the imide is prepared in one reaction step.
A new iron material, for use in-situ with a hydrogen-air fuel cell, to generate the hydrogen to fuel the fuel cell, comprises freshly ground particles of iron ranging in diameter 25-1200 m, with an average sized distribution having at least 20% of the particles less than 300 m in diameter, and having an average particle density 1-7.8 g/cm3 , and a surface area at least 0.001 m2/g. The particles are in a freshly ground state in-situ for enhancing their reactivity in producing hydrogen for the fuel cell.    USE -   For generating hydrogen to produce electrical power within a fuel cell apparatus.    ADVANTAGE -   Rapid water/iron or steam/iron reaction at lower than normal temperature, i.e. safer and more practical and cost effective hydrogen generation does not require large initial energy input or complex/costly piping.
A membrane for conducting ions between an anode and a cathode in electrochemical devices comprising: (a) a sheet of ion exchange material that is electronically insulating having top and bottom surfaces; and (b) an open, unobstructed passage extending through the sheet in a plane that is parallel to the sheet surfaces for the delivery of fluid to hydrate the ion exchange material. Also claimed are: (1) A membrane and electrode assembly. (2) An electrochemical cell.    Pref., the ion conducting electronically insulating material is a fluorinated ion exchange material from perfluorinated sulphonic acid polymers, perfluorinated carboxylic acid polymers, perfluoro bisulphonimide polymers, perfluoro phosphonic acid polymers, perfluorinated tetraalkylammonium salt polymers, carbanion acids, and mixtures, and has an equivalent weight of 500-1,200 g, and is preferably a perfluorinated sulphonic acid.    USE -   Manufacture of fuel cells, electrolysers, electrochemical hydrogen and oxygen pumps, etc.    ADVANTAGE -   Improved system for supplying water to the membrane, and improved potential-current density profiles.
In the process purifying molten metal silicon (A) by irradiating the surface with plasma jet flow (B) of inert gas, steam (C) is mixed into (B) or (A) is blown with (C) flow independently and at the same time DC magnetic field is impressed on (A) so the flux is parallel to (A)'s surface. Magnetic field is impressed on (A) so distribution of magnetic flux density is generated on (A).    In an example, 10 kg metal silicon containing 6 ppm of boron was placed in a copper container (1) with cooling system in which silicon was melted by the irradiation of Ar plasma arc (900 A) (4) and impressed with magnetic field (10 mT) (5), flow of melted silicon (3) was observed, then steam was supplied on the irradiated surface of melted silicon at the rate of 0.5 mol/minute. Boron concentration was reduced to 0.6 ppm.    USE -   Used for producing high purity metal silicon for solar cell from low cost metal silicon on the market.    ADVANTAGE -   The method is able to produce high purity metal silicon from low cost metal silicon on the market.
A gas tank (3) is coupled to the gas outlet of a hydrogen storage alloy tank (2), filled with a hydrogen storage alloy, through a check valve (4) and a hydrogen gas feed pipe (23) is connected to the gas outlet of the gas tank (3). Hydrogen gas generated from the hydrogen storage alloy tank (2) is guided to a hydrogen gas feed pipe (25) through the check valve (4) and the gas tank (3). A hydrogen gas filling device is provided to simultaneously fill the hydrogen storage alloy tank (2) and the gas tank (3) with hydrogen gas. The hydrogen gas feeding device has a hydrogen gas filling device to fill the hydrogen storage alloy tank (2) and a heater to heat the hydrogen storage alloy tank (2).    ADVANTAGE -   A sufficient amount of hydrogen gas is fed from a hydrogen gas feed unit to a fuel battery body and stable generation is possible.
A container having an entrance and exit for hydrogen gas and contg. more than one formed prod. of hydrogen absorbing alloy is characterised in that a hydrogen permeating sheet is placed between adjacent formed prods. of hydrogen absorbing alloy from one end to the other end of the container. The sheet is connected to the entrance and exit for hydrogen.    Also claimed is method for placing more than one formed prod. of hydrogen-absorbing alloy in a container in which a hydrogen-permeating sheet is placed between formed prods. of hydrogen absorbing alloy, so that the sheet is placed in the container together with the formed products.    The hydrogen-permeating sheet is made of a porous material having buffer action.    ADVANTAGE -   When the hydrogen-absorbing alloy absorbs hydrogen and expands, the hydrogen-permeating sheet serves as a pathway for hydrogen and a decrease in hydrogen flow rate can be prevented.
A machine comprises: (a) two or more laminating units structured so as to open and close respective upper chambers (6, 10) incorporating diaphragms (40, 50) expandable in a downward direction and respective lower chambers (8, 12) incorporating hot platens (45, 55); and (b) elevating units for mounting to-be laminated members (P) on the respective hot platens (45, 55) and for lifting the to-be laminated members (P) mounted on the hot platens (45, 55) above the respective hot platens.    USE -   The laminating machine is suitable for mfg. to-be laminated members such as solar cell panels etc.    ADVANTAGE -   Productivity for the to-be laminated members is improved by operating two or more laminating units simultaneously.
A high temperature fuel cell interconnector element, consisting of a high temperature metallic material (preferably a chromium oxide-forming alloy), has a LaB6surface layer preferably at the oxide/gas interface.    ADVANTAGE -    The LaB6 has good layer-forming properties, is stable in air at room temperature and, on high temperature use in oxidising media, undergoes solid state reaction with the interconnector (especially bipolar plate) material to form a layer of LaCrO3 or a double layer of Cr2 O3 and LaCrO3, this (double) layer being very thin and having very good adhesion and good electrical conductivity. The resulting interconnector element (bipolar plate) has long life, exhibits reduced evaporation of chromium-containing compounds and is compatible with the cathode material.
A fuel cell (17) has an anode (18) and cathode (32)positioned on opposite sides of an electrolyte (28). Both the anode (18) and the cathode (32) have a catalyst layer (24,34) on the surface facing the electrolyte (28) except in their edge regions (27). An ion impermeable layer (40) is positioned between the anode edge region and the cathode edge region (27).    USE -   A stack (2) of the fuel cells (17) is used to produce electricity. The ion impermeable layer (40) prevents reactant ions or molecules from reaching localised high potential areas of the non-catalysed parts (25,27) of the electrodes (18,32) and corroding the carbon of the electrodes.
A process for the chemical-bath deposition of CuxSen, where x = 1 to 2 and n = 1 to 3, comprises: a) providing a reaction vessel containing a substrate upon which one or more layers of CuxSen will form; b) providing within the vessel a solution of a Se compound and a Cu compound, present in sufficient quantities to react to form CuxSen, together with hydrazine; c) adjusting the pH of the solution to a value in the range 7-14 by adding a base; and d) allowing the Se compound and a Cu compound to react to form CuxSen which is deposited as a layer on the substrate and as a powder within the vessel. Also claimed are similar processes for the chemical bath deposition of other specified cpds. contg. copper and/or selenium.    USE -   Useful for the production of sulphide and selenide films suitable as absorbers in the construction of solar cells.    ADVANTAGE -   Hydrazine is present in the reactions (present optionally in the case of Ga-containing films) to function as a strong reducing agent and thereby enhance the reaction whilst reducing the reaction time. The invented process of film and powder is achieved efficiently and economically.
A clear, colourless encapsulating material for protective encapsulation of an operating photovoltaic device, which is free of a UV light absorbing component, comprises a polymer component and a curing agent component.    USE -   For protecting devices such as solar energy collectors.    ADVANTAGE -   A composition free of a UV light absorber has a colour and clarity that do not change over a significant period of time, which enhances the lifetime and efficiency of the photovoltaic device.
A polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell has: (a) a gas diffusion layer (26) with a first side contacting a catalytic surface (28) of the membrane (32); (b) a macro-porous flow-field layer (24) contacting the second side of the gas diffusion layer, for distributing a gaseous reactant over the layer for transport to the membrane; and (c) a reactant distribution plate, having interdigitated flow channels (22) contacting the flow-field layer, for delivering reactant to and removing reactant from the flow-field layer. Also claimed is a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell as above where the flow field layer defines the interdigitated flow channels. Further claimed is the field flow layer.    ADVANTAGE -   the flow field has reduced pressure drop through the field. Accumulation of water in the flow field is minimised and access to the catalyst layers is maximised. Backings are very thin, to minimise the gas diffusional barrier.
The method involves forming an n- type silicon coating film (3) onto the surface of a first heat resistant type glass substrate (1). A P type silicon coating film (4) is formed onto the lower surface of the second glass substrate. These two glass substrates are made to combine with each other.    Thus, the coating film touches with each other. The combined structure is pressed and heated. A p-n junction (6) is formed between the substrates.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies formation process, thereby reducing cost.
A lamination compression apparatus for manufacturing a plate type electrolyte fuel cell, comprises a lower rack (5) on which a fuel cell is placed; a spherical body (10) placed on the central part of the upper surface of the fuel cell; an upper rack (6) placed on the spherical body; and nipping devices (8) to apply a compression load in a lamination direction on the two racks by moving them toward each other.    ADVANTAGE -   The electrolyte fuel cell is better sealed.
A solid high molecule type fuel cell, comprises a water feed manifold (31) to distribute and feed water to a gas channel on the anode side; a gas feed manifold (32) to distribute and feed anode gas to a gas channel on the anode side; and a gas liquid mixing device (23) mixing anode gas from the gas feed manifold (32) in water fed to the gas channel on the anode side.    ADVANTAGE -   Generating characteristics and cell life characteristics are improved.
A fuel cell generating device, comprises cell stacks (13a, 13b) in an earthed container (12); power output circuits (15a, 15b); a short circuit (20) between the positive and the negative pole; and earthing wires (22, 23).    ADVANTAGE -   A safe inspection work is easy to carry out.
The flow passages parts (12) on the anode side and the cathode side are formed of a single metallic sheet having high conductivity, and masking (16) is applied on a top part (12a) of a flow passage part, and a corrosion resisting treatment is applied to the whole of the surface except for the top of the flow passage.    ADVANTAGE -   High corrosion resistance is provided without damaging conductivity.
The closed type fuel battery system comprises a solid state electrolyte water electrolyser (1), a water tank (3) for storing water supplied to the water electrolysed (1), an electric power unit for supplying electric power to the water electrolyser (1), 1st gas-liquid separators (5a, 5b) for separating water component from hydrogen and oxygen generated by the water electrolyser (1) and for returning the water component to the water tank (2), an hydrogen tank (10) for storing the hydrogen generated by the water electrolyser (1), an oxygen tank (13) for storing the oxygen generated by the water electrolyser (1), a solid state electrolyte fuel battery (12) for generating electricity by reacting the hydrogen from the hydrogen tank and the oxygen from the oxygen tank, a 2nd gas-liquid separators (8a, 8b) for separating water components from respective exhaust gases from a hydrogen system and an oxygen system of the solid state electrolyte fuel battery (12) and for returning the water component to the water tank (3), and compressors (9a, 9b) for returning gases with water components removed by the 2nd gas-liquid separators (8a, 8b) to the hydrogen tank (10) and the hydrogen tank respectively.    USE -   The closed type fuel battery system is suitable as an electric power unit for a vehicle, a lighthouse on an isolated island, etc.    ADVANTAGE -   A clean and compact closed type fuel battery system.
The fuel battery is composed of electrolyte plates consisting of sintered ceramic powder retaining high temperature fused carbonate, a sintered metal anode and cathode and a separator. At least one of the anode and cathode has a partly non-reactive part.    USE -   The fused carbonate type fuel battery is used for new power generating systems.    ADVANTAGE -   The fused carbonate type fuel battery suppresses battery reaction at the centre of the laminated cells without using intermediate headers.
H2 absorbing alloy matter is contained in a filling container, and an exothermic reaction and endothermic reaction occur by absorbing and desorbing H2 , The alloy is formed by assembling H2absorbing alloy particles with a lubricating substance.    USE -    The matter is used for H2transportation equipment, heat pumps and fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -    The H2 absorbing alloy can reduce stress in a container, by lowering friction among the H2absorbing alloy particles.
In an oxidic material with at least one delimited case region, ionic conductivity predominates over electronic conductivity in the oxidic material and electroconductivity predominates over ionic conductivity in the case region because of other cations.    USE -   Used as electrode/electrolyte in a fuel cell (claimed), especially in a high temperature fuel cell with e.g. hydrogen as fuel.    ADVANTAGE -   The material provides a mechanically stable combination of ionically conductive oxidic material (serving as electrolyte in a fuel cell) and an electronically conductive case region (serving as fuel cell cathode and/or anode) and permits reduction of fuel cell temperature.
Process for metal containing thin film formation comprises: electrodeposition of CuxInyGazSen(x=0-2, y=0-2, z=0-2, n=0-3) on substrate, using 1-10 V DC and 0.2-5.0 V AC at 1-100 KHz superimposed; depositing sufficient In+Se or Cu+Se by vapour deposition to form thin film of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 on substrate of stoichiometric ratios Cu=1-1.2:(In,Ga)=1-1.2:Se=2-2.5. Also claimed is electrodeposition of solar cell precursor thin film by process: electrodepositing thin film of copper, indium, gallium and selenium on substrate, in copper indium, gallium, selenium ion solution.    Also claimed is electrodeposition of solar cell precursor by depositing metallic thin film using DC and AC combination of 0.1-5 V. Also claimed is variation in solar cell precursor, varying in: immersing substrate into said ionic solution and electroplating with cathodic potential 1-10 V DC and 0.2-5 V AC at 1-100 KHz superimposed.    USE -   Electrodeposition of thin films for solar cells.    ADVANTAGE -   Economical process; highly efficient.
The separator is prepared by cutting a square sheet out of an electrically conductive gas impermeable material such as carbon paper, nonwoven fabric, a lamina or a block, impregnating the sheet with a high polymer like an elastic epoxy resin group adhesive and curing the polymer.    ADVANTAGE -   A fuel cell stack battery of low cost, small size and light weight is obtained by using such separators.
The cell comprises a porous matrix, impregnated with phosphoric acid and put between catalyst layers for fuel and air electrodes. The catalyst layers are composed of acetylene black, as a platinum catalyst support, and polytetrafluoroethylene, as a binder. The mixing ratio by weight of polytetrafluoroethylene to carbon, is 0.2-0.8.    ADVANTAGE -   Transferring phosphoric acid to the fuel electrode is suppressed, which lengthens the life of the cell.
The composition comprises 100 parts weight of organo-polysiloxane with a degree of polymerisation of 3,000-20,000 containing 93 molecule% or more methyl- and 0.01-2 molecule% vinyl-group combined to Si atoms, 40-130 parts weight of silica powders with a primary particle size of 0.1-10 nanometer coated with hexamethyl-disilazane and 0.05-15 parts weight of an organic peroxide. Also claimed are 0.1-5 mm sheets of the composition for the protection of solar battery module.    USE -   The protective sheets for solar battery module.    ADVANTAGE -   The composition produces sheets with the improved transparency, adhesion, flame resistance, weatherability and processability.
A thin film of an Si crystal is formed by the liquid phase growth process on a (100) single crystal Si substrate. The crystal-deposited surface of the thin film has a texture structure by the (111) sloped surface based on crystal orientation. Each pyramid-like protrusion base for constituting the texture structure has a width of 1-500 m.    ADVANTAGE -   The need for dipping the substrate in the etchant is eliminated. Each pyramid-like protrusion has a size effective to reduce light reflectance. The solar battery has high light reflectance reduction owing to the following advantages: (a) adjustable protrusion size; (b) uniform size of each protrusion and (c) sharp protrusion apex.
The solar battery has a P type amorphous SiC layer (3) which is placed on a transparent electric conduction film (2). The transparent electric conduction film is formed on a glass substrate (1). A barrier layer (4) containing nitrogen is then formed on the P type SiC layer.    An i type amorphous Si layer (5) and a N type amorphous Si layer (6) are formed between a back electrode (7) and the barrier layer. A protective layer (8) is formed as a top coat on the back electrode. The barrier layer contains a very small amount of V group element.    ADVANTAGE -   Increases characteristic such as process and material characteristic. Enables expectation as inexpensive solar battery. Increases conversion efficiency.
A wet seal section is formed in a fuel-oxidant gas separator, between a fuel electrode and an oxygen electrode in the cell stack.    ADVANTAGE -   The fastening force can be applied uniformly to the cells.
A stream reforming catalyst for reforming a fuel to hydrogen and carbon monoxide by reaction with a steam, is installed on an outer surface of a fuel supplying tube in a power generating chamber, to utilise the heating by the power generation of a fuel cell stack and the steam, for reforming reaction.    ADVANTAGE -   The property of the stack is improved.
An electroconductive layer of 0.5-200 micron, including at least one of Ni, Co, W and Ti, is formed on a surface of a current collector in a fuel cell having an air electrode on one surface of a solid electrolyte and a fuel electrode on the other surface.    ADVANTAGE -   Electric contact resistance of the current collector and Ni felt is reduced, and output is improved.
An electrolyte plate is composed of at least three porous layers, where porous layers are kept in contact with the positive and negative electrodes. An inorganic fibre is also provided.    ADVANTAGE -   Lowering of operation potential caused by a gas cross-over by a thermal cycle, is prevented.
The thickness of a solid electrolyte layer is 10-500 m and the ratio of thickness of current collecting layer to that of the solid electrolyte layer is 1.05-2.0.    ADVANTAGE -   Separation of the current collecting layer from the electrolyte layer, and cracking of the electrolyte layer can be prevented.
A high temperature fuel cell (2) has two electrodes (8, 12) between composite conductor plates (20, 22, 24) for delivering the current produced in the cell and for supplying the electrodes with a functional medium. At least one of the composite conductor plates (20, 22, 24) consists at least partially of an Fe-based alloy which contains 17-30 wt.% Cr and which has a mean thermal expansion coefficient (at room temperature to 900C) matching that of the electrolyte (10) and having a value of 13-14x10-6 K-1. Also claimed is a high temperature fuel cell stack which comprises several of the above cells and which has composite conductor plates (20) in the form of bipolar plates.    ADVANTAGE -   The overall cell stack costs are reduced by at least a factor of ten.
A fuel-cell element of a type mended for an electrochemical reaction comprises a backing and a catalytic material which includes uniformly mixed and randomly spaced Pt-Ru bimetallic powder having distinct sites of Pt and Ru.    Also claimed are: (i) a method of forming a material for a fuel-cell element, comprising the steps: (a) forming a solution of Pt, Ru and an extra material which maintains a separation between the Pt and the Ru; (b) mixing the solution; (c) processing the solution, including heating the solution, and (d) further treating the solution so as to remove the said extra material; (ii) fuel-cell element of a type intended for an electrochemical reaction, wherein the catalytic material includes a material that has similar characteristics to Pt and Ru; (iii) a fuel cell as above wherein the catalytic material includes a material that has similar characteristics to Pt.    USE -   Has applications to methanol fuel cells using non-acid fuel with uses for powering motor vehicles.    ADVANTAGE -   Improvements to the electrode improve its operation, especially the efficiency of methanol production. The need for expensive Pt catalyst is reduced or obviated Ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure air can be used as the reduction mechanism.
Hydrogen rich fuel gas (I) containing an amount of carbon monoxide sufficient enough to poison a fuel cell anode is oxidised to selectively convert carbon monoxide using oxygen (II) and provide a fuel gas stream (III) for a fuel cell with a lower CO content than in (I). The flow rate of (II) to the oxidation reaction is controlled to optimise the oxidation of CO and minimise the hydrogen consumption by: (a) measuring the H2 concentration in the gas (I) and stream (III) to determine a first concentration difference; (b) determining a second control difference based on the concentration obtained in (a) and a reference difference between the hydrogen concentration in (I) and (III); (c) determining the ideal O2 flow rate needed for the oxidation reaction to achieve the reference difference corresponding to the ideal difference; (d) determining the difference between the actual O2 flow rate and the ideal O2 flow rate to the oxidation reaction; (e) generating an output signal based on the difference; and (f) modulating the O2 flow rate to the CO oxidation reaction in response to the signal to give the ideal O2 flow rate.    USE -   Control of O2 or air supply to a preferential oxidation reactor used to lower the CO content of the H2 rich reformate from a shift reactor of an methyl alcohol reformer used to supply a fuel cell.    ADVANTAGE -   CO which poisons the catalyst of a fuel cell anode is optimally removed from the feed stream.
Modifying apparatus has at least one reaction pipe (3) along the fluid area of combustion gas in a reaction container (1). The reaction pipe (3) forms a double pipe structure of an outer pipe (10) and an inner pipe (10) so that raw material gas flows through the reaction pipe (3) from the lower part of the reaction pipe (3) to a top part and is returned at the top part and flows to below. A modified catalyst layer is formed at a raw material gas flow area ranging from the inner lower part of the reaction pipe (3) to the top part. The modified catalyst layer comprises a lower modified catalyst layer (2a) along a fluid area ranging from below to a spot situated short of the top part; and an upper modified layer (26) extends along a top flow area.    USE -   Used in fuel cell generating plant.    ADVANTAGE -   A non-contact space is not formed at a top flow area. Damage of a reaction pipe, especially its cap does not occur, and a modifying apparatus is operated safely for a long period.
Molten carbonate fuel cell consists of stacked individual cells each comprising a matrix layer filled with molten carbonate and having on one side a porous anode layer in contact with an anode current collector and on the other side a porous cathode layer in contact with a cathode current collector. Sealed bipolar plates are provided between neighbouring individual cells. The novelty is that between the surfaces (21,22) of the bipolar plates (1) and the surfaces at the end plates (46) of each stack, a first sealant facing the matrix layer moist at the operating temperature of the fuel cell and a second outer sealant (32) dry at the operating temperature of the fuel cell are provided so that a pressurised gap (23,24) is provided the sealants (31,32), in which a pressure is produced preventing the formation of molten carbonate melt into the gap.    ADVANTAGE -   The cell has increased power density.
The electrolytic cell has an end-anode (A1) and an end-cathode (K5) between which are a number of outer cells (E1,E5) with a series of bipolar cells (E2-E4) to which they are electrically joined. Each cell (E1-E5) incorporates one or two gas diffusion electrode(s) (11). One electrode forms both the roof (8) of the electrolyte chamber below and the floor of the electrolyte chamber above. They also form the end-anode (A1) and the anodes (A2-A4) of the bipolar cell elements (E2-E4) of a perforated, good electrically-conducting electrode structure (9) made e.g. of nickel (Ni). Each electrolyte chamber (8) discharges electrolyte and a reaction gas such as oxygen, and a mixture of electrolyte and the resulting product, and reaction gas is drawn off from each electrolyte chamber respectively. Cells (E1-E5) are grouped together in a stack, and the end-cathode (K5) and the cathodes (K2-K4) of the bipolar cell elements (E2-E5) incorporate a perforated electrically-conducting separation wall (10), on each of which is a gas diffusion electrode (11). The overflows on the respective upper cells (E1-E4) are height-adjustable.    USE -   Used for the electrolytic refinement of metal such as copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn), or as a fuel cell, or for the Hydrina process of cracking sodium sulphate.    ADVANTAGE -   The overflow weirs ensure that at no point in the cell does the hydrostatic pressure exceed the penetration resistance of e.g. the carbon cloth serving as the gas diffusion electrode. The interval between the hydrostatic pressure from the penetration resistance in the gas diffusion electrolysis can be selected such that the gas flows through succeeding cells at reduced pressure, improving the gas yield. ()
Semiconductor device comprising: semiconductor body with array of peaks and valleys on the surface; channel in surface running through peaks and to depth of valleys; narrower groove under channel and under surface; metal conductive layer in groove forming cooperative buried contact in the absence of zig-zag metallisation of varying depths.    Also claimed are photovoltaic device and its production, device comprising: poly- or mono-crystalline silicon wafer providing solar cell of textured surface to decrease light reflection and increase efficiency, having apexes and a base; wafer having parallel sets of channels providing contact trenches extending through surface apexes and to depth of base; SiO, Si3N4 or oxides insulation in and covering trenches to prevent metal contacting trench to minimise shadowing; metallisation finger and bus bar grooves aligned with and under trenches and spanning lesser width; nickel, copper or silver conductive layers in grooves cooperating to form buried contact; front trenches cooperating to enhance open circuit voltage of device.    Claimed method of device manufacture involves: phosphorus or nitrogen type mono or poly crystalline silicon wafer treated into array of solar cells enhanced by macro-texturing forming channels; forming emitter and diffusing opposite polarity regions into wafer to form active area under front trench; insulating contact trenches; cutting grooves; diffusing opposite polarity under grooves and forming conductive buried contacts by plating.    USE -   Buried contact semiconductor devices such as solar cells.    ADVANTAGE -   Production cost lowered and time shortened;less metal wastage and lower material requirements; attractive, economical, dependable and effective devices result.
Gas inlet and outlet pipes are attached to two end insulation plates between which a cell stack is held.    ADVANTAGE -   Long-term stable battery operation can be ensured.
The phosphoric acid type fuel battery is composed of a laminate of unit cells comprises matrix to carry phosphoric acid, fuel electrode to hold matrix, air electrode, and reservoir plate for supplying phosphoric acid.    ADVANTAGE -   Phosphoric acid is supplied adequately and distributed uniformly to the reservoir plate of unit cell.
Perfluorocarbonsulphonic acid resin is impregnated into and deposited on the porous base matter to give the combined polymer membrane.    USE -   Used as a solid polymer electrode membrane.    ADVANTAGE -   The combined polymer membrane is used as a solid polymer electrode membrane of the fuel battery in which resistance of electrolyte membrane is lowered.
Silicon structure comprises a group of silicon cylinders that contain silicon and face irregular directions.    USE -   Used in luminescent devices and solar cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The silicon structure does not require formation of texture, which needs complicated processes. When the silicon structure is used in a solar cell, a solar cell with high conversion efficiency is produced.
The solar battery module is covered by coating material of two or more layers. The light incident surface of a photovoltaic cell is sealed by a coating material containing several layers of a transparent surface protective film and a sealing material resin layer (102).    The sealing material resin layer contains a binder resin of a glass fibre non-woven fabric (106). The outer side of the surface protective film is in contact with the sealing material resin layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables to withstand prolonged outdoor exposure and is weather resistant. Improves reliability over longer period of time without deterioration of surface coating material.
The solar battery module (10) contains a glass substrate (12) on surface of which a transparent electrode (14), a semiconductor layer (16) and a back side electrode (18) are arranged.    The back side electrode is covered with a thermoplastic resin layer (22). A glass mat (24) is arranged in such a way that the resin is made to impregnate on the surface side of the resin layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Excels in weather and moisture resistance. Provides reliable solar battery.
At least a part of an exhaust gas of a fuel gas system exhausted from a fuel cell, is supplied to the first reaction station for generating an intermediate gas composed of H2 and a carbon monoxide, from an hydrocarbon and a carbon dioxide, of an hydrocarbon reformer as a part of a material generating the intermediate gas.    ADVANTAGE -   H2 utilisation factor can be improved.
An oxidised gas exhausted from a fuel battery including phosphate is exchanged for another gas through a heat transmission area.    The heat exchanger has an entrance for the oxidised gas exhausted from the fuel battery at its lower side and an exit for the gas at an upper side.    USE -   For providing a heat exchanger.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents vapour from being cooled and condensed to water which may become a ferromagnetic drain.
An apparatus used in a fuel cell formed by laminating alternately fuel cell structures comprising a solid polymer electrolyte membrane clamped by a cathode electrode and an anode side electrode and separators, comprises a water passage for diffusing water for humidification into the solid polymer electrolyte membrane, formed in the membrane, a means for introducing the water from a water-feeding passage in the separator to the water passage, and an actuation part for closing the water introducing means or the water passage by swelling of the membrane by humidification, formed in the separator.    ADVANTAGE -   Humidification for an electrolyte membrane can be effected efficiently and reliably.
A fuel cell power generation system comprises: (a) a modifier for modifying fossil material into hydrogen; (b) fuel cells for generating power using the hydrogen and oxygen in air; and (c) an electrical output system, to convert the power. A hydrogen feed apparatus or an oxygen feeding apparatus is installed, and hydrogen from the hydrogen feeding apparatus or oxygen from the oxygen feed apparatus is fed according to change in power in the electrical output system.    ADVANTAGE -   Output from the fuel cells is prevented from lowering when electric output changes or fuel is exchanged.
The gas separator materials and a cell material are baked through a bonding material including SiO2and CaO in a ratio of 1:0.5 - 2 (by mol.), to be bound with a crystalline bonding phase.    ADVANTAGE -   The heat-proof cycle property is improved.
In a solid electrolyte fuel cell having an interconnector, a solid electrolyte and a fuel pole on an air pole as a base, a porous current collector having the first layer composed of a cermet of a metal and Y2 O3 stabilised ZrO2, and stacked on the interconnector, and the second layer of the metal, is connected with the air pole through the interconnector.    ADVANTAGE -   High stability to the heat cycle and high electric conductivity.
A lithium aluminate is obtained from an anodically oxidised aluminium, and is granulated into the particles of sub-micron size, to be used as an electrolyte holding material.    ADVANTAGE -   A large quantity of electrolyte can be held, and resistance to an ion conduction is low.
Inorganic oxide powder of 0.05-0.3 microns average particle size is used as electrolyte holding material, and inorganic composite oxide fibre of diameter (d) 5-30 times as large as the average diameter of the electrolyte holding material and of less than 50 microns in length (I), and having aspect ratio of 5:30 I/d, is also used.    ADVANTAGE -   Initial resistance is low while keeping durability in heat.
Separators for separating a fuel and an oxidant gas in a cell, have a concave portion on an upper surface peripheral portion and a projection on a lower surface peripheral portion. The projection is engaged with the concave portion of an adjacent layer to form a joint structure.    ADVANTAGE -   High mechanical sealing structure of high durability to a heating cycle.
Phosphoric acids held in unit cells are connected with each other by a phosphoric acid liquid junction in the fuel cell.    ADVANTAGE -   The quantity of phosphoric acid in each unit cell is maintained at a suitable level.
Battery has sintered ceramic gas separators, each of which comprises 5-20 volume% of ZrO2 content in a mixture prepared by mixing MgO powder with MgAl2 O4powder in the weight 1:1-9 arranged among current collecting sheets.    ADVANTAGE -   The battery has separators of excellent rupture strength.
The battery has oxidiser gas passage grooves formed in the surface of a(La1-z Cz )/(Mn1-y Dy )O3 layer placed on the air-electrode side of a (La1-z Az )/(Cr1-y By )O3layer forming part of each separator. (A - at least one of Sr, Ca and Ba; B = at least one of Mn, Ni, Mg, Co, Zr, Ce, Fe and Al; C = at least one of Sr, Ca and Ba; D = at least one of CR, Ni, Mg, Co, Zr, Ce, Fe and Al; and x/y = values of 0-0.5).    ADVANTAGE -   The battery has excellent electric performance and lower manufacturing cost.
A photoelectric conversion device has a collector electrode formed on a transparent conductive layer on a photoelectric conversion semiconductor layer. The collector electrode has a first conductive member, preferably of metal, which covers and is electrically connected to a second conductive member consisting of a relatively high m. pt. conductive powder contained in a low melting metal which is a metal, alloy or mixture. Also claimed is a method of making a photoelectric conversion device by: (a) forming a first conductive member on a transparent conductive film formed on a semiconductor layer; (b) applying a second conductive member consisting of a low melting metal, a conductive powder and a thixotropic material; and (c) heating the second conductive member; and (d) removing the thixotropic material.    USE -   Apparatus is used as a photovoltaic device e.g. a solar cell.    ADVANTAGE -   The collector electrode has low electrical resistance (for decreased conversion efficiency loss), is resistant to peeling under various environmental conditions (e.g. high humidity and high and low temperatures) and is resistant to optical degradation (e.g. fine cracks or fracture on irradiation with light). The device has a high conversion efficiency, has long term operational stability, exhibits decreased loss caused by blocking of light by the electrode structure and can be mfd. at low cost.
Preparation of a proton conducting polymer film comprises: (i) treating a sulphonic acid polymer material to enhance its proton conducting characteristics; and (ii) further treating in such a way as to link together some but not all of the proton carrying elements to form a denser but still stable membrane.    Also claimed are: (A) a proton-conducting polymer film where the crosslinked sulphonate containing surface has a higher crosslinking than the opposing surface; (B) a fuel cell electrode/membrane assembly (10) comprising an oxidation allowing anode material (14) attached to the above proton conducting polymer membrane material (18) attached to a reduction allowing cathode (16); and (C) preparation of an asymmetric proton-conducting polymer film comprising selectively sulphonating the polymer material and then partially crosslinking some of the sulphonate groups so that they will not conduct protons.    USE -   Used in a methanol based oxidation/reduction fuel cell (claimed). It is also used to limit fuel crossover in a methanol fuel cell by separating the anode and cathode (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   Occluding of methanol is carried out by limiting a size of free volumes in the proton conducting membrane (claimed). The film has low methanol permeability but high proton conductivity and is made from inexpensive, readily available materials. These materials are stable at high temperatures.
Sulphonyl/phospho electrolyte solvents of formula: Cl3PNSO2Cl, Cl3PNP(O)Cl2, Cl3PNCH3 and Cl3PNCH2CH3 are new. Also claimed are: (i) electrolyte solutions comprising less than 50 mole% solute dissolved in either R-SO2-X (where, X = halide; R = optionally perchlorinated or perfluorinated alkyl or -N=PX3) or X3P=N-R (where, X = halide; R = -P(O)X2 or 1-6C alkyl); and (ii) electrochemical devices containing the solutions.    USE -   In batteries, fuel cells, photochromic displays, photovoltaic cells, gas sensors and especially rechargeable cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The solutions have high electrochemical stability, are (relatively) involatile, can dissolve large mole fractions of most electrolyte solutes, do not crystallise at temperatures above 0 C, exhibit wide electrochemical windows and are stable in the presence of alkali metals.
A new quasi-salt inorganic ionic liquid is the reaction product of a strong Lewis acid with an inorganic halide-donating molecule containing a group of formula -NPX3, -SO2X or -C(O)X (where, X = halogen). Also claimed are: a mixture of the ionic liquid with an electrolyte; and an electrochemical device containing this mixture.    USE -   The ionic liquid/electrolyte mixture is used in various electrochemical devices e.g. rechargeable cells, fuel cells, batteries and gas sensors.    ADVANTAGE -   Compared with organic cation-containing ionic liquids, the new liquids (i) are stable in the liquid phase and have high conductivity between room temperature and -40C, (ii) can dissolve large mole fractions of alkali metal salts, (iii) are stable in the presence of alkali metals, (iv) have a wide electrochemical window and (vi) enable reversible deposition (and stripping) of alkali metals under charging (and discharging) conditions in an electrochemical cell.
Phosphoric acid (PPA)-containing polymers comprise alkylphosphoric acids (salts) of polybenzimidazoles of formula (1). R1 = tetrahydric aromatic group; R2 = aliphatic, alicyclic or aromatic group; R3,R4 = H or 2-5C alkylphosphoric acid (salt); R3 and R4 contain 0.1-2 alkylphosphoric acid (salt) per repeating structural unit; and n = 10-10,000.    USE -   The polymers are useful as electrolytes for primary and secondary batteries, fuel batteries, for display elements, sensors, signal-transmitting media, solid capacitors and ion exchange membranes.    ADVANTAGE -   The polymers have high proton-conductivity at a wide range of temperature and retain the proton-conductivity even at high temperature.
The production comprises: (a) forming a high-m.pt. powder layer on a supporting substrate; (b) depositing a silicon layer on the powder layer; (c) depositing a surface protective layer on the silicon layer; (d) melting the silicon layer in a zone shape; (e) successively moving the melt zone to crystallise the silicon layer; and (f) removing the silicon crystallised layer from the powder layer.    Also claimed is that a molar battery is produced by using the plate-like silicon crystal having a thickness of 10-500 micrometres.    USE -   The method produces the plate-like silicon crystal used in late-like materials, particularly a substrate material for the solar battery.    ADVANTAGE -   The method more stably produces th plate-like materials, particularly, the plate-like silicon crystal having higher purity and higher accuracy at lower costs. The solar battery is produced at lower costs.
Porous lithium aluminate (A), whose Bet's specific surface area is 1-15 m2/g and (R) value calculated by the following formula (R) is &lt;25 %. R=[(S2-S1)/S1]x100, where S1 is Bet's specific surface area of (A) before heating and S2 is that of after heating. Heating process is carried out under following condition i.e., mixture of (A, 62 mol %) and (K2CO3, 32 mol %) is heated at 700 C in (air/CO2 = 70/30) for 200 hours.    USE -   Used as electrolyte carrying plates for MCFC.    ADVANTAGE -   This product made of mainly type, has thermal and chemical stability in high temp. molten carbonate.
(1) Lithium aluminate (A), whose Bet's specific surface area is 1-15 m2/g and synthesis ratio expressed by following formula (P) is 80% is new. P=(I2/I1)x100 is intensity of the x-ray diffraction peak with the strongest diffraction intensity and I2 is next strongest. Preferable ratio expressed by formula (R) is &lt;25%. R=[(S2-S1)/S1]x100, where (S1) is the Bet's specific surface area of (A) before heating and (S2) is that of after heating. Heating is carried out under following condition i.e., the mixture of (A = 68 mol%) and (K2CO3) = 32 mol%) is heated in (air/CO2 = 70/30) at 700C for 200 hours. Method of producing (A) is also claimed.    USE -   Used as electrolyte carrying plate of molten carbonate type cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The product shows thermal and chemical stability in molten carbonate.
A number of cooling water lines composed of an active carbon filter and ion exchange resin bottles are arranged in parallel and a minimum flow pipe is connected from these outlets to the head tank.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduction of the pressure head loss of the system and facilitation of carrying due to miniaturised bottles.
Conversion of the free enthalpy stored in hydrogen-containing materials (especially glucose and other chemical 2 H sources) together with atmospheric oxygen into the energy of an electrodynamic field is effected in a chemo-electrical converter (i.e. fuel cell) based on the reaction 2H + O H2O. The 2-stage reaction uses the free reaction enthalpy of both stages. The free reaction enthalpy of the first stage, yielding hydrogen peroxide and subsequently the actual acceptor O, is released by reaction of the O2 with hydrogen-containing compounds (preferably of halogens or pseudo-halogens) and transferred via the reaction product(s) to the reaction sequence for breaking the glucose into (4H + CO2) pairs. The reaction enthalpy of the second stage (based on H2O2) is used for the chemo-electrical reaction. The actual acceptor O is removed from the H2O2 (preferably via a carrier based on acids capable of peroxide bonding) and transferred to the positive electrode of the converter.    USE -   A switchable rechargeable battery molecule (SRBM) is provided, using reactions analogous with those (e.g. respiration) providing energy in living organisms. The system is especially for use (i) as a transportable source of electrical energy in technical microsystems or (ii) in macroscopic linked alternating current systems with variable frequency at high potential.
Fuel gas is produced from methanol, and unconverted methanol is rejected from the produced fuel gas. The resulting fuel is then supplied to the cell stack.    ADVANTAGE -   Battery performance drop due to unconverted methanol in fuel gas can be prevented.
A back-contact solar cell is disclosed, comprising: (a) a semiconductor bulk layer (10) of first conductivity type; (b) a number of spaced-out doped semiconductor regions (60) of second conductivity type formed in the bulk layer near the back surface and forming a number of semiconductor junctions therein; (c) a first set of spaced-out ohmic contacts (70) connected to the doped semiconductor regions (60) and located along the back surface; (d) a second set of ohmic contacts (100) connected to the back surface of the bulk layer in the spaces between the first set of ohmic contracts; and (e) an insulator (80) for isolating electrically the first set of ohmic contacts from the second set of ohmic contacts.    Also claimed is a method of manufacturing a back contact solar cell with self-aligning ohmic contacts.    USE -   Useful in the manufacture of photovoltaic cells for utilising solar energy.    ADVANTAGE -   Allows the fabrication cost of a silicon solar cell to be reduced whilst retaining a relatively high solar conversion efficiency by employing a back-contact design. A single material preferably aluminium is used as both p-type dopant and ohmic contact material. A relatively inexpensive screen-printed, self-aligned process is used for the back contacts.
Formation of metal insulating semiconductor (MIS) solar cell insulator comprises : (1) cleaning silicon chip by standard cleaning procedure; and (2) growing insulator on the silicon chip by liquid phase deposition.
The method involves forming a micro rough etching part (1b) on a semiconductor substrate (1) by dry etching process using etching gas and gas for mask formation. A PN junction is then formed on the surface side of the semiconductor substrate.    A surface electrode (5) and a back side electrode (6) are also formed on the surface side and back side of the semiconductor substrate respectively.    ADVANTAGE -   Optimises shape of micro rough part efficiently by simultaneous introduction of etching gas and gas for mask formation. Simplifies mfg process. Reduces open discharge pressure of solar battery. Forms rough part uniformly. Increases optical absorption thereby improving characteristic of solar battery.
A photoelectromotive force device comprises: a semiconductor layer, which generates a photoelectromotive force when submitted to light, with a rear surface electrode on the rear surface to the light receiving surface. The device also has a light transmissive buffer layer, composed of a Group IV element or its alloy, between the semiconductor layer and the rear electrode.    USE -   The photoelectromotive force device is used for solar cells.    ADVANTAGE -    The light transmissive buffer layer has improved interface characteristics between the buffer layer and the semiconductor layer, compared to the ITO or SnO2transparent conductive film.
The mfg method involves forming a P type electrically conductive semiconductor layer (4) which acts as the optical absorption layer on a back side electrode.    Electrically conductive transparent N type semiconductor thin film (6) made of metal oxide is formed on the optical absorption layer, through an amorphous Si semiconductor thin film (5), by employing optical CVD method. The metal oxide film acts as a window layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Has high conversion efficiency. Reduces mfg cost.
A new solid polymer electrolyte membrane for fuel cells is made of a polymer which consists of a co-polymer main chain prepared from fluorocarbon vinyl monomers and hydrocarbon vinyl monomers and side chains of hydrocarbon having sulphonic acid groups.    Production of the new solid polymer electrolyte membrane is also claimed comprising: (a) irradiating a copolymer of fluorocarbon vinyl monomers and hydrocarbon vinyl monomers with radiation, then polymerisable alkenylbenzene is contacted to the copolymer to form side chains by graft-polymerisation and (b) incorporating sulphonic acid groups into the side chains.    USE -   For fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The new membrane has a higher tensile strength, a good flexibility, and a lower electrical resistance. It is low cost.
The polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell comprises at least one membrane electrode unit which has conducting electrode layers on opposite sides, distribution plates made of an elastic, plastic deformable material and integrated channels for the removal reaction and/or coolant media. A seal is located between the distribution plates and the membrane electrodes to seal off the individual gas and liquid chambers. The seal (14) is formed by integrated raised areas (16) in the distribution plates.    ADVANTAGE -   The fuel cell is simple to produce and is reliable in operation.
A nano-dispersed titanium dioxide has a maximum particle size distribution, determined by an ultracentrifuge, of 1-10 nm, less than 0.1 wt.% carbon in the form of organic compounds or residues, and transparency at least 99%, determined in a 5 wt.% aqueous HCl solution of 400-700 nm in 180 degrees/d-geometry in a layer of thickness 10m.    USE -   The nano-dispersed TiO2 is used as protective component against UV in cosmetics, synthetics, silicone resins and lacquers, in the UV-catalysed breakdown of polymers and organic pollutants in waste water, and as TiO2 component in dye solar cells (claimed), and as component in special glasses, with SiO2 prepared in the same way.    ADVANTAGE -   The nano-dispersed TiO2 is easily prepared on the industrial scale, has the same favourable properties (fineness, and transparency) as a sol-gel product, and can be stored for some weeks at 0C without change.
A method of forming a front-surface junction and back-surface field comprises depositing an opposite dopant source layer on the front surface of a doped semiconductor substrate, depositing a second dopant source layer on the back of the substrate and of the same dopant type as the substrate and exposing the substrate to concentrated solar radiation.    Also claimed are methods as above: (i) of making a silicon solar cell additionally comprising forming a transparent or translucent conducting layer on the front surface; (ii) of making multicrystalline Si thin films from amorphous Si comprising forming an amorphous Si layer on a substrate and exposing to concentrated solar radiation; (iii) of removing impurities from a Si wafer by forming a porous Si layer on the wafer, exposing to concentrated solar radiation and removing the porous layer; and (iv) forming a textured layer on a semiconductor substrate by exposing to concentrated solar radiation in the presence of a reactive gas.    USE -   In the manufacture of silicon solar cells, poly-Si thin films and textured semiconductor layers    ADVANTAGE -   Sunlight is a broad spectrum source, cooling rates are controllable and the process is cold-wall, thus reducing contamination.
A modified polymeric cation exchange membrane for use in an electrochemical cell comprises: (i) a polymer matrix; (ii) a water insoluble ionic salt of silver, tungsten and/or molybdenum deposited within the polymer matrix, the ionic salt being insoluble in electrolytes which, in use, contact either side of the membrane. Also claimed is an electrochemical apparatus comprising a single cell or an array of cells, each having a chamber containing an anode and an electrolyte, and a chamber containing a cathode and an electrolyte, where the adjacent chambers are separated by the above cation exchange membrane.    USE -   The membrane is used for electrochemical applications, e.g. fuel cells and power delivery.    ADVANTAGE -   The exchange membrane has a lower water content for the same ion exchange capacity and permselectivity, it combines low electrolytic resistivity with improved permselectivity.
An electrochemical cell comprises a cathode current collector (12), cathode catalyst layer (13), solid polymer electrolyte membrane (14), anode catalyst layer (15) and anode current collector (16). The cathode current collector is an electroconductive nonwoven fabric containing apertures (11) to allow contact between the catalyst layer and a gas. The preparation of the cell involving forming the apertures before forming the cathode catalyst layer on the current collector, and two other cells and their respective preparation methods are also claimed.    USE -   For automobiles and spacecraft.    ADVANTAGE -   Supply of reaction gas and gas discharge is smoothly conducted, and the maximum output can be obtained. Stable operation at higher current density.
The method is based on preparation of mesh material and fixing it on base matrix. To improve results, the mesh material is made of glass threads by weft-filling weave method, said material is stretched on base matrix under specific load 0.2-0.7 kGf/cm, treated with varnish, based on silico-organic resin, and fired at 90-120C, in vacuo 10-4 - 10-7mm Hg, for 2-5 hours.    USE -   In production of solar cells producing electricity directly from solar power.    ADVANTAGE -   The method increases service life of solar cell owing to reduction of degradation of mechanical and electric parameters
The mfg method involves forming an N type Si layer (12) on the upper surface of a P type Si substrate (11). A Si oxide film (16) is formed selectively at lower surface of the substrate, correspondingly to a connection area (21). A p+ type microcrystal Si layer (17) is formed on the lower surface of the substrate. An insulated film (18) with clearances, at the portion corresponding to the connection area, is formed below the microcrystal Si layer.    A back side electrode (19) is formed on the insulated film. The substrate is heated at temperature more than 300degC in order to raise the back side field effect of p+ type microcrystal Si layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves photoelectric conversion efficiency and curvilinear factor. Improves back side field effect.
A gas flow limiter is placed in the gas flow channel between individual adjacent cells in the cell stack.    ADVANTAGE -   Gas flow in the cell stack can be regulated.
The fuel cell apparatus comprises a digestion tank for biological treatment of an organic sludge with an anaerobic microorganism, digested gas separation film equipment for separating the digested gas produced from the digestion tank to a condensed carbon dioxide, and condensed methane gas, and fuel cell.    ADVANTAGE -   Makes the total equipment compact, and reduces running cost and equipment cost.
The cylindrical fuel battery cell comprises a notch in a portion of the electrolyte to expose a portion of the air fuel battery or air battery on the inner surface of the electrolyte, and the exposed surface and the electrolyte end surface near the notch portion with the collector, and a complex middle layer having at least one from a Y, rare earth element or alkali earth metal, and Zr between the electrolyte and collector in the cylindrical type fuel battery having the fuel battery cell proper with the fuel pole and air pole and the collector.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents gas leak and provides high output.
The fused carbonate fuel battery comprises a holding material incorporated with an lithium aluminate and 0.60 of a half value breadth of the (104) peak of the -LiAlO2 powder X-ray diffraction in the fused carbonate type fuel battery having the fuel pole, oxidising agent pole, and electrolytic pole.    ADVANTAGE -   Inhibits change of electrolytic plate fine structure, and increase of electrolytic plate resistance.
A foamed sponge layer is bonded to the gasket or separator of each cell in the cell stack.    ADVANTAGE -   Cells can be sealed firmly.
A fastening clip is filled between the end clamp sections of the cell stack to pressurise the stacked cells.    ADVANTAGE -   A compact module structure can be provided.
A pocket smaller than cell size is formed in the cell contact face of one fastening plate for the assembled cell stack and pressurised water is introduced into the pocket.    ADVANTAGE -   The applied pressure can be distributed uniformly.
The stack has a gas flow block section formed between two cell sub-stacks to which their respective gas supply lines are connected.    ADVANTAGE -   Stable cell operation can be ensured.
Electrically separated electrolyte circulation lines are connected to the cell stack groups.    ADVANTAGE -   High efficiency power generation is implemented.
A monoxide transforming device comprises a modifier to produce modified gas, having rich hydrogen, by modifying raw fuel at a hydrocarbon system; a monoxide transformer (2) to refine fuel gas by removing monoxide carbon contained in the modified gas; a fuel battery body to electrochemically generate power by using the fuel gas and oxidant gas as reaction gas and having a cooling body to remove heat, generated during generation, through circulation of cooling water; and a device for feeding cooling water to feed cooling water, having a desired temp., to the cooling body. A carbon monoxide transformer for a fuel battery generating device comprises a catalyst layer filled with a granular catalyst to remove carbon monoxide contained in modified gas; a container made of a metal to contain the catalyst layer at the inside; and a cooler to hold the temp. of a catalyst layer at a desired value. The carbon monoxide transformer uses cooling water (91), fed from a device for feeding cooling water, as a heating medium supplied to a cooler from the outside.    ADVANTAGE -   Manufacturing cost for a monoxide transformer is reduced.
An hydrogen cylinder holder and a fuel cell holder are formed in two movable separate sections of a mobile cabinet.    USE -   Used to provide energy.    The mobile fuel cell has extended continuous battery operation.
A resistance meter is connected across a series of at least two insulation bypass pipes coupled to the cooling-water supply line connected to the fuel battery.    ADVANTAGE -   The quality of cooling water is monitored.
Heated inert gas is introduced into the carbon monoxide converter and fuel preheater of the fuel cell.    ADVANTAGE -   The time for heating is shortened.
A de-acidification unit and an ion exchanger are coupled to the output of the aeration device connected to the input of a waste water treatment line.    ADVANTAGE -   Waste water can be stably treated without cooling.
A gas mixer is connected to a fuel cell to mix low temperature pressurised air and high temperature combustion exhaust gas.    ADVANTAGE -   The gate temperature of the fuel cell can be maintained within an optimum range.
A catalyst burner is connected to the fuel gas supply unit and equipped with an air supply fan controller to which a catalyst temperature sensor is connected.    ADVANTAGE -   The catalyst is burned efficiently.
A cooling-water circulation line is connected to a cell stack and equipment with a water pressure controller.    ADVANTAGE -   The pressure and flow capacity of cooling water can be controlled independently.
A damping-water groove is formed adjacent to each cell and coupled to a gas flow path through a porous supporter.    ADVANTAGE -   Damped reaction gas can be supplied exactly.
A fuel cell, having an electrolyte film, a fuel electrode film and an oxidising agent electrode film, has a humidification portion, for humidifying at least one of a fuel gas and an oxidising agent gas, at a stack portion of the unit fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The unit is compact.
A current collecting plate at cathode side comprises a current collector body of an austenite stainless steel, a Fe-Cr-Ni alloy layer and a nickel ferrite non-stoichiometric composite oxide layer.    ADVANTAGE -   High electric conductivity and corrosion-proof property.
Molten carbonate fuel cell current collecting plate at an oxidising agent electrode side between a perforated current collecting plate and a separator plate, is obtained by arranging first current collecting members of a material of high corrosion-proof property, and the second current collecting members of a material of high electron conductivity.    ADVANTAGE -   Life of the fuel cell can be improved.
A solution of an ion exchange resin as a solid high molecule electrolyte is dropped onto the surface, near the centre, of a porous electroconductive sheet including an electroconductive component, catalyst metallic particles and a water repellent while rotating the sheet so the resin penetrates through the sheet.    ADVANTAGE -   High durability is obtained.
A porous air electrode is formed on one surface of a solid electrolyte and a porous fuel electrode having the first layer composed of at least one kind of oxide particles of nickel, cobalt or iron, and zirconium oxide and/or cerium oxide particles, and the second layer composed of at least one kind of metallic particles of Ni, Co or Fe, and ZrO2 and/or CeO2 particles, on the other surface of the electrolyte.    ADVANTAGE -   An electric conductivity of the fuel electrode, can be improved.
A solar cell of polycrystalline silicon (alloy) has a light-receiving surface containing pit-like holes of 0.1-10 m depth and 0.1-10 m diameter with a depth to diameter ratio of greater than 1, the surface area of the holes occupying more than half the surface area of the silicon. Also claimed is a process for texturing a surface of p-type polycrystalline silicon (alloy) by partial chemical oxidation of the surface with a fluorine ion-containing oxidising solution to form a porous surface layer which is then dissolved to obtain the textured surface.    ADVANTAGE -   The solar cell has greater efficiency (e.g. 6.4% higher photovoltaic conversion yield and 5.4% higher short-circuit current) than conventional cells and the texturing process permits efficient and economic reduction of optical reflectivity and increase of effective absorption.
Silicon or Si alloy material from solar cells or modules is recovered by comminuting and mixing with iron and Si-containing materials for melting down and conversion into ferro-silicon. Preferably, frames of solar modules are first removed for separate treatment and the Si material is granulated by shredding for melting in an electric arc furnace. The ferro-silicon product is preferably used in steel manufacture.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids dumping in landfill and generates useful product.
Reactor for selectively oxidising carbon monoxide in hydrogen-rich gas comprises a reaction chamber (4), into which is fed the hydrogen-rich gas and oxygen or air and containing a catalyst, and a cooling chamber through which a cooling medium flows. The novelty is that the reactor (1) is constructed by stacking separating walls (3) in a filter press manner, where each reaction and cooling chamber is constructed with two neighbouring separating walls (3). The catalyst material (6) is applied on the surfaces of the walls facing the reaction chamber.    USE -   The reactor is used to remove carbon monoxide from hydrogen-containing reformate for mobile fuel cells (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   The reactor is compact, and the carbon monoxide amount is reduced to below 50 ppm..
A proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell has at least one cell comprising two electrodes, a membrane electrolyte for ionic conduction and a conductive contact. The contact element comprises a metal core (50) of Al or Ti, on which is a protective coating (52) and a micro-discontinuous Ti nitride topcoat (54) which has many defects, exposing the protective coating to a corrosive operating environment within the fuel cell. The protective coating is susceptible to oxidative passivation by this environment to form a corrosion barrier and thus protects the core.    USE -   As a proton exchange membrane fuel cell for electric vehicles    ADVANTAGE -   Corrosion of the contact element core with consequent increase in electronic resistance is prevented and cell life is prolonged.
The production comprises ion exchange-adsorbing a cation exchange membrane to a gold phenanthroline complex; and reducing the cation exchange membrane in an aqueous solution of sulphite and/or an aqueous solution of ascorbic acid or its salt.    USE -   The method produces the gold ion exchange membrane body by joining gold to the surface of the cation exchange membrane used in an electrode material.    ADVANTAGE -   The method produces the gold ion exchange membrane body with superior adhesion between the cation exchange membrane and the gold, and low contact resistance. Growing a gold layer on the surface of the gold-ion exchange membrane body yields a catalytic electrode body with resistance to various electrolytic baths using a solid macromolecular electrolyte.
Bismuth vanadium oxide compounds for oxide ionic conductor of Bi46 V8 O89(in atomic ratio) with a triclinic crystal structure are claimed.     Also claimed is the preparation of a bismuth vanadium oxide compound of Bi46 V8 O89with a triclinic crystal structure, which comprises mixing bismuth oxide, or a compound which decomposes to bismuth oxide through heating, and vanadium pentoxide, or a compound which decomposes to vanadium pentoxide through heating, in a mole ratio of bismuth oxide to vanadium pentoxide to 23:4 and heating the mixture at temperatures of up to 950C.     Also claimed is an alternative preparation of a bismuth vanadium oxide compound, which comprises mixing bismuth oxide, or a compound which decomposes to bismuth oxide through heating, and vanadium pentoxide, or a compound which decomposes to vanadium pentoxide through heating, in a mole ratio of bismuth oxide to vanadium pentoxide of 23:4, heating and melting the mixture at temperatures of 950C, and obtaining bismuth vanadium oxide single crystals of Bi46 V8 O89with a triclinic crystal structure by a pull method, Bridgman method, or annealing method.    USE -   The bismuth vanadium oxide compound obtained can be used as high functional oxide ionic conductor, such as materials of sensors, electrolytes, oxygen pumps, and fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The bismuth vanadium oxide compounds obtained have a new triclinic crystal structure and high oxide ion transport numbers.
The honeycomb panel is formed by joining surface plates (8,13) on opened end surfaces of a honeycomb core (10) which is a flat aggregate of hollow columnar cells. The surface plate is formed by overlapping and joining an insulating sheet (3) and a fibre reinforced plastic plate (7). The prepreg sheet of fibre reinforced plastic plate (7) formed by combining a fibre base material and a resin is joined to the insulating sheet (3) by heat and pressure while using a gas permeable cloth sheet (5) and a resin impregnated sheet (6) so as to reduce an amount of resin.    USE -   The honeycomb core is suitable for joining and holding dielectrics e.g. solar cell plates, etc.    ADVANTAGE -   The honeycomb panel with reduced weight by reducing the amount of resin is obtained while retaining rigidity and strength and excellent as a structural member for joining dielectrics e.g. solar cell plates, etc.
The module comprises a support substrate (2) over which a set of thin film type solar battery cells (1) are arranged individually. The thickness of the film is less than or equal to 10micrometer.    A condensing structure (4) is provided for each solar battery cell to condense the light rays, by moulding process such that no clearance is formed.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies mfg process. Reduces weight since solar battery module is of thin film type and thus reduces cost. Eases maintenance work. Offers high pyroelectric conversion efficiency.
The mfg method involves forming a first conductivity type amorphous silicon film, on a substrate (1). The amorphous silicon film is subjected to heat treatment thereby forming a first crystalline silicon film (4).    Nickel silicide layer formed on the first crystalline silicon film is removed and then a second crystalline film (6) of second conductivity type is formed.    ADVANTAGE -   Forms crystalline silicon film with big crystal gain on cheap metal substrate, easily. Improves photoelectric conversion efficiency.
The method involves mixing copper element and indium element, whose amount is adjusted to be superfluous.    Then, heat treatment is performed to this mixture under selenium environment to form a CuInSe2 alloy layer    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids using strong toxic medicine such as hydrocyanic acid compound. Improves yield. Improves photoelectric conversion efficiency.
A thin film is deposited continuously onto a ribbon substrate while it is fed by a steering roller whose surface is covered with protective paper.    ADVANTAGE -   High quality filming can be implemented without film surface defects.
The amorphous semiconductor thin film is formed by repeating semiconductor forming CVD process and hydrogen plasma treating process. The atomic hydrogen supplying amount to hydrogen plasma treating process is controlled to 1-5x1015 particles/cm2.    ADVANTAGE -   The amorphous semiconductor thin film has low defect density.
Fuel battery generating apparatus comprises supplying cold water to a water cooling system cooler by a cold water circulation pump. A saturated vapour is obtained by collecting an exhausted binary phase flow sent to a vapour improving system by a vapour separator. A heating and circulating system for heating a body of fuel battery is provided in the vapour separator. A heating and circulating pump is actuated by a VVVF inverter. Such heating and circulating pump is operated at low-speed during a normal generating operation. A very small amount of cold water in the heating and circulating system is always circulated.    USE -   For providing a fuel battery generating apparatus which can be controlled without a large change in temperature and pressure.
A by-pass line for compressed air at a turbine compressor exit which may meet a compressed air line at an instrumentation system exit is connected to a compressed air line at a turbine compressor exit. An air system switching valve is placed on the compressed air line at an instrumentation air system exit. When a turbine compressor has been operated, the route of the air toward the instrumentation equipment is switched so that the air becomes compressed.    USE -   For decreasing the power of an assistant equipment when a high-pressure type fuel cell generating system has been operated, and for improving system efficiency.
A path of a reaction gas is divided into many areas inside a battery plane. The fuel cell comprises a gas concentration meter, judging equipment which computes an electric current value from a difference in the gas concentration, and a controller which controls a discharge flow control valve. An appropriate amount of gas corresponding to a distribution of electric current can be supplied.    USE -   Used for providing a fuel cell which can measure a special area within a battery.
The wet sealing part of the fused carbonate type fuel battery consists of mother material of alloy contg. 1-9 wt.% aluminium and balance iron coated by Al diffusion layer.    ADVANTAGE -   The fuel battery has wet sealing part with improved corrosion resistance.
A first group of support parts which contact an electrode and a partition is set in an exit side of a fuel gas that passes through an oxidising agent gas route provided to whole area of cathode side of cell. A second group of support parts is set in an entrance side of the fuel gas. More oxidising agent gas flows through the entrance side of the high temperature fuel gas. Less oxidising agent gas flows through the exit side of the low temperature fuel gas.    ADVANTAGE -   Uniform temperature distribution.
Fuel battery comprises: (a) a cooling plate made of resin having a route for a cooling media; (b) an entrance of the cooling media and an exit of the cooling media made on the cooling plate; (c) an electricity generating cell which contacts the cooling plate; and (d) a current collector which is connected to the electricity generating cell from outside. A single layer or many layers of the cooling plate and the electricity generating cell are laminated in this fuel battery.    ADVANTAGE -   The fuel battery is compact, light and economic.
Both end portions of an electrolyte film partially close a cold water route. When cold water is supplied to cold water route in a fuel battery, cold water directly makes both end portions of the electrolyte film wet. Whole area of the electrolyte film is humidified.    USE -   For effectively and securely humidifying an electrolyte.
This novel method refurbishes defective solar modules (SM) having a laminated structure (9) which includes a substrate (1). In the new process, the latter is delaminated, with the help of a water jet (11).    Preferably, the jet (11) is directed at an acute angle (), no greater than 45, against the laminate structure (9). A jet pressure of 200-600 bar is employed, and the nozzle (10) opening angle is no more than 30, whilst its diameter is 1-5 mm. During delamination, the nozzle rotates about an axis approximately perpendicular to the solar module. The nozzle opening is rectangular or rounded.    USE -   Process repairs solar modules containing electrical solar cells, and recycles any components necessarily discarded.    ADVANTAGE -   Solar cells in laminated structures are vulnerable to external influences, and several types of failure are possible. Repair difficulties used to see these failed modules consigned to trade waste, an increasingly-expensive disposal route. The procedure described is an economic and environmentally-friendly method of dealing with the problem. Use of a water jet allows the layers to be separated and the defective cells to be released. Defective soldering is made good, the cells replaced or exchanged as appropriate. Re-laminating then yields a fully-useable solar module. Re-cycling many parts of the module is possible, leaving only silicon and metal strips, a negligible proportion of the total waste. The nozzle features described, and lifting, assist rapid delamination.
ITO transparent electroconductive film is formed on a substrate by using a target comprising ITO, and by generating glow discharge in a sputtering gas, mainly of Xe.    USE -   For transparent electrodes of thin film solar cells.
5-30 wt.% of acryl monomer is graft polymerised onto a surface of a porous film of a polyethylene including more than 1 wt.% of a component of more than 7 x 105wt. average molecular wt., in presence of a crosslinking agent, by ionisation radiation treatment.    USE -   Used for a base of a thin film electrolyte for a fuel battery, and a separator for a battery.
The absorbent comprises carrying at least one kind of metal selected from gp. consisting of manganese, cobalt, copper, nickel, iron and platinum on A- or X-type modified binder-free zeolite contg. 90-96 wt. % of zeolite crystal member provided with macro-holes and microholes.    ADVANTAGE -   Trace component, in particular, sulphur compound contained in gas for fuel cell can be removed efficiently by absorbent excellent in absorption performance.
A membrane and electrode assembly comprising a cation exchange membrane with an electrode formed on its surface(s), the membrane comprising: (I) polymer having cation exchange gps. on recurring side chains attached to the polymer backbone with C atoms in polymer backbone:cation exchange gps. (IXR) = at least 23:1; or (II) a laminate comprising a first layer of polymer (I), and a second layer of cation exchange polymer(s) having IXR less than in the first layer.    Also claimed is a fuel cell comprising an anode compartment, a cathode compartment and a cation exchange membrane serving as a separator and electrolyte between the anode and cathode compartments, the membrane having an electrode formed on its surface(s) and comprising (I) above.    USE -   The membrane and electrode assembly is useful in fuel cells, esp. direct methanol fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The membrane has low methanol permeability and results in increased fuel cell power output and system efficiency.
Wraparound contact on a solar cell is formed by: (a) placing a decal (18) having a patterned conductive material on a first surface of the solar cell; (b) wrapping it round at least one edge to contact a second surface of the solar cell; and (c) processing (20) the decal to remove organic matter and form an ohmic contact.    Also claimed are: (i) a method for forming a wraparound electrical contact by separating a decal from the base to which it is attached using liquid before steps (a) and (b) followed by removing excess liq. between decal and the cell before (c); and (ii) method for forming a wraparound electrical contact by heating a decal attached to a wax coated surface transferring the decal from the wax coated surface to the cell followed by (b) and (c).    ADVANTAGE -   simple, low cost process produces a high yield of reliable devices.
The organic solar cell consists of an organic thin film placed between a pair of electrodes. The organic thin film is a mixt. of organic p-type and n-type semiconductors.    ADVANTAGE -   The organic thin film can be changed from p-type to n-type or vice versa by changing the mixing ratio of the p-type and n-type semiconductor, i.e. the valence band of the thin film can be regulated. A higher carrier density can be obtd. by mixing p-type and n-type semiconductors, so that the solar cell provides a higher output current.
An air exhaust duct is coupled to the surface of a hydrogen storage alloy tank connected to a built-in hydrogen catalyst burner.    ADVANTAGE -   The start-up time of the battery can be reduced.
The melted carbonate type fuel battery is provided with electrolyte plate contg. Li4 ZrO4 or Li6 ZrO5.    ADVANTAGE -   The melted carbonate type fuel battery can suppress secular change and can maintain stable electrode reaction.
