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Shokoohi.;  Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 3-285262, filed Dec. 16, 1991.;  Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 4-87268, filed Mar. 19, 1992.;  Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 63-274059, filed Nov. 11, 1988.;  Journal of Power Sources 52 (1994), pp. 185-192. Determination of thermodynamic, kinetic and interfacial properties for the LiLixMn2O4 system by electrochemical techniques, J. Barker, R. Pynenburg, R. Koksbang (month NA).;  Journal of Power Sources, 43-44 (1993), pp. 223-231 The SWING system, a nonaqueous rechargeable carbonmetal oxide cell, R. Bittihn, R. Herr and D. Hoge (month NA).;  Mat. Res. Bull., vol. 18 (1983), pp. 461-472. Lithium Insertion Into Manganese Spinels, M.M. Tackeray, W.I.F. David, P.G. Bruce, and J.B. Goodenough (month NA).;  Solid State Ionic 69 (1994), pp. 59-67. Improved capacity retention in rechargeabe 4 V lithiumLithium-manganese oxide (spinel) cells, R.J. Gummow, A. de Kock, M.M. Thackeray (month NA).;  The Spinel Phases of LiMn2O4 as a Cathode in Secondary Lithium Cells, by Tarascon et al.US5759717-A  J. Electrochem. Soc., vol. 137, No. 3 (Mar. 1990), pp. 769-775. Electrochemistry of Maganese Dioxide in Lithium Nonaqueous Cell, Tsutomu Ohzuku, Masaki Kitagawa, and Taketsugu Hirai.;  J. Electrochem. Soc., vol. 183, No. 10 (Oct. 1991), pp. 2859-2864. The Spinel Phase of LiMn2O4 as a Cathode in Secondary Lithium Cells, J.M. Tarascon, E. Wang, and F.K. Shokoohi.;  Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 3-285262, filed Dec. 16, 1991.;  Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 4-87268, filed Mar. 19, 1992.;  Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 63-274059, filed Nov. 11, 1988.;  Journal of Power Sources 52 (1994), pp. 185-192. Determination of thermodynamic, kinetic and interfacial properties for the LiLixMn2O4 system by electrochemical techniques, J. Barker, R. Pynenburg, R. Koksbang (month na).;  Journal of Power Sources, 43-44 (1993), pp. 223-231. The SWING system, a nonaqueous rechargeable carbon metal oxide cell, R. Bittihn, R. Herr and D. Hoge (month na).;  Mat. Res. Bull., vol. 18 (1983), pp. 461-472. Lithium Insertion Into Manganese Spinels, M.M. Tackeray, W.I.F. David, P.G. Bruce, and J.B. Goodenough (month na).;  Solid State Ionic 69 (1994), pp. 59-67. Improved capacity retention in rechargeable 4 V lithiumlithium-manganese oxide (spinel) cells, R.J. Gummow, A. de Kock, M.M. Thackeray (month na).;  The Spinal Phase of LiMn2O4 as a Cathode in Secondary Lithium Cells by Tarascon.;  The Spinal Phases LiMyMn2-yO4 (M=Co, Cr, Ni) as the cathode for rechargeable lithium batteries by Li Guahua et al. Oct. 1991.US5783332-A  J. Electrochem. Soc., vol. 137, No. 3 (Mar. 1990), pp. 769-775. Electrochemistry of Maganese Dioxide in Lithium Nonaqueous Cell, Tsutomu Ohzuku, Masaki Kitagawa, and Taketsugu Hirai.;  J. Electrochem. Soc., vol. 183, No. 10 (Oct. 1991) , pp. 2859-2864. The Spinel Phase of LiMn2O4as a Cathode in Secondary Lithium Cells, J.M. Tarascon, E. Wang, and F.K Shokoohi.;  Japanese Patent Aplication Laid-Open No. 3-285262, filed Dec. 16, 1991.;  Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 4-87268, filed Mar. 19, 1992.;  Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 63-274059, filed Nov. 11, 1988.;  Journal of Power Sources 52 (1994) , pp. 185-192. Determination of thermodynamic, kinetic and interfacial properties for the LiLixMn2O4system by electrochemical techniques, J. Barker, R. Pynenburg, R. Koksbang (Mouth NA).;  Journal of Power Sources, 43-44 (1993), pp. 223-231. The SWING system, a nonaqueous rechargeable carbonmetal oxide cell, R. Bittihn, R. Herr and D. Hoge (Mouth NA).;  Mat. Res. Bull., vol. 18 (1983), pp. 461-472. Lithium Insertion Into Maganese Spinels, M.M. Tackery, W. I. F. David, P.G. Bruce,and J. B. Goodenough (Mouth NA).;  Solid State Ionic 69 (1994) , pp. 59-67. Improved capacity retention in rechargeable 4 V lithiumlithium-maganese oxide (spinel) cells, R.J. Gummow, A. de Kock, M.M. Thackeray (Mouth NA).;  Taracsson et al., The Spinekl Phase of Li1Mn204 as a Cathode in Secondary Lithium Cells, J. Electrochem. Soc., vol. 138, No. 10, Oct. 1991, pp. 2859-2864.;  The Spinal Phases LiMyMn2-yO4 (M=Co, Cr, Ni) as the cathode for rechargeable lithium batteries by Li Guahua et al., Oct. 1991.;  Thr Spinal Phase of LiMn2O4as a Cathrode in Secondary Lithium Cells by Tarascon.