(WO9805085-A1)      Preventing damage from overcharging to a metal-sulphur cell comprises: (a) providing a metal-sulphur cell that includes a metal cathode and a sulphur anode; and (b) charging the cell to a level beyond the normal charge capacity while the cell maintains an overcharge voltage, which is not substantially higher than the first cell voltage, which the cell attains when fully charged but not overcharged. 10-100% of the active sulphur in the sulphur anode is available for the electrochemical reaction. The sulphur anode comprising: (i) active sulphur; (ii) an electronic conductor mixed with the active sulphur; and (iii) an ionic conductor mixed with the active sulphur.    USE -   In charging rechargeable metal-sulphur battery systems, preferably thin film secondary batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   The cell contains an overcharge protection system, which limits the cell voltage during overcharge to a safe level very close to the normal voltage of a fully charged cell. Thus, the overcharge voltage remains below the level that would cause damage to cell components, e.g. it does not cause the electrolyte to electrolyze, the current collector and/or the cell separator to degrade rapidly, and the anode to be irreversibly damaged.
(US5853910-A)      The device uses a fuel battery (10) which has an air pole and fuel pole distributed at both sides of a polymer-solid state electrolytic film. A circulation path is connected to an intake suction of air pole and gas exhaust side. An air intake is connected to the circulation path such that air is introduced into air pole from external. An exhaust port is connected to circulation path, such that exhaust gas which includes reaction formation water ejected from air pole gets ejected to external. A thermometer (18) measures temperature of exhaust gas. An ammeter (19) measures the current value output from the fuel battery. A controller (17) adjusts opening of exhaust port and air intake, based on measured exhaust gas temperature and output current value.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids need for humidifier. Reduces size and weight. Ensures uniform flow rate distribution. Ensures electricity generation efficiency. Enables to respond to load fluctuation quickly.
(US5866471-A)      The method involves applying a solution of polysilane onto a substrate (1). The polysilane is expressed with a general formula (SiR12)n, where R is chosen from any one of alkyl group, phenyl group, silyl group consisting of two or more carbon atoms. After application of the polysilane solution, the substrate is heated, resulting in the formation of a semiconductor thin film.    ADVANTAGE -   Forms semiconductor thin film containing silicon or germanium easily. Enables mfr of solar battery with large capacity.
(US5804945-A)      This invented control system of charging of a storage battery comprises an equal voltage charging section, a floating voltage charging section, a switching circuit which switches each output of above-mentioned two charging sections, a storage battery to which a switched output of the switching circuit should be given, and an accumulating area of a discharge amount of the storage battery which sends a signal to the switching circuit if an accumulated discharge amount becomes above a specified setting.    USE -   For providing a charging control system which can prolong a life time of a storage battery even though there is a fluctuating load.
(GB2312003-B)      A polymeric sheet comprises a fabric formed from fibres which have been treated by a graft-polymerisation reaction with a component which renders the fabric hydrophilic under such conditions that the component grafts preferentially on one surface of the fabric compared with the opposite surface, making that surface more hydrophilic than the opposite surface. The hydrophilic character of at least the opposite surface is substantially homogeneous over that surface.    Also claimed is a method of making a sheet as above.    USE -   The sheet is used as an electrode separator in an electrochemical device (claimed), especially a rechargeable battery such as a nickel-hydrogen battery.    ADVANTAGE -   The hydrophilic surface is more easily wetted by aqueous electrolyte, which can be advantageous in the region of the positive electrode. This can inhibit flow of hydrogen gas from the negative to the positive electrode when the battery is being recharged. The less hydrophilic surface leads to the creation of a three phase boundary at the surface of the negative electrode (between the surface of the electrode, the electrolyte and oxygen gas generated at the electrode) which can help to control the internal pressure in the battery on recharging due to the generation of oxygen. The homogeneous nature of the hydrophilic character provides even current density over the surface of an electrode in contact with the sheet when in use as an electrode separator. This can lead to an even discharge of the electrode and therefore efficient utilisation of the electrode material. It can minimise the formation of dendrites as can be a problem in certain rechargeable cells e.g. NiCd cells.
(WO9812762-A1)      Polymer gel electrolyte system (20) comprises: (i) an electrolyte active species adapted to promote ion transport between the anode (20) and cathode (30); and (ii) polymer support structure comprising inert, nonwoven first polymer and a gelling polymer selected from polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polyurethane, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinylpyrrolidinone and their mixtures. Also claimed is another electrolyte system comprising a liquid electrolyte active species, and a polymer support selected from polyethylene, polypropylene, polytetrafluoroethylene, polystyrene, polyethylene terephthalate, nylon, and their combinations, and a gelling polymer.    USE -   Used for electrochemical cells e.g. in batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   The novel system combines the properties of good mechanical strength, as well the ability to absorb sufficient amounts of liquid electrolytes to produce electrolytes of high conductivity of liquid electrolytes. The electrolyte prevents excessive swelling.
(DE19605154-C2)      In the preparation of methyl methacrylate copolymers with improved long-term UV-A transparency by copolymerisation of a monomer mixture in the presence of free-radical initiators and a sterically hindered amine, the monomer mixture comprises (a) 80-99.5 wt.% methyl methacrylate (MMA), 0-19.5 wt.% alkyl acrylate, (c) 0-10 wt.% alkyl methacrylate with more than 2 carbon (C) atoms in the alkyl group, styrene, vinyl acetate and/or monomers with 2 or more polymerisable double bonds and (d) 0.5-10 wt.% -methylene--butyrolactone(s) of formula (I); in which R1 = hydrogen (H); R2, R3, R4, R5 = H, 1-7 C alkyl or halogen, in which the alkyl groups may be branched or linear, may contain nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and sulphur (S) hetero-atoms and may have O-alkyl and/or halogen substituents and/or contain carbonyl groups; and R2 or R3 with R4 or R5 may complete a 5- or 6-membered ring to form a bicyclic compound. Also claimed are acrylic 'glass' plates with improved long-term UV-A transparency, that can be obtained by bulk polymerisation of this composition.    USE -   The plates are useful as UV-A-transparent glazing material or solar panels (all claimed). They are also useful e.g. for glazing greenhouses and conservatories, mouldings made by forming sheet, such as lamp covers etc., and as transparent acoustic screen walls.    ADVANTAGE -   The copolymers have good resistance to thermal damage. Addition of 0.5-10 wt.% (I) to the monomer mixture increases the transmission in the 280-390 nm range on weathering for 1000 or 3000 hours with a UV radiation source with a maximum at 300 nm.
(US5741608-A)      The battery consists of fine porous film (8) made of thermo fusion type resin, a negative electrode (3), and a positive electrode (2) which are layered alternately, that constitute a multilayered body. A heat resistant porous film (20) made of polyamide film or an inorganic film is arranged adjacent to each fine porous films.    USE -   For road levelling.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids damage caused to battery. Reduces discharge current. Inhibits short circuit generation.
(JP10233519-A)      The method involves forming a pellicular-resin layer on the light incidence side of a photovoltaic cell. A filler (1102) containing glass fiber and a transparent fluoride film (1103) are sequentially laminated on the photovoltaic cell. Pellicular- resin is filled in the gap between collector electrodes (1108).    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces time required for lamination. Offers superior surface coating. Improves damp proof and heat resistant property.    (US6191353-B1)      The solar cell module includes a photovoltaic element. The element has a light receiving face. The face has a collecting electrode with an electrically conductive coat and a surface side cover. The electrode is metal wire with either a gold or silver surface. The electrically conductive coat is formed of a paste. The cover includes a filler and a surface protective film which are sequentially laminated. The filler is an ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer.    A thin resin layer is interposed between the photovoltaic element and the filler so as to fill gaps present in the conductive coat. The filler is cross linked by an organic peroxide which has a one hour half life temperature of between one hundred and three hundred degrees Celsius.    USE -   For power generation.    ADVANTAGE -   Improved moisture resistance. Improved transparency. Improved surface side cover. Highly reliable. Heat resistant. Improved scratch resistance. Improved electrical insulation. Flexible cover. Improved appearance.
(US5837011-A)      A metal oxide textile which when heated has a multiband emission spectrum with peaks between 400 and 2500 nm and a tensile strength over 75 kPa, comprises a rare earth oxide of at least one of Ce, Dy, Er, Eu, Gd, Ho, Nd, Pr, Sm, Tb, Yb and Th.    Also claimed are: (i) a textile comprising an intimate mixture of a rare earth oxide as above and sufficient ThO2 so that the microcrystalline grain size is 2 micron maximum; and (ii) a method of making a textile by imbibing a polymeric organic textile with an aqueous nitrate solution, exposing the textile to gaseous ammonia to form a metal hydroxide, and heating the imbibed textile to produce a metal oxide textile.    USE -   The textile is a spectral emitter for semiconductor photovoltaic cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The composition is controlled to match the emission spectrum of the textile to the absorption spectrum of the cell. The presence of ThO2 restricts grain growth to produce strong, flexible fibres.
(JP3117627-B2)      The composition comprises 100 parts weight of organo-polysiloxane with a degree of polymerisation of 3,000-20,000 containing 93 molecule% or more methyl- and 0.01-2 molecule% vinyl-group combined to Si atoms, 40-130 parts weight of silica powders with a primary particle size of 0.1-10 nanometer coated with hexamethyl-disilazane and 0.05-15 parts weight of an organic peroxide. Also claimed are 0.1-5 mm sheets of the composition for the protection of solar battery module.    USE -   The protective sheets for solar battery module.    ADVANTAGE -   The composition produces sheets with the improved transparency, adhesion, flame resistance, weatherability and processability.
(JP9270273-A)      A secondary cell contains a liquid electrolyte, two electrodes and a polysulphide compound that is operatively associated with the cathode. The polysulphide is prevented from dissolving in the liquid electrolyte and is activatable into a conducting state.    One or more of the polysulphide bonds are broken so that ions in the liquid electrolyte are reversibly attracted. The material for activating the polysulphide in to a conductive state is associated with polysulphide and with the cathode, is electronically conducting, but insoluble in the electrolyte, and specifically comprises carbon or gold.    ADVANTAGE -   The cathode material allows a higher battery capacity with reversibility, good electronic conductivity and low solubility in the electrolyte.    (US5712057-A)      A secondary cell contains a liquid electrolyte, two electrodes and a polysulphide compound that is operatively associated with the cathode. The polysulphide is prevented from dissolving in the liquid electrolyte and is activatable into a conducting state.    One or more of the polysulphide bonds are broken so that ions in the liquid electrolyte are reversibly attracted. The material for activating the polysulphide in to a conductive state is associated with polysulphide and with the cathode, is electronically conducting, but insoluble in the electrolyte, and specifically comprises carbon or gold.    ADVANTAGE -   The cathode material allows a higher battery capacity with reversibility, good electronic conductivity and low solubility in the electrolyte.