Method of crystallising and filtering material from soln. involves (a) introducing the soln. into a pptn. and filtration reactor; (b) stirring the soln. in the presence of 300-1000 (pref. 400-1000) g./l. crystallisation seeds of the material to ensure homogeneous dispersion of the seeds without producing fines by shear; and (c) filtering to recover a purified soln.    Also claimed is a pptn. and filtration reactor for the above method, the reactor having (i) a filter cartridge (20) which divides the reactor interior into an internal pptn. chamber (12) and a recovery chamber (13) located between the cartridge and the reactor side wall; (ii) an inlet (11) for introducing soln. into the pptn. chamber; (iii) an outlet (14) for discharging treated soln. from the recovery chamber; and (iv) a mechanical stirrer (30) positioned in the pptn. chamber (12).    USE -   Esp. for treating fuel cell electrolyte, e.g. for continuous removal of hydrargillite from an aluminium-air fuel cell electrolyte.    ADVANTAGE -   The method provides controlled pptn. to achieve rapid pptn. only on the seeds, employs a high concn. of seeds so that solns. having slow reaction kinetics and lower crystallisable material contents (e.g. 40-60 g./l. Al concn. compared with 120-180 g./l. in prior art) can be treated, and prevents fines prodn. so that filter clogging is avoided.
A solar cell module comprising a solar cell element and at least a surface side covering material positioned on the light receiving side of the element, where the surface covering comprises at least a filler, a nonwoven glass fibre member (GM), and a surface protective film, where the glass fibre has a texture bonded with an acrylic resin.    Also claimed is a process for producing a solar cell module which includes the steps of : (a) laminating an insulating film, a back side material, a solar element, a nonwoven glass fibre member having a texture bonded with an acrylic resin (AR), a surface side filler member(F), and a surface protective film (PF) in the name order to obtain a stacked body, and (b) subjecting the stacked body to thermocompression treatment to obtain a solar cell module.    USE -   Environmentally acceptable power generation.    ADVANTAGE -   The surface of the solar cell is no more than slightly coloured at high atmospheric temperatures and when exposed outdoors for long periods excels in external appearance, scratch resistance, low flammability, weatherability, light resistance and heat resistance.
Solar cell comprising: substrate of first and second surfaces; shallow lowly doped plural emitter regions in one of the two surfaces; deeper, highly doped plural emitter regions interspersed with first regions; dopant regions in second one to provide surface field, with ohmic contact over dopant region; first patterned ohmic electrode layer contg. Al formed over second plural emitter regions. Also claimed is self-aligned locally deep-diffused emitter solar cell mfr. by: forming shallow emitter regions of first conductivity in first or second face of provided semiconductor substrate; forming shallow field region of second type in first or second surface; providing patterned Al layer on one surface; heating substrate to form plural deep emitter regions in regions underlying patterned layer; providing ohmic contact to both surfaces.    USE -   As solar cells and in their mfr..    ADVANTAGE -   Reduced electron-hole recombination performance; high efficiency; low electrode resistance; mfr. at low cost by simple means and at high yield. Bulk lifetime enhanced and impurities removed in one step. No photolithography required. Interconnections into plural cells easily possible. Cell tolerant of non-uniform emitter.
Process for producing a transparent, carbon nitride film on a substrate comprises: a) sputter depositing carbon atoms from a carbon target onto a substrate using a magnetron sputter gun and b) simultaneously depositing nitrogen atoms onto the substrate from an ion beam source in an atmosphere of less than 2.5 Pa of nitrogen gas to produce a carbon nitride film having a nitrogen content of about 36% and having a transmittance of at least 95% compared to glass throughout the visible spectrum when the film has a thickness of 40 nm.    USE -   Useful for optical and solar cell devices.    ADVANTAGE -   The hardness of the films makes them scratch resistant. During manufacture low pressure and high velocity ion beam are used simultaneously.
The method involves using a first conductivity type silicon semiconductor substrate (11). A second conductivity silicon semiconductor substrate layer (12) is then formed on light incidence plane of the first substrate. A microcrystal silicon semiconductor layer (16) of first conductivity type is then formed on the back of the optical plane of incidence side of the first substrate.    A polysilicon semiconductor layer (17) is formed in microcrystal silicon semiconductor layer by irradiating a laser light. A back side electrode (18) is them formed on back side of the polysilicon semiconductor layer with low resistance than microcrystal silicon semiconductor layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides high photoelectric conversion efficiency. Avoids complicated processing such as deposition process and photo etching process.
The battery has an organic resin substrate (5) on which, an optical reflecting electrode, a photoelectric conversion layer and a transparent electrode are formed. An Al,Ni,Si or Cu impurity of 0.1-6 weight % is added to reflecting electrode.    An Al film is formed at a temperature between 50-200 deg C by spectering method on the substrates. Gas components are removed from the substrate before forming the Al film.    ADVANTAGE -   Raises photoelectric conversion efficiency. Prevents generation of short circuit between electrodes.
The prodn. of the cell comprises laminating one or both sheet style moulding member(s) comprising a solid electrolyte forming powder and a sheet-type moulding member comprising a current collector forming powder over two layers.    ADVANTAGE -   Yield and mass productivity for the cell can be improved and a cell without faults such as cracks and pin holes can be obtd. at a low cost.
The cell comprises forming a fuel pole in which metal fibre consisting of at least one of Ni, Co and Ti, having 1-300 microns of average dia. is present, on one face of a solid electrolyte and an airpole on the other side of it.    ADVANTAGE -   Drops of electric conductivity and output density of power generation and deterioration of power generation characteristic can be prevented and the cell having stable output and a long life span can be obtained.
The reformer consists of a combustion chamber in which a fuel gas and combustion support gas are burnt with a combustion catalyst to produce a combustion gas; a reforming chamber in which raw material gas contg. steam is reformed with a reforming catalyst to produce a reformed gas and a heat exchange chamber separated from the reforming chamber by a partition and into which the combustion gas is introduced to heat the reforming chamber.    ADVANTAGE -   Since combustion chambers and reforming chambers are independent and the number of combustion chambers is smaller than that of reforming chambers, combustion is controlled easily and efficiently.
A heat accumulating type plate reformer consists of alternately layered heating chambers, reforming chambers, and heat retaining chambers placed between the heating and reforming chambers. The reforming chambers are packed with a reforming catalyst, and the heat retaining chambers are packed with a heat accumulating agent which has a melting point close to the reforming temp.    ADVANTAGE -   The heat accumulating type plate reformer obtained is small and light, and shows stable reforming performance.
A photovoltaic element has at least one optically active layer of a semiconductor serving as a photo-conversion member. The photovoltaic element is covered with a surface protective material consisting of at least an outer layer and a surface adhesive layer. At least the surface adhesive layer consists of a silicone resin contg. 20-70 wt.% filler having a difference in refractive index between the silicone resin and the filler of 0.05. The outer layer consists of fluororesin.    USE -   Used as a solar battery module.    ADVANTAGE -   The use of the silicone resin retains sufficient mechanical strength and requires no hard protective cover, including glass or polycarbonate. A difference of refractive index of 0.05 or below maintains transparency.
The thin film comprises an amorphous alloy semiconductor (a-Si:H/a-Ge:H)n, where n2, of multilayered configuration formed on surface of a substrate. This multilayered configuration includes a hydrogenation type amorphous Si layer (a-Si:H) and a hydrogenation type amorphous germanium layer (a-Ge:H) which are alternately formed on the substrate. The film thickness (dGe) of the hydrogenation type amorphous germanium layer is between 0.3 and 1 nm.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves optical sensitivity, photoelectric conversion efficiency and short circuit photoelectric current.
The battery includes an upper cell (1) made of Inx Ga1 -x P and a lower cell (2) made of GaAs between which, an In y Ga1-y P tunnel junction layer (33) is formed.     The structure of the tunnel junction layer is formed such that the lattice constant of the In yGa1 -y P layer is smaller than that of the In xGa1-x P layer of the upper cell.    ADVANTAGE -   Attains desired impurity profile at elevated temperature. Achieves satisfactory tunnel junction circuits. Raises electrical energy conversion efficiency.
A reinforcing plate is placed in the terminal electrode section fastened between two insulation plates.    ADVANTAGE -   A compact battery structure can be implemented.
Coupling flanges are attached to a metal pipe whose inner wall is coated with PTFE. Metal pipes are connected respectively to the flanges.    USE -   Used as cooling water piping for a fuel battery.    ADVANTAGE -   The piping can be used safely.
An electrical insulation gasket for piping of phosphate fuel battery comprises cushion material and a metal mesh fitted into a hollow disc and covered with PTFE. The cushion material is projected from the metal mesh.    ADVANTAGE -   A low cost gasket can be provided.
A ceramic pipe is fitted into a metal pipe with coupling flanges to which insulation gaskets are attached.    ADVANTAGE -   The piping can be furnished with a dependable electrical insulation structure.
A fuel battery is mfd. by laminating a solid electrolyte (11), anode (12), cathode (13), 1st catalyst layer (14) and 2nd catalyst layer (15).    ADVANTAGE -   The solid polymer fuel battery prevents loss caused by shortage while maintaining battery performance.
The method includes sandwiching a solid polymer electrolyte film between two frames with holes, inserting electrodes into the holes, and heating and pressing the electrodes.    ADVANTAGE -   Water evapn. from the electrolyte film can be prevented.
In a fuel modifier for a fuel generating generator, comprising a cylindrical modifying pipe and a burner (5), the burner (5) receives the feed of raw fuel as fuel during the starting of a fuel modifier and the increase of temp. At a fuel modifier (1) steady operation period corresponding to a time when generating operation of a fuel battery generating device is effected and fuel oil gas of the fuel battery generating device is fed as main fuel. Air in an amount high enough to allow combustion of fuel on a lean combustion condition is fed to the burner (5) as an amount of air to burn the fuel during the increase of temp.    ADVANTAGE -   By increasing combustion gas fed from a burner having a fuel modifier, combustion gas uniformly flows through a combustion furnace.
A fuel battery system includes a reforming device (3) which is composed of an evaporator (11) to vaporise fuel, and a catalytic layer (12) to reform the vaporised fuel to H2 gas. H2gas is supplied to the fuel battery (6). A part of the reacted gas from (12) is return to a heater (10) which heats the evaporator (11).    ADVANTAGE -   The fuel battery system has reforming device having improved efficiency, has simple construction, has miniaturised size, and has good to be transferred property.
The fuel battery generating device comprises a fuel battery, a quality improving device, a circulation line, an exhaust gas supply line, and a heating line for starting provided with a heater and a hot wind generating furnace. The heating line for starting controls the temp. of a cathode gas that should be supplied to the cathode by heating the circulation line during generation as well as on the starting of the fuel battery.    USE -   Used for decreasing the power of a high-temp. blower of a circulation line and for decreasing scattering of heat from a heating line for starting.
A fuel gas whose discharge flow satisfies a min. output condition for an inverter and a diluted gas whose discharge flow is large enough for making a highest temp. for firing all of the fuel gas less than an allowable temp. of a quality improving device are supplied to the quality improving device.    USE -   Used for suppressing temp. distribution in a quality improving device and the temp. of a combustion room to an allowable range without using an exhaust gas processing appts..
When almost all the steam has been compressed by a material pre-heating device, a shut-off valve in a recycled gas circuit is opened. Original fuel left in a desulphurisation device circulates between a steam ejector and the material pre-heating device through the recycled gas circuit. When there is no possibility of carbon sepn., the shut-off valve is closed and the original fuel is supplied to a quality improving device.    USE -   Used for preventing the sepn. of carbon in the catalyst of a quality improving device.
A fuel battery formed from many unit cells and cooling plates comprises a cooling water circulation system, a generated water collecting system, and a water processing system. A sterilisation equipment which radiates ultraviolet rays to microbes for sterilising them is provided.    USE -   For effectively preventing a proliferation of microbes without needing a complicated maintenance.
A fuel battery formed from many unit cells and cooling plates comprises a cooling water circulation system, a generated water collecting system, and a water processing system. An antibiotic filter for preventing a proliferation of microbes is provided.    USE -   For effectively preventing a proliferation of microbes.
A stuck formed from a laminated body of unit cells and separators comprises a phosphoric acid reservoir, a fuel side manifold which supplies a fuel gas to a fuel route, and an air side manifold which exhausts a reacted air to an air route. A molar ratio of hydrogen included in an air-off gas is monitored by a hydrogen concentration detector. When the detected molar ratio exceeds a previously set value, a judging section judges that a shortage of an amount of phosphoric acid happens in the phosphoric acid reservoir, then an ordering signal is outputted toward an outside supplying equipment.    USE -   For securely detecting a shortage of phosphoric acid in a matrix.
The generating facility comprises a cooling water system which circulates cold water toward a cooling plate through a vapour separator and a cold water circulation pump. A heat exchanger is provided in a cold water circulation circuit of the cooling water system. The heat exchanger has a cooling/heating function. When the fuel battery is started, it receives heat from the outside and the temp. of a battery itself rises. While the heat exchanger has been operated, the received heat is released outside. Thus, the generated heat of the battery gradually falls.    USE -   Used for receiving heat from outside and collecting exhausted heat of a fuel battery in one device and for decreasing initial costs and running costs of a generating facility.
Fuel cell generating facility comprises: (a) a heater which indirectly heats a cathode gas of a fuel cell; (b) a hot gas generation furnace which supplies a high-temperature gas to the heater; (c) an exhaust gas line which supplies a fired exhaust gas come out of a combustion room of a quality improving equipment into the hot gas generation furnace. At the start of generation, the fired exhaust gas is supplied to the heater through the hot gas generation furnace.    ADVANTAGE -   The temperatures of a fuel cell can be kept in a specified range without using surplus fuel, greatly decreasing heat loss.
Fuel battery generating apparatus comprises: (a) a fuel battery which uses a cathode gas including oxygen and an anode gas including hydrogen for a generation; (b) a quality improving equipment which changes an original gas including vapour into the anode gas; (c) an exhaust gas supply line; (d) a circulation line which circulates in the cathode; (e) a start up heating line provided with a hot wind generation furnace and an air blower; and (f) an air line which acts a turbine compressor for the heated gas exhausted from the heating line. The air line starts generating compressed air then supplies the compressed air to the exhaust gas supply line. The heating line starts while the battery has been operating.    USE -   The apparatus is used for controlling the discharge flow of air supplied to the cathode gas and to a hot wind generating furnace.
A cooling tube is attached to a wall of a fuel cell. Water, as the coolant, is fed through the tube by a pump, and the heat extracted by a heat exchanger.    USE -   Used to improve the quality of the exhaust gases.
The fuel battery is composed of lamination of unit cells consist of fuel electrode, air electrode, and phosphoric acid holding matrix, and of a pair of reservoir with fuel and air supplying grooves.    ADVANTAGE -   The phosphoric acid type fuel battery can prevent local gas shortage and depressing of life time characteristics.
A porous 1st separator (16) is fitted into a hole (24) of a dense 2nd separator (18) to form a cooling chamber (25) between 1st (16) and 2nd (18) separators. The 1st separator (16) is pressed and swollen into the solid polymer electrolyte film side by the water pressure in the chamber (25).    ADVANTAGE -   The solid polymer electrolyte fuel battery has a simplified structure, can be miniaturised and decreases the resistance of electron and ion conduction.
An invented separator for a fuel battery comprises: (a) a centre plate which separates an anode gas from a cathode gas; (b) two mask plates which hold the centre plate and are placed in parallel with each other; and (c) a punch plate which contacts inside planes of the mask plates and covers an opening for an electrode.    The centre plate is wavy formed over an outer circumference of the mask plate.    USE -   For suppressing a deformation of a separator which may happen through a pressing process.
The separator is provided with the centre plate to separate anode gas and cathode gas, which is formed by pressing laminated Ni-steel and stainless steel plates.    ADVANTAGE -   The centre plate of the separator is formed by pressing of laminated Ni-steel plate and stainless steel plates.
A route where gas flows along a surface of an electrode is formed by pressing. The entrance side and an exit side of gas are formed symmetrically, except for the above-mentioned route. The route is placed from the entrance side toward the exit side of gas, and is formed from even numbers of concave and convex areas for an electrode that are wavy formed to a direction crossing at right angles to a flow of gas. When the separators are piled up with the entrance sides and the exit sides being alternately reversed, each concave and convex area of the electrode supports a cell at the same position vertically.    USE -   The separator for a fuel cell can support the whole plane of a cell at the same position vertically.
The separator for a fuel battery comprises an almost rectangular flat type cathode mask, a cathode collector, a centre plate, an anode collector and an anode mask. The centre plate has a concave and convex area for an electrode formed by a pressing process and has another concave and convex area for a mask. The centre plate surrounds all through holes for gas and an opening of the anode mask, comprising a closed type ring-shaped anode seal ring area which supports the anode mask and a closed type ring-shaped cathode seal ring area which supports the cathode mask.    USE -   Used for providing a separator for a fuel battery which is soft, high in flat precision and economic. It can also largely decrease a by-pass flow flowing outside a reaction area.
Phosphoric acid layer (3) is formed on the upper surface of an electrode (1) which is mounted on porous matter (4). The acid layer is covered by a soft sheet (7) and the under surface of the electrode is sucked through an exhaust pipe (6) and exhaust holes (5) to introduce the phosphoric acid layer into the electrode.    ADVANTAGE -   Phosphoric acid is introduced into the electrode fuel battery at high speed.
Prepn. of a semiconductor film comprises depositing nanoparticles of semiconductor onto a substrate at sufficient surface temp. to cause simultaneous particle fusion and give coalescence and film growth.    USE -   In forming semiconductor films, esp. of CdTe in solar cell construction    ADVANTAGE -   The process is one-step, gives smooth, contiguous phase-pure films which may be thick and avoids high temps.
A solar cell assembly comprises: a solar cell having a front surface, a back surface, a first contact on the front surface, a second contact on the back surface, and a recess in its back surface, the solar cell producing a voltage between the first and second contacts in response to illumination of its front surface; a discrete bypass diode that is positioned in the recess and is bonded to the solar cell, the bypass diode having third and fourth contacts adapted to be connected to the first and second contacts, respectively, in an anti-parallel configuration so that the bypass diode is reverse biased when the solar cell is illuminated and is otherwise forward biased to limit the reverse bias voltage across the solar cell and prevent it from breaking down.    A method for forming is disclosed.    USE -   Solar cell assembly with integrated bypass diode.    ADVANTAGE -   Compact, lightweight assembly with high mechanical strength and low reverse current.
A multilayer electroconductive film obtd. by laminating Ag-thin film and transparent oxide thin film of which matrix is In-oxide, contg. oxide of elements that do not have solubility range with Ag, is etched using an etchant contg. sulphuric acid and nitric acid, as the main components.    USE -   Used for transparent electrodes of liq. crystal display devices, and solar cells.
Sputtering is performed by generating discharge near the location where flexible substrate is extended linearly, and forming a thin film comprising a target material on the substrate surface. The temps. of the substrate surface is measured upon forming the thin film, and the substrate temps. are controlled based on the measured surface temps.    USE -   For forming electrode layer on a flexible substrate in mfg. thin film solar cells.
Electroconductive glass is made by: (i) forming a coating contg. Sn-oxide on the surface of a flat glass contg. a 1st alkali-metal producing a cpd. of the 1st alkali metal near the surface of the flat glass or in the coating; and (ii) diffusing a 2nd alkali-metal into the flat glass by exchanging the 1st and 2nd alkali-metals through the coating by contacting molten salt contg. the 2nd alkali-metal having a larger ion radius than that of the 1st alkali-metal. Surface compressive stress is produced on the flat glass surface with the presence of the 2nd alkali-metal.    USE -   Used for electrodes of displays and thin film solar cells, transparent touch sensors, transparent anti-static substance, and transparent electromagnetic shielding bodies.
A modifier comprises:    (i) a burner (4) arranged at the inner side part of a modified pipe (8); and    (ii) a heating medium (41) to heat a catalyst layer (6) fed to the inner peripheral surface side of an inner cylinder body and the outer peripheral surface side of an outer cylinder body.    By effecting steam modification of hydrocarbon raw fuel by a catalyst layer (6) heated by a heating medium (41), the hydrocarbon raw fuel is modified into modified gas abundant in hydrogen.    A device (2) for pressurisation is formed so the size in the direction of width in the radial direction of a modified pipe is adjustable to a distance size between adjoining cylinder bodies to partition the inner and outer peripheries of the catalyst layer (6) from each other.    The adjoining devices (2,2) are intercoupled at a pressurising portion in such a state to mutually have the deg. of freedom.    USE -   Used as a fuel modifier.    ADVANTAGE -   As a portion pressurised by a device for pressurisation is additionally functioned as a closing plate, the fuel modifier eliminates the closing plate.
Method is recovered by electrolysis by supplying metal-ion contg. soln. into cathode chambers of metal recovery electrolysis bath which is divided into anode chambers and cathode chambers by ion exchange membrane, and electrolysing to reduce the metal ions to deposit on the cathode. Anodes comprising fuel electrode are adhered to the ion exchange, and electrolysis is performed while methanol is supplied to the fuel electrode.    USE -   For electrolytic recovery of metal using minimised energy consumption.
target is made by hot isostatic pressing sintering ITO pre-sintered compact obtd. by pre-sintered mixed powder contg. In oxide powder and Sn oxide powder, having 5vol.% open pores, in an O2-contg. atmos.    USE -   Used for display device driving electrodes, transparent electrodes of solar cells, and heat shielding coatings on window glass.
A fuel cell appts. comprises a first, central fibre-reinforced membrane with a H2 side and an O2 side, electrodes on each side of the membrane, with each electrode comprising a first catalyst film layer deposited on the central membrane and sepd. from it by voids, metal film layers deposited over the catalyst layers, and hydrophobic film layers on the metal film layers, with electrolyte in voids between the catalyst film layers and the central membrane. Over the H2 side electrode there is a first water circulating and regulating membrane and over this there is a fuel channel manifold sealed to the H2 side electrode, and with a fuel inlet connected to the manifold to deliver fuel to a region between the manifold and the water circulating and regulating membrane. There is a similar arrangement below the O2 side electrode, with a gas inlet for an oxidising gas. There is an electrical contact connected to each electrode, and a sealing rim extending around and connected to the outer edges of the cell.    USE -   The fuel cell may act as an electrolysis cell for generating reactant gases from the electrolyte.    ADVANTAGE -   The fuel cells are produced as a non-bipolar series of cells on a single thin flexible layer. The structure can be bent to conform to curved surfaces, can be formed in unusual free-form shapes, and can be made very small or very large, eg, as series cells 10 microns thick. The risk of sudden decompression is reduced by restricting fluid flow through small dia. pores and tubes. High differential pressure cell operation is not needed to counteract the ionic drag of water across the electrolytes, removing the need for pressurised fuel cells, with rupture hazards. The high ratio of insulator to metal prevents internal electrical shorting.
A polymeric solid electrolyte, has a backbone (partly) functionalised by ionic gps., the backbone is a copoly(m-phenylene). It contains 20 mole-% m-phenylene units and is of formula (I); where R1-8 = H, aryl, oxyaryl, thioaryl, sulphonylaryl, carbonylaryl, oxyaryloxyarl, OH or an ionogenic gp.    USE -   The electrolyte is used as polymer electrolyte membrane in fuel or electrolytic cells (all claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   In contrast to rigid rod polyphenylenes, substitution with side chains is not essential for processability (solubility). The mfg. process is quicker and hence cheaper than usual. The polymers also have improved thermal and chemical stability.
Photovoltaic cell has a charge transport layer contg. a hole conductor material (I). Also claimed is a method of making the cell.    Pref. the hole conductor is an amorphous material, consisting of spiro cpd(s). of formula (I), esp. 9,9'-spirobifluorene derivs. of formula (IA). Where U = Sn, pref. Ge, esp. Si or more esp. C; K1, K2 = conjugated systems. In (IA), the benzo gps. may be substd. and/or annelated.    USE -   The cell is used for generating current from sunlight (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   In contrast to the electrolyte it replaces, the hole conductor material is not limited by ion diffusion. It decouples mass transport and charge transport.
Carrier (32), with solar cell array (36) on its front surface, includes electrically inert front and back surfaces bonded to a lattice structure (34) including lattice patterned face sheets (46, 48) on opposite sides of a lightweight lattice-patterned base (50). Face sheets have an elastic modulus sufficiently high and are spaced apart by a distance such that they provide substantially all the axial and bending stiffness of the solar panel. Pref. the carrier has electrically inert face sheets (38,40), made of Kevlar, bonded to a thermally conductive honeycomb core (42) of Al, the thickness of which would be insufficient to provide adequate bending stiffness in the absence of the lattice structure. Lattice pattern base is pref. of Al.    ADVANTAGE -   Splitting of panel into carrier and lattice components reduces wt. and increases power efficiency.
The method includes attaching semiconductor particles to a polyimide matrix using an adhesion promotion aid, ohmic-contacting a metal film and semiconductor particles on the back surface, ohmic-contacting a transparent conductor and semiconductor particles on the front surface in the case of P-N junction particle optical-converter, ohmic-contacting a transparent conductor and semiconductor particles through a thin oxide film in the case of MIS and SIS solar cells, and depositing a metallic current collector finger on the transparent conductor to reduce the serial resistance of the optical energy converter, thereby obtaining the minimum converting efficiency and intensity.
The method involves forming a lower electrode of MO (2) on the surface of an insulated substrate (1). The first P-type semiconductor thin film (3) made of CuInSe2 and having a thickness of 2-3 micrometers is formed on the lower electrode by a source deposition method. A second N-type semiconductor thin film (4) of CdS is formed on the first semiconductor thin film, by solution precipitate method. The CdS film has a thickness of 50nm. A third N-type semiconductor thin film (5) of ZnO which acts as intermediate semiconductor layer, is then formed on the second semiconductor thin film by back sputtering process and has thickness of about 0.3 micrometers. The third semiconductor thin film has same electron affinity but has band gap bigger than the second semiconductor thin film. Then, a fourth semiconductor thin film (6) of SnO2 which acts as hole blocking layer of 50nm thickness is formed on the third semiconductor thin film by sputtering process.    The fourth semiconductor thin film has same grade electron affinity and has band gap as that of third semiconductor thin film. Then, a transparent electric conduction film layer (7) of low resistance ZnO thin film doped with aluminium is formed on the fourth semiconductor thin film by sputtering process. The transparent electric conduction film has low level band gap when compared to third semiconductor layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides solar battery with high energy conversion efficiency. Provides stable structure of solar energy.
The module consists of a photovoltaic element (101) over which a load material (102) of thermoplastic transparent organic macromolecular resins is coated. The load material contains a glass fibre.    The rate of content of gel of organic macromolecular resin is made as 80% or more. Then, a transparent resin film (103) is layered on the larger surface side of the load material. An adhesive (104) and an insulated film (105) are positioned sequentially on other side of the photovoltaic element.    ADVANTAGE -   Assures scratch-proof nature and fire retardancy. Does not affect glass fibre even in long term external usage. Provides high reliability.
The module includes a photovoltaic element (101) which is enclosed in a transparent load material (102). A transparent resin film (103) covers this material. A back side coating layer (104) and reinforcing materials are formed to the rear side of the photovoltaic element, sequentially.    The backside coating layer includes a hard film (106) sandwiched between a pair of organic macromolecular resin layers (105).    ADVANTAGE -   Improves attachment intensity of resin layer. Raises lifetime of module. Simplifies mfg process.
The battery has a glass substrate on which an n type optical absorption layer (2) of 2micrometer thickness is deposited. This layer is made of CuInSe2. The substrate contains NiCr electrode. An interface layer (3) made of Cd0.8Zn0.2Se of 0.2micrometer is formed above the absorption layer.    A p type window layer (4) made of a film of Cd0.6Mg0.4Te film of thickness 0.2micrometer is formed over the interface layer. A transparent electric conduction layer (5) is formed above it. The band gap energy of the absorption layer, interface layer and window layer is xi1&gt;xi2&gt;xi3 respectively.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces carrier by inhibiting carrier recombination. Raises conversion efficiency. Simplifies structure.
The phosphate vapour or mist in the gases of outlet ports of air electrode and fuel electrode of the fuel battery are absorbed by absorbing soln. to prevent phosphate corrosion.    ADVANTAGE -   The corrosion of piping and appts. caused by phosphate vapour and mist in the outlet gas of the fuel battery is prevented. The increase of operating pressure of the fuel battery caused by clogging of corrosion formation is prevented.
The generating appts. of a fuel battery comprises a body of fuel battery, a power exchange equipment, a fuel processing equipment, an oxidising agent supplying equipment, a cooling water supplying equipment, detection steps for discharge flow of fuel, a concentration of hydrogen, discharge flow of oxidising agent, a temperature at an entrance of the cooling water made on the body of fuel battery, a temperature at an exit of such cooling water, an output direct current of the body of fuel battery, an output direct voltage of an upper-side single cell/upper-side many cells of the body of fuel battery, and an output direct voltage of an upper-side single cell/upper-side many cells of the body of fuel battery, and an output direct voltage of a lower side single cell/lower-side many cells, a voltage computing step, a voltage comparison step, and an output control step which controls an output power of the power exchange equipment.    USE -   For suppressing damage to a body of fuel battery as much as possible under various operating conditions.
The warm water produced by cooling a fuel cell is introduced to a humidity adding device and the reacting gas is added with humidity.    ADVANTAGE -   The gas humidity adding system has good energy efficiency and good controlling ability for humidity adding amount.
Holes for passing gas and cooling water through are opened partially on a flat gasket which is placed to seal the gas and cooling water between each cell of a laminate type fuel battery.    USE -   The gasket can change flowing and flow direction of gas and cooling water through each cell without using a special plate.
The device comprises a cell stack composed of cells assembled with separators in lamination. The cell includes an ion exchange membrane, a catalyst anode, and a catalyst cathode. The ion exchange membrane is held between the separators.    ADVANTAGE -   Supply of reaction gas can be smoothly performed. Reliability of the cell can be improved.
The solid electrolyte type fuel battery cell is composed of solid electrolyte, air electrode, fuel electrode, and collector. At least one of surface of the solid electrolyte and collector has a surface roughness of 3-200 m.    ADVANTAGE -   The fuel battery cell has low resistance between solid electrolyte and air or fuel electrode, and has low voltage lowering and high power generating efficiency.
Plate of a bis(maleimide)-triazine cpd. having lower viscosity is impregnated into a gas permeability C plate which is machined to a required shape, has 1.8 bulk density and is sintered at lower temp. to give no gas permeability to all or part of the plate.    USE -   The plate is suitable for various fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The plate is easily machined, has no leakage of gas at high pressure since there is no shrinkage at processing and is produced at lower cost.
The removal of carbon monoxide comprises selectively oxidising and removing carbon monoxide from gas contg. hydrogen and carbon monoxide in the presence of a gold catalyst.    Also claimed is the catalyst for removing carbon monoxide from gas contg. hydrogen and carbon monoxide, which consists of ultrafine gold particles dispersed in and supported on a metal oxide.    USE -   The hydrogen or hydrogen-contg. gas obtd. can be used in solid polymeric electrolyte fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The gas contg. hydrogen or hydrogen contg. no carbon monoxide can be produced from gas contg. hydrogen and carbon monoxide obtd. by air or steam reforming hydrocarbons such as methane and methanol.
A membrane element(I) is used in an electrochemical cell with a first zone for introduction of O2 and a second zone. The zones are sepd. by (I) which has first and second surfaces which conduct O2 between each other and also has a catalyst exposed to the first zone at least.    An electrochemical reactor for sepn. of O2 from an O2-contg. gas having a cell which includes (I) is also claimed.    Further claimed are solid multicomponent membranes comprising intimate, gas pervious, multiphase mixts. of an electronically conductive phase and/or gas impervious single phase mixed metal oxides with perovskite structure and having both electron conductive and O2 ion conductive properties.    A porous support is provided for (I). Catalyst is an electrically conductive coating in the form of a thin film on at least the first surface of (I). At least one of the surfaces of (I) is formulated or coated with a metal, metal oxide or perovskite which is stable towards gases contacted therewith. Cr or a lanthanide are esp used. The catalyst includes platinum and minimises formation of carbon deposits.    USE -   Cells contg. (I) are used to oxidise CH4, natural gas , light or unsaturated hydrocarbons to synthesis gas, to catalytically react an aromatic cpd. with a H2 contg. cpd. to form a substituted aromatic cpd. or to extract O2 from an O2 contg. gas or from SO2, SO3, N2O, NO or NO2 or are used in the cleanup of flue or exhaust gases or can be used to oxidise CH4 and NH3 to HCN.
Prodn. of strip-like silicon crystals in a horizontal direction comprises (a) producing a silicon melt in a bath by direct inductive heating; (b) adjusting a temp. gradient vertically to the surface to form a solid silicon layer; (c) smoothing the solid silicon layer by direct inductive heating; (d) partially melting the silicon strip, on the surface of the melt, on the underside of the melt using an HF field with a frequency corresp. to the required penetration depth levelling, and reducing in thickness, and (e) removing the silicon strip of homogeneous thickness from the melt using a skimmer.    An appts. used to carry out the process is also claimed.    USE -   The strip-like silicon crystals produced are used in solar cells.    ADVANTAGE -   Uniform thickness is guaranteed without high impurity concentration and unevenness.
The module includes a solar battery cell (3) sealed with a transparent plastic resin (4).    A filler (5) is added to the resin, whose coefficient of linear expansion is the middle value of that of the resin of solar battery cell.    ADVANTAGE -   Realizes light weight solar battery module. Avoids reduction in photoelectric conversion efficiency, thereby improves intensity. Simplifies formation using ten number of parts.
The method involves mounting a set of printing fields (11) and a set of ink passage parts (13) in between them on a surface (1a) of a N-type semiconductor (1). The printing field is attached using an electromagnet (15), on the flesh-side of a silicon substrate (3).    Ink with electrically conductive ingredient is passed through the ink passage, rubbing against the print fields. The ink adhering to the surface of the N-type semiconductor is baked and is used as an electrode.    ADVANTAGE -   Assures precision of printing surface. Improves mfg efficiency. Improves freedom of electrode shape formation and setting formation. Shortens solidification time.
Thin films of a CuInSe2 , CuInx , Ga1-x Se2 (x = 0-1), CuInSy Se2-y (y = 0-2), or CuInx Ga1-x Sy Se2-ychalcopyrite cpd. are formed by: (i) spraying the sources of [Cu, In and Se], [Cu, In, Se, Ga], [Cu, In, S, Se], or [Cu, In, Ga, S, Se] through nozzles into an evacuated closed vessel; (ii) forming atomic blocks by super-cooling the sprayed sources caused by adiabatic expansion; and (iii) ionising, accelerating and depositing the blocks on a substrate.    Super-straight solar cells comprising the thin films are also claimed.    ADVANTAGE -   Chalcopyrite cpd. thin films have good crystallinity and good adhesion to substrates and are obtd. at lower temp., e.g. 300C. Solar cells with a higher efficiency can be obtd.. Less expensive glass substrates can be used.
A fuel battery system has a solar battery, a water-electricity decomposition tank using electricity from the solar battery, a H storing means and an O storing means for H and O generated from the decomposition tank, and a fuel battery operable by H and O from the storing means.    ADVANTAGE -   The electricity from the solar battery is effectively converted into H and O.
The battery comprises a cell where an anode and a cathode are arranged in an electrolyte layer, and a separator plate on which an anode gas groove and a rib which collects electricity from the anode are alternately formed on a plane facing the anode.The width of the rib is smaller in an exit side than in an entrance side of the anode gas.    USE -   Used for making a uniform current concn. at an entrance side and at an exit side of a reaction gas in an anode and in a cathode.
A thin film of silicon is formed on a substrate by electron beam deposition, by simultaneously irradiating a thin film of silicon with assist ions. The assist ions have an energy of 300-1500 eV. The ratio of the number of assist ions to the number of silicon atoms deposited on the substrate (I/A) is 0.2-1.1.    Also claimed is the prodn. of a solar battery using the thin film of silicon for part of the solar battery.    ADVANTAGE -   The thin film of silicon has low resistivity and good light absorption, and superior electrical characteristics and optical characteristics compared with conventional thin films of amorphous silicon. The thin film of silicon is formed on different materials, including a glass substrate at normal temp. with superior adhesion. The thin film of silicon has no grain boundary, and provides the solar battery with long carrier life time.
A solar cell module comprises number of solar cell units which are sealed separately with one another with a transparent resin and fixed on a substrate such that their light receiving faces are directed upwards. The cells are electrically connected to one another, and are covered with a transparent adhesive sheet which can be peeled off from each unit cell. A frame is mounted around the periphery of the substrate. The sheet consists of a number of transparent films which are laminated with transparent adhesive or transparent adhesive films. The sheet has an adhesive layer on its rear face.    The adhesion of the adhesive layer is 100-500 g/20 mm. The top layer of the sheet is treated and becomes hard. The sheet consists of UV-light absorbing films and damp-resisting films.    USE -   For generating electricity.    ADVANTAGE -   The sheet can be replaced in a simple manner. The solar cell modules provide stable performance over a long time.
A translucent plate, solar battery elements and a reverse face material consisting of flexible film are attached, a bent material is contacted with surface edge portions of the plate and contacted joining portions are sealed with sealing materials.    ADVANTAGE -   The module can be obtained easily at a low cost without using expensive UV ray hardening-type adhesive agent.
The method involves providing a silicon nitride film (3) at the rear side of a silicon wafer (1) with a P-N junction part. The silicon nitride film has multiple pores.    A rear side electrode (5) is formed by diffusion of aluminium through multiple pores of silicon nitride film. A surface electrode (4) is formed on the surface of the silicon wafer.    ADVANTAGE -   Obtains passivation effect at rear side of silicon wafer by using silicon nitride film. Improves characteristics of solar cell.
A collection plate (6) to collect fine powder mixed in oxidant gas is arranged at an oxidant gas inlet part in which oxidant gas in a manifold (4) flows. At least the part of the collection plate facing the oxidant gas inlet part forms a porous substance.    ADVANTAGE -   Adverse influence exercised on performance is simply and effectively prevented.
An inactive gas inflow line (35) to introduce inactive gas to a cathode (12) through a valve is arranged downstream of discharge oxidant gas flowing through a cathode (12) in a second flow passage (23). An inactive gas discharge line (36) to discharge inactive gas from the cathode through a valve is situated upstream of introduction oxidant gas to the cathode (12) in the second flow passage (23).    ADVANTAGE -   The exchange frequency of a cylinder for inactive gas is reduced and the cylinder is used for a long period.
The cell has a felt sheet, which is prepared by impregnating a porous ceramic fibre sheet with the slurry of lanthanum manganite powder and baking the sheet, put between an oxidiser electrode-side separator and each unitary fuel cell comprising a fuel electrode, a solid electrode and an oxidiser electrode sequentially laminated on a porous metal base.    ADVANTAGE -   Excellent power generating property and the operational reliability of the cell.
The cell has cathode and anode catalyst layers, facing each phosphate retainer matrix, laminated respectively on the high-temp. portions of cathode and anode bases whose temps. are controlled by each cooling plate, with hydrogen and oxygen gas supply/exhaust passages formed respectively in scattered phosphate reclaimer/reservoir/supplier plates sandwiching the bases between them.    ADVANTAGE -   The cell can be operated for hours without externally supplying phosphate.
The cell has alternately laminated unitary cells retaining phosphoric acid in their matrices and cooling plates, each comprising parallel arranged cooling pipes and paired header pipes at both ends of the cooling pipes buried respectively in the thin and thick portions of a carbon base. The thick portion projects to the side of the alternate lamination.    ADVANTAGE -   The cooling plates are prevented from being corroded by phosphoric acid.
The separator comprises air or hydrogen flow passage grooves formed in at least one face of a metallic sheet with a surface area contacting the cathode or anode coat layer of a solid electrolyte sheet predetermined to have 20-50% whole area of the coat layer.    ADVANTAGE -   The battery is dimensionally reduced and gives high output.
The catalyst material for removing CO comprises an A-type zeolite carrying at least one of Pt, Pd, Ru, Au, Rh, Ir or an alloy of two or more of these metals.    Also claimed are a fuel cell device, a process for removing carbon monoxide in a reformed gas, and a process for removing carbon monoxide in the reformed gas fed to the fuel cell.    USE -   Used within a polymer electrolyte fuel cell.    ADVANTAGE -   The catalyst removes CO at a lower temp. and provides good long-term reliability.
Porphyrinated melamine derivs. comprises a cpd. of formula (I).    (where, n = 1-6; R1 = H, 1-12C alkyl, aryl; R2 = bivalent gp. capable of bonding with amino gp.; P = bivalent gp. of formula (II);    M = H or bi- or tri-valent metal atom).    Mfr. of the porphyrinated melamine derivs. is also claimed and comprises reacting a porphyrinated melamine deriv. of formula (III) with cyanyl chloride to replace one of C1-atoms with amino gp., then reacting the product with a cpd. of formula (IV), followed by treating with ammonia to aminate the C1-atom derived from the cpd. of formula (III).    (where m = 0-5; R2,R3 = bivalent gp. capable of bonding with amino gp.; and R4 = a gp. having amino gp. at chain end or 1-12C alkyl or aryl gp.).    USE -   Used as a material for photoenergy conversion/transportation element or a solar cell.    ADVANTAGE -   The product readily and rapidly shows molecular coordinating which has been difficult. The method provides such a product porphyrin by an easy means.
The production of the alloy comprises conducting electric plating on a mercury sulphate (I)) electrode with -1.2V voltage in the presence of indium (III) ion, selenious acid ion, sulphonic acid and trisodium citrate.    ADVANTAGE -   Composition ratio in simultaneous plating of indium and selenium can be controlled and an absorption layer of thin film solar battery having sufficient orientation can be obtained.
Manufacturing comprises: (i) injecting Si inside grooves having plate form on a die on which the grooves are arrayed in vertical direction to the direction that the die is conveyed; (ii) filling the grooves having plate form with the material of Si by melting and holding temp. of the die higher than m.pt. of Si; (iii) transferring the die through a furnace in which negative temp. gradient is set in direction that the die is conveyed; and (iv) solidifying the molten Si while the die is transferred through the furnace.    USE -   The method is used for manufacturing the substrate of solar cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The process to slice substrate material from the ingot can be omitted.
The solar battery consists of a metal back side electrode layer (3). An electrically conductive P type semiconductor thin film (4) that is a ZnSe thin film, II-VI group semiconductor layer (5) are sulphur content mixed crystal compound thin film and a N type second metal oxide semiconductor thin film (6) are formed on the electrode layer.    The P type semiconductor film acts as the optical absorption layer. The N type semiconductor film acts as the indoor layer. The II-VI group film serves as a boundary surface layer. The window, optical absorption layers are subjected to optical irradiation or to which a biasing voltage is applied to perform simple pretreatment.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves conversion efficiency.
The method involves forming a first electrically conductive multicompound semiconductor thin film (4) of P type on a lower electrode (3) provided over a substrate (2). Then, a II-VI group compound transparent semiconductor thin film (5) which provides high resistance is formed on the first P type thin film.    A second electrically conductive multicompound transparent semiconductor thin film (6) of N type is formed over the transparent semiconductor thin film. Then, optical irradiation or bias voltage application is formed to enable enhancement of optical conversion efficiency.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves mfg yield. Realizes simple and cheap optical conversion efficiency improvement process.
The solar battery module consists of a transparent resin layer (102) crosslinked with block isocyanate set up at the light incidence side of a photovoltaic element (101). The blocking agent of the block isocyanate is selected from alcohols to crosslink transparent resin layer into alcoholic resin layer.    A transparent organic macro molecule resin layer is layered on the transparent resin layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides superb heat-proof nature. Minimises retrogradation of characteristics by reduction in transparency.
A solid electrolyte fuel cell (1) comprises unit fuel cells, layer-built heat exchangers to remove the heat generated at the unit fuel cells, and pressurising plates (53), (54) at both ends of the layer-built heat exchangers. Inlets and outlets from the heat exchangers are interconnected with the flow passages arranged parallel to introduce and discharge a thermal catalyst from each inlet and outlet respectively.    ADVANTAGE -   The heat distribution of the layer-built heat exchangers is equalised to improve the power generating performance of the fuel cell.
The battery comprises a platinum-ruthenium catalyst with 50-85 wt.% of the ruthenium to platinum in the fuel pole and 100-120 C of an operation temp. of the battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides an environment where the fuel pole catalyst is not liable to CO poisoning and enables the battery to exhibit stable characteristics for long time.
A starter for a solid high-molecule fuel cell, comprises a glow plug (24) located at a diverted circuit (23) by branching an air path (22) from a fuel cell body to a drive catalyst burner (8), a methanol supply line (25) to supply methanol to the tip of the glow plug (24) and an ignition catalyst burner (27) at the downstream side of the glow plug (24), wherein an ignitor (30) is provided to put an inlet temp. of the drive catalyst burner (8) to a methanol ignition temp.    ADVANTAGE -   Hydrogen is freed for starting the solid high-molecule fuel cell, to cancel the hydrogen tank, hydrogen cylinder or hydrogen occluded alloy.
The sheet comprises a ceramics fibre cloth impregnated with a mixed slurry having an organic binder, ceramics electrolyte holding material and solvent, dried and held with an electrolyte green sheet made by drying a mixed slurry having a fine ceramics electrolyte holding material, organic binder, plasticiser and solvent in sheet to unify.    ADVANTAGE -   Facilitates mfg. fibre sheet and improves reliability and electrolyte retainability.
In a cell, gas passages of oxidant electrode carbon plate (4,4A) and fuel electrode carbon plate (5) comprise a linear gas flow groove (6) in the direction from a gas inlet end to a gas outlet end and a linear gas interconnecting groove to divert the gas flow to the direction orthogonal to the gas passages.    ADVANTAGE -   Condensn. and recovery of evaporated phosphorous acid are dispersed to avoid damage due to converged condensn. of the phosphorous acid.
A phosphorous acid layer-built fuel cell comprises a phosphorous acid carrier matrix (5) pinched with a fuel electrode (4) and an air electrode (6), mono cells (1) with reservoir plate (2B) on fuel electrode side and reservoir plate (7) on the air electrode side, separators (9) alternately built with the mono cells (1) and cooling plates (10). The reservoir plates (2B, 2C, 2D) protruded from the side of the fuel cell layer-built material at the downstream side of the fuel gas.    ADVANTAGE -   Phosphorus vapor evaporated during operation is effectively recovered to give stable power generation over a long period.
An electrolyte supplier (20) to supply electrolyte (9) from a supplier tank (12) into a fuel cell (1) under service, comprises a ribbed reservoir board (23) made of porous carbon material to hold the electrolyte (9) and a liq. introducing section (21) to introduce the electrolyte (9) to the reservoir board side.    ADVANTAGE -   Deficiency of electrolyte is replenished stably without causing shortage of electrolyte or problem on flow of reacting gas.
(I) A thin film solar cell comprising an absorber layer of Cu(In1-xGax)(Se1-ySy)2 for photovoltaic energy conversion where x and y are in a range in the equation 0.317+0.176y x 0.117+0.176y and 1 &gt; x+y &gt; 0, and y &gt; 0.    Also claimed (II) is the method of making the cell by evaporation of Cu, Ga, In, Se, and In sulphide.    ADVANTAGE -   Improved conversion efficiency.
In prepn. of a catalyst consisting of WC and an ion-conducting oxide, by heating a mixt. of WO3 and an ion-conducting oxide to high temps., there is added to a paste consisting of a cellulose-based binder and a conveyor for screen-printing pastes, or to WO3 , a polymer formed of C, H and O, sol. in the paste, the paste is mixed with a powder consisting of WO3and the ion-conducting oxide to form a screen-printing paste, and this paste is heated at 600-900 deg.C under a protective gas.    USE -   The catalyst is used in reforming processes (claimed), esp. in a high temp. fuel cell. WC anodes can also be produced.    ADVANTAGE -    The catalyst is less active than Ni, but sufficiently active for an easy reformation process. In the fuel cell, the operating temp. is little altered, evapn. of large amts. of water is avoided, and the reformation gas has a higher content of CH4.
A high-quality solar cell module having an excellent adhesive property, weather resistance and reliability battery function. Its mfg. method is also disclosed. The solar cell module is constituted of a solar cell panel provided with solar cell elements arranged on the back side of a transmitting panel opposite to the light receiving surface of the light transmitting panel and a frame provided with projecting pieces which are arranged over the entire periphery of the panel and support the back side of the light transmitting panel and keeps the light receiving surface in open. The solar cell panel is bonded to the projecting pieces of the frame with a moisture curing hot-melt adhesive composed mainly of a polymer contg. at least two hydrolytic silyl gps. in one molecule.
A dry etching process for removing surface material from a semiconductor device comprises exposing the device to a carbonyl dichloride radical precursor gas including an inert buffer gas and illuminating with a Kr fluoride excimer laser of wavelength absorbed by the gas to form inert CO and Cl atoms which bond to the surface where illuminated to desorb atoms from the device.    Also claimed are processes as above in which: (i) the precursor gas is decomposed into an inert portion and a halogen radical of atomic mass greater than F. (ii) the laser beam wavelength is 248 nm from the Kr fluoride laser.    USE -   In the mfr. of miniature, micro- and nano-scale solar cells alone or in conjunction with, e.g., micro-batteries and for optoelectronic, electronic or mechanical devices.    ADVANTAGE -   Costs are reduced and throughput increased: etch mesas can be reliably formed and the process is single-step and maskless.
This ohmic contact for a Si solar cell consists of successive layers of Ni silicide, Ni and a Sn-contg. solder alloy. An additional layer of Cu (3-8 m thick) is placed on the Ni layer.    USE -   In the prepn. of solar cells.    ADVANTAGE -   Ensures a low contact resistance.
The catalyst contains metallic nickel as active component applied to basis which is fully or partly carbon fibre obtd. in decomposition of hydrocarbons on nickel-contg. catalyst. The application is by impregnation of carbon fibre with aq. soln. contg. at least nickel salts or salts of nickel and copper, drying, decomposition and reduction of nickel cpds. to metallic state at 300-400C. The catalyst contains 5-20 wt.% of active component, with carrier the rest to 100. The porous substrate is obtd. by decomposition of hydrocarbons on copper-nickel catalyst and contains randomly interwoven graphite-like fibres with at least part of them with basal branches oriented perpendicular to axis. The process is carried out in a reactor with vibro-liquefied layer of catalyst. The catalytic properties of samples are estimated according to maximum amount of formed hydrocarbon material of fibrous structure per unit mass of nickel and unit mass of catalyst in decomposition of methane. The specific output of carbon per unit mass of nickel for period of total deactivation of catalyst is 15-206 g per gram of nickel with purity of carbon material equal to 99.5-99.8 %, and relative increase of initial mass of catalyst equal to 2.3-31; compared to prototype giving less than 110 g per gram of nickel, purity less than 99%, and increase of initial mass greater than 50 times.    USE -   In catalytic prodn. of hydrocarbon materials of fibrous structure and obtaining hydrogen from hydrocarbons; useful in prodn. of electrodes, metallurgy, hydrogen power generation, technology of purificn. of petroleum and reforming, in prodn. of sorbers, carriers for catalysts, and artificial diamonds.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplified process technology, i.e. prepn. of catalyst; ensured high degree of purity of obtd. carbon material of fibrous structure with simultaneous reduction of relative mass increase of particles during period of deactivation of catalyst.
A catalyst (A) is produced by supporting a ruthenium component (C) and a zirconium component (D) on alpha-alumina (B). In the x-ray diffraction diagram of (A), the ratio of the intensity (Ia) of (B)'s strongest diffraction peak to the intensity (Ib) of the strongest diffraction peak except (B)'s (i.e. (Ia)/(Ib)) is less than 0.01. The concentration of (C) and (D) as metals in (A) is 0.05-5 wt.% and 0.1-20 wt.% respectively.    USE -   Used for denaturing hydrocarbons and producing hydrogen for fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -   This product has high activity at high temperature.
Catalyst is produced by: (A) making alumina carry ruthenium component (B); zirconium component (C); and magnesium component (D). Concn. of (D) as metal in (A) is 0.5-20 wt.% and molar ratio of Mg/Zr in (A) is 0.5-5.0. (A) is produced by making alumina to carry (B), cobalt component (E), (C), and (D).    USE -   Used for steam denaturing hydrocarbons.    ADVANTAGE -   This catalyst has high activity and high thermal resistance.
Zinc phosphide epitaxial layer of single crystals are grown on the semiconductor substrate of indium phosphite photoelectric material. Single crystalline film of indium galium arsenic phosphide is formed and an epitaxial film of zinc phosphide is formed by diffusion of zinc through junction between substrate and thin film during heating under zinc phosphide atmosphere. It grows to thick single crystal, out of which solar battery with high efficiency can be manufactured.
A sealing material film is provided between a cell for a solar battery and a transparent plate on between the cell and a back cover. The sealing material consists of a flame retarder-contg. ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer.    Also claimed is a solar battery module having the sealing material film between the cell and the transparent plate for covering the cell and/or the cell and the back cover.    USE -   The sealing material film is used for solar battery and solar battery module. The solar battery module is used for roofing.    ADVANTAGE -   Positive fire retardancy and non-combustibility ae provided to the solar battery module.
Fused carbonate type fuel cell is provided with fuel cell stacks (8) which are composed of laminate of electrolyte plates, electrodes, and separators gas headers (9) to supply anode gas (II) and cathode gas (14), and catalytic combustion devices (15).    ADVANTAGE -   The fused carbonate type fuel cell is provided with heating source having simple piping construction and control mechanism.
The raw fuel gas, e.g. city gas, contg. fine amount of O2, is reformed to H2 rich gas by a desulphurisation device (3), a steam refining device (2), and a CO converter (4), and supplied to the electrode of fuel cell (1). A part of reformed gas is recycled to supply to (3), and fine amt. of O2 is converted to water and removed.    ADVANTAGE -   The fuel cell power generating system is operated by using raw fuel of city gas contg. fine amount of O2, by reforming fuel gas by harmless treating O2.
The raw fuel gas, e.g. city gas, contg. small amt. of O2 is reformed to H2 -rich gas by a desulphurisation device (3), a steam refining device (2) and a CO converter (4), then supplied to the electrode of a fuel cell (1). A combustion catalyst device (10) is provided as the small amt. of O2is converted to water and removed.    ADVANTAGE -    The fuel cell power generating system is operated using raw fuel of city gas contg. fine amt. of O2by reforming fuel gas by harmless treating.
Gas contg. H2 is supplied to the fuel electrode (Ia) and gas contg. O2 is supplied to the oxidising electrode (Ib). The relation between secular change of supplying amt. of gas contg. O2 and secular change of voltage (v) generated by fuel cell stack (2) is recorded. If (v) changes rapidly, it is the evidence of occurring of H2 leakage at (2).    ADVANTAGE -   Diagnosing of fuel cell stack can surely detect cross leakage without using specialised appts..
A damped-fluid intake port is formed in a fuel gas or oxidiser gas flow path to damp the solid-polymer electrolyte film sandwiched between the anode and cathode electrode plates.    ADVANTAGE -   The battery can be restarted rapidly.
A burner is connected to the exhaust gas line of the fuel battery through a valve which is controlled in reference to the output of the NOxdetector connected to the gas output line of the burner.    ADVANTAGE -    The amt. of exhaust NOxcan be minimised.
The fused carbonate type fuel cell is composed of electrolyte of carbonate (c) and retainer of lithium aluminate (1), (c) and (1) are formed into hydrophobic state by hydrophobic forming agent.    ADVANTAGE -   The fused carbonate type fuel cell is provided with the long life electrolyte having improved quality by forming carbonate and lithium aluminate to hydrophobic state.
Phosphoric acid discharge capillary tubes are connected to syringes whose pistons are connected to a pusher.    ADVANTAGE -   Phosphoric acid injection into gas grooves in fuel battery cells can be done quickly.
A fused carbonate fuel cell includes a gas path (11) for cooling a unit cell while passing through an electrolyte board (12), an anode electrode, a cathode electrode and a separator (13). The cooling gas path (11) is connected to an oxidant gas path to flow the oxidant gas (3) from the cooling gas path (11) to the oxidant gas path. The cooling gas path (11) is located at the max temp. zone of the unit cell for a layer-built cell (1).    ADVANTAGE -   The oxidant gas is shared with the cooling gas to cool a layer-built cells making the fuel cell size compact and improving the cell performance.
Polyarylene sulphide-sulphonic acids which are soluble in polar aprotic solvents are new.    Also claimed is the prepn. of the acids, comprising completely dissolving the polyarylene sulphide in chloro sulphonic acid, opt. adding oleum or acetic anhydride, and then precipitating the prod. in an aq. medium.    USE -   Used in the prodn. of coatings, mouldings, films, membranes (esp. for micro-, nano- or ultra-filtration) or fibres, or as materials for condensers or electrochemical cells, esp. fuel or electrolysis cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The ion-exchange prods. are soluble in, e.g., N-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP), DMAC, DMSO or DMF. Polyarylene sulphides such as Fortron and Ryton (both RTMs) can therefore be modified to give prods. suitable for direct mfr. of the above membranes. The modified prods. have 0.1-100 mol.% of their repeating units sulphonated and 0-40 mol.% chlorinated, opt. with some or all of the S linkages oxidised to SO2. The membranes have a proton conductivity of 2-200 mS/cm.
A solar battery module comprises several solar battery cells electrically connected to one another and sealed with an aliphatic and/or alicyclic polyurethane resin on a substrate. The polyurethane resin is prepd. by curing a mixt. of a polyisocyanate with a polyol at ratio NCO/OH 0.8-1.2.    ADVANTAGE -   The cell battery module does not decrease its power generating ability over a long time and has excellent shock resistance using a proper polyurethane resin. When a hard urethane resin is coated onto the surface, a surface or back glass can be eliminated, resulting in a light-wt. solar battery module.
A fuel battery comprises: (i) a fuel battery body (13) to receive the feed of fuel gas and oxidant gas and generate a power through electrochemical reaction; (ii) a fuel gas feed piping (S) to guide fuel gas from a fuel gas feed source to a fuel battery body (12); (iii) a first on-off valve (17) inserted in the fuel gas feed piping (S); (iv) a second on-off valve (18) inserted in a position situated downstream from the fuel gas feed piping (S); and (v) a pressures sensor (20) to detect a pressure remaining the fuel gas feed piping (S).    ADVANTAGE -   The trouble of first and second on-off valves is decided through simple constitution.
The electrode baseboard, of which a fuel electrode (3) consists of two electrode base boards, has at least one communicating groove (63) through which conduction grooves (62A) for reaction gas are intercommunicated. The communication groove crosses the conduction groove for reaction gas at right angles.    ADVANTAGE -   In-plane distribution of current density is further made uniform.
Transparent metal oxide thin film is formed by applying a film compsn. contg. metal oxide particles of 50-150 A mean size, metal cpd. of metal atom -contg. organic cpd. or metal inorganic salt capable of forming metal oxide by firing, so that the content of metal particles after firing becomes 50-95 wt% in the thin film, on the matrix surface, followed by firing the applied film compsn.    USE -   For protective or conductor films for self-luminous panels, liquid crystal display devices, and solar cell unit.
Laser patterning unit comprises: (a) laser oscillation unit; (b) a slit to form the laser light to a rectangular shape of specified dimensions; (c) an imaging optical system to create image of laser light onto the specimen placed on an X-Y stage; (d) an observing optical system to watch the specimen; (e) an automatic focusing unit to keep the focused position on the specimen; (f) a control unit to position the X-Y stage; and (g) a lens which can move along the light axial direction to fit the focal position on arbitrary position of the work.    USE -   Laser patterning of amorphous Si solar cell.    ADVANTAGE -   Uniform patterning is assured even on irregular amorphous Si film formed on a large area of glass substrate.
The cell (20) consists of a P-type substrate with a first principal plane and a second principal plane. A N-type impurity diffusion layer is formed in the first principal plane and a P- type impurity diffusion layer is formed in the second principal plane of substrate.    A P-type impurity diffusion part which is electrically connected to P-type impurity diffusion layer, is formed in the first principal plane. An N-type electrode is formed in the N-type impurity diffusion layer. A P-type electrode is formed in the P- type impurity diffusion layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Ensure series connection of cells easily. Prevents causing damage to solar battery cell. Prevents short circuits in solar battery cell, when number of cells are connected. Increases photoelectric current. Facilitates easy mfg process thereby reducing mfg cost. Reduces stress application on cell.
The method carries out thermocompression bonding so as to seal a solar battery (1) between a pair of EVA films (3). The solar battery is composed of a substrate on either sides of which high polymer film are present.    Waterproof coating is provided to exposed surface of the polymer films. Wiring is formed in enclosed state over the solar battery substrate.    ADVANTAGE -   Offers good weather resistance. Is flexible.
A new collector electrode (100) consists of a metal wire (101) and a conductive adhesive coating (102). The conductive adhesive coating contains a triazine cpd. A new photovoltaic device is also claimed comprising a semiconductor layer having at least one pn or pin junction and a transparent electrode formed on the light entering side of the semiconductor layer. The new collector electrode is formed on the transparent electrode.    USE -   For solar cells.    ADVANTAGE -   Metal ion migration from the metal wire can be effectively prevented. The photovoltaic device with the new collector electrode has higher reliability.
A new organic solar cell consists of a tetrabenzporphyrin derivative placed between two electrodes. The derivative is a metal-free tetrabenzporphyrin derivative having formula (I) or a metal tetrabenzporphyrin derivative having formula (II) which is purified by sublimation. (Where at least one of four X's is CH and the others are N; R = H or electron donating gps.; M = metal, metal oxide, or metal halide).    USE -   Used as a larger area solar cell.    ADVANTAGE -   A higher conversion efficiency and a higher photovoltaic current can be obtd. using an organic dielectrics of purified tetrabenzporphyrin derivatives.
The mfg method involves introducing hydrogen into a Si wafer (1) from one principal plane side of the wafer. Simultaneously, an antireflection film (4) is formed on the same principal plane side of the wafer which has a PN- junction part.    Then, hydrogen is introduced into the wafer from its other principal plane side. Simultaneously, a blocking film is formed on the other principal plane side of the wafer. The wafer is then heated in a hydrogen environment.    ADVANTAGE -   Inhibits dissipation of hydrogen from wafer during formation of electrode. Improves output characteristics of solar cell.
The configuration consists of a metal foil (3) that is attached to an electrically conductive surface (9) of an electricity generating element (1) in a solar battery through a cementing layer (5). Then a connection hole (6) is formed by penetrating the metal foil and the cementing layer.    The connection hole is filled up by an electrically conductive binding material such as solder to carry out electrical connection in between metal foil and the electrically conductive surface of the electricity generating element. Then a lead wire (4) is connected to the metal foil.    ADVANTAGE -   Inhibits peeling off of metal foil while connecting lead wire. Simplifies mfr process and hence reduces cost. Fixes lead wire to metal foil at exact position. Simplifies filling of electrically conductive paste in connection hole. Prevents position slippage of metal oil while coupling lead wire.
A new collector electrode (100) comprises: (i) a metal wire (101); (ii) semiconductor layers (103,104,105) which contact the metal wire, and a pn or pin junction; and (iii) a conductive adhesive layer (102) which contacts the semiconductor layer. Photovoltaic device comprises a semiconductor layer having at least two pn or pin junctions, and a transparent electrode on the light entering side of the semiconductor layer. The transparent electrode is equipped with the new collector electrode.    USE -   Used for solar cells.    ADVANTAGE -   Metal wires are coated with multilayers of semiconductor, so that the metal wires bring less shunt errors.
The mfg method involves forming a seed crystal layer (11) on surface of a substrate (10). A mask layer (13) which has a number of holes (12) at predetermined intervals is formed on surface of the seed crystal layer. A convex crystal (16) is grown in each hole of the mask layer, such that one convex crystal does not contact with other convex crystal mutually.    A diffusion layer (17) and a transparent electrically conductive layer (18) are sequentially formed on the convex crystal structure.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For e.g. silicon solar battery. Prevents generation of warpage by difference in thermal expansion coefficient. Uses inexpensive substrate thereby reduces mfg cost. Improves productivity. Reduces residual stress in crystal film. Reduces defect generation in crystal. Improves electrical property and offers high quality solar battery. Restrains reflex of light even when texture processing is not performed.
The method involves using an electricity generation element (1), whose back portion is coated by a back film (3) and front face is coated by a permanent plastic film (2). The front film and the back film are projected from the periphery of the electricity generating element and thus constitutes a peripheral sealing part (5).    This peripheral sealing part is mutually attached through a cementing layer (4) layered on inner side of front film. The attachment force by which the back film adheres to the electricity generating element is weaker when compared to the attachment force by which front film adheres to front face of the electricity generation element.    ADVANTAGE -   Inhibits peeling off of front film from electricity generating element. Prevents formation of air bubbles between front film and electricity generating element. Irradiates electricity generating element, efficiently by light permeated through plastic front film. Carries out electricity generation efficiently. Seals peripheral sealing part, reliably. Inhibits retrogradation of electricity generation element from water content.
The method involves coating a plastic layer (2) on an electricity generating element (1). A solder (3) connects a lead wire (4) to a terminal part of the electricity generating element, by penetrating the plastic layer. The solder is fastened between the inner part of plastic layer and front face of the terminal part.    The solder has an anchor part (3A) provided at inner side of the plastic layer, whose area is greater than the penetrating part (5) of the solder. This anchor part is fastened between the plastic layer and the terminal part    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies mfg process of solar battery. Prevents peeling of electricity generating element from polyimide resin.
The thin film which is microcrystal in nature, is mainly composed of Si and ordinary germanium but not the microcrystal nature germanium.    ADVANTAGE -   Decreases defects. Improves optical stability. Improves light absorbing power. Improves photoelectric conversion efficiency.
The battery has a hole of 0.01-0.1 mm2cross-section formed through a sodium container, so that the amt. of sodium flowing out of the hole can be reduced more than that of sodium ion flowing through a solid electrolyte tube when a short circuit occurs between an anode and a cathode.    ADVANTAGE -   Excellent operational safety.
A phosphoric acid type fuel battery is divided into blocks made from one or many cells, and a deteriorating material is added to fuel gas supplied to a fuel gas route, or oxygen including gas supplied to an oxygen including gas route, or both of them. In such conditions, the cell is operated. Generation conditions of each block when an amt. of above-mentioned generation faculty deteriorating material is changed is detected. Based on the detected results, an inferior block can be judged.    USE -   For securely detecting an inferior cell which may be deteriorated during an operation.
The system has a tank, which stores substitution water for residual gas in fuel gas piping, fed to the fuel electrodes of stacked cells, connected to fuel gas supply piping or exhaust piping for the electrodes via a valve turned on, when the system is out of action or when the gas supply piping goes wrong.    ADVANTAGE -   The system requires only a small space.
The generator has a fuel battery comprising fuel cells stacked upon one another, a tank storing water for humidifying hydrogen gas and/or carbon dioxide gas and a gas-liquid separator which separates exhaust from the battery into gas and water and recycles the water into the tank.    ADVANTAGE -   The generator eliminates the need of externally resupplying water to the battery.
The fuel cells has a first separator (16) made of a compact material, fitted into a hole (24) in a second separator (18) mad of a compact material, to define a chamber (25). A filling material (83) is charged in the chamber. The first separator is pushed towards a solid polymer electrolyte film (60) by the pressure of water introduced into the camber and it swells.    The filling material in the chamber also swells. The pressure in the fuel cell increases and the lamination fastening force increases.    ADVANTAGE -   Small, simple structure. Ionic resistively of solid polymer electrolyte film, and of contact resistance between film and electrode plate are low.
