(US5759716-A)      A battery element, used as a positive plate in a lead acid battery, comprises an efficiency improving amount of an acid resistive additive incorporated into the positive active material of the positive plate. The additive is either: (a) a metal impurity inhibiting organic polymer with functional groups having a preferential affinity for soluble metal impurities in the cation or anion state; or (b) three-dimensional macroporous particles, containing sulphuric acid electrolyte in the pores and having sufficient macro-porosity to allow participation of the sulphuric acid electrolyte during discharge of the active material and mixtures. Also claimed are: (1) the above battery element, used as a negative plate, and the soluble metal impurity in (a) is in the anion state; (2) the above battery element, used as a negative plate, and the acid resistive additive is as (a), where the soluble metal impurity is in the cation state; and (3) the above battery element, used as a separator in a lead acid battery, and the acid resistive additive is (a), provided that a portion of the porous polymer is associated with the separator.    ADVANTAGE -   The battery element inhibits the detrimental effect of soluble metal impurity on the negative plate and improves utilisation efficiency of the active material in a lead acid battery.    (US5895732-A)      A battery element, used as a positive plate in a lead acid battery, comprises an efficiency improving amount of an acid resistive additive incorporated into the positive active material of the positive plate. The additive is either: (a) a metal impurity inhibiting organic polymer with functional groups having a preferential affinity for soluble metal impurities in the cation or anion state; or (b) three-dimensional macroporous particles, containing sulphuric acid electrolyte in the pores and having sufficient macro-porosity to allow participation of the sulphuric acid electrolyte during discharge of the active material and mixtures. Also claimed are: (1) the above battery element, used as a negative plate, and the soluble metal impurity in (a) is in the anion state; (2) the above battery element, used as a negative plate, and the acid resistive additive is as (a), where the soluble metal impurity is in the cation state; and (3) the above battery element, used as a separator in a lead acid battery, and the acid resistive additive is (a), provided that a portion of the porous polymer is associated with the separator.    ADVANTAGE -   The battery element inhibits the detrimental effect of soluble metal impurity on the negative plate and improves utilisation efficiency of the active material in a lead acid battery.    (EP935820-A1)      A battery element, used as a positive plate in a lead acid battery, comprises an efficiency improving amount of an acid resistive additive incorporated into the positive active material of the positive plate. The additive is either: (a) a metal impurity inhibiting organic polymer with functional groups having a preferential affinity for soluble metal impurities in the cation or anion state; or (b) three-dimensional macroporous particles, containing sulphuric acid electrolyte in the pores and having sufficient macro-porosity to allow participation of the sulphuric acid electrolyte during discharge of the active material and mixtures. Also claimed are: (1) the above battery element, used as a negative plate, and the soluble metal impurity in (a) is in the anion state; (2) the above battery element, used as a negative plate, and the acid resistive additive is as (a), where the soluble metal impurity is in the cation state; and (3) the above battery element, used as a separator in a lead acid battery, and the acid resistive additive is (a), provided that a portion of the porous polymer is associated with the separator.    ADVANTAGE -   The battery element inhibits the detrimental effect of soluble metal impurity on the negative plate and improves utilisation efficiency of the active material in a lead acid battery.    (US6187478-B1)      A battery element, used as a positive plate in a lead acid battery, comprises an efficiency improving amount of an acid resistive additive incorporated into the positive active material of the positive plate. The additive is either: (a) a metal impurity inhibiting organic polymer with functional groups having a preferential affinity for soluble metal impurities in the cation or anion state; or (b) three-dimensional macroporous particles, containing sulphuric acid electrolyte in the pores and having sufficient macro-porosity to allow participation of the sulphuric acid electrolyte during discharge of the active material and mixtures. Also claimed are: (1) the above battery element, used as a negative plate, and the soluble metal impurity in (a) is in the anion state; (2) the above battery element, used as a negative plate, and the acid resistive additive is as (a), where the soluble metal impurity is in the cation state; and (3) the above battery element, used as a separator in a lead acid battery, and the acid resistive additive is (a), provided that a portion of the porous polymer is associated with the separator.    ADVANTAGE -   The battery element inhibits the detrimental effect of soluble metal impurity on the negative plate and improves utilisation efficiency of the active material in a lead acid battery.    (US6190799-B1)      A battery element, used as a positive plate in a lead acid battery, comprises an efficiency improving amount of an acid resistive additive incorporated into the positive active material of the positive plate. The additive is either: (a) a metal impurity inhibiting organic polymer with functional groups having a preferential affinity for soluble metal impurities in the cation or anion state; or (b) three-dimensional macroporous particles, containing sulphuric acid electrolyte in the pores and having sufficient macro-porosity to allow participation of the sulphuric acid electrolyte during discharge of the active material and mixtures. Also claimed are: (1) the above battery element, used as a negative plate, and the soluble metal impurity in (a) is in the anion state; (2) the above battery element, used as a negative plate, and the acid resistive additive is as (a), where the soluble metal impurity is in the cation state; and (3) the above battery element, used as a separator in a lead acid battery, and the acid resistive additive is (a), provided that a portion of the porous polymer is associated with the separator.    ADVANTAGE -   The battery element inhibits the detrimental effect of soluble metal impurity on the negative plate and improves utilisation efficiency of the active material in a lead acid battery.    (US2001016287-A1)      A battery element, used as a positive plate in a lead acid battery, comprises an efficiency improving amount of an acid resistive additive incorporated into the positive active material of the positive plate. The additive is either: (a) a metal impurity inhibiting organic polymer with functional groups having a preferential affinity for soluble metal impurities in the cation or anion state; or (b) three-dimensional macroporous particles, containing sulphuric acid electrolyte in the pores and having sufficient macro-porosity to allow participation of the sulphuric acid electrolyte during discharge of the active material and mixtures. Also claimed are: (1) the above battery element, used as a negative plate, and the soluble metal impurity in (a) is in the anion state; (2) the above battery element, used as a negative plate, and the acid resistive additive is as (a), where the soluble metal impurity is in the cation state; and (3) the above battery element, used as a separator in a lead acid battery, and the acid resistive additive is (a), provided that a portion of the porous polymer is associated with the separator.    ADVANTAGE -   The battery element inhibits the detrimental effect of soluble metal impurity on the negative plate and improves utilisation efficiency of the active material in a lead acid battery.