(WO9813889-A1)      A rechargeable electrochemical cell includes an anode, a cathode and an electrolyte system comprising: (a) a polymeric support structure comprising at least 50 vol.% of a filler material and a gelling polymer; and (b) an electrolyte active species dispersed through at least the gelling polymer.    Also claimed are: (1) an electrolyte system for a rechargeable electrochemical cell as above, comprising a filler and a gelling polymer; and (2) the production of a highly filled polymer gel electrolyte for a rechargeable electrochemical cell comprising: (i) providing a mixture comprising at least 50 vol.% of an inert filler material, a gelling polymer and a processing aid; (ii) providing a processing aid; (iii) heating the mixture and the processing aid to a temperature sufficient to melt at least the gelling polymer; (iv) forming the mixture into a free-standing film; and (v) removing any residual processing aid from the film.    USE -   The polymer gel electrolytes are used in high performance batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   The electrolyte system has good mechanical integrity and it can absorb sufficient active species to produce an electrolyte with the high ionic conductance of liquid electrolytes. Use of the processing aid to reduce the processing temperature of the gelling polymer prevents degradation. When the electrolyte is cured, it adheres the layers of electrode material to the support structure.
(JP2914898-B2)      A cooling-water circulation line is connected to a cell stack and equipment with a water pressure controller.    ADVANTAGE -   The pressure and flow capacity of cooling water can be controlled independently.
(US5792575-A)      The sulphide-Li secondary battery has positive electrode having membrane of strong basic polymer compound.    ADVANTAGE -   The sulphide-Li secondary battery has good cycle life time and high energy density.
(EP771917-B1)      The method heats an essentially stationary body of water. The water is confined by e.g. polychloroprene skirts hanging down into it, from floats. Heating is effected especially by heat pump(s). One side of the heat pump receives water from the open section of water, extracts heat from it, and returns it there. On the other side of the heat pump, water from the confined region accepts the heat so extracted, and is returned back to the confined region. In the new method, heated water return is made below the surface of the confined water, by jets angled downwards. On the opposite side of the confined section, water is taken to the heat source. Extraction and return take place below the surface.    Also claimed is a plant substantially as described, with both main- (5) and additional, preferably rectangular hollow floats (6).    USE -   To delimit a stationary body of water using floats and synthetic rubber skirts, and heat it, e.g. using solar energy and/or heat pumps.    ADVANTAGE -   The method may be applied to raise the water temperature of a cold body of water locally. It may achieve a comfortable level, e.g. for bathing. Precise, well-distributed control of the temperature is readily achieved. Use of a heat pump, working between the enclosed and free bodies of water allows substantial energy savings to be made, in comparison with direct heating. The system may be used for bacteriological and chemical investigations on a comparative basis, testing samples from both within and outside the barrier. Good temperature insulation is claimed for the polychloroprene. In a test, with unspecified internal temperature, the temperature difference between the outside of the skirt and a point one metre away, outside the barrier, amounted to only 0.2-0.3C.
(US5807411-A)      An optical accumulator has a composite electrode obtd by coating filtering sheet with a polypyrrole film, and making a plaster-type polytungstic acid gel held on fibre of the polypyrrole film.    ADVANTAGE -   Electrode having high specific surface area, can be obtd..
(US5736269-A)      A porous 1st separator (16) is fitted into a hole (24) of a dense 2nd separator (18) to form a cooling chamber (25) between 1st (16) and 2nd (18) separators. The 1st separator (16) is pressed and swollen into the solid polymer electrolyte film side by the water pressure in the chamber (25).    ADVANTAGE -   The solid polymer electrolyte fuel battery has a simplified structure, can be miniaturised and decreases the resistance of electron and ion conduction.
(US5728230-A)      The module includes a photovoltaic element (101) which is enclosed in a transparent load material (102). A transparent resin film (103) covers this material. A back side coating layer (104) and reinforcing materials are formed to the rear side of the photovoltaic element, sequentially.    The backside coating layer includes a hard film (106) sandwiched between a pair of organic macromolecular resin layers (105).    ADVANTAGE -   Improves attachment intensity of resin layer. Raises lifetime of module. Simplifies mfg process.
(WO9826433-A1)      An element has a positive temp. coefft. (PTC) conductive compsn. formed by dispersing conductive particles covered with a thermoplastic resin into a thermosetting resin and at least 2 electrodes in contact with the PTC conductive compsn.. Each electrode consists of nickel foil. Roughening nickel plating is applied to the PTC conductive compsn.-contact surface of the nickel foil.    ADVANTAGE -   The use of the roughening nickel plating-applied electrodes reduces resistance at normal temp. as opposed to overcurrent protecting elements using metal foil. The result reduces power loss. Resistance is rapidly changed at higher temps. to exert high resistance making much difference between the high temps. and the normal temp.. The result increases a current runaway preventing effect to provide a thin and compact shape to the element. The element has a stable variation in resistance after continuous service allowing the use of the element for various electrical and electronic circuits requiring reliability. The thin and compact element is housed in a prim. battery or a sec. battery to provide a compact battery circuit, enhancing the reliability of the battery circuit.
(WO9732348-A1)      A storage battery comprises a pair of electrodes having a space therebetween, and an electrolyte pad, within the space, comprising a pair of outer porous layers and a quantity of acid gelling agent distributed between the porous layers and sealed therebetween.    Also claimed is a gel type acid storage battery comprising a pair of spaced electrodes and an electrolyte pad between the electrodes comprising a pair of outer superimposed porous fabric layers, a number of closed pockets between the fabric layers, and a quantity of powdered acid gelling agent in the pockets.    Also claimed is making a battery comprising providing a battery structure having adjacent positive and negative electrodes and a space therebetween; fabricating a porous pad having outer porous layers and a quantity of acid gelling agent between the porous layers in dry particulate form; inserting the pad into the space; and adding liq. acid to the space to form a gel between the acid and the gelling agent.    USE -   These storage batteries can be used in vehicles and for other uses.    ADVANTAGE -   The use of pre-assembled pads greatly facilitates the prodn. of a battery. The super-absorbing polymer causes rapid and uniform absorption of the battery acid to produce a uniform gel, free of voids. These polymers are capable of absorbing many times their wt. of acid without being chemically degraded substantially. The use of a number of individual pockets in the pad allows for uniform distribution of the gelling agent and better circulation of the acid. It also prevents settling of the gelling agent as well as gel blockage. The gel particles expand on addn. of the acid, causing the pad to expand and completely fill the electrolyte space, with good contact with the electrodes.
(US5746780-A)      The cylindrical electrode assembly is formed by winding an anode, a cathode, and a porous polymer separator to a circular or elliptic shape, and pressed to the non-circular shape electrodes. The gas permeating rate of the separator of the non-circular shape is arranged as 1.1-1.4 times of that of circular shape before pressing.    ADVANTAGE -   The battery having high rate discharge characteristic and good cycle characteristic is mfd. simply and efficiently.    (CN1140909-A)      The cylindrical electrode assembly is formed by winding an anode, a cathode, and a porous polymer separator to a circular or elliptic shape, and pressed to the non-circular shape electrodes. The gas permeating rate of the separator of the non-circular shape is arranged as 1.1-1.4 times of that of circular shape before pressing.    ADVANTAGE -   The battery having high rate discharge characteristic and good cycle characteristic is mfd. simply and efficiently.
(JP9151259-A)      The prodn. of a thin film solid polymer electrolyte having a thickness of 1-5 mils for use in electrochemical devices comprises (a) forming a liq. precursor soln. contg. monomers having a MW less than 300 and an electrolyte salt, (b) spreading the soln. in a thin film on a support, and (c) polymerising the soln. to produce a thin solid polymer electrolyte film.    USE -   The electrolyte films are used for the mfr. of solid state rechargeable batteries and other solid state electrochemical devices e.g. supercapacitors, fuel cells, and sensors.    ADVANTAGE -   The precursor soln. is free flowing, easy to process and polymerises to produce a crosslinked network with excellent mechanical properties and enhanced ambient temp. conductivity.
(JP9036405-A)      A semiconductor device having a semiconductor element is disclosed wherein the device comprises a stacked body formed from a laminate. The laminate consists of a semiconductor element (501) and a sealing resin (502,504) which are interposed between a surface member (503) and a back member (505). The laminate is vacuum-treated at a vacuum of 5 torr or less for 5-40 mins, thermocompression bonded at a vacuum of 5 torr or less and then cooled to engage in contact-bonding.    Also claimed is a process for producing a semiconductor device as above.    USE -   Suitable for fabricating semiconductor devices, esp. solar cell modules.    ADVANTAGE -   The solar cell module has an improved surface cover which resists peeling even under repeated exposure to outdoor conditions of changing temp. and humidity. The module contains no residual air bubbles and is produced to a high yield. Excellent adhesion is obtained between the surface members and the sealing resin.    (CN1146077-A)      A semiconductor device having a semiconductor element is disclosed wherein the device comprises a stacked body formed from a laminate. The laminate consists of a semiconductor element (501) and a sealing resin (502,504) which are interposed between a surface member (503) and a back member (505). The laminate is vacuum-treated at a vacuum of 5 torr or less for 5-40 mins, thermocompression bonded at a vacuum of 5 torr or less and then cooled to engage in contact-bonding.    Also claimed is a process for producing a semiconductor device as above.    USE -   Suitable for fabricating semiconductor devices, esp. solar cell modules.    ADVANTAGE -   The solar cell module has an improved surface cover which resists peeling even under repeated exposure to outdoor conditions of changing temp. and humidity. The module contains no residual air bubbles and is produced to a high yield. Excellent adhesion is obtained between the surface members and the sealing resin.
(EP834202-A1)      An Li ion rechargeable battery having C - based anode, a cathode based on an Li - intercalating cpd., and a non - aq. Li - ion conducting electrolyte. The anode comprises a K - intercalated graphite of formula KC8 as active material before the 1st cycle of the battery.    Also claimed is a battery as above contg. a graphite intercalation cpd. as active material resulting from the cycling of the KC8.    USE -   For popular electronic devices such as telephones, video recorders and computers.    ADVANTAGE -   The active material can be produced from inexpensive starting materials and gives better performance and allows a more flexible choice in cell design. The graphite structure reversibly intercalated Li up to an amt. corresp. to LiC6 in the subsequent cathodic cycle, at a fast rate. The kinetics of the electrochemical process are improved during the 1st discharge cycle, K is released into the electrolyte and Li is intercalated.    (US6087043-A)      An Li ion rechargeable battery having C - based anode, a cathode based on an Li - intercalating cpd., and a non - aq. Li - ion conducting electrolyte. The anode comprises a K - intercalated graphite of formula KC8 as active material before the 1st cycle of the battery.    Also claimed is a battery as above contg. a graphite intercalation cpd. as active material resulting from the cycling of the KC8.    USE -   For popular electronic devices such as telephones, video recorders and computers.    ADVANTAGE -   The active material can be produced from inexpensive starting materials and gives better performance and allows a more flexible choice in cell design. The graphite structure reversibly intercalated Li up to an amt. corresp. to LiC6 in the subsequent cathodic cycle, at a fast rate. The kinetics of the electrochemical process are improved during the 1st discharge cycle, K is released into the electrolyte and Li is intercalated.