A laminated windshield for a moving vehicle comprises (a) outer and inner layers both having the same non-planar shape, (b) first and second layers of polyvinylbutyral (PVB), and (c) a string of solar cells sandwiched between the first and second layers of PVB. Also claimed is a laminated windshield and battery comprising (a outer and inner glass layers both having the same complex curved shape and an opaque or translucent border area proximate at least one edge of the glass layer, (b) first and second layers of PVB having the same shape as the glass layers, (c) a string of dendrite solar cell strings sandwiched between the first and second layers of PVB and superimposed over the border area of the glass layers, and (d) a vehicle battery electrically coupled to the solar cell strings to receive a recharging current from the solar cell string.    USE -   To recharge vehicle batteries when the engine is not running, to counteract the drain from e.g clocks and security systems.    ADVANTAGES -   The performance of the solar cells is enhanced without disrupting the desired properties of the windshield.
An electrochemical fuel cell generator appts. (10) comprises: (a) a generator chamber (28) containing fuel cell bundle(s) (12,14) with electrochemical fuel cells (16), each cell has an exterior fuel electrode (18), an interior air electrode (22), and a solid oxide electrolyte (20) between the electrodes; (b) an oxidant gas inlet (36) connected to the fuel cell interior; (c) a fuel gas inlet (34) connected to the generator chamber and fuel cell exterior; (d) a combustion chamber (30) connected to the generator chamber to burn spent oxidant and gas exiting from the generator chamber; (e) exhaust gas channel(s) (44) connected to the combustion chamber for removing exhaust gas; (f) spent fuel gas recirculation channel(s) (46) connected to the generator chamber to recirculate a portion of the spent fuel gas; (g) reforming chamber(s) (48) including an iron oxide bed, a heater, a fresh hydrocarbon gas inlet (32), and a fuel gas outlet connected to the fuel gas inlet of the generator chamber; (h) a mixing chamber (60) for combining a portion of the spent fuel gas contg. H2O vapour and CO2 with fresh hydrocarbon feed before entering the reforming chamber; (i) reforming catalyst regeneration chamber(s) (50), connected to the fuel gas inlet of the generator, including an Fe bed, a heater, a spent fuel inlet channel to introduce a portion of the spent fuel gas; (j) a control device to switch between the Fe and FeO catalyst beds upon exhaustion of one or the other. Also claimed is a method of conditioning fuel for an electrochemical cell.    USE -   The hydrocarbon gas reformers are used to supply reconditioned fuel for electrochemical fuel cell generators.    ADVANTAGE -   The reformers continuously supply fuel to the generator and the catalyst is continually reactivated. The O species are stored and supplied to the hydrocarbon reformation reaction and the need for additional steam generation is eliminated.
The photovoltaic element consists of a substrate (101) on which a thin film of zinc oxide (102) is formed having axis crystalline lay out nature. It contains fluorine and has uneven top surface. Over the uneven surface of the zinc oxide layer, a pin layer (103) comprises p,i,n layers. It consists of polycrystalline silicon semiconductor material. The content of the zinc oxide thin film changes along the thickness direction of the layer.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Used in photodiodes, sensitisation objects and light emitting elements. The photoelectric conversion efficiency is improved. Optical degradation and oscillating deterioration is prevented. Peeling of the pin layer is prevented.
The solar battery includes an amorphous silicon thin film, a surface electrode and a back side electrode on a substrate.    The amorphous silicon thin film, serves as a photovoltaic component. A silicon oxide layer or an aluminium oxide layer, of thickness 0.005-5micrometers is formed on surface of the thin film.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For solar light power generation during emergency. Improves environment proof nature and flexibility. Avoids need for sealing. Improves portability.
A buffer carbon block (4) is placed in a space between carbon plates 92) at both ends and pressurising metal plates (23). The units with buffer carbon blocks are layer built. The buffer carbon blocks are disposed at both ends of an internally humidifying plate (12). The carbon blocks are dispersed in a space between the cell and the pressurising metal plate.    ADVANTAGE -   Temp. distribution over the carbon plates and internally humidifying plates is uniform, stabilising the gas flow and equalising the output.
A fuel refining appts. generates hydrogen by refining a raw fuel, e.g., methanol. The appts. is composed of a fuel combustion device to generate steam consisting of a burner (34), fuel supply line (10a) and air supply line (28a), a fuel heating dish (32) to generate methanol vapour, a chamber (30) to contact the methanol vapour with steam, a refining reactor (24) to generate refined gas from the mixed gas, and a hydrogen separator (26) to separate hydrogen from the hydrogen-rich refined gas.    ADVANTAGE -   The fuel refining appts. generates high purity hydrogen gas with improved thermal efficiency.
Mono cells including electrolyte layer pinched with fuel and air electrodes are layer built for fuel cell main (1). Fuel gas and oxidant gas are flow to the fuel electrode and the air electrode respectively to generate power by electro-chemical reaction. Heat resulting from the power generation is cooled by the cooling water supplied from a steam separator (2). The steam separator (2) is equipped with a heating coil (4) connected to steam supply tube (6) of an external steam generator (5).    ADVANTAGE -   With the heating coil in the steam separator, increase of consumption power required for start-up is suppressed, achieving high system efficiency.
A portable fuel cell comprises portable enclosure (1) and a fuel cell (2) to generate power using hydrogen supplied via a hydrogen supplying tube (40) from the hydrogen source. The hydrogen supply tube (40) is installed on the ventilating air passage interior and includes heat exchanger (40a).    ADVANTAGE -   The hydrogen gas preliminarily heated through the heat exchanger is supplied to fuel cell, contributing to the uniform temp. distribution in the fuel cell.
A fuel cell comprises two cooling plates (8) with a cooling water passage on one face and gas passage on the other face. The cooling water passage (6) s located opposite to the gas passage (7). A solid high-molecular membrane (9) is placed on a space between the cooling water passage (6) and the gas passage (7) to humidify the gas.    ADVANTAGE -   The gas flown to one face of the solid high-molecule membrane is humidified by evapn. of the water flown to the other side of the membrane for efficient humidification.
Gas is flown to one face of a gas humidifying plate (10) at the humidifying area consisting of porous carbon plate (1) or layer-built carbon paper with the periphery sealed. Water produced by cooling the stack (13) at the power generating area is flown to the other face of the gas humidifying plates (10) at a slightly higher pressure than the gas to humidify the gas.    ADVANTAGE -   The high-temp. water evaporates toward the gas side after passing through the gas transmission area of the humidifying plate for automatic and efficient humidification.
Solid high-molecule fuel cell power generator comprises a reformer (6) and a humidifier (2) to supply humidified fuel gas to fuel electrode of the fuel cell (1). The humidifier (2) includes an oxidiser to oxidise the Co contained in the introduced fuel gas.    ADVANTAGE -   Density of Co in the fuel gas to be supplied to the fuel electrode is reduced, to resist the degradation of cell performance.
A fuel cell power generator comprises a fuel cell (20) for power generation from cathode gas (3) contg. oxygen and anode gas (2) contg. hydrogen, a reformer (10A) to reform material gas into the anode gas, exhaust gas supply line (24) to the fuel cell (20), an air supply line (40) to the exhaust gas supply line (24) and steam line (41) to the reformer (10a).    ADVANTAGE -   Water supplied from the system exterior is heated to produce steam, which eliminates steam separator and improves efficiency of the fuel cell power generator.
In fuel refining equipment, raw fuel e.g. natural gas is heated in a raw fuel preheater (9), desulphurised in a desulphuriser (6), heated again in a desulphurised fuel preheater (10) and is then led to the fuel refining chamber (2). To improve temp. control in the desulphuriser (6), a temp. controlling device is used consisting of a bypass raw fuel supply line (21) branched from the raw fuel supply line (12), which is provided with a flow control valve (20), and is joined to the original line (12) after by passing the raw fuel preheater (9), a temp. detector (22) in the desulphuriser (6), and a temp. controller (23) controlling the valve (20) based on the deviation between the prescribed temp. and the detected one.    ADVANTAGE -   The temp. in the desulphiriser is controlled at an appropriate level, irrespective of the operating load and the performance deterioration in the raw fuel preheater.
Process and appts. for microbiological generation of H2 S using a specially designed culture vessel with subsequent utilisation of the H2 S, in which H2 S formed by anaerobic mixed cultures with the consumption of sulphur cpds. having an oxidn. number of 0 and biomass is converted in an electrolytic cell with consumption of O2as electron acceptor, and the resulting electron stream is utilised as an energy source.    USE -    The appts. uses biomass which can be grown in situ by the action of sunlight, or externally generated biomass for generation of H2S which can be converted into electrical energy in the same appts. e.g. in the form of a solar battery cell.    ADVANTAGE -    The appts. can be constructed as a self-contained unit with a separator to allow simultaneous continuous cultivation of aerobic and anaerobic organisms and with generation of H2S which can be converted into electrical energy in the same appts. or which can be stored easily, which represents a considerable advantage over photovoltaic solar cells.
A fuel cell comprises:    (a) an aqueous alkaline soln. of an electrolyte containing a hydrogen-releasing agent selected from NaBH4, KBH3, LiAlH4, and NaH;    (b) a hydrogen storage alloy anode;    (c) an oxygen cathode.    USE -   Novel hydrogen-releasing agent for an alkaline fuel cell.    ADVANTAGE -   Higher electrochemical reaction rate at a normal temp.; good discharge capacity.
An electrolytic membrane for use in a fuel cell, comprising an acidified polybenzimidazole (PBI) resin membrane structure imbibed with phosphoric acid, contains a PBI resin that is covalently functionalised at its imidazole nitrogens with an alkyl or aryl acid gp. selected from organo sulphonate and / or organo phosphorylate.    Also claimed is a fuel cell element comprising an anode and a cathode and, between them, an electrolyte membrane comprising an acidified PBI resin imbibed with a fluid selected from water and or an acid. The resin is functionalised as above with phophorylate gps. and the membrane conducts protons between the anode and the cathode.    ADVANTAGE -   The membranes are proton conducting media with appropriate conductivity, processability, cost, stability under operating conditions, etc. for fuel cells.
A condensate composition obtd. by mixing a condensate composition of a tetraalkoxysilane, a basic water of specific pH, and an organic solvent, and that of a tetraalkoxysilane, an acid water of specific pH and an organic solvent, is mixed with a specific alkylalkoxysilane, to be applied onto a base, and the coated matter is irradiated by light.    USE -   Effectively used as a front glass of a car, a Braun tube, and a solar cell.
A film of a soln. obtd. by dissolving an oxygen transporting carrier including a metallic complex reversibly bindable with O, into a solvent, is formed in a gel condition.    USE -   Effectively used in an air and fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The penetration of an aq. vapour and carbon dioxide can be prevented.
A polymer electrolyte fuel cell comprises a polymer electrolyte membrane (12) with anode (13a) and cathode (13b) on opposite sides contacted by fuel (14) and oxygen (18) flow fields respectively. These components define an annular region along the axis within which is a fuel distribution manifold (32) of hydrophilic material for redistributing prod. water.    Also claimed are: (i) a stack of fuel cells as above with the manifold delivering fuel to each unit as above; and (ii) a stack of cells as above having a fuel cell separator plate between, and extending beyond, each unit for removing heat from the cells.    USE -   As low power, air-breathing fuel cells for military, commercial and consumer applications    ADVANTAGE -   Water loss and cell drying are minimised, overheating is prevented, geometry is simple and size and wt. are minimised.
A photovoltaic device comprises:    (a) a lattice-mismatched substrate;    (b) a hydrogen-plasma passivated heteroepitaxial layer formed of a III - V semiconductor material grown on the substrate.    A method of preparing is disclosed.    USE -   Process for preparing hydrogen passivated heteroepitaxial III - V photovoltaic devices grown on lattice-mismatched substrates, which may be incorporated into a solar cell fabrication process, and is useful in the integration of high speed electronic and photonic devices.    ADVANTAGE -   Simply and easily implemented in a device fabrication process, using standard equipment facilities; passivation can be performed over large lateral areas that are defined by the geometry of the equipment providing the reactive hydrogen system itself; passivation compliments and extends the concept of dislocation control; reduced level of undesirable electrical activity; dopants may be reactivated without reactivating the dislocations.
The cell fabrication includes spreading a junction solar cell with a polycrystalline silicon wafer, by texturing both sides of a wafer with KOH, forming a phosphorus (P) implantation in the front side of a solid phosphorus source, forming a back surface field with Al paste, forming front and back electrodes with Ag paste and forming a refraction passivation layer by spray process.
Fabrication comprises texturing a single crystal silicon wafer with KOH or NaOH, implanting with P and removing an oxide layer, forming a refraction passivation layer (ARC) by spray coating TiO2, screen printing a back surface field (BSF) and a front electrode with co-firing, forming a back electrode with following firing and removing a side junction.
The fabrication of a solar battery with a multi-crystal silicon wafer comprises the steps of:    (a) dry oxidn.;    (b) P-implantation and again dry oxidn.;    (c) forming a P+ BSF layer;    (d) forming a front and back electrodes;    (e) forming a refraction passivation layer; and    (f) removing a side junction.
The fabrication comprises the steps of texturisation etching p-type silicon wafer (1) with KOH solution, forming an n+-type diffusion layer (2) in the front side of the p-type silicon wafer and a p+-type BSF(3) in the back side; forming a front electrode (4) and a back electrode (5) in the n+-type diffusion layer (2) and the p+-type BSF(3), respectively, and forming a double refraction passivation layer(ARC) on the surface of the n+-type diffusion layer (2) and the front electrode (4).
The method involves formation of Si oxide film (102) and amorphous Si film (103) on a substrate (101). A catalyser element is added to the front phase of Si film. Then heat processing is carried out. The amorphous Si film is crystallized and crystal- line Si film (104) is formed.    The catalyser element in the crystalline Si film is diffused by phosphorus gettering which decreases the concentration of the catalyser element in the film. The concentration is in the range of 5x1018/cm3.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves photoelectric conversion characteristics. Reduces concentration of catalyser element in thin film. Requires low heat processing temperature. Uses cheap glass substrate.
An amorphous alloy semiconductor thin film is formed by plasma CVD, as the ratio of 1(305)/1(410) is less than 0.15, where 1(305) is the light emission peak at wavelength of 305 nm; and 1(410) is the light emission peak of SiH at wavelength of 410 nm.    ADVANTAGE -   The amorphous Si alloy semiconductor having high photosensitivity is obtd. to improve transformation efficiency of solar battery.
A solar battery is mfd. by forming an opto-electric conversion layer, 1st electrode layer, 2nd transparent electrode layer on one side surface of the flexible substrate and 3rd electrode layer on the other side surface of the substrate, and they are connected by the step coverage technique in the through holes while arranging the back plate of a heater or a ground electrode with the gap of less than 11 mm.    ADVANTAGE -   Resistance in the connecting holes of flexible printed circuit board formed by sputtering or plasma CVD process is decreased.
An electric generator of a fuel battery utilises waste heat of engine's cooling water, and comprises a hydrogen generator (7) contg an organic cpd liq (6), which generates a mixed gas contg hydrogen by heating above the boiling temp and by contacting with a dehydrogenating catalyser, a hydrogen separator (3) sepg the mixed gas into hydrogen gas and organic cpd liq by cooling, a fuel battery (10) contg an electrolyte soln (11) provided with a hydrogen pole (12) and organic cpd pole (13) connected to the outlets of the hydrogen separator (3), a heat exchanger (14) and a return pump (15). The hydrogen separator is placed in the engine's radiator (2) to cool the mixed gas, while the hydrogen generator (7) utilises waste heat of the engine's cooling water passed through the radiator (2) to heat the organic cpd liq (6).    ADVANTAGE -   Waste heat of the engine's cooling water is effectively utilised to generate subsidiary electric power.
First and second fuel control valves (41, 42) to distribute fuel gas to first and second fuel gas (1a, 1B) are provided. A fuel battery (20) comprises first and second fuel batteries (20a, 20b). A modifier (10) comprises first and second modifiers (10a, 10b). The first fuel gas (1a) and steam (9) are fed to the first modifier (10a) to produce first anode gas (2a) and cathode gas (3) from a circulation line (14). The second modifier (10b) receives the feed of anode exhaust gas (4) of the first fuel battery (20a) and the second fuel gas (1b) to generate second anode gas (2b). The second fuel battery (20b) generates a power by the second anode gas (2b) and cathode exhaust gas (7) of the first fuel battery (20). A steam/carbon ratio between steam (9) and the first fuel gas (1a) is set to 2-3.    ADVANTAGE -   The amt. of steam used for a modifier is decreased.
Mfr. of a laminate comprises: (i) preparing a condensed compsn. (D) by mixing (C) a condensed compsn. and an alkoxysilane of (R2 )nSi(OR3 )4-n (where R2 , R3 = 1-5C alkyl; and n = 1-3) at a ratio of the alkoxysilane to the tetraalkoxysilane in (C) of 1/0.1-2 by mol. (C) is obtained by mixing (A) a condensed compsn. obtained by mixing 1 mole tetraalkoxysilane of Si(OR)4 (where R = 1-5C alkyl), 2-8 moles basic water of pH 10.0-12.0 and 10-30 moles of an organic solvent and (B) a condensed compsn. obtained by mixing 1 mole tetra alkoxysilane of Si(OR1 )4 (where R1 = 1-5C alkyl), 2-8 moles acidic water of pH 0.2-6 and 10-30 moles of an organic solvent, at a ratio of A/B of 0.4-2.4 by wt.; (ii) applying the (D) to a substrate; (iii) putting it in an environment of a relative humidity of at least 70%; and (iv) contacting it to a glow discharge plasma generated by exposing a voltage between the electrodes in a gas contg. fluorine atom at 1x10-4to 100 Torr to fluorinate the alkyl of the alkylalkoxysilane in the applied film.    USE -   The laminate can be suitably used in eyeglass lens,car windows, window of housings, lamp, show case, solar cell, laser appts. etc.    ADVANTAGE -   The method provides a laminate excellent in water repellency and scratch resistance, preventing property of reflection.
Mfr. of a laminate comprises: (i) condensed compsn. (D) by mixing (C) a condensed compsn. and an alkoxysilane of (R2 )n Si(OR3 )4-n (where R2 , R3 = 1-5C alkyl; and n = 1-3) at a ratio of the alkoxysilane to the tetraalkoxysilane in (C) of 1/0.1-2 by mol.. (C) is obtained by mixing (A) a condensed compsn. obtd. by mixing 1 mole tetraalkoxysilane of Si(OR)4 (R = 1-5C alkyl), 2-8 moles basic water of pH 10.0-12.0 and 10-30 moles of an organic solvent and (B) a condensed compsn. obtained by mixing 1 mole tetraalkoxysilane of Si(OR1 )4 (R1 = 1-5C alkyl), 2-8 moles acidic water of pH 0.2-6 and 10-30 moles of an organic solvent, at a ratio of A/B of 0.4-2.4 by wt.; (ii) applying the (D) to a substrate; (iii) placing it in an environment of a relative humidity of at least 70% and at a a temp. higher than 60 C; and (v) contacting it to a glow discharge plasma generated by exposing a voltage between the electrodes in a gas contg. fluorine gas at 1x10-4to 100 Torr to fluorinate the alkyl of the alkylalkoxysilane in the film.    USE -   The laminate can be suitably used in eyeglass lens,car windows, window of housings, lamp, show case, solar cell, laser appts, etc.    ADVANTAGE -   The method provides a laminate excellent in preventing property of reflection, water repellency and scratch resistance.
In the reactor, a modification appts. which modifies hydrocarbon raw material to hydrogen rich property modification gas, is positioned in front of and/or in the rear of the fuel property modification appts. on the path of raw material or property modification gas, and removes impurities in the raw material and/or property modification gas and has a catalyst layer in which a grain catalyst which removes impurity is contained, a metal vessel in which the catalyst layer is contained and a sheathed heater which is set in the vessel through a wall of the vessel to heat the catalyst layer. The vessel has a holder for the sheathed heater made of metal and is cylindrical, and the length is sufficient to be contained a part of the sheathed heater in the catalyst layer. The inner dia. is able to be inserted into the sheathed heater and is set at a region in which the sheathed heater is set with the sheathed heater inserting in the holder.    ADVANTAGE -   Replacement time for the sheathed heater can be decreased.
A thin film made of Cu, In, S and Se is produced by adding thiourea to a soln. contg. copper sulphate, indium sulphate and selenium dioxide which is acidified with sulphuric acid. Any resulting precipitant material is removed before the soln. is used in an electrolytic process to coat an electrically conductive substrate.    USE -   In the productivity of thin film solar cells.    ADVANTAGE -   Replaces the vacuum film producing method which involved low prodn. yield and high costs.
The non-carburised Pt alloy catalyst comprises a carbon catalyst support on which is supported (at.%): 40-90 Pt; 5-30 Mn; and 5-30 Fe.    USE -   Used as an electrocatalyst for a chemical reaction or a fuel cell.    ADVANTAGE -   The Pt alloy catalyst has a high catalytic activity and an extended life. In partic., the specific activity of a Pt catalyst is elevated by adding Mn and Fe. The activity is higher than that of a binary Pt-Mn catalyst or a Pt-No-Co alloy catalyst of the prior art.
A miniature thermophotovoltaic power unit for portable and hand-held electronic devices has a reactor with fuel and oxidant inlets and an outlet coupled to a burner element with an emissive spectrum converter on its outer face to produce narrow-spectrum photon energy. A transparent protector sheet spaced parallel to the converter reflects excess heat back to the converter, and a hot exhaust port and shaft are located between the reactor and sheet. An array of photovoltaic elements is spaced parallel to the sheet to generate electricity. A miniaturised mover passes ambient air into the reactor as oxidant and for thermal management, and a heat recuperator is coupled to the exhaust port and shaft to preheat fuel and oxidant and cool exhaust gases. The fuel is pref. butane, propane, LPG, alcohols, oils or diesel fuel, and the oxidant may be pumped in by a bellows made of 'Mylar' (RTM) with an electrically conductive coating on top and bottom inside surfaces which can be charged to operate the bellows.    USE -   Used for e.g. for civil or military surveillance, robotic,communication or computing devices.    ADVANTAGE -   The unit has an efficiency of 10%, can safely be hand-held, can use a range of fuels and has a virtually infinite shelf life.
A piping for a feed system in which a feed pump and a feed valve are located is joined with a piping for a fuel battery cooling water system in which a steam separator and a cooling water pump are located. Based on a signal from the level sensor of the steam separator, the feed valve is opened and water is fed from the feed system to the cooling water feed system. During the feed of water to a fuel cell cooling system, opening and closing of the feed valve are repeated to feed water.    ADVANTAGE -   The pressure fluctuation of a cooling water system during the feed of water is suppressed to a very low state.
Prepn. of a perfluorocarbon copolymer having sulphonic acid functional gp. comprises soln. polymerisation of (A) a perfluorocarbon monomer having a sulphonic acid functional gp. and a perfluoroolefin in a medium of a fluoroalkene obtd. by hydrogenation a perfluoroalkene obtained by oligomerisation of tetrafluoroethylene, or hexafluoropropylene.    USE -   The copolymer is used as ion-exchange membranes for diffusion dialysis, ozone evolution electrolysis, electrolytic reduction, fuel cells, in applications requiring corrosion resistance, especially a laminate with a cation-exchange membrane for alkali electrolysis having high performance.    ADVANTAGE -   The prepn. uses a medium not affecting ozone layer depletion due to absence of a specified CFC, and gives a copolymer having a large perfluorocarbon monomer content.
The solar battery module consists of a transparent glass (1). Multiple convex shaped part (1b) are formed in the upper surface of the glass suitably. Multiple solar cells (2) are arranged below the transparent glass.    A transparent resin (7) is used for supporting the arranged solar cells. A protection sheet (7) is formed on the peripheral surface of the resin. A frame member (4) holds either sides of the structure.    ADVANTAGE -   Inhibits reflection of solar light thereby avoiding trouble to neighbouring residents and performs walking on road.
A solar battery module (1) consisting of film solar cell elements (2) and a solid film secondary battery (7) are interconnected in parallel and integrally sealed in such a state that terminals (51,52) are exposed to the outside. The substrate of the solar battery module (1) and the substrate of the solid film secondary battery (7) are positioned facing each other.    ADVANTAGE -   The size of a system to stably feed a power by using a solar battery module is reduced.
Battery (1) consists of a metal based back electrode (3) formed onto surface of a glass substrate (2). A first P type semiconductor thin film (4) acting as an optical absorption layer is formed over the back electrode. An N type metal oxide semiconductor thin film (6) acting as a window layer is present over the back electrode through a sulphur content zinc based mixed metallic crystalline cpd. semiconductor film (5) on the optical absorption layer. The cpd. semiconductor film acts as a boundary face layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Raises energy conversion efficiency. Obviates need for use of any detrimental substance. Reduces waste fluid processing cost.
Mo layer and Cu layer are formed on the substrate by sputtering. Se dispersed In layer is then formed by electrodeposition by dipping in the soln. contg. In-ion and Se colloid, followed by heating in a closed vessel with Se to give the thin film solar battery.    ADVANTAGE -   The tert. alloy layer of Cu-In-Se, which is resistant to peeling, is obtd. easily and inexpensively.
The mfg method is applicable to a solar cell, which contains transparent electric conduction layer. A semiconductor layer is formed on the front side of the electric conduction layer, using a surface coating material. A shaping sheet released out from a T die (105) through a slit nozzle (106) is formed on the back side of the electric conduction layer, using a resin sheet. A base film (109) and a surface film (110) together constitute the resin film.    The shaping sheet is made up of filler material. The distance between the resin film and the mouth of the nozzle is less than the thickness of the shaping sheet. Moreover, the upper surface of the resin sheet and nozzle are inclined through angle `theta'. A gear pump (114) is employed to increase the width of the nozzle.    ADVANTAGE -   Inhibits generation of air. Reduces fusion temperature of shaping sheet.
Forming insulating films of silicon oxide on a substrate comprises O2 gas(A) is introduced and O2 gas plasma is generated in a film deposition room or in a plasma room which is connected to the film deposition room. A gas contg. F2 and silicon cpds. (B), and another gas contg. H2 and silicon cpd. (B) are mixed and introduced into the O2 gas plasma, so that an insulating film of silicon oxide contg. F is deposited on the surface of a substrate. The flow rate of (B) is regulated in 50 to 1% w.r.t. the total flow rates of (B) and (C). In another prodn. claimed, H2 and O2 gases are introduced and H2 and O2 gas plasma are generated; a gas contg. F2 and silicon cpds. is introduced into the gas plasma, so that a F-contg. silicon oxide insulating film is deposited. The flow rate of H2gas is regulated in 200-400% w.r.t. that the gas contg. Fe and silicon cpds. A new apparatus for plasma vapour deposition is further claimed, which comprises a vacuum chamber (1), a gas supplying mechanism (2), and an electric powder source applying energy to the gas to generate plasma. Gas supplying mechanism (2) has two sepd. gas lines (21), (22): the first for the first source gas and the second for the second source gas.    USE -   For forming insulating films in the prodn. of semiconductor devices, liq. crystal displays, or solar cells.    ADVANTAGE -   Insulating films contg. F can be deposited without damaging the substrate surface.
The device comprises a gas manifold for supply and discharge of reaction gas, and reaction gas supply / discharge piping connected to the gas manifold. The reaction gas pipings are composed of upstream side ones having a nozzle at a tip, and downstream side ones fixed to the upstream side ones through an insulation coupling by a hose clamp.    USE -   Deterioration of insulation performance by internal contamination can be restricted.
The fuel cell is provided with solid polymer electrolyte membrane (10) oxidiser supplying path (14), fuel supplying path (15), porous material (17) with heater (18), to heat up supplying water (19) to have 100 % humidity.    ADVANTAGE -   Fuel cell can prevent drying of solid polymer electrolyte membrane, and can achieve stable power generation.
A fused carbonate type fuel cell is composed of porous anode, porous cathode, inserted electrolyte plate of porous material impregnated with mixed alkaline carbonate electrolyte, and inorganic fibres having their ends inserted into the pores of at least one of the anode and cathode.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents cut-off of liq. connection at the interface of electrolyte plates and electrodes, and suppresses flow out of the electrolyte.
Device comprises a reformation cooling plate held between separators. The cooling plate comprises upper and lower recessed parts contg. an anode and a cathode respectively, manifolds to supply gas to the anode and the cathode and a reformation chamber between the anode and the cathode.    ADVANTAGE -   Flow of process gas can be restricted. Reformation reaction is achieved stably.
A fuel cell comprises lines of heat transmission tubes embedded in a cooling plate, and a control mechanism to control the flow quantity and direction of cooling water to be supplied to the heat transmission tubes.    ADVANTAGE -   Temp. in a cell surface can be equalised. Cooling efficiency can be improved.
A pair of rib electrodes having flowing grooves for liq. fuel and liq. oxidising agent are arranged inserting matrix impregnated with electrolyte, and unit cells are laminated by means of carbon separators to form fuel cell.    ADVANTAGE -   The cell and separator can be easily sepd. even if they are adhered by long operation, and defective cells can be exchanged without damaging normal cells.
A semiconductor device having a semiconductor element is disclosed wherein the device comprises a stacked body formed from a laminate. The laminate consists of a semiconductor element (501) and a sealing resin (502,504) which are interposed between a surface member (503) and a back member (505). The laminate is vacuum-treated at a vacuum of 5 torr or less for 5-40 mins, thermocompression bonded at a vacuum of 5 torr or less and then cooled to engage in contact-bonding.    Also claimed is a process for producing a semiconductor device as above.    USE -   Suitable for fabricating semiconductor devices, esp. solar cell modules.    ADVANTAGE -   The solar cell module has an improved surface cover which resists peeling even under repeated exposure to outdoor conditions of changing temp. and humidity. The module contains no residual air bubbles and is produced to a high yield. Excellent adhesion is obtained between the surface members and the sealing resin.
A protective material comprises a transparent resin layer for a semiconductor element, where the protective material is formed of a resin contg. a silane coupling agent in a state with no free material of the silane coupling agent.    Also claimed are:    (a) a semiconductor element with the protective material including a transparent resin layer; and    (b) a semiconductor device with a protective material including a transparent organic resin layer.    USE -   Used for a photoelectric conversion element e.g. a solar cell element as a surface covering material on the light incident side.    ADVANTAGE -   The highly reliable surface covering material is free of the occurrence of sepn., has a satisfactory heat resistance and is hardly yellowed, enabling the semiconductor element or device to effect characteristics without being deteriorated, even when repeatedly used over a long period under severe environmental conditions with high temp. and humidity.
Solid state gas sensor comprises: (a) a dielectric surfaced substrate; and (b) 1st and 2nd electrodes on the substrate, spaced apart to establish a baseline electric current response in the presence of gaseous contaminants. An electric potential is applied to the electrodes to ionise gas molecules within the gap. Each electrode is connected to an electrical measurement means for signal analysis and processing. When the contamination or change in gas compsn. occurs in the area surrounding the gap, a change in the ionisation characteristics is detected, where the amplitude and time dependent behaviour of the change is indicative of the contamination or compsn. change.    USE -   For monitoring gas compsn. and changes in concn. or compsn.    ADVANTAGE -   Simple structure, small dimensions, a wide operating range of gases and temperatures, high sensitivity, rapid response without hysteresis, low mfg. cost and high reliability, easy to install and operate, and it can be integrated with a signal processing IC.
Prepn. of a perfluorocarbon copolymer having sulphonic acid type functional gp. comprises soln. polymerisation of a perfluorocarbon monomer having sulphonic acid type functional gp. with a perfluoroolefin in (perhaloalkyl)difluoromethane.    USE -   Used as an ion exchange membrane, as sepg. membranes in diffusion dialysis, ozone formation electrolysis, electrolytic redn. and fuel cell, esp. in fields required for corrosion resistance.    ADVANTAGE -   The copolymer has a large content of sulphonic acid type functional gp.- bearing perfluorocarbon monomer with ease and high yield by using a medium having little fear of ozone layer depletion.
The solar cell includes a monocrystalline silicon (Si) substrate (1) of a first conductivity type, and a diffusion layer (2) of a second conductivity type formed on the first main surface of the substrate.    Semiconductor layer (4) of the first conductivity type is formed on a second main surface of the substrate and has a bandgap narrower than that of the silicon and an impurity concentration higher than that of the substrate.    USE -   For space solar cells which can be preferably used as power supplies for artificial satellites.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides highly efficient solar cell which permits high output voltage and photoelectric conversion of light on the side of long wavelengths in order to output large currents.
The reliability of gas generation and electrochemical plant is improved by reducing the brittle and perforation failure of separator sheets used to partition the compression and molecular hydrogen compartments in the plant. The reduction is achieved by providing the separation sheet as a composite hydrogen embrittlement, bonded to a layer of a corrosion resistant material with the separation plate oriented so that the corrosion resistant material faces the compression compartment and the hydrogen resistant layer faces its molecular hydrogen containment section. Also claimed is an electrochemical or gas generator having cells which are partitioned to form a compression compartment and a compartment for containing molecular hydrogen, the partition forming a hermetic sealing arrangement between the compartment, and composed of a composite layer of a material resistant to corrosion facing the compression compartment, and material resistant to molecular hydrogen embrittlement facing the hydrogen container, the apparatus similar to that used in the method claimed above.    USE -   In the operation of electrolysis cells and fuel cells or similar, and gas generators and compression, and particularly in resisting anodic corrosion pitting of metal sections of the process cells during the operation of these.    ADVANTAGE -   The composite formed is resistant on one surface to hydrogen embrittlement and on the other face, resistant to corrosion, the two combining to increase the reliability and useful life of the cells, by reducing the risk of cracking, perforating or gas leakage.
The reforming device provided with H2 sepg. and permeating membrane, is assembled in the fuel cell, as to utilise its operating heat to the reforming device. Hydrocarbon or methanol is reformed to high purity H2and supplied to the fuel cell.    ADVANTAGE -   High heat efficiency.
A mono-battery and a separator are laminated for forming a stack so that an end plane of a circumferential edge of an electrolyte matrix is exposed to an atmosphere outside the stack. The stack is stored in a carbonate bath. Carbonate has been previously stored in the carbonate bath, or carbonate is supplied from a carbonate supplying/exhausting tube. After carbonate has been supplied, carbonate left in the carbonate bath is exhausted from above-mentioned carbonate supplying/exhausting tube. Thus, carbonate permeates through the exposed area of the electrolyte matrix, then is supplied to the electrolyte matrix, thereafter it is supplied to an anode pole and to a cathode pole.    USE -   For supplying carbonate to a wide area of an electrolyte matrix at the same time.
A reaction air inlet header and an outlet header are provided to a body of solid high molecule type fuel battery. In the outlet header, a hydrogen absorption alloy tank exchanges heat with an exhausted air and collects moisture. A hygroscopicity porous material passes through a short cloth expanded in the reaction air inlet header.    USE -   For humidifying a reaction air which should be supplied to a fuel battery without using a humidifier.
A fuel cell is composed of a fuel electrode(1), an oxidiser electrode(2) and an electrolyte matrix(3). (I) is formed of a laminating catalyst inner layer(13), catalyst outer layer(15) and conductive porous base material(14).    ADVANTAGE -   The low temp. type fuel cell is scarcely influenced by poisoning by CO and methanol.
Electricity is generated by driving an engine, employing a high temp. waste gas obtd. by driving the engine as a heating source of reformer (4), mfg. high purity hydrogen by steam-reforming methanol with the reformer, having a hydrogen sepn. membrane and supplying the high purity hydrogen obtd. to a fuel cell (8).    USE -   Used for generating electricity by combining an existing generator with a fuel cell.    ADVANTAGE -   Methanol is reformed to hydrogen with high efficiency using a reformer having a hydrogen sepn. membrane, and waste gas exhausted from the engine is effectively used to obtain a high efficiency or power generation per unit fuel.
The mfg method involves formation of a copper-selenium layer using a solution containing copper ion and selenium ion on an electrically conductive substrate.    An indium-selenium layer is then formed over the copper-selenium layer using a solution containing indium ion and selenium ion. This layered structure is then heat treated to obtain the absorption layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables high productivity. Does not require expensive vacuum deposition installation. Stabilizes absorption layer mfg process.
The method involves forming a metal oxide layer (102), a Si layer (103), and a cap layer (104) sequentially on the surface of a substrate (101). A quartz plate (106) with an optical absorption layer is arranged above the cap layer. Then, optical radiation is directed on the upper surface of the quartz plate in the orthogonal direction.    The Si layer is fused and it is solidified subsequently. The polycrystalline Si layer is formed. The quartz plate is removed and then a semiconductor junction is formed on the front face of the polycrystalline Si layer. Subsequently, the cap layer is removed.    ADVANTAGE -   Forms good polycrystalline Si film with good grain boundary. Removes constraint of forming optical absorption layer directly on Si layer. Promotes mass production.
Ethylene copolymer and inorganic hydroxide flame resistant material are fused and mix-kneaded, impregnated with an organic peroxide cpd. and fusing extruded to give a flame resistant sheet.    USE -   Used to seal a solar battery.    ADVANTAGE -   The flame resistant sheet has good adhesion to solar battery element and substrate protecting material, and can improve flame resistance to the solar battery module.
The method carries out formation of a Si nitride film (2) as a mask layer over the surface of an Si substrate (1). The Si nitride film is furnished with several openings (2a), whose dimensions are greater than atomic radius of Si.    Through the openings, implantation of Si and Ge ions is carried out resulting in formation of an ion implantation domain (3). A GaAs layer made of compound semiconductor is formed over each ion implantation domain.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces crystal defects sufficiently. Raises quality of compound semiconductor layer.
A fuel cell generating plant feeds fuel gas to the fuel cell anode body, having an anode and a cathode and feed air to the cathode to effect generation. An oxygen condensing device to increase oxygen concn. in air is disposed in a feed line (10) through which air is fed to the cathode.    ADVANTAGE -   Installation space is saved, and environmental properties are improved.
A fuel battery storage body, a hydrogen cylinder (C) and an arrangement pipe (7) to feed hydrogen from a fuel battery body to hydrogen are securely mounted on a signal conveyable frame (7).    ADVANTAGE -   Through detection of non-reaction hydrogen gas during generation, any situation is dealt with automatically.
A phosphoric acid type fuel battery generating device comprises a fuel battery body (21); a reaction gas feeding device to feed generated fuel gas to a fuel electrode; and an inactive gas feeding device for an inactive gas. Check valves (5A, 5B) are located in a feed circuit to the fuel gas pass flow passage of the feed device for inactive gas; and in a feed circuit to a reaction air pass flow passage.    ADVANTAGE -   Damage to the appts. due to reverse gas flow does not occur.
Starting of a solid high mol. type fuel battery comprises measuring the generating voltage of the fuel battery; a voltage comparing step in which it is decided whether a voltage value measured at the voltage measuring step exceeds a set voltage set based on a generating voltage indicated during the ordinary operation state of the fuel battery; and a hydrolytic control step in which addn. of water to fuel gas is started when it is decided at the voltage comparing step that the voltage value exceeds the set value, and addn. of water to fuel gas is stopped when it is below the set value.    ADVANTAGE -   Starting time is shortened.
A fuel battery generating plant comprises a condensation heat-exchanger (20) to feed steam, sepd. from a gas water separator (2K), to the high temp. heating side from the gas water separator (2K), return condensate from the high temp. heating side to a water processing device (10), and feed hot water from a low temp. side to be heated to hot water utilising equipment (4); and a flow rate control valve (21) to adjust condensate from the high temp. heating side of the condensation heat-exchanger (20).    ADVANTAGE -   Steam heat from a fuel battery generating plant is effectively recovered.
Single cells formed in such a manner that an electrolytic layer is nipped between an air pole and a fuel pole are laminated to form a fuel battery body (1), oxidant gas is caused to pass through a gas pass flow passage arranged at an air pole and fuel gas is caused to flow through a gas pass flow passage arranged at a fuel pole. In the so formed fuel battery generating device, a flow rate of nitrogen gas is controlled according to the load condition of the fuel battery body (1) is mixed in oxidant gas and the mixt. is caused to pass the gas pass flow passage of the air pole.    ADVANTAGE -   A cell output voltage is held at up to a given value and damage is prevented.
A base is coated with an electrode material paste, and is dried and baked. A stabilised zirconia sintered body, of which a surface is etched using hydrofluoric acid, is used as the base.    ADVANTAGE -   Power generating property is improved.
The device comprises an electrolyser (1) for housing an aq. soln. for electrolysis, two pairs of electrodes (6,7,8,9) with height of about a half. The depth of the electrolyser arranged between upper and lower parts of the electrolyser while insulated together, leading wires (12,13) connected to the respective electrode plates, and a cover (2) put on the electrolyser while incorporating terminals (10,11) connected to the lead wires. Electrolysis of the soln. housed in the electrolyser is performed by applying voltage to the lower electrode plates (8,9) hydrogen and oxygen generated by the electrolysis are guided between the upper electrode plates so as to react together, and electric power generated by reaction between the hydrogen and the oxygen is taken out from the terminal (10) connected to the upper electrode plate (6,7).    ADVANTAGE -   The device can be used as a teaching aid for demonstrating principles and mechanisms for electrolysis and power generation of a fuel cell.
Electrophoretically coating a substrate comprises coating an unsintered porous substrate electrophoretically and sintering the coated substrate.    USE -   The method is used in the mfr. solid oxide fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -   Gas-tight thin layers can be easily formed on the substrate.
A solar cell having a crystalline silicon layer (c-Si) for producing charge carriers and at least one adjacent amorphous silicon-contg. layer is novel in that it has means for reducing or avoiding the potential barrier in the vicinity of the boundary face of the amorphous silicon layer.    Also claimed is a similar solar cell having means for reducing the energy gap in the vicinity of the boundary face of the amorphous silicon layer.    Further claimed is a method for producing the solar cell in which the amorphous layer is alloyed with germanium.    USE -   The solar cell is a concentrator or sun solar cell.    ADVANTAGE -   The cell has a greater efficiency in its conversion of light into electrical energy.
The formation of electrode having a catalytic action comprises:    (a) sticking an aq. soln. of metal salts consisting of Pt, Ir or Ru to the surface of a metal having high ionisation tendency by using application means; and    (b) allowing the metal to stand.    USE -   The method forms electrodes having catalytic action, and is used in a water electrolysing device, or a fuel cell device.    ADVANTAGE -   The method uses no electrolytic plating method. The result provides advantages in terms of labour and costs. The method forms electrodes with energy saving compared to conventional methods. Mechanical or automatic application work further exerts the advantages.
The stainless steel comprises (by wt.%) 0.03-0.1 C, up to 2.0 Mn, up to 0.02 N, 10-15 Ni, 14.0-20.0 Cr, 0.2-1.5 Si, 0.5-4.0 Al and 0.0005-0.05 B.    USE -   Used for separators of fused carbonate fuel cells.
The surface protecting layer has surface protecting layer of laminated films of UV ray shielding film and amorphous cyclic shaped olefin copolymer.    ADVANTAGE -   The surface protecting layer has low moisture permeation rate at not only ambient temp. but around 80C and has good heat resistance and transparency by module forming condition.
A solar cell module consists of a laminated structure consisting of a surface protective layer, an adhesive resin layer, if necessary, a solar cell element, an adhesive resin layer, and a back protective layer. The back protective layer consists of a layer prod. consisting of: (a) a film consisting of a fluororesin, or polymethyl methacrylate; and (b) a film laminated on the inner surface of the (a) film, and consisting of an amorphous cyclic olefin copolymer having a glass transition temp. of at least 80 C.    USE -   The back protective layer is used for the solar cell module.    ADVANTAGE -   Film consisting of the amorphous cyclic olefin copolymer having a Tg of at least 80 C has low water vapour permeability at around 80 C as well as normal temp., preventing the solar cell element from humidity under various outdoor severe conditions. The back protective layer has sufficient heat resistance under forming the solar cell module.
A fuel cell comprises fuel cell layers with mono cells (8) consisting of a matrix sandwiched with oxidant and fuel electrodes built up vertically while inserting a cooling board for each layer, a manifold (15) for supplying oxidant gas, a manifold (16) for discharging the oxidant gas, a manifold (13) supplying fuel gas and a manifold (14) for discharging fuel gas. A flow regulator (21) for gas flow distribution is attached to one of four manifolds.    USE -    Damage on a mono cell due to shortage of H2is avoided.
A fuel cell contains layered electrode cells which consists of layer-built mono cells with an electrolyte layer sandwiched with oxidant and fuel electrodes, a manifold (7), a current-collecting board (4), an insulating board (3), a fastening board (1) and a manifold mounting board. A cell heat insulator is provided in the space between the fuel cell built-up layers and the current collecting board.    ADVANTAGE -   Under interruption of the fuel cell service, the temp. of cell is maintained using low consumption power.
In a fuel cell power generating system comprising a reformer (1), a fuel cell (1) and a power converter (3), a water electrolysis appliance is installed in the system to supply the generated hydrogen and oxygen with addn. to the reformed gas and air into the hydrogen and air electrodes of the fuel cell.    ADVANTAGE -   The surplus output of fuel cell is used for generation of hydrogen and oxygen to reduce consumption of material fuel.
A fuel cell power generating system comprises a reformer (1) to produce reformed gas for a fuel cell (2) from material fuel, a mixt. diluter (2) connected to the downstream side of the reformer (1), a fuel cell (3) connected to the downstream side of the mixt. diluter (2) and an inert gas supplying section (4) to supply inert gas to the mixt. diluter (2).    ADVANTAGE -   The reformed gas is mixed with the inert gas at the mixt. diluter to dil. CO in the reformed gas to the lower density, suppressing deterioration of the electrode.
Fuel cell is formed by lamination of unit cells (1) composed of a unified fuel cell part (2) and a water supply part (7).    ADVANTAGE -   The laminated stack of solid polymer type fuel cell has high output and high efficiency by unifying the water supplying part to the solid polymer film and the fuel cell, and by achieving surely water and gas supply to each unit cell and electrode.
A fuel cell (11) to output electric energy by utilising electrochemical reaction of fuel gas and oxidant gas comprises detectors (1, 2, 3, 4) for pressure differences between fuel and oxidant electrodes, a selector (5) to select a min pressure difference and a controller (6) to meet the transmitted min value with the set pressure difference.    ADVANTAGE -   Despite variance of gas and loading current flow, pressure difference is minimised to prevent breakage of the fuel cell.
Buffer layer is provided between the separator and the output terminal, which can prevent degradation caused by heat cycle load.    ADVANTAGE -   The high temp type fuel cell can prevent degradation in the operation under heat cycle load, esp. degradation of contact resistance caused by heat cycle, and the mechanical stress caused by thermal stress.
A mono cell (2) to make a cell stack (1) includes a ribbed reservoir plate (7, 8) with a hydrogen electrode (5) and an air reservoir plate (7, 8) with a hydrogen electrode (5) and an air electrode (6) across a phosphorous acid impregnated matrix (4) and reaction gas passages (7a, 8a) on a plate surface. Fuel-air reaction gas is supplied to the cell stack (1) via a manifold. A gas discharge side area of the reaction gas passages is formed at low-temp. section of the reservoir plate to act as condenser and collector of phosphorus vapour in the cell.    ADVANTAGE -   Evaporated phosphorous acid in the cell is collected into the reservoir plate, contributing to long service life of a fuel cell without replenishment of phosphorous acid.
In controlling a solid high-molecule electrolyte membrane fuel cell (20) with cells built up horizontally, fuel gas and oxidant gas is supplied to an electrode on the anode side (26) and an electrode on the cathode side (24) respectively. Cooling medium is fed to a separator (40) of the fuel cell (20) from the opposite direction of the fuel and oxidant gas flow.    ADVANTAGE -   Temp. distribution of the fuel cell is low at the gas inlet and outlet, driving the fuel cell under stabilised state.
A cooling plate includes a first cooling medium passing tube (21) along the reacting part of a mono cell and a second coolant passing tube (22) along the oxidant gas discharging part embedded in a space between a set of cooling boards (20). Temp. of the cooling medium in the second tube (22) is lower than the temp. of the cooling medium in the first tube (21) to condense and collect the evaporated phosphorous acid.    ADVANTAGE -   The evaporated phosphorous acid is collected at the gas outlet and returned to the cooling medium layer or electrolyte layer, cancelling the replenishment of phosphorous acid.
A hybrid fuel cell power generator comprises a reformer (1) to reform hydrocarbon-base or alcohol-base material fuel into carbon monoxide-content gas; a first fuel cell (2) using hydrogen and carbon monoxide as fuel for power generation and a solid high-molecule fuel cell (4) using the gas discharged from the fuel electrode (2b).    ADVANTAGE -   The carbon monoxide generated by the first fuel cell is consumed as fuel for the first fuel cell before supplying into the solid high-molecule fuel cell. The high system has high efficiency.
Fuel cell has peripheral part (7) formed in circumference of electricity generating part equipped with the matrix (5) supported by air pole (1) and fuel pole (2) electrodes, both having heat fusion films, made of fluorinated resin, and non-heat fusion films, made of polyimide resin. The internal dia. of the peripheral part of the air pole side is greater than that of the fuel pole side.    USE -   Used as fuel cell, in which phosphonic acid is used.    ADVANTAGE -   Heat shrinkage of the heat and non-fusion films is prevented. The measuring accuracy of the cell is good.
Photovoltaic device comprises (a) semiconductor layer, (b) current collecting electrode comprising a metal wire, and (c) a bus bar electrically connected to the current collecting electrode; a part of the current collecting electrode positioned between the bus bar and the semiconductor layer. Also claimed are (i) the above photovoltaic device laminated on a substrate; (ii) formation of a photovoltaic device comprising (a) positioning bonding agent or adhesive material on a semiconductor layer or a transparent conductive layer, (b) fixing a current collecting electrode on a semiconductor layer or transparent conductive layer with a bonding agent or adhesive material, (c) placing a bus bar on the current collecting electrode, and (d) effecting connection between the current collecting electrode and the semiconductor layer or transparent conductive layer by heat and/or pressure; and (iii) the formation of a photovoltaic device comprising (a) positioning bonding agent or adhesive material on a substrate, (b) fixing a current collecting electrode on the substrate with the bonding agent or adhesive material, (c) placing a bus bar on the current collecting electrode, and (d) effecting connection between the current collecting electrode and the bus bar and connection between the current collecting electrode and the semiconductor layer or transparent conductive layer by heat and/or pressure.    USE -   The device is used as a solar cell for outdoor use e.g. roofing material.    ADVANTAGE -   The electrode configuration provides satisfactory current collecting property, satisfactory work efficiency and high throughput. The device is simple to mfr., has satisfactory initial characteristics and satisfactory long-term reliability.
An electrochemical solid electrolyte cell system is based on a flat, gas- permeable, non-conductive flexible polymer substrate (1). The cell regions (3,4,5) consist of a porous, electrically-conductive, flexible electrode layer (7); a proton conducting, flexible membrane layer (8, 9, 10); and a second porous, flexible, electron-conducting electrode layer (11) laid one over the other, using coating technologies.    Also claimed is a procedure to make the electrochemical cell system by successive deposition of layers on a substrate, as described.    Further claimed are the use of the cell as an electrolysis system, splitting water into hydrogen and oxygen, and its use as a fuel cell converting hydrogen or methanol into electricity.    USE -   To make a solid electrolyte, multilayer electrochemical cell system using thin film technology, which may be used in electrolysis, or fuel cell applications.    ADVANTAGE -   The assembly described, miniaturises the cell stack in area and/or thickness of its components, also avoiding elaborate clamping arrangements. The idea is essentially an analogue of microcircuit manufacture. Large numbers of cell regions are feasible, which may be connected in series and/or parallel arrays to achieve desirable characteristic properties, e.g. voltage, current, redundancy. The thin flexible sheets of the assembly can be made in almost any shape. They may be rolled up together. Further discussion of materials is provided in the text, covering such topics as the ormolytes (organically modified ceramic electrolytes), aminosils, and lanthanide complexes. Techniques for thin film deposition and modification are also identified.
A high temp. fuel cell has at least two overlying layers (2, 10) including at least one electrically insulating layer (2), which contains a periodically repeating sequence of two or more overlying ceramic layers (4, 6) of different compsns.    Also claimed is a method of producing the above fuel cell in which the individual ceramic layers (4, 6) are produced by successively spraying ceramic densely onto the layer (10), by atmospheric plasma spraying, flame spraying, high velocity flame spraying or vacuum or low pressure flame spraying.    ADVANTAGE -   The insulating layer has maximised insulating properties, good adhesion and mechanical stability.
A fibre comprises a polymer contg. at least 0.1 wt.% of a hard filler distributed uniformly. The filler has Mohs hardness greater than 3 and an average particle size of 0.25-10 m. The polymer is an isotropic melt processable polymer or a polymer that is not melt processable.    USE -   The fibre has a cut resistance at least 20% and often 50% higher than a similar fiber without filler, as measured by the Ashland Cut Protection test, and is used in protective gloves, aprons and chaps, tarpaulins for trucks, luggage, upholstery, inflatables, fuel cells, airline cargo curtains and fire hose sheaths.
The polymeric compsn. is of formula (I). In (I): r = integer greater than 0; at least one of m, n, p and q = integer greater than 0; X = SO3H, PO2H2, PO3H2, CH2PO3H2, COOH, OSO3H, OPO2H2, OPO3H2, NR3+ or CH2NR3+, where R = alkyl, perfluoroalkyl or aryl; A1, A2 and A3 = SO2F, halogen, alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, O-R, where R = alkyl, perfluoroalkyl or aryl, CF=CF2, CN, NO2 or OH; and Y = H, halogen, CxHyFz, where x = integer greater than 0 and y + z = 2x + 1, O-R, where R = CxHyFz or aryl, CF=CF2, CN, COOH or CO2R1, where R1 = alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, aryl or NR2R3; and R2 and R3 = H, alkyl or aryl. A1, A2 and A3 may further comprise H provided that Y is not halogen, COOH or ester, or provided that r and at least two of n, p and q are integers greater than 0, or provided that r and m are integers greater than 0. Also claimed are polymeric compsns. of formulae (II) or (III). In the formulae: Z1 and Z2 = H or F. Also claimed are polymeric compsns. in which m = 0, polymeric compsns. which are opt. partially crosslinked, a polymeric membrane comprising an opt. crosslinked compsn., and an electrochemical fuel cell comprising a membrane which is an ion exchange membrane.    USE -   Used as solid polymer electrolytes in electrochemical applications, e.g. fuel cells, and in ion-selective electrodes, electrode separators, proton exchange membranes, and ion-exchange material for chromatographic sepns., electrodialysis and analytical pre-concn. techniques.    ADVANTAGE -   The low cost copolymers have good processability, thermal stability, chemical resistance, mechanical properties, the ability to introduce crosslinking using conventional techniques, and the ability to introduce a wide variety of different ion-exchange functionalities and/or obtain polymeric materials with different equiv. weights, due to the presence of the pendent aromatic gps..
The article comprises a generally rigid material. It consists of two truncated obelisks extending from opposing faces of an octagonal column with five sided pyramids of equal size and proportion extending from the ends of the obelisks. The articles may be used together to form an array with interstitial gaps, which may receive a fluid, as in a fluid bed reactor or a catalytic bed, or may be filled with a structural matrix, as in a reinforced structural composite.    Also claimed are: (i) a structure including a number of the above articles in a matrix material; and (ii) a catalyst bed including a number of catalyst structures as above.    USE -   Used as aggregates for reinforced structural materials or as improved support/carrier components for catalysts, fluid beds, filters, fuel cells, etc..    ADVANTAGE -   The aggregates have a unique three-dimensional shape which are theoretically capable of packing to near 100% density without any void vol. and using only one size fraction.
Fuel reformer (1) has a reforming tube (2) and burner (5)to steam-reform hydrocarbon to hydrogen enriched reformed gas. The reforming tube comprises an intermediate cylinder (81) erected vertically, both inside and outside cylinders (82,83) placed concentrically at the outside and inside of intermediate cylinder providing the space, respectively, and connected to the intermediate cylinder by an upper plate (21) and connected to each other at the lower ends of both cylinders sepg. from the lower end of intermediate tube, and catalyst layer (3) formed at the circular space between the intermediate cylinder and inside cylinder. The burner is placed at the inside of reforming tube to supply a heating medium to the inner circumferential surface of inside cylinder and circumferential surface of outside cylinder. The catalyst layer comprises connected bodies formed by connecting reforming catalyst particles having penetration holes by strings, and the connected bodies are supported at the lower surface of upper plate providing an average distance between connected bodies wider than an average distance between the catalyst particles.    USE -   For mfg. fuel gas of fuel cell power generators.    ADVANTAGE -   Reforming catalyst particles do not crush to increase life of catalyst, and the catalyst is easily replaced.
A methanol modifying unit (A) consists of a modifying chamber (B), a combustion chamber (C), a fuel dispersing chamber (D) and a carbon monoxide transforming chamber (E), (E) is installed adjacent (B) and carbon monoxide is transformed into carbon dioxide in it. Heat generated in (E) is used by (B). (A) which is equipped with a pair of (B) and a (E) that is sandwiched with them.    USE -   Used for producing hydrogen by the modifying of methanol.    ADVANTAGE -   This method can reduce the size and fuel consumption of conventional unit due to the layout of (B) and (E).
The surface facing solar radiation of a solar cell has an electrically conductive layer (S) in addn. to any conductor tracks present. The layer is pref. of ZnO and may have a profiled surface, which can comprise grooves, to increase the surface area exposed to radiation. The coating is applied to prevent recombination of electron donor pairs.    ADVANTAGE -   Increase efficiency of cells, to more than 20 % with Si-based solar cells.
System has the first detector at a gas feed pipe for detecting concn. of CO gas in fuel gas, and a computer to transmit abnormal signal, of which indicating abnormal state when the detected concn. exceeds the predetermined allowable value.    USE -   The cell is suitable for phosphoric acid type cell.    ADVANTAGE -   The system has improved reliability and running life, since CO poisoning is prevented.
The cell comprises a laminate of single cells and cooling plates, and a heat exchanger tube on each of the plates. Corrosion resistance treatment on at least one surface of the plate and/or the tube is improved.    USE -   Used for a phosphoric acid electrolyte cell.    ADVANTAGE -   The cell has improved operating efficiency and cost.
(1) Electric conductive oxide (A) has formula:    ZnxMyInzOu    where M is at least one of Al and Ga, u = (x + 3y/2 -3z/2) - d), the ratio x/y is &gt; 1.8/1 and &lt; 8/1, the ratio z/y is 0.4-1.4, and oxygen defect is larger than zero and smaller than 1/10 of u.    Nine more claims w.r.t. the details of chemical composition of (A) and the electrodes made from (A) are also given.    In an example, a powder mixture of In2O3, Ga2O3, and ZnO was prepd. so that the atomic ratio of their metal elements is 80:40:40. The mixt. was mixed with ball mill for 1 hour using ethanol as dispersing agent, heated at 1000C for 5 hours, ground with ball-mill, pressure moulded, heated at 1400C in air, and further heated in Ar at 880C for 2 hours.    USE -   Because of high electric conductivity and transparency for visible light, the oxide is used as the electrodes of LCDs and solar cells.    ADVANTAGE -   This oxide has higher electric conductivity and transparency than Sn-doped In2O3.
An integrated thin-film (TF) solar battery having a number of unit elements connected in series, comprises: (i) a substrate; (ii) a number of first electrode layers divided into a number of regions and formed on the substrate; (iii) a number of semiconductor layers disposed on the number of first electrode layers such that each of the semiconductor layers is formed on 2 adjacent first electrodes and has a connection opening on one of the 2 first electrodes; (iv) an electrically conductive layer formed in a region except for the connection opening on each of the semiconductor layers; (v) a second electrode layer disposed on each of the electrically conductive layer in a state where the second electrode layer is electrically connected to one of the 2 electrode layers through the connection opening, to form a region interposed between the second electrode layer and the other first electrode layer as the unit element.    A method of mfr. is disclosed.    USE -   Mfr. of integrated TF solar battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Curve factor (FF value) is improved while conducting the cleaning process; excellent reliability; improved output current and conversion efficiency.
Electrochemical appts, esp a fuel cell, has a solid electrolyte (6) located between O2 and fuel electrodes (5,4), a separator contacting the non-electrolyte surface of the electrode(s) and a reactive micro-slip zone (I) (16) between electrolyte and electrode(s) (5). (I) has interconnected pores of smaller average dia than the pores of the electrode and the electrolyte has a fuel electrode material interfacial layer (18) on the electrolyte surface adjacent the fuel electrode, at least one of the interfacial layer, fuel electrode and (I) being formed of an S-tolerant material.In embodiments, the interfacial layer is an S-tolerant conductor; at least one electrode has a porosity of 50-90% to eliminate gas backflow and the fuel electrode and/or interfacial layer are made of S-tolerant materials. Process for operating the appts where the fuel electrode and/or interfacial layer are made of S-tolerant materials comprises supplying a fuel contg at least 2ppm, pref at least 300ppm S species.    USE -   Pref. as a solid electrolyte fuel cell, esp a fuel cell supplied with natural gas, landfill CH4, coal gas, diesel fuel or jet fuel.    ADVANTAGE -   use of S-tolerant materials and modification of electrode flow characteristics enables the cell to utilise S-bearing fuels with improved operating stability and durability.
A fuel discharge pipe extends from the fuel output header at the top of the module into the fuel cell at the bottom of the module.    ADVANTAGE -   The bottom section of the module is cooled by the supplied fuel.
Exhaust gas from the water collector connected to the fuel battery is guided to a ventilation fan through a speed-reducing duct.    USE -   Used to discharge steam-contg. exhaust gas from a fuel battery power generation system.    ADVANTAGE -   White-smoke gas discharge is prevented.
A desulphuriser removes sulphur in crude fuel introduced into a fuel processing system in a fuel cell generating set. The desulphuriser has a heat transfer means for making uniform a temp. profile in the fuel gas flowing direction generated on a desulphurisation catalyst layer held in a desulphuriser container.    USE -   Used for a fuel cell generating set.    ADVANTAGE -   The heat transfer means makes uniform the temp. profiles of the catalytic layer and an adsorbing material layer in the desulphuriser, relaxing the partial low-temp. region evolved in suspending fuel cell plant operation. The resulting catalytic layer and adsorbing material layer retain temp. exceeding the temp. required for their functions. The fuel cell generating set under the suspended state enables immediate restart to recover generating operation.
A city gas supply line and a liquefied propane gas line are connected to the built-in hydrogen-rich gas reformer. The fuel-battery cooling-water line is connected to the heat exchanger in the evaporator of the gas reformer.    USE -   Used as a fuel battery power generation system.    ADVANTAGE -   Liquefied propane gas is gasified economically.
A blowdown device is coupled to the steam separator connected to the cooling water circulation line of the fuel cell.    ADVANTAGE -   Silicon cpd. can be released easily from the steam separator.
A carbon oxide transformer with a temp. sensor and a carbon oxide sensor are connected to the hydrogen gas supply line between a hydrogen-rich gas generator and the fuel battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Fuel gas can be supplied safely to the fuel battery.
The electrode material consists of perovskite oxide, having composition of Ba/(La + Ba) of 0.05-0.20, and (La + Ba)/Cr of 0.97-1.    ADVANTAGE -   The electrode material of this invention can prevent cracks on the solid electrolyte caused by thermal stress.
Solid electrolyte vapour is generated onto a porous substrate from an electrolyte material by irradiation with argon plasma.    ADVANTAGE -   A homogeneous quality electrolyte film is obtd.
A composite material comprises a metal phthalocyanine with an orientation index in the circular plane of metal phthalocyanine of over 1.0 and a flexible polymer.    USE -   The composite materials are useful for non-linear optical materials, photoconductive materials, solar batteries, chemical reaction catalysts, gas sensors, biosensors and deodorants. The composite materials doped with iodine are useful for antistatic working clothes and electroconductive materials.    ADVANTAGE -   The composite materials can be moulded into fibres, tapes, films and plastics. The composite materials doped with iodine have excellent electroconductivity, high strength and high modulus.
Mfg. sintered ITO body includes performing dewaxed sintering of the moulding having a mixt. of the cpd., and tin cpd. in an oxidising atmos. or oxygen-enriched air atmos., reducing temp. to 100C or lower, and performing proper firing the moulding in an oxidising atmosphere.    USE -   Sputtering target for manufacturing transparent conductive film of solar battery, and LCD.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides sintered ITO body with high density at comparatively low temp. in short period of time.
The film contains Si, C, H and F atoms with the optical forbidden band width being around 2.5eV. The composition ratio `X' of Si atom to carbon atom at the time of formation of semiconductor film Si( 1-x)Cx, is 0.4.    The Si atom and more than 50% of the bonded carbon atoms are coupled to two or three fluorine atoms.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For optical sensor, solar battery. Possesses large optical band gap. Exhibits satisfactory photoelectric characteristics.
The device comprises a tube plate of a solid electrolyte fuel cell, a fuel supply pipe, a cylindrical spacer provided between the tube plate and the fuel supply pipe, a spacer fixing nut engaged with a thread part of the spacer, and insulation material provided on contact surfaces of the spacer, spacer fixing nut and tube plate to each other.    USE -   Seal performance between fuel gas and air, and productivity are improved.
The radiation converter (101) is provided between a lower pipe plate (11) and a generating chamber (1), and an air supplying chamber (102) is provided between (1) and a fuel exhausting chamber (5), and the heat exchanger is provided to heat exchange exhaust air (EA) and supplying air (SA).    ADVANTAGE -   Disorder occurring at the lower pipe plate is avoided. Deceased volume of air heat exchanger.
The device comprises a steam separator, a water processing device for processing condensed water of separated steam, and a condensation heat exchanger. A water injection tube is connected to the high temperature heating side of the condensed heat exchanger.    USE -   Uncondensed gas on the high-temperature heating side is extracted sufficiently. Stable operation is achieved.
The fuel cell is composed of joint material (20) of electrolytic membrane (21) and a couple of electrodes (22), (23) and a gas flow pat forming material which forms water flow path (71) and connecting flow path (75).    ADVANTAGE -   The fuel cell allows water to be supplied to the electrolytic membrane without decreasing power generating ability. Miniaturisation is possible.
The device comprises a fuel cell connected to a city gas supply line. The cell is also connected to a supply passage from transportable fuel source such as a hydrogen storage alloy tank and a fuel-enclosed pressure container.    USE -   The system can be operated even when the city gas supply line is broken e.g. because of a disaster.
Cogeneration of electric power and heat comprises supplying high purity hydrogen (11) obtd. by steam-reforming hydrocarbon (7) in a reformer (5) having a hydrogen sepn. and permeation membrane to a fuel cell (12), heating the reformer by combustion heat of off gas of reformer, and using waste heat of combustion gas after heating the reformer as a heat source of heating appts. or hot water supply appts.    USE -   For supplying electric power and heat using reformers of hydrocarbon and fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides simplified cogeneration of electric power and heat appts. having a high thermal efficiency.