(DE19522226-C2)      Water-activatable prim. cells are claimed, as are also batteries comprising a number of cells in the form of bipolar electrodes, the cells comprising highly water-activatable light metal (or alloy) anodes (1) and being such that (a) the cathode consists of two layers (3, 5) bonded together by a conductive metal net (4); (b) the layer (3) directed towards the anode (1) is of a conductive porous material and is in direct contact with net (4); and (c) the other layer (5) contains cpds. (opt. in admixt. with fillers) which form with water a conductive soln. of a depolarising oxidn. agent. The cathodes pref. contain polyethylene or PTFE.    ADVANTAGE -   The cells are activatable by fresh or seawater, while being environmentally-friendly and of high stability and safety and have an average capacity of 0.3 kW per kg.
(RU2105392-C1)      A lithium chemical current source contains an anode (1), a cathode (2) with a current collector in the form of a porous metal foil and a separator (3), while porous metal foil (4) is pressed to the anode. The anode and the cathode are equipped with the corresp. terminal (5,6). Oxidation of the lithium occurs on the anode during discharging and the initial oxide is reduced on the cathode (2), while the initial oxide is impregnated by the active cathode mass.    During use of sulphonyl chloride or thionyl chloride as a cathode oxidiser, discharging of the source is limited by precipitation of lithium chloride in the pores and the cathode and increase of the pressure in the element by formation of sulphur dioxide. The separator is made of glass-fibre or of other non-organic fibres, nickel or stainless steel is used for the construction material and glass or fluoroplastic is used as insulation. The nickel foil (4) with a thickness of 20-250 micrometres and porosity of 30-60% prevents formation of lithium dendrites because of its small pore size, ie. 1.0-40.0 micrometres.    USE -   Prodn. of rechargeable lithium chemical current sources    ADVANTAGE -   Increased working life and improved fire-explosion danger properties
(EP832502-A1)      An additive (I) for use in an electrochemical cell having an acidic electrolyte comprises a polyoxyalkylene nitrogen-contg. cpd.    Also claimed is an electrochemical cell having an acidic electrolyte and no added mercury, and comprising (I) as an additive.    USE -   To inhibit gassing and leakage in cells and batteries contg. no added mercury, including Leclanche and zinc chloride cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The additive reduces gassing, leakage and corrosion, preventing perforation of the can during use and storage without reducing the electrical performance of the cell.    (EP832502-B1)      An additive (I) for use in an electrochemical cell having an acidic electrolyte comprises a polyoxyalkylene nitrogen-contg. cpd.    Also claimed is an electrochemical cell having an acidic electrolyte and no added mercury, and comprising (I) as an additive.    USE -   To inhibit gassing and leakage in cells and batteries contg. no added mercury, including Leclanche and zinc chloride cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The additive reduces gassing, leakage and corrosion, preventing perforation of the can during use and storage without reducing the electrical performance of the cell.    (JP11511893-W)      An additive (I) for use in an electrochemical cell having an acidic electrolyte comprises a polyoxyalkylene nitrogen-contg. cpd.    Also claimed is an electrochemical cell having an acidic electrolyte and no added mercury, and comprising (I) as an additive.    USE -   To inhibit gassing and leakage in cells and batteries contg. no added mercury, including Leclanche and zinc chloride cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The additive reduces gassing, leakage and corrosion, preventing perforation of the can during use and storage without reducing the electrical performance of the cell.
(JP3158946-B2)      The enclosed type battery comprises a cell vessel to hold generating element, and a safety valve device to close the opening of the cell vessel. The safety valve device is composed of the dish-shaped enclosing plate having a gas vent in the centre of it, an elastic valve body placed on the dish-shaped enclosing plate to shut the gas vent, and a cap-shaped anode terminal in which the valve body is positioned in the valve chamber. The elastic valve body consists of mixture of thermoplastic elastomer and crosslinked ethylene-propylene rubber.    The thermoplastic elastomer to form the elastic valve body is composed of hard phase and soft phase. The hard phase comprises polypropylene or polyethylene. The soft phase comprises ethylene-propylene rubber. The ethylene-propylene rubber and the thermoplastic elastomer are mixed in a ratio of 1:2-1:4.     The operation pressure of the safety valve device shall be set at 4-8 kg/cm2at 100-120C, and the operating pressure shall be kept until the temp. reaches 250C.    USE -   The enclosed type battery is used as the rechargeable secondary cell.    ADVANTAGE -   The enclosed type battery having the highly safe safety valve device to prevent fire breakout of cell can be obtd.
(JP9045330-A)      The non-aq. sec. battery has one of the anode and cathode contg. Li or a Li-absorbable and desorbable substance as active material, and the other electrode contg. a lithium transition metal nitride having an anti-fluorite type structure as active material.    Also claimed is a cell where the cathode contains Li transition metal nitride as active material and the anode contains an Li-contg. MnO2 material with an Li/Mn ratio not greater than 0.5.    ADVANTAGE -   The cell is initially in a charge state, and is free from internal short circuits. Good charge-discharge repetition characteristics and high energy efficiency are suitable for low-voltage driven electronic devices. The cell is safe.    (US5702843-A)      The non-aq. sec. battery has one of the anode and cathode contg. Li or a Li-absorbable and desorbable substance as active material, and the other electrode contg. a lithium transition metal nitride having an anti-fluorite type structure as active material.    Also claimed is a cell where the cathode contains Li transition metal nitride as active material and the anode contains an Li-contg. MnO2 material with an Li/Mn ratio not greater than 0.5.    ADVANTAGE -   The cell is initially in a charge state, and is free from internal short circuits. Good charge-discharge repetition characteristics and high energy efficiency are suitable for low-voltage driven electronic devices. The cell is safe.
(NL1002582-C2)      A flow of nitrogen (I), obtained by feeding air to the cathode of a fuel cell and fuel to it's anode to form a fuel depleted flow and oxygen depleted air at the cathode as flow (I), is mixed with a hydrogen flow containing a hydrocarbon (II) to catalytically convert (II) to an ammonia product.    USE -   Ammonia production from synthesis gas.    ADVANTAGE -   The method has improved energy efficiency, together with an increase in capacity of existing plant. N2 and H2 mixture contains less carbon monoxide and dioxide.
(EP826432-A2)      A process for porous layer production on a substrate involves: (a) applying and drying a paste in an atmosphere containing the vapour of the liquid used in the paste, the vapour pressure being controlled such that the drying time is longer than 10 (preferably longer than 30) mins. per 10 microns layer thickness at the prevailing temperature; and (b) sintering the dried paste layer. Preferably, the drying temperature is at least 41 C below the boiling temperature of the liquid, preferably water, at atmospheric pressure.    USE -   For producing highly porous layers e.g. for photoelectrochemical or dye-sensitised solar cells, catalysts, catalyst supports or (thin film) chromatography.    ADVANTAGE -   The resulting layer has a higher porosity than prior art layers, the porosity increasing with increased drying time and relative humidity.
(US6113732-A)      A film deposition method comprises: (i) forming a deposit cavity wall around a film forming space, the wall being surrounded by an outer chamber (111); (ii) introducing a film forming gas into the film forming space; (iii) arranging a strip shaped base (103) on one of the side attachment walls of the film forming space, moving continuously along the longitudinal direction; (iv) generating a microwave plasma by providing microwave energy radiation; (v) continuously forming a film on the surface of the moving strip shaped base; (vi) arranging a heat conduction baffle plate and a temperature control jacket such that they cover the deposit cavity wall outside; and (vii) maintaining the deposit cavity wall at a suitable temperature for film deposition.    USE -   Used in the manufacture of solar battery for an electricity generation system.    ADVANTAGE -   The method restrains the temperature rise of the deposit cavity wall during the film formation.
(JP3035885-B2)      The solid ion conductor comprises ion-exchange resin as polymer matrix, in which hygroscopic inorganic porous particles of 0.1 m - 3 mm size are mixed and dispersed.    USE -   The solid ion conductor is used for fuel cells, primary cells, secondary cells, electrochromic displays, ion sensors, and gas sensors.    ADVANTAGE -   The solid ion conductor, having improved ion conductivity and uniform physical property, can be obtained.
(JP3143391-B2)      The method involves electrocoating of a ceramic particle to a thermo-couple strand (6) by electrophoresis method. The particle sinters and a ceramic film is formed.    ADVANTAGE -   Forms high quality thermo-couple overcoat easily.
(US5846668-A)      The battery has an anode reaction gas supply groove and a cathode reaction gas supply groove formed in a thin metal film like conductive resin plate. A separator plate (6A,6C) is laminated between the anode and the cathode in a parallel manner.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables efficient cooling of anode or cathode. Aims at miniaturization and simplification of battery structure.
(US5866471-A)      The method involves applying a solution of polysilane onto a substrate (1). The polysilane is expressed with a general formula (SiR12)n, where R is chosen from any one of alkyl group, phenyl group, silyl group consisting of two or more carbon atoms. After application of the polysilane solution, the substrate is heated, resulting in the formation of a semiconductor thin film.    ADVANTAGE -   Forms semiconductor thin film containing silicon or germanium easily. Enables mfr of solar battery with large capacity.
(US5952061-A)      Forming a silicon thin film comprises: (i) changing a substrate (11) inside a film forming chamber (1); (ii) introducing hydrogen gas inside the chamber; (iii) generating DC arc discharge plasma inside the chamber; and (iv) heating and evaporating metal silicon inside the chamber. Then, a silicon thin film is formed on the substrate under DC arc discharge plasma.    ADVANTAGE -   The method reduces the dangling bond density in silicon thin film.    (JP3007579-B2)      Forming a silicon thin film comprises: (i) changing a substrate (11) inside a film forming chamber (1); (ii) introducing hydrogen gas inside the chamber; (iii) generating DC arc discharge plasma inside the chamber; and (iv) heating and evaporating metal silicon inside the chamber. Then, a silicon thin film is formed on the substrate under DC arc discharge plasma.    ADVANTAGE -   The method reduces the dangling bond density in silicon thin film.
(JP2945955-B2)      The porous semiconductor electrode consists of niobium oxide with which suitable colouring material is added.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces production cost by using minimum number of sheets.
(DE19614774-C2)      The device for locally increasing light wave fields has a smooth substrate material (1) bearing the following sequence of layers: (a) a reflective layer (2); (b) a transparent resonator layer (3) with a thickness of , , 5/4, 7/4, 9/4, 11/4 or 13/4 of the mean wavelength of the employed light in the transparent material of the resonator layer; (c) a 2-5 nm thick reflector layer (4); (d) a 1.2-2.2 nm thick dielectric layer (5); (e) metal clusters (6) with an equivalent mean layer thickness of 1-3 nm; (f) a functional layer (7) requiring a high electric field strength of the light in the region down to about wavelength above the dielectric layer (5); and (g) a conventional uppermost transparent protective layer (8).    Also claimed is use of the above device in thin film solar cells, in which: (i) the functional layer (7) is a silicon layer which is applied directly onto the metal clusters (6) and which has a thickness of 30-150 nm depending on its doping and on a charge carrier separation layer formed as an active junction on production of the silicon layer and/or the uppermost transparent protective layer (8); (ii) the silicon layer is contacted from above by metal contacts (10) at the light-incident side and from below, via the underlying layers, by metal contacts (9a,9b); and (iii) the uppermost transparent protective layer (8) comprises silicon dioxide and is also used to insulate the metal contacts w.r.t. one another and the silicon layer.    ADVANTAGE -   The device produces a high light intensity in a thin surface region and allows use of a semiconductor functional layer of thickness corresponding to a few (preferably one) half wavelengths of the incident light.