The device comprises a low temp. blower to supply combustion waste gas to the cathode side of a fuel cell, an oxygen concn. gauge to measure oxygen concn. in the waste gas, and a controller to control rotation speed of the blower based on the measured oxygen concn..    ADVANTAGE -   Cost is reduced, and compactness and simplicity achieved.
The interconnector (1) is composed of coarse layer (2) having pores (2a) and dense layer (3). O2 partial pressure in the oxidising gas leaving in (2) is &gt; (10-5 ) atm., and the O2 partial pressure in the fuel gas passing outside of (3) is &lt; (10-5) atm.    ADVANTAGE -   The plate type ceramic interconnector is free from occurring warps caused by the reducing action.
The device comprises a solid electrolyte plate, a cell plate having an anode and a cathode, and a bipolar plate, which are laminated with each other. The bipolar plate has anode gas grooves and cathode gas grooves, and the grooves are formed to have specified depths.    USE -   Low contact resistance and high performance can be provided.
The anode having reforming catalytic ability is provided with gas permeable porous ceramic layer having thickness of 0.1-1 mm and average pore dia. of 50-2000 nm. at least at the inlet port of fuel gas.    ADVANTAGE -   The solid electrolyte type fuel cell having this anode has improved temp. fluctuation on the inner surface of the cell and has long life time.
Fuel cell is mfd. by sintering, redn. treating of a fuel electrode and by forming electrolyte material and an oxidising electrode on it.    ADVANTAGE -   Shrinkage rate is suppressed to prevent stress caused by the difference of shrinking states of fuel cell and electrolyte, to prevent peeling off of them, and productivity, reliability, and endurance of the fuel cell are improved.
The solid polymer type fuel cell is equipped with the unit cell (4) consists of solid polymer electrolyte membrane (1) and electrodes (2), (3), flow distributors (8), and separators (5). At least one of (8) is a water repellent porous carbon plate of polyacryl group carbon fibre. There are ribs on the one cell (4) side surface.    ADVANTAGE -   The solid polymer type fuel cell has high performance at high current density, with uniform supply at reactive gas to the electrode.
Fuel gas and oxidizing gas are supplied through different paths above a first manifold plate, a first planar pressure generation plate, a separator body, a second planar pressure generation plate, a second manifold plate, a first gasket, a solid polymer electrolyte film and a second gasket, while cooling water is supplied from below. This cooling water flows upward in the separator body, and it makes the temperature distribution of a fuel cell uniform.
Fuel cell(s) are used to power O2 generators or removers which are based on solid electrolyte O2 systems (SEOS), the fuel cell(s) and SEOS being integrated in the same device or housed separately. The fuel cell(s) may be any conventional type eg H3 PO4, polymer electrolyte, alkaline, molten carbonate, solid oxide etc. The SEOS and the fuel cell(s) may operate in about the same temp range, the configuration of the device depending on the operating temp(s).    USE -    Esp. in generation (or removal) of O2 for e.g. medical use in remote locations having no power supply; the device may be used to generate O2and / or electric power.    ADVANTAGE -   Need for an external d.c. power supply, esp. a converted a.c. supply, to power the SEOS is avoided. The device is compact, efficient and portable.
The heat treatment for enhancement of device efficiency and stabilisation of film quality in photoelectric conversion device using amorphous silicon comprises (a) applying reverse bias voltage 0.5-5.0V to both sides of electrodes of solar cell, i.e. P and N layers to countervail electric field of solar cell itself, and (b) heating the solar cell in atmosphere of vacuum, nitrogen or hydrogen gas at 60-150C for 30-60 mins..
A sheet consists of EVA copolymer formed by blending a crosslinking agent and a silane coupling agent. Radiation crosslinking is applied to the sheet to obtain a predetermined gel percentage.    Also claimed is that th prodn. of the sheet comprises:    (a) using the EVA copolymer formed by blending the crosslinking agent and the silane coupling agent;    (b) depositing the EVA copolymer;    (c) irradiating radiation with a predetermined radiant quantities at the sheet.    USE -   The method produces the sheet for sealing a solar battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Radiation crosslinking is applied to the sheet until obtaining the predetermined gel percentage. The result controls fluidity at the melted region to reduce heating contraction, and affectively prevent opening. The method increases prodn. rate, from radiation irradiation to sheet formation.
Plate type reformer consists of combustion chambers (3) and reforming chambers (2) laminated alternately. The combustion chamber consists of a dispersion chamber (5) and combustion catalyst chamber (4) near to the dispersion chamber and filled with combustion catalyst. An inlet of fuel gas is formed in the dispersion chamber, inlet of air is formed in the combustion catalyst chamber, and many dispersion holes (7) are provided near the fuel gas inlet side of dividing plate (6) between the dispersion chamber and combustion catalyst chamber to supply fuel gas to the combustion catalyst chamber, and a small hole (8) for preventing stay of gas and purging gas is provided at a position of dividing plate corresp. to the innermost part of dispersion chamber apart from the dispersion holes.    USE -   Used as plate type reformers of molten carbonate type fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -   Fuel gas does not stay in the dispersion chambers and gas can be purged for a short time.
Fuel reformer (1) comprises a honeycomb structure (30) having numerous passages divided by sepg. walls (31,32) in a housing (10). The honeycomb structure has feed gas flowing regions (16) having reforming passages arranged in rows neighbouring each other and reforming catalyst layers formed on the surfaces of sepg. walls surrounding the passages to convert fuel gas to reforming gas. Heating gas flowing regions (26) having heating passages arranged in rows neighbouring to each other are sepd. from the feed gas flowing regions through the sepg. walls, and the feed gas flowing regions and heating gas flowing regions are arranged alternately and in parallel to each other. In either the feed gas flowing regions or heating gas flowing regions, the reforming passages or heating passages neighbouring to each other are connected by lateral holes (27) provided to the sepg. walls.    USE -   For catalyst parts of fuel reformers of fuel cell systems or hydrogen generators.    ADVANTAGE -   Large contact surfaces between the feed gas flowing regions and heating gas flowing regions are provided.
The mfr. of a ceramic product with thermal expansion equivalent to zirconia includes forming a slurry from a mixture containing mullite powder, magnesia powder and organic binder, moulding the slurry by casting in a mould, releasing the moulding after the moulding has hardened, drying the moulding, and firing the moulding.    USE -   For solid electrolyte fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The ceramic product is produced at low cost.
Mfr. involves forming a transparent electroconductive layer (2) on an insulating transparent substrate (1). The predetermined part of the conduction layer is removed and a 1st slot is formed in the substrate. An N type electric conduction layer (3) that consists of Cd and sulphur is formed on the conduction layer that is divided into a number of areas using the etching liq.. The N type conduction layer is removed selectively and a P type electric conduction layer is then formed. A P type ohmic electrode layer (6) is formed in the upper part of the P type electric conduction layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies mfg process. Obtains highly efficient solar battery module at low cost.
The method comprises depositing an ITO film (2) on a glass substrate (1). A CdS film (3) and a CdTe film (4) are deposited sequentially on the ITO film. The CdTe film is heated at 350-600 deg.C.    A CdCl2 layer is deposited on the CdTe film. The CdCl2 is heated at 350-600 deg.C. A Cu/Au ohmic electrode is formed on the CdTe film containing a sufficient amount of CdCl2.    ADVANTAGE -   The method improves conversion efficiency in optical absorption layer, obtains sufficient reproducibility, reduces contact resistance of ohmic electrode, and does not generate defects.
The fuel cell comprises a cell end member, and a facing member to which the cell end member is tightly applied. The facing member has communication holes to a gas inflow port, etc., formed in the cell end member. A gas leak seal member is provided between the cell end member and the facing member around the communication hole.    ADVANTAGE -   Gas communication structure is simplified.
Each unit cell is held by a pair of cell holding members disposed at both end surfaces of the cell. The cell has inclined surfaces, and the cell holding member has inner abutting surfaces to be applied to the inclined surfaces of the cell, and outer abutting surfaces.    USE -   The unit cells can be assembled in correct arrangement conditions in a relatively short work time.
The raw material of vanadium oxide is heated under a reducing atmos. to give vanadium oxide contg. V2O3 or V2O4 and is dissolved into H2SO4 soln. to give the V gp. electrolyte bath.    ADVANTAGE -   Inexpensive high concn. V soln. is mfd. for use in a redox battery.
The device comprises unit cells having through holes at four corners, separators having through holes at four corners, which are laminated with the unit cells, and gas passage tubes and air passage tubes inserted through the through holes. The gas passage tubes and the air passage tubes have slit parts along their length at insertion parts.    ADVANTAGE -   Cracking by thermal expansion is prevented. A solid electrolyte of good characteristics is used.
The fuel cell system has a reforming device to reform methanol to fuel gas contg. H2, and the fuel cell to obtain electromotive force by electrochemical reaction of the fuel gas. The system is provided with a methanol detecting device, and an operation control device for the reforming device, to reduce methanol concn. according to the measured methanol concn.    ADVANTAGE -   A fuel cell system which can prevent decreasing fuel cell output is provided with control of the reforming device to reduce methanol concn.
The fuel cell system comprises a fuel cell which achieves electrode reaction by receiving fuel gases of H2 rich gas and O2-contg. gas, heat source to discharge heat energy at least at the starting time of fuel cell and water system to introduce formed water produced by electrode reaction to the outside of the fuel cell. The heat source and the water system are provided as heat exchange is possible.    ADVANTAGE -   The fuel cell system with improved starting characteristics.
In converting an output of a fuel cell into an AC to be partly consumed in an assisting device in a power generation device, and output to another power system for the rest, a power part to be consumed by the assisting device is set preliminarily, and constant power control is performed to keep an output of the inverter constant.    ADVANTAGE -   Stable operation is achieved without fluctuation of the output of the fuel cell, in spite of fluctuation of consumed power.
The device comprises a jacket having a water entrance, a water exit, a fuel gas entrance, a fuel gas exit, a pair of partition plates in the jacket to form a water chamber, and a hollow yarn membrane through which fuel gas gets in contact with cooling water, to be humidified.    ADVANTAGE -   High humidification efficiency is achieved while achieving compactness.
Temp. controller of fuel reformer (1) to reform a raw fuel material with steam, by passing it through a superheated tube (5) and reforming tube (8) having a catalyst layer (6) and heat transmission fin and heating the superheated tube and reforming tube by using burners (3), comprises a temp. detector (40) of raw material flowing into the catalyst layer, temp. detectors (41,42,43) of catalyst layer to detect temps. of several positions of catalyst layer, average temp. arithmetic unit (45) to calculate an average temp. of catalyst from data of the temp. detectors of catalyst layer, correction temp. arithmetic unit (46) to correct an average temp. of catalyst from deviation between the average temp. of catalyst calculated by the average temp. arithmetic unit and catalyst average standard temp., and temp. setting device (47) to set a corrected set temp. obtd. by correcting a set temp. corresp. to a load from a command of load by a correction temp. from th correction temp. arithmetic unit. A temp. of catalyst is controlled from the deviation between the correction set temp. from the temp. setting device and a detected temp. of raw material.    USE -   Used in a fuel reformer of fuel cell power generation appts. to reform a raw fuel material, e.g. methanol or natural gas, with a team.    ADVANTAGE -   When a load is fluctuated, a temp. of steam reform reaction is stably controlled.
System has devices for stopping supply of fuel gas to the fuel cell, for feeding non-reactive gas to the cell in place of fuel gas and heating the non-reactive gas to b.pt. of methanol.    ADVANTAGE -   Methanol in fuel gas in stopping operation of the fuel cell can be removed and mixt. of methanol in water system can be prevented.
Prodn. comprises drying a gel obtd. by soln. compsn. consisting of zirconium alkoxide, yttrium nitrate hydrate and first and second solvent and crushing to form a powder.    ADVANTAGE -   A thin and compact solid electrolyte film can be formed easily and a cell with a large output can be obtd..
Device comprises a fuel cell to be mounted on an electric car, a DC/AC inverter to convert generated power of the fuel cell into AC power, and a power supply to change the out of the DC/AC inverter from a drive part of the electric car to an external power requiring facility.    USE -   Heat by fuel cell power generation can be effectively used.
Cpd. metal sulphide semiconductor thin films are formed on a substrate by thermal decomposition of a sulphur-contg. organometallic cpd. of at least one of Cu, Zn, Cd, Hg and Pb.    Also claimed are: (i) the prodn. of the thin films by thermal evapn. and deposition of the organometallic cpd. and simultaneously growing metal sulphide crystals by thermal decomposition; (ii) forming the thin films by coating an organic solvent soln. of the organometallic cpd. on the substrate by printing, and effecting thermal decomposition; (iii) a photoelectric device prepd. by forming a cpd. semiconductor thin film by any of the above processes on the surface of an electrode of Cu, Ag, Pt, Pd, Mo etc., C (mainly graphite), Sn oxide, ITO etc. formed on a ceramic, glass or resin sheet; and (iv) a solar cell with a p-n junction formed by depositing p-type CdTe semiconductor by printing and sintering or by evapn. on an n-type CdS film window layer formed on an ITO or tin oxide electrode on a transparent electrically insulating sheet of soda lime glass or polyimide resin.    ADVANTAGE -   Uniform and large area thin films can be produced using relatively low cost prodn. equipment operated in normal atmospheric conditions without using conventional and expensive vacuum devices and high temp. inert gas atmospheres. The solar cells are inexpensive and have a high photoelectric conversion efficiency.
Mfg. a separator plate for a molten carbonate fuel cell from nickel-clad sheet steel comprises applying aluminium partially to the separator plate (1) in the wet seal area (WSA, WSK) by high speed flame spraying and an intermetallic phase of the aluminium and base metal is produced by heating the coated areas during spraying or thereafter.    USE -   Used for fuel cell separator plates.    ADVANTAGE -   The process provides an economic mfg. process for nickel-clad steel separator plates of good corrosion resistance.
This system produces gaseous fuel, e.g. methanol and / or steam as the source material for reforming of hydrocarbons, for use in fuel cells, e.g. for mobile use. It comprises a first heat exchanger constructed for evaporative duty, and a second heat exchanger for superheating. The feed material is at least partially evaporated before being fed by an interconnecting line from the evaporator to the superheater. In this original arrangement, the gas prodn. system (1) is thermally insulated from the surroundings, at least in the region of the interconnection (7).    USE -   A system producing fuel in gaseous form and / or steam as raw materials for reforming, to be used in fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -   In this unit the gaseous material produced exhibits constant operational parameters, independently of the gas flow.Thermal insulation of the interconnection keeps the temp. constant, reducing or prevents variation by heat losses esp. at low flow rates. The system dynamics are also improved by insulation, through a redn. of dead space. Introducing the filling section increases the flow velocity. The funnel geometry of inlet and outlet induces controlled atomisation of the transport medium. In the second implementation, a jacketed construction is used, with a thermal medium flow, which not only prevents cooling by heat losses, but imposes its own temperature at the walls, for further-improved temperature control.
The device comprises a front support (21), a front fork head tube and a rear support (19). Pedals are provided which are rotated to provide lower body development. A chain drive connects the pedals to a flywheel. An adjustable handle bar support column (13) is telescopically positioned within the head tube. An adjustable seat column is provided.    A percussion pad (11) is non-removably mounted on the adjustable handle bar support column. The percussion pad has a segregated area (35) which produces different notes. An amplifier is provided. A headset is connected to the amplifier. The percussion pad is struck during use of the pedals to provide both upper body development and entertainment by the headset.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   E.g for lower and upper body development. Eliminates boredom while developing coordination. Does not disturb others in vicinity of excercise device. Economical and convenient to use.
The device comprises a frame which has a pivot axis defined on it. The frame is configured to be supported on a floor. The device has two foot links. Each foot link has two ends with a foot supporting portion located between them. A coupling system associated with the first end of each foot link, pivotally connects the first end of each foot link to the pivot axis to allow the first end to travel in an arcuate path relative to the pivot axis. A guide is supported by the frame and is operative to engage and direct the second ends of the foot links along preselected reciprocating paths of travel as the first ends of the respective foot links travel along arcuate paths of travel.    When the exercise device is in use and when the second end of one of the foot link travels forwards from a rearmost position the heel portion of the user's foot initially rises at a faster rate than a toe portion of it. When the second end of the foot link travels rearwards, from a foremost position, the heel portion of the user's foot initially lowers at a, faster rate than the toe portion. The control system selectively automatically changes the elevation and angular orientation of the guide relative to the frame to alter the path travelled by the foot supporting portion of the two links.    ADVANTAGE -   Simulates range of stepping motions. Jogging and running are simulated without imparting shock to user's body joints as in excercise treadmills.
A method of extracting useful energy from two masses of matter having polarised hot and cold temperatures comprising the steps of: a) accumulating the generative fluid in liquid state within circulating device; b) allowing the liquefied generative fluid to flow, powered by its own hydrostatic pressure, through heating device to be energized by exposition to the heat of the at least one independent high temperature source.    The energized generative fluid is then accumulated in a next step c) within a funnelling inlet chamber or gas accumulator (38) arid within the rising length adjacent thereat, such that the tube segments turn on the lower rotor to wall the accumulated generative fluid rising length in it; d) closing the gates of at least one of the closable tube segments in the rising length causing the endless sequence of tube segments to move around a fixed path thereby generating useful energy; e) opening the gates of the topmost closable tube segment of the rising length to release the generative fluid.    USE -   For translating into useful energy the buoyancy power of a circulating generative fluid assisted by a heating device in operative communication with at least one independent high temperature source, the generative fluid rising within a standing liquid and revolving a flo-turbine essentially composed of an endless sequence of closable tube segments supported by frame device including at least one upper and at least one lower rotor and having at least a rising length.    ADVANTAGE -   Flexible system with potential for universal application.
A photodiode comprises: a first region of semiconductor material of predetermined conductivity type; a second region of opposite conductivity type surrounded by the first region so that the exterior portions thereof opposite exterior portions of the first region and spaced from the first region along a major portion of the second region opposing the first region, the remainder of the second region opposing the first region forming a semiconductor junction with the first region. A focal plane array is disclosed.    USE -   A process of fabrication of infrared photodiodes.    ADVANTAGE -   Noise is greatly reduced by minimising the pn junction area without affecting the signal response of the photodiode, high temperature operational capability 90-110 K.
The system generates electricity by tidal current produced during a high tide or high tide between two low tides of sea water.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents environmental pollution. Solves energy resource constraints.
The apparatus (20) includes an initial value input unit (11) which inputs an initial value e.g. hydraulic pressure, and a valve opening input unit (12) which inputs the switching degree of a valve 94). A flow calculating unit (13) computes the flow rate inside the valve, based on the switching degree.    A channel group data analysis unit (21) analyses several data e.g. hydraulic pressure in the channel group, flow velocity in a piping (3), based on the input initial value and computed flow rate.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies alteration of flow model of whole channel group; shortens analysis time; power generating plant can be analysed.
The method involves using rectangular laser beam whose longitudinal direction axis is leaned corresponding to movement direction axis of an XY table (07) on which a solar battery is placed.    ADVANTAGE -   Raises solar battery efficiency. Obtains stabilized insulation resistance when solar battery is divided.
The apparatus has a reverse bias application unit (2) which applies reverse bias to an opto-electric transducer (1). An IR detector (3) detects the 2D coordinates of the measured surface of the transducer from which IR rays are radiated. A discrimination unit (4) detects whether the detected coordinates indicate the leak location based on the comparison result of energy of the IR rays and a reference value.    When it is judged to be leak location, the 2D coordinates information is stored in a memory (5). A laser gun (7) is controlled by a controller (6) to irradiate laser light on the leak location of the transducer based on the contents of the memory.    ADVANTAGE -   Detects an repairs leak location efficiently. Reduces generation of inferior goods, remarkably.
The method involves laminating together a backside electrode layer (22a,22b), a non crystalline semiconductor layer (23a,23b) and a transparent electrode layer (24a,24b) formed over the surface of an insulating substrate (21), so as to form photo voltaic cell. The layers are cut along a common cutting part (31) so as to form first and second divided cell parts (30a,30b) respectively.    By removing a part of the non crystalline semiconductor layer and transparent semiconductor layer at second cell part, a back side electrode outcrop (32b) is formed. A collected pole (26a) provided on the transparent electrode layer at the first cell part is electrically connected to the backside electrode outcrop of the second cell part.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies manufacture. Obtains solar battery of superior characteristics. Establishes degree of integration of cell, freely.
The apparatus has a collimating lens (2) that collimates the light beam output from a SHG blue laser (1). The parallel light beam is condensed on an optical disc (6) using the objective lens (5) after passing through a beam splitter (3), a 1/4 wavelength board (4).    The reflected light beam from the optical disc is bent about 90deg by the beam splitter. Then, reflected light beam is focussed on a light receiving element (9) which comprises an avalanche photo diode using a cylindrical lens (8).    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For e.g. DVD system, change of phase type optical disc system, magneto optical disc system. Facilitates usage of short wavelength light source. Enables high density recording.
The device has a converter (11) which converts electrical signal to a light signal. An optical branching part (13) branches this light signal into minimum of two branch lights. The electrical power in atleast one branch light is detected by an optical electrical power detector (14) which outputs detection operation. A differential amplification part (15) outputs an error signal proportional to the difference, based on comparison result.    A switch (10) performs electrical break of output end of differential amplification part and converter. A standard clock generator (17) generates a standard clock. A duty variable pulse generator (18) outputs a pulse signal which performs break of switch, by varying arbitrary duty ratios of clock.    ADVANTAGE -   Tests linearity of photodetectors along with its optical intensity.
The solar battery module (M) has multiple solar battery cells (C1-C8) which are divided into four units (U1-U4), each unit constituting a pair of cells.    The solar battery cells are connected with the wiring, so that the current generated from each unit are equal.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables effective utilisation of each unit and solar light. Prevents limitation of size of solar battery cell.
The pre-amplifier circuit has a photodiode (PD) which generates a current signal corresponding to the input optical signal. A current/voltage converter converts the current signal into the voltage signal and outputs the amplified signal. The current/voltage converter comprises a set of first FETs (Q1,Q2,Q3) which are connected in series for amplifying the current received at the gate terminal from the photodiode.    A set of second transistors (Q5-Q8) are connected at the source terminal of the transistor amplifier. When there is variation in the input signal, the gain of amplifier transistors are adjusted by these set of second transistors so that the stabilized drain waveform characteristics in linear area and in saturation area are obtained.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables variation of transimpedance of pre-amplifier according to input voltage fluctuation. Attains stabilized output waveform.
The module has several solar cells which are electrically connected to each other. The solar cells are situated between a transparent surface substrate and a back-side metal substrate. At least two kinds of solar cells, each comprising a single-crystal silicon substrate with a different surface cut, are used.    Several recess are formed on the surface of the solar cell's substrate through an anisotropic etching process at the incident-light side. The reflection angle of an incident light to the two solar cells, differs according to the kind of substrate. The colour of the solar cell varies with the incident light's angle of reflection.    ADVANTAGE -   Produces varying colours and pattern e.g. characters, symbols by varying reflection angle of incident light.
The method involves using a transparent substrate (301) on whose surface a non permeable conductive film (302) is formed. This film is patterned to have a pair of first gate electrodes (303,304). A gate insulating film (305) is formed on the gate electrodes. A semiconductor layer (306) is formed on the gate insulating film. Then a first photoresist (308) of negative mould is formed on the semiconductor layer. By keeping the gate electrode as mask, an exposing process is performed from the back side of the transparent substrate. Then the first photoresist of negative mould is exposed and patterned so that first photoresist remains only in areas other than gate electrodes. Then a second positive type photoresist (309) is formed on the patterned first photoresist. Then the upper part of the transparent substrate is subjected to exposure process. By keeping the negative mould photoresist as an etching mask, a part of semiconductor layer is etched.    USE -   The method is used to produce e.g. TFT, capacitor for flat panel display or dimensional image scanner.    ADVANTAGE -   Eases exposure process, improves degree of freedom of designing and improves reading speed when used in image reading device. Enables manufacturing with cheap material, simplifies process involved, and offers thin film semiconductor device with high quality and high performance.
A process for porous layer production on a substrate involves: (a) applying and drying a paste in an atmosphere containing the vapour of the liquid used in the paste, the vapour pressure being controlled such that the drying time is longer than 10 (preferably longer than 30) mins. per 10 microns layer thickness at the prevailing temperature; and (b) sintering the dried paste layer. Preferably, the drying temperature is at least 41 C below the boiling temperature of the liquid, preferably water, at atmospheric pressure.    USE -   For producing highly porous layers e.g. for photoelectrochemical or dye-sensitised solar cells, catalysts, catalyst supports or (thin film) chromatography.    ADVANTAGE -   The resulting layer has a higher porosity than prior art layers, the porosity increasing with increased drying time and relative humidity.
The system has a measurement element based on material stress such as a spring, sleeve or a combination of these or similar, slipped over an internal bearing shaft to which it is linked by a free wheel or other linkage for transmitting force. The linkage is designed so that, based on a tangential degree of freedom, only torsional forces transmit material stress to the element which is fitted with a power take off.    Two measurement transducers at two signal transmitters for a Hall sensor on different sections of a measurement drum can detect two angles of rotation reference and difference values independently on another as relative values.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For pedal and exercise bicycles and motorised bicycles. Provides torque and power sensors and control system which measures torque developed in crank drive whilst tolerating lowest distortion and torsion. Weather protection for sensors.
This system recovers energy radiated from electrodeless light sources, especially rotating, cooled spherical lamps containing small quantities of argon and sulphur or selenium. These are subjected to the electromagnetic fields of micrometric waves, focused by a wire cage. Glaring, cold and resembling sunlight spectrally, the light enters a lengthy light tube with internal, partially-reflective layer. This directs the light through apertures onto the surface to be illuminated. The light tube is surrounded by a second coaxial tube. Plastic screens occupy the interspace. In this new development, on their curved surfaces (10) a photovoltaic layer (12) converts transmitted light into direct current. Alternatively, the light tube (1) is at least partially surrounded by a casing (14) substituting for the screens. This is similarly coated, and has light outlet apertures.    USE -   To recover excess energy radiated by microwave-excited electrodeless light emitters.    ADVANTAGE -   This system improves on comparable prior art in solving a modern version of the problem of dividing the electric light. The source described produces brilliant illumination. Instead of wasting this by absorbing and converting into heat, a photovoltaic layer is proposed, to recover (currently a rather small percentage) of the light produced, for inversion, and re-supply to the grid. It is claimed that the solution is compact, efficient, safe, economic and environmentally friendly. Maintenance is simple.
The speed control (300), for controlling the speed of a DC motor provides, comprises a regulating circuit having an output for controlling the armature voltage to the motor. An input speed reference signal corresponding to the desired speed is provided to the regulating circuit. A feedback signal proportional to armature voltage is also provided to the regulating circuit to establish an error signal for operating the control to regulate the voltage to the motor and therefore the motor speed.    An IR compensating circuit provides increased motor voltage when the load increases. The voltage drop due to the armature circuit inductance is measured directly and also utilised to alter the output of the regulator to compensate for the inductive voltage drop occurring under transient loading conditions in a manner tending to establish the speed at the desired speed corresponding to the speed reference signal, during such conditions.    ADVANTAGE -   Improved speed regulation during transient loading    conditions. Determined drop may be used on obtaining enhanced regulation of motor speed under transient loading conditions.
The structure includes a first group of wire (6) electrically connected to a solar battery (1). A connection box (3) has second group of wire (7) connected to the roof panel.    The two groups of wires in the panel are connected to a terminal (5) of a measuring device (4) through a connection (8).    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents accident due to electric shock. Improves operativity. Offers safety at time of confirmation of structure of roof panel
The device has a controller (1) connected to the training equipment (3) via a signal cable (2). Measurement data concerning forces, movements and physiological parameters and control signals from a keyboard, can be fed to the controller.    The controller derives the data for force, torque and/or power demand values, propagation speed, mean speed, distance, energy and training time from the entered values, and can feed the demand values for the force, torque and/or power to the training equipment.    ADVANTAGE -   Makes training more entertaining using video generator and screen. Also enables data generated outside the training equipment to influence training value or efficiency.
A tunnel junction semiconductor device consists of: a first layer of p-doped first semiconductor material, the material being either a group III-V or group II-VI alloy; a second layer of n-doped second semiconductor alloy; a thin enhancement layer of a p-doped third semiconductor alloy adjacent and between the first and second layers, the enhancement layer having a higher energy valence band than the first layer for reducing tunnelling distance across the device; the second layer and the enhancement layer materials being of the same class as the first layer. A tandem semiconductor structure is disclosed.    USE -   Unique semiconductor tunnel junction between 2 series connected semiconductor devices, suitable, e.g. solar cells, light emitting diodes.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduced tunnelling distance without increasing doping, or significantly increasing light absorption.
A pump device includes a motor, a pump body having a first body portion and a second body portion, a shaft connected to the motor and extending into the pump body and an impeller mounted on the shaft between the first and second body portions. A four valve assembly is provided in the pump body. The first and second valves are provided in the first body portion, and the third and fourth valves are provided in the second body portion. This pump device may be used to move an attached gate through fluid.    When the gate door is to be moved through the fluid in a first direction, the first valve and the fourth valve are opened (and the second and third valves are closed) so that the fluid moves through the pump body from the fourth valve to the first valve. When the gate door is to be moved in a second direction, the second valve and the third valve are opened (and the first and fourth valves are closed) so that the fluid moves through the pump body from the third valve to the second valve. This gate and pump arrangement may provide a navigational bypass in a body of water.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Electricity generating equipment can be included in and around water body without closing water to boats, ships and other water traffic.
The water turbine generator supplies power for the instrumentation of fish farming plant that uses a central feeding system. A turbine wheel which drives an electric generator, has a feed hose (1) connected to the central feeding plant. Water or air flowing and transporting feed through the feed hose is directed toward the blades of the turbine. The blade wheel has a rotor (4) with blades which are made of a bristle material, similar to a brush, to prevent damaging the feed particles and creating feed dust. The generator can power a video camera (7) in a housing (3) with a transparent window (8), and pictures of the feed area of the pen can be transmitted by radio to receiving equipment in a central control centre.    ADVANTAGE -   Eliminates use of batteries for transmission of signals from monitoring sensors
The module includes an optical medium which performs bidirectional propagation of an optical signal along a constant part.    A light emitting element is set on the extension of the optical medium path. A light receiving element is provided such that its side face approaches the base line which connects the optical medium path and light emitting element.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For communication of telephone, facsimile, TV signal. Enables mass production.
The turbine is provided in a channel (3) and covered with a half guide vane (5) fitted with a cover half blade (6). The channel connects a tail water part (2) and a reservoir water part (1). A resistance adjustment part (11) adjusts the rate of flow of circulating water passing through the channel.    A controller (12) controls resistance adjustment part for adjusting flow of water to remain at particular level constantly.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables to set-up rate of flow of circulating water at desired level.
The vane (2) has a main body (2-1) which is joined to a first transition part (2-3) on a trailing edge part (2-2).    The main body maintains intensity of hydraulic pressure.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides smooth shape of trailing edge part. Provides endurance. Reduces hydraulic power loss.
The structure has a main frame (37) with several solar battery modules (10) on its upper surface (37a). Each solar battery module is framed by a frame (21) containing connecting grooves (21c,21b) on its external surface.    Each connecting groove contains sides of a cover (47) covering each solar module. The cover is bolted to the main frame, by means of a bolt (42) along with a washer (43). The cover is electrically connected to the groove along with the bolt.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables easy earthing of solar battery.
The circuit has a source ground amplifier circuit equipped with a source ground transistor (2) for amplifying an input signal. A source follower circuit equipped with a second transistor (4) receives the input signal from the collector of first transistor and from a first current source transistor (5). A feedback resistor (7) is connector in-between the output terminal of the source follower circuit and the input terminal of the source ground amplifier circuit.     A phase compensation capacitor (8) is connected in-between the gate terminal of the source ground transistor and an active load transistor (3). An impedance element (9) is connected in-between the gate terminal of the active load transistor and a power supply (VDD).    ADVANTAGE -   Improves sensitivity and wide range characteristics.
The generator defines a flow path (A) and has a rotor rotatable about a rotor axis i.e. shaft (14) in the flow path and paddles (17A-L) each of which is freely pivotable on a pivot axis formed by a respective spindle (16A-L) adjacent to its edge and parallel to and spaced from the rotor axis. Each paddle has a stop i.e. the rotor shaft which abuts with the paddle to hold it in a closed condition, the paddle being located between the respective paddle pivot axis and the rotor axis and radially w.r.t. the rotor, the stops being arranged to prevent pivoting of the paddles through the closed condition, and the paddles each being pivotable away from the closed condition in the same rotational sense.    The rotor is disposed in a tubular housing having a U-shaped channel (12), the rotor including two parallel end plates spaced apart on a rotor axle, the rotor axle being journalled in and extending through the housing, and the axle being connected for rotation with the rotor. Each paddle is pivotable on a common pitch circle diameter and journalled between the parallel end plates, and the spindles are spaced equi-angularly about the rotor axle. Pivoting baffles (21A,B) direct fluid towards the paddles in the closed condition irrespective of the direction of flow through the housing.    ADVANTAGE -   Suitable for all sea conditions and will work with both tides or waves, by providing universally rotatable arrangement, while being simple, inexpensive, and relatively mechanically efficient and unobtrusive.
The robot includes multiblock standard parts (1) containing flanged plug housings (9') with integrated solar units. Each flanged plug housing has plug flanges (27,27') for plugging into a central housing (9). They contain solar electronic and voltage converter components and, on the rear side, rotary flange plug connectors (2).    The multiblock standard parts (1) are combined with solar units and multiblock joint arms for mutually horizontal and vertical plugging of the plug housings via the plug flanges (27). Some flanged plug housings contain battery units, forming lines with magnetic switches for connection or disconnection during battery exchange.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For energy storage and discharge. Low-cost, environment friendly design with versatile application.
The photovoltaic modules (104,106,108) are placed on top of a conventional building rooftop (102). Pre-formed interlocking spacers, pedestals or supports (112,114,116,118,120,122) are placed below respective modules. The spacers define passageways beneath the modules. Access openings couple the passageways to the top surface of the modules. The openings extend along at least one side of the modules to reduce uplift forces on the modules.    The rooftop is supported on conventional roof framing, attached to it by conventional means. There may be insulation blocks (322) below the spacers.    ADVANTAGE -   Eliminates need for roof penetration to resist forces of wind uplift. Lightweight. Self-ballasting. Easily assembled.
The power station consists of a turbine (1) set in the water flow and connected via a flexible transmission to a pump linked to a raised water flow which is connected in turn via a distribution flow to a working flow containing the turbogenerators.    The pump is made in the form of a cylinder (8) with a piston (9), and the flexible transmission comprises a rod (15) and an endless cable (12) passing round pulleys (13, 14). The rod has one end attached to the cable and the other to a chain (18) passing round sprockets (19, 20), one of the sprockets being linked kinematically to the turbine shaft. The two chambers of the cylinder are connected via intake and output channels (24, 25) to the turbine chamber.    ADVANTAGE -   Increased power output at lower cost by reducing mechanical energy and work required to turn turbine shaft.
The apparatus includes a housing 1, which is fitted to an existing drainpipe of a building for locally generating electricity for use within the building. The housing comprises fitting brackets for providing a releasable seal with ends of a drainpipe so that the fluid flowing down the drainpipe flows within the housing 1 through a turbine 9 fitted within the housing 1 to rotate the drive shaft of an alternator fitted within the housing 1. The latter is also provided with a closable drainage port to allow easy access to the housing 1 in the case of a blockage.    The circular path extends into a cylindrical section of the housing. A Pelton turbine may be used that has capability to operate in condition of more than one directed jet of water.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   As local source of electricity for use within building, for example, for heating water in a domestic hot water system or for re-charging batteries, e.g., batteries used for computer back-up, for generating electricity etc. Improved energy conservation system and increased power output.
The cycle ergonometer includes a program-controlled drive motor which is programmed to vary the pivot points of a carrier either continuously or stepwise. A seat or seat-leaning unit (SL) is mounted on a base frame via a carrier (4) pivotable about an axis (Z) parallel to the axle (3.1) of a pedal crank unit (3). The carrier can be fixed in a pivoted position.    Different working pivot positions can be used. The carrier pivot axis is arranged on or near the pedal crank unit axle so that the mean distance between the seat surface (8) and the crank axle is essentially constant for the different pivot positions.    ADVANTAGE -   The relatively simple device provides a wider range of training facilities.
The process consists of circular bearer components mounted concentrically on each pedal axle and turning with the axle. Each of these bearers has a stripe-code, as, for example, the ABS system. Two optoelectronic sensors are also placed in each pedal area so as to read these codes. The sensors read both codes simultaneously and are linked to a microprocessor which calculates the turn count in relation to pressure applied.    The process is accurate and can be used with any mechanical spring system between pedal and chain. The signal from the processor can be used to inform the cyclist direct or to control an electric servo-drive.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Optoelectronic system for measuring muscle power applied to bicycle pedals uses sensors reading stripe-codes. Suitable for use with any mechanical spring linkage.
A composite film for use in photodetectors comprises sequential layers of InSb which are a first doped InSb layer adjacent and abutting a silicon substrate, an undoped InSb layer adjacent and abutting the first doped InSb layer and a second doped InSb layer adjacent and abutting the undoped InSb layer.    USE -   The intermetallic III-V alloy of InSb is provided on a Si substrate for use in a film for long wavelength IR detector and laser applications.    ADVANTAGE -   The growth of the doped InSb layer prior to the undoped InSb layer overcomes the problem of 'dark current' and gives a high-performance detector.
The light receiving unit (S1) has a sensor (2) which is arranged inside a casing (1) for detecting the IR light. A filter (4) which allows light of predetermined wavelength, is provided at the upper part of an opening (1a) of the casing.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves operational speed and reliability. Has compact structure. Performs shielding of EM waves.
The module connects a set of photovoltaic cells (1) electrically. The photovoltaic cells are sealed using a moisture proof film. A collector electrode (2) is connected to a terminal by a terminal part (10).    The end face of the photovoltaic cells are arranged on an electrically conductive base (3) through an insulating film (6). Each electrode and terminal of the photovoltaic cells are connected using a connection lead (9).    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents generation of crack. Secures weather resistance property.
The panel (1) has a sound absorption multilayer body (8) which is installed on the inner side surrounded by an unit formation frame (2,3). A mat-like sound absorption member (5) is set up in the multilayer body.    An electricity generation multilayer body (11), which mounted on a board shaped crystal silicon solar battery is attached on the surface of the unit formation frame.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides sound insulation function and assembly overhaul function.
The switch has a transparent panel part (2) provided at a panel (1). A ID LED (3) is arranged, so that the upper surface of the transparent part is irradiated. An operation part (10) which has a recess (12) is provided at the lower surface side of the transparent panel part.    A second LED (14) is arranged at both sides of a photo-transistor (13) provided at the center of the recess. A cylindrical shading part (16) prolongs frame the base of the recess to the lower surface of the panel part between the second LED's and the photo- transistor.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables to perform switching operation reliably.
The method involves showing entire block diagram of a plant SCS on a block diagram display window (1). The table signal database is displayed on a database table display window (2). Data is entered into this table through an input window (3). A signal for data entry into the currently displayed signal database is designated and selected from the database table display window.    An apparatus used as an output place, apparatus through which signal is transmitted, a network and the input element of signal for data entry are designated and selected from the entire block diagram of plant SCS. Thus, the signal output place and the input element of signal for data entry into predetermined area (31-33) are described.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For steel plants and public equipment. Avoids design mistakes. Enables correct build up of signal database. Increases design efficiency. Enables easy confirmation operation. Reduces human errors. Simplifies sequence of operations in design. Reduces wrong judgment of designer during confirmation.
The compound film features that on the semiconductor layer of the function of separating and collecting electrons, there is a superfine particle layer of metal and/or semiconductor. When the size of superfine particles meets the resonance a absorption condition, they form multiple vertical-junction quantum trap. The stimulated electrons after absorbing photons tunnel to the bottom semiconductor layer, where they are separated and collected to complete the optoelectronic    conversion. The new optoelectronic conversion course has high efficiency not limited by the limit in semiconductor energy band theory.
The appts includes a saddle (2), and a motor (4) which rotates in reverse direction with respect to a pedal (3) and a handle (1). The pedal and handle are connected to rotation shaft (5,8) respectively. The rotation shaft are attached to a pair of pulleys (7,9).    The pulleys which are connected through a first belt (10) is connected to a drive pulleys (19,20) through second belt (18a,18b). The motor adjust the load applies to the pedal and the handle.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids special appts for load adjustment mechanism. Enables easy load adjustment. Miniaturizes structure.
The turbine (18) has a hub (20) rotatable about its vertical axis (22) and blades (24) rotatable about their horizontal axes (26) in the water channel (12). The flow is diverted from the upstream end (14) by a delivery ring (27).    Each blade has inner and outer edges (42,44), an upstream edge (46) and a downstream edge (48) to which the water is guided by the surface (50). An annular screen (58) has cutouts distributed around its rim which form pockets for the adjoining portions (64) of the upstream edges of the blades in the fully open position.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For hydroelectric power stations. Chance of survival of fish swimming through turbine is increased without noteworthy effect on efficiency.
The system includes an hollow container for holding hydraulic fluid. The container has gas valve for introducing and discharging gas into the container. The container includes fluid flow device extending into the container mean from one end to a point proximate the opposing inner surface of the other end such that fluid enters and exits the container proximate the other end.    A fluid transfer device introduces fluid from the hydraulic fluid source into the at least one container device. The fluid transfer device connects the container device for fluid flow. A gas transfer device connects the gas valve device to provide pressure in the at least one container. The container further each has gas valve device for introducing and discharging gas into the containers.    ADVANTAGE -   Capable of using latent or static energy of hydraulic fluids without large expenditures.
The apparatus has a freestanding housing with a surface engaging arrangement for engaging a support structure. The enclosure structure extends upward from the surface engaging arrangement. A tread base has a left side and a right side, with an endless belt between the sides. The tread base is movably attached to the freestanding housing, to enable orientation between first and second positions.    In the first orientation the tread base extends away from the housing, and the endless belt is positioned to support a user performing an exercise on the belt. In the second position, the tread base is positioned into the freestanding housing. There is also an inclination part which is interconnected between the housing and the tread base, to vary the inclination of the tread base, in the first position, relative to the support. The elevation structure may include an electrically driven rack and pinion arrangement, as well as a gas cylinder system.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Provides exercise treadmill with elevation structure that can be operated to vary inclination of tread base.
The solar battery module (1) includes a bladder (2).    An amorphous solar cell (3) of waterproofness sheet type is attached to the surface of the bladder.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For providing shading solar light in water surface in purification plant filtration pond. Suppresses proliferation of alga generated underwater. Is light in weight. Improves handing property.
The module has a collection electrode wire (12) which is formed on an insulated substrate (14). A first resin layer (22) is formed in the clearance (18) formed between the electrode wire and the substrate's surface.    Also, the first resin layer is formed on the electrode wire. A second resin layer (36) seals the upper first resin layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Obtains mass production property. Improves reliability.
The method involves adjusting the flow of high pressure water through a guide vane provided in the hydraulic machine for rotating a runner. A first valve opening process is carried out to open the guide vane according to an open operation command. A guide vane opening manipulated variable calculation process is carried out subsequently to calculate an opening manipulated variable proportional to the difference between the actual and target rotational speeds of the runner.    An opening measurement process (S10) is carried out to measure the guide vane opening. A guide vane opening manipulated variable correction process (S11) is carried out to add the difference between the measured and target values of guide vane opening and correct the opening manipulated variable. A second valve opening process is carried out to open the guide vane according to the corrected opening manipulated variable repeatedly until the measured rotational speed of the runner reaches a specified value of target.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables starting without excessive rotational speed above target value even when guide vane is not operative at starting after long period of shutdown. Obtains target operation speed smoothly with high reliability.
The turbine consists of a runner (1) to which water is fed from a number of flooding tubes (13). The flooding tubes arranged symmetrically around a main shaft (7) of the turbine such that the water fed from the flooding tubes is dispersed along the periphery of the runner.    The runner made to rotate according to the homogeneous slip of water fed from the flooding tubes.    ADVANTAGE -   Raises to normal rotational speed by slip of runner. Prevents imbalance in water quantity distribution from flooding tubes along runner hoop direction in early stages of flooding. Eliminates oscillation tendency of runner and main shaft. Facilitates starting by rotating runner under water. Eliminates need for starter of large capacity.
Production of an organometal telluride (I) comprises reacting an organic tellurium compound (II) with a reducing agent and reacting the product with compounds of formula (III) to give (I). (II) is selected from compounds of formula (IIa)-(IId) and (III) is selected from compounds of formula MX2. R1-R3 = Me or Et; M = Zn, Cd or Hg; and X = halo or OSO3.    ADVANTAGE -   The method is simple and can be conducted in a mixture of a hydrophilic organic solvent and water, making it highly safe.
The magnetic coupler comprises two shafts (8,9) and a group of two axially-spaced magnet rotors (12a,12a') each containing a respective set of permanent magnets (25). A group of two axially-spaced conductor rotors (10,10') each have a nonferrous electroconductive ring spaced by an air gap (26,27) from a respective one of the sets of magnets.    The distance between the rotors of one of the groups is fixed, and such group is mounted on one of the shafts to rotate with it. The rotors of the other one of the groups are interconnected and arranged to be movable axially and simultaneously along the other one of the shafts and to rotate together with the shaft such that the width of the air gaps are equally varied by such axial movement. Interconnecting elements, comprising compression springs (31), extend between the rotors.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides magnetic coupling with predetermined speed differential between input and output shaft.
The exercising apparatus comprises an active member e.g. bar (14) movably mounted on a base, which supports a user, for movement by a user during exercise from a rest position in which the active member is at rest through a home position to an extended position. A switch (24) starts a timer when the active member is displaced from the rest position, and runs for a timer period.    A counter switch (26) is connected in series with the start switch for incrementing a repetition counter when the active member passes through the home position toward the extended position. The distance between the timer and counter switches is adjustable, and the number of repetitions performed during the timer period can be displayed.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables forces to be measured and controlled especially when athlete is in process of resuming training after injury so as not to over-exert themselves.
The computerised exercise game machine provides continuous and instantaneous feedback to the exerciser or user to maintain the user's exercise goal in real time. The exercise goal is updated by the computer system each time the user uses the exercise game machine. The machine includes a fixed frame and movable component. A signal is generated in response to the speed of movement of the movable component. The user or exerciser is prompted to maintain a video object representing the user within a shadow object or domain on the video screen. The shadow object represents the exercise goal, such as running at five miles per hour. Different video objects are used for users of different physical fitness levels. A shadow object (domain) or course environment is associated with each different video object.    The game machine may also provide feedback to the exercise device to control the speed of movement or resistance to movement, slope, such as raising or lowering a treadmill or curve simulation. A user is stimulated to exercise to achieve an exercise goal by providing continuous and instantaneous stimulation to the user to maintain the exercise goal. The user is stimulated by the effort of maintaining a video object corresponding to the user's movement within the exercise goal represented by a shadow object or domain on the video display. Further, the user may be prompted whenever the video object moves outside of the domain.
The solar cell module is made by sealing the peripheral portions of a solar cell module main body (11) formed by fixing solar cells (111) on a rectangular transparent plate (112) by a resin by a sealing material. The solar cell module main body (11) is housed in a moulding die composed of a surface mould (211) incorporating inner surface shape nearly equal to the external shape of the surface of the solar cell module main body and a back surface mould (212) incorporating the inner surface shape nearly equal to the external shape of the back surface of the solar cell module main body while positioning the cell module main body to form a cavity (213) surrounding the peripheral portions of the solar cell module main body. A high molecular sealing material compound is charged and solidified in the cavity.    USE -   The solar cell module is suitable for forming solar cell generating unit placed on a roof of a house etc..    ADVANTAGE -   The securely sealed solar cell module is formed effectively by a simple devices without requiring heating device.
The structure includes a number of solar battery (7) which are arranged on an insulated substrate. A stop means of a binder (4) in a file hole (9) to hold a formatted file in which electricity generation panels (1,2) are filed.    The electricity generation panel is exposed to sunlight to receive the light so as to charge the batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables charging of batteries without electric power supply.
The module (1) has a photovoltaic cell (2) which has three terminals. The first terminal has three electrodes (6-8). The second terminal is connected to the first terminal.    When the positive and neutral electrodes of the first terminal are connected, the negative electrode is connected to the second terminal. When the neutral and negative electrodes are connected, the wiring of the positive electrode is connected to the second terminal.    ADVANTAGE -   Establishes connection between modules with short wires.
The device has a foldable structure (11) which has the shape of an hexagonal headed cone.    A number of photoelectric cells (10) are arranged in the surrounding wall of the support structure.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables to get electrical power continuously and efficiently. Simplifies structure. Eases transportation.
In the transparent cooler tube (10) the solar radiation is converged by the coolant (18) and the solar cell (12) is displaced into a position, enabling the convergence of solar radiation, changing due to the sun motion.    Preferably the coolant acts as a solar radiation lens with a refractory index for its convergence. The converged solar radiation position is picked-up by a position detector sensor (24), and a motor (14) displaces the solar cell into converging position according to signal from the position detector signal. The cell is mounted on a crank (16) which is coupled to the motor.    ADVANTAGE -   High precision of alignment to the impinging solar radiation, simple design, and effective cooling.
The inner bearing unit has a torsionally stiff inner bearing shaft (1) connected on one side with a slipped-over elastic element (4), such as a spring, sleeve or their combination or similar, also for power flow using a free running or another type of coupling. The rotation is transmitted on this torsion elastic element, which on the side opposite the connection with the inner bearing shaft, is provided with a unit (6) for the power output.    At least two measurement pick-ups determine the two angles of rotation at two signal transmitters for a Hall sensor on a measurement drum, as a relative value, at different sections, and independent of each other.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For bicycles, invalid chairs, ergometers and training apparatus. Also measurement variables in motor vehicle steering. Output sensor determines power of crank drive hysteresis free.
The electric generating system is composed of fluid, a beam a tube, an inducer, a rotor and a transducer. When coming into beam tube, the fluid changes its path and uses the guide slots on the surface of rotor as its flow path. Part of the kinetic energy of the fluid acts on the slot wall to generate rotation torque, which is then transformed into mechanical or electric energy by the transducer. The system may be used to manufacture natural fluid electric generator, running water electric generating engineering, and energy-saving apparatus for vehicle or ship running against wind or stream.
The controller includes a temperature gradient detecting unit (1) which detects the temperature difference between the inlet-port water and cold water of the runners of the hydraulic turbine.    The opening of a movable vane is adjusted by a vane opening adjustment unit (2) so as to maintain the temperature gradient at a predetermined minimum value.    ADVANTAGE -   Confirms to actual fall and flow. Operates hydraulic turbine with maximum efficiency.
The drive unit operates a generator to transform the tidal current and potential energy of gravitation to a driving force. A water collection barrel (10) with a reduced top end is connected to a power input control port of the generator. The barrel is fixed perpendicular to the ocean crust (51) under the sea surface (50) through a number of radial through holes (11) which are arranged on the bottom of the sea surface. A number of water pipes (20) connected with the barrel radially, guide the power input control port of the generator to the sea water.    A number of lockers (30) have a free end and a fixed end supported by the barrel. A set of float (40) is arranged on the upper part of the sea surface. A number of coupling rods (31) are connected between the float and the lock. A pumping unit operates the locker and pumps water to the water pipe and water collection barrel, to operate the generator.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For geothermal power plant, nuclear power plant. Enables effective transformation of tidal current and potential energy of gravitation for driving generator.
The appts comprises a drainage pipe (4) which penetrates a spiral casing (1) between its internal diameter side and outer diameter side of an upper stay vane (5).    ADVANTAGE -   Offers efficient exhaust appts of hydraulic turbine.
The method involves inserting a sleeve on a shaft such as a guide vane (8) of a hydraulic turbine.    The gap between the sleeve and vane is selected injecting the liquid resin. After completing injection process, the resin is hardened.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents water leakage.
The machine encloses a runner (5) with backing and lateral pressure chambers. A seal ring (12) is provided which moves opposing a sealing surface (5a) of the runner. A detector (18) detects the position of the runner. Based on the detection result, the amount of seal gap 'G' between the mobile seal ring and the sealing surface of the runner, is calculated which corresponds to the control signal of a controller (15).    A drive unit (14) is provided to drive the mobile seal ring according to the control signal thereby controlling the amount of sealing gap.    ADVANTAGE -   Adjust amount of gap between mobile seal ring and sealing surface of runner, automatically.
The method involves positioning a number of blades radially around a revolving shaft. An outer ring (10) supports the rear part of the blades. A rotary axial part with a rotary shaft insertion supports the front part of the blades.    The axial part is formed in the shape of a truncated cone. The blades are welded with the rotary axial part and the outer ring.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids need for post processing of blade unit. Reduces time required for mfr.
The appts includes an electrically driven servo motor unit which includes a motor (16) driven by a control signal. The motor is coupled to a reduction gear (14), a ball thread (12), a ball nut (13). The ball nut is coupled to a deflector (4) through a link mechanism. A clutch (15) is provided between the motor and the ball thread.    A spring (17) is also provided in the servo motor unit which is maintained in compressed state for maintaining deflector in open position. A spring is released at abnormal time and the instantaneous operation of deflector is carried out which diverts the flow of water from a needle valve (3) from a runner (1) side.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents rapid raise of turbine rotation number due to sudden decrease in load. Operates deflector at exact time. Improves safety.
The appts has a solar battery (2) bonded to a sheet unit (1a). The sheet unit has a connecting part (4) such as fastener provided at its periphery, with which is connected to other sheet units to form a sheet (1).    All batteries are connected together by a connector (5) provided in the sheet unit. The sheet is then fixed to the required temporary construction material (6).    ADVANTAGE -   Enables easy alteration of size. Simplifies production.
The wall has a gusset plate (103) on its wall surface (106) with which solar battery modules (101) is clamped. A pair of hooks acting as clamp parts avoid sliding of the battery along the wall surface.    The battery includes a photovoltaic cell and a weather resistant film.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables effective utilization of solar energy. Excels in sound insulation characteristics.
The appts has a cylindrical reaction container (2111) inside which a cylindrical support body (2112) is provided. A raw material gas introduction tube (2114) with a number of gas evolution holes along its longitudinal direction, is provided co- axially at the outer periphery of the cylindrical support body. An excitation unit excites the raw material gas for film formation. An exhaust unit discharges gas from the container. The upper and lower ends of the support body are maintained at predetermined distance from the uppermost and lowermost gas evolution holes.    USE -   For image pick-up device, semiconductor device such as TFT, photovoltaic device.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables to form film uniformly. Improves yield. Improves film formation speed.
The assembly comprises of a turbine mounted for operational cooperation with a flow of water by means of an upstanding column. The assembly may rotate about the axis of the column, allowing the rotor to align itself with the flow of water.    The turbine can be raised or lowered w.r.t the column and also the surface of the water. The turbine itself may have an elongate nacelle (2) shaped housing that is dimensioned to optimise water flow.    USE -   For producing electricity or shaft power in tidal, marine, estuarial or river currents.    ADVANTAGE -   The assembly is able to resist damage from large waves during storms, and is visible so does not create a hazard to shipping. The device is also easy to service and repair.
The apparatus includes a multicell concentrator with a photovoltaic solar cell surface of numerous rectangular or circular faces. These form the basic surfaces of identical, inside mirrored funnels concentrating the vertically impinging solar radiation, with uniform reflecting onto the solar cells.    The aperture surface of the impinging radiation forms a multiple C of the total cell surface, C representing the concentration factor. Preferably the solar cell surface consists of sufficient number of circular faces of the same size, to which the solar radiation, amplified by C, is radiated via same number of collector lenses.    ADVANTAGE -   Low-cost, sheet metal concentrator for improved energy yield.
A solar power generator has an arrangement of solar cells and an adaptive converter to match the current or the voltage from the cells to the load. The converter (4) is integrated with the cell arrangement(1). This arrangement is a single cell or four cells. The base material for the cell(s) is silicon. The converter has two semiconductors, part being directly in the base of the cells on the front or back.    Logic building blocks are integrated into part of the cell arrangement, as is a mask-programmed microprocessor. The cell arrangement has an optical display of cell status using LED chips    ADVANTAGE -   Inexpensive compact design that is capable of being expanded.
Packaging is shown in cross section with the photodetector mounted on a substrate (103) with housing (101), spacer (102) and ferrule (105) for optical fibre (106). Elements (101,102,105) are preferably thermoplastic and the substrate is FR4, general circuit board material. Alignment in the z direction normal to the dielectric is fixed by the spacer with the ferrule stopped at the required z position.    If used in single mode fibre applications where the spot size is e.g. 40-60 microns in diameter, the fibre end-face may be 150-200 microns from the device. Curing is carried out by applying methylene chloride solvent at the intersection of the spacer and housing, the substrate having been bonded to the spacer by epoxy.    USE -   Packaging for optoelectronic devices, such as CATV.
The pumping method involves controlling the opening operation of a fully closed movable guide vane of a hydraulic machine. The guide vane is used for adjusting the quantity of water flowing through water channel.     The vane is set from a fully closed state (a0 ) to an intermediate opening state (a01 ). The rotation speed of the hydraulic machine e.g. water turbine is switched from a velocity at vane fully closed state (N0 ) to a proper rotation speed (N1 ). The vane is opened from intermediate opening state to target opening state after the progress of predetermined time. Hence, pump input is smoothly increased from initial input (P0 ) to a target input (P1).    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents rapid fluctuation of pump input during pumping mode start or pumping input adjustment by controlling guide vane opening and rotation speed of turbine; suppresses oscillation to electric power system. Prevents generation of water hammer phenomenon along water channel group.
The control method involves simultaneously closing the guide vanes of the water turbines when a load cut-off is generated at power generation on-stream. The turbines are provided adjacent to each other, along a branch water channel.    Simultaneous guide vane closing is performed so that flow variations in both pumps will be almost equal, until the both valves are fully closed.    ADVANTAGE -   Suppresses water hammer phenomenon by preventing superimposition of additional pressure variations to water channel hydraulic pressure.
The turbine has a guide vane (3) comprising a set of guide vane blade units (3a). Water is made to flow over the guide vane blade units.    An earth and sand resisting abrasive material is welded to the guide vane blade unit.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents abrasion by earth and sand. Enables reliable electric power generation.
The hydraulic vane has an electric generator coupled to the upper part of a turbine shaft. The lower part of the turbine shaft is connected to the runner vanes (35). A runner vane operating rod (37) which penetrates a booster (38) and a runner hub (33) is used to adjust the runner vanes. The runner vanes are connected to the operating rod through a link (36).    One end of the operating rod is provided outside the hydraulic turbine side. The operating rod is driven between the electric generator and the hydraulic turbine shaft.    ADVANTAGE -   Operator need not disassemble whole structure of hydraulic turbine during overhaul.
The portable solar power generator is a self contained equipment (1) which has a certain number of fixed solar battery module panels (2a-2f) on the upper face of the equipment in an inclined position, with a storage battery (4) in a battery room (5), and a control room (10) with a connecting board (6), a control panel (7), a distribution panel (8) and an instrument panel (9).    An accommodation chamber (3) is provided above the battery room in which several detachable extra solar battery panels (2g-2l) of similar shape are stacked during a haulage of the equipment from one location to another. These extra panels are assembled at site on either side of the fixed panels based on a required generation capacity.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   In service sites, holidaying sites. Facilitates haulage and reassembly. Provides variation in generation requirement based on requirement.
The array includes a metallic gusset plate (5) which is arranged below the light receiving surface of a solar cell (2). The solar cell is sealed on the gusset plate by a transparent resin (3).    A support material (6) provides electrical grounding. Metallic gusset plate and that part of the support material which is in contact with the gusset plate are in electrically conducting state.    ADVANTAGE -   Facilitates setting. Obtains reliable electrical conduction. Enhances protection from electric shock.
The solar battery has a first semiconductor layer (1) and a second semiconductor layer. On the reverse side of each layer a silicon oxide film is formed using current ejection electrode.    The insulating thin film has probability of producing a pin hole for every 100cm2 of its area during etching.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables to mfr battery with high yield.
The battery has a lower electrode (6) mounted on a glass substrate (5). An optical absorption layer (1) of p-type semiconductor, an interface layer (2) of n-type semiconductor, an optical window layer (3) and a transparent upper electrode layer (4) of n-type are arranged sequentially on the lower electrode.    The optical absorption layer, interface layer, the window layer and the upper electrode layer possess the photoelectric conversion property.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides high efficiency battery. Performs optimization of electrical properties. Improves transformation efficiency.
The solar battery is covered by the first semiconductor (2).    The second semiconductor (3) is formed on the first semiconductor which has forbidden band width larger than the first semiconductor.    ADVANTAGE -   Raises transformation efficiency. Improves life time. Improves filling factor, releases voltage, and short circuit.
The converter includes a MOS transistor (1) for amplifier which is provided at the pixel electric charge reading out unit.    The concentration of the MOS transistor for amplifier is made lower than the well concentration of transistor in peripheral circuit.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces substrate bias effects, supply voltage fluctuations. Prevents reduction of amplification gain.
The system includes a central unit (M) with first processor (MM) and bidirectional data transfer device (DM), that may be used to write and read data relative to the personalised program, as well as to modify the program itself. A portable medium e.g. smart key (K) forms a contact-free data storage device having a portable memory designed to hold the data. A number of stations, independent of one another, and not connected in a data network, located at the number of exercise apparatus and/or machines.    Each station has a second processor (MS) and a device for the bidirectional transfer of data from and to the portable medium. Each station may receive, as input, the data present in the memory relative to the exercise to be performed in order to program the apparatus and/or machine, and to transfer as output to the portable memory, upon completion of the exercise.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For programming training on exercise apparatus and machines. Capable of managing all activities that are practised at or connected to sports and recreational structures such as gymnasiums, fitness centres, rehabilitation centres, clinics etc.
A ZnO film is formed by applying a current between a conductive substrate and an electrode, immersed in an aqueous solution containing at least nitrate and zinc ions, and a carbohydrate. Also claimed is a semiconductor or photoelectric conversion device having a ZnO film on a substrate, the film composed of 1st and 2nd layers having fine and large crystal grain sizes respectively. The c axes of the crystals are oblique or perpendicular to the substrate.    USE -   The 2nd film acts as an efficient reflection layer for collecting longer wavelength light, and also suppresses current overflow at the time of shunt.    ADVANTAGE -   The film is stably produced, and has excellent adhesion to the substrate.
The photovoltaic system uses plate-shaped photovoltaic modules (24,26,28,30) which overlap one another in the direction from the roof ridge to the gutter. Each module has a width which corresponds to a multiple of the roof tile width and a length which is greater than the longest roof tile length.    The photovoltaic modules are applied to the upper side of overlapping carrier plates, with that nearest the gutter supporting the overlapping edge of the carrier plate which lies nearer the ridge above the surface of the photovoltaic module.    ADVANTAGE -   Simple fitting and replacement of photovoltaic modules without special tool.
The carrier plate (10,110) supports a photovoltaic element (40,140) via its upper surface which is provided with a support (12,112) at the roof ridge side. This support overlaps the roof ridge side of an underlying carrier plate (110) at the gutter side.    The support has a height which holds the overlapping part of the upper carrier plate (10) above the level of the surface of the photovoltaic element (140) supported by the underlying carrier plate (110). The support is provided as a separate element.    ADVANTAGE -   Allows photovoltaic elements to be fitted to existing roof without modification.
The flow turbine consists of a shaft (1) and radially arranged four or more turbine blades (2) or roller blades, which are applied in an air or a water flow. A half cover (3) of the turbine, which is prepared movable, additionally with a part cover or prepared fixed, which prevents the flow of the turbine or roller blades, moving in a counter direction.    The resulting pressure difference between the flow through and the covered blades, sets the turbine in rotational movement around its shaft. The rotation of the shaft directly or across a gear box can drive a generator to generated electrical power or provide useful work, e.g. for driving a compressor. Water flows are directionally stable, and allow the fixed anchoring of the turbines or its supporting structure in the ground.    ADVANTAGE -   Turbines can be mounted singly in flow or in multiple configuration. Environmentally clean providing no harmful emissions. Cost of production of electricity is reduced.
The power supply has four spaced posts (12) in the bed of the river and suspends an open-topped channel (14) via adjustable jacking screws (16). The channel has a floor (20) and side walls (22) and is located so that its floor is fully submerged and its side walls are partially submerged. Constriction (23) is formed by a step in the floor and the rate of reduction of the cross-sectional area of the channel before the constriction is greater than that after it, so the channel is shorter before the constriction than after it.    As the river level changes the channel can be raised or lowered via screws (16). A paddle wheel (28) is connected to a gearbox (34) via a sprocket (38) and chain (40). As the water is channelled into constriction (23) and the flow depth approaches the critical flow depth for the channel, the water velocity rises in the constriction and the energy increase is transferred to the blades (30) for generator (36).    ADVANTAGE -   Utilises energy stored in water of river, but which is locatable in regions of river other than those regions where large amounts of potential energy is stored.
A ROM device is formed on a semiconductor substrate with an array of parallel bit lines integral with the substrate, the bit lines being oriented in a first direction. The device comprises (a) a word line array formed of a number of word lines on the device oriented orthogonally relative to the array of bit lines; (b) a word line mask layer comprising complementary mask strips over the word lines, which comprise dielectric spacers on either side of a planar central region so that a central portion of the mask strips is lower than either edge of the complementary mask strips; (c) an ion implanted code implant of a dopant in a doped region in the substrate below the word lines; and (d) a blanket layer of dielectric material different from the dielectric material over the device and in contact with the upper surfaces of the complementary mask strips.    USE -   Used in semiconductor memory devices, and especially an improved ROM code region.    ADVANTAGE -   Problems with side diffusion of boron which cause lower cell current in 'on-cells' adjacent the implanted cell region, are avoided.
The running wheel pair (A) converts the flowing medium energy to rotating energy and comprises two series-coupled turbine wheels (1,2) with counter-rotating effect (20,20A). The turbine wheels are located in a part (I) of a turbine tube (6) which has reduced cross-section area. They form part of a module (11) which is coupled in a turbine tube (6) with outgoing shaft (9) arranged extending through the turbine tube behind or before the turbine wheels viewed in the flow direction (27).    The first (1) of the turbine wheels controls a medium flow (3) rotating with the second turbine wheel. The cross-sectional area between the inflow tube (6) and the running wheels is reduced by e.g. approximately 4:1 before the turbine and an effective suction cone (15) with approximately 7% increasing opening is located beyond the running wheels.    ADVANTAGE -   The arrangement overcomes the problem whereby in known turbines the force for converting the parallel water flow in the inflow tube to rotation with the turbine blades is always absorbed by the connecting rails and does not contribute to the turbine drive.
The appts (7) includes a guide vane control unit (7-1) and a runner vane control unit (7-2). A first pair of signal output units (7-1-1,7-2-1) of the guide vane control runner vane control respectively outputs a signal to a guide vane actuator (8). Similarly a second pair of output units (7-1-2,7-2-2) of the respective guide vane control and runner vane control outputs a signal to a runner vane actuator (9).    Thus the operation of both the actuator is carried out mutually. Whenever the mutual operation is disturbed, a failure state is detected in either of the computer control units based on which supply of water to a hydraulic power plant is controlled by controlling the operation of the actuator.    ADVANTAGE -   Ensures safety to hydraulic turbine even if either of computer control unit breaks down. Improves reliability of control operation.
The method involves judging operation state at a point of the pumping machine to assess reverse flow conditions. A hydraulic pressure (H) added to the pumping machine, the rate of flow (Q), the input torque (T) and the pump input (P) are measured by a control step (S71). Rotational speed (N) of the pumping machine and the pilot valve opening (Y) respectively measured by the control steps (S72,S74). At least three of the components are measured out of which two are established as parameter of a coordinate system.    The operating point of the pumping machine is decided in a control step (S73) from the detected state. The reverse flow poking position stipulated by the coordinate system in the control step (S75) and the operating point of the pumping machine are compared in a control step (S76). The margin of the reverse flow of the current operating point is judged by a control step (S77) from the comparison result.    ADVANTAGE -   Facilitates detection of operating point and margin of recirculation zone as dynamic characteristics. Makes grasping of operation state easy. Eliminates crack of reverse flow operation. Prevents accidents. Adds quantitative evaporation. Ensures reverse flow poking avoidance control.
The plant has a cylinder (1) set underneath a water surface (7).    A shaft (3) of a piston (2) is not bonded to a hole (5) provided in a disc (4) floating on the water surface.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies structure. Generates high pressure.
The machine includes multiple guide vane (5) of blade shape are arranged at internal circumference side of a stay vane (2). The movement of the guide vane is restricted by a set of ditches (10a,10b) forming respective gaps (9a,9b) is formed in an arm top cover (3) and a discharge ring (4) respectively.    A cavitation resistant material is coated at one of the vertical ends of the guide vane to reduce leakage from the gap through narrow flow path.    ADVANTAGE -   Offers high reliability and efficiency. Suppresses erosion-corrosion reliably, using cavitation material.
The method involves forming a sleeve line in the shape of abraded portion of discharge ring (6).    The sleeve is cooled, and is then press-fitted onto the abraded surface (6a) of the discharge ring to form the shape of the original discharge ring.    ADVANTAGE -   Shortens field erection work. Eliminates unnecessary deformation as welding process is not used.
The construction includes engagement part (7c) formed at ends of longitudinal frames (7) which run over the left and right sides of a solar panel (1).    A plate shaped closing member (9) with another engagement part (9B) which engages with the first engagement part covers the seam formed between the longitudinal frames and prevents passage of rain water.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves external appearance. Avoids use of rubber made gasket which deteriorates easily.
The element comprises a frame (10) of e.g. aluminium and photovoltaic section (11), tempered glass (11c), photovoltaic cells (11a), resin layer (11b), terminal box (12), and plugs (14,24). The output from module (1) is converted into AC by inverter (2).    The two are separated to prevent heat transfer through the terminal box. The arrangement allows systems ranging from one module to a system of several kilowatts to be constructed by parallel connection between modules.    ADVANTAGE -   Heat from photo-voltaic module is not transferred to inverter.
The method for manufacture of internally connected and integrated amorphous silicon solar cell includes such steps as selecting glass, making compound transparent conducting film, silk screen print of positive electrode protecting film, etc thin conducting film, removing protecting film, cleaning, drying, deposition of amorphous silicon film, laser etching of amorphous silicon layer, vacuum plating of aluminium, laser etching of aluminium, printing characters, printing weldable electrode, cutting and test. Advantages: simple process and low cost.
The rotor consists of a vertical shaft carrying cylindrical sections divided by disc supports (3) and blades (2) which are fitted between the holders parallel to the shaft and set in inner and outer concentric rows.    The blades (2) are curved in shape, each having a starting point on one radial line of a disc support and a finishing point on another radial line, located at 90 degrees to the first in a clockwise direction. The first point for each blade in the outer row is situated at the edge of the disc holder and the second half-way along the radial line. Each blade in the inner row starts and ends on the same radial lines, but closer to the shaft.    ADVANTAGE -   Rotor can be used to generate ecologically clean electricity from natural sources; it is inexpensive to make and reliable in operation.
Overflow weir (1) has spillway (2) along which a settling basin with chambers (4) is located on the side of the upper reach.    Upstream wall (5) forms one of the walls of the basin, and the foundation slab of weir (1) forms the bottom of the basin, which has flushing weir (7) with main (9) and repair (10) gates.    ADVANTAGE -   Amount of ground and concreting work is reduced, decreasing construction times, especially in strained situations. Bul. 5/20.2.97
The optical module has a mount substrate (3) on whose surface an optical waveguide (8) is arranged. A pair of optical semiconductor chips (1,2) are mounted on the substrate.    A metal alloy film (6) connects the electrode pattern provided at the semiconductor chip and the substrate. A step structure is formed on the substrate, to fix optical semiconductor chip with the substrate.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves fixing accuracy of optical semiconductor chip. Prevents effusion of solder to optical semiconductor chip. Improves yield.
The appts includes a basin, which collects storm sewage water. The water collected in the basin then flows into a pumping station through a trunk line. A set of twigs branching from the trunk line is then provided in the bottom portion of the basin. The level of storm sewage water in the basin is determined by a production unit (1) based on a predetermined prediction process. The amount of sanitary sewage water connected in a part of the basin is then determined by a sanitary sewage amount calculating unit (4).    The output of the prediction unit and the sanitary sewage amount calculating unit are then fed to a spillover calculating unit (2). The spillover unit is then performs spill over operation of water from the twigs into the trunk line, by a preknown effluence analysis technique. A flow water level calculating unit (3) then allows the flow of water from the trunk line into the pumping station, by the differing model method. The water is allowed to flow into the pumping station, till its water level becomes equal to that of the trunk line.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For sewage pumping station at time of rain fall. Enables to predict water inflow in pumping station precisely. Performs spillover operation accurately.
The system consists of an air collection chamber (5) installed on the upper part of a draft tube (2) formed extending from the tail race (9) of the turbine installation. The air collection chamber is arranged on the downstream side of a bend section (2a) formed in the draft tube. The compressed air introduced into a runner chamber (1) of the turbine depresses the water surface in the draft tube. Part of the compressed air which leaks to the tail race side from the runner chamber is collected to the air collection chamber.    A communication line (6) with a valve (8) is installed leading from the upper part of the air collection chamber to the runner chamber. The leakage compressed air collected in the air collection chamber during the water surface depression operation is returned to the runner chamber through the communication line.    ADVANTAGE -   Ensures stability of water surface when starting pumping mode of turbine and phase modifier operation even after long time of water surface depression operation. Eliminates need for refilling of compressed air from external. Reduces depth requirement of bend section in draft tube. Avoids reduction in turbine capacity. Reduces cutting time for draft tube. Reduces engineering construction cost.
The housing (1) of the stove encloses a cylindrical combustion chamber (2) with a burner (3) and heating surfaces (4). At least part of the wall (2') of the chamber is covered with photovoltaic cells (5) connected to a current sink (6). The volume (V) of the chamber exceeds that of the flame from the burner.    The cells are part of an electrical circuit connected to the stove and containing a battery, transformer and regulator (R). The return inlet (7) for the water is at the lowest level of the housing so that the area of wall covered by the cells is cooled as intensively as possible.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For central heating system able to operate independently of mains. Alternative electric current source is provided at comparatively low cost.
The exercise device includes a hollow cavity in a housing (14) with a central axis and a shaft which allows or prevents axial and rotative movement relative to the housing. A hub (18) which moves axially is fixed to the shaft and is nonrotatable with respect to the housing. A rope-like (34) member attached to the shaft extends through a first opening in the hub, around the shaft and out a second opening in the hub. When the rope-like member is pulled frictional resistance is exerted in proportion to the number of turns around the shaft. A releasable mechanism holds the shaft against rotation. When the mechanism is released the number of turns of the rope-like member around the shaft can be changed.    A connecting mechanism for a slide, the shaft, and the housing causes movement of the slide in the direction parallel of the central axis with relative rotation between the shaft and the housing. An opening in the housing allows to view the position of the slide to indicate the number of turns of the rope-like member. A force gauge meter (36) is linked to a transducer which is secured in the housing to a spring element. The applied force is measured and converted an electrical signal which is readable on the exercise device.    ADVANTAGE -   Is simple, safe, and highly effective in use. Cheap manufacture.
The pliable support appts. includes a frame made of ductile material and having a planar continuous rectangular shape.    The frame has two long members of equal length and two short members of equal length. The first long member and the second long member and the two short members are connected together to form the planar continuous rectangular shape of the frame. The frame also has at least one cross-brace, each cross-brace having a first end and a second end, the first end of each cross-brace connected to the first long member and the second end of each cross brace connected to the second long member. A wrapping encases the frame and is made from a resilient material of lower ductility than the material from which the frame is made.    The wrapping has an outer surface which has a non-slip texture and at least one strap which is attached to the frame. At least one of the straps also provide a fastener suitable to engage the strap onto the outer surface of the wrapping. The frame may be bent to assume various desired three-dimensional shapes to support or enclose objects in a non-slip manner, the cross-braces providing the apparatus with improved stability and rigidity, the straps and the fasteners available to secure the objects to the frame before or after bending.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Hands free support equipment eg. for music playing device during exercise. Enables exerciser to operate controls of music player without interrupting his or her exercise, provides non-slip outer surface, adaptable to variety of situations
An electric power generation method involving pumping water without utilizing any power unit, mainly by installing a pressure cylinder at a given depth under the water, has the pressure cylinder pre-stored with adequate pressure and perpendicular to the ground, and a water inlet and a water outlet are arranged at the bottom of pressure cylinder. An inlet valve and an outlet valve are used for controlling the inlet water and the outlet water.    Initially, the outlet valve is closed and the inlet valve opened with the water pressure generated by the inlet water automatically internally pressurising the cylinder. Next, the inlet valve is closed and the outlet valve opened, when the cylinder pressure and the water pressure are balanced, and the water is then transferred to a suitable height above the water level. The process is then repeated for providing water for electric power generation.    ADVANTAGE -   Pumped water transportation requires no additional power source, thus making the generation of electric power more economical.
The box has a main body (1) with an opening (9) formed by four side walls. The main body is attached with a cover (3) by a flexible hinge part (11). An opening (13) for cable outlet on the side wall and a pair of projections (6) on the front side wall are provided.    The cover has a flexible clamp (8) projecting downwards. The clamp has a pair of recesses (7). The recesses match with the projections on the main body. A hook (10) is provided at the lower edge of the clamp. The hook enables to release the clamp from the projection and open the cover.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves water-proof nature. Prevents misplacement of cover. Enables easy opening/closing of cover.
The solar battery module (11) has a number of solar cells (12) which are arranged in planar manner packed by a transparent member (18) made of glass or resin. The solar cells are connected electrically by interconnectors (13). A heat transfer member (16) with high heat conductivity is mounted on the heat part (17a) of a heat pipe (17) behind the solar cells.    The heat dissipation part (17b) of the heat pipe is mounted in the heat dissipation member (20) provided at the felloe part formed in the shape of a panel.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves electricity generation efficiency. Inhibits temperature rise of solar battery module.
The house is equipped with a number of solar-battery modules (2) set on surface of the roof. Each solar-battery module is cooled by providing an air passage layer (A) between each solar-battery module and the roof surface. A fan (3) for blast is set at a hut back (13) of the roof. During winter time, a switching damper (34) connected the air passage layer and a hut back blast mouth (33) so that the warm air in the air passage layer is led to a forced manner from the ridge side at the hut back.    And the warm air goes via the space (14) between unit clearances produced between the building units and is supplied to each habitation room (11,12). During the summer time, the switching damper connects the air passage layer and an outdoors exhaust port (32) so that the over heating air in the air passage layer is ejected to the outdoors.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids reduction of electricity generation efficiency of solar-battery module due to temperature rise. Improves indoor hot temperature environment.
The method involves arranging a film forming group waste gas processing equipment (2010) and an etching group waste gas processing equipment (2011) in an exhaust path connected to a reaction container. An exhaust gas path controller connects the exhaust path and the reaction container. A cleaning gas removal unit (2009) is arranged along the exhaust gas path, from the etching gas path, from the etching group waste gas processing equipment. After the film formation, the cleaning gas removal unit is connected to the etching group waste gas processing equipment, and activated. The reaction container is also connected to the etching group waste gas processing equipment by the controller. The activated cleaning gas removal unit cleans the reaction container, to remove by-products deposited at the reaction container exhaust pipe.    USE -   The method is used in electrophotographic deposit film manufacture for a solar battery, image line sensor, pick-up, or thin film transistor.    ADVANTAGE -   The method efficiently removes by-products deposited at the reaction container exhaust pipe.
The charger has a charging adaptor (11) which is mounted in the core of a accommodation case (1) of an electronic device. A battery (10) mounted in the device is charged using a charging adaptor. A foldable electricity generation panel (8) with some solar batteries arranged on an insulated sheet (5) is provided in the accommodation case. When the case is opened, the folded panel is spread out and the solar batteries receive solar radiation. The solar batteries supply voltage to the adaptor for charging the battery in the electronic device.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables person to conveniently carry charger as it is accommodated in case. Enables opening panel to required magnitude, to charge battery.
The charger (11) includes a charging circuit (5) which outputs voltage of a number of board shaped solar cells (2) to the battery (8) to be charged. The solar cells outputs voltage when light is irradiated onto it. The solar cells are provided on an insulated sheet (1) of pellicle which has cloth.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables easy carriage. Improves capacity of battery, remarkably.
The appts includes a p-type or n-type crystalline Si substrate (1), on whose principal plane side a back side electrode layer (8) is formed. First and second conductivity type non-crystalline Si layers (2,3) and an electrode layer (4) are formed in order on the other principal plane side of the substrate.    The electrode layer has a light receiving surface which absorbs light beam of wavelength in the range of 550-650nm.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves illuminance efficiency of device. Restrains colour scattering.
The converter includes a substrate (1) that consists of p- type or n-type crystalline silicon. A rear side electrode layer (8) is formed on one principal plane of the substrate. A p-type or n-type of a first non-crystal silicon layer (2) of 400 or less angstroms is formed on other principal plane of the substrate.    A second non-crystal silicon layer (3) and a light receiving surface electrode layer (4) of 100 or less angstroms are sequentially layered on the first silicon layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Obtains sensor with improved V-I characteristics. Enables high efficiency.
The method involves forming a cadmium sulphide film (2) on a substrate (1). The UV ray is irradiated on the sulphide film.    A cadmium telluride film (3) is formed on selected portion of the irradiated sulphide film.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves product yield and efficiency. Reduces crystal defect. Removes carbon compound in cadmium sulphide film.
The system includes an upper power station (1) from which used water is passed to the power station arranged at a lower level from the upper power station.    Thus, water is used sequentially to produce electricity.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For conduit type power plant, dam type power station, regulating type power station. Provides effective use of storage reservoir water. Generates more electricity with same quantity of water. Provides stabilized electric power supply.
The appts consists of a runner (4) surrounded by a turbine cover (2). An annular ring like space is formed between the convex side of the runner and concave side of the turbine cover.    A seal part is introduced into the annular ring like space. Thus, the direction of water leakage is oriented towards the direction of rotation of a main shaft of the hydraulic turbine.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids collision of leaking water with cover interior, thereby preventing generation of abrasion.
The arrangement includes a pair of blade unit member (5) whose one end is rotatably coupled with respective frames (6). A blade (4) is extended from the blade unit member. The blades are rotated along hoop direction of virtual circle.    A set of power transmission gears (18A,18B) is connected to the frame on the exterior of the rotary area of the blades and transmits the rotation of the frame to an output shaft (28B).    ADVANTAGE -   Gives high efficiency, by enabling smooth flow of fluid. Increases life span. Reduces size and weight. Reduces failure rate.
The turbine consists of a runner (1) which couples a number of runner blade units (1a) along the peripheral approach of a pair of disc-shaped side plates (1d) coupled to a turbine shaft (2) rotatably supported in a casing (4). The peripheral edge of each runner blade unit is spread outwards from the peripheral edges of the side plates.    A clearance (A) of about 10 mm is maintained between the peripheral edge of each side plate and the inner wall of the casing. The axial directional spacing (R) between the side plates is maintained larger than 60 mm. The depth size (Q) of the casing is maintained at about 50 mm such that the spacing between the side plates is greater than the depth of the casing by about 10 mm.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces welding stress of runner blade units. Inhibits leakage of water to external of runner. Facilitates effective utilization of flowing water.
The equipment has a device (1) for power generation which works on the thermo-electric principle and a second device (5) working on the photo-voltaic principle. The first device has a heat input linked to the second device by a heat conducting connection (4).    The thermo-electric device heat input can be connected with a heat trap through a heat conducting connection. The photovoltaic device can have a thermal trap for the purpose of reducing the output of thermal energy as a function of the temperature using a bi-metal element to provide control.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Solar cells. Improved efficiency in conversion of incident light into electric power.
The facade cladding (2) is spaced from the building (1) outer wall to facilitate ventilation of the facade via the intermediate gap, on the facade cladding outside are fitted solar cell surfaces (4) supplying the electric energy for the motors of fans mounted in the gap (3) between the building and facade cladding.    Preferably the facade cladding consists of translucent or transparent panels, with the solar cell surfaces behind glass panes in the region of the building window apertures (7). On the building facing side the solar cells may carry an opaque layer (5).    ADVANTAGE -   Controllable facade cladding ventilation irrespective of facade configuration.
The hydroelectric power generation plant has an underground turbine hall (2) containing turbines and generators (4,6). A penstock (8) connects the source of water to the hall and water used in the turbine flows away via a tailrace (10).    The lower end of the tailstock is a helically curved tubular portion (12) curving in three dimensions. The swirling flow leads to reduced head losses and allows the hall to be close to the water storage area without use of a planar elbow bend.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For pump plant for pumped storage system. Provides reduced head losses, allows hall to be close to water storage area while avoiding a planar elbow bend and enables a deeper foundation cut-off depth at upstream end of dam to give reduced under-dam leakage.
The battery includes reinforcement structures (114) provided at both ends of the main body. The main body has an amorphous silicon solar cell (101) which includes a base electrode and a collector electrode (102). The reinforcement structures are arranged parallel with the longitudinal direction of the collector electrode.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves solar energy storing capability by preventing spalling of base and collector electrodes.
NOVELTY - The module has an amorphous silicon solar cell (101) at the inner part of a sealing material (103) provided inside a fluororesin sheet (102) and a nylon sheet (104). The inner surface of the nylon sheet is provided with a steel plate (105). The tension from the outer to the inner side of the main body is received by a coupling structure (106) whose suspension unit (107) is attached at the steel plate.    ADVANTAGE - ADVANTAGE Prevents roof surface from being oscillated by pressure e.g. strong wind or noise.
The propeller includes a vane (2) designed to enable uniform fluid acceleration. Ribs (1) are arranged on the inner and outer surfaces of the vane to reduce the viscosity resistance when the fluid touches the surface of the vane.    The surroundings of the vane and ribs are covered with a casing (3) to reduce turbulent flow.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces turbulent flow of screw propeller, thereby improving energy efficiency, increases speed and reduces noise.
The system has a control device (3) to control a pedal (9) of a training appts (1). The control device acts according to a control signal stored in a video CD (2). A load control detector (8) detects the control signal and accordingly adjusts the load using a loading equipment (6). A measurement unit measures the exercise time of an user.    A pulse sensor (5) detects the heart beat of the user. A calculating unit calculates the total amount of fat from the beginning of the exercise based on the load and time taken by the user. The calculated amount of total fat is displayed as a graph on a display unit (7).    ADVANTAGE -   Shows loss in weight immediately after completion of exercise. Enables easy display of graph.
The apparatus comprises a photoelectric transducer comprising a non-single crystal semiconductor material and device for supplying heat to photoelectric transducer through flowing heating medium.    An air circulation system comprises heat collector panel comprising an open air intake, an indoor- air intake, a valve for selecting either the open air intake, air flow path, an air outlet and a solar cell. Air is taken out of the air outlet through a duct and guided indoors.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables easy temperature control of photoelectric transducer, can prevent lowering of temperature of transducer and also prevent its deterioration by light.
At least one part-region (56) of the roofing element forms a solar cell (58), or is fitted with meandering pipe coils for a heatable medium. There are line terminals (60) for tapping of electric current generated by light and heat, or for the supply and discharge of the heated medium.    Pref. the element is in the form of a roofing tile (52) with edge and deposition region (14, 16) adapted to the roof tile shape, with an electric line coupler (60) on its rear side, connectable to an electric cable harness (62).    ADVANTAGE -   Facility for low-cost formation of solar cell system.
NOVELTY - The continuous driven chain-type turbine for electric generation in sea, river, stream and sea wave at different speeds with generated electricity 1-5 times higher than that of existing water turbine is composed of upper and lower continuous driven chain. Each continuous driven chain is matched with more transverse chain axles. Each of the chain axles for the upper continuous driven chain has a movable square blade that is inserted in the chain axle for the lower one when it runs to a lower half stroke. The upper and lower continuous driven chain are matched by reverse gears and chain.    USE - Continuous driven chain type.
The invented generator set can generate electric power directly by utilising the downstream torrent of the ocean and large rivers. The power package is composed of a cavern supporter, a drive shaft, a sand-prevent driving gear, a special made large chain, a 90 degree angle frame supporter, a gate-type loose-leaf impetus board (B for short), a sand preventing driver and a float.    When navigating, the power is generated while the large face of the oar is against the stream and the oar must be returned with its narrow face. One carrying a large area wood board in water cannot walk forward against the current but can walk forward while the knife vertical faces against the current. According to this principle, the pulling force is generated when B is against the stream with its large face and B returns to the rear end while becoming a vertical knife line. The circumferential circulating rotation of 22 Bs can produce motive force to generate electric power.
The float (1) on the water (2) rises and falls with the tidal ebb and flow. It is linked by a carrying arm (3) to a gearwheel (5) on a shaft (6). The large gearwheel (5) meshes with two smaller gearwheels (7, 9). The right wheel (9) is meshed with a rotation reversing gear (11). The shafts (8, 12) of the left and reversing gear are connected via ratchet mechanisms (15, 16) and secondary shafts (17, 18) to drive gearwheels (19, 20).    The drive gearwheels mesh with a small gear (21). The small gear drives a flywheel via a shaft (22). The flywheel drives a pump which raises water to storage reservoirs. The water flowing out of the reservoirs drive turbines, which in turn drive the alternators at a constant speed.    ADVANTAGE -   Reliable, eco-friendly power source.
The pedal apparatus has a left pedal attached to a left crank (48), and a right pedal attached to a right crank. A left drive system is connected to the left crank, and an identical right drive system is connected to the right crank. A pedalling resistance on the left pedal can be set independently of a similarly adjustable pedalling resistance on the right pedal.    A split hub assembly has two central axles, one axle being connected to the left side drive system with the other axle connected to the right drive. The assembly can be selectively operated by the user as a bipedal apparatus, with the left and right pedals rotating synchronously.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For bicycles used for exercise or therapeutic purposes. Unipedal cycle apparatus can also be used as bipedal apparatus, with both legs able to work independently or together.
The semiconductor device comprises a semiconductor layer of silicon carbide (SiC), a metal layer adapted to form a low resistance ohmic contact layer with the SiC layer and a thin layer of a material having a smaller bandgap than the SiC of the SiC layer and is placed between the SiC layer and the metal layer. The SiC layer is highly doped at least in the region next to the thin layer. The material of the thin layer is a Group 3B nitride including indium and at least one other Group 3B element.    USE -   Used as a low resistance ohmic contact for a silicon carbide semiconductor device, particularly suitable for high power diodes, transistors and thyristors.    ADVANTAGE -   There is good low resistance ohmic contact between the SiC layer and the metal layer.
The structure includes a sacrificial substrate having a face, an array of spaced apart diamond mesas, and a transfer substrate. The diamond mesas are provided on the face of the sacrificial substrate and the transfer substrate is provided on the mesas opposite the sacrificial substrate.    An adhesive material and an adhesive protection layer is provided between the sacrificial and transfer substrates, the adhesive bonding the array of diamond mesas to the transfer substrate. The adhesive protection layer lies between the adhesive layer and the sacrificial substrate. Sides of adjacent mesas and surfaces of the sacrificial and transfer substrates define a void between them, the adhesive material filling the void.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For use in manufacture of micro-electronic device, esp. SAW device; optical applications. Interfacial surfaces of diamond, which are formed adjacent sacrificial substrate and then exposed by removing substrate, are smooth. Smoothness allows use of high resolution photolithography. Reduced need to polish diamond mesa, reducing cost of manufacture.
A vertical metal-semiconductor-metal photodetector comprises: (i) an InGaAs optical absorbing layer having a first InAlAs current blocking layer positioned over the InGaAs optical absorbing layer, and a first electrode means including a first set of metallic electrodes positioned over the first current blocking layer and in contact therewith, the first set of electrodes having light transmissive areas between the metallic electrodes; (ii) a second InAlAs current blocking layer positioned under the optical absorbing layer, and second electrode means in contact with an underside portion of the second InAlAs current blocking layer.    USE -   Vertical structure metal-semiconductor-metal optical detector.    ADVANTAGE -   Improved response time due to reduced spacing between electrodes and reduced capacitance.
The battery has a main body which comprises multiple cells which receive solar energy and generate electricity.    Multiple storage battery parts are provided which comprise multiple storage battery cells which are arranged in the form of later.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces variation in potential between connected cells. Offers stable structure.
New method of producing solar cell modules which are formed on flexible boards and are coated with adhesive resin comprises (a) adhesive resin applied to both faces of solar cells by pressing it through a separating sheet; and (b) then sheet peeled off.    USE -   Used for producing solar cell modules having protective adhesive layers.    ADVANTAGE -   Solar cell modules having no protective films are produced.
The appts includes 3 steps of packing units (11a-11c) provided at periphery of main shaft (7) of a hydraulic machine. A pressure adjustment unit (110) is arranged between a sublevel packing room (21) and an upper stage packing chamber (22). A bypass tube (111) connects the packing chambers with the pressure adjustment unit. The bypass tube is installed with a decompression valve (112). A drainage pipe (113) is branched out from the bypass tube.    A relief valve (114) is installed in the drainage pipe. When the pressure in the first packing chamber is high, the water in that chamber is supplied to the upper stage packing chamber via the decompression valve. When the pressure in the second packing chamber is high, the water from the second chamber, is drained through the drainage pipe, by operating the relief valve. The pressure within the two chambers is adjusted by the pressure adjustment unit.    ADVANTAGE -   Adjusts pressure arbitrarily.
The module has a cell forming face on which a solar battery cell (2) is formed. A light receiving surface of a light receiver is provided on the external surface. The light receiver is provided at an end part of the cell forming face.    The end part is positioned to the push-in part side. A reflecting surface which projects from the light receiving surface, performs total reflection of all projected light beams to the light receiving surface.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves transformation efficiently reducing use area of cell.
A radionuclide battery converts the energy of electrons in excimer gases photovoltaically. The gas pressure is not more than 30% different from the optimum value for the least losses through radiation-free excimer gas transition.    USE -   As a battery    ADVANTAGE -   A battery with optimum properties with the smallest possible volume and the smallest possible mass.
The sealing unit for the main shaft of a water turbine is composed of a rotary ring, a sealing ring and a sealing plate. A magnetic ring is installed in the sealing ring to magnetically make the sealing ring come into contact with the sealing surface of the rotary ring.    A conic rubber ring is installed under the sealing plate to seal the inner circle of the sealing plate.    ADVANTAGE -   Simple structure, long service life and high sealing effect.
Antimony-based heterostructure comprises a number of vertically stacked heterostructures on a substrate. Each of the heterostructures comprises (i) a first layer of indium sulphide; (ii) a second layer of InAs1-xSbx where x = 0.65-1.0; and (iii) a third layer of indium antimonide. The first layer is doped with tin and the second and third layers are doped with zinc or magnesium. The vertically stacked heterostructures are a total of &lt; 10m thick in the vertical dimension.    USE -   The heterostructures are for use in photodetectors at room temperature.    ADVANTAGE -   Series connected heterostructures have reduced dark current and increased resistance for use at room temperature. From 2-50 of the devices are grown by either Lp-MOCVD or MBE process to a maximum thickness of 10m.
Manufacturing a photoreceiver bonded by heterogeneous junction with amorphous photodiode and crystal silicon transistor comprises: (1) forming one bipolar junction transistor with a crystal silicon n-p-n structure, as a signal output device for the photoreceiver, in which the bipolar junction transistor emitter is formed by doping high-density n- ion to one crystal silicon p-n chip p+ electrode; (2) forming by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition a photo diode with an amorphous silicon p-i-n structure attached to a bipolar junction transistor base with crystal silicon n-p-n structure, as optical receiving device for the photoreceiver, turning the photo current generated by the amorphous diode in the base current of the bipolar junction transistor; (3) forming an oxide layer for electrode isolation between the amorphous photo diode and the bipolar junction transistor; (4) forming a transparent conductive oxide layer attached to the amorphous photo diode surface and the bipolar junction transistor emitter; and (5) forming a metal layer on the collector surface of the bipolar junction transistor as a collector contact electrode.
The positioning arrangement consists of a cylindrical shaped member (1) with a levelled bottom and a position part (2) on top at a predetermined angle. The solar battery (4) is fixed on the position part. Below the cylindrical shaped member there is a large diametrical part (3).    The cylindrical shaped member is attached to a mount (6) through a penetrating pore (7) and is fixed in position accurately by a fixing tool (8) and by fixed position member. The penetrating pore of the fixing tool is inserted from the top of the cylindrical shape.    ADVANTAGE -   Ensures reliability for longer hours. Facilitates positioning of solar battery.
The battery has a substrate (5) on which multiple battery cells (1) are arranged. The solar energy is transformed into electrical energy by the cells.    A flat transmission line is formed between the cells and the substrate surface between a conductor part (6) through which the current generated is conveyed to the satellite power supply. Electrically conductive coating layers are formed on both sides of the battery panel.    ADVANTAGE -   Inhibits magnetic defect generation along panel thickness direction. Inhibits power leakage along transmission line of battery.
The device has two wavelength isolation optical system (2) with a main mirror (1a) and a sub mirror (1b) that receive the projected infrared rays (R). the long wavelength band (R1) is reflected by an infrared filter (1c). The medium wavelength band (R2) is transmitted. The long wavelength band is reflected by a reflective mirror (1d) and is output to a first relay lens (1e). The medium wavelength band is transmitted to a second relay lens (1f). Each infrared rays is output as a parallel light from the relay lenses to the vacuum housings (2a,3a) of each infrared detector (2,3). Each detector is equipped with its respective image formation lens (2b,3b) and 2D infrared sensors (2c,3c).    The infrared rays from the reflective mirror lead to the first infrared sensor. The infrared detector transform the rays to an electrical signal. The transparent light from the filter is lead to the second infrared sensor. The second infrared detector transforms the received light into an electrical signal. The condensing optical system, the two wavelength isolation optical system, the first and second infrared detector are combined and mounted on a gimbal. A set of coolers (2d,3d) is provided in the detectors.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides light weight and small-sized device.
The jig (10) which is rotated by a rotary drive unit (22) includes a press-fitting part (18). The press-fitting part is press-fitted to a hole (16) formed in a tile (14).    A stationary portion (20) is fixed to the undersurface of a support (12).    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents positional deviation of constructional materials. Enables easy fixing. Eliminates infiltration of rain water through press-fitted hole.
The device has a generator (8) which produces electric energy by converting mechanical energy supplied by the pedal (4a, 4b). The recording field roller (12) conveys the recording paper (13) with pre defined feed rate proportional to the drive of the pedals.    A drive device (11) executes the vertical movement of the thermal head of the thermal printer located near the recording paper. It is moved in proportion to the voltage outputted by the generator. The physical strength of the person who drives the pedals is recorded by the thermal head of the recording paper.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies device structure. Reduces cost. Does not need external power supply. Permits operation in open air.
The apparatus has a telecamera (21) set on top of a transmission tower (10). A solar storage battery is provided to give an emergency power source to a loudspeaker (50), a TV image receiver (90), public telephone (80), which provides information.    A flood lighting device (70), and a hydrant is also provided in case of calamities e.g. flood, fire. The apparatus monitors the status of an area, and functions as a warning device during emergencies.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For communication transmission e.g. public relations, public office, citizens. Ensures immediate transmission of information during time of calamities. Provides fire extinguisher because of hydrant. Enables collection of calamity status-tracking functions, area monitoring functions, calamity correspondence provision functions, and information functions in one apparatus.
The battery (10) has a substrate (11) n which multiple rough surfaces are formed by a crystal unit (12). Along the rough surface on the substrate, a base layer (13) is formed covering the crystal unit.    An emitter layer (14) is formed above the base layer, thereby forming a PN junction on the base and the emitter layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves transformation efficiency and electrical properties of battery.
The battery has PN-junction surfaces (12,13) made-up of semiconductor material, which has an energy band structure of quantum well (W).    The band gap energises the quantum well which increase gradually towards the barrier of the quantum well.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables easy excitation of carrier from quantum well to conduction/valence band. Reduces recombination rate of carrier in quantum well. Improves efficiency of solar battery.
The battery includes several photovoltaic unit layers (3,5) having different optical width surface and have at least one p-n junction. The layers are arranged in parallel on a glass substrate (1) and have output voltages which are almost equal.    The layers are connected in series in the direction of a group board surface. The layers have widest optical surface on the light incidence side.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves transformation efficiency without loss and increases sensitivity by providing large wavelength range; eliminates need for design of serial number of two photo electromotive force unit layer thereby improving degrees of freedom of design; simplifies repair of battery; reduces cost and simplifies manufacturing process of battery; reduces installation cost by using laser in pattern formation;stabilises output current; obtains high reliability without photodegradation even if non-crystal silicon is used; enlarges current and voltage gain.
The element has an antenna (3) formed on a silicon substrate (1) to receive electromagnetic wave containing light. A high-frequency Schottky barrier diode for detection (5) has a silicon metal boundary surface of the micro area. A microwave electromagnetic wave covering the area to an infrared light is detected more.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For detecting wide range light and electromagnetic wave. Uses Schottky barrier diode which is more stable mechanically than top point contact diode, and antenna with high receiving sensitivity. Offers optical detection element that can detect visible-light area.
A new III-V semiconductor wafer consists of a gallium arsenide or indium phosphide substrate and an epitaxial layer. The substrate has a face slightly tilted to the (111) A face and an epitaxial layer.    Also claimed is the production of the wafer where the face slightly tilted to the (111) A face is formed on the substrate and the epitaxial layer is grown on the face using the gas-phase epitaxial growth technique.    USE -   For photodiodes or Schottky barrier diodes which are used for optical communications.    ADVANTAGE -   An epitaxial layer having good quality and performance is grown on a GaAs or InP substrate with a higher growth rate.
The element has a hologram that is placed at the side from which light is emitted or at the side of the observer. Light from an image is diffracted by the hologram such that the peak sensitivity of the element is obtained.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   As light emitting element e.g. incandescent lamp, halogen lamp, krypton lamp, mercury vapour lamp, LED, laser, luminescent lamp e.g. fluorescent display, plasma display, TV. As light receiving element e.g. photodiode, phototransistor, photothyristor, photoelectric tube, photomultiplier tube, photoconductive cell, infrared sensor for e.g. optical sensor, image pick-up. Improves lighting effect of element since light is not directly seen by observer.
The apparatus includes a liquid crystal which is placed parallelly between a pair of transparent substrates with predetermined gap. A set of matrix shaped display pixels are arranged along the surface of transparent substrate to form a display screen. A picture scanning electrode (3), a light receiving element (7) and an image reading electrode (5) are laminated and formed in the predetermined gap of each display pixel in one side of the transparent substrate along the thickness direction at an opposing position state.    The electrode in the side of a display surface among the picture scanning electrode to hold the light receiving element and the image reading electrode are made transparent with the electrode in the side of a light source being opaque.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables correct reading of manuscript picture. Reduces rate of opening in display screen. Performs clear display of high picture of contrast.
The device includes a slider case (11B) that has a guide (13) on which a measure (55) with a main scale (84), is arranged. A LCD (37) is attached on the display side opening of the main body (15B) of the slider case. A protective cover (39) is placed on the display side opening of the main body, covering the LCD.    A back cover (41) on which an index scale (53) is arranged, is attached to the back side of the case main body by which the index scale and the main scale oppose each other. A solar cell unit (39) is arranged at the back of the LCD on the opposite side of the display side opening which is in the space between the LCD and the back cover. Two electronic circuits (47,49) attached to the inner side of the back cover measures the relative displacement between the main scale and the index scale.    ADVANTAGE -   Maximises light receiving area of solar battery within limited surface area since display aperture for LCD is not provided at solar cell unit. Does not receive constraint in size or number of display character and enlarges angle of visibility of LCD since solar cell unit is provided at back of LCD.
Electrical thin film structure consists of a thin film device (2) located on a support (1) and covered by a glass sheet (5), at least the edge region of which is bonded or laminated by a plastic layer (4) to the support (1) and has a thin vapour barrier layer (7) comprising a 50-100 nm thick Si3 N4 or Al2 O3layer.    Also claimed is a method of producing the above thin film structure, in which (a) the electrical thin film device (2) is produced or positioned on the support (1); (b) the thin vapour barrier layer (7) is deposited on at least the edge region of the glass sheet; and (c) the device is covered with the glass sheet and at least the edge region is bonded by an adhesive layer (4) to the support such that the entire edge region is in contact with the adhesive layer.    USE -   The process is used to produce climate-stable thin film solar modules (claimed) or other thin film structures such as radiation-sensitive optoelectronic devices (e.g. sensors) or thin film display elements (e.g. LCD panels).    ADVANTAGE -   The thin film structure is simple to produce without high manufacturing costs and withstands the water vapour-heat climate test of IEC 1215 (85C at 85% RH for 1000 hrs.) without degradation.
A ferroelectric element comprises in sequence: (i) a substrate; (ii) a barrier layer of intermetallic alloy; (iii) a metal oxide first electrode; (iv) a ferroelectric layer; and (v) a second electrode. Also claimed is a method of forming the element by depositing the layers in sequence, where the ferroelectric layer is a perovskite.    USE -   Integrated circuit memory cells.    ADVANTAGE -   No platinum barrier is required, avoiding the difficulty of etching platinum.
The combined solar energy panel and roofing element includes a polymeric sheet (20) which is at least partially transparent to light. The sheet has top and bottom surfaces and several edges. Electrically interconnected photovoltaic cells (21) are provided at the bottom surface of the sheet. At least one support element is attached to the bottom surface of the sheet and extends down from it. The support element is attached close to and contiguous with the edges of the sheet. Several anchor blocks are adapted to be attached to the roof.    Several connectors attach the sheet to the anchor blocks. At least one support element rests upon at least one block. The sheet and the connectors are waterproofed with waterproof flashing material (40). The anchor blocks are adapted to be attached to the roof by an adhesive. The connectors include    several bolts, with a first end secured within an anchor block and a second end protruding from the anchor block and passing through the sheet. Several nuts are each attached at the second end of one of the bolts. A layer of polymeric material covers the exposed surfaces of the photovoltaic cells.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For providing electric power. Provides panels which can be roof mounted without overloading roof. Eliminates need for heavy framing.
The apparatus has a flat board section with a top surface formed for supporting the body of a user. A fulcrum section protrudes from a central part of a bottom surface of the flat board section, and swingably supports the flat board section with respect to the ground, or floor surface. There are several detectors fixed to a periphery of the bottom surface of the flat board, for detecting a contact of the bottom surface of the flat board with the ground, or floor. The detectors generate a detection signal when a contact is detected.    An output device is connected to the detector to receive the detection signals, and to notify the user of the contact between the flat board section and the ground or floor.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Provides equipment enabling exercising at home, irrespective of athletic ability. Is inexpensive but withstands continuous daily use. Is comfortable, and maintains user interest.
The machine comprises a frame which includes an elongated base and a front vertical member which extends upwardly from the base. A unitary handlebar and footrest assembly (26) have an upper end and a lower end. The handlebar is attached at the upper end and a footrest is disposed on each side of the elongated base and is attached to the lower end. The handlebar and footrest assembly are attached to the front vertical member (24) which allow the handlebar and footrest assembly to pivot at a point between the upper end and the lower end. A seat assembly which includes an elongated seat support member (34) has a near and far. The near end is attached to the base on a pivot and the far end provides an area for user support.    A glide assembly allows a reciprocal motion along the elongated base and is dimensioned and configured for slidable engagement with the base. A friction unit is attached to the glide assembly and is adapted to frictionally engage with the base during slidable engagement of the glide assembly. An electric motor is attached to the friction unit and when actuated incrementally adjusts the friction unit to provide a range of frictional engagement with the elongated base. An electronic control and display unit is in communication with the electric motor. The unit has a memory and a processor for programmable processing and to communicate signals to the to actuate the motor by the user. A seat riser arm has an end which is attached by a pivot the seat support member at a point between the far end and near end. A second end is attached to the glide assembly by a pivot. A linkage bar has a front end attached to the handlebar by a pivot and footrest assembly at a point between the upper end and the lower end. A rear end is attached to the seat riser arm at a point between the first and second ends.    ADVANTAGE -   Operates by pushing and pulling while seated.
The hydraulic machine has a main shaft (9) with an exhaust hole (17), which is arranged between the two runner vanes (4) of the swirl casings (1). Entrance side and exit side of the runner vane are provided with a guide vane (3a,3b) and a draft tube (11), respectively. One end of the main shaft is connected to an exhaust steam chamber (16). An exhaust valve (17a) is connected to the exhaust tube (16a) of the exhaust steam chamber. A water level sensor (18) is set up in the draft tube. A runner vane inlet pressure sensor (20) is provided at the outlet side of the guide vane.    When the water level value and inlet pressure value reaches a predetermined value, a control unit (19) sends a valve-closure signal to an exhaust valve (17a) and a high-pressure air valve (13a). The air inside the casing is exhausted from the exhaust hole.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables quick exhaust processing of water and air when water level and internal pressure exceeds predetermined value. Ensures balance discharge of internal air from chamber through two runner vanes. Reduces power due to leakage of water.
The hydraulic machine includes movable guide vanes (25,38) which are connected to entrance sides of the high-pressure and low-pressure chambers (29,32), respectively. The exit side of each chamber is connected to a runner vane (21,22). A blade unit flow path (33) is connected to the high-pressure runner vane.    A passageway (40) is arranged between the flash blade units (26) of the blade unit flow path. The blade units are arranged at the periphery of the flow path in lattice form.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces flow loss of fluid along blade unit flow path.
The head band has a band part (1) attached to a hat or a helmet or a helmet shield that is mounted onto a user's head. A solar battery (2) is provided in upper part of band part which supplies power to a small motor (3) and a fan (4) through an arm part (5).    An adjustment part (6) adjusts the space between fan and the mounting position.    ADVANTAGE -   Offers head band which is detachable from hat, helmet shield. Enables usage even during night time by using drycell. Offers compact head band which is easily portable.
The device has a load estimation component (115a) which observes load to limbs mounted to a training apparatus while operating a drive unit. An impedance constant transducer (116) changes each parameter constant of a target impedance as the overload capacity of the limbs is approached.    The impedance constant of degree of freedom of drive unit operation is changed as the load to the limbs approaches an overload value from an initial value. A controller makes the degree of freedom of operation of the drive unit virtually free corresponding to the approaching to overload value of the limbs load value.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For e.g. medical treatment field, rehabilitation field. Operates drive unit smoothly without increasing load on joint. Easily sets movable range of drive unit in consideration of limitation of limbs. Improves safety to sports and training apparatus.
The image pick-up has a TAB tape (3) on which a solid state pick-up element (1) and a semiconductor device (7) are mounted, individually. The TAB tape is cut to predetermined length and bent along with the side face of each pick-up element. A lead (8) and the TAB tape are connected by a connection member (9).    A chip component (10) is mounted on a chip component mounting substrate (12) and an external signal line is connected to an external signal line connection substrate (14) and are connected to the lead.    ADVANTAGE -   Aims at size reduction of appts.
The device has a semiconductor element which has a first area (21) and a second area (22). A heterojunction (23) is formed between the two areas. The two areas are made up of differing semiconductor substances.    The difference between the work functions in the heterojunction in two areas is large. The second area contains donor atoms which forms a DX centre. Optical pumping of DX centre is performed by which recombination of free electrons is performed.    ADVANTAGE -   Stabilizes optical conductivity.
The appts includes a fixed energy source for transmitting energy to a fixed receptor and spaced a sufficient fixed distance from the receptor of the energy to permit various portions of the body of an exerciser, chosen by the exerciser, repetitively to interrupt the energy between the source and the receptor. The frequency of interruption of the energy between the energy source and the receiver is measured. the frequency of interruption so measured is transmitted to computer software.    The computer software is designed so as to provide visual feedback and enterudnment to the exerciser from the video game apparatus dependent upon information concerning the frequency of movement of the exerciser so transmitted. Feedback sensors interfaces with the exerciser, fixed energy source and fixed receptor, and video game apparatus. The feedback sensors provides signals for permitting the exerciser interactively to control the subject matter on the video game apparatus display according to the feedback sensor signals.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides entertainment and positive mental distraction from indoor physical exercising experience.
The exercise system includes an exercise machine with an associated console, an external source of input signals, and a display. A moveable endless belt (178) on a powered treadmill can be controlled from the console (10), into which modules (16) can be slotted as part of the control system. An adjustment arrangement regulates the speed of movement of the belt as well as the resistance to movement, e.g. by varying the inclination of the belt. The control console also contains programs which can be selected and altered from the external source at a remote location.    A program supplies a variable input over selected time periods in order to regulate the motor controller of the treadmill, or the resistance to movement. An input can be received from a remote location via a telecommunications network by means of telephone lines or by an external computer connected to a local computer network. This enables the selection or supplying of the exercise programs from the console, for operation of the related exercise machine.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Also for exercise bicycle. Provides user programmable machine, allowing selection from several individualised programs. Allows connection to remote controls, video system, and remote input from adviser.
Copolymers of esters of 2-cyanoacrylic acid with chlorinated butadienes of formula (I) are new. In (I): X = Cl; Y = H; R = C3 H7 -C10 H21 , CH2 CH2 OCH2 CH=CH2 ,CH2 COOCH2 CH=CH2 ,CH2 COOCH2 CF2 CF2 H, or CH(CH3 )-CCl=CCl2 ; m = 99-21 mol.%; n = 1-79 mol.%; and k = m + n; or X = H; Y = Cl; R = C2 H5 , CH2 CF2 CF2 H or CH2 CF3; m = 1-99 mol.%; n = 99-1 mol.%; and k = m + n.    USE -   (I) are used in molecular electronics to give high resolution super-thin photosensitive coatings.    ADVANTAGE -   The compound does not require a photosensitiser and gives a film which is more sensitive to short wave UV radiation.
The Si substrate having p-type layer, n-type layer and p-n junction, is fabricated by etching. The photo-electromotive force layer or layers are formed on the Si substrate as it becomes plus side, and irradiated by light and etching treated alkali solution to achieve selective etching to only p-type Si layer.    USE -   The etching process is used to form Si substrate of micromachine.    ADVANTAGE -   The etching of p-type Si layer is achieved without connecting electrode to Si substrate to form sensing layer is formed on the n-type Si layer.
The module (1) includes several solar battery cells connected in series. Several diodes (2) are connected in parallel with the cells.    A light emitting body (3) with a discolouring function is connected to each diode in series.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies repair since determination of which module is in trouble is done easily because tarnishing of light emitting body can be confirmed from external view during trouble.
The module has a glass material arranged on its front surface. The main body of the module is attached to a frame which includes two long side frame materials (6) and two short side frame materials (7). A step portion (6a) is formed on the two long side frame materials.    A reinforcement piece (15) is arranged in parallel with the two short side frame materials with both ends at the middle of the long side frame materials. A screw (16) fixes both ends of the reinforcement piece to the step portion of the long side frame materials.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves attachment of glass material on front surface of main body since reinforcement piece is provided. Enables solar battery module to withstand wind pressure since screw fixes reinforcement piece to frame.
The device has a tegmen (11) which seals the upper opening of a package (10). A cylindrical ferrule (20) is freely inserted and removed in the axial hole of a cylindrical body (50). A fixing component detachably fixes the ferrule to the cylindrical body.    The cylindrical body is fixed to a joint hole (13) formed on the sidewall (12) of the package. A flange (21) mounted on the ferrule, is contacted and fixed to the lateral surface of the sidewall of the package. An optical fibre (2) mounted in the axial hole of the ferrule is coupled to an optical semiconductor chip (1).    ADVANTAGE -   Enables simple alignment of respective optical axes of optical semiconductor chip and ferrule. Enables easy mounting of ferrule to package without damaging optical fibre. Prevents deterioration of optical signal quality and de-stabilisation of light source operation. Reduces size of optical device through parallel mounting of optical semiconductor chips.
The solar cell module includes a photovoltaic element. The element has a light receiving face. The face has a collecting electrode with an electrically conductive coat and a surface side cover. The electrode is metal wire with either a gold or silver surface. The electrically conductive coat is formed of a paste. The cover includes a filler and a surface protective film which are sequentially laminated. The filler is an ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer.    A thin resin layer is interposed between the photovoltaic element and the filler so as to fill gaps present in the conductive coat. The filler is cross linked by an organic peroxide which has a one hour half life temperature of between one hundred and three hundred degrees Celsius.    USE -   For power generation.    ADVANTAGE -   Improved moisture resistance. Improved transparency. Improved surface side cover. Highly reliable. Heat resistant. Improved scratch resistance. Improved electrical insulation. Flexible cover. Improved appearance.
The generator is mounted on a single shaft (S) comprising a radial turbine (T) with a unique thrust equalising mechanism (TEM) mounted there. It operates with a part of the applied (HF) hydraulic fluid to the turbine radial runner (R) and a thrust bearing to equalise the generated thrust forces by providing a small axial bidirectional movement of the thrust bearing with its elements mounted on the single shaft and an induction generator driven by the turbine.    The shaft with the induction generator and the turbine components except the runner are isolated in a common housing and the entire assembly is included in a submersible container with a fluid inlet and outlet receiving the hydraulic fluid flow at a reset fluid pressure and velocity for controlling the turbine speed. The synchronous speed of the generator is changed as required by the fluid flow and fluid head.    ADVANTAGE -   Has long life, is seal less and is submerged and functions very well. Is readily adjusted for optimum efficiency in operation and includes self limiting runaway speed balancing out pressures generated by centrifugal forces in turbine against input hydraulic fluid flow pressure.
The system includes a pre-fan chamber adapter which directs air or water into each of two pre-fan chamber tubes before passage through two turbine chambers. The twin turbines are turned before the water or air returns to the atmosphere or a body of water. A common shaft couples the twin turbines, a V-type pulley and a generator. The V-type pulley is mounted on the common shaft and is connected to the pulley on the generator via a V-type belt or a gear box. The generator is turned at a speed ratio, with respect to the common shaft speed, of greater than 1 to 1. Rotation of the twin turbines causes the generator to rotate and produce electricity.    The generated electricity is regulated by a control box which receives an input from a shaft speed monitor and adjusts the intake of air or water into an air or water scoop by utilising two half cone covers along with two worm screws which are reciprocal with worm screw mounting brackets. Two small DC motors with motor mounts operate in conjunction with the control box to regulate the air or water entering the air or water scoop and the generator turns at a constant speed independent of the speed of the vehicle on which the turbine system is installed. The electricity produced by the generator can be used to charge a battery.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Mounting on e.g. train, aircraft, boat. Causes minimal drag on vehicle it is installed on. Generates energy according to movement of vehicle.
The exercise device includes a variable speed rotary drive, an adjustable speed controller for controlling the speed of the variable speed rotary driving device, an exercise link offering resistance to motion of a user and a fluid coupling connected to the variable speed rotary driving device through an input shaft. A torque multiplier is driven by the fluid coupling through an output shaft, the fluid coupling transmitting torque from the input shaft to the output shaft.    The torque multiplier is connected to the exercise link, the fluid coupling imparting resistance to the exercise link, the resistance to motion of the exercise link being a function of the direction of the exercise link and the speed of the variable speed rotary driving device.    ADVANTAGE -   Allows user to measure effects of power training and determine best proportion of speed and tension for maximum power
An exercise treadmill is energised from an external electrical power source and has a frame and a drive belt engaging a drive roller, the latter being mounted to the frame and engaging an endless walking belt. A drive arrangement comprises an alternating current induction motor having a shaft of which the first end extends outward in a first direction from the AC motor and the second end extends outward in a second, opposite direction from the AC motor. An AC motor driver/controller is operatively connected to the external power source and the AC induction motor provides a variable voltage and variable frequency to the AC induction motor to control the rotation of it.    A programmable circuit cooperates with the AC motor driver/controller for adjustably controlling the rotational speed of the AC motor, and has a device to provide a gradual slowing of the drive belt in the event of a sudden power failure to the alternating current induction motor. A device engages the AC induction motor to the drive roller, and is joined to the shaft of the AC induction motor at the first end of it. A first flywheel is located on the first end of the shaft of the alternating current induction motor, and is integral with the drive roller engaging device. A second flywheel is located on the second end of the shaft of the alternating current induction motor, and both the alternating current induction motor and the alternating current motor driver/controller are matched to power the treadmill walking belt.    ADVANTAGE -   AC motor and controller is sized to handle belt load and speed conditions encountered within normal treadmill operating ranges. AC motor has drive shaft extending beyond motor housing for mounting integral flywheel/drive sprocket unit on outboard end.
The valve has an inner valve (14) that is led to the downstream side opening of a discharge pipe. The taper surface of a valve body (20) expands in a peripheral surface on the downstream side of the inner valve. Either the valve body or the inner valve is freely moved to the downstream side end of the discharge pipe along an axial direction.    The inner valve is abutted to the taper surface of a valve body sheet surface (20c) that is formed by dividing a valve body part taper surface (20d) on the upstream side. The upstream side end of the valve body sheet surface is shifted to a downstream side from the downstream side end of the valve body part taper surface.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents valve body sheet surface from wearing out since it does not immediately contact discharged water, thus obtaining durable discharge valve.
The valve has an inner valve (14) that is led to the downstream side opening of a discharge pipe. The taper surface of a valve body (20) expands in a peripheral surface on the downstream side of the inner valve.    Either the valve body or the inner valve is freely moved to the downstream side end of the discharge pipe along an axial direction.    The valve sheet part (24) of the inner valve with a sheet surface (24a), is removed to abut a valve body part (14c) to the taper surface of the valve body.    ADVANTAGE -   Requires only replacing or repairing valve sheet part of inner valve when sheet surface wears out since valve sheet part can be removed from valve body part, thus easing maintenance of discharge valve. Obtains inexpensive manufacturing cost since valve sheet part can be formed with either stainless steel or ceramic. Shortens repair time since discharge valve can be maintained by exchanging valve sheet part. Eases pre-heating operation due to small valve sheet part.
The valve has a valve box (1) connected to a piping e.g. pressure iron pipe that is led through a leading hole (2) formed in the lower portion of the valve box. A float chamber (4) is led to the external    through a large diametral air hole (3) formed in the upper portion of the valve box. A floating valve (6) opens and closes the large diametral air hole in the float chamber.    A float needle valve body (8) opens and closes a small diametral air hole (7a) formed in the central portion of the floating valve. A spring (24) energises the floating valve to the lower side of the float chamber. A threaded material (26) adjusts the energising power of the spring.    ADVANTAGE -   Obtains compact air valve due to simple and small structure of floating valve, spring and threaded material. Automatically and promptly removes air that fills in float chamber by opening large diametral air hole using floating valve.
The mobility soma (21,31) has a minimum of 2 sets of air-tight paths (20,30) in the shape of cylinder which can move in vertical direction. A upper tank (10) is set up on the higher order of paths (20,30) and lower tank (40) is set up to a lower order. When soma (21) moves to upper end of paths (20,30) the liquid flows into tank (10) and when it moves to lower end the liquid flows into tank (40). Thus liquid circulation is carried out and its closing-motion control is carried out with valve.    The negative pressure produced in path by vertical movement of soma (21) is led to suck the liquid from the upper tank (10) and positive pressure produced by soma is led to press the liquid in lower tank. Thus liquid generation is taken place and electricity is generated.    ADVANTAGE -   Low-cost of electricity.    . D21
The turbine has a draft tube in which compressed air is supplied through an air duct. A runner (1) is installed in the upper part of the draft tube. The water surface in the draft tube is maintained at a level A by the compressed air preventing the runner from making contact with the water and thus reducing the torque needed to rotate the runner.    An outlet air vent and a sink air vent is formed at the opposite sides of the draft tube. An air blower driven by a motor extracts the compressed air in the draft tube through the outlet air vent and the sink air vent.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces cost since setting up of vertical section of draft tube for long time is unnecessary.
The module has a structure (1) containing a glass pane and solar-battery cell (4) which are mutually attached. A first resin sheet layer is installed in the structure. A second resin sheet layer is attached to the rear side of a structure. A rear side protective sheet (2) is attached to the rear side of the structure.    The rear side protective sheet is bent at its bending part (5) so that a sealant (10) which has dampproofing, may be inserted between the structure and the rear side protective sheet.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   In residence. Enables easy fixation in roof.
The unit (1) includes a solar panel (4) built in a unit frame. A non-combustible panel (6) made of an aluminum alloy is arranged on the back side of the solar panel. A vertical space (S) is formed between the solar panel and the non-combustible panel.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces thickness of whole unit; assures air permeability on back side of solar panel; reduces rise in temperature of solar panel.
In the process purifying molten metal silicon (A) by irradiating the surface with plasma jet flow (B) of inert gas, steam (C) is mixed into (B) or (A) is blown with (C) flow independently and at the same time DC magnetic field is impressed on (A) so the flux is parallel to (A)'s surface. Magnetic field is impressed on (A) so distribution of magnetic flux density is generated on (A).    In an example, 10 kg metal silicon containing 6 ppm of boron was placed in a copper container (1) with cooling system in which silicon was melted by the irradiation of Ar plasma arc (900 A) (4) and impressed with magnetic field (10 mT) (5), flow of melted silicon (3) was observed, then steam was supplied on the irradiated surface of melted silicon at the rate of 0.5 mol/minute. Boron concentration was reduced to 0.6 ppm.    USE -   Used for producing high purity metal silicon for solar cell from low cost metal silicon on the market.    ADVANTAGE -   The method is able to produce high purity metal silicon from low cost metal silicon on the market.
A machine comprises: (a) two or more laminating units structured so as to open and close respective upper chambers (6, 10) incorporating diaphragms (40, 50) expandable in a downward direction and respective lower chambers (8, 12) incorporating hot platens (45, 55); and (b) elevating units for mounting to-be laminated members (P) on the respective hot platens (45, 55) and for lifting the to-be laminated members (P) mounted on the hot platens (45, 55) above the respective hot platens.    USE -   The laminating machine is suitable for mfg. to-be laminated members such as solar cell panels etc.    ADVANTAGE -   Productivity for the to-be laminated members is improved by operating two or more laminating units simultaneously.
The drive unit has a power sensor attached to the finger. A set of arms (103) are connective to the power sensor with motor and rotation angle detector provided at the nodes of these arms. The power information needed for control is stored in the memory device. A switching device (208) is connected to the memory device. When direct teach in his performed by the operator the switch disconnects the memory from the control circuit.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves safety. Reduces electric power consumption needs only one power sensor.
The system includes a first water storage basin (30) for receiving tidal water and a second water storage basin (60) for receiving stored water from the first water storage basin. Both basins are connected by at least one lock (40-43) fitted with turbines for generating electrical power.    Sluice gates (14) are provided low down in a sea wall, separating basins, to allow controlled release of water from the second storage basin. The electrical power generator comprises a pontoon or barge (50-53) in the lock capable of floating up or down with changes of water level in the lock and attached to a rope (73), wire etc which runs between pulleys to rotate them, for driving an electricity generator (79). A remote control device is used for opening and closing sluice gates.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For generating electricity using water tidal energy. Allows continuous generation of electricity.
The hydro-energy engine for transforming static hydro-energy into mechanic or electric energy is composed of primary and secondary sets. An energy cabinet includes a float, a turn-over gate, a water inlet and limit rod. It also has a function cabinet includes a touch rod and a flow control water tank. It features optimal utilisation of water energy, reasonable structure and strong adaptability. It may be used as prime mover of various machines such as blower and electric generator.
The spacecraft apparatus is capable of being placed in a low Earth orbit (32) using a launch vehicle (L). The spacecraft has a velocity direction (VD) and a direction to the Nadir (ND) while in orbit and includes a central body (B) and several antenna panels (A1-A9). There are several solar/thermal panels (S1-S2). The antenna panels and solar/thermal panels are stowed before launch in the launch vehicle in stacked layered relationship against the central body. There are several hinges (H) for movably coupling the antenna panels and the solar/thermal panels serially each to another and to the central body at an attachment point on an edge of each of the panels.    Each attachment point is rotatable around a preceding attachment point to a hinge locking angle in an elevation direction and displaced from the preceding attachment point by an offset angle in an azimuth direction. The antenna panels and the solar/thermal panels are deployed in orbit, taking the shape of an arm. They are uniquely positioned in the arm with respect to the direction to the Nadir by the hinge locking angle and the offset angle in combination. They cover a desired footprint area on the Earth's surface and to achieve an optimal angle for solar energy collection and thermal radiation.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Provides economically feasible network for communications.
The panel has a light receiving part (3a) of a solar battery (3), covered by a box-shaped light receiving body (13) made of transparent glass. Each side face of light receiving body except that of north side is formed with a planar or circular based prism part.    In the inner surface of north side, a mixer like reflecting surface is formed. Prism angles follow the incident angle of solar light optionally.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves light receiving efficiency sharply. Stabilises operation of connected devices.
The solar battery consists of a PN junction formed in a corrugated manner first below the irradiation on surface (1a). The irradiation surface is also in a corrugated shape. The PN junction consists of a N layer (8) over which the P layer (9) is formed. A heat dissipation plate is also provided. The irradiation surface of the solar light rays is angled at about 45 degrees between each other and is made such as corrugated surface.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides high output of electric power at same occupancy area. Provides low cost manufacturing means.
The water-wheel field test device has a central processing calculating unit (2) to perform conversion processing of digital signals. The operation condition of the water wheel is received through A/D converter (1) from various detector (8). The output of the calculating unit is displayed on a CRT display (3). A taking-in unit (10) receives predetermined digital signals expressing schematic inclination of operation condition of water wheel among the received predefined digital signal. A signal output unit (12) outputs stage display signal as display signal.    ADVANTAGE -   Offices highly precise and efficient device. Provides high speed testing. Aim check of operation situation data and check operation situation.
The attachment structure has a clamp component (3b) which grips the termination (4a) of the planner solar battery (4). The clamp component is located on the rail member (3). The planner solar battery faces the roof background material (2).    ADVANTAGE -   Does not need nail for fixing for solar battery. Prevents rail induced fault generations. Improves waterproof nature. Simplifies exchange roof surface material.
The appts includes a siphon pipe (1). The lower end of a length tube part (4) and the lower end of a short tube part (3) of the siphon pipe are inserted into a water tank (8) and into a lake (6) respectively.    A penstock (12) is provided to carry water from the water tank to a hydraulic turbine (13). A generator (16) is provided, for rotary driving of the hydraulic turbine.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables to generate electricity without building dam. Ensures continuous generation of electricity.
The bridge structure (21) consists of several structural components. The structural component with highest strength is located along the longitudinal direction. The solar battery module (25) is mounted on the surface on the which the sunlight is received.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves light reception efficiency. Prevents breakage of solar battery module. Improves environmental friendliness.
The damping unit used for muscle exerciser, multi functional integrated exerciser and stimulation training apparatus is composed of friction plate, relative movement part and damping regulation and control system, and features quantitative stepless regulation of damping value, mono-directional or bidirectional equal-damping or bidirectional unequal damping, damping value controlled by computer, and synchronous operation with detecting, display and memory systems.
The photovoltaic device (10a) includes a flexible substrate (1) and several photoelectric conversion cells (10a,10b) including crystalline semiconductor material and arranged on the substrate and separated from one another by a respective gap between adjacent cells. The adjacent cells have oppositely sloped sidewalls. The gap is bounded at two opposite sides by the sloping sidewalls so that the gap tapers toward the substrate and is bounded at a bottom thereof by an exposed portion of the substrate between the adjacent cells. Each cell comprises two semiconductor layers (2a-b,3a-b) of opposite conductivity type.    The two semiconductor layers extend across the cell between the sloping sidewalls. An insulating film (5) is arranged on and covering a first one of the opposite sloped sidewalls and the exposed portion of the substrate. A conductive film (7) is arranged on the insulating film to extend entirely across the width of the insulating film to form a first electrical contact to the first semiconductor layer of the first adjacent cell and a second electrical contact to said second semiconductor layer of the second adjacent cell. At least one of the electrical contacts is formed on one of the sloped sidewalls over an end edge of the insulating layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies manufacturing procedure due to not needing to separate photovoltaic devices and bond with wire.
The structure includes an electric connection mechanism (25) that electrically connects an array of solar battery modules.    The array is formed by fixing a number of board shaped solar battery modules (21) on a lattice opening (24a) of an attaching part (24) such that the solar battery modules join each other mutually.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves operativity. Enables reduction in wiring work.
The module has a high frequency line (3) whose first and second nodes are connected to a high frequency input terminal and a first node of a resistor (6) respectively. The impedance matching of the resistor and the high frequency line is performed. The resistor is provided with its first and second load connected to the first load of a voltage driven type photoelectron element (1) and to the first node of a condenser (4) respectively.    A chip type condenser (5) has its first node linked to a DC voltage input terminal (9) and the second node of the resistor. The second node of the chip type condenser is connected to ground terminal. The first and second nodes of the photoelectron element are connected to the second node of the resistor and earth respectively.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves mounting nature. Reduces component on circumference of opto-electronic element.
The element includes a semiconductor substrate (1) with a cavity part (2) formed in its main surface. A diaphragm (3) with low thermal conductivity is formed on the substrate. An IR sensing part is provided on the diaphragm.    A high temperature conduction layer (14) is enclosed between the IR sensing part and the IR absorption layer (13).    ADVANTAGE -   Improves sensitivity. Improves response speed by reducing thermal capacity.
The apparatus includes a pipe (5) which sends cooling oil from an oil cooler (2) to an oil tank, provided to a thrust bearing unit (1), when a drive oil circulating pump (3) is driven. A second pipe (6) returns the oil used to cool the thrust bearing unit, to the oil cooler.    Abnormality of bubbles generated in the cooling oil send through the first pipe is observed through a bubble monitoring unit (15).    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Also applicable to hydraulic machine e.g. hydraulic turbine, reversible pump turbine. Can easily grasp amount of bubbles in oil cyclic piping system. Ensures stability of thrust bearing performance, thus improving reliability and stability of electric power supply.
The machine has a runner (1) with a shroud (2) provided between an upper cover (3) and a lower cover (4). The liquid which flows in the runner periphery is filled into a space formed between the hub of runner and the upper cover.    This liquid changes to a gaseous state in the portion where the liquid comes in contact with the runner.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces friction in runner. Eliminates loss by leakage of water between upper and lower covers.
The wooden dumbbell has a sloping square poise part (1) on either side of a gripping handle part with a weight adjustment metal spindle (5) at either end. One side of the poise part, a frequency meter (2) and a setting button (3) are provided with which it is possible to set the frequency of exercising per minute, as per guide lines (4) provided in another side of the poise part.    If the frequency of an exercising differs from the set frequency, a buzzer warning is sounded.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents injury by over exercising, particularly in middle aged and elderly persons. Has printed guide lines on surface for ready reference
The protective device has a grounding resistor provided to ground the DC link part of inverter and converter. A detector detects the current flowing through the grounding resistor or voltage across the terminals of grounding resistor. The output of signal of this detector is fed to a first order time lag calculating unit (10), which performs first order time lag to it.    A comparison unit (12a-12d) compares the output of first order time lag calculating unit with reference value set by setting units (13a-13d) and outputs a ground fault detected signal, when the output of first order time lag calculating unit is larger.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables highly sensitive ground fault detection. Detects ground fault generation area, clearly. Makes fault reset possible at early stages thereby prevents expansion of damage.
The appts includes an U-shaped bolt (3) provided with an insulated layer (8) corresponding to side part of rotor winding wire termination (2c). The termination is arranged between top and bottom winding wires (2a,2b) respectively.    Insulated blocks (7a,7c) are provided between winding wire and a support ring (5). An insulated barrier (10) is installed between first insulated block and top winding wire, The support ring is attached to a stay (4) projecting from the outer side of rotor core (1) along axial direction.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves insulation efficiency. Secures high reliability. Avoids space between adjoining terminations.
The apparatus (S) has a transparent resin body (3) that seals several solar cells (2). The light-receiving surface of each solar cell faces a transparent substrate (1).    The periphery of the transparent resin body and the transparent substrate is surrounded with distributed insulated resin bodies (7). The terminations of the transparent substrate and the insulated resin bodies are surrounded by a metal frame (8).    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces total shrinkage of insulated resin bodies due to high temperature and high humidity by distributing insulated resin bodies. Prevents short-circuit of output end of solar cell and metal frame, to angular part of solar battery apparatus. Offers solar battery apparatus with thin shape and high breakdown voltage. Provides reliable insulation by covering periphery of solar battery body with elastic insulation body.
The infrared sensor has a layered structure (9) provided on a silicon substrate (1). A clearance (6) is formed between the bottom of the layered structure and the surface of the substrate. The layered structure includes a lower electrode (4), a pyroelectric film (7), an upper electrode (8) which are sequentially layered on a support film (3).    The lower electrode is made of a material e.g. aluminium, aluminium alloy which has low heat conductivity and which can endure alkali-type wet anisotropy etching.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables formation and patterning of lower electrode before alkali-type wet anisotropy etching, thus improving sensitivity of infrared sensor. Prevents damage and reduction of lower electrode thickness after etching, thus improving reliability and endurance of infrared sensor. Minimises variation in sensitivity between sensors.
The device consists of a stamina training apparatus (2) for training the heart/blood circulation system and/or for strengthening the musculature and a tanning device (3). The tanning device is in the form of an ultraviolet radiation device which is integrated into the stamina training apparatus.    The tanning device can have a tanning surface (8) which can be adjusted in position. The radiation has an effect on the physical and psychic well-being of the user. It is generally used for exposure times of 10 to 20 minutes.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables a high degree of efficiency to be achieved despite reduced usage time.
The automatic tension mechanism driven directly by motor is composed of electric motor, brake frame fixed to the front of motor, lock unit, ratchet wheel on output axle of motor, electromagnet to pull brake frame and make brake jaw control ratchet wheel, winch wheel on front output axle, steel cable linked with rubber ball able to be jammed in notch of brake frame, decoder on back output axle, bus and microcomputerized controller. A constant current from current unit is passed to motor under control of the controller.
The module (1) has an insulator (3) and a solar panel (4) which are formed and layered sequentially on a block-shaped base (2) that uses a hydraulic coupling material. A waterproof sheet (5) is layered at the back surface of the base with an arrangement path.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Also used as panel for architecture. Reduces outer wall and roof slab of building for accommodating solar battery module. Efficiently prevents peeling of solar battery module fixed in building due to strong wind. Prevents heat dissipation from rear side of solar panel and efficiently rises of solar cell temperature. Prevents photodegradation of low cost solar cell and obtains sufficient electric generation efficiency when using amorphous silicon as solar cell. Reduces energy consumption for temperature adjustment of building room internal temperature. Simplifies waterproofing structure of building since rain water is prevented from penetrating in building side. Enables transferring solar battery module easily and provides simple maintenance of solar battery module. Offers simple allocation of solar battery module.
The installation includes a receiving-conveying apparatus (10) that supplies and delivers load between the load accommodation space (4) of a shelf (1). A solar panel (24) is provided on the roof (22) of a housing unit (21).    A battery (6) stores the electric power generated from the solar panel. The battery is arranged in the lowest stage of the shelf load accommodation space.    ADVANTAGE -   Effectively utilises load accommodation space of shelf by providing battery at lower stage and solar panel on roof. Restrains rise of temperature in housing unit by providing solar panel which interrupts direct sun rays projection on roof of housing unit. Reduces electric power cost by utilising solar energy instead of electric power service. Prevents electric power interruption.
The apparatus (1) has a continuous belt (2) on which a runner (M) runs. A load measuring unit is provided at the lower side of the continuous belt to detect the running load applied on the continuous belt by the runner.    An analyser (32) processes the measured running load with a reference value to evaluate the runner. An analyses display unit (33) shows the analysis results for the runner.    ADVANTAGE -   Ensures long training without obstructing monotonous exercise. Ensures training which considers running load of runner.
The monolithically integrated solar cell microarray (50) has a number of solar cells formed on a monolithic substrate (54). The microarray has n and p type GaAs base and emitter layers (56,58) defining a p/n junction (60). A patterned trench (62) in the base and emitter layers and an isolation layer (64) between base layer (56) and substrate define the individual solar cells (52).    The patterned trench exposes the isolation layer and forms cells of any size or current capacity. The base and emitter interconnect (74) contacts are formed from metal alloys to link the cells in series as required to form the desired output voltage. Photolithographic techniques are used.    ADVANTAGE -   Allows cells of any desired current and voltage features to be formed inexpensively without dicing and soldering.
The carrier apparatus is provided by a sheet material plate (1) which extends over the surface of a number of adjacent roof tiles, formed at its edges (2) for securing to the neighbouring roof tiles. The plate is provided with a number of spaced reception or fixing elements for at least one solar element having a large number of solar cells (5) across its surface.    ADVANTAGE -   Simple integration of photovoltaic solar element in existing roof surface.
Semiconductor device comprising: semiconductor body with array of peaks and valleys on the surface; channel in surface running through peaks and to depth of valleys; narrower groove under channel and under surface; metal conductive layer in groove forming cooperative buried contact in the absence of zig-zag metallisation of varying depths.    Also claimed are photovoltaic device and its production, device comprising: poly- or mono-crystalline silicon wafer providing solar cell of textured surface to decrease light reflection and increase efficiency, having apexes and a base; wafer having parallel sets of channels providing contact trenches extending through surface apexes and to depth of base; SiO, Si3N4 or oxides insulation in and covering trenches to prevent metal contacting trench to minimise shadowing; metallisation finger and bus bar grooves aligned with and under trenches and spanning lesser width; nickel, copper or silver conductive layers in grooves cooperating to form buried contact; front trenches cooperating to enhance open circuit voltage of device.    Claimed method of device manufacture involves: phosphorus or nitrogen type mono or poly crystalline silicon wafer treated into array of solar cells enhanced by macro-texturing forming channels; forming emitter and diffusing opposite polarity regions into wafer to form active area under front trench; insulating contact trenches; cutting grooves; diffusing opposite polarity under grooves and forming conductive buried contacts by plating.    USE -   Buried contact semiconductor devices such as solar cells.    ADVANTAGE -   Production cost lowered and time shortened;less metal wastage and lower material requirements; attractive, economical, dependable and effective devices result.
The array of photoelectric light sensors (10) sense incident light. The sensors are arranged in rows and columns and addressed via sets of row and column address conductors (12,14). Each sensor is connected between respective row and column conductors.    A drive circuit is connected to the conductors for addressing the sensors, providing output according to photoconduction in individual sensors resulting from incident light. A switch (20) selectively connects at least some conductors to output terminals. The sensors are connected between two output terminals operating in a photovoltaic mode generating power output.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Also for power generation. More compact. Increases robustness. Reduces power requirements.
A device for double hetero-structure light-emitting, which comprises: A AlGaAs substrate; a P type AlGaAs cladding layer, is formed on a AlGaAs substrate; a P type AlGaAs active layer, is formed on a P type AlGaAs cladding layer; a N type AlGaAs active layer and is characterized by highest position for Al contents of AlGaAs substrate is the interface of AlGaAs substrate and P type AlGaAs cladding layer. Thickness of AlGaAs substrate is about 150 to 220 (muon) m and Al contents 0.4 to 0.8. Thickness of P type AlGaAs cladding layer is about 20 (muon)m and Al contents 0.65. Thickness of P type AlGaAs active layer is about 1 to 2 (muon)m and Al contents 0.35. Thickness of N type AlGaAs cladding layer is about 60 (muon)m and Al contents 0.65.
The generator has an hydraulic oil cylinder, installed on a buoyancy body (1). The cylinder has a piston (2) whose one end is fixed to the sea bed with a support.    The cylinder moves vertically by the rise and fall of tides. The vertical motion of cylinder is converted into rotational motion, which is used for power generation.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids causing pollution.
The gutter (1) has eaves (1a) at the upper portion that has a rainwater drainage slot (11). The drainage slot has an opening at the upper portion.    A wiring holding unit (1b) with a wiring space (12) inside, is provided at the bottom portion of the eaves.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents exposure of solar battery output cable and damage on house exterior since output cable is held in wiring space of gutter set on roof. Does not expose conductive entrance of output cable wiring. Prevents rain water from penetrating wiring space.
The module (1) includes several sheets of a solar panel (2) provided on a planar metal plate (4). An insulator (3) with a cementing layer (B) is formed and combined at the rear surface of the metal plate between the combined sheets of the solar panel.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves rigidity and strength of solar panel module and prevents exfoliation of solar panel due to negative pressure when wind blows through solar battery module surface. Prevents deformation of solar panel even when big external power is applied during attachment construction. Secures sufficient waterproof characteristic and secures reliability for long period of time. Reduces installation cost since filler and backseat as amorphous silicon solar panel are not used. Prevents heat dissipation from back side of solar panel and Improves rigidity and torsion-proof strength of solar battery module. Improves reliability of amorphous silicon solar panel and offers fire-proof characteristic.
The receiver has a photodiode (10) which receives a wide frequency band light signal. The light signal is converted to a telegraph number. A first receiving circuit (12) which is connected to the cathode side terminal (K) of the photodiode outputs the telegraph number amplified corresponding to the light signal of the first frequency band to a first output terminal (14).    A second receiving circuit (16) which is connected to the anode side terminal (A) of the photodiode outputs the telegraph number amplified corresponding to the light signal of the frequency band with a high pass side greater than the first frequency band, to a second output terminal (18). A by-pass circuit (20) through which the telegraph number of the frequency higher than a predetermined frequency escapes to a ground potential is connected to the cathode side terminal.    ADVANTAGE -   Eliminates reduction of input signal level in second receiving circuit thus preventing deterioration of output characteristic of second receiving circuit.
The radio tag has an infrared receiver (10) that receives an infrared signal containing a visible light. The visible light is modulated by the infrared receiver. A reply unit (20) superimposes data e.g. recognition ID, position coordinates, and an installation attribute, on constant time and a high-frequency carrier.    When receiving the infrared signal, the reply unit answers a letter The receiver and the reply unit is controlled and supplied with voltage by a controller (12) and a power supply, respectively.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables automatic determination of target composition component and authentication of installation. Enables simple control and changing of programme by providing CPU or ROM used to judge and generate necessary data. Prevents replacement of power supply by utilising solar panel as power supply. Enables radio station to perform data storage and processing. Raises construction efficiency, shortens construction time and reduces construction cost of facility.
The method involves immersing a layered substrate (101) into an electrolyte (106) in an etched film (102). The layered substrate forms the cathode DC or pulse current is passed, between the substrate and the electrolyte.    Electrolyte reduction of the etched film takes place. An opposite pole (103) currently formed in the desired etching pattern is provided at the position of a predetermined space in the substrate, and DC or pulse current is passed.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For mfr of diode and IC. Simplifies etching process. Reduces damage caused to non-etching area and forms non-etching layer. Obtains photovoltaic element of satisfactory characteristic. Shortens processing time. Saves space.
The device has a light emitting part (31) with a display plate, which receives the light emitted from a solar battery through an optical fibre (41). The substrate of the light emitting part is cut to form a step-like structure.    A prism (42) is mounted at that position where the light emitting part is thin and the optical fibres are coupled together. The light from the fibre is made perpendicular to the prism surface and the display plate is illuminated.    ADVANTAGE -   Obtains bright display device.
The device has a solar battery, a display plate (33) and a light emission part (31) equipped with an optical fibre (34). The solar battery is positioned such that it collects the solar energy during day time. A substrate (31a) of the light emission part has a notch part (31b).    The light emitted from the light emission part and transmitted through the optical fibre is deflected by 90deg using a pipe (38), a right angled prism (36) and a reflecting mirror (37).    ADVANTAGE -   Enables to view display plate, clearly.
The clock includes a case made from wind shielding glass. A pointer is driven by a drive unit (27) and a solar battery (19) is arranged in the case by the drive part side.    A coating member (17) which has a luminance layer (15) on a substrate (11), is arranged on the light receiving surface side of the solar battery. The coating member and the battery constitute a dial part (21).    ADVANTAGE -   Enables to recognize time during day or night time.
The method involves measuring the magnetic declination and the zenith angle of a dispersion body which exists on the periphery of a setting point setting of a solar battery. Using the magnetic declination and the zenith angle, a three-dimensional angle of the dispersion body is searched from a three-dimensional chart for angle derivation.    The scattered light intensity in the three-dimensional angle is measured. The dispersion body is quantified by obtaining the relation of the three-dimensional angle and scattered light intensity.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables easy guessing of best solar battery setting point due to acquisition of main source of scattered light quantitatively.
The apparatus includes a screen (5) arranged in the suction opening of a fluid machinery such as a pump. Foreign material (14), contained in fluid, is to be filtered by the screen. The hydraulic discharge pressure in the fluid machinery is passed to the screen causing it to turn and clean its back side off foreign material by the fluid flow.    ADVANTAGE -   Does not require extra work to remove off foreign material from screen since it is easily cleaned by simply continuing drive of fluid machinery.
The device uses cooperating upper and lower parts (1,4) which are moved apart against a spring bias, depending on the tension of the bicycle chain (2).    A metal pin (5) secured to the upper part penetrates a measuring coil (6) secured to the lower part by a variable amount depending on the relative position of the two parts, and alters the coil inductance.    USE -   For measuring power output of exercise bicycle.
The covering has overlapping covering elements, such as tiles, which lie on a supporting structure. It also has solar tiles with photoelectric cells (1) which lie directly on the supporting structure in a loose manner.    Each solar tile has a rectangular frame (2) which encloses the cells, and is made from one, and only one, metal apart from the cells. At least one elongated spacer (3) which is also made from this metal, is connected in one piece to the underside of the frame, and has a hook (8) at its upper end. The upper edge of the hook is fixed to the solar tile which is adjacent to the covering element, and the tile is suspended on the supporting structure using the hook, so that its profiled edges overlap an adjacent solar tile.    ADVANTAGE -   Is cheap to produce, and provides good cooling of the cells.
The solar tracking system includes a shaft (16), a shaft support rotatably supporting the shaft about an axis parallel to the north-south axis of the earth. A stepper motor (20) intermittently rotates the shaft at a mean rate equal to the earth's rate of rotation. A solar collector securing assembly is located on one side of the shaft and includes solar collector supports (1,3) and brackets (27,29). Collars (28,30) secures the bracket to the shaft. A pivot (17) supports the bracket about a pivotal axis transverse to the shaft to vary the inclination of the support. Stays are between the collector support and the bracket to maintain the support at an adjusted inclination relative to the shaft.    The radial distance of the centre of gravity of the collector support from the shaft may vary. A counterbalancing system including an arm (2) secured to the shaft, extends normally to the shaft and away from the assembly. A weight (M) is mounted on the arm and is radially adjustable relative to the shaft. The moment of the mass of the assembly and of a solar collector fixed to it relative to the shaft can be counter-balanced by the arm and the weight irrespective of the rotational position of the assembly about the shaft and of the inclination of the collector support relative to the shaft.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Orients solar energy devices favourably w.r.t. the sun. Requires minimal energy input and is accurate.
The manufacturing method carries out formation of a recess (2) on surface (1a) of a tile main body (1). A solar panel (3) is placed at bottom of this recess. A sealing member (5) is used to close up the recess tempered glass (4) is mounted over each sealing member.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces labour. Increases durability.
The moulding machine has side shaping lower roll part (8). The lower roll part corresponds to an upper shaping roll (12). The upper roll consists of a resin composition. A protective restraining roll (13) is positioned between the other two rolls. The restraining roll consists of a soft natural member.    It has solar battery on both sides of the panel. The lower side part has curve shaped architecture plates which connects both side of the main plate. The arrangement has lower part rise and upper part fall which rolled near the final stage.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies procedure.
A system for generating hydroelectric power using turbines uses a water power plant with an intake installation to remove part of the water from a flowing stream. Downstream and at a distance are the turbines and generator. Parallel to the stream are the water pipes leading to and away from the power plant. The whole pipe between the intake installation and the turbine is an underground pressure pipeline. Though the main stream may bend, the pipe is, where possible, without corresponding bends. The power plant comprises two units, one behind the other, the higher one discharging into the lower one. The intake installations may feed several parallel pipelines to different power plants.    ADVANTAGE -   Low construction cost.
This hydro-electric generator set suitable for tidal power station or ultra-low-head power station features that axle-flow or through-flow turbine is designed to be reversely installed inside dike and reverse U-shape siphon tail pipe is cor respondently arranged to make hump higher than upstream level. Therefore, it is unnecessary to build water gate before and after turbine and it is started by electric water-ring pump or water-wheel pump and works well when water head changes about 5 times.
The optical element module consists of light by which radiation is done from the semiconductor laser (1) which is condensed with a lens (6) and which penetrates the glass plate. A semi-transparent film (31) reflects it by the end face of a ferrule (7). Then a part of this light is reflected by the semi-transparent film (32) of the glass plate with a semi-transparent film.    It then couples with the light from optical fibres (8). The light is then condensed with a lens (6) and the light which is radiated from the optical fibre is made to penetrate the semi-transparent film which is then projected to a photodiode (21).    ADVANTAGE -   Improves reliability. Provides desired effect effectively.
The facade cladding with a thermal insulation system, plaster coating or suspended facade subject to the rays of the sun is provided with solar cells. The cells can be assembled into common solar panels and bonded to the facade cladding.    The modules can be slightly tilted upwards and can be connected to a power storage system.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces transfer of heat to building interior.
The hydromechanical method for providing motive power for electric generator features that pump body, piston and vacuum pump constitute vacuum chamber and atmospheric chamber and under atmospheric difference action piston moves towards    bottom end of vacuum chamber, having kinetic energy, which is transferred to rotor of electric generator if drive system is connected to the piston. If electric generator is put in vacuum hood, the pressure difference between inside of outside of hood is used via drive system to drive rotor of electric generator. Its advantage is no environmental pollution.
The pole device includes a hollow outer tubular shaft (12b) with several aligned holes. An inner tubular shaft (18b) also has several aligned holes, but has a smaller diameter than the outer shaft and fits inside the outer shaft to form a pole. An adjustment and locking device fits inside the holes of the outer and inner shaft. A handle is attached to the shaft at the top end of the pole.    The pole also includes a device for exercising a user's arms during relative movement of the user's arms with respect to the user's body, while the handle is gripped by the user's hand during the course of forward movement of the user's legs. A weight is attached to one of the shafts below the handle or attached to the handle. The handle is attached to the top end of the device which touches a ground surface and has a push-off means to assist the user in moving forward.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   E.g. for exercises such as walking, roller blading, jogging, skiing, aerobics, hiking, mountain climbing, fishing and golfing. Has at least one bend to allow exercise device to be planted in desired location, when user engages device. Has easy to use adjustment and locking mechanism. Has weights placed at bottom, at top or inside hollow shaft of exercise device. Enables electronics package e.g. stopwatch, pedometer, pulse meter, hour chime or alarm, to be connected to handle.
Producing submicron T-type gate for high speed FET includes the following steps: first, second, and third layers of the photoresist pattern are distributed on the epitaxy layer formed on the substrate. The thickness of the second layer is larger than that of the third. The thickness of the third is no less than that of the first. The viscosity and the sensitivity of the second layer are larger than those of the first and the third layers. The process then comprises exposing all the layers by single electron-beam exposure; removing the sensitised part of all the layers by using the developing-out solution to form the T-type gate; etching part of the epitaxy layer under the T-type gate; fill the T-type gate with metal by using evaporation; removing the remained part of all the photoresist layers.
The fluid turbine system consists of a turbine wheel (4) comprising an inner rotating cylinder fitted with a number of hinged, curved blades around the circumference of the inner cylinder. The blades have each an indented inner lip and extended lug at the hinge on the side opposite to the indented lip. The oncoming fluid flow acts on half of the curved blades, indented lips causes the blades to open and extend, radially, while on the opposing other half of the curved blades, the oncoming fluid flow causes these blades to move radially to a closed position around the inner cylinder surface.    This enables by these opposing fluid actions acting on the whole of the curved blades an enhanced torque force acts on the turbine wheel and causes it to rotate with an enhanced revolutions per minute. There are bearings and support shaft on which the turbine wheel is located. The shaft may comprise, solid, hydraulic, or compressed air types, to raise, or lower the turbine wheel, clear of, or into, the fluid flow. An horizontal support platform (5), through which the shaft extends, vertically, into the upper surface of the platform the platform upper surface supporting a generator, is connected to the turbine wheel and the rotating shaft, thus by this equipment generating electrical power.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   The unit can be used as a power turbine for various application such as vehicles of all forms, e.g. heavy duty vehicles, marine warships, ships, submarines, small launches etc., and allows modular manufacture.
The component includes a layer support (1) formed on a planar or multiply warped upper surface (2). Upon this support is deposited an electrically conductive layer (3). Also provided is a photovoltaic layer (4) deposited directly on the conductive layer.    The conductive layer follows the wave shape of the support and is fixed in position. The photovoltaic layer also follows the undulating structure of the surface. The undulations of the surface may follow e.g. a double sinus shape or a semi-circle shape.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Suitable for solar-energy installation, home, business, industry, machines in general, body of motor vehicle. Low-cost, efficient, building element.
A flexible energy storage device comprises first and second sheets of flexible polymeric sealing materials enclosing a flexible battery device comprising a battery anode and a battery cathode and having an electrolyte material disposed therebetween; and at least one flexible photovoltaic device having an anode and a cathode, being disposed on a layer of metallic reflecting material deposited on the outer surface of one of the first or second sheets of polymeric sealing materials, the battery anode being electrically coupled to the photovoltaic device anode and the battery cathode being coupled to the photovoltaic device cathode; and where the layer of reflective material renders one layer of polymeric sealing material substantially liquid and vapour impermeable.    USE -   The energy storage device may be used in portable electronic devices including cellular telephones, pagers, computers and personal digital aids.    ADVANTAGE -   This flexible energy storage device includes integrally formed recharging devices.
A photoconductive film generates a carrier by light irradiation. The photoconductive film is formed of a diamond-like carbon film contg. a diamond bond and a graphite bond present as a mixture. The film has photosensitivity in at least three figures.    Also claimed is that the production comprises: (a) decomposing a hydrocarbon gas by the plasma chemical vapour deposition method at a substrate temperature of 25-350C and a pressure of 1-50 Pa; and (b) forming photoconductive film consisting of the diamond-like carbon film having a photosensitivity of at least three figures.    Also claimed is that a photovoltaic device generating an electromotive force by light irradiation uses the photoconductive film.    ADVANTAGE -   The method produces high-quality diamond-like carbon film having a high absorption coefficient and high photosensitivity. The use of the photoconductive film yields the photovoltaic device having an enhanced conversion factor, partic. a conversion factor after light irradiation.
The apparatus has a converter coupled into a servomotor to convert the rotational movement of the motor into linear motion in order to control the opening of the valve provided in the pipe.    An electrically driven automatic decompression valve (MV) converts the high-pressure fluid at the primary side (AP) of the pipe into low-pressure fluid to be outputted into the secondary side (AS) of the pipe according to the opening of the valve. A controller outputs the motor drive signal to the servomotor.    ADVANTAGE -   Stabilises control of decompression valve and prevents self-oscillation phenomenon on decompression valve due to usage of electricity to control opening of decompression valve. Simplifies structure of decompression valve main body and improves reliability.
The system includes a sensor (2) for optical data measurement which is set on a wall surface (1). A data processor (3) which processes and outputs a measured data is connected to the sensor through a communication line (4).    The data are transmitted and received to the data processor by a controller (5) provided in the communication circuit between the sensor and the data processor.    ADVANTAGE -   Calculates corresponding numerical value of observation data in wall surface at high-speed. Outputs reliable optical data distribution in various lighting environment. Reduces number of sensor for optical data measurement and obtains accurate data processing result.
The apparatus (1) has a heat collecting panel (2) provided with an evaporator (3) and condenser (4). The evaporator allows the coolant enclosed in the heating panel to evaporate by the heat generated by a solar battery (5).    The vapour produced from the evaporation process is taken by the condenser which, in turn, produced the condensed coolant. The condensed coolant is recovered by a heat collecting pipe.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides heat collecting apparatus with simple composition and which can be manufactured easily.
The mounting structure has a mount (18) which is screwed on a roof. The short and long side frames (7,6) are fixed on the mount in manner that the rectangular solar module (5) is held by the ribs.    A wire cover (24) is provided between two adjoining modules. Cover between modules (25) are provided at the surface of the modules.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables to perform correct array setting of solar battery modules without requiring special skills. Prevents generation of snow pool between solar battery modules; prevents generation of damage in light-receiving units due to accumulation of snow.
The module includes multiple solar battery cells which are positioned on same tile shaped base material.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables reduction of number of external connections without affecting exterior file appearance.
Electronic parts-sealable resin composition comprises epoxy resin, phenolic resin curing agent, inorganic filler, and zeolite having structure of formula xM2/nO.Al2O3.ySiO2.zH2O (1); its maximum particle diameter is up to 150 micron and content of the zeolite in the total composition is 3-30 wt.%. In (1), x = 0.1-2.0; y = 1.0-200; z = 0-100; M = alkali metal or alkaline earth metal; n = valency of metal M.    USE -   Composition is used in sealing semiconductor, IC, capacitor or diodes and especially for electronic parts with a window (solid image pick up element), etc.    ADVANTAGE -   Product has excellent dimensional stability and prevents invasion of moisture from outside
The method involves heating a multilayered body comprising an emboss sheet (2), filling sheets (3a,3b) having a cell matrix (6) in-between and a protective sheet (7), in a vacuum state.    As a result of this heating, a preforming sheet (9) is obtained. This preforming sheet is then fixed onto a glass plate having curved surface, by heating process.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents staying of air bubbles at circumferential portion of cell and at glass junction surface, reliably. Enables mfr of solar battery of high quality and productivity, with sufficient yield. Avoids need for installation of high vacuum system, thereby reducing cost. Surpasses transparency by using glass plate with curved surface as structure of support body. Surpasses electric insulation, since glass plate has property of low moisture permeability and weather resistance nature. Obtains solar battery module with curved shape.
The solar battery module with water sprinkling function consists of a solar panel (30) attached to an attachment member. The solar battery module consists of frame material (37 and 38). A midair part is formed inside the frame material and the first pipe (40) injects a liquid into this midair part.    A nozzle hole (39) that sprinkles the liquid is provided at the frame material surface corresponding to the light - receiving surface of the solar panel and is injected into the midair part. A second pipe (41) supplies the liquid to the other frame.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents electricity consumption for removal of snow and/or volcanic ash from roof - tops. Simplifies piping.
The device has a detection part (6) which detects the existence of an object by detecting a wave emitted from the object. A shutter (5) is installed near the detection part. This shutter interrupts the wave emitted from the object, intermittently.    The shutter is driven by a rotary motor based on a period drive signal output from a motor drive circuit (10). The time of output of this signal is determined using a timer (11).    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies device structure and cost. Prevents slowing of operation. Avoids noise generation.
The equipment is related to the concept of a stationary fitness exercise bicycle mechanism whose pedals and cranks are coupled to a flywheel. A friction wheel in contact with the flywheel carries a three-phase generator whose output supplies a circuit recharging a battery for current or future powering of any electrical load.    A variant embodiment employs an ordinary bicycle on a stand with the friction roller in contact with the rear wheel. For safety the stand is provided with special-purpose fixtures guaranteeing secure retention of the bicycle in contact with the generator. Alternatively, a crank arrangement (31,32) is used with an energy converter (33) and charging device (21) to charge a flat battery e.g. of motor vehicle in an emergency.    USE -   With a radio or miniature TV receiver used during physical exercise e.g. on fitness exerciser bicycle, the user has a strong disincentive to premature termination of the training. Also for use in charging flat vehicle battery in an emergency.
Silicon or Si alloy material from solar cells or modules is recovered by comminuting and mixing with iron and Si-containing materials for melting down and conversion into ferro-silicon. Preferably, frames of solar modules are first removed for separate treatment and the Si material is granulated by shredding for melting in an electric arc furnace. The ferro-silicon product is preferably used in steel manufacture.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids dumping in landfill and generates useful product.
Monolithic photovoltaic modules connected in series comprise several photovoltaic elements arranged as parallel strips on a common transparent substrate (1) and electrically connected in series. Each of these elements consists of a porous layer (4) of polycrystalline semiconductor as photoelectrode, a porous layer (6) of an electrically conducting material as counter electrode, and a porous intermediate layer (5) made of electrically insulating material. The pores of the layers (4,5,) are filled with an electrolyte carrying electrons. A transparent electrically conducting coating (2) is arranged between the substrate (1) and the photoelectrode (4) of each element, which is interrupted by a separating line (3) between the elements. The counter electrode (6) of the first element is electrically connected to the first connection (9) of the module whilst the counter electrodes (6) of the other elements are electrically connected via the separating lines (3) to the electrically conducting coating (2) of each element, and electrically isolated from each other. Production of the modules is also claimed.    USE -   Used in the production of photovoltaic cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The counter electrode has a large surface area to increase its activity for electron exchange with the electrolyte.
The water-hammer electric generator features that upper and lower cyclic siphons, balancing measure tube and tail-water tube are communicated into cyclic pipeline system by use of big and small cylinders and water tank. After water feeding, valve is rapidly opened to generate negative water-hammer pressure, which in conduction with the inertial and elasticity of water and air in cylinder and the pressure compensation of balancing measure tube's water volume keeps siphon flow    permanently to realize efficient electric generation without stream throw.
The present invention relates to a gymnasium designed for shooting at the football goal. It has a target type goal and an equipment for shooting at the goal in specially-designated indoor (or outdoor) field. The football goal is equipped with the multi-point placed targets, and those targets can be randomly moved up and down and rotated, and each target position can be indicated by light indicator lamp. The target appearance time is 3-7 sec. and the interval time of the    target disappearance is 6-10 sec. When the target is appeared, at the same time the service robot placed in the field can shoot a football to the field at an excursion angle, and once the target is hit by football, the target is disappeared, and a music is sent out to report the hit result, and when the music is ended, a new target is immediately appeared, and then an automatic display plate can accumulate the hit results.
A turbine has two arms (7) which may be extended by internal compression springs. Each arm has a pair of wing frames (13) supporting flexible stretched canvas (20) which rotate on orbits (18 ) of diametrically opposed cranks (10). The crankshaft (2) turns to incline the canvas to enable the wind to form aerodynamic configurations.    The other end of the arm is attached to a sec. frame (4) positioned at 90 degrees to the wind by a direction fin (19). The crankshaft turns a shaft (5) which may be used to drive e.g. a water turbine to propel a boat or to turn an electrical generator.    USE -   Can be configured to be driven by wind or moving water to provide power for boat propulsion or generation of electrical power.
The apparatus includes a pilot (11) tube mounted on a draft tube (3) at the runner exit side of water turbine. Three predetermined measurement holes are formed on the pilot tube. The tearing angle or the flow rate of water flowing in the draft tube is determined based on the pressure detected by the pilot tube. The abnormality of the water turbine is diagnosed at early stages based on the time variation of the tearing angle or the flow rate of the water flowing inside draft tube.    ADVANTAGE -   Detects breakage, jamming etc. of Francis turbine, prevents serious accident of runner blade unit.
The machine has a solar battery plate (1) arranged and attached on a roof surface, and supported by a frame. A projection (3a) provides a stopping clamp (3b) formed on the upper surface of a ridge side frame (3).    The projection is inserted from the lower portion of the frame to a recess formed in an eaves side frame (4). A stopping clamp piece (11) connected with the stopping clamp, is inserted in the recess. The stopping clamp piece blocks the projection.    ADVANTAGE -   Eliminates utilisation of nail and screw. Enables simple and precise arranging and attaching of solar battery plate on roof surface without possibility of crack generation. Enables simple maintenance process.
The machine has a solar battery plate (1) arranged and attached on a roof surface (9), and supported by a frame. Two projections are respectively formed on upper and lower base of vertical frame bodies (5B), and externally project in both sides of the vertical frame bodies in horizontal direction.    A clamping projection is formed and bent at the bottom of the first projection. The clamp projection is coupled on either sides of the solar battery plate through a coupling. The coupling is provided in an insertion coupling piece, and inserted from an eaves side to a ridge side.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves weather resistance of solar battery plate. Raises attachment strength corresponding to wind and rain.
The honeycomb panel is formed by joining surface plates (8,13) on opened end surfaces of a honeycomb core (10) which is a flat aggregate of hollow columnar cells. The surface plate is formed by overlapping and joining an insulating sheet (3) and a fibre reinforced plastic plate (7). The prepreg sheet of fibre reinforced plastic plate (7) formed by combining a fibre base material and a resin is joined to the insulating sheet (3) by heat and pressure while using a gas permeable cloth sheet (5) and a resin impregnated sheet (6) so as to reduce an amount of resin.    USE -   The honeycomb core is suitable for joining and holding dielectrics e.g. solar cell plates, etc.    ADVANTAGE -   The honeycomb panel with reduced weight by reducing the amount of resin is obtained while retaining rigidity and strength and excellent as a structural member for joining dielectrics e.g. solar cell plates, etc.
The apparatus has a continuous track belt (1) with movable surface on which a user (10) walks or runs. A driving unit (5) drives the continuous track belt to move the movable surface on a speed based on an externally fed control signal input. A position detector senses the position of the user on the movable surface.    A controller (6) regulates the driving unit using the detected position of the user as the controlled variable, in which the proportional control action and integral control action are combined in parallel. The controller forms the control signal based on the results of the control action.    ADVANTAGE -   Controls moving speed on movable surface to make runner run at any time in standard position on movable surface just like running on road.
The module comprises a support substrate (2) over which a set of thin film type solar battery cells (1) are arranged individually. The thickness of the film is less than or equal to 10micrometer.    A condensing structure (4) is provided for each solar battery cell to condense the light rays, by moulding process such that no clearance is formed.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies mfg process. Reduces weight since solar battery module is of thin film type and thus reduces cost. Eases maintenance work. Offers high pyroelectric conversion efficiency.
The module has a solar panel (15) mounted inclining on a rectangular bottom frame (6). Several cooling fins (21) are arranged up and down the back side of the panel. Several fresh air inlets (22) are connected to the cooling fins.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves energy conversion efficiency by cooling solar battery.
The battery has a P type substrate (1), an N type substrate (2), and a P-type convex area (4). The P-type area (3,4) and an N-type area (5) is formed in the light-receiving surface side of a P-type substrate.    The N-type area has impurity concentration higher than the substrate and is in contact with both sides of the area of the substrate.    The P-type convex area is formed in one side of a light-receiving surface of a substrate. A diode is in between the P-type and N-type area. Distance with one side of electrode is made smaller than the distance results of done branch electrode.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces manufacture cost of solar battery due to improved reliability of entire array and externally-attached by-pass diode is not needed. Prevents reduction of photoelectric conversion efficiency. Increases protection function at time of reverse bias voltage applied.
The battery (1a) has semiconductor layers (11) with open grooves (9) formed on a substrate (3). The open grooves are formed at the sides of electrically connected first and second electrode layers (5,15). Several unit components (17) with areas pinched to the electrode layers, are connected serially in one direction. In a connection terminal unit, the second electrode layers are electrically connected to the terminals of the unit components while the first electrode layers are installed on the insulated terminals of the unit components.    On the installation sections (19) of the first electrode layers, semiconductor layers extending from the unit components are laminated with the second electrode layers. The laminated structure of the semiconductor and second electrode layers form separating slots (29a,29b) between the terminals of the unit components and installation sections. Several conducting slots (23) are formed on the surfaces on the installation sections in longitudinal direction on both connection terminals of the laminated structure.    ADVANTAGE -   Ensures simple manufacturing process with improved output.
The module has a crystal type solar battery (1) cell of a single crystal or a polycrystal type. A high temperature adhesive (2) is applied to the surface of a large-sized glass (5). A high temperature attachment of the battery is done. Several sheets of the module are attached with the adhesive to the surface of the large-sized glass.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces weight of solar cell. Provides high degree of freedom of outer wall design, allowing request of designer. Reduces development research investment.
The receiver (10) detects and processes light from a communication apparatus which transmits data in the form of light. The receiver has a light-receiving semiconductor chip (11) with buffer circuit, formed based on the first manufacturing conditions to output shaped voltage waveform.    A signal-processing semiconductor chip (12), formed based on the second manufacturing conditions, receives the output voltage of the light-receiving semiconductor chip to generate a digital data. The light-receiving and signal-processing semiconductor chips are provided in one package (13).    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For e.g. TV remote control. Reduces manufacturing cost due to reduced light receiver size. Ensures inexpensive utilisation in remote control system with few radio interference. Ensures easy designing on electric apparatus using light receiver due to reduced external constraint.
An individual engaging in physical training is fitted with a monitoring unit [20] that can be attached to the body with the aid of a belt [26]. The unit has display that is used to indicate various physiological parameters such as blood pressure and heart rate together with warning signals [24b] if limits are exceeded.    The housing has an input slot [16] for a data card that stores data for medical insurance purposes. The unit is connected to body function sensors and also to fitness machine sensors.    ADVANTAGE -   Mobile system attached to user.
The new-type hydro-electric generating system features use of water pressure difference to generate electricity, hollow dam and foundation to save steel and cement, and high-torque,    no-wind-resistance centrifugal water turbine and hydraulic hole to raise transform rate of water energy and lower dam height.
The apparatus has a frame, with a predetermined reference position, and an engagement assembly for use by an operator during exercise. There is an arrangement for resisting the movement of the engagement assembly, by the operator during the exercise. There is also a device for mounting the engagement assembly, for selective movement along a travel path, relative to the reference position, to control the exercise of the operator positioned relative to the frame.    The engagement assembly may be mounted for movement along a second path of travel, for use in exercising, and the resisting device can resist the movement of the assembly along the second path of travel, during the exercise. The device has an electrical system including four microprocessors and pressure switches and solenoid valves coupled to a pneumatic system associated with the movement activities. There is also an electrical display with indicia to convey information received from the electrical system.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Provides apparatus with capability for exercises and combinations not previously available. Simultaneous exercising of upper and lower body. Infinite uses from single configuration. Adjustable for many exercising motions, by operator. Precision adjustment. Variable adjustable resistance and attitude.
Rotation frequency regulator consists of the guide apparatus limiter with the degree of opening setter made in the form of a rigid link (1), servomotor (2), valve needle (3), ball support (4), shaft (5), electric motor (6), profiled cam (7), lever (8), hydraulic amplifier (9), piston (10), valve (11), piston (12), needle (13), piston (14), lever (15), centrifugal sensor (16), box (17), needle (18), lever (19), electric sensor (20), electromagnetic converter (21), box (22) and the needle (23). When the regulator is in the automatic operation mode the needle (3) tray is below the piston (10) opening through which the cavity under the piston is connected with the valve needle (3) cavity and the box (17) ports. The centrifugal sensor (16) shifts the box (17) upwards or downwards relative to the needle (18) controlling the piston (10) position. The lever (13) provides a feedback linkage between the piston (10) and the needle (18) and as a result the latter is placed in the neutral middle position. The piston (10) controls the operation of the gate (11) plunger (12) which, in turn, controls the guiding apparatus servomotor (2).    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Regulator is used in control systems of axial hydraulic turbines. Its scope of applications is increased.
The roof (2) is constructed by projection for scaffold (21) & array of solar panel (13). A support member (12) supports side edge of the solar panel of predetermined size, fixed on roof surface (11). A non-flammable surface material (20) has projection for scaffold, bends & fixed with the roof surface. The support member is set on the non-flammable surface material.    ADVANTAGE -   Ensures stable scaffold & array work of solar panel, quickly & smoothly. Improves non-flammable nature.
The float water turbine can obtain power resource without need of dam and drop height of water and it is the only thing to float the water turbine with water wheel on the surface of flowing stream in river or lake. Its advantages are simple structure, low cost and arbitrary movement.
The hydroelectric power station has a foundation (1), pipelines (6,7,8,9) fitted on the foundation, hydraulic turbines (10,11,12,13) fitted within the pipelines, power take-off unit, fitted on the foundation and connected at the inlets to the corresponding outlets of the hydraulic turbines, and a generator fitted on the foundation and connected at the inlet to the power take-off unit outlet.    The power station is provided with four hydraulic cylinders (2,3,4,5) fitted on the foundation and whose inner cavities are connected by pipelines (6,7,8,9), which have an equal length and are located at an angle of 90 deg to each other forming a circuit, four levers (24,25,26,27) with mounting (28,29,30,31), fitted on the foundation and connected at the ends of the short arms to corresponding rods of hydraulic cylinders, four control systems (32,33,34,35) for the levers, fitted on the foundation and connected by their first outlets to the ends of the long arms of the corresponding levers and their second and third outLets can interact with the ends of the levers long and short arms, and four pairs of unilateral cut-off valves (16-23). Each pair of valves is located inside one of the pipelines. In each pair of valves, one is placed behind and the other, in front of the corresponding hydraulic turbine. The mechanical outlets of the control systems (33,34) and (32,35) are end switches (40,41,42,43).    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For electric power production. The construction is simplified and efficiency is increased. Bul.28/10.10.96
The hydrostatic pressure machine comprises a number of water containers submersible within an enclosure and chain drive device submersibly supporting the water containers up and down the enclosure. An air pump blower initially driven by an electric motor injects a stream of air into one of the submerged water containers evacuating water and forcing the submerged water container to move up due to the action of buoyancy.    A device regulates the stream of air into the water containers. A flywheel is attached to the chain drive device for transmitting the torque produced by the machine into a useful mechanical kinetic energy.    ADVANTAGE -   Converts static pressure of water between a specified depth and its surface level into a useful desired torque which is capable of driving generator to produce electricity for industrial and household use. Is very economical to construct and more economical to run than any existing power plant. No fuel is necessary and water replenishment is minimal. There is no pollution since no combustion is taking place, and little noise.
The device includes an electromagnetic brake (6) and a hydraulic jack (7) which are provided on the periphery of a circular brake ring (5). The circular brake ring is attached in a rotor supported rotatably by a bearing bracket (1).    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents generation of inaccurate rotation even if electromagnetic brake is not always excited in rotating machine.
The method involves maintaining a support pin (31) provided at the transparent surface (P) of the incidence ray of a colour breakdown prism (14). A through hole having an internal diameter larger than that of the support pin in the plate surface of a substrate (33) is then formed.    A CCD is then attached to the substrate aligned in a focal position. Solder is then poured into the clearance between the internal circumference surface of the through hole and the peripheral surface of the support pin.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves yield, since support pin is jointly fixed to through hole, thus preventing positional offset of CCD with respect to focus of prism. Improves image processing precision, since CCD extractor can be easily aligned to prism.
The turbine has a gate (4) that closes during phase modifier operation to block the compressed air bubbles (8) produced at the horizontal portion of a draft tube (5). The gate depresses the water surface at the circumference of a runner (6).    An air passage (9) is provided at the upper portion of the gate to collect and return the air in the blocked bubbles to an air space (11) provided at the circumference of the runner.    ADVANTAGE -   Sharply reduces air supply added in depressing water surface in draft tube due to maintained compressed air volume. Ensures stable phase modifier operation since water surface oscillation and runner rotation for increasing generator input are prevented.
The turbine has annular components (4) inserted at the inner walls of a draft tube (11) in peripheral direction near the water surface depressed during phase modifier operation.    The annular components protrude during phase modifier operation to prevent oscillation on the water surface in the draft tube.    ADVANTAGE -   Ensures small mechanical installation; reduce installation cost; reduces ground wood work in which draft tube is embedded due to shortened height of draft tube. Ensures stable phase modifier operation in which increase in motor input is down by downwardly adding water into draft tube. Ensures reduced air supply during phase modifier operation.
The exercise device includes a treadmill with a moving belt (1) on which a person can run. A sensor is attached to the user via a belt (7) fixed around the user's waist to measure the user's cardiac frequency. A cable connects this sensor to a device (9) which transmits the information regarding heart rate to a detector (12) on a remote monitoring unit (11).    The monitoring unit includes a display screen (3) and a loudspeaker (4) arranged to provide video and audio information to the user. The information displayed on the screen is then altered as a function of the detected heart rate. The video display may show a film sequence to the user and may also be used to display warnings if necessary as a function of the detected heart rate.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides video film images from digital storage as function of detected heart rate activity for safe cardiac therapy.
An adjustment plate (20) fixed to the back (31) of the panel (30) has a convex section (21) with a number of teeth (23) flanked by extended slots (24). A holding fixture (10) pivotable on the plate has a corresponding concave section (12) with teeth (14) and two blocks (16) which protrude through the slots so that a positioning plate (18) can be secured by screws (186) in threaded bores (162). The teeth of the concave section are formed on a strip (13) between the two limbs of a U-shaped slot (15). The engagement of the two sets of teeth enables the plate to be adjusted with respect to the fixture in a number of intermediate positions.    ADVANTAGE -   The panel is rendered suitable for users of all sizes and its range of application is less restricted.
An storage battery housing has solar cells on it which are self-charging and deliver a charging current at a potential of 1.5 to 2 volts. The battery is nickel/cadmium or nickel/metal hydride    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Suitable for use in mobile phone. The batteries may warm up during charging.
Solar cell comprising: substrate of first and second surfaces; shallow lowly doped plural emitter regions in one of the two surfaces; deeper, highly doped plural emitter regions interspersed with first regions; dopant regions in second one to provide surface field, with ohmic contact over dopant region; first patterned ohmic electrode layer contg. Al formed over second plural emitter regions. Also claimed is self-aligned locally deep-diffused emitter solar cell mfr. by: forming shallow emitter regions of first conductivity in first or second face of provided semiconductor substrate; forming shallow field region of second type in first or second surface; providing patterned Al layer on one surface; heating substrate to form plural deep emitter regions in regions underlying patterned layer; providing ohmic contact to both surfaces.    USE -   As solar cells and in their mfr..    ADVANTAGE -   Reduced electron-hole recombination performance; high efficiency; low electrode resistance; mfr. at low cost by simple means and at high yield. Bulk lifetime enhanced and impurities removed in one step. No photolithography required. Interconnections into plural cells easily possible. Cell tolerant of non-uniform emitter.
The machine includes a seat; a device for contacting an anterior surface of a trunk of a person, a device for contacting a posterior surface of the trunk of the person, and a device for allowing the person to flex and extend the person's body about the person's hip joint. A device is used for providing a substantially uniform resistance to movement of the trunk anterior and posterior contact device in both an anterior and posterior direction.    E.g. a drive assembly (58) drives a flywheel (64) and DC generator (62). The output of a DC generator (62) is supplied to an ammeter (114) which provides a reading of the current output of DC generator. The latter and the ammeter are connected in series with switch (106). The latter provides a number of selections to determine the range of difficulty or resistance that is provided by moveable arm (16) to the exerciser.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Provides uniform resistance on flexion and extension portions of cycle using aerobic level of resistance.
The method involves sensing the heart rate of a user while sensing resistance levels of the first and second resistance mechanisms. The sensed heart rate is compared with the set target rate. Maximum resistance levels are determined for the first and second resistance mechanisms based on the resistance levels when the sensed heart rate equals or exceeds the set target heart rate.    For implementing the method a controller is used that includes a microprocessor (72), a memory (74), a timer (75) and input/output (I/O) circuitry (76). The latter includes conventional buffers, drivers, relays and the like, such as for driving the motors (16,36) with sufficient power. Thus, output signals from the microprocessor, interfaced through appropriate output circuitry, control the treadmill drive (16) and incline motor (36).    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For dynamically varying resistance mechanism of fitness appts in dependence of user's heart rate. Optimises benefits obtained from exercises on it. Capable of benefiting virtually any user regardless of their physical conditioning. Ensures safety of user.
A hydro-electric power plant comprises: (i) a system of wind-pumps (1) with receiver-reservoirs (2); (ii) lower (3) and upper (4) reservoirs; and (iii) pipes (5) connecting the wind-pump (1) to upper reservoirs through an ecological purification system (12). The ecological purificn. system comprises: (a) pipes (6,8) connecting upper and lower reservoirs through hydro-generators (11); (b) a channel (7) for purified water; (c) pipes (9) connecting lower reservoirs to the receiver-reservoirs; (d) pipes (10) for the input of waste water to lower reservoirs through the purification system. The ecological purificn. includes ozonation, chlorination, neutralisation, and bio-purificn. All the pipes have valves controlled by a computer system.    USE -   The appts. is useful in wind energy utilisation, in connection with hydraulic power generation combined with systems for ecological purificn. of waste water from pollutants; in renewable energy sources; and in utilisation of wind-mills in power supply systems for the cover of peak loads and simultaneous purificn. of waste water to the standard of natural water.    ADVANTAGE -   The appts. gives increased efficiency of the utilisation of wind energy, and of ecological treatment of waste water used in hydro-accumulating electric power plants.
The structure (1) includes several solar battery modules (2) assembled to incline at a predetermined angle on a frame (3). Each leg (4) of the frame is attached with a preassembled transportable foundation block (5) to support the frame.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies installation and location alteration by using transportable foundation block. Shortens time necessary for solar panel installation completion.
The solar battery (S) includes an electric power converter (7) which converts the DC electric power using which, a solar battery module (1) generates an AC electric power.    A flat shaped endogenic body absorbs the heat generated from the solar battery module and the electric power converter, at the top side.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents deterioration of solar battery characteristics. Facilitates manifold application.
The battery includes an array of solar battery cell (2) connected through lead wires (4). The battery cells generate electricity, when light falls on them.    The spaces between the solar battery cells is filled with sheets of transparent base material (1) in a laminated form. The upper side of the arrangement is covered by a transparent glass (3).    ADVANTAGE -   Improves electricity generation efficiency per unit area. Enhances external appearance.
The battery (S) has a solar battery body in which a square-shaped transparent substrate (1) is arranged. Resin seals several solar cells (2) arranged on the transparent substrate, in which the light-receiving surface of each solar cell faces the transparent substrate.    A metal frame (8) surrounds the circumference of the solar battery body. Insulated resin units (7) are divided and placed between the circumferential edges of the solar battery body and metal frame.    ADVANTAGE -   Ensures small battery proportion even if each insulated resin units shrinks by high humidity temperature. Provides thin and reliable solar battery with high breakdown voltage. Ensures reliable insulation since circumference of solar battery body is covered with elastic insulator.
The element has first, second and third semiconductor layers (102-104) which are formed orderly onto a conductive substrate (101). The first or the third layer is made of Si system non-monocrystal semiconductor light is made to incident on these layers through a transparent electrode (105).    The impurity concentration which decides the conductivity type of the first layer is low when compared to the density of that which decides the type of the second layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids generation of deterioration in characteristic, even when short circuits generated in semiconductor layer. Prevents complication of mfg process. Surpasses in reliability.
The panel has a metallic electrode (5) formed on a glass substrate (1) with a thin film transistor and a pixel electrode. Several solar cells (4) are arranged in series on the shading portion (10) of the panel back side surface, forming a solar battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Converts light projected on back surface to electrical energy without affecting liquid-crystal panel transparency. Enables actuation operation of LCD and computer to supplemented by storing obtained electric energy in storage battery. Raises electromotive force by connecting in series several solar cells.
The power plant has a hydraulic turbine (2) supported to a barge (1) floating along a water current (5) of a river. The turbine and the barge does not get carried away by the water current since both are held to riggings (4). The rotation of the turbine against the water current is transmitted to a generator (3) for electric power generation.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   = Suitable in e.g. developing country. Functions as power plant by enlarging size of barge. Generates large electric power by harnessing energy from water current in river. Electric power consumption bills become inexpensive due to simple construction. Also contributes to oil saving and is environment friendly, too.
The system uses a solar battery (1) which is provided at lid side of a storage box (4) to convert solar optical energy to DC electric power. A storage battery (3) stores the DC electric power.    An electric power converter (2) provided in the storage box converts the DC electric power to an AC electric power.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables to set angle for obtaining maximum power automatically. Improves efficiency by eliminating wiring of storage battery and electric power converter set in storage box.
The element has a base on which a p-type semiconductor layer, i-type semiconductor layer and an n-type semiconductor layer are piled sequentially. The other side of the reverse junction includes a lower layer p' and an upper layer n'.    The base of each reverse layer are subject for heating process. Higher temperature is applied to to the lower layer base than the upper layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Ensures small variations in photoelectric conversion efficiency between modules. Obstructs movement of optical carrier for reverse junction.
The implementation support method involves a number of storage reservoirs and power generators. The storage reservoir parameters such as delay time, upper limit water level value, lower limit water level value, in flow rate and cross sectional area are defined. A guide vane opening operation schedule and a water level schedule of each storage reservoir are established.    The dynamic behaviour characteristics of the drainage texture is simulated based on the present guide vane opening operation and the present water level that is used. The present water level and the water level after the simulation operation is compared so as to determine the difference in the water level. The operation of the guide vane is connected by fuzzy logic so as to reduce the difference in water level to minimum extent.    ADVANTAGE -   Realizes stable water level adjustment.
The invention utilizes the linear relation between current and torque of a miniature dc motor, when a steady dc is applied on said dc motor, the output axle of said motor will produce a steady clockwise torque, at this time when user applies a counter clockwise force to make the motor revolve counter-clockwisely, if the steady current can be controlled, then the torque of the motor also can maintain constantly, while the counter-clockwise force is removed, the motor recovers the clockwise rotating. It is substituted for iron blocks used    in the traditional muscle training machine. It features simple structure, easy adjustment of the force magnitude and without noise.
The exercise device includes a surface which supports the body of a user. A frame supports the surface above a floor. An orientation of the surface can be changed relative to the floor. There is also a device which provides a resistance to movement of a user.    A display shows selected information relating to the use of the device by the user. The information includes an exercise programme to be followed. It also includes the results of the movement against the user. The results are transmitted to a location remote from the exercise device. The support surface can be moved about three perpendicular axes.    ADVANTAGE -   Adjustable due to control system. Applies different programmes to different individuals.
A solar cell assembly comprises: a solar cell having a front surface, a back surface, a first contact on the front surface, a second contact on the back surface, and a recess in its back surface, the solar cell producing a voltage between the first and second contacts in response to illumination of its front surface; a discrete bypass diode that is positioned in the recess and is bonded to the solar cell, the bypass diode having third and fourth contacts adapted to be connected to the first and second contacts, respectively, in an anti-parallel configuration so that the bypass diode is reverse biased when the solar cell is illuminated and is otherwise forward biased to limit the reverse bias voltage across the solar cell and prevent it from breaking down.    A method for forming is disclosed.    USE -   Solar cell assembly with integrated bypass diode.    ADVANTAGE -   Compact, lightweight assembly with high mechanical strength and low reverse current.
The structure sets a solar panel (41) on the roof (2) of a building (1). It has a mounting frame (26) formed by combining several axial bars (25).    The mounting frame is provided with a shape and a space array which corresponds to a solar panel (41). The axial bars support the solar panel.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables easy, fast and cost effective setting and removable of solar panel, and effectively utilises protective body of roof. Maintains good external appearance of roof, and simplifies locking machining process. Enables securing of light-receiving area of solar panel, thus improving electricity generation efficiency. Enables easy setting of solar panel to efficient position.
The indoor walking apparatus has a compact disc-read only memory (1) in which the inclination of a road and its scenery is recorded. A CD-ROM reading apparatus (2) reproduces the recording in the CD-ROM. A television monitor (5) displays video recorded in a CD-ROM. It has a sensor (3) measures pulse and blood pressure of the user on a walking machine (4). The sensor is connected to a data processor (6) through a sensor input device (8). The CD-ROM reading apparatus has a CD-ROM interface component (7) connecting it to the data processor.    The walking machine has a walking machine interface component (9) connecting it to the data processor. The TV monitor has a TV interface monitor component (10) connecting it to data processor. The data processor displays the reproduction video of the CD-ROM reading apparatus to the TV monitor. It change to the speed and inclination of the walking machine based on the scenery of the reproduced video.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides enjoyable walking apparatus which could results to healthy improvements since user can see themselves walking in scenery.
The meter has acceleration and heart rate detectors (1,2) that detect the acceleration and heart rate of a person in motion respectively. A calculating unit (3) calculates calories consumed by the person based on the detected acceleration and heart rate. A display unit (4) displays the calculated calories.    ADVANTAGE -   Accurately measures calories consumed by person due to calculating unit.
A device for adjusting the angle of a control panel (30) has a projection on the back wall of the panel pivoted to a trunnion. The projection has two ears forming a recess between them into which serrations protrude. They encompass the trunnion which in turn has a flexible tongue separated by a slit on either side from the body of the trunnion and which mates with the serrations.    In an alternative design, the two ears each have teeth in a ring which engage similar teeth on the end faces of the trunnion. There is a transverse locking bolt through the assembly.    ADVANTAGE -   Improved fastening of control board to support.
A device has a flexible surface on supports over a base for photovoltaic cells. The yoke-like supports (14) are angle pieces and the ridge beams connecting these are almost parallel to each other, being in two planes (e1,e2) at different distances from the ground. The ridge beams are supports and tension buckles for at least one sheet (20) crossing them and carrying the photocells (26). Because adjacent ridge beams are in different planes, the sheet has a zigzag contour. The angle pieces are telescopic so that their height can be altered. The sheets are made of flexible material like textile weave and the photocells are superposed laminates.    ADVANTAGE -   Inexpensive, simple construction allowing easy installation of photocells.
The system is in the form of an adjustable bench that is set for various postures ranging from upright seated to horizontal. Built into the structure are a number of hydraulic actuators and spring load units that are set for a range of exercises. Hand and foot operated elements form major inputs to the system and various exercise routines are established. The machine and user are connected by sensors to a computer. A display continuously shows relevant data, such as load cycle conditions, heart rate,    ADVANTAGE -   Wide range of exercises, diverts user's attention for sense of effort in exercise.
The control system for controlling a first selected prime mover includes a transmitter controller for emitting a coded light beam signal, and a first receiver positioned to receive the coded signal. The receiver is connected in controlling relation with the first prime mover, to enable selective operation of the prime mover under the control of the controller.    The controller is handheld and has a manually actuable function control device for energising the controller.    The receiver continuously operates the prime mover in response to sustained operation of the function control device.    The receiver connects with safety circuit device, operation of the safety circuit device ensuring the initiation of operation of the system from a condition of standstill.    ADVANTAGE -   Ensures safe operation of selected equipment without possibility of actuating non-elected pieces of other equipment, or of overrunning position limit switches.
Carrier (32), with solar cell array (36) on its front surface, includes electrically inert front and back surfaces bonded to a lattice structure (34) including lattice patterned face sheets (46, 48) on opposite sides of a lightweight lattice-patterned base (50). Face sheets have an elastic modulus sufficiently high and are spaced apart by a distance such that they provide substantially all the axial and bending stiffness of the solar panel. Pref. the carrier has electrically inert face sheets (38,40), made of Kevlar, bonded to a thermally conductive honeycomb core (42) of Al, the thickness of which would be insufficient to provide adequate bending stiffness in the absence of the lattice structure. Lattice pattern base is pref. of Al.    ADVANTAGE -   Splitting of panel into carrier and lattice components reduces wt. and increases power efficiency.
In the wrestling configuration mode, the apparatus has a base, a first forearm support arranged on the base and a second forearm support arranged on the base. A first handle is associated with the first forearm support and a second handle is associated with the second forearm support. Each of the handles is adapted to be gripped by a hand of a person, and is movable relative to one of the forearm supports.    There is interconnection between the first and second handles so that the displacement of one handle relative to one of the forearm supports causes a displacement of the other handle relative to the other forearm support. When configured for exercising the apparatus comprises a base, a forearm support arranged on the base and a handle associated with the forearm support. The handle is adapted to be gripped by a hand of a person, and is movable relative to the forearm support. The device also includes a resistance component, such as a set of springs or weights.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables variety of wrist strengthening exercises. Visual indication of hand reaching predetermined position.
The device includes a balance platform (12) is disposed on top of the base platform (14) and has a lower surface with a spherically shaped convex support (20) that extends beneath it and which fits closely within the spherically concave depression of the base platform. The concave depression of the base platform and the convex support of the balance platform include support means which is positioned in between, for providing low friction movement of the depression and support relative to each other.    The concave depression also includes an angular displacement detection device which is adapted to provide continuous output of incremental angular variation of the balance platform relative to the base platform, in at least two mutually orthogonal directions. The user of the training device stands on top of the balance platform and attempts to maintain the balance platform in a level orientation, relative to the base platform. This is done in accordance with the continuous output of incremental angular variation of the balance platform relative to the base platform.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   E.g. for training for bicycling, gymnastics and mountain climbing. Enhances balance and proprioceptive skills of user. Has computer with software that provides representation of target on monitor screen. Enables users to quantify development and improvement of balance skills. Inexpensive, reliable and fully effective.
The photo-electrical module contains panels (1) made from solar elements (2) connected up to plate (3) made from transparent material via layer of transparent material. The peripheral parts of plates (3) are free from solar elements (2) and are positioned in longitudinal grooves of fastening sections (4-9), (17). The plates (3) are positioned in rows. The fastening sections (4-9) are made common for rows of photos (3), at the same time, the grooves are made in opposite sides of common profile of section.    The sections (17) are positioned between adjacent plates (3) of a row for each pair of adjacent plates. This decreases the weight of module. The fastening elements (10, 11, 12) are used for fastening sections between each other.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   In solar to electrical energy converters with decreased weight of photo-electric module and simplified construction of it. Bul. 25/10.9.96
The photoelectrical module has solar elements (1) assembled into panels connected via a layer of transparent sealant material to plates (2) made from transparent material, sections with longitudinal grooves (3, 4) common for adjacent plates, section with longitudinal grooves (5, 6) parallel to them and positioned along periphery, sections with longitudinal grooves (7, 8) positioned along periphery and common for all the plates (2), fastening elements (9) of sections, washers from elastic material positioned in grooves of sections.    The solar energy illuminates plates (2) and passes via layer of transparent sealant material to panels of solar elements (1) for direct conversion into electrical energy. The electrical energy is produced of several tens of watts from one square meter of solar elements (1).    USE/ADVANTAGE -   In generation of electrical power from solar energy with simplified construction of photo-electrical module and simplified assembly of it. Bul. 25/10.9.96
Forming a black body sensor comprises: (a) forming a P+ layer (9) on a P- silicon wafer (8); (b) sequentially forming an oxide film (10), a nitride film (11), an oxide film (12), a thermocouple material layer (17) and an insulating film (14); (c) applying an Au film on the insulating film (14) to form a metal pattern for a black body; and (d) chemically etching the pattern to form a diaphragm to form a black body (18) by electroplating.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents the damage to black body film to give a black body film having high absorption factor.
The module includes a resin substrate (1) with side edges (2). A number of cells (3) are positioned on the recess part formed between the side edges of the substrate.    A notch slot (5) is provided in each side through which a lead wire (4) is inserted and is connected to each cell. A resin coating (6) is layered over the substrate and the cell, which is solidified.    ADVANTAGE -   Eases handling and mfr without need for much time. Does not require skilled labour for positioning cell. Avoids occurrence of fracture in cell.
The generator includes a solar panel (1) provided inside a cylindrical body (N). At the centre, combustion gas burner (M) emits heat to the light emitter material.    During day time, solar energy is used. In cases of non-reception of solar energy, burner acts as a source of heat.    ADVANTAGE -   Generates electricity under all type of weather conditions. Enables generation of noise.
The configuration includes a lead wire (302) which is extended from an electrode ejection part towards light receiving surface side of a solar battery module.    A middle structure (301) is connected to the electrode ejection part through a weather resistance film (303), for insulation.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves reliability and endurance. Ensures reliable attachment of solar battery module with electrode ejection part. Enables to withstand even heavy physical loads.
The hydraulic turbine (3) is rotated by water stored in a tank (1). The water flows into the tank from a ditch (7). The rotation energy is transmitted to a generator (6) connected through a belt (5). The overflowing water of the tank is also collected by a side groove (2) for rotating.    The generator is attached to a prop (11) of a switch box (10) through a wire (9) for supplying electricity.    ADVANTAGE -   Generates unlimited energy. Reduces pollution.
The gear has multiple doughnut shaped stationary plates (3) set on outer periphery of turbine motor. A set of fixing shafts (71-74) couple the stationary plates to shafts of wheels (61-64).    The wheels touch inner periphery of movable plate (2). The arrangement is coupled to an electrically driven electric motor which drives movable plates.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces pollution. Simplifies maintenance work. Reduces parts count and simplifies structure.
The generator has a sound insulation wall (1) having a curved plane (1B).    Multiple solar panels (24) are arranged along the plane. Electric power is obtained using these panels.    ADVANTAGE -   Performs efficient collection of solar light energy. Simplifies attachment. Avoids usage of large scale tracking system like solar light tracking system.
The solar cell module includes a surface covering material on the light receiving side of a solar cell element. The covering material includes a light transmitting resin in contact with an outer light transmitting surface protection film. The covering material displays a required indicating pattern on the light-receiving side of the solar cell element, with a patterned surface region which indicates the required display pattern and is adjacent to a differently patterned surface region of the covering material. Pref. the display indicating surface patterned region is a recessed or protruded surface pattern.    Both patterned surface regions of the covering material may have an uneven surface with small irregularities, in different patterns, or the non-display part of the indicator may have a plane surface. The display indicator is pref. formed by a sheet attached by thermocompression to the covering material resin.    USE -   Indicates positive or negative terminal of module or module's owner; suitable for building roof installation.    ADVANTAGE -   Maintains power generation efficiency.
The photovoltaic element array includes an insulating layer (102) covering a thin metal plate substrate (10), with electrodes (103) deposited on the insulator. The electrodes, which may be transparent or opaque, are completely separated by grooves. A transparent layer (105) is deposited on the electrodes, and completely covers both the electrodes and the grooves. The transparent layer reflects light incident on the electrodes. A semiconductor photovoltaic layer (106), contg. e.g. a PN junction, a PIN junction or a Schottky junction, is formed on the transparent layer.    Transparent electrodes (107) are formed on the photovoltaic layer, and are separated by grooves (108) which are located in positions laterally offset (X) from the grooves between the first electrodes. Conductive material (109) connects adjacent lower and upper electrodes, through a hole formed in the transparent electrode and the semiconductor layer. Pref. the transparent layer resistivity is 30-110 ohm-cm, and the transparent layer transmittance is at least 85% at a wavelength of 700 nm and at least 70% at 530 nm wavelength. The transparent layer is pref. of a metal oxide.    ADVANTAGE -   Maintains yield and reliability, with increased conversion efficiency; allows reduced intensity laser beam in groove formation.
The solar cell has a monocrystalline silicon substrate (1) with two opposite major surfaces (2,3). One surface (2) incorporates a number of diode elements connected in series, each diode having a p-doped zone (4'). A cooperating n-doped zone (5',6') is provided along the other major surface with which a pn-junction is formed.    The p-doped area of each diode extends along the top surface and extends in a partial region (40) from the upper major surface to the lower one. The n-doped zone (6') on the lower major surface is the more heavily doped and it contacts the p-doped via a contact (11).    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For providing high voltages and small currents. Recombination of charge carriers are minimised due to folded structure.
The bulb generator comprises a generator housing (110) arranged in a water flow for directing water towards the turbine. Effective cooling is provided by extruded elements comprising channels for circulating coolant air with outer surfaces exposed to the passing turbine water. The extruded elements are contoured on both sides so that the channels have inner protrusions in the form of cooling fins to create a large heat conduction surface. The outer surfaces have extended ribs or grooves in the flow direction for contact with the turbine water. Such cooling elements form a front portion of the generator housing and operate both as flow guiding structures and heat exchangers.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides favourable cooling while minimising welding work and use of expensive materials
The system uses solar energy to carry out compression of the working agent of power plants (11,29) during heating by burning of the products of photosynthesis, while the biological products of the zone of a sea (5) are increased by creating artificial upswelling, by passage of oxygen enriched water to the bottom layer. Power is based on a large number of low energy plants and excess power is passed to an energy system, while loading is balanced by connection of coagulators at nighttime and a light unit during daytime.    Food producing units (2) are sited outside a town (1) and the products of photosynthesis are grown and collected in units (10,32,33), while the heat and wastes from incineration systems of the products are used in the producing units (2). Domestic and production units (6,8) for growing plants are equipped with artificial light sources and an electrolyser in the hot water systems is connected to two drinking water systems. The growing units (6,8) can be underground or in auxiliary buildings and the power generating system forms a difference of water levels and also provides hot water for the domestic and production buildings.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Energy supply to towns and settlements and life support in various areas of production and agriculture. Life support during complete absence of mineral and energy raw products and during contamination preventing food and feed use of plants.
The device includes a light reception part (100) provided with multiple light receiving elements(120) Each light receiving element is provided with a photo electric transducer (130) which convert optical signals into electrical signals one terminal of the a switch element (140) is connected to the output of the photo electric transducer. The other terminal of the switch element is connected one input terminal of an amplifier (221) of a integration (220).    The output voltage of the photo electric transducers is integrated by the integrator. The output voltage of the integrator is compared with a reference voltage value at a comparator(230). A capacitive controlling mechanism(240) controls a variable capacitor(222) of the integration according to the comparison result of the comparator. A Feed back loop consisting of the integrator comparator and the capacitance controlling mechanism is formed when the output of the integration is equal to the reference value of the comparator, and the range of a resolution is within predetermined limits, the capacitance control mechanism outputs a capacitive indication signals.    ADVANTAGE -   Make A/D converter unnecessary simplifies circuit structure, picks up signals with high S/N ratio.
The planar solar battery apparatus consists of a large number of solar battery cells arranged as a sheet at regular intervals. Then the flexible electric conduction part connects the electrodes of the solar battery cells electrically. Then the transparent film covering sheet covers the solar battery cells and the flexible electric conduction parts.    ADVANTAGE -   Increases flexibility. Maintains strength during repeated bending. Facilitates easy loading and storage.
The module includes a solar battery cell (3) sealed with a transparent plastic resin (4).    A filler (5) is added to the resin, whose coefficient of linear expansion is the middle value of that of the resin of solar battery cell.    ADVANTAGE -   Realizes light weight solar battery module. Avoids reduction in photoelectric conversion efficiency, thereby improves intensity. Simplifies formation using ten number of parts.
The converter consists of a current mirror circuit to which output from a silicon photodiode (SPD) is input. A current amplifier connected at the output of the current mirror circuit, amplifier output current of the current mirror circuit. A current feedback unit feeds back a part of the amplified current to the photodiode.    A diode is connected at the node of the current feedback unit and the photodiode. A predetermined potential is maintained in- between anode and the cathode of the photodiode.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces number of components. Performs voltage conversion with high stability even at low illuminance.
The thrust bearing consists of a number of sector shaped bearing shoes acting as thrust pads lined with white metal (4b) on an upper surface. These pads are radially arranged on a support plate (3) and mounted on springs (5). The pad surround a vertical turbine shaft (1) such that a rotating plate (6) provided at a lower end surface of a thrust collar (7) attached to the shaft slides on the upper surface of these pads.    The pads are immersed in an oil bath (2) which provides lubrication for the bearings. A heating device (10a,10b) is provided in each thrust pad to heat its sliding surface during a starting operation which curves into a convex shape and stabilises oil film formation by wedge effect.    ADVANTAGE -   Ensures stable oil film formation in both directions and suits reversible machines. Improves reliability.
The solar battery consists of a solar module (1) with several solar cells (1a) connected in series/parallel mode within a portable frame work supported by a stand (2). A build-in output controller regulates an operating point of the battery module. A converter converts DC output of the solar battery to AC directly and an AC output terminal is provided for connecting to an AC load.    A storage battery is also provided and connected to a DC output terminal through a charging/discharging controller. A coupling terminal is provided for parallel connection of the solar battery with other similar solar batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides flexibility of operation. Provides charging facility with storage battery during non use. Provides AC output directory.
The X-ray detector consists of a lower electrode (2) using a metal film as mask, formed on a substrate (1). On the lower electrode an optically conductive materials (D1) comprising a na- Si film (3), an ia-Si film (4), a pa-Si film (5) is orderly formed.    An electrically conductive fluorescent film (6) serving as upper electrode is formed over the optically conductive material. An Al wiring layer (8) is linked to both electrodes after forming an insulating film (7).    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For fluoroscopy diagnosis, fluoroscopic photography. Improves sensitivity and resolution of X-ray detector. Simplifies mfg process.
A solar cell module comprises number of solar cell units which are sealed separately with one another with a transparent resin and fixed on a substrate such that their light receiving faces are directed upwards. The cells are electrically connected to one another, and are covered with a transparent adhesive sheet which can be peeled off from each unit cell. A frame is mounted around the periphery of the substrate. The sheet consists of a number of transparent films which are laminated with transparent adhesive or transparent adhesive films. The sheet has an adhesive layer on its rear face.    The adhesion of the adhesive layer is 100-500 g/20 mm. The top layer of the sheet is treated and becomes hard. The sheet consists of UV-light absorbing films and damp-resisting films.    USE -   For generating electricity.    ADVANTAGE -   The sheet can be replaced in a simple manner. The solar cell modules provide stable performance over a long time.
The appts has a converter which performs conversion of a DC electric power output from a solar battery to an AC power. A connector connects the converter and an external energizer.    A control unit provided in the converter makes the cycle of the converted AC power in accordance with the cycle of the AC electric power of the external energizer, when external AC power is fed to the connector.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides electric power of stable frequency to load.
The module (1) has a solar cell (3) provided at a backside material (4) at its bottom surface and is covered with a permeation plate (2) at its upper surface. The circumference part of the permeation plate and the backside material are caulked by a sealant (21). A container (5) is attached to the back side material and a passage (41) connects a mid air part (22) lying between permeation plate and backside material.    An opening (51) which allows air is provided at the container. A set of open/closable doors is provided for both the passage and the opening. A heating system heats the container and the water content in the mid air part is then removed.    ADVANTAGE -   Eliminates damage caused to solar cell. Increases lifetime of solar cell.
The battery has multiple electric cells (2) by laser scribe part (1). The insulated paste containing insulated powder is dispersed in the binder is applied at the boundary of the adjacent electric cell.    The electrical resistance of the insulated paste is greater than or equal to Mohms, with small insulated particle size which has mean value about 1-5micrometer. The surface roughness is about 2-20micrometers due to particle size and that of insulated paste 1-15micrometers.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves electrical resistance of insulated paste, with reduced leakage current. Increases electricity generation output at low illuminating intensity.
Transistor has parallel planar source and drain electrodes (1, 2) which are 0.01-100 m apart, gate electrode(s) (3) which have the same dimensions as the source and drain electrodes and are placed parallel to and between them, and a layer (4) of discotic columnar liquid crystalline material (I) between the source and drain electrodes with the columnar axis oriented perpendicular to the surface of these electrodes.    Also claimed is electronic or electro-optical equipment contg. this transistor.    USE -   The transistors are used as electronic switches, amplifiers, diodes, esp. LEDs or chemical sensors (all claimed). Numerous LEDs can be combined to make self-illuminating displays and picture screens.    ADVANTAGE -   High charge carrier mobility from electrode to electrode is attained. Very small, evenly spaced electrodes can be used since thin insulator and electrode layers can be made with high precision.
The waveguide type photodetector (10) of a wide dynamic range, comprises a detector section (14), an attenuator section (18) and a transparent separator section (20) for electrically isolating the detector section and the attenuator section. The detector section includes an n-type light guide layer (28) and an i-type light absorption layer (30), and paired n- and p-type layers (26 and 32) for optical confinement sandwiching the layers (238 and 30) on a substrate (22), so as to form a double-hereto-structure.    The attenuation section has the same layer structure as the detector section with the exception that the light absorption layer is formed by a strained MQW layer, and an electrode (16) for absorption control and an electrode (40) are disposed on the front and back surface of the substrate. The detector section, the light absorption layer of the attenuator section and the waveguide constitute a ridge structure with the optical confinement structure in a vertical direction, and form the confinement structure in the horizontal direction. A reverse bias voltage is applied to the electrodes of the attenuator section to control the degree of absorption of incident light to the attenuator section so that the intensity of light propagated to the detector section may be controlled.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   E..g. for optical CATV systems.
Hydrogenerator comprises oil bath (1), thrust bearing (2), rotor (3), cover (4), bolts (5), double-decker gasket (6), gland (7), upper zone (8), lower space (9), rotor shell (10), annular vertical housings (11,14), bolts (12), corner profile butt elements (13), bracing (15), cores (18,19), windings (20,21), pipe (22) and oil trap (23). Non-rotating race (14) is located at a set distance from race (11) and is fixed to cover (4).    The two races produce an additional labyrinth which limits the throw of oil vapours onto the active parts of the machine, with race (14) being made composite from segments equipped with butt jointing segments to facilitate updating, assembly etc.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Hydrogenerator concerns large electrical machine construction i.e. vertical umbrella type hydrogenerators with two-way cooling air feed, in which oil tank with thrust bearing and sealing elements are under rotor. Hydrogenerator has double chamber sealing zone to minimise oil vapours falling onto cores and windings.
The unit is incorporated inside a hydraulic turbine (55). The hydraulic turbine has a blade base unit (57) which bears a number of curved blades (56). A passage (58) is formed within two blades. An actuation nozzle (59) opposing the periphery of the blades, blows off a fluid along the peripheral direction of the blades. The fluid is discharged outside through an outflow hole (63) positioned opposite a blade unit centre part.    A style flow path in the passage between blades is enclosed by a proximity wall (61) provided on a fixed wall (60) at the periphery of blades and by side face of the blade at axial direction of rotation.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces fluid frictional loss. Increases efficiency of operation. Obtains smooth rotary motion of hydraulic turbine.
The generator uses a pump (1) which sucks and sends water into an impulse water turbine (5). Electricity is generated by the generator through the turning force of the turbine. The turbine has several vanes (5a) which extend in a direction orthogonal to a shaft (5c) and adjacent to the bottom of a water receiving tank (6) which is formed like a ditch.    The tank inclines to have a low rear side and a high front side which    is arranged forward of rotation direction of the turbine. The tank bottom (6a) which is formed like a slope, is provided at the lower side with an outlet (6b) which positions to the rear side of the turbine.    ADVANTAGE -   Effectively generates electricity without raising falling position of water since turning force of hydraulic turbine is increased by water flowing backward according to inclination of tank bottom. Achieves size redn. of electric power generation installation and facility. Improves electric power generation efficiency by forming opposing sidewalls of tank to incline towards inner direction.
The appts. (10) includes a start switch (16) which is pushed to generate a signal gun sound after a first voice circuit of a voice synthesis appts. (64) outputs a voice signal which produces a voice that commands the athlete to position him or herself using the central processing unit (32).    The positioning command is output from a speaker (22) after a first random time set by a counter. The speaker outputs another command which is a setting command after another random time set by the counter through a voice signal from the second voice circuit using the CPU. The CPU outputs a third voice signal which is a starting command or a signal gun sound through a third voice circuit (70) after a random time set by the counter. The CPU compares time when the runner takes off from the starting block afte r releasing a starting voice signal with a permissible time to detect false start.    ADVANTAGE -   Practices or develops starting form effectively even by oneself. Develops athlete e.g. sprinter awareness when on starting block which is essential in reducing precious seconds or effort which may be consumed or exerted for better winning chances.
The trainor (1) has an endless belt (11) from which a training person (M) can run. A detector measures the movement or motion of the training person with running form of the concerned person clearly shown in a display. An evaluation unit (31) analyses and compares the motion value of the running operation obtd. from a detection value with a reference value.    A correction unit corrects the running form of the training person by ordering a correct running form based on the evaluation result of the evaluation unit particularly when actual motion value does not agree with a regulated or reference value.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables training person to easily understand correction command without presence of coach.
The appts consists of a work station (31) connected with a computer (30), through a communication circuit (18). An operation demand signal for maintaining and producing accident analysis report of a generator is transmitted to the computer from a controller (20) through a communication controller (17).    Based on the demand signal, a predetermined function is responded to the work station by a function controller (14) of the computer.    ADVANTAGE -   Aims at quicker and efficient maintenance work. Enables improvement of working area and conservation area in disc. Improves utilisation frequency of systematic diagram searching function. Avoids signal loss in communication circuit between work station and computer.
The electrical energy generation device converts the movement energy provided by muscle force in a physical fitness training or excercise machine into electrical energy via a generator.    Preferably the movement energy is delivered via a variable conversion gearing. The generator is preferably coupled to an electrical storage battery for holding the delivered electrical energy.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   E.g. for exercise bike, stepper or treadmill. Provides extra motivation for users of exercise machines.
A set of electric generation equipment using the tide energy and wave energy of sea water is composed of pipe end pipe network arranged in sea area, water tank and water-wheel type generator set in dam area, and pipe ends in dam area. Pipe end pipe network are arranged vertically under sea surface and their pipes are respectively connected to upper and lower water tanks. Sea water impacts water wheels to make generator set arranged opposite generate electricity. It can implement all-weather electric generation.
This disc includes a data area and an index area, and a number of objects containing motion video data are recorded in the data area. The index area includes a number of sub-areas, which contain a group of write addresses extracted from a number of the objects recorded in the data area (fig 7A), flags for reproducing them at random, and the number of times of repetition of random reproduction (Fig. 7B).    ADVANTAGE -   Capable of preserving freshness of image content for long time by eliminating routine image reproduction so that it remains attractive for long time.
The power cell has a lining (2) of photovoltaic elements on the inside of a stainless steel and chrome high-pressure container (1) holding an ionisable material (3) and at least one ionising radiation source (4), and a lead vault (19) surrounding the container.    ADVANTAGE -   The cell produces power directly from an ionising radiation source using the Compton effect.
The machine (1) has a water wheel (4) provided with an impeller rotated at the bottom of a liq. A speed-up machine part (3) has a gear train mechanism that engages to a toothed gear suspended by a first revolving shaft of the impeller. The number of rotations of the first revolving shaft is increased according to the gear train mechanism, and produced at a second revolving shaft.    An electric generator (2) provided with a watertight armour and arranged adjacent to the speed-up machine part is directly linked with the second revolving shaft to generate electricity. A trap is arranged near the coupling part of the speed-up machine part and electric generator. Oil that infiltrates the electric generator from the speed-up machine part is returned to the speed-up machine part. When the oil is returned to the speed-up machine part, the trap filters the impurity added to the oil.    ADVANTAGE -   Sharply reduces amt. of oil that piles up in electric generator, reducing effect on insulated location and bearing of electric generator. Reduces frequency of maintenance and extends use life of bearing or mechanical seal.
The motor has a turbine (2) and a water nozzle (3) that jets water to the turbine. The turbine and nozzle are assembly type components.    A motor advance direction front is coated with a conical cap. An output shaft support is provided.    ADVANTAGE -   Offers hydraulic pressure motor of reduced size, with high output, and can be easily maintained by using assembly type turbine and water nozzle. Prevents clogging of cut waste in motor advance direction front by making it conical in shape. Minimises penetration of foreign materials in turbine and water nozzle. Allows simple maintenance and exchange of turbine or nozzle even if foreign material penetrates motor.
The surface plate configuration consists of several surface plates (3) installed on the inclination direction of the roof surface material (6). The drain layer (11), which drains the water on the roof inclination direction and crossing direction, is formed. The rain water penetrating through the pile parts (8A, 9A) of the surface plate is drained out through the drain pipe (11).    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents water leakage reliably. Increases production. Simplifies arrangement.
The pump (5) draws water from an outlet (2) near the floor of the pool (1) and recirculates it either directly (7), or via a filter (9) or to a wall-cleansing robot (R) according to the settings of stop valves (V2,V1,V3). With the second valve (V1) alone open, the pump runs at normal speed delivering filtered water at the nominal rate.    With the first valve (V2) open, a higher frequency of supply to the pump motor ensures a stronger flow for swimming against the current. With the third valve (V3) open, a lower frequency provides only the amount of water necessary for cleansing by the robot. The frequencies are switched by a selector (10).    ADVANTAGE -   A single pump provides the different flows for recirculation, swimming against the stream, and automated cleaning.
A new-type low-head hydroelectric generator is suitable for the low-head hydroelectric plant without storage built at river whose level change is bigger.
The universal holder (10) includes a base (2) and a hollow cylinder (4) whose top is attached to the bottom of the base. The bottom of the hollow cylinder has an opening running the length of cylinder and parallel its longitudinal axis. Several flanges (6) protrude vertically downward from the bottom of the hollow cylinder. The flanges are in pairs and one of each pair is attached to opposite sides of the opening, in the bottom of the hollow cylinder. The flanges also all have holes in their centres, which are perpendicular to the flanges.    A remote control unit fastener is used for removably attaching a conventional remote control unit (24) to the base so that the operating keys or buttons of the remote control unit are accessible. The flanges and the hollow cylinder may be snapped down over the horizontal or nearly horizontal member (22) of an exercise machine or similar object and the universal holder may be secured by tightening the thumb screws with the holes.    ADVANTAGE -   May be removably attached to frame of exercise machine or chair or similar object. Convenient and secure.
The appts. has a stator frame (2) consisting of the portion of the soleplate divided in the direction of a periphery. The notch hole (2c) for uniting division stud bolting (3) is deleted near the stator frame so that the stator frame in the valve water wheel generator of the casing direct cooling system, which cools the stator core by which fixed contact was carried out inside the stator frame, might be bound.    The uniting division stud penetrates an opposing stator frame coupler (2b) on both sides of a stator frame uniting division, and is stored by the notch hole for uniting division stud bolting. A nut (4) binds the uniting division stud from both sides of the stator frame uniting division. A high thermal conductive load material (5) is filled into the spatial portion of the notch hole.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves reliability of valve water wheel generator of casing direct cooling system, as dissipation of heat of stator core is effectively carried out by water flowing on surface of stator frame of valve water wheel generator.
The driving device uses a third relay (13) in detecting an overcurrent in the output side of a voltage inverter. A first relay (11) is used in detecting the input-side overvoltage of the inverter. A second relay (12) is used in detecting the input-side overcurrent of the inverter. The detection output of the second relay is input to an OR logic circuit (21). A holding circuit (23) and a time-limit circuit (24) maintain the output of the OR logic circuit within a predetermined time and output a system stoppage command.    A redn. sensor (20) detects the voltage redn. of an electric power system. The inverter receives a recovery movement command from a timer (25) after the predetermined time and cancellation of an operation stoppage command, when the voltage reduction of the electric power system is detected. The operation stoppage command is output by a protection unit.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents system operation stoppage caused by fault of electric power system, and prevents increase in voltage inverter size, thus reducing device mfg. cost.
The coupler has a cylindrical cooling substrate (32), and a heat dissipation substrate (34) that has a substantially concentric cylinder shape and a larger path than the cooling substrate.    An electronic cooling system has an electronic cooling component radially fastened between the cooling and heat dissipation substrates. An optical semiconductor module is mounted inside the electronic cooling system.    ADVANTAGE -   Ensures cooling efficiency since cooling is performed from periphery and cooling power force is gathered. Ensures stable cooling temp. control since space outside electronic cooling system has two directions. Ensures easy inspection since fluoroscopy from one side of internally-installed optical semiconductor module is performed. Improves cooling efficiency due to cylindrical shape of cooling substrate and increased contact area of open air.
The ohmic electrode which is formed on surface of an N type nitride semiconductor layer has a two layer configuration. The first layer is made up of zirconium that touches the semiconductor layer.    The second layer which is formed on the first layer is made up of aluminium.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   In light receiving device e.g. photodiode. In semiconductor device such as FET, transistor. Obtains desirable ohmic contact. Enables to attach wire firmly without any deterioration. Prevents debonding of wire, thereby improving reliability. Enables light emitting element to operate at low forward direction voltage.
A sealing material film is provided between a cell for a solar battery and a transparent plate on between the cell and a back cover. The sealing material consists of a flame retarder-contg. ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer.    Also claimed is a solar battery module having the sealing material film between the cell and the transparent plate for covering the cell and/or the cell and the back cover.    USE -   The sealing material film is used for solar battery and solar battery module. The solar battery module is used for roofing.    ADVANTAGE -   Positive fire retardancy and non-combustibility ae provided to the solar battery module.
The appts. has a handrail (9) attached to a stay vane (2) through a plate (11). A spiral railway (12) is connected to the inner side of the stay vane or a check shaft. The spiral railway fluctuates with a loose slope.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents worker from falling due to handrail with loose slope. Provides convenience and safety since spiral railway fluctuates.
The apparatus has an actuation device which presents a user with a stimulus. A controller is operably connected to the actuation device. The controller has a processor, a memory device, an input device for receiving feedback data corresponding to a condition of a user and an output device for sending control signals for controlling the actuation device. A tracking device communicates the feedback data to the input device of the controller.    The controller is programmed to operate on input data provide independently from the user by a program executable by the processor, user data corresponding to inputs selected by a user and feedback data corresponding to a user's condition and provided from the tracking device. The actuation device provides stimuli according to a control signal corresponding to the feedback data, user data and input data.    ADVANTAGE -   Opponents can engage in combat training at different locations.
The power plant has a wind-power or hydraulic turbine fitted on the shaft (1), connected to AC generator (3). The power plant is additionally provided with an electromagnetic brake (4) which has excitement winding (7) and is kinematically connected to power plant shaft (1), and frequency regulator (6) whose inlet is connected to the alternating current generator and its outlet is connected to the brake excitement winding.    The primary engine (2) rotates the generator (3) and the brake (4). The engine (2) torque is balanced by the generator sum of moments, determined by the consumer (5) useful load, and the brake braking moment.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   In wind- power generator plants. The operation is improved, costs are reduced and construction and operation are simplified. Bul.20/20.7.96
The method involves performing crystal growth of semiconductor crystal by carrying out vapour phase epitaxy process to form a microcrystal. An energy barrier layer is formed using the semiconductor crystal. The lattice constant in the bulk state of the crystal during the formation of microcrystal and barrier layer differ by 1%.    The crystal growth is performed using III group and V group elements where ratio of moles of elements of V group to that of III group is 100 or 200. The microcrystal has a magnitude in the grade of De Broglie wavelength. A quantum well is formed surrounding the microcrystal with potential energy higher than that of the microcrystal.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables mfg of semiconductor element with satisfactory characteristic.
The system carries out de-icing of the snow coverage when a solar battery is heated by passing a current from an external power supply circuit. A back flow inhibition diode (4) connected to the solar battery prevents the reverse flow of electrical current generated at solar battery.    A fuse circuit is connected to the input-output end of the back flow inhibition diode. An AC-DC converter (5) connected to the back flow inhibition diode is made by bi-directional using the switching circuit (6) connected parallel to back flow inhibition diode.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies configuration of system. Enables effective utilisation of solar battery to carry out de-icing of snow. Reduces electric power consumption.
The module consists of a receiving element substrate (1) that has a number of light reception areas (3). Each light reception area is provided with a convex electrode part (4) and its upper part. This electrode part has equal of lesser diameter than the major diameter of an optical filter (2).    The termination of the optical fibre is coated with the conductivity material (5). The conductivity material of the optical fibre and the electrode parts are electrically connected. The light from the optical fibre is thus projected to the light receiving area.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables simultaneous execution of optical coupling and electric connection of optical fibre. Eliminates need for highly precised alignment of optical fibre.
The material (1) has a set of window parts (12) through which IR rays are transmitted. The window parts are enclosed with a set of reinforcement parts (11) made of resin.    About 50% or more of IR ray transmitted, have wavelength in range between 8-12 micrometer.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   In e.g. detecting IR ray emitted from human body, building, plants. Excels in fabrication and work ability. Excels in IR ray transparency. Offers sufficient strength to withstand external environment.
The detector (13) has an optical lens (15) that is fixed an equipment body (14). A CCD (17) consisting of a light receiving part is mounted on a circuit substrate (16).    The air tight space (18) is formed in the equipment body between the optical lens and the circuit substrate. The air tight space is adjusted to make the light receiving part to form image through the optical lens.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For facsimile, optical character reader, portable terminal, digital copier, plate making machine. Eliminates dust contamination on optical glass of CCD package. Enables usage in image input units of different shapes. Eliminates need for adjustment screws and jig. Simplifies optical adjustment work. Obtains high reliability and high optical characteristics.
The module has several solar battery cells (1) formed on the surface of a flexible insulated substrate (3), and connected through a wiring. A weather-resistant adhesive agent (4) seals the exposed portion on the external surface of the module.    Two sheets of conductor tapes (51,52) are provided for the wiring. An insertion hole common to both conductor tape ends, is provided filled with adhesive agent.    ADVANTAGE -   Fixes solar battery cells without floating conductor tapes since insertion hole is filled with adhesive agent. Prevents wiring disconnection since attached wiring terminal can be twisted and joined and clearance can be simply formed. Reliably and simply performs connection if solar battery module is disconnected from substrate.
The cell (20) consists of a P-type substrate with a first principal plane and a second principal plane. A N-type impurity diffusion layer is formed in the first principal plane and a P- type impurity diffusion layer is formed in the second principal plane of substrate.    A P-type impurity diffusion part which is electrically connected to P-type impurity diffusion layer, is formed in the first principal plane. An N-type electrode is formed in the N-type impurity diffusion layer. A P-type electrode is formed in the P- type impurity diffusion layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Ensure series connection of cells easily. Prevents causing damage to solar battery cell. Prevents short circuits in solar battery cell, when number of cells are connected. Increases photoelectric current. Facilitates easy mfg process thereby reducing mfg cost. Reduces stress application on cell.
The method carries out thermocompression bonding so as to seal a solar battery (1) between a pair of EVA films (3). The solar battery is composed of a substrate on either sides of which high polymer film are present.    Waterproof coating is provided to exposed surface of the polymer films. Wiring is formed in enclosed state over the solar battery substrate.    ADVANTAGE -   Offers good weather resistance. Is flexible.
The generator consists of a solar battery (1) covered by a transparent glass or plastic material (2). Light beam passes through the glass to the solar battery.    The solar battery is then wrapped by a case (3) made from a strong heatproof material.    ADVANTAGE -   Carries out electricity generation semipermanently. Eliminates fuel cost.
The battery has an electricity-generating component (1) whose rear portion is provided with a rear coating layer (2). The front face of the electricity-generating component is coated with a front coating layer (3) made of permeable plastics.    A sealing slot (4) is provided along the circumference of the battery for the penetration of the electricity-generating component. The plastics of the front coating layer fill the sealing slot, and are attached to the rear coating layer sealing the circumference of the battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Effectively prevents peeling of electricity-generating component and rear coating layer since front and rear coating layers are reliably coupled by plastics. Increases effective heat emission area due to narrowed sealing face width. Effectively prevents penetration of water from periphery of solar battery since reliably coated front and rear coating layers. Ensures simple and reliable mass prodn. Provides sealing slot with ideal structure which penetrates electricity-generating component only.
The method involves using a shading mask (18) with a light receiving aperture (17). The shading mask has a projection part (18a) on either sides and is centred over a chip (14) with a notch (20) on the projection parts.    A transparent resin (16) is coated over the chip through the light receiving aperture of shadow mask. The lead frame insertion is done perpendicular to the notch directions. A shading nature resin (19) is coated on the chip using shadow mask, on portions other than light receiving surface.    ADVANTAGE -   Offers precise optical axis adjustment.
The photoelectric sensor comprises a first optical fibre (13) for light transmission, which leads the light emitted from a light source to a body detector. The first optical fibre is connected to a projection element (12), being actuated by a light transmitter (11). A second optical fibre (14) for light reception is arranged adjoining the first optical fibre and is connected to a light receiving element (15) and a light receiver (16).    The optical fibres have cut surfaces (13a,14a) respectively such that the surfaces which initially turn towards each optical fibre becomes short and the light radiated from the cut surface of the first optical fibre is received by the second optical fibre. A signal processing unit (17) distinguishes the level of the received optical signal.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables simplification of configuration. Improves efficiency of optical fibre cutter.
The device contains a number of gymnastic mats (1) which can be vertically suspended from a curtain rail-like track (3) and can be moved horizontally. Different mats (1a-1c) are suspended from different tracks (3a-3c) which are offset wrt. each other so that the mats can be displaced independently and whilst overlapping each other.    The mats can be suspended so as to be adjustable in height. They can be suspended via at least two belts (6) of adjustable length, to which the mats are removably attached via snap hooks (7). At least one part of the mats have pressure sensitive switching elements whose actuation triggers audible and/or visible signals.    ADVANTAGE -   Has widened applicability , enabling its use for kindergartens and schools as well as for sports purposes for adults and youths.
The method involves turning a first transition parts (F) of a pair of stream line shaped guide vanes (4a,4b) outside, during electric power generation operation. The transition parts of the guide vanes are turned inside during pumping operation. The guide vanes are provided with a trailing edge part (R).    During electric power generation operation, the trailing edge parts are turned inside. The trailing edge parts of the guide vanes are turned outside during pumping operation. The thickness of the trailing edge part is set to be smaller than the thickness of the first transition part.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves water being engine performance and pump engine performance. Reduces number vibration during electric power generation. Reduces energy loss. Prevents collision of adjoining guide vanes. Facilitates inversion of guide vane at short time.
The structure includes a foundation side clamp piece (5), provided at a predetermined position of building roofs. The clamp piece is clamped with the tile clamp piece (4a) of a roof tile (4).    The tile clamp piece is provided at the one side of the tile, while the tile top part has a pair of support parts (4f). Solar light for heat or electricity generation is tapped by a storage unit installed between the support parts.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids excessive stress around roof tiles. Stabilizes structure. Prevents slippage of roof tiles. Offers satisfactory work and quality, quickly. Avoids leakage of rain water.
At least part of an electrode is formed of a semiconductor diamond film. Chemical modification is applied to the surface of the semiconductor diamond film.    USE -   The diamond electrode is used for chemical industrial processes, electrolysis, batteries, solar thermal electrode conversion, or chemical sensors.    ADVANTAGE -   The diamond electrode has low overvoltage, long life, electrode reactivation, temp measurement for the electrode portion. The base material of the electrode allows the use of carbon. The result allows the use of inexpensive diamond particles to reduce raw material costs.
The prodn comprises: (a) forming a melted zone on a plate-like raw material by high-frequency induction heating; and (b) moving the melted zone in the plate-like raw material to crystallise or purify the plate-like raw material.    USE -   The method produces the plate-like material used for producing a plate-like silicon crystal used as a substrate material for a solar battery.    ADVANTAGE -   The method stably produces with high accuracy the plate-like material partic plate-like silicon crystal having high purity. The result reduces costs for producing the solar battery.
The training appts. has a training unit (1) which provides the load to a trainee. The number of pulses of the trainee is determined by a pulse measuring device (5). A stature measuring device (3) and a weight measuring device (4) measure the stature and the weight of the trainee.    The obesity degree of the trainee is calculated by a calculating unit (7) based on the outputs of the stature and weight measuring device. The calculating unit determines the size and rate of load change that will correspond the target pulse rate of the corresp. obesity degree. The load of the training unit is varied by a load adjuster (8) according to the output of the calculating unit.    ADVANTAGE -   Ensures suitable training for specific trainee. Enables trainee to save time in setting training unit.
The equipment includes a bearing oil bath (4) which stores the lubricating oil boosted to the guide and thrust bearings (2,3) of a rotary electric machine. An enlargement tank (9) isolates the vapour fed from the upper surface of the bearing oil bath, into a liquid phase and a gaseous phase.    The separated liquid phase is returned to the bearing oil bath through a drain pipe (10). The isolated gaseous phase is discharged to the atmospheric air through the exhaust air pipe arrangement (7).    ADVANTAGE -   Isolates oil and air using simple enlargement tank, reliably. Inhibits pollution, insulation degradation, fastening function reduction, easily.
The device consists of a spider support bracket formed by several radial legs (7) fixed to a bearing support part (6). The bearing support part holds a guide bearing (5) of a thrust bearing of a main shaft (1) of a water wheel generator. Each radial leg terminates in a foundation plate (9) fixed to a civil work foundation part by a support bolt (10).    Adjustment shim leaves (11a-11c) are provided between the foundation plate and the leg termination. A die thickness and breadth of the shim leaf and multiple leaves are varied for accurate centering of the guide bearing and providing uniform load rate all around.    ADVANTAGE -   Ensures reliability. Ensures uniform load rate all round. Inhibits unbalancing of rotor during operation.
The appts (3) is arranged in a conveyance truck of an optical guidance system and comprises multiple light receiving elements (12). The optical guidance system guides the conveyance truck along a predetermined path using guidance light (A). Multiple light receiving elements are arranged on the conveyance truck separated at regular intervals.    An extraction body extracts the light receiving range angle (w) of each light receiving element set at predetermined angle. A signal processing unit specifies the bottom light received by the light receiving element according to the light receiving angle of each light receiving element.    ADVANTAGE -   Performs directional control of conveyance truck quickly and correctly. Enables instantaneous detection of induction light. Avoids need for carrying out trucking rotation of light receiving element.
The package has a lower external connection terminal (3) provided at the base of a mould part (1). A pair of side face external connection terminals (4,5) extend from both side surfaces of the mould part towards its lower part side face external connection terminals are bent towards the front or the back sides of the mould part. A predetermined gap is provided in between the two side face external connection terminals and the lower part external connection terminal along the horizontal direction.    A pair of projection parts (6) is provided in the two side face external connection terminal and in the lower part external connection terminal for pitch limitation below the base of the mould part.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies formulation process. Enables easy and independent assembly of package in PCB. Inhibits reduction in sensitivity of package.
The method involves forming a signal processing circuit (3) and a light receiving element (2) separately on the either side surfaces of a semiconductor substrate (1). The light receiving element comprises of an anode layer and a cathode layer (14) which are formed by carrying out diffusion on the whole surface of the semiconductor substrate. A cathode electrodes that make contact with the cathode layer is formed on lower end side surface of the semiconductor substrate. An anode electrode that makes contact with an isolation layer (5) of the signal processing circuit, is formed on the top side surface of the semiconductor substrate.    An epitaxial layer (4) that carries out laminate formation of the signal processing circuit is formed on the upper surface of the substrate and its shape is made convex by the isolation layer. A pair of diffusion layer for active element structure is formed by carrying out diffusion along the inner side direction of the convex shaped epitaxial layer. A pair of electrodes that make contact with each diffusion layer, are formed in the epitaxial layer. The light irradiated from a light emitting element is projected on a light receiving surface (16) of the light receiving element. A space is formed between epitaxial layer and the cathode layer of the light receiving element such that the incident light does not reach the epitaxial layer.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For photocoupler, photointerrupter. Reduces cost by reducing chip size. Avoids need for shading signal processing circuit and formation of interlayer insulating film. Does not impair device characteristics.
The image pick-up element includes a silicon substrate (1) on which a photodiode (2) is formed. An opening (7) for light incidence surrounded with a shading film (4) is formed on the upper part of the photodiode. A passivation film (5a) is formed on the front face of the photodiode and the shading film.    A transparent dielectric film (6) which consists of an acrylics acid ester type resin is formed on the passivation film. The refractive index of the passivation film is lesser than that of the transparent dielectric film.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents change in element configuration. Improves sensitivity of solid state image pick-up. Ensures efficient light projection.
The exercise apparatus comprises a platform (50) for a user to stand or sit upon, mounted on a body formed of two wedge-shaped parts (62,64) which are turned relative to each other so that the platform (5) is inclined relative to a base (40).    The platform (50) is coupled to the top of the body (62,64) via a first bearing, and the body (62,64) is coupled to the base (40) by a second bearing. The platform is prevented from rotating relative to the base (40) by a gimbal (80,82,84). A motor coupled to a shaft (70) rotates the body (62,64), so that the direction of the tilt of the platform (50) sweeps around in a corresponding circular manner.
The rotor turbine has a housing (9) enclosing two or more rotors (1,2), coupled together for synchronous rotation in opposite directions, with their rotor blades offset so as the interfit. Pref. each rotor has three evenly spaced rotor blades which have a concave curvature on either side, both rotors supported for rotation about parallel axes (7) lying in the centre plane of the turbine housing, with an offset of 60 degrees between their rotor blades.    ADVANTAGE -   Efficient energy generation with low generation cost.
The training appts. has a DC electric motor, connected in a drive system with crank and pedals (4) operated by user. A four quadrant electronic power unit (5) provides current for the motor (2), which is used for driving and braking the crank in both directions, according to the programme entered in the computer. An incremental transmitter (3) is provided for determining the angular setting, the direction of rotation and speed of the crank.    The actual instantaneous values can be freely evaluated, so that these along with further externally measured characteristic values are made available. For the digital regulation (6) and the control (7) of the crank movement, and for the control of or for the further transmission to a peripheral unit.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Sports training and treating ill patients. Widens scope of use and creates flexible possibilities for diagnosis and form of training operation.
The wiring arrangement for a crystalline solar cell has a number of electrical conductors (1) for connection to the transverse conductor path pattern provided on the front side of the solar cell (33), provided by inserting the conductors in a reception device, prior to bending into the required shape and cutting to the required length.    The ends of the conductors projecting beyond the side edge of the solar cell are bent into a required shape, before applying the conductors to the conductor path pattern and connecting them to the latter via access openings provided by the handling system.    ADVANTAGE -   Accurate shaping positioning and connection of large number of small dia. conductors.
At the season of plenty of water, water head is low and net positive suction head is large, surplus water is utilized by increasing flow speed and added to tail water pipe of hydraulic turbine, so that the vacuum degree in tail water pipe, effective water head of hydraulic turbine, and output and efficiency of turbine set are raised.
The exercise bicycle (100) has the electronic meter (12) and the alternating current generator, and the rechargeable battery (19) electrically connected with the alternating current generator via the circuit.    The circuit will switch on the rechargeable battery (19) to supply electricity to the electronic meter (12) when the alternating current generator does not provide sufficient power and will switch off the rechargeable battery (19) and make the alternating current generator charge the rechargeable battery (19) during the time when the alternating current generator produces sufficient working power for the electronic meter (12).    ADVANTAGE -   Does not require user to ride cycle when setting and/or adjusting electronic meter. Simple construction and easy mfr.
The tank consists of a pressure container (5) installed in the conduit pressure pipeline (13). A bag valve (1) is attached to the guide bar (15) provide for the prop (16) installed at the bottom of the container. A flexible hose (17) is connected to the upper part of the bag valve for gas pressure insertion and expulsion. The pneumatic power insertion and expelling tube (7) fitted with a pressure guage (8) supplies compressed air from the air compressor (9) to the energy cell (4) formed at the upper part of the container.    The air from the energy cell is introduced into the bag valve through the flexible hose for adjusting the buoyancy of the bag valve. The water proofing valve seat (11) formed on the upper part of the water control opening (12) at the container bottom is opened and closed by the bag valve which moves up and down ac- cording to the buoyancy. The glass tube type water guage (6-1) is installed from the external to the container with one end insert- ed to the bottom and the other to the top. The energy cell pres- sure guage and the water guage are interlocked to the pressure compensated flow control valve of hydraulic turbine..pa    ADVANTAGE -   In power plants using reaction turbines like Francis turbine and impulse turbines like Pelton wheel etc. Facilitates freely setting maximum descent of water level in container. Achieves height and size reduction of tank. Expands degree of freedom for installation position. Achieves development of water- way laying method. Absorbs water hammer pressure of pipeline. Enables modulating change in flow vane opening and closing time caused due to change of load in pumps and turbines. Stabilizes supply of energy by effective use of potential energy from water. Eliminates environmental destruction by thermal power generation. Facilitates combined use of waterline for agriculture.
The turbine comprises a rotor including one or more inclined slender aerodynamic blades (3), a hub (6), and two or more arms (7,9), each supporting a balance weight (4,5).    Provision may be made to allow the rotor to teeter in a see-saw action about a teeter axis, and the centre of gravity of the rotor may be located at the hub. The rotor may be neutrally stable when stationary, and positively stable when rotating.    USE -   Turbine for extracting energy from winds, air streams, rivers, ocean currents or tidal flows.
The generator has a horizontal arm (1) with a large wheel (2,3) at each end. A cable or belt (4) runs over these wheels. Parachutes are attached to the cable at regular intervals along its length. The horizontal arm is directed into the wind or water flow so that the moving wind or water opens the parachutes along the one side of the installation, and the flow carries them to the wheel at the end.    As the parachutes return they are folded closed by the oncoming wind or water flow, allowing them to return with minimum drag. A control vane (10) measures the direction of the flow and controls hydraulic actuators that direct the arm into the flow. The arm is mounted on a column or on a floating raft.    ADVANTAGE -   Can be placed in wider range of locations and more effectively exploits wind or water energy.
The arrangement includes a flow channel (2), in which the shovels (11) of a conduct crown (10) and the shovels (13) of an impeller wheel (12) are arranged one after another in a flow direction. A hydraulic auxiliary motor (20) includes a moving piston rod (22) which is arranged outside a reed (4) of the turbine. A transmission rod arrangement (24) extends through the flow channel and transmits the reciprocal movement of the piston rod on to a connecting limb (26) which is axially movable in the reed.    A power transmission mechanism (28) forwards movement of the connecting limb on to an axially movable regulator shaft (30) which rotates with the impeller. A thrust/rotation mechanism (32) transforms the axial movement of the regulator shaft into turning adjustment motions of the impeller shovels.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Esp. for S-turbine. Avoids pollution of water in flow channel by motor oil in servo mechanism. Enables simple access to adjustments in servo mechanism.
The positioning system comprises an annular runner seal piston and an annular runner seal seated against the piston and mounted for rotation with respect to the piston. The runner seal and the piston allow a fluid leakage between them. A pressure supply extends to the piston for supplying a back pressure to force the piston against the runner seal to limit the fluid leakage.    A weir box is provided, and a drain extends from the runner seal and the piston to the weir box for draining the fluid leakage into the weir box, so that the fluid level in the weir box is directly related to a rate of the fluid leakage. Pressure control componentry is operatively connected to the pressure supply and is responsive to the fluid level for automatically increasing the back pressure as the fluid level rises and automatically decreasing the back pressure as the fluid level falls.    ADVANTAGE -   Operates with little manual oversight, reduces turbine maintenance, and is simple to install on existing hydroelectric turbine generators.
The governor (1) has a controller (21) generating a rate command signal to establish the rate of a waterwheel (6). A rate detector (2) generates a signal based on the detected rate of the water wheel.    An opening detector generates a signal based on the opening of a guide vane opening. A correcting unit adjusts the rate command signal based on the water level difference detected by an upstream detector (13) and a downstream detector (14).    ADVANTAGE -   Corrects rate based on water head therefore rates are adjusted accordingly during
The turbine has a core to which a turbine main portion (1) is arranged. A large water conveyance passage (2) is arranged outside the core. The main portion is formed with an axial component. A small water conveyance passage (4) is formed in the core.    ADVANTAGE -   Effectively uses stream energy without futility since water which enters toward turbine axial component is induced through small water conveyance passage. Operates reliably in simple compsn. Maintains high efficiency since momentum acts on large part of aerofoil by attaching rectification aerofoil to any part of turbine in which fluid flows. Utilises e.g. ocean current to max. even when stream energy changes.
The tubular turbine is intended for a hydroelectric recycling system forming a hydroelectric generator for recovering water used by a hydroelectric generator producing the water. The recycling unit consists of a linear raiser and a production unit consists of a rotary turbine. These different components are combined in a system in which the gravitational force of the water is used synergetically with the opposite force - i.e. the buoyancy force identified by Archimedes principle.    The combination of these two devices enables micro-stations to be build without dams in order to generate electricity with restricted voltage power lines. Hydroelectric power generator capacity is increased.    ADVANTAGE -   Units may be buried and do not mar landscape, and combine savings of water with virtually closed-circuit operation.
The cooling fin (11a) has a groovy part (17) present localized to its top central portion. This cooling fin is set up within a cooling passage included with a valve body (2).    The groovy part is aligned with axis of the cooling fin.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables cooling to be carried out effectively. Prevents crack generation at welded section of fin. Prevents noise generation.
The device has a slowdown mechanism that slows the rotary torque of a motor, and a thrust conversion mechanism that converts rotary motion to a rectilinear motion. A rocking plate (15) provided with a notch (15) at an end, is mounted in the shaft-end of the slowdown mechanism. A rocking lever (17) has a projection (17a) connected with the notch of the rocking plate so that it intersects perpendicularly with the shaft of the slowdown mechanism.    Driving force from the actuation source is transferred to the rocking lever as a rectilinear motion by a cushion mechanism (19) with one end rotatably mounted in a support and the other end connected to the rocking lever. The cushion mechanism cancels the connection between the projection of the rocking lever and the notch of the rocking plate.    ADVANTAGE -   Holds state of slowdown mechanism before loss of rocking function even if actuation source is not operating during rocking time.
The solar battery module consists of a transparent glass (1). Multiple convex shaped part (1b) are formed in the upper surface of the glass suitably. Multiple solar cells (2) are arranged below the transparent glass.    A transparent resin (7) is used for supporting the arranged solar cells. A protection sheet (7) is formed on the peripheral surface of the resin. A frame member (4) holds either sides of the structure.    ADVANTAGE -   Inhibits reflection of solar light thereby avoiding trouble to neighbouring residents and performs walking on road.
The method involves forming a photovoltaic element layer constituted by N type single crystal silicon layer (2) over a P type single crystal silicon layer (1). Then, this formed photovoltaic element layer is separated into several photovoltaic elements in with a laser material processing.    An ion is made to impregnate into the area, where the laser material processing is carried out. As a result, high resistant layer (5) is formed in the impregnated area and a partition slot (6) is formed. Then, separated photovoltaic elements are connected mutually through the wiring (8).    ADVANTAGE -   Inhibits generation of leak current. Enables to examine energy supply to micro machine.
The solar panel array (80) is mounted on the sidewall (34) of the satellite and is movable between a stowed position and a deployed position. The panel comprises a yoke (22) which is pivotally mounted to the satellite sidewall with a rigid panel (44) hinged to the yoke and with a second rigid panel hinged to the first.    Pairs of semi-rigid panels (82,84;90,92) are hinged either side of the rigid panels. A fifth semi-rigid panel is hinged to the end of the second rigid panel. Each of the panels has a honeycomb core with the rigid panels having a thickness of 1 to 1.5 inches and the semi-rigid panels a thickness of 0.125 to 0.375 inches. Springs are used to deploy the panels.    ADVANTAGE -   Stiff, strong panels with higher power due to larger available cell area with easily replaced unit panels.
The solar cell has a flat semiconductor body (1) incorporating a diode structure, having current conducting contacts (2) on the rear side and an anti-reflection coating (3) on the front side. The anti-reflection coating is fully or partially removed in selected areas (6,7)to provide a required visual pattern.    Pref. the pattern is formed by removing the anti-reflection coating to different depths, via an etching process, to provide optically readable, 2-dimensionable, alphanumeric characters.    ADVANTAGE -   Allows solar cell to be provided with required decorative appearance, e.g. for matching adjacent fascia or roof panels without impaired function.
The turbine (1) occupies a cylindrical space open to the flow of water with synergetic nozzles (7) and turbine blades whose tips (6a) are concentric with the hollow shaft (4). The space is subdivided sagitally by straight portions (6) of the blades into chambers for direction of the flow towards the nozzles.    The shaft power can be augmented by guidance blades (8) on the rim of the cylinder, equal in number (e.g. nine to twelve) to the rotor blades. The machine is equally suitable for extraction of energy from flows of gaseous media.    ADVANTAGE -   More powerful type of rotor than e.g. Francis or Kaplan turbine uses less water in recovery of renewable energy.
The air driven turbine comprises a rotor having a generally horizontal axis of rotation. The rotor has a front portion providing a circular front face for the rotor and a back portion parallel to and spaced from the front portion providing a circular back face for the rotor. A number of blades are distributed in spaced side-by-side relation extending between the front and back portions about the axis of rotation. The distributed blades define an interior of the rotor. The front face has an entry opening for air flow into the rotor interior for release from between the blades. The blades across their width are shaped and angularly pitched to the flow of air between them to effect rotation of the rotor.    A system of support for the rotor includes a pair of circular rotor-support rings concentric with the axis of rotation. Each of the rings is located on one of the faces near the outer circumferential edge of the respective face with which it is associated,. At least a first underlying rotatable support roll is mounted in rotational supporting association with the support ring of one of the faces for support of one side of the rotor. At least one additional rotatable support roll is mounted in underlying rotational supporting association with the support ring of the face of the rotor opposite the one face for rotational support of the side of the rotor opposite the one side. Thus the rotor is rotationally supported at both its front and back sides for rotation about the generally horizontal axis subject to the forces of air blown into the rotor.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides effective system of support for wind turbines having horizontal shaft without the need for reliance on central shaft for support, and is particularly adaptable to support of large diameter turbines.
The method entails providing an attachment port at the external surface of a casing (1), a top cover (5), or a bottom cover of a water wheel.    An ultrasonic sensor (9) is mounted on the attachment port to determine the thickness of the surface of any of the water-wheel parts.    ADVANTAGE -   Externally monitors wearing of water wheel due to earth or sand so that water wheel may be repaired or changed if needed.
The device has two pairs of ultrasonic sensors (PA1,PA2,PB1,PB2) set up inside a draft tube (3) of a runner outlet (1) of a water wheel or at the tube surface of a discharge ring. The sensor pairs are arranged so that the line joining the sensors of one sensor pair intersects the line joining the sensors of the other sensor pair.    The ultrasonic sensors obtain the absolute value of the flow velocity and the flow angle of the runner outlet. The abnormality of the water wheel is diagnosed from the obtd. absolute value of the flow velocity and the flow angle of the runner outlet.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables early detection of jamming e.g. driftwood jamming of runner blade unit, thus preventing serious accident.
The device has a crankshaft (3) attached to the upper side of a crank seat (2) mounted from a support (91). A crank (4) is mounted at the end of the crankshaft. A motor (10) controls the rotating speed of a pedal through a pedal shaft mounted at the end of the crank.    A protrusion is provided at the end of the pedal shaft to stimulate the rear of the foot according to the pressure when the pedal is rotated.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For exercising brain function and foot therapy. Hastens recovery of bedridden elder without relying on help of expert since amt. of exercise can be controlled due to motor which enables gradual increase in speed and rotation of pedal.
A lagoon is created by a continuous barrier of caissons (3) located below low tide level to ensure that inlet ports (30A) are always under water. The outlet ports are located adjacent to the sea bed, to ensure a scouring action which keeps them clear. Water flows through the inlet ports and over guide vanes (28) to drive blades (12) on shaft (22). The blades rotate, driving a generator (14) which is dry housed above the highest water level. Blades (12) also contain hollows (16). Water passes out through these hollows during blade rotation, into spiral duct (18), then through outlet port (26) into conduit (34). This climbs above high water level to deposit water into storage tank (32).    When tidal activity is low, water may be drained from the tank through output (37) and pipe (36) to drive land-based generator (39). Alternatively, water may be drained out to the caissons to drive blades (12). Distribution of stored water may be controlled manually, or by tidal activity sensors or time clocks.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   May be used in canal locks, or in rivers. Ensures that electrical power is generated continuously irrespective of tidal conditions.
The striding exercise device has a base having at least one elongated track defining a continuous arc that curves upward along at least one end, and part of the arc has a curvature that corresponds to a swing arc of an operator's leg. Two footskates are slidably engaged with at least one track and receive the feet of an operator on them. The operator reciprocates the feet back and forth so that the footskates move in reciprocating motion along a part of the arc.    A pair of pivotable hand levers are rotatably connected to the base by a resistance system fr providing upper body resistance to the operator in a first operating mode. A locking mechanism locks the hand levers in a number of fixed positions within a range of motion of the operator in a second operating mode, and the levers act as handle bars when in the fixed positions.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   E.g. for ski-type aerobic exerciser. Reciprocating movement of feet along horizontal path causes operator's torso to move up/down to force user to continuously lift his/her body weight.
The bedewing water ejection device includes a slot (17) which prolongs in the axial direction from inside to the outside of the machine in the wall of the lower part of the stator frame (1). The catchment of the bedewing water inside the machine is carried out to the slot (17) through each of the stator frames (1) connected with the slot (17). Catchment holes (18a,18b,18c) are provided at the wall of a valve nose (2). The bedewing water is ejected from the drain hole (19) of a stay vane (11).    ADVANTAGE -   Elimination of need of pipes for ejecting water, thus, eliminating telescopic motion of piping by thermal expansion of stator frame at time of generator operation. Rectification plate becomes unnecessary. Provision of simple and economical water ejection device.
ADVANTAGE -   Enables crack detection to be conducted by remote operation.
The appts has a torque transfer device which converts the torque supplied to the screw and nut by an electrically driven servometer to an axial motion. A shift ring is rotated according to the force output by the torque transfer device. A linkage is connected between the wicket gate and shifting ring. The rotation of the shifting ring results in opening or closing of the wicket gate. A control circuit (14) regulates the input current of the servometer.    A match correction circuit (15) compares the rate of bias current fed to the motor and a reference signal while rectifying the abnormal state of screw and nut. The servometer is driven in reverse direction to rectify the abnormal state of the screw and nut.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents failure of servometer due to mechanical lock. Controls rolling motion of wicket gate with high reliability.
The module has a set of solar battery cells (9) which are accommodated in a glass container (1). These cells are either linked in series or in parallel and are provided in the space (2) between an upper part (1a) and a lower part (1b) of the container.    These two parts are fused together in an airtight manner. An output electrode lead (4) is drawn out from the end of the cell to a space between the containers. The cells are fixed to the surface of the lower part of the container using an adhesive (3).    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents reduction of transmissivity of light. Maintains fixture over long period of time. Prevents permeation of moisture thereby avoiding degradation and improving life span.
The device consists of a cover member (3) that is wound around a long shaft (10). The long shaft is fixed to a pair of supporting parts (12) provided on a main body base. A pair of weights (14) are attached to either ends of the cover member, that are made to descend along a pair of long slots (11) of delivery unit (4).    The delivery unit is provided at either sides of a solar battery unit (1). A pair of projections (11a) are provided at one termination of the slots, that prevents descent of weights. When vibration generates due to earthquake the weights overcome the projections and covers the solar battery unit using cover member.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents operation of solar battery at during earthquake. Enables solar battery to operate with high electricity generation efficiency.
During patterning, flying substances (7) of a part to be divided of a semiconductor film formed on the main surface of a substrate (1) are adhered to an adhering recovering device (11) positioned on the optical axis of laser beams (LB) below a light transmissive substrate (1).    ADVANTAGE -   Re-adhesion of flying substances on the film surface of a semiconductor device does not occur.
The electrical power generated is harnessed in known manner and used further. The ship propeller system is adjusted and optimised depending on the flow relationships. The drive of the underwater turbines and/or the ship propeller system is remotely monitored or controlled.    One or more underwater turbines (1) are coupled with ship propeller systems (2), and are arranged in the effective range of natural sea flows. The underwater turbines are arranged in an underwater body (5). The underwater body with the ship propeller system is anchored at the sea bed, and the operating depth is adjusted across a lifting system (6).    ADVANTAGE -   Provides effective generation of electric power. Clean and environmentally friendly.
The turbine (T) is driven by a pair of 2-stroke piston motors (M) with free-piston pumps (P) and 2 pre-pressure pumps (5) providing pressurised water jets directed onto 2 half load turbine wheels.    Each turbine wheel has a pair of jets arranged to provide pressure equalisation, the water pressure of 10 bar required for the free-piston pumps provided by the pre-pressure pumps, driven by the turbine in a closed circuit.    ADVANTAGE -   Constant high revs at widely varying loading for high efficiency.
The walking aid consists of a shaft forming a pole with a handle attached to the top of the pole and a device for exercising a user's arms during walking. Exercise is provided by the relative movement of the arms w.r.t. the body while the handle is gripped by the user's hand during forward movement of the legs. A weight is attached to the shaft below the handle, or dropped into the top of the shaft.    The bottom end of the shaft has a push-off device to assist the user in moving forward. An electronics package is also attached to the top of the shaft. This package includes one or more of a clock, a pedometer, a stopwatch, pulse meter, an hour chime, an alarm, an AM/FM radio, a cassette or compact disc player, and a day or date display.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides adjustable exercise device for walking, roller blading, roller skating, jogging, skiing, skate boarding, aerobics, hiking, mountain climbing, fishing, golfing, etc. Allows variety of exercises to be performed.
The runner consists of a runner blade unit fixed between a runner crown and a runner band. A bulge part is formed at the back of the runner blade unit near an exit end (8) of a water wheel blade unit.    The bulge part contacts a smooth curved surface of the runner.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves performance characteristics of pump. Suppresses high pressure reduction at back and surface of blade unit end part at time of pump operation by imparting streamlined shape.
The method involves using struts (10) installed vertically on both sides of the building (10). Horizontal struts are fixed to these vertical struts.    A mount (4) is fixed to the vertical struts on the roof top of the building by means of anchor bolts (2). The solar battery apparatus (5) is fixed to the mount.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents load increase on roof top. Facilitates simultaneous operation of reinforcement work on roof-top and installation of battery apparatus.
The appts groups together a pair of generator/motors (2,22) coupled to respective reversible pump turbines (1,21). Each of these generator/motors is connected to respective circuit breakers (4,24) in series and are paralleled after the circuit breakers, on a low tension side of a common main transformer (6). A common mutual inversion isolator (3) comprising a parallel combination of a motor and a generator operation.    Isolators is connected between the motor/generator combination and the transformer which is connected on the high voltage side to a HT transmission wire (9) through a HT circuit breaker (7). A common starting circuit (15) for starting either of the machines is connected to a junction of a pair of starting isolators connected to the machines. An excitation circuit for each machine is either fed from a common transformer (130) or from a pair of individual transformer (13,213).    ADVANTAGE -   Is reliable and low in cost. Reduces construction work and saves space. Uses small capacity circuit breakers. Eliminates large sized mutual inversion isolators. Provides synchronous starting with generator/motor breakers.
The generator consists of an arrangement of fixed and rotating electrode plates half immersed inflowing water of a river (11) inside a tank (2) set in the river. The fixed electrode plates are circular in the shape and are provided with a central opening and interconnected at their outer periphery and connected to a negative terminal (25). The rotating electrode plates are semicircular in shape and are carried on a shaft (14) running in the central opening of the fixed plates which is set at a top level of the tank. The shaft is connected to a positive electrode terminal (24).    The shaft is connected to a water wheel (17) at one end driven by the river flow. The rotating plates are tuned between the plates in water and air alternately. The electrodes form a capacitor which gets charged by a kinetic energy transformation from flowing water and discharged when the rotating plates rise above water. A charging/discharging current is connected between the terminals to transfer energy outside.    ADVANTAGE -   Transforms kinetic energy into electrical energy with high efficiency. Simplifies mechanism thereby reducing cost. Provides trouble free operation. Simplifies maintenance.
The device has a set of electrode boards arranged in parallel across the direction of flow of a river (12) and are located under the water. A movable electrode (13) is connected to the boards and a water wheel (17) rotates the boards. A fixed electrode (11) is connected to the boards under the water.    A charging and discharging circuit is connected to the movable and fixed electrodes which form a capacitor. The energy of water flow is converted into electrical energy.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids need for usual generator. Gives high efficiency of transformation and generation. Simplifies mechanism. Gives high endurance and reliability. Simplifies maintenance. Utilizes energy of water flow effectively.
The device uses an electrode board (15) arranges an anode and cathode electrode boards (1,1') arranged alternately to form capacitors. A crank mechanism is provided to move the board in and out of water using the energy of flowing water.    A charging and discharging circuit is connected to the electrode boards, which are accommodated in a water tank (2'). The energy obtained from flowing water is converted into electrical energy.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves efficiency, endurance and reliability. Avoids generation of trouble. Simplifies maintenance.
The surface protecting layer has surface protecting layer of laminated films of UV ray shielding film and amorphous cyclic shaped olefin copolymer.    ADVANTAGE -   The surface protecting layer has low moisture permeation rate at not only ambient temp. but around 80C and has good heat resistance and transparency by module forming condition.
A solar cell module consists of a laminated structure consisting of a surface protective layer, an adhesive resin layer, if necessary, a solar cell element, an adhesive resin layer, and a back protective layer. The back protective layer consists of a layer prod. consisting of: (a) a film consisting of a fluororesin, or polymethyl methacrylate; and (b) a film laminated on the inner surface of the (a) film, and consisting of an amorphous cyclic olefin copolymer having a glass transition temp. of at least 80 C.    USE -   The back protective layer is used for the solar cell module.    ADVANTAGE -   Film consisting of the amorphous cyclic olefin copolymer having a Tg of at least 80 C has low water vapour permeability at around 80 C as well as normal temp., preventing the solar cell element from humidity under various outdoor severe conditions. The back protective layer has sufficient heat resistance under forming the solar cell module.
The exercise machine includes a stationary frame fixed to a platform. A gondola is suspended in the frame by a four bar linkage so that roll and lateral motion of the gondola, provided by the linkage, generates the sensation of banked turning. In addition, the pitch angle resulting from pendular rotation of the gondola about its suspension points generates the sensation of climbing and diving through a three dimensional computer generated virtual environment. A seat is mounted on the gondola and fixed on a coupling link of the four bar linkage.    A pedal operated drive train, with a pair of pedals mounted on the coupling link in front of the seat, allow the user to control the simulated speed by varying the pedal rotation rate. A stationary handlebar device is fixed to the frame against which the user can exercise upper body strength through the arms and hands by pulling and pushing against the gravitational weight of the user and the gondola. In this way the desired bank, right or left, can be achieved and held, and the desired pitch angle up or down can be controlled in a coordinated manner to control the direction of a simulated three-dimensional movement in the virtual environment. A video monitor is fixed to the coupling link of the four bar linkage, in front of the seat, for the user to view the virtual environment.    ADVANTAGE -   Allows user to move through three-dimensional virtual environment, allowing exploration of e.g. undersea, airborne, or outer space environments. Provides user with realistic physical cues to enhance simulation of turning.
Initially the hydraulic turbine pressure is set so that when the electric load is disconnected from the generator the hydraulic plant rotor rotation frequency exceeds the optimum, corresponding to industrial frequency of the current, by not more than 1.2 times. The electric load is then connected to the generator and is changed determining the max. permissible value of the electric load, at which the rotor rotation frequency is smaller than the optimum by not less than 1.2 times.    After this the hydraulic plant is operated in the range changing the electric load form zero to max. permissible.    The max. effect is achieved if the generator is rotated by radial-axial type hydraulic turbine without directing appts. with the rate of 80 to 145 rev/min.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For power production on small hydroelectric stations. The efficiency is increased, narrow range of current frequency fluctuations. Bul.13/10.5.96
A hydroelectric generating device for the conversion of movement of fluid into rotary power, and including a circulating body, such as a roller or rotatable drum (9), for immersion into a fluid and having projections, such as blades (1) pivotally attached to and extending from the curved surface of the e.g. roller.    A limiting device (4,5) is provided for limiting the extent to which the e.g. blades can pivot in one direction, the extent to which they are pivotable in the opposite direction not being limited by the limiting device, this device specifically being fins extending from the roller or drum through slots provided in the e.g. blades (1) and having latching devices to limit rotation of the e.g. blades.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For the generation of hydroelectric power. Capable of being adapted to tidal flow and capable of operating effectively when the current due to natural flow is reversed.
The miniature generator has one, pref. two turbine wheels (1a,1b) rigidly connected via a common axle (2), mounted in a housing and contg. internal permanent magnets (3). Magnetic coils (4) are mounted axially adjacent to the turbine wheel or between the turbine wheels.    The housing, which has channels (8) for delivering and carrying away the flowing medium, is made of two chassis elements (5a,5b) which are externally closed by cover plates (6a,6b). Four permanent magnets (3) are mounted inside each turbine wheel. Three magnetic coils are mounted at 120 degrees to each other.    ADVANTAGE -   Simple and economical to manufacture; small, highly efficient and suitable for long-term operation.
The system includes a number of solar cell panels mounted in supported, oblique positions in connection with a suitable carrier beam (2) e.g. in a building. The panels consist of a carrier plate for a sheet-like coating mounted and hold the active solar cells. The cell sheet coating is mounted on a carrier structure analogous or identical with the type of structure, based on the use of parallel, relatively narrow and elongated C-profiled aluminium lamellae (8).    The lamellae are pref. made of aluminium. The associated holding elements have clamp portions for resilient clamping engagement with longitudinal profile portions of the lamellae as well as mounting portions for reception in or on carrier beams which, mutually spaced and fixed to the carrier base, extend crosswise to the laminae.    ADVANTAGE -   Allows strips of solar cell sheet material to be supported by already highly developed and inexpensive carrier systems.
The method involves generating several signals from several sensing areas within the exercise apparatus, and conditioning the signals for processing. The conditioned signals are processed for controlling a clutch driver and a motor driver, for driving a magnetic particle clutch and associated motor.    An exercise machine handle is actuated from the motor shaft and a connecting device, by controlling the clutch driver and the motor driver. Temperature information from the magnetic particle clutch is sensed, and sent to a controller for processing and transfer to the clutch driver and to the motor driver, enabling control of the clutch and the motor.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For exercise machine. Achieves variable resistance for performance of at least 21 exercise protocols including isotonic and isokinetic.
The turbine includes a power stage and an exhaust stage, a piston-cylinder assembly between the stages, and a shaft extending between the stages with at least one throw in the piston-cylinder assembly. A pressure conduit extends from the first stage to the cylinders of the piston-cylinder assembly and to the second stage. Fluid pressure from the first stage drives the pistons on a power stroke and the pistons transfer fluid to the second stage on the exhaust stroke, causing the second stage to exhaust fluid from the turbine.    Pref. the fluid is supplied to the turbine from a pressure source and the fluid is exhausted to a reservoir, with fluid being transferred from the reservoir to the pressure source. The first and second stages can have rotating valve assemblies which direct fluid under pressure, first to the piston-cylinder assembly and then to the second stage via the conduits.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   E.g. for electricity generation from rising and falling water levels, caused by waves or tidal changes. Provides non-free flowing turbine which is economical and efficient in operation. Operates on variable fluid pressure.
The method is carried out by increasing the braking moment of the hydraulic plant rotor. The hydraulic plant is then started with the electric load disconnected and braking moment is changed until the given maximum permissible rotation frequency of the rotor is reached.    The electric load is then connected to the generator, and the electric load maximum permissible value is determined, corresponding to the maximum permissible rotation frequency of the rotor. The power station is then operated in the electric load change range form zero to the maximum permissible.    ADVANTAGE -   Power station is self regulating thus increasing reliability and reducing costs. Bul.12/27.4.96
The solar battery board has a substrate on which a circuit pattern (9) is fixed using an adhesive. A solar battery (1) is provided with positive and negative electrode (2, 5) which are connected to the side surface of a light receiving part.    A conductive resin or a low fusing point metal is provided to enable conduction between the electrodes and the circuit patterns.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables easy assembly. Avoids discharge on tracks. Reduces clearance between batteries and increases areawise power generation. Improves reliability and secures it for long time.
The control device uses a GV-RV opening converter (3) that provides a correction signal which corrects a runner vane opening. The runner vane opening is controlled by a runner vane opening command signal, corresponding to a guide vane opening.    An adder (2) adds the correction signal with runner vane opening command signal such that a generator output becomes maximum.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables to drive water with high efficiency. Prevents influence of water wheel fluctuation. Provides runner vane opening with optimum efficiency.
The water wheel set inside the earth has a generator (8) provided at upper part of the water wheel main body with a member.    The turbine has a loading and unloading path (2). In the decomposition check of turbines, the member of water wheel main body is removed or inserted and carried out to the loading and unloading path without removing the generator.    ADVANTAGE -   Shortens construction period. Reduces construction expense. Prevents removal of generator in decomposition check.
The structure includes a casing (5) that houses runners (1,2) mounted to a common shaft (9) with a runner eye (4) facing a draught inner tube (3). The second runner is surrounded on the periphery by successive arrangement of a guide vane (7) and a stay vane (6).    The profiles of runner vanes are chosen such that at the designed operating point the streamlines become optimum to take care of the vagaries of supply water quantity. This is achieved by maintaining a constant angle of incidence throughout the operating range.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents deterioration. Improves overall efficiency. Works when in full load area. Saves power generation cost in minihydrel projects.
An integrated thin-film (TF) solar battery having a number of unit elements connected in series, comprises: (i) a substrate; (ii) a number of first electrode layers divided into a number of regions and formed on the substrate; (iii) a number of semiconductor layers disposed on the number of first electrode layers such that each of the semiconductor layers is formed on 2 adjacent first electrodes and has a connection opening on one of the 2 first electrodes; (iv) an electrically conductive layer formed in a region except for the connection opening on each of the semiconductor layers; (v) a second electrode layer disposed on each of the electrically conductive layer in a state where the second electrode layer is electrically connected to one of the 2 electrode layers through the connection opening, to form a region interposed between the second electrode layer and the other first electrode layer as the unit element.    A method of mfr. is disclosed.    USE -   Mfr. of integrated TF solar battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Curve factor (FF value) is improved while conducting the cleaning process; excellent reliability; improved output current and conversion efficiency.
The method involves acquiring measurements of the relevant physical parameters of the subject (1) via sensors (2,3), and amplifying and converting them in a preparation stage (4). The measurement values are evaluated in an evaluation stage (5,6) by comparing them with defined criteria. They are interpreted into music in a conversion stage (7) according to the demands of the evaluation stage.    The interpretation enables the subjects to detect their measurement value situation from the music, which is outputted from a music memory (8), in MIDI format, to a sound source (9). The interpretation involves varying the music in the form of extended or shortened notes or pauses, selection of the instrument tuning, varying the timbre and varying the amplitude of the playback.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables acoustic self-control and motivation for training and/or therapy.
The solar tile consists of photoelectric cells (1), surrounded by a frame (2) with two hollow profiled sections (3) supporting the length of the tile and acting as spacers. The solar tile lies with these profiled sections placed directly and loosely on the roof battens, but held by the hooks (8).    The solar tiles are placed side by side and overlap at the side edges (4), and the edges on the left have vertical walls pointing upwards, while those on the right have vertical walls pointing downwards, parallel to the edge and forming channels so that adjacent tiles can locate in one another on both sides. The top edges (5) are blocked off to stop water running down them.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Suitable for solar power installations on sloping roofs. Allows cooling of cells, yet forms good, watertight roofing, easily fitted without screws.
An array of helical turbine units (304) may be arranged vertically or horizontal. Each turbine unit comprises one or more helical blades (302) having an airfoil profile. The modules are mounted on shafts (322) supported in a lightweight structure (316) which is anchored by guy wires (318).    The turbines may also be mounted along each side of a ship to collect wave motion energy to power a propeller fitted at the end of the turbine shaft.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   May be used to collect energy from ultra low head fluid flow or to raise or lower a vessel in the water or to drive ships' propellers.
The apparatus comprises two pulleys (1), with each mounted on arches (2) coupled by rollers (3) to a central support (4). This is fixed by a bracket (5) to a suitable ceiling or door frame (6). Two cords (7) pass over pulleys (1) and have handles (8) at the end for the user and stirrups (9) at the other ends.    A harness (10) is fixed round the waist and cords (11) and attached to support the user by variables counter-weights (15). Two cords (16) are passed round the body and a collar (12) is attached by cord (18) to variable counterweights. Part of the counterweight (15) may be eliminated by an electro-mechanical system to facilitate mounting and dismounting.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Suitable for users of all ages, for amusement, gymnastics or rehabilitation. User floats in space in upright, horizontal or invented position and intensity of exercise can be varied as required to suit condition of user.
The simulator exercise appts. (250) has a pair of steps and a steering mechanism (256) to indicate direction of motion. A computer generates a simulated environment to control the steps, and monitors the user step and steering mechanism manipulation to determined user's position in the environment.    The computer enables the user to travel unrestricted through the environment and to participate in user selectable activities while in it. A display system (260) provides a visual display of the user's position in the environment.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   E.g. exercise equipment and networkable exercise equipment. Makes exercise less boring. Allows users to communicate and engage in simulated sporting events.
The buoyant mobile valve (18), supported by a support part (15), is provided in an air chamber (1) of water level measuring devices (5-9). A pneumatic insertion expulsion tube (3) and an air compressor (10) are provided in an energy cell (2). A valve stopper (17) is supported by a valve stopper receiving stand (16).    A water proof valve seat (14) is provided below the lower portion of the support part. Water level measuring devices detect the water level in the air chamber. When the buoyant mobile valve reaches the lowest water level (20), it gets attached to the water proof valve seat and prevents leakage of air from the air chamber.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   In hydraulic turbines and pumps for irrigation. Reduces cost of hydro-electric stations. Prevents environmental pollution.
The device has two conveyor belts (1, 3) with their drives (5, 7). There is a regulating unit (9) that transmits control signals to the drives, activating and de-activating them and setting the speed of the drive. The belts are equipped with movement sensing units (13, 15), which provide movement data signals for passing to the regulating unit.    In addition there is a control unit (11) that is coupled with the regulating unit, allowing the user to start, stop and vary the operating speed. The parameters involved can also be displayed by this unit, along with the heart beat, blood pressure and other physiological details of the user.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Suitable for medical and rehabilitation applications, esp. with infantile paralysis. Capable of adjustment to suit user needs.
The power generating exerciser consists of a frame formed from two parallel posts connected to a seat post by a crossbar. The parallel posts are connected at their lower ends by a shaft and handlebars extend from each post at their upper ends.    A generator is coupled to the shaft, and a follower wheel is axially attached to the shaft between the parallel posts. A pair of foot pedals are connected to crank axles which drive a wheel, coupled via a belt to the follower wheel.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides power source to exercise machine, e.g. for breaking, removing need for external power supply.
The exercise apparatus includes a movable powered structure with movable components attached to a fixed support frame, adapted to apply forces to a user's body as the user applies forces to the components. Force and position sensors provide signals indicating the forces applied by the user as well as the position and orientation of the user's head to a computer processor. A powered actuator alters the three dimensional configuration and motion of the movable powered structure and applies variable forces to the user's body.    A visual display presents virtual images superimposed over the powered structure in real time. A visual perspective from the vantage point of the user is maintained as the user moves. The virtual image consists of a representation of an environment including movable objects with which the user can interact. The computer responds to the sensed signals to calculate the movement of the powered structure and the forces applied to the user, as well as to control the display.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides illusion of interaction with variety of interesting environments. Provides variety of exercise regimens which ensure user interacts with sufficient exertion to enhance health and fitness.
The cane flashlight consists of a tube at one end of which is an alarm light. The tube has a grip wrapped around the exterior and a circuit board is placed within the housing of the alarm light.    A light is placed within said alarm light housing which has a reflector attached to said circuit board and a bulb positioned adjacent to said reflector. A switch is electrically connected to said bulb which is run by a battery. The alarm takes the form of a buzzer which is attached also to the circuit board and electrically connected to the switch.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Exercising stick, also can be used as cane. Convenient and easy to manufacture.
The method involves using a water guide which is fully closed to adjust water supply to a runner chamber of the hydro power machine. The runner chamber is depressed by supply of compression air to the running chamber. A phase modifier rotates the runner of the hydro power machine.    When the quantity of state having a cooling temperature exceeding a predetermined set point, the compression air in the runner chamber is exhausted. The direction of electricity generation is guided by regularly opening the water guide to no load opening position.    ADVANTAGE -   Eliminates influence of phase modifier before shifting direction of generated electricity. Performs continuous phase modifier operation without interrupting phase modifier function.
The facade component has an external plate connection and electric devices e.g. solar cells (40) are arranged between an external plate combination of an outer plate (10) and an inner plate (12). The devices have electric leads (42) to external connections to a network. The component also has an inner plate or an inner plate combination (20,22). This is arranged spaced from the external plate combination by a spacer frame. to define an inter-plate space. An inter-plate space seal (34) is arranged at least at the edges of the component to form a gas-tight seal around the inter-plate space.    The electric leads are guided perpendicular to the surface of the plates. They first pass through the inner plate of the external plate combination. Next, they are at least partly embedded in the seal. Finally they pass through the inner plate combination out of the component.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For cladding wall and roof etc.. Can be used in facade built according to structural glazing principle.
The exercise apparatus includes a support frame which includes several contact points for a firm surface. A tilting device connected to the frame allows a bicycle to tilt about an axis longitudinal to itself in response to a shift in weight of the operator. The bicycle is mounted on a platform which is mounted on the frame.    The tilting device includes one or more rocker arms. Each rocker arm moves about the longitudinal axis. A spring corresponding to each rocker arm provides resistance when weight shift occurs. A support base is in contact with the firm surface. The base receives the front wheel of the bicycle.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   E.g. video game, PC or virtual reality system, pedal cycle or motorcycle. Adjustable for different weights and operator preferences. Simple and safe with easy manufacture. Simple storage. Can simulate different environmental conditions e.g. riding up and down hills.
A photovoltaic roofing member comprises (a) a strip of roofing material having a length Ls and a width Ws including an overlap portion having a width Wo which is &lt; Ws and an exposed portion having a width Wt which is &lt; Ws such that Wt+Wo = Ws; (b) a number of photovoltaic devices linearly arrayed in a spaced part relationship along the length of the exposed portion and each including a positive and negative electrode and a body of photovoltaic material disposed between them, each device operating to generate a flow of electrical current between the electrodes in response to the absorption of photons by the photovoltaic material; (c) an interconnection system connecting the devices; (d) positive and negative electrical terminals on the bottom surface of the roofing member electrically connected to the devices; (e) an inactive region interposed between adjoining pairs of devices; (f) encapsulant layer of transparent non conductive material on the exposed portion over the devices and embossed over the inactive regions so that the roofing strip is visible through the encapsulant layer.    Also claimed is the material as described previously in which a series of tab portions depend from the overlap portions defined by the number of inactive portions interposed between them.    USE -   Generation of electrical power.    ADVANTAGE -   Can be substituted for conventional roofing materials.
Mfr. involves forming a transparent electroconductive layer (2) on an insulating transparent substrate (1). The predetermined part of the conduction layer is removed and a 1st slot is formed in the substrate. An N type electric conduction layer (3) that consists of Cd and sulphur is formed on the conduction layer that is divided into a number of areas using the etching liq.. The N type conduction layer is removed selectively and a P type electric conduction layer is then formed. A P type ohmic electrode layer (6) is formed in the upper part of the P type electric conduction layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies mfg process. Obtains highly efficient solar battery module at low cost.
The structure includes a thin water bag (2) that has a water inlet opening (3) and a water outlet opening (4) in a contact-shape on the underside surface of a solar panel (1).    ADVANTAGE -   Provides high photoelectric conversion efficiency due to maintained appropriate temp. in solar panel since temp. rise of solar panel is restrained. Effectively and safely utilises solar energy since warm water that takes heat from solar panel through water bag is obtd. Requires small area of occupancy and enlarges capacity since large scale installation is not needed.
The generator has at least one spin tube (1) with at least one peripheral entry slot for operating fluid to flow tangentially into the tube, whereby the slot remains open towards the flow direction (3), and at least one energy conversion device (4) which converts the energy in the fluid flow into electrical energy.    The generator contains at least one hyperbolic tube with at least one peripheral entry slot facing the flow and an energy conversion device (4) arranged axially separately from the entry slot. The tube can be partially peripherally slotted. The entry slot can be formed in the tube wall region with the smallest diameter.    ADVANTAGE -   Involves almost no construction costs and no environmental impact. Achieves substantially greater energy conversion efficiency than other water-powered electricity generation systems.
The module (4) has two power output terminals (2,3) for direct or indirect connection to a battery (15) or an electrical load, or both. One terminal (3) is switched by e.g. an FET (5) which is gated by a signal (16) from an electronic card (7) to disconnect the power when the battery attains its nominal voltage.    The transistor switch is buried in solidified resin behind the active face of the solar panel (1). Whenever the module is disconnected from the external circuit, no current is supplied to it from the battery, and the switch is open so that no power can be delivered from the panel.    USE -   For conversion of solar energy into direct current in arid region or place having low population density.    ADVANTAGE -   Module is easily and inexpensively deactivated to deter theft.
A thermal energy extraction method comprising a. establishing a reservoir comprised of hot fractured rock beneath the surface of the earth; b. continuously providing cold liquid to the reservoir through at least one injection well, where the injection well extends from the surface of the earth into the reservoir; c. withdrawing hot liquid from the reservoir through at least one production well at a base rate of flow for a first time period, where the production well extends from the surface of the earth into the reservoir.    In step d . hot liquid is withdrawn from the reservoir through the production well at a peak rate of flow for a second time period, where the second time period is of lesser duration than the first time period, where the peak flow rate is greater than the base flow rate, and where the temperature of hot liquid flowing out of the production well during the second time period is about equal to or greater than the temperature of hot liquid flowing out of the production well during the first time period; e. continuously repeating steps c and d; f. establishing the rate of flow of cold liquid into the reservoir at a value effective for maintaining the base flow rate and the peak flow rate for a number of cycles and g. extracting heat from hot liquid to form cold liquid which is provided to the reservoir.    USE -   For continuous extraction of energy from hot rock located beneath the surface of the earth, where the quantity of extracted energy is cycled in a periodic manner.    ADVANTAGE -   Relatively low equipment costs and reduced overall cost of operating a HDR system.
A method of extracting useful energy from two masses of matter having polarised hot and cold temperatures comprising the steps of: a) accumulating the generative fluid in liquid state within circulating device; b) allowing the liquefied generative fluid to flow, powered by its own hydrostatic pressure, through heating device to be energized by exposition to the heat of the at least one independent high temperature source.    The energized generative fluid is then accumulated in a next step c) within a funnelling inlet chamber or gas accumulator (38) arid within the rising length adjacent thereat, such that the tube segments turn on the lower rotor to wall the accumulated generative fluid rising length in it; d) closing the gates of at least one of the closable tube segments in the rising length causing the endless sequence of tube segments to move around a fixed path thereby generating useful energy; e) opening the gates of the topmost closable tube segment of the rising length to release the generative fluid.    USE -   For translating into useful energy the buoyancy power of a circulating generative fluid assisted by a heating device in operative communication with at least one independent high temperature source, the generative fluid rising within a standing liquid and revolving a flo-turbine essentially composed of an endless sequence of closable tube segments supported by frame device including at least one upper and at least one lower rotor and having at least a rising length.    ADVANTAGE -   Flexible system with potential for universal application.
Photoelectric conversion device is manufactured by: forming a layer (4) of p-type non-single-crystalline SixC1-x (x lies between zero and 1) on a substrate; adding an i-type layer (5) in the presence of a B dopant whose concentration is decreased during the deposition so that a graded B concentration is obtained; adding an n-type non-single-crystalline layer (6); and adding electrodes. The decrease in concentration of the B dopant may be continuous or stepwise or a combination of both. In a specific embodiment the decrease is linear (as shown). In preferred embodiments the B concentration ratio between the opposite faces of the i-layer is 10-100:1 preferably 20-40:1. Other p-dopants than B may be used in the i-layer, with B preferred.    ADVANTAGE -   The composition of the i-layer in the p-i-n structure reduces degradation of the conversion efficiency caused by the Staebler-Wronsky effect. As a result, the devices retain high conversion efficiency over prolonged periods.
Semiconductor device has: a substrate with a conductive surface; a non-single-crystal layer including at least one i-layer (5) forming a p-i, n-i, p-i-n or n-i-p junction; and a second conductive layer. The i-layer contains O in a concentration of 5 x 1019 atoms per cc or less and/or C in a concentration of 4 x 1018 atoms or less and/or P in a concentration of 5 x 1015 atoms or less. The i-layer (5) is preferably formed of SixGe1-x where x lies between zero and 1 and also contains H and/or hal as a recombination centre neutraliser.    USE -   Used especially in the manufacture of a photoelectric conversion device (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   The i-layer has low levels of impurity/impurities which impart n-type conductivity and so photovoltaic conversion degradation caused by the Staebler-Wronsky effect is reduced. As a result, the conversion efficiency remains high for prolonged periods.
The system generates electricity by tidal current produced during a high tide or high tide between two low tides of sea water.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents environmental pollution. Solves energy resource constraints.
The warm water motor has the expansion and contraction of a rigid, liquid, or gas medium converted into reciprocation of pistons contained in an oil circuit which incorporates a turbine (1), used for driving an electrical generator.    The expansion and contraction medium can be provided by a number of steel sheets (9) acting as heat exchange elements, supplied with warm and cold water in alternation, with computer control of the water flow control valves (6,8) and the oil circulation in the oil circuit, keeping circulations separate.    ADVANTAGE -   Allows relatively small temperature differences to be utilised for low-cost generation of electricity.
A method of operating a power generating plant (2) containing at least one high-temp. fuel-cell module, to which is connected on the output side an additional installation (26) for generating electric current, and in which, in the high-temp. fuel cell module, a reformat manufactured by reforming out of the fuel, is used as the working resource for the extra plant (26).    The capacity or output ratio between the high-temp. fuel cell module (4) and the additional plant for generating electric current can be variably adjusted.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For power generation using hydrocarbon based fuels, such as natural gas, fuel oil, naphtha, biogas with reforming processing. Reduced costs for running power generating plant, achieved by keeping electric current fraction of high-temp. fuel cell module small.
Conversion of airflow energy is carried out using the depression/bottom pressure behind the device formed by the ejection effect of the circulating airflow (V2) and the effect is formed not only by the circulating airflow passing directly over the surface of an outer envelope (1) but also by the free airflow (V0) moving outside the limits of the largest cross-section of the device. The flow (V1) passing over a deflector (7) is accelerated and passes into the constricting gap (11) of an unobstructed circular nozzle, where it is accelerated under the action of its energy and by the depression in the outlet cross-section of the gap (12) between the surface (9) of the outer envelope and a central body (2).    The maximum speed and depression are obtained in the minimum cross-section (10) of the gap (11) and the flow is accelerated to close to the speed of sound. The energy of the flow behind a turbine (4) ensures operation of the turbine in an assigned mode and the required depression is formed by the corresponding profiling and change of the area of the transverse cross-section of a gap (8). The accelerated airflow is directed by a convergent tube (5) onto the working blades of the turbine mounted on the shaft of an electric generator (3).    USE -   Supply of electrical power to autonomous users by electric generators and turbines of aircraft, turbo-expanders and gas-turbine power plants    ADVANTAGE -   Acceleration of airflow to speed of sound for rotation of rotor of electric generator.
The wave energy converter comprises a buoyant body (11) and an acceleration tube dependent from and attached to the buoyant body. A section of the acceleration tube between the upper and lower ends defines a working cylinder (16) with openings above and below it to allow an unobstructed flow of water between the cylinder and the body of water in which the acceleration tube is immersed.    A piston reciprocates in the working cylinder with one end of each of a pair of resiliently extendible hose pumps (18,19) attached to opposite sides of the piston. The other end of the hose pumps is anchored to the unit. The hose pumps comprise an energy absorbing device.    ADVANTAGE -   Does not require piston rod to transmit force to drive pump.
The wave energy converter comprises a buoyant body (11) and an acceleration tube (14) dependent from and attached to the buoyant body. A section of the acceleration tube between the upper and lower ends defines a working cylinder (16) with openings above and below it allowing unobstructed water flow between the cylinder and the body of water in which it is immersed.    A piston (17) reciprocates in the working cylinder with a relief passage at the ends of the cylinder controlled by the working piston as the piston moves in the cylinder. A pair of single-acting hydraulic piston pumps (19,20) are associated with the ends of the piston rod in a push-pull arrangement connected to energy absorbing equipment.    ADVANTAGE -   Rapidly and reliably returns working piston into working cylinder whenever it is moved outside its normal working range.
The marine sailing vessel incorporates a propulsion system with electric motor, transmission and propeller(12,14) fed via a regenerative feedback circuit (28) to an electrical power supply (27). Sunlight, wind and water motion energy are harnessed with photoelectric cells in solar panels and wind and water powered generators (24a,24b).    A control circuit (16) regulates the flow of electrical energy and controls the speed and direction of operation of the electric motor which can be used to manoeuvre in harbour or as auxiliary power in low wind conditions.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides lightweight, space efficient auxiliary power for driving propeller and recharging batteries for sailing vessel.
The method involves forming a multilayered structure comprising two different materials which exhibit thermoelectric conversion property, taken into plate form and arranged alternately. The multilayered body is sintered and then cut at right angles, at equal intervals.    The alternate layers formed in a direction perpendicular to the initial plane of lamination of thermoelectric material boards are rotated through 180deg so that the rod like pieces of the two thermoelectric materials are arranged alternately. Resintering is finally carried out. Thus, the rod like thermoelectric material pieces are connected electrically in a serial manner.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids spalling of electrode. Ensures high voltage extraction.
The method involves using rectangular laser beam whose longitudinal direction axis is leaned corresponding to movement direction axis of an XY table (07) on which a solar battery is placed.    ADVANTAGE -   Raises solar battery efficiency. Obtains stabilized insulation resistance when solar battery is divided.
The apparatus has a reverse bias application unit (2) which applies reverse bias to an opto-electric transducer (1). An IR detector (3) detects the 2D coordinates of the measured surface of the transducer from which IR rays are radiated. A discrimination unit (4) detects whether the detected coordinates indicate the leak location based on the comparison result of energy of the IR rays and a reference value.    When it is judged to be leak location, the 2D coordinates information is stored in a memory (5). A laser gun (7) is controlled by a controller (6) to irradiate laser light on the leak location of the transducer based on the contents of the memory.    ADVANTAGE -   Detects an repairs leak location efficiently. Reduces generation of inferior goods, remarkably.
The apparatus (1) consists of a number of photoelectric conversion blocks (2-6) connected to an optoelectric transducer (11). The transducer includes a first electrode (A), a photoelectric conversion layer (9) and a second electrode (10) arranged in laminated form on a substrate (7). The second electrode is coated by an insulating film (12).    Through hole conductors (13a,13b,17a,17b) are provided on the photoelectric conversion blocks. Each through hole conductor is connected to the diagonally opposite through hole conductor of the next photoelectric conversion block by third electrodes (18a- 18d).    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces size of photoelectric conversion apparatus. Enables easy mounting of apparatus with high densification. Reduces mounting space. Allows easy alteration of current voltage design.
The evaporator consists of an operation medium path (5) arranged vertically. An operation medium liquid is supplied to the upper part of the operation medium path.    The operation medium liquid is poured to the upper lay lower part of the operation medium path by gravity effect.    ADVANTAGE -   Increases velocity of liquid using flow velocity of operation medium vapour generated by evaporation. Reduces steamy flow velocity along direction opposing buoyancy. Reduces speed difference between liquid and vapour. Reduces offset of vapour liquid equilibrium. Improves efficiency of evaporation. Reduces vapour in operation medium path.
The battery includes a fuel cell (5) with heat exchanger (9). A thermal storage medium (7) from a thermal storage tank (6) is circulated through the heat exchanger of the fuel cell through a first piping (25).    Thermal storage medium is circulated between the tank, a heat exchanger (8) and hydrogen occluding alloy container (3) through a second piping (24). The medium of low temperature is introduced into the second piping and the tank through a third piping and fourth piping respectively.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves reliability. Has high industrial value.
The solar battery module (M) has multiple solar battery cells (C1-C8) which are divided into four units (U1-U4), each unit constituting a pair of cells.    The solar battery cells are connected with the wiring, so that the current generated from each unit are equal.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables effective utilisation of each unit and solar light. Prevents limitation of size of solar battery cell.
The apparatus provides the surface of a solar battery (2) with a permeable surface lagging material (3,6). The surface lagging material is formed by scattering radiations of an incident light.    An adhesive (4) is adhered on the surface lagging material so that a shadowed part will not be formed on the surface of the solar battery when incident light is projected to the surface.    ADVANTAGE -   Does not produce shadow on solar battery element even when there is adhesive on surface lagging material since surface lagging material scatters radiation of incident light; maintains normal output characteristics.
The apparatus has a permeable surface lagging material (5) with a near-dome shape which covers a solar battery (2). The surface lagging material has a side attachment wall (5a) near the solar battery.    The side attachment wall strongly refracts an incident light to the solar battery. The shape of the surface lagging material's interior permits the material itself to do the scattering radiation of the incident light.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents generation of shadow portion since incident light is strongly refracted by side-attachment-wall to solar battery. Increases amount of light during low level of incident light while preventing reduction of incident light. Eliminates illuminance nonuniformity on surface of solar battery. Maintains efficiency of electricity-generation. Increases amount of light emission.
The method involves forming masks (4) selectively on the surface of a electrically conductive transparent film (2) to be able to used an area functioning as a scribed-line (3) as an opening. Grinding particles are sprayed on the masks.    The electrically conductive transparent film portions functioning as scribed-line, are cut off to form openings until the insulated isolation of the transparent film in which scribed-line are pinched.    ADVANTAGE -   Shortens manufacturing time, reduces manufacturing cost and size of solar battery by using sand-blasting process.
The solar battery has a positive electrode (7) and a negative electrode (6) which are both arranged on a light-receiving surface. A diffusion layer (3) is formed on the light receiving surface. A photoelectric conversion function is provided in the area of a main diffusion layer (3a).    Electrode ejection function is provided in the area of a sub-diffusion layer (3b). One electrode is extracted from a semiconductor substrate (1) by the diffusion of an internal impurity toward a groove (4). The groove, formed by mechanical cutter, electrically isolates the main diffusion layer from the sub-diffusion layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies connection and manufacturing process without impairing conversion efficiency too much. Suppresses resistance of bulk which produces BSF effect since aluminum electrode is provided at back-side of substrate which faces light-receiving surface. Simplifies process of electrode formation since only aluminum electrode of back-side and silver electrode of light-receiving surface are formed. Process is automatable.
The method involves forming three electricity generation areas (2a-2c) comprising sequential formation of a respective first electrode layer (3a-3c), semiconductor barrier layer (4) and a second electrode layer (5a-5c) on a substrate (1). In the first step, a first electrode layer is formed on the whole of the insulated surface of the substrate. In the next step, the first electrode layer is divided into three electrically connected parts, and a semiconductor barrier layer is formed on the whole surface. An ultraviolet hardening type resin film is formed on the semiconductor barrier layer corresponding to the first and third, first electrode layer parts, in the next step.    In the next step, a second electrically conductive film comprising a second electrode is formed on the whole surface of the resin film. In the next step, using a solution that dissolves the resin film, UV ray hardening type resin film formed on the semiconductor light barrier layer is removed without causing damage to the second electrically conductive film. The second electrically conductive layer is divided into three parts corresponding to the positions of three parts of the first electrode layer. In the final step, the electrical connection of three parts of the second electrode layer is carried out.    ADVANTAGE -   Inhibits deposition of residual resin film on semiconductor light barrier layer. Offers durable photovoltaic apparatus.
The solar battery includes first (SC1), second (SC2), and third (SC3) photoelectric-conversion layers which are arranged sequentially from a light-incidence side (8). An i-layer (4i) of the second photoelectric-conversion layer has the narrowest optical band gap from among the i-layers of each photoelectric-conversion layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves photoelectric-conversion characteristic even after prolonged optical irradiation since thickness of i-layer of second photoelectric-conversion layer can be reduced.
The battery has a strip-shaped surface electrode (20) set on a light-receiving surface. The surface electrode has a left and right inclination surface (20a).    The left and right inclination surfaces of the surface electrode reflect incident light (L) to the light-receiving surface.    ADVANTAGE -   Reflects more light to light-receiving surface even if area of light-receiving surface is reduced by width of surface electrode; reduces loss of light energy. Reduces series resistance in electrode since surface electrode does not have to be made thin. Reduces cost since installation of surface electrode is simplified.
The method involves forming a metal layer (102) on surface of a substrate (101) followed by formation of a first transparent electric conduction layer (103). The metal layer and the transparent electric conduction layer are separated electrically at n areas.    Then, a photoelectric conversion layer (105) and a second transparent electric conduction layer (106) are formed on the first transparent electric conduction layer. The first and second transparent electric conduction layers are connected electrically by laser irradiation.    ADVANTAGE -   Inhibits layer spalling. Improves weather resistance and endurance. Reduces specific resistance of connecting parts. Prevents substrate from damages caused by laser light. Improves photovoltaic conversion efficiency.
The method involves heating semiconductor material (10) which is separated by a predefined interval from a semiconductor substrate (17).    The semiconductor material is heated at about 300deg C under atmospheric pressure in hydrogen or helium atmosphere.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves efficiency. Eliminates need for pressure adjustment device.
The apparatus includes a heat source (2) for generating heat radiation having a broad band spectrum. A selective emitter (4) is used for absorbing the heat radiation over the broad band spectrum and re-radiating narrow band radiation having a narrow band spectrum. A thermo-photovoltaic cell (6) contains a quantum well structure for absorbing the narrow band radiation and generating electrical energy.    The quantum well structure comprises multiple quantum wells, whose structure is formed in an intrinsic region of a pin device. Quantum well and depth of the quantum well structure are matched to the narrow band spectrum.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For converting of heat energy to electrical energy using thermo-photovoltaic cells. Improved conversion efficiency from narrow band radiation to electrical energy.
The heater includes a thermoelectric generator (4) with semiconductor elements (5) exposed on the hot side to flue gas (6) from the heating face (3). Cooling water is applied to their cold side, whose circulation for cooling is effected by a circulation pump (7) and a cooler (8), using ambient air (9).    Thus, in addition to hot air (10), the air heater supplies also electric energy at the terminals (11) of the thermoelectric generator which can be used via a control system (12) for direct drive of the fan (2) and pump, or for battery (13) charging and supplying other consumer appliances (14).    ADVANTAGE -   Simple design for simultaneous air heating and electric energy generation.
A circuit for a DC motor operated from a naturally occurring variable energy source like the sun or wind has the generated current accumulated in a temporary store (2) like a high capacity condenser and the motor (5) is switched on by a semiconductor 94) when the voltage at the store exceeds a certain level.    When the voltage drops below this level, the motor is switched off. Instead of the motor, an inverter may be used to drive AC loads or alternatively, a pulse-operated electromagnet could be employed as a pump. Weaker current pulses could be used as starting pulses for a motor. Even weaker pulses can be counted and used for metering purposes e.g. for solar radiation strength or wind strength.    ADVANTAGE -   Continuous use of energy from the source
The apparatus includes plate-shaped solar cells (1) which are interconnected in series by conductive couplers (8), while at least a part of the cells is arranged in a liner strip. The couplers, extending in the strip direction, lie adjacent to the cell over considerable part of their longitudinal extension.    Pref. the adjacent couplers correspond to 0.5 to 2.0 times the cell length in the strip direction. Typically an electric insulation, such as an insulation foil, is located between the couplers and the generator support. The cells may be each fitted with coupling element(s) (5,6) on he cell flat side, protruding over the cell edge side.    ADVANTAGE -   Facility for using plastics, or metals, as support material.
The tourist tower is 1,100 metres high and has two electricity-generating wind wheels of 6,000 tons each.    It can accommodate 300,000 residential people. Its construction costs 1.5 billion dollars, which may be recovered in 3 years.
The wave energy converter is composed of a float box body, a slipway, part of an internal gear, two slippers and a damping spring.    One of the slippers consists of a frame, a gear engaged with the partial internal gear and fixed on it, a directional driver, a planetary accelerator and an electric generator and another slipper, which slides back and forth on the slipway. The damping springs are fixed to both ends of slipway.
A light-guide illumination system using an illumination reflector which has been customized to maximize the efficiency of light transmission between the illumination source, such as an arc lamp, and the cores of the output light guides. A method of fabricating the customized illumination reflector includes mapping the radiation patterns of the particular illumination source to be utilized, creating a database of those radiation patterns, and utilizing the database to generate an optimal illumination reflector configuration. The computer-generated reflector will virtually always be a non-conic section, because the illumination source is not ideal.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For coupling light from an illumination source to a number of output "light guides", which are used for a variety of purposes, such as illuminating pools, spas, hazardous material zones, jail cells, and other applications where direct lighting is dangerous, difficult to maintain, or subject to vandalism. System has improved efficiency on account of using non-conic sections in the design of the illumination reflector.
The system includes an incinerator that burns rubbish and generates vapour, by combustion gas. An overheating apparatus heats the vapour from the incinerator, at a high temperature. A turbine drive unit drives a steam turbine, using the vapour from the overheating apparatus. Using the vapour generated in the incinerator as a heating source, a main evaporator (15) evaporates liquid field fuel in the overheating apparatus.    A fuel modification device (21) converts the evaporated field fuel to a gas with hydrogen content. The gas with hydrogen content is burned by a combustor (23). The overheating apparatus has a superheater (25) which heats the vapour from the incinerator, using the combustion gas from the combustor. An auxiliary evaporator (12) which uses an electric heater as a heating source, is connected in parallel to the main evaporator.    ADVANTAGE -   Decreases nitrogen oxide generated by rubbish incineration boiler.
The method involves sending the absorber exit liquid expelled from the absorber (8), and the condenser exit liquid expelled from the condenser (6), to the working medium passage of evaporator (2) that evaporates the working medium. To fix the density of the working medium liquid supplied to the evaporator when controlling a binary electricity generator, the mixing ratio of the condenser exit liquid and the absorber exit liquid is controlled.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables stable drive of binary electricity generator by fixing density of low boiling point component in evaporator exit point.
The compact includes zirconium oxide of about 2-10 wt% whose average grain size is about 1.0 m or less.    USE -   The compact is used e.g. in an alkali metal thermoelectric convertor.    ADVANTAGE -   High mechanical strength is achieved.
The cell comprises a cell part (1) and a heat emission agent (2) which are layered alternately on a heat insulation layer (8). An ignition part (3) which is provided inside an armour container (9), heats the heat emission agent.    An electrolyte is filled inside a part of an electrolyte holder.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents deterioration of discharge performance.
The mechanism acts on a shaft (10) whose rotation is instigated by a quarter-turn of a knob (3), releasing a rod (2) and moving a tab (4) into an intermediate position. A first pinion (7) rotates on a rack (8) causing a second pinion (6) to rotate the shaft and lower a plate (9) on to a cap (14) which holds the lower spring (15) in its compressed condition.    The cap is held in this position by studded flexible arms on a hinged gripper (16). When the studs are freed the cap can rise and lift the plate, which recompresses the upper spring (5). Hinged bars (11) with return springs (12) are retracted by pressure from the skirt of the plate, slowing its descent.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Movement is perpetuated without consumption of fuel. Energy can be transformed to produce electricity and can also be used in electric vehicle to reduce electricity demand from battery.
The reflector assembly includes a support rim (10,11) which defines a peripheral edge around a longitudinal axis. At least one inextensible support stratum (6,8) defines a curved, generally dish-shaped contour in the peripheral edge. The inextensible stratum comprises a first network of flexible, elongated members composed of inextensible material and coupled to the peripheral edge of the support rim. A flexible, generally extensible reflector defines an electromagnetically reflective surface and an opposite surface.    One of the reflective surface and opposite surface is arranged to stretch over and conform to the shape of the curved, generally dish-shaped contour of the support stratum such that the reflective surface forms a generally dish-shaped curve. At least one tensioner is coupled to the support stratum to maintain the curved, generally dish-shaped contour of the support stratum.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   E.g. for use in solar concentrators on spacecraft or ground. Improves lightweight of reflector with high accuracy. Reduces costs. Enables convenient delivery into space prior to deployment.
The converter (1) has a N-type semiconductor (12a) which is electrically connected to a metal plate electrode (13). An electrical insulator (15) is mounted on the heat dissipation surface or heat absorption surface of the N-type semiconductor.    A P-type semiconductor (12b) and a heat insulating material (17) are provided. A heat conductor which covers the electrode, has a blast aerofoil (161) in the endogenic surface and the heat dissipation surface.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces size by not setting air blower device of another object.
The generator has a pressure tank (1) and a negative pressure tank (2) which are set in the sea water surface. A pair of watering tubes (5,6) is provided at lower part of respective first and second pressure tanks almost up-to the centre. The upper parts of pressure tanks are connected through an interconnecting pipe (4). A pneumatic motor (3) which drives a generator (11) is provided in the interconnecting pipe. An air compression tube (8) is connected to top part of the first pressure tank through a first vent tube (7). An air suction tube (10) is connected to the top of the second pressure tank through a second vent tube (9).    The water level in the second pressure tank raises and lowers due to waves generated in the sea surface. A negative pressure of air is established in second pressure tank by drawing air from it through the suction tube. Even when water level in the second pressure tank raises due to atmospheric pressure and lowers due to gravity, negative pressure is always maintained. In a similar manner, by blowing compressed air into first tank through the air compression pipe, the water level is lowered. Even when water level in the first pressure tank raises or lowers, pressure is always maintained it. Due to the difference in pressure values of first and second tank, the generator is driven. Even when energy of the wave and pressure in the tank are found to be irregular, the generator outputs a stable electricity.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables to generate stable electricity.
The structure has a main frame (37) with several solar battery modules (10) on its upper surface (37a). Each solar battery module is framed by a frame (21) containing connecting grooves (21c,21b) on its external surface.    Each connecting groove contains sides of a cover (47) covering each solar module. The cover is bolted to the main frame, by means of a bolt (42) along with a washer (43). The cover is electrically connected to the groove along with the bolt.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables easy earthing of solar battery.
The structure includes a first side frame part (60) that is arranged along one edge of the battery assembly.    A wooden nail (2c) is used to fix the overlapping edges of the frame parts to a roof. The battery assembly is formed in the shape of rectangular plane.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables easy and reliable fixation of solar battery module. Eliminates need for cover material. Prevents influence of snow, rain and fallen leaves.
The device includes a display part (13) which is the outer surface of a case (11). A mounting part (12) for a solar battery (1), is attached to the case. A storage battery (3) is charged by the electromotive force of the solar battery.    Electric power, for operating the display part, is supplied from the storage battery. The storage battery is accommodated in a greenhouse space (20) surrounded by a transparent body (15) and a heat insulating body (16). The transparent body allows penetration of solar light.    ADVANTAGE -   Allows absorption of sufficient amount of heat energy by adhering solar light absorber at least on internal surface of heat insulating body or on peripheral surface of storage battery. Allows use in cold areas since storage battery is accommodated in heat insulated space.
The generator defines a flow path (A) and has a rotor rotatable about a rotor axis i.e. shaft (14) in the flow path and paddles (17A-L) each of which is freely pivotable on a pivot axis formed by a respective spindle (16A-L) adjacent to its edge and parallel to and spaced from the rotor axis. Each paddle has a stop i.e. the rotor shaft which abuts with the paddle to hold it in a closed condition, the paddle being located between the respective paddle pivot axis and the rotor axis and radially w.r.t. the rotor, the stops being arranged to prevent pivoting of the paddles through the closed condition, and the paddles each being pivotable away from the closed condition in the same rotational sense.    The rotor is disposed in a tubular housing having a U-shaped channel (12), the rotor including two parallel end plates spaced apart on a rotor axle, the rotor axle being journalled in and extending through the housing, and the axle being connected for rotation with the rotor. Each paddle is pivotable on a common pitch circle diameter and journalled between the parallel end plates, and the spindles are spaced equi-angularly about the rotor axle. Pivoting baffles (21A,B) direct fluid towards the paddles in the closed condition irrespective of the direction of flow through the housing.    ADVANTAGE -   Suitable for all sea conditions and will work with both tides or waves, by providing universally rotatable arrangement, while being simple, inexpensive, and relatively mechanically efficient and unobtrusive.
The energy generation plant has at least one body (2) which is moved by the wave movement relative to a second body (1), which remains stationary, or which only moves slightly in response to the wave movement, with mechanical conversion of the relative movement into useful energy. The stationary body can be provided by a floating core of large mass, provided around its periphery with a number of lightweight floats displaced by the wave movement for operation of compressors via respective crank rods (4). Components for extraction of electrical energy and hydrogen/oxygen may be incorporated in the plant.    ADVANTAGE -   Environmentally-friendly use of wave energy.
The apparatus a duct (2) with several thermoelectric modules (8) provided within the outer walls of the duct. Hot liquid (4) flows through the duct and the cold water (3) surrounds it. The modules are mounted on both sides of radial copper flanges (6).    The flanges are enclosed and electrically insulated from the water by annular yokes (10) with seals (13) rendering the stress on each module independent of the hydrostatic pressure. Each heat exchange surface is approximately at right angles to the flow (F). The stack is held together in compression by bars (14) arranged axially at the rims of the flanges and clamped between endpieces (15a,15b).    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Especially in underwater oil extraction wellhead. Increased electric power can be supplied at greater depths down to e.g. 2 km.
The plant consists of a vertical support (1) fixed to the sea bed, and at least two hydraulic turbines with generators (11), set inside horizontal cylindrical pipes. The pipes are set below the surface of the water and symmetrically relative to the axis of the support.    The plant has two vertical panels (4, 5) which are pivoted to the support (1) a solid round-section pile. The panels are hinged together at an acute angle, and the axis of the support is located on a line bisecting the angle. The turbines have blades which can be feathered to stabilise the load on the generators with differences in water flow speed, and the generators are of the nacelle type and designed to convert the water pressure directly into electricity.    ADVANTAGE -   Design simplicity, low noise level and reliable operation.
The generation station is designed based on the principles of "offset floating-gravity" balance, effusion to obtain energy and combined feedback-gain of "water column-air chamber", and is composed of one or more combined units. Each unit has a substation consisting of a half hull, a lifting tower, an anchor pile, a cascaded spring damping and an offset air chamber.    USE -   Reduces sea wave and protects coast.
An ocean roll power station is equipped with bell-shaped hollow compartments (2) in which trapped air communicates via tubes (5) and valves (21) preferably of the diaphragm type with short opening and closing times. The one way valve arrangement controls the air flow through a pneumatic motor (6) which drives an electrical generator (18).    The bell shaped compartments are anchored to piles on the ocean floor and the generator delivers power via a cable (22) to an on-shore distribution station (19,20). The station uses differential pressures developed by ocean roll wave motion in the sea-floor mounted bell-shaped structures to drive an adjacent pneumatic motor with a main shaft directly coupled to an electric generator feeding an onshore distribution station.    ADVANTAGE -   Simple structure. No special mechanical devices are required for energy conversion.
The thermoelement consists of a ceramic adhesive agent (20) which is filled inside an insulated part.    The insulated part is provided between P-type and N-type semiconductor parts.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents generation of crack and application of stress to junction part.
The structure includes a P type Si semiconductor substrate (11) on whose inner light incident surface, an N type Si semiconductor layer (12) is arranged. A SiO2 film (16) is arranged on the back of the substrate, selectively. An hydrogenated SiN film (17) is arranged on the SiO2 film.    A P type fine Si crystal semiconductor layer (18) is provided on the back of substrate, such that it penetrates into the hydrogenated SiN film and SiO2 film, and contacts the surface of the substrate.    ADVANTAGE -   Suppresses reduction in film quality of fine crystal Si semiconductor layer. Improves photoelectric conversion efficiency.
The solar battery (10) consists of a quantum well layer (14) which stipulates a quantum well to an energy bank structure.    The quantum well layer is comprised by a first thickness part (14b) whose thickness is greater than a second thickness part (14a). A long wavelength light is absorbed by the first thickness part and passes through the second thickness part.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves conversion efficiency of solar battery. Avoids accurate control of resonant tunnelling effect. Eases mfr.
The appts consists of an n+ type silicon wafer (1) on whose surface n- type silicon layer (2) and a p+ type silicon layer (3) are formed sequentially. A first PN junction (101) is formed in the contact surface of the n- type silicon layer and the p+ silicon layer.    Then, an n+ type cadmium telluride layer (4), an n- type cadmium telluride layer (5), a p- type cadmium telluride layer (6) and a p+ type cadmium telluride layer (7) are formed sequentially on the surface of the p+ type silicon layer. A second PN junction (103) is formed in contact surface of the n- type and a p- type cadmium telluride layers.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids influence on PN junction near upper part of silicon wafer. Generates electricity efficiently. Suppresses cost increase to minimum extent.
The module comprises a III-V group semiconductor layer (2) formed on a heterogeneous substrate (1). A non-crystal layer (3) which has a window part (4), is formed on the semiconductor layer.    The III-V group semiconductor layer is exposed on the window part which acts as a nucleus and it grows on the non-crystal layer. A solar battery (6) which consists of p-n junction is arranged on the semiconductor layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Increases photoelectric conversion efficiency of solar battery.
The method involves forming a base layer (2) and a semiconductor layer (3) on a substrate (1) sequentially. A mask pattern (4) is formed on the semiconductor layer on which the grinding particles (22) are injected from an injection nozzle (21) to form a through-hole (8) towards the substrate, by the etching process.    The etching process is stopped on the upper surface of a stop layer (9) at the substrate surface. Through the hole, the semiconductor layer is etched from the substrate at the required position.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves yield and productivity of battery. Improves characteristics of solar battery.
The method involves laminating a CdS film (2) and a CdTe film (3) on a glass substrate (1) sequentially. A carbon paste and fusible copper organic compound which is caking additive, or coated on the CdTe film. The caking additive component is evaporated by subjecting it to heat decomposition.    The copper compound which is obtained by introducing an acceptor impurity into the CdTe film, is thermally diffused thereby leading to the formation of a copper electrode film (4) on the CdTe film.    ADVANTAGE -   Diffuses copper into CdTe film uniformly. Raises doping effect. Provides CdS/CdTe solar battery of high efficiency.
The method involves using a substrate (1) containing P type impurity on whose one surface a P+ type layer (1a) is formed. A N layer (1b) is formed on the other side of the substrate. An electrode is formed on both side of the substrate. A boron silicate glass layer (5) is initially formed on the whole of the P+ layer.    The boron silicate glass layer and the P+ layer are removed except at the principal plane of one of side of the substrate. Then, phosphorus is diffused in order to form a mask on the glass layer. The phosphorus present at the lateral part of the substrate is removed. Consequently, the N layer is formed at the other side of the substrate.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies solar cell formation process. Prevents generation of warpage in substrate. Improves mfr yield.
The method involves coating rare earth complexity compound luminescent material on surface of a solar battery. The rare earth complexity compound is synthesized from rare earth ions such as bispyridine, phthalocyanine, pyridine, phenanthroline, quinoline and organic ligands such as two benzoic acid, diphenyl acid, naphthalic acid, phthalic acid and derivative of pyrocatechol, pyrogallol and salicylic acid. The ring structure of the corrugated system parts of the rare earth ions and organic ligands resemble each other.    The structure of the synthesized rare earth complexity compound partially resembles the 3D structure of silica trimethoxy silyl or silica 3-propyl acrylate (TMSPM) and substituted compounds of diethoxy dimethoxy silane (DEDMS) such as diethoxy diphenyl silane (DEDPS). The organic-inorganic complex type matrix (ORMOSIN) which substituted rare earth complexity is coated on the surface of the solar battery by a specific techniques. After coating the material it is processed at a temperature of about 50-350degC, so as to increase the light absorbing property of the solar battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves output of solar battery, by improving its light absorbing property.
To convert mechanical sea-wave energy directly into electrical energy, the vertical movement of the wave process is used to separate the pairs of plates (insulated against sea water) of an electrically charged condenser (capacitor). The energy recovered is passed to another condenser for storage whose average operating voltage is no greater than the lower working voltage of the first condenser.    The upper condenser plate of the first condenser is held on a float. The lower plate is anchored via a shock absorber to the sea bed. The recovered energy during the lifting of the upper plate is passed through valve shunts to a store at a lower operating voltage once a critical voltage is reached that is dangerous to the insulation.    ADVANTAGE -   Available source of power for commissioning of power stations with 100 to 1000 MW capacity.
The auxiliary power generation method involves burning oil residue after first burning gas as much as possible. Under the condition of given gas pressure and steam pressure, the output signal after adjusting proportionate integration and differentiation between practical value and given value is used to control the openness of an oil valve.    As far as gas is concerned, its pressure deviation signal is to control the openness of the oil valve by a weight flow rate value after compensation of gas weight flow rate and heat value conversion between gas and oil residue to realise auxiliary power generating. The influence of steam flow-rate on oil valve openness is field-adjusted directly through a calculation factor.
The system includes subterranean heat exchange tubes (1), an oil trap (2), an accumulator (3), a compressor (4), interior air heat exchange tubes (5), a receiver (8), and a thermal expansion valve (9), and tubing connecting them in series. The tubing carries a refrigerant through the system. The subterranean heat transfer tubes have an internal diameter to length ratio between 1/4000 and 1/6000, with 5 tubes per ton of compressor BTU capacity. The subterranean heat exchange tubes have an internal diameter to length ratio of between 1/4000 and 1/6000, with 5 tubes per ton of BTU capacity.    The interior air heat exchange tubes have 50% of the interior volume of the subterranean tubes. The thermal expansion valve is sized to match the interior air handler capacity. The receiver holds 75% to 95% of the total refrigerant volume. A pump down sequence is employed on system shut down. An oil    trap is installed at the vapour line existing the subterranean    heat exchange tubes. Four refrigerant cut-off/isolation    valves are installed for service convenience.    ADVANTAGE -   More efficient, due to elimination of water pump.
The magneto-photon generator has non-magnetic frame (1) with coaxially fastened ring permanent magnets (2,3) magnetised in axial direction forming magnetic system. Block of generative and conversion has spherical body (8) fastened on shaft consisting of two parts (4,5) positioned between ring magnets (2,3). Light guides (10) are fastened in first group slots (9) of body (8) having their ends positioned in one part of shaft up to its butt. The electric winding (15) is fastened in second group slots of body (8) and its ends (16,17) are positioned in slots of second part (4) of shaft and connected to conducting rings (18,19).    The lead-away block of electrical energy has brushes (20,21) fastened in brush-holder and being in contact with rings (18,19). The regulator of light flux has shutters (24,26) fastened in the frame (1) by screws (25,27) with overlapping capacity of each up to half-butts of all light guides.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   In electric energy generation in presence of light radiation of natural or artificial origin, by conversion of photon energy into mechanical energy of rotation and simultaneous generation of electric energy, based on interaction of photon flux with magnetic field of permanent magnet using sun flux.
The magneto-photon motor is comprised of the non-magnetic frame (1), coaxial ring permanent magnets (2,3) magnetised in axial direction and producing magnetic system, photon-conversion block has spherical jacket (6) with slots (7) for fastening light guides (8), set on a shaft made in two parts (4,5). The ends of light guides (8) are positioned in slots of shaft part (5) up to its butt. The regulator of light flux has two blinds (13,15) fastened to the frame (1) by their screws (14,16) with overlapping capacity of each half-butts of all light guides. The shaft is fastened in the frame (1) with rotational capacity in bearings (17,18).    During operation, the blinds (13,15) are used to regulate rotational speed and direction of shaft (4,5) with jacket (6), by altering positions against butts of light guides.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   In long duration cosmic flights and terrestrial conditions using solar energy with automatic conversion of above energy into mechanical one.
The method involves cooling an uncondensed gas extracted from a condenser (7) of steam turbine of geothermal power plant to a normal temperature by a cooler. The uncondensed gas is preheated to a temperature of 180-300deg C by using a gas heater (5) before cooling process.    A selection oxidation reaction of sulfuretted hydrogen is performed and is collected as sulfur element. Then, cooling is performed at 200deg C or less to condense the formed sulfur element which is then collected as liquid sulfur.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids need for fuel and chemicals for processing. Removes sulfuretted hydrogen completely. Ensures automatic operation. Is suitable even for ravine remote place.
The module (1) includes a transparent glass pane (111) that covers the front surface of a rectangular module main body (11), and a metallic sheet that covers the back surface. The glass pane has transparent solar cells (111). A sealing body (12) seals the end faces of the module main body.    To cover all peripheries of the module main body, a sealing ditch joined to the module main body, is formed in the inner peripheral surface of the sealing body. Through a drainage gutter (12a) or a drain hole, storm sewage ejected from the rain pouring surface of the module main body and the surface of the glass pane, is ejected to a predetermined portion of the sealing body.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables quick draining since storm sewage is not obstructed by a part of sealing body, at side of eaves of module main body upper surface. Maintains fine sight and maintains transmissivity of light since stain caused by storm sewage does not remain in upper surface of module main body.
The atmosphere compression apparatus, capable of being used as wind tunnel or for electric generation, is composed of an atmosphere stressed space in the middle, which is a sealed large space with two air openings for forming a low-resistance space.    A pressure-preventing unit includes two covers and plates in it for generating a stable airflow, and a pressure-applying unit, that is gated, allows airflow coming into air opening rapidly for forming a huge wind.
The method of generating electrical power involves lifting and lowering several buoys in response to waves applied to them. Each buoy is connected to several support members at a lattice type frame submerged in the sea. The lifting and lowering motion is converted into a rotation force.    Compressed liquid is transferred to a main transferring tube. A turbine is driven using the compressed liquid. Power is generated by driving a power generator linked to the turbine. When pressure of the compressed liquid exceeds a given level a governor spill valve is opened automatically.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For use at sea. Does not require people to be present at power generator section. Generates power regardless of water flow direction. Avoids pollution. Efficient.
The appts. includes a number of vacuum housings (100,100n,100p) arranged sequentially inside of which a strip shaped member is passed. Different types of thin film layers are formed on the surface of the strip shaped member by plasma chemical vapour deposition technique and photovoltaic cell is produced continuously. The stress generated in the conveyance direction of the strip shaped member due to thermal expansion and contraction effect of the housing is reduced by supporting each vacuum housing on a stand.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables to convey heated strip shaped member in stable manner. Enables mass production of photovoltaic cell without defect at low cost.
The battery includes a metal electrode film (23) which is formed on a stainless steel substrate (21). A non-crystal semiconductor (30) is formed on the metal electrode film. The non-crystal semiconductor comprises an n-layer (31), an i-layer (35), a p-layer (37) and a barrier layer (33) which is formed in- between the n and i-layers.    The barrier layer is formed by trace mixing third group element such as boron. A transparency electric conduction film (25) and a protection film (27) are then sequentially formed on the non- crystal semiconductor.    ADVANTAGE -   Inhibits i-layer diffusion. Facilitates high conversion efficiency by preventing photoelectric conversion efficiency reduction.
The generator includes three pendulums (4-6) of equal length. The pendulums are suspended from a rockable pendulum shaft (3). Pendulum magnets (8-10) are individually fixed to the lower ends of the three pendulums accordingly. A lot of intermittent helical magnets (21) are arranged at equal intervals on the periphery of a rotating plate (20). A repulsive force is caused by moving the right and left pendulum magnets between the intermittent helical magnets. The rotating plate is energised by the repulsive force. The helical magnets are so arranged that the thickness of the helical magnets in the circumference is more than the thickness of the helical magnets in the inner side of rotating plate.    A toroidal magnet (22) is provided at the centre of the rotating plate to energise the pendulum magnet away from the centre. A number of radial magnets (23) are arranged radially on the inner side of the toroidal magnet. The radial magnets are arranged to be inclined towards the centre of the rotating plate and rising towards toroidal magnet side. The radial magnets energised the rotating plate by rocking the pendulum magnets.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides large amount of power energy continuously.
The system has a number of wind rotors (11) mounted on a bridge and which derive current via at least one generator. The current is pref. transferred to overhead cable masts.    Each wind rotor is mounted with its vertical rotor shaft (13) between adjacent bridge pillars (4), whereby the upper end (12) of the rotor shaft is mounted in the upper bridge region (7) and the lower end in connecting elements (9) supporting the lower end of the shaft on the pillar.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables optimal use of almost the entire bridge or valley area carrying a flow of wind and generates a great deal of electrical energy.
Based on the principle that the gravity of a vehicle is several times higher than the sum of its pulling force and friction and through a piston-type lifting bar, a drive rod, an intermediate and a power gears, or a piston-type lifting bar, a drive rod, a lever, a connecting rod and a crank shaft, or a piston-type lifting bar, a piston-type drive rod and a hydraulic drive unit, the vertical gravity of the car may be transformed into forward power, part of which is used as pulling force and most of which is used for electric generation by driving an electric generator in the car.
The power plant uses highway features an existing highway which is reformed such that the subgrade of single lane is composed of cylinders arranged longitudinally. The subgrade of the four lanes is composed of four identical cylinders arranged transversely. The pavement is composed of magnets and coils arranged alternatively, 2.5-3.6 m of the pavement is a press plate with a push rod on the back connected via levers to a piston. Class-1 buffer air pipes under the cylinders and class-2 ones at sides of highway are communicated. An assembly is attached to chassis of car.    When the car runs on the highway, the press plate lowers down 1.5 cm and the piston lowers down 45 cm, which pneumatically drives electric generator without loss of car's dynamic energy.
The solar cell module is made by sealing the peripheral portions of a solar cell module main body (11) formed by fixing solar cells (111) on a rectangular transparent plate (112) by a resin by a sealing material. The solar cell module main body (11) is housed in a moulding die composed of a surface mould (211) incorporating inner surface shape nearly equal to the external shape of the surface of the solar cell module main body and a back surface mould (212) incorporating the inner surface shape nearly equal to the external shape of the back surface of the solar cell module main body while positioning the cell module main body to form a cavity (213) surrounding the peripheral portions of the solar cell module main body. A high molecular sealing material compound is charged and solidified in the cavity.    USE -   The solar cell module is suitable for forming solar cell generating unit placed on a roof of a house etc..    ADVANTAGE -   The securely sealed solar cell module is formed effectively by a simple devices without requiring heating device.
The appts includes a main stream pipe (3) through which geo-thermal vapour is sent to the steam turbine from a production well. An injection nozzle (110 injects spray water into the steam which passes through the main steam pipe.    A pump (B) boosts the spray water to the injection nozzle. the spray water injected from the injection nozzle is stopped using an injection valve when the quantity of steam passed in the main steam pipe is decreased below a predetermined value.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents erosion of vane and nozzle. Reduces stop frequency of geo-thermal power generation plant for removing scale. Prevents reduction in turbine output due to adherence of scale on nozzle and vane.
The wind mill has a main body (24) that smoothly rotates corresponding to the wind power, by a stand disc (21) corresponds to the wind direction. The stand disc includes several air screws and electric power generators (23).    A shaft is use to transmit the rotation of a motor to the stand disc to enable constant rotation of the disc stand even when the wind power is reduced.    ADVANTAGE -   Ensures safe electric power generation without generating air pollution.
The structure includes a rectangular solar battery module main body whose peripheral portion in the end surface is sealed and covered by an elastic sealing unit attached on a roof surface. The module main body is supported and mounted in a transparent support substrate and a metal sheet using a resin.    A dense sealing ditch is formed at a joint state in the covering of the peripheral portion of the module main body. Several projections are formed on the external surface in the side of the metal sheet and transparent support substrate of the sealing unit.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents rain water leakage from upper portion and junction point in frame material. Secures water-proofing ability of roof surface. Enables simple application of solar battery module on building roof surface.
The method involves generating electricity using the electron magnetic fluid of the solar wind plasma. Solar winds which are in the form of hot solar plasma are made to blow on the outer walls of the geomagnetic field of the earth. The solar winds collide with the magnetic lines of forces of the geomagnetic field and coupled within the outer wall of the magnetosphere of the area. The outer wall of the geomagnetic field is formed in the shape of comet.    The charged particles of the solar plasma, then move spirally from the outer wall of the geomagnetic field area to the ionospheric layers of the polar cap area of the earth. The charged particles then ionises the atmospheric air in the ionosphere. The electrical energy generated due to the ionisation of atmospheric air, is earthed in the form of high frequency laser light ray (15) from the ionosphere to the surface of the earth. The laser light from the ionosphere is used to generate electricity.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables to obtain large amount of oxygen and nitrogen gases.
The power supply has an optical-electrical energy converter (1) such as a solar battery connected to a charging control circuit (2).    The charging control circuit is electrically bonded to a discharge control circuit (4) through an N step C-W circuit (3). A load (5) is connected to the discharge control circuit.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For home electric power. Enables to utilize energy even after sunset by charging electric power to secondary battery.
The module (1) has a photovoltaic cell (2) which has three terminals. The first terminal has three electrodes (6-8). The second terminal is connected to the first terminal.    When the positive and neutral electrodes of the first terminal are connected, the negative electrode is connected to the second terminal. When the neutral and negative electrodes are connected, the wiring of the positive electrode is connected to the second terminal.    ADVANTAGE -   Establishes connection between modules with short wires.
The device has a foldable structure (11) which has the shape of an hexagonal headed cone.    A number of photoelectric cells (10) are arranged in the surrounding wall of the support structure.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables to get electrical power continuously and efficiently. Simplifies structure. Eases transportation.
The structure makes use of two kinds of semiconductor materials Inp and InAlAs. The valence bond and conduction bond of the Inp are denoted as Ev2 and Ec2 respectively. The valence band and conduction band of the InAlAs are denoted as Ev1 and Ec1 respectively. The Eg2 separates Ev2 and Ec2. Similarly the Eg1 (forbidden energy gap ) separating Ev1,Ec2 where Eg1 not equal Eg2.    The n type impurity is doped with InAlAs having its conduction band in higher energy side. The P type impurity is doped with the InP having its conduction band in lower energy side. Thus a PN junction of both InAlAs and Inp materials are obtained.    ADVANTAGE -   Raises output current. Improves transformation efficiency.
The appts has a bed plate (2) on which a number of solar batteries (1) are arranged.    Grooves are formed on the light receiving surface of the battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Obtains efficiency electricity generation. Obtains large electric power from comparatively narrow area.
The method involves arranging a silver paste layer (8) on the element surface of a solar battery (1). A solder (11) adhered onto a wire (9) is brought to a fusion state and is made to contact the silver paste layer.    The wire is subsequently moved away from the element surface. The fusion state solder is solidified and a collector pole (7) is formed.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables to form collector pole quickly and easily. Prevents thermal deterioration of solar battery. Enables to form collector pole with high precision.
The system performs the dual functions of current generation and roof covering. The rectangular individual elements (2) of the photovoltaic system (1) have different connection profiles (7-10) on their four sides (3-6) to match the four different connection points in the remaining roof coverings (11).    The under surface of the individual elements has protruding transverse ribs for retaining engagement over at least one roof tile.    ADVANTAGE -   Is simple to operate and install without suspension rails or strengthening plates whilst forming uniform surface with existing roof covering.
In the transparent cooler tube (10) the solar radiation is converged by the coolant (18) and the solar cell (12) is displaced into a position, enabling the convergence of solar radiation, changing due to the sun motion.    Preferably the coolant acts as a solar radiation lens with a refractory index for its convergence. The converged solar radiation position is picked-up by a position detector sensor (24), and a motor (14) displaces the solar cell into converging position according to signal from the position detector signal. The cell is mounted on a crank (16) which is coupled to the motor.    ADVANTAGE -   High precision of alignment to the impinging solar radiation, simple design, and effective cooling.