(US5795502-A)      The ceramic has perovskite type crystal phase and oxide phase. The oxide phase has lanthanum as metallic component. The perovskite type crystal phase is expressed by the formula Rx+uMgy+vCrz, where R is metal chosen out of rare earth element except lanthanum. The constants are expressed by the relations as 0.0001 u/(x+y+z) 0.2, 0.2 &lt; (v+y)/(x+y+z) 0.6 and v &gt; 0.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables mass production of fuel battery at low temperature of 1600C or less. Obtains excellent stability in hot hydrogen environment.
(EP798799-B1)      Method for removing ammonia from reformed fuel cell power plant fuel gas comprises: (a) providing reformed fuel gas stream, (b) cooling the reformed fuel gas stream to 350F or less to form a cooled fuel gas stream and (c) exposing the cooled fuel gas stream to phosphoric acid to convert ammonia to ammonium phosphates sufficient to lower the concentration of ammonia in the cooled fuel gas stream to less than 1 p.p.m. A system for removing ammonia as above comprises: (a) reformer unit, (b) scrubbing unit for forming ammonia scrubber which contains phosphoric acid, (c) cooler unit for lowering the temperature of the reformed gas stream and (d) a unit for directing the reformed fuel gas stream from the reformed through the cooler and then through the scrubbing unit.    USE -   For removing ammonia from reformed fuel cell power plant fuel gas.    ADVANTAGE -   Effectively removes ammonia and extends operating life of ammonia removal system. Does not require scrubber beds in the system and does not depend on scrubber bed regeneration to achieve longer operational life. Minimizes acid loss due to evaporation.
(EP886886-A1)      A method of coating a component (4) of a high temperature fuel cell stack (2) with a vitreous layer (8, 10) involves applying the vitreous layer by enamelling, preferably after applying an enamel base material by screen printing or wet powder spraying.    Also claimed is a high temperature fuel cell stack with several components joined together by a vitreous layer produced by enamelling.    USE -   For production of a high temperature fuel cell stack (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   Unlike prior methods using solder glass green foils, the present method does not reduce the power density of the assembled stack, avoids bubble formation in the vitreous layer and, when wet powder spraying is used, reduces costs by at least a factor of 15-20 compared with conventional thermal spraying.    (JP2000506309-W)      A method of coating a component (4) of a high temperature fuel cell stack (2) with a vitreous layer (8, 10) involves applying the vitreous layer by enamelling, preferably after applying an enamel base material by screen printing or wet powder spraying.    Also claimed is a high temperature fuel cell stack with several components joined together by a vitreous layer produced by enamelling.    USE -   For production of a high temperature fuel cell stack (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   Unlike prior methods using solder glass green foils, the present method does not reduce the power density of the assembled stack, avoids bubble formation in the vitreous layer and, when wet powder spraying is used, reduces costs by at least a factor of 15-20 compared with conventional thermal spraying.
(US5964962-A)      The method involves spraying grinding particles by an injection nozzle (12), onto the front surface of a substrate, to form a rough surface. The level difference of the rough part of the substrate is maintained at 0.1 - 0.5 m. A laminated structure for photoelectric conversion is then formed on the front surface of the substrate.    ADVANTAGE -   The short circuit current of the solar battery is improved.
(DE19608719-A1)      Production of moulded parts having a layer of uniform finely ground sintered structure esp. made of metallic material comprises producing a negative form of the moulded part for the contour of one side of the moulded part; and forming the moulded part by applying the layer by means of plasma spraying to the negative form acting as substrate.    The moulded part itself is also claimed.    USE -   Used as components of solid electrolyte fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The moulded part can be easily produced.
(DE19606665-A1)      Assembly generating electrical energy with solid oxide fuel cells has an operating unit incorporating a heat exchanger (2) to pre-heat the gases and a stack of fuel cells (1). These components are incorporated within two separate housings linked by gas pipes. Fuel gas is introduced, and effluent gas is discharged, through hoods (39, 39').    The novelty is that: (a) the fuel cell section and the operating components are located in separate housings (40, 12); (b) the fuel cell section (1) and the operating components section (2) are joined by a short link (3); (c) the link (3) contains both electrical cables and gas pipes; (d) the link (3) contains transfer gas tubes (23, 24, 26; 7, 8) supplying fuel gas to, and removing effluent gas from, the fuel cell modules; (e) fixtures are installed by means of which the operating components (2) and fuel cell section (1) are adjusted, sealed (28) and secured (9) in position to the link (3).    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For positioning fuel cells and operating components into two housings to minimise thermal expansion in operating section. Integrity and sealing of assembly are ensured in face of temperature changes of 1000 C. relative movement of components to each other is minimised. Frangible ceramic components are so joined that they are not destroyed by extreme temperature changes.
(WO9749138-A1)      The catalyst assembly for placing in the anode compartment of an internally reforming fuel cell, where the compartment includes an anode and a current collector with a number of peak regions with spacer regions between them, the spacer regions facing the anode, has a member including a catalyst material, with openings through the member having a distribution and configuration so that the member can be inserted over the current collector with the peak regions being received in the openings.    Also claimed is an internally reforming fuel cell.    USE -   The catalyst member is used in an internally reforming fuel cell.    ADVANTAGE -   The fuel cell can be oriented as wished without the catalyst plate moving or coming into contact with the anode to deactivate the catalyst. Also the catalyst distribution in the cell is more uniform and assembly of the catalyst in the cell is simplified.    (EP963617-A1)      The catalyst assembly for placing in the anode compartment of an internally reforming fuel cell, where the compartment includes an anode and a current collector with a number of peak regions with spacer regions between them, the spacer regions facing the anode, has a member including a catalyst material, with openings through the member having a distribution and configuration so that the member can be inserted over the current collector with the peak regions being received in the openings.    Also claimed is an internally reforming fuel cell.    USE -   The catalyst member is used in an internally reforming fuel cell.    ADVANTAGE -   The fuel cell can be oriented as wished without the catalyst plate moving or coming into contact with the anode to deactivate the catalyst. Also the catalyst distribution in the cell is more uniform and assembly of the catalyst in the cell is simplified.
(JP9219531-A)      The method involves forming a n-type semiconductor area on a p-type semiconductor substrate.    A phosphating is formed to the n-type semiconductor area at low temperature.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents recombination of carrier. Inhibits reduction of crystalline quality. Offers highly efficient solar battery.    (US5759292-A)      The substrate (1) with the N-region is immersed into aqueous solution of the phosphoric acid, which consists of one or more components of a group, consisting of H3PO4, H3PO2, HPO3, sodium salts, potassium salts, and ammonia salts of such acids.    Preferably the treatment is carried out at temperature between room temperature and 200 degrees C. On the N-region is then deposited a silicon nitride layer, typically by CVD in thermal vacuum. The P-substrate and/or the N-region are of amorphous material.    ADVANTAGE -   More suited to amorphous substrates. Increased conversion efficiency.
(WO9730001-A1)      A component comprises a glass or glass ceramic substrate having a material applied either directly or via intermediate layer(s) between the substrate and the material The substrate is thermally stable at temperatures up to at least 700C and has a coefficient of thermal expansion which is the same as that of the material. A glass or ceramic composition is also claimed.    USE -   Used as substrates for solar cells and TFT's.    ADVANTAGE -   The refractory glass or ceramic withstands high temperatures and gives good performance at reduced cost.
(GB2310217-B)      A closed system fuel cell is new. Water fuel from a reservoir (1) enters a gas liberator (4) where it is electrolytically decomposed to produce a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen. The gas mixture is burnt in a double chamber combustion chamber (8, 10) to reform water vapour which is condensed and returned to the water reservoir for recycling. The volume of the gas evolved is dependent upon the surface areas of the inert electrodes and the distance between them. The thermal energy obtained from combustion of the gas is used to power a related open system.    USE -   For heating radiators associated with a central heating system.    ADVANTAGE -   Large volumes of gas may be evolved using low voltages. Loss of energy during electrolysis is minimised.
(US6218702-B1)      A new microcrystalline Si layer contains silicon and 1 element selected from hydrogen, fluorine and chlorine. The layer further contains metal elements which promote crystallisation of silicon. The concentration of the metal elements is 5 x 1016 - 5 x 1019/cm3.    Also claimed is the production of the Si layer where source gases containing the constituents of the Si layer and the metal elements are decomposed by glow discharging.    Also claimed is a new photoelectric converter which consists of a p-type or n-type microcrystalline Si layer which contains the metal elements. Another photoelectric converter has a PIN junction which is made from the microcrystalline Si layer.    Also claimed is the production of the photoelectric converter.    USE -   Used for solar cells or thin film transistors.    ADVANTAGE -   Microcrystalline Si layers as thin as 10 mm thick are easily formed by adding the metal elements to the source gases.
(US5980716-A)      The unit includes a modifier from which water obtained by condensation of combustion gas, is collected along with water obtained by condensation of gas exhausted from an air pole of the fuel battery. Carbon dioxide dissolved in the condensed water is removed. The condensed water is lead to a recovery tank after which it is treated using a film filter.    An adsorber performs selective adsorption treatment of residual iron ion from the filtered product. Deionisation is carried out using ion exchange resin of an electrodialyser.    ADVANTAGE -   Eliminates need of chemical. Improves compactness of device.
(EP874968-A1)      Coloured solar energy converter (absorber) for converting solar energy to heat, with a surface of a highly effective selective absorber with increased reflectivity in the range of a defined wave length to produce a desired visual colour effect. A method of manufacture and application of same is also claimed.    USE -   For decorative solar heating panels.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides coloured decorative solar collectors with a small loss of conversion efficiency.    (EP874968-B1)      Coloured solar energy converter (absorber) for converting solar energy to heat, with a surface of a highly effective selective absorber with increased reflectivity in the range of a defined wave length to produce a desired visual colour effect. A method of manufacture and application of same is also claimed.    USE -   For decorative solar heating panels.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides coloured decorative solar collectors with a small loss of conversion efficiency.    (DE19601238-C2)      Coloured solar energy converter (absorber) for converting solar energy to heat, with a surface of a highly effective selective absorber with increased reflectivity in the range of a defined wave length to produce a desired visual colour effect. A method of manufacture and application of same is also claimed.    USE -   For decorative solar heating panels.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides coloured decorative solar collectors with a small loss of conversion efficiency.
(WO9747787-A1)      The electrochemical half-cell (1) comprises one or more electrolyte-holding electrode spaces (3,15) separated from a gas space (2) by at least one gas diffusion electrode (14) acting as anode or cathode, the gas space (2) being divided into two or more separate overlying gas pockets (2a-d) having an opening to the electrolyte (100) for equalising the pressure in each pocket with the pressure of the electrolyte liquid column in the corresponding part (15) of the electrode space (3,15) ahead of the gas diffusion electrode (14). The gas inlet (7) and the gas outlet (12a-d) of the individual gas pockets are separate from one another.    Preferably, the gas inlet and outlet of each gas pocket are sideways offset to result in sideways flow of electrode gas in the gas pocket.    USE -   Used e.g. as an oxygen-consuming cathode (e.g. as described in US 4657651) for alkali metal halide electrolysis.    ADVANTAGE -   The half-cell combines simple pressure compensation with active flushing of gas from the gas space beyond the diffusion electrode.
(DE19601922-C2)      Alkaline earth aluminoborosilicate glass contains (in wt.%): 50-65 SiO2, 10-20 Al2O3, 5-15 B2O3, 0.01-1 SnO, 0.1-2 ZrO2, 0-10 MgO, 0-20 CaO, 0-20 SrO, 0-20 BaO, 0-10 ZnO, 0-10 La2O3, 0-10 Nb2O5, 0-10 Ta2O5, and 0-10 TiO2.    USE -   The glass is used as a substrate for flat panel displays used in the computer industry, e.g. as liquid crystal display, or as thin layer solar cells, as substrate for colour filters, sensors and other optical applications and as masks (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   The glass has high chemical homogeneity and high crystallisation stability with low thermal expansion, high thermal and chemical resistance, low density and relatively low melting and processing viscosity.
(JP10233519-A)      The method involves forming a pellicular-resin layer on the light incidence side of a photovoltaic cell. A filler (1102) containing glass fiber and a transparent fluoride film (1103) are sequentially laminated on the photovoltaic cell. Pellicular- resin is filled in the gap between collector electrodes (1108).    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces time required for lamination. Offers superior surface coating. Improves damp proof and heat resistant property.    (US6191353-B1)      The solar cell module includes a photovoltaic element. The element has a light receiving face. The face has a collecting electrode with an electrically conductive coat and a surface side cover. The electrode is metal wire with either a gold or silver surface. The electrically conductive coat is formed of a paste. The cover includes a filler and a surface protective film which are sequentially laminated. The filler is an ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer.    A thin resin layer is interposed between the photovoltaic element and the filler so as to fill gaps present in the conductive coat. The filler is cross linked by an organic peroxide which has a one hour half life temperature of between one hundred and three hundred degrees Celsius.    USE -   For power generation.    ADVANTAGE -   Improved moisture resistance. Improved transparency. Improved surface side cover. Highly reliable. Heat resistant. Improved scratch resistance. Improved electrical insulation. Flexible cover. Improved appearance.
(WO9734332-A1)       A high temperature fuel cell interconnector element, consisting of a high temperature metallic material (preferably a chromium oxide-forming alloy), has a LaB6surface layer preferably at the oxide/gas interface.    ADVANTAGE -    The LaB6 has good layer-forming properties, is stable in air at room temperature and, on high temperature use in oxidising media, undergoes solid state reaction with the interconnector (especially bipolar plate) material to form a layer of LaCrO3 or a double layer of Cr2 O3 and LaCrO3, this (double) layer being very thin and having very good adhesion and good electrical conductivity. The resulting interconnector element (bipolar plate) has long life, exhibits reduced evaporation of chromium-containing compounds and is compatible with the cathode material.
(US5731031-A)      A process for the chemical-bath deposition of CuxSen, where x = 1 to 2 and n = 1 to 3, comprises: a) providing a reaction vessel containing a substrate upon which one or more layers of CuxSen will form; b) providing within the vessel a solution of a Se compound and a Cu compound, present in sufficient quantities to react to form CuxSen, together with hydrazine; c) adjusting the pH of the solution to a value in the range 7-14 by adding a base; and d) allowing the Se compound and a Cu compound to react to form CuxSen which is deposited as a layer on the substrate and as a powder within the vessel. Also claimed are similar processes for the chemical bath deposition of other specified cpds. contg. copper and/or selenium.    USE -   Useful for the production of sulphide and selenide films suitable as absorbers in the construction of solar cells.    ADVANTAGE -   Hydrazine is present in the reactions (present optionally in the case of Ga-containing films) to function as a strong reducing agent and thereby enhance the reaction whilst reducing the reaction time. The invented process of film and powder is achieved efficiently and economically.
(DE19547701-C2)      In an oxidic material with at least one delimited case region, ionic conductivity predominates over electronic conductivity in the oxidic material and electroconductivity predominates over ionic conductivity in the case region because of other cations.    USE -   Used as electrode/electrolyte in a fuel cell (claimed), especially in a high temperature fuel cell with e.g. hydrogen as fuel.    ADVANTAGE -   The material provides a mechanically stable combination of ionically conductive oxidic material (serving as electrolyte in a fuel cell) and an electronically conductive case region (serving as fuel cell cathode and/or anode) and permits reduction of fuel cell temperature.
(JP3117627-B2)      The composition comprises 100 parts weight of organo-polysiloxane with a degree of polymerisation of 3,000-20,000 containing 93 molecule% or more methyl- and 0.01-2 molecule% vinyl-group combined to Si atoms, 40-130 parts weight of silica powders with a primary particle size of 0.1-10 nanometer coated with hexamethyl-disilazane and 0.05-15 parts weight of an organic peroxide. Also claimed are 0.1-5 mm sheets of the composition for the protection of solar battery module.    USE -   The protective sheets for solar battery module.    ADVANTAGE -   The composition produces sheets with the improved transparency, adhesion, flame resistance, weatherability and processability.
(JP2783401-B2)      A wet seal section is formed in a fuel-oxidant gas separator, between a fuel electrode and an oxygen electrode in the cell stack.    ADVANTAGE -   The fastening force can be applied uniformly to the cells.
(EP827227-A2)      Hydrogen rich fuel gas (I) containing an amount of carbon monoxide sufficient enough to poison a fuel cell anode is oxidised to selectively convert carbon monoxide using oxygen (II) and provide a fuel gas stream (III) for a fuel cell with a lower CO content than in (I). The flow rate of (II) to the oxidation reaction is controlled to optimise the oxidation of CO and minimise the hydrogen consumption by: (a) measuring the H2 concentration in the gas (I) and stream (III) to determine a first concentration difference; (b) determining a second control difference based on the concentration obtained in (a) and a reference difference between the hydrogen concentration in (I) and (III); (c) determining the ideal O2 flow rate needed for the oxidation reaction to achieve the reference difference corresponding to the ideal difference; (d) determining the difference between the actual O2 flow rate and the ideal O2 flow rate to the oxidation reaction; (e) generating an output signal based on the difference; and (f) modulating the O2 flow rate to the CO oxidation reaction in response to the signal to give the ideal O2 flow rate.    USE -   Control of O2 or air supply to a preferential oxidation reactor used to lower the CO content of the H2 rich reformate from a shift reactor of an methyl alcohol reformer used to supply a fuel cell.    ADVANTAGE -   CO which poisons the catalyst of a fuel cell anode is optimally removed from the feed stream.
(US6084175-A)      Semiconductor device comprising: semiconductor body with array of peaks and valleys on the surface; channel in surface running through peaks and to depth of valleys; narrower groove under channel and under surface; metal conductive layer in groove forming cooperative buried contact in the absence of zig-zag metallisation of varying depths.    Also claimed are photovoltaic device and its production, device comprising: poly- or mono-crystalline silicon wafer providing solar cell of textured surface to decrease light reflection and increase efficiency, having apexes and a base; wafer having parallel sets of channels providing contact trenches extending through surface apexes and to depth of base; SiO, Si3N4 or oxides insulation in and covering trenches to prevent metal contacting trench to minimise shadowing; metallisation finger and bus bar grooves aligned with and under trenches and spanning lesser width; nickel, copper or silver conductive layers in grooves cooperating to form buried contact; front trenches cooperating to enhance open circuit voltage of device.    Claimed method of device manufacture involves: phosphorus or nitrogen type mono or poly crystalline silicon wafer treated into array of solar cells enhanced by macro-texturing forming channels; forming emitter and diffusing opposite polarity regions into wafer to form active area under front trench; insulating contact trenches; cutting grooves; diffusing opposite polarity under grooves and forming conductive buried contacts by plating.    USE -   Buried contact semiconductor devices such as solar cells.    ADVANTAGE -   Production cost lowered and time shortened;less metal wastage and lower material requirements; attractive, economical, dependable and effective devices result.
(CN1147156-A)      Silicon structure comprises a group of silicon cylinders that contain silicon and face irregular directions.    USE -   Used in luminescent devices and solar cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The silicon structure does not require formation of texture, which needs complicated processes. When the silicon structure is used in a solar cell, a solar cell with high conversion efficiency is produced.
(JP2799842-B2)      A lithium aluminate is obtained from an anodically oxidised aluminium, and is granulated into the particles of sub-micron size, to be used as an electrolyte holding material.    ADVANTAGE -   A large quantity of electrolyte can be held, and resistance to an ion conduction is low.
(US5714276-A)      Fuel gas is produced from methanol, and unconverted methanol is rejected from the produced fuel gas. The resulting fuel is then supplied to the cell stack.    ADVANTAGE -   Battery performance drop due to unconverted methanol in fuel gas can be prevented.    (US6045933-A)      Fuel gas is produced from methanol, and unconverted methanol is rejected from the produced fuel gas. The resulting fuel is then supplied to the cell stack.    ADVANTAGE -   Battery performance drop due to unconverted methanol in fuel gas can be prevented.
(US5817718-A)      A new solid polymer electrolyte membrane for fuel cells is made of a polymer which consists of a co-polymer main chain prepared from fluorocarbon vinyl monomers and hydrocarbon vinyl monomers and side chains of hydrocarbon having sulphonic acid groups.    Production of the new solid polymer electrolyte membrane is also claimed comprising: (a) irradiating a copolymer of fluorocarbon vinyl monomers and hydrocarbon vinyl monomers with radiation, then polymerisable alkenylbenzene is contacted to the copolymer to form side chains by graft-polymerisation and (b) incorporating sulphonic acid groups into the side chains.    USE -   For fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The new membrane has a higher tensile strength, a good flexibility, and a lower electrical resistance. It is low cost.    (US5994426-A)      A new solid polymer electrolyte membrane for fuel cells is made of a polymer which consists of a co-polymer main chain prepared from fluorocarbon vinyl monomers and hydrocarbon vinyl monomers and side chains of hydrocarbon having sulphonic acid groups.    Production of the new solid polymer electrolyte membrane is also claimed comprising: (a) irradiating a copolymer of fluorocarbon vinyl monomers and hydrocarbon vinyl monomers with radiation, then polymerisable alkenylbenzene is contacted to the copolymer to form side chains by graft-polymerisation and (b) incorporating sulphonic acid groups into the side chains.    USE -   For fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The new membrane has a higher tensile strength, a good flexibility, and a lower electrical resistance. It is low cost.
(US5928807-A)      The polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell comprises at least one membrane electrode unit which has conducting electrode layers on opposite sides, distribution plates made of an elastic, plastic deformable material and integrated channels for the removal reaction and/or coolant media. A seal is located between the distribution plates and the membrane electrodes to seal off the individual gas and liquid chambers. The seal (14) is formed by integrated raised areas (16) in the distribution plates.    ADVANTAGE -   The fuel cell is simple to produce and is reliable in operation.    (DE19542475-C2)      The polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell comprises at least one membrane electrode unit which has conducting electrode layers on opposite sides, distribution plates made of an elastic, plastic deformable material and integrated channels for the removal reaction and/or coolant media. A seal is located between the distribution plates and the membrane electrodes to seal off the individual gas and liquid chambers. The seal (14) is formed by integrated raised areas (16) in the distribution plates.    ADVANTAGE -   The fuel cell is simple to produce and is reliable in operation.    (EP774794-B1)      The polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell comprises at least one membrane electrode unit which has conducting electrode layers on opposite sides, distribution plates made of an elastic, plastic deformable material and integrated channels for the removal reaction and/or coolant media. A seal is located between the distribution plates and the membrane electrodes to seal off the individual gas and liquid chambers. The seal (14) is formed by integrated raised areas (16) in the distribution plates.    ADVANTAGE -   The fuel cell is simple to produce and is reliable in operation.
(US5827495-A)      The fused carbonate fuel battery comprises a holding material incorporated with an lithium aluminate and 0.60 of a half value breadth of the (104) peak of the -LiAlO2 powder X-ray diffraction in the fused carbonate type fuel battery having the fuel pole, oxidising agent pole, and electrolytic pole.    ADVANTAGE -   Inhibits change of electrolytic plate fine structure, and increase of electrolytic plate resistance.    (US6037076-A)      The fused carbonate fuel battery comprises a holding material incorporated with an lithium aluminate and 0.60 of a half value breadth of the (104) peak of the -LiAlO2 powder X-ray diffraction in the fused carbonate type fuel battery having the fuel pole, oxidising agent pole, and electrolytic pole.    ADVANTAGE -   Inhibits change of electrolytic plate fine structure, and increase of electrolytic plate resistance.
(JP2914898-B2)      A cooling-water circulation line is connected to a cell stack and equipment with a water pressure controller.    ADVANTAGE -   The pressure and flow capacity of cooling water can be controlled independently.
(DE19541074-C2)      Silicon or Si alloy material from solar cells or modules is recovered by comminuting and mixing with iron and Si-containing materials for melting down and conversion into ferro-silicon. Preferably, frames of solar modules are first removed for separate treatment and the Si material is granulated by shredding for melting in an electric arc furnace. The ferro-silicon product is preferably used in steel manufacture.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids dumping in landfill and generates useful product.
(DE19539648-C2)      Reactor for selectively oxidising carbon monoxide in hydrogen-rich gas comprises a reaction chamber (4), into which is fed the hydrogen-rich gas and oxygen or air and containing a catalyst, and a cooling chamber through which a cooling medium flows. The novelty is that the reactor (1) is constructed by stacking separating walls (3) in a filter press manner, where each reaction and cooling chamber is constructed with two neighbouring separating walls (3). The catalyst material (6) is applied on the surfaces of the walls facing the reaction chamber.    USE -   The reactor is used to remove carbon monoxide from hydrogen-containing reformate for mobile fuel cells (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   The reactor is compact, and the carbon monoxide amount is reduced to below 50 ppm..
(EP780916-B1)      A proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell has at least one cell comprising two electrodes, a membrane electrolyte for ionic conduction and a conductive contact. The contact element comprises a metal core (50) of Al or Ti, on which is a protective coating (52) and a micro-discontinuous Ti nitride topcoat (54) which has many defects, exposing the protective coating to a corrosive operating environment within the fuel cell. The protective coating is susceptible to oxidative passivation by this environment to form a corrosion barrier and thus protects the core.    USE -   As a proton exchange membrane fuel cell for electric vehicles    ADVANTAGE -   Corrosion of the contact element core with consequent increase in electronic resistance is prevented and cell life is prolonged.    (US37284-E)      A proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell has at least one cell comprising two electrodes, a membrane electrolyte for ionic conduction and a conductive contact. The contact element comprises a metal core (50) of Al or Ti, on which is a protective coating (52) and a micro-discontinuous Ti nitride topcoat (54) which has many defects, exposing the protective coating to a corrosive operating environment within the fuel cell. The protective coating is susceptible to oxidative passivation by this environment to form a corrosion barrier and thus protects the core.    USE -   As a proton exchange membrane fuel cell for electric vehicles    ADVANTAGE -   Corrosion of the contact element core with consequent increase in electronic resistance is prevented and cell life is prolonged.
(JP2692736-B2)      The production comprises ion exchange-adsorbing a cation exchange membrane to a gold phenanthroline complex; and reducing the cation exchange membrane in an aqueous solution of sulphite and/or an aqueous solution of ascorbic acid or its salt.    USE -   The method produces the gold ion exchange membrane body by joining gold to the surface of the cation exchange membrane used in an electrode material.    ADVANTAGE -   The method produces the gold ion exchange membrane body with superior adhesion between the cation exchange membrane and the gold, and low contact resistance. Growing a gold layer on the surface of the gold-ion exchange membrane body yields a catalytic electrode body with resistance to various electrolytic baths using a solid macromolecular electrolyte.
(JP2849704-B2)       Bismuth vanadium oxide compounds for oxide ionic conductor of Bi46 V8 O89(in atomic ratio) with a triclinic crystal structure are claimed.     Also claimed is the preparation of a bismuth vanadium oxide compound of Bi46 V8 O89with a triclinic crystal structure, which comprises mixing bismuth oxide, or a compound which decomposes to bismuth oxide through heating, and vanadium pentoxide, or a compound which decomposes to vanadium pentoxide through heating, in a mole ratio of bismuth oxide to vanadium pentoxide to 23:4 and heating the mixture at temperatures of up to 950C.     Also claimed is an alternative preparation of a bismuth vanadium oxide compound, which comprises mixing bismuth oxide, or a compound which decomposes to bismuth oxide through heating, and vanadium pentoxide, or a compound which decomposes to vanadium pentoxide through heating, in a mole ratio of bismuth oxide to vanadium pentoxide of 23:4, heating and melting the mixture at temperatures of 950C, and obtaining bismuth vanadium oxide single crystals of Bi46 V8 O89with a triclinic crystal structure by a pull method, Bridgman method, or annealing method.    USE -   The bismuth vanadium oxide compound obtained can be used as high functional oxide ionic conductor, such as materials of sensors, electrolytes, oxygen pumps, and fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The bismuth vanadium oxide compounds obtained have a new triclinic crystal structure and high oxide ion transport numbers.
(US5797999-A)      The mfg method involves forming a first conductivity type amorphous silicon film, on a substrate (1). The amorphous silicon film is subjected to heat treatment thereby forming a first crystalline silicon film (4).    Nickel silicide layer formed on the first crystalline silicon film is removed and then a second crystalline film (6) of second conductivity type is formed.    ADVANTAGE -   Forms crystalline silicon film with big crystal gain on cheap metal substrate, easily. Improves photoelectric conversion efficiency.
(JP2796521-B2)      A path of a reaction gas is divided into many areas inside a battery plane. The fuel cell comprises a gas concentration meter, judging equipment which computes an electric current value from a difference in the gas concentration, and a controller which controls a discharge flow control valve. An appropriate amount of gas corresponding to a distribution of electric current can be supplied.    USE -   Used for providing a fuel cell which can measure a special area within a battery.
(JP2866034-B2)      A first group of support parts which contact an electrode and a partition is set in an exit side of a fuel gas that passes through an oxidising agent gas route provided to whole area of cathode side of cell. A second group of support parts is set in an entrance side of the fuel gas. More oxidising agent gas flows through the entrance side of the high temperature fuel gas. Less oxidising agent gas flows through the exit side of the low temperature fuel gas.    ADVANTAGE -   Uniform temperature distribution.
(DE19539699-C2)      This novel method refurbishes defective solar modules (SM) having a laminated structure (9) which includes a substrate (1). In the new process, the latter is delaminated, with the help of a water jet (11).    Preferably, the jet (11) is directed at an acute angle (), no greater than 45, against the laminate structure (9). A jet pressure of 200-600 bar is employed, and the nozzle (10) opening angle is no more than 30, whilst its diameter is 1-5 mm. During delamination, the nozzle rotates about an axis approximately perpendicular to the solar module. The nozzle opening is rectangular or rounded.    USE -   Process repairs solar modules containing electrical solar cells, and recycles any components necessarily discarded.    ADVANTAGE -   Solar cells in laminated structures are vulnerable to external influences, and several types of failure are possible. Repair difficulties used to see these failed modules consigned to trade waste, an increasingly-expensive disposal route. The procedure described is an economic and environmentally-friendly method of dealing with the problem. Use of a water jet allows the layers to be separated and the defective cells to be released. Defective soldering is made good, the cells replaced or exchanged as appropriate. Re-laminating then yields a fully-useable solar module. Re-cycling many parts of the module is possible, leaving only silicon and metal strips, a negligible proportion of the total waste. The nozzle features described, and lifting, assist rapid delamination.
(US5711824-A)      The battery has an organic resin substrate (5) on which, an optical reflecting electrode, a photoelectric conversion layer and a transparent electrode are formed. An Al,Ni,Si or Cu impurity of 0.1-6 weight % is added to reflecting electrode.    An Al film is formed at a temperature between 50-200 deg C by spectering method on the substrates. Gas components are removed from the substrate before forming the Al film.    ADVANTAGE -   Raises photoelectric conversion efficiency. Prevents generation of short circuit between electrodes.    (US5891264-A)      The battery has an organic resin substrate (5) on which, an optical reflecting electrode, a photoelectric conversion layer and a transparent electrode are formed. An Al,Ni,Si or Cu impurity of 0.1-6 weight % is added to reflecting electrode.    An Al film is formed at a temperature between 50-200 deg C by spectering method on the substrates. Gas components are removed from the substrate before forming the Al film.    ADVANTAGE -   Raises photoelectric conversion efficiency. Prevents generation of short circuit between electrodes.
(US5736269-A)      A porous 1st separator (16) is fitted into a hole (24) of a dense 2nd separator (18) to form a cooling chamber (25) between 1st (16) and 2nd (18) separators. The 1st separator (16) is pressed and swollen into the solid polymer electrolyte film side by the water pressure in the chamber (25).    ADVANTAGE -   The solid polymer electrolyte fuel battery has a simplified structure, can be miniaturised and decreases the resistance of electron and ion conduction.
(JP3072034-B2)      An invented separator for a fuel battery comprises: (a) a centre plate which separates an anode gas from a cathode gas; (b) two mask plates which hold the centre plate and are placed in parallel with each other; and (c) a punch plate which contacts inside planes of the mask plates and covers an opening for an electrode.    The centre plate is wavy formed over an outer circumference of the mask plate.    USE -   For suppressing a deformation of a separator which may happen through a pressing process.
(JP3072033-B2)      The separator is provided with the centre plate to separate anode gas and cathode gas, which is formed by pressing laminated Ni-steel and stainless steel plates.    ADVANTAGE -   The centre plate of the separator is formed by pressing of laminated Ni-steel plate and stainless steel plates.
(JP3072032-B2)      The separator for a fuel battery comprises an almost rectangular flat type cathode mask, a cathode collector, a centre plate, an anode collector and an anode mask. The centre plate has a concave and convex area for an electrode formed by a pressing process and has another concave and convex area for a mask. The centre plate surrounds all through holes for gas and an opening of the anode mask, comprising a closed type ring-shaped anode seal ring area which supports the anode mask and a closed type ring-shaped cathode seal ring area which supports the cathode mask.    USE -   Used for providing a separator for a fuel battery which is soft, high in flat precision and economic. It can also largely decrease a by-pass flow flowing outside a reaction area.
(ZA9608080-A)      Prepn. of a semiconductor film comprises depositing nanoparticles of semiconductor onto a substrate at sufficient surface temp. to cause simultaneous particle fusion and give coalescence and film growth.    USE -   In forming semiconductor films, esp. of CdTe in solar cell construction    ADVANTAGE -   The process is one-step, gives smooth, contiguous phase-pure films which may be thick and avoids high temps.    (US5711803-A)      Prepn. of a semiconductor film comprises depositing nanoparticles of semiconductor onto a substrate at sufficient surface temp. to cause simultaneous particle fusion and give coalescence and film growth.    USE -   In forming semiconductor films, esp. of CdTe in solar cell construction    ADVANTAGE -   The process is one-step, gives smooth, contiguous phase-pure films which may be thick and avoids high temps.
(US5728230-A)      The module includes a photovoltaic element (101) which is enclosed in a transparent load material (102). A transparent resin film (103) covers this material. A back side coating layer (104) and reinforcing materials are formed to the rear side of the photovoltaic element, sequentially.    The backside coating layer includes a hard film (106) sandwiched between a pair of organic macromolecular resin layers (105).    ADVANTAGE -   Improves attachment intensity of resin layer. Raises lifetime of module. Simplifies mfg process.
(US5744370-A)      A thin film of silicon is formed on a substrate by electron beam deposition, by simultaneously irradiating a thin film of silicon with assist ions. The assist ions have an energy of 300-1500 eV. The ratio of the number of assist ions to the number of silicon atoms deposited on the substrate (I/A) is 0.2-1.1.    Also claimed is the prodn. of a solar battery using the thin film of silicon for part of the solar battery.    ADVANTAGE -   The thin film of silicon has low resistivity and good light absorption, and superior electrical characteristics and optical characteristics compared with conventional thin films of amorphous silicon. The thin film of silicon is formed on different materials, including a glass substrate at normal temp. with superior adhesion. The thin film of silicon has no grain boundary, and provides the solar battery with long carrier life time.    (JP3119131-B2)      A thin film of silicon is formed on a substrate by electron beam deposition, by simultaneously irradiating a thin film of silicon with assist ions. The assist ions have an energy of 300-1500 eV. The ratio of the number of assist ions to the number of silicon atoms deposited on the substrate (I/A) is 0.2-1.1.    Also claimed is the prodn. of a solar battery using the thin film of silicon for part of the solar battery.    ADVANTAGE -   The thin film of silicon has low resistivity and good light absorption, and superior electrical characteristics and optical characteristics compared with conventional thin films of amorphous silicon. The thin film of silicon is formed on different materials, including a glass substrate at normal temp. with superior adhesion. The thin film of silicon has no grain boundary, and provides the solar battery with long carrier life time.
(US5702838-A)      The catalyst material for removing CO comprises an A-type zeolite carrying at least one of Pt, Pd, Ru, Au, Rh, Ir or an alloy of two or more of these metals.    Also claimed are a fuel cell device, a process for removing carbon monoxide in a reformed gas, and a process for removing carbon monoxide in the reformed gas fed to the fuel cell.    USE -   Used within a polymer electrolyte fuel cell.    ADVANTAGE -   The catalyst removes CO at a lower temp. and provides good long-term reliability.    (JP9320624-A)      The catalyst material for removing CO comprises an A-type zeolite carrying at least one of Pt, Pd, Ru, Au, Rh, Ir or an alloy of two or more of these metals.    Also claimed are a fuel cell device, a process for removing carbon monoxide in a reformed gas, and a process for removing carbon monoxide in the reformed gas fed to the fuel cell.    USE -   Used within a polymer electrolyte fuel cell.    ADVANTAGE -   The catalyst removes CO at a lower temp. and provides good long-term reliability.
(JP2793523-B2)      The battery comprises a platinum-ruthenium catalyst with 50-85 wt.% of the ruthenium to platinum in the fuel pole and 100-120 C of an operation temp. of the battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides an environment where the fuel pole catalyst is not liable to CO poisoning and enables the battery to exhibit stable characteristics for long time.
(JP9082992-A)      (I) A thin film solar cell comprising an absorber layer of Cu(In1-xGax)(Se1-ySy)2 for photovoltaic energy conversion where x and y are in a range in the equation 0.317+0.176y x 0.117+0.176y and 1 &gt; x+y &gt; 0, and y &gt; 0.    Also claimed (II) is the method of making the cell by evaporation of Cu, Ga, In, Se, and In sulphide.    ADVANTAGE -   Improved conversion efficiency.    (US5858121-A)      (I) A thin film solar cell comprising an absorber layer of Cu(In1-xGax)(Se1-ySy)2 for photovoltaic energy conversion where x and y are in a range in the equation 0.317+0.176y x 0.117+0.176y and 1 &gt; x+y &gt; 0, and y &gt; 0.    Also claimed (II) is the method of making the cell by evaporation of Cu, Ga, In, Se, and In sulphide.    ADVANTAGE -   Improved conversion efficiency.
(JP3003842-B2)      Fused carbonate type fuel cell is provided with fuel cell stacks (8) which are composed of laminate of electrolyte plates, electrodes, and separators gas headers (9) to supply anode gas (II) and cathode gas (14), and catalytic combustion devices (15).    ADVANTAGE -   The fused carbonate type fuel cell is provided with heating source having simple piping construction and control mechanism.
(JP2741580-B2)       A burner is connected to the exhaust gas line of the fuel battery through a valve which is controlled in reference to the output of the NOxdetector connected to the gas output line of the burner.    ADVANTAGE -    The amt. of exhaust NOxcan be minimised.
(JP2953350-B2)      The fused carbonate type fuel cell is composed of electrolyte of carbonate (c) and retainer of lithium aluminate (1), (c) and (1) are formed into hydrophobic state by hydrophobic forming agent.    ADVANTAGE -   The fused carbonate type fuel cell is provided with the long life electrolyte having improved quality by forming carbonate and lithium aluminate to hydrophobic state.
(JP2865025-B2)      A fused carbonate fuel cell includes a gas path (11) for cooling a unit cell while passing through an electrolyte board (12), an anode electrode, a cathode electrode and a separator (13). The cooling gas path (11) is connected to an oxidant gas path to flow the oxidant gas (3) from the cooling gas path (11) to the oxidant gas path. The cooling gas path (11) is located at the max temp. zone of the unit cell for a layer-built cell (1).    ADVANTAGE -   The oxidant gas is shared with the cooling gas to cool a layer-built cells making the fuel cell size compact and improving the cell performance.
(US5780179-A)      The generator has a fuel battery comprising fuel cells stacked upon one another, a tank storing water for humidifying hydrogen gas and/or carbon dioxide gas and a gas-liquid separator which separates exhaust from the battery into gas and water and recycles the water into the tank.    ADVANTAGE -   The generator eliminates the need of externally resupplying water to the battery.
(JP9022720-A)      A fuel battery has separators (16,18) or fastening pressure generating plates located in given positions. The separators or the fastening pressure generating plates contain a chamber (25) partitioned therebetween. The chamber (25) is filled with a filler (83) expanded and contracted through absorption and discharge of heat. A fastening force for a fuel battery cell is regulated in such a way that the separators or the fastening pressure generating plates are displaced at least to one of an electrode plate on the anode side and an electrode plate on the cathode side due to absorption and discharge of the heat of the filler.    ADVANTAGE -   Output is stable without unevenness in contact resistance.    (EP851519-A1)      The fuel cells has a first separator (16) made of a compact material, fitted into a hole (24) in a second separator (18) mad of a compact material, to define a chamber (25). A filling material (83) is charged in the chamber. The first separator is pushed towards a solid polymer electrolyte film (60) by the pressure of water introduced into the camber and it swells.    The filling material in the chamber also swells. The pressure in the fuel cell increases and the lamination fastening force increases.    ADVANTAGE -   Small, simple structure. Ionic resistively of solid polymer electrolyte film, and of contact resistance between film and electrode plate are low.
(JP9073908-A)      An electrolytic membrane for use in a fuel cell, comprising an acidified polybenzimidazole (PBI) resin membrane structure imbibed with phosphoric acid, contains a PBI resin that is covalently functionalised at its imidazole nitrogens with an alkyl or aryl acid gp. selected from organo sulphonate and / or organo phosphorylate.    Also claimed is a fuel cell element comprising an anode and a cathode and, between them, an electrolyte membrane comprising an acidified PBI resin imbibed with a fluid selected from water and or an acid. The resin is functionalised as above with phophorylate gps. and the membrane conducts protons between the anode and the cathode.    ADVANTAGE -   The membranes are proton conducting media with appropriate conductivity, processability, cost, stability under operating conditions, etc. for fuel cells.
(US5772431-A)      Mo layer and Cu layer are formed on the substrate by sputtering. Se dispersed In layer is then formed by electrodeposition by dipping in the soln. contg. In-ion and Se colloid, followed by heating in a closed vessel with Se to give the thin film solar battery.    ADVANTAGE -   The tert. alloy layer of Cu-In-Se, which is resistant to peeling, is obtd. easily and inexpensively.    (US6036822-A)      Mo layer and Cu layer are formed on the substrate by sputtering. Se dispersed In layer is then formed by electrodeposition by dipping in the soln. contg. In-ion and Se colloid, followed by heating in a closed vessel with Se to give the thin film solar battery.    ADVANTAGE -   The tert. alloy layer of Cu-In-Se, which is resistant to peeling, is obtd. easily and inexpensively.    (US6207219-B1)      Mo layer and Cu layer are formed on the substrate by sputtering. Se dispersed In layer is then formed by electrodeposition by dipping in the soln. contg. In-ion and Se colloid, followed by heating in a closed vessel with Se to give the thin film solar battery.    ADVANTAGE -   The tert. alloy layer of Cu-In-Se, which is resistant to peeling, is obtd. easily and inexpensively.
(JP9036405-A)      A semiconductor device having a semiconductor element is disclosed wherein the device comprises a stacked body formed from a laminate. The laminate consists of a semiconductor element (501) and a sealing resin (502,504) which are interposed between a surface member (503) and a back member (505). The laminate is vacuum-treated at a vacuum of 5 torr or less for 5-40 mins, thermocompression bonded at a vacuum of 5 torr or less and then cooled to engage in contact-bonding.    Also claimed is a process for producing a semiconductor device as above.    USE -   Suitable for fabricating semiconductor devices, esp. solar cell modules.    ADVANTAGE -   The solar cell module has an improved surface cover which resists peeling even under repeated exposure to outdoor conditions of changing temp. and humidity. The module contains no residual air bubbles and is produced to a high yield. Excellent adhesion is obtained between the surface members and the sealing resin.    (CN1146077-A)      A semiconductor device having a semiconductor element is disclosed wherein the device comprises a stacked body formed from a laminate. The laminate consists of a semiconductor element (501) and a sealing resin (502,504) which are interposed between a surface member (503) and a back member (505). The laminate is vacuum-treated at a vacuum of 5 torr or less for 5-40 mins, thermocompression bonded at a vacuum of 5 torr or less and then cooled to engage in contact-bonding.    Also claimed is a process for producing a semiconductor device as above.    USE -   Suitable for fabricating semiconductor devices, esp. solar cell modules.    ADVANTAGE -   The solar cell module has an improved surface cover which resists peeling even under repeated exposure to outdoor conditions of changing temp. and humidity. The module contains no residual air bubbles and is produced to a high yield. Excellent adhesion is obtained between the surface members and the sealing resin.
(JP9210963-A)      Solid state gas sensor comprises: (a) a dielectric surfaced substrate; and (b) 1st and 2nd electrodes on the substrate, spaced apart to establish a baseline electric current response in the presence of gaseous contaminants. An electric potential is applied to the electrodes to ionise gas molecules within the gap. Each electrode is connected to an electrical measurement means for signal analysis and processing. When the contamination or change in gas compsn. occurs in the area surrounding the gap, a change in the ionisation characteristics is detected, where the amplitude and time dependent behaviour of the change is indicative of the contamination or compsn. change.    USE -   For monitoring gas compsn. and changes in concn. or compsn.    ADVANTAGE -   Simple structure, small dimensions, a wide operating range of gases and temperatures, high sensitivity, rapid response without hysteresis, low mfg. cost and high reliability, easy to install and operate, and it can be integrated with a signal processing IC.
(JP9055521-A)      The solar cell includes a monocrystalline silicon (Si) substrate (1) of a first conductivity type, and a diffusion layer (2) of a second conductivity type formed on the first main surface of the substrate.    A semiconductor layer (4) of the first conductivity type is formed on a second main surface of the substrate and has a bandgap narrower than that of the silicon and an impurity concentration higher than that of the substrate.    USE -   Relates to space solar cells which can be preferably used as power supplies for artificial sattellites.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides highly efficient solar cell which permits high output voltage and photoelectric conversion of light on the side of long wavelengths in order to output large currents.    (US5738732-A)      The solar cell includes a monocrystalline silicon (Si) substrate (1) of a first conductivity type, and a diffusion layer (2) of a second conductivity type formed on the first main surface of the substrate.    Semiconductor layer (4) of the first conductivity type is formed on a second main surface of the substrate and has a bandgap narrower than that of the silicon and an impurity concentration higher than that of the substrate.    USE -   For space solar cells which can be preferably used as power supplies for artificial satellites.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides highly efficient solar cell which permits high output voltage and photoelectric conversion of light on the side of long wavelengths in order to output large currents.
(JP2742893-B2)      The device comprises an electrolyser (1) for housing an aq. soln. for electrolysis, two pairs of electrodes (6,7,8,9) with height of about a half. The depth of the electrolyser arranged between upper and lower parts of the electrolyser while insulated together, leading wires (12,13) connected to the respective electrode plates, and a cover (2) put on the electrolyser while incorporating terminals (10,11) connected to the lead wires. Electrolysis of the soln. housed in the electrolyser is performed by applying voltage to the lower electrode plates (8,9) hydrogen and oxygen generated by the electrolysis are guided between the upper electrode plates so as to react together, and electric power generated by reaction between the hydrogen and the oxygen is taken out from the terminal (10) connected to the upper electrode plate (6,7).    ADVANTAGE -   The device can be used as a teaching aid for demonstrating principles and mechanisms for electrolysis and power generation of a fuel cell.
(WO9703233-A1)      Electrophoretically coating a substrate comprises coating an unsintered porous substrate electrophoretically and sintering the coated substrate.    USE -   The method is used in the mfr. solid oxide fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -   Gas-tight thin layers can be easily formed on the substrate.
(JP3083243-B2)      The formation of electrode having a catalytic action comprises:    (a) sticking an aq. soln. of metal salts consisting of Pt, Ir or Ru to the surface of a metal having high ionisation tendency by using application means; and    (b) allowing the metal to stand.    USE -   The method forms electrodes having catalytic action, and is used in a water electrolysing device, or a fuel cell device.    ADVANTAGE -   The method uses no electrolytic plating method. The result provides advantages in terms of labour and costs. The method forms electrodes with energy saving compared to conventional methods. Mechanical or automatic application work further exerts the advantages.
(WO9701194-A1)      An electrochemical solid electrolyte cell system is based on a flat, gas- permeable, non-conductive flexible polymer substrate (1). The cell regions (3,4,5) consist of a porous, electrically-conductive, flexible electrode layer (7); a proton conducting, flexible membrane layer (8, 9, 10); and a second porous, flexible, electron-conducting electrode layer (11) laid one over the other, using coating technologies.    Also claimed is a procedure to make the electrochemical cell system by successive deposition of layers on a substrate, as described.    Further claimed are the use of the cell as an electrolysis system, splitting water into hydrogen and oxygen, and its use as a fuel cell converting hydrogen or methanol into electricity.    USE -   To make a solid electrolyte, multilayer electrochemical cell system using thin film technology, which may be used in electrolysis, or fuel cell applications.    ADVANTAGE -   The assembly described, miniaturises the cell stack in area and/or thickness of its components, also avoiding elaborate clamping arrangements. The idea is essentially an analogue of microcircuit manufacture. Large numbers of cell regions are feasible, which may be connected in series and/or parallel arrays to achieve desirable characteristic properties, e.g. voltage, current, redundancy. The thin flexible sheets of the assembly can be made in almost any shape. They may be rolled up together. Further discussion of materials is provided in the text, covering such topics as the ormolytes (organically modified ceramic electrolytes), aminosils, and lanthanide complexes. Techniques for thin film deposition and modification are also identified.
(EP845056-A1)      A fibre comprises a polymer contg. at least 0.1 wt.% of a hard filler distributed uniformly. The filler has Mohs hardness greater than 3 and an average particle size of 0.25-10 m. The polymer is an isotropic melt processable polymer or a polymer that is not melt processable.    USE -   The fibre has a cut resistance at least 20% and often 50% higher than a similar fiber without filler, as measured by the Ashland Cut Protection test, and is used in protective gloves, aprons and chaps, tarpaulins for trucks, luggage, upholstery, inflatables, fuel cells, airline cargo curtains and fire hose sheaths.    (JP11511209-W)      A fibre comprises a polymer contg. at least 0.1 wt.% of a hard filler distributed uniformly. The filler has Mohs hardness greater than 3 and an average particle size of 0.25-10 m. The polymer is an isotropic melt processable polymer or a polymer that is not melt processable.    USE -   The fibre has a cut resistance at least 20% and often 50% higher than a similar fiber without filler, as measured by the Ashland Cut Protection test, and is used in protective gloves, aprons and chaps, tarpaulins for trucks, luggage, upholstery, inflatables, fuel cells, airline cargo curtains and fire hose sheaths.
(US5919493-A)      The article comprises a generally rigid material. It consists of two truncated obelisks extending from opposing faces of an octagonal column with five sided pyramids of equal size and proportion extending from the ends of the obelisks. The articles may be used together to form an array with interstitial gaps, which may receive a fluid, as in a fluid bed reactor or a catalytic bed, or may be filled with a structural matrix, as in a reinforced structural composite.    Also claimed are: (i) a structure including a number of the above articles in a matrix material; and (ii) a catalyst bed including a number of catalyst structures as above.    USE -   Used as aggregates for reinforced structural materials or as improved support/carrier components for catalysts, fluid beds, filters, fuel cells, etc..    ADVANTAGE -   The aggregates have a unique three-dimensional shape which are theoretically capable of packing to near 100% density without any void vol. and using only one size fraction.
(EP839394-A1)      Electrochemical appts, esp a fuel cell, has a solid electrolyte (6) located between O2 and fuel electrodes (5,4), a separator contacting the non-electrolyte surface of the electrode(s) and a reactive micro-slip zone (I) (16) between electrolyte and electrode(s) (5). (I) has interconnected pores of smaller average dia than the pores of the electrode and the electrolyte has a fuel electrode material interfacial layer (18) on the electrolyte surface adjacent the fuel electrode, at least one of the interfacial layer, fuel electrode and (I) being formed of an S-tolerant material.In embodiments, the interfacial layer is an S-tolerant conductor; at least one electrode has a porosity of 50-90% to eliminate gas backflow and the fuel electrode and/or interfacial layer are made of S-tolerant materials. Process for operating the appts where the fuel electrode and/or interfacial layer are made of S-tolerant materials comprises supplying a fuel contg at least 2ppm, pref at least 300ppm S species.    USE -   Pref. as a solid electrolyte fuel cell, esp a fuel cell supplied with natural gas, landfill CH4, coal gas, diesel fuel or jet fuel.    ADVANTAGE -   use of S-tolerant materials and modification of electrode flow characteristics enables the cell to utilise S-bearing fuels with improved operating stability and durability.
(US5698337-A)      Mfg. a separator plate for a molten carbonate fuel cell from nickel-clad sheet steel comprises applying aluminium partially to the separator plate (1) in the wet seal area (WSA, WSK) by high speed flame spraying and an intermetallic phase of the aluminium and base metal is produced by heating the coated areas during spraying or thereafter.    USE -   Used for fuel cell separator plates.    ADVANTAGE -   The process provides an economic mfg. process for nickel-clad steel separator plates of good corrosion resistance.
(JP3165639-B2)      The method involves using rectangular laser beam whose longitudinal direction axis is leaned corresponding to movement direction axis of an XY table (07) on which a solar battery is placed.    ADVANTAGE -   Raises solar battery efficiency. Obtains stabilized insulation resistance when solar battery is divided.
(JP3098950-B2)      The apparatus has a reverse bias application unit (2) which applies reverse bias to an opto-electric transducer (1). An IR detector (3) detects the 2D coordinates of the measured surface of the transducer from which IR rays are radiated. A discrimination unit (4) detects whether the detected coordinates indicate the leak location based on the comparison result of energy of the IR rays and a reference value.    When it is judged to be leak location, the 2D coordinates information is stored in a memory (5). A laser gun (7) is controlled by a controller (6) to irradiate laser light on the leak location of the transducer based on the contents of the memory.    ADVANTAGE -   Detects an repairs leak location efficiently. Reduces generation of inferior goods, remarkably.
(US5801588-A)      The pre-amplifier circuit has a photodiode (PD) which generates a current signal corresponding to the input optical signal. A current/voltage converter converts the current signal into the voltage signal and outputs the amplified signal. The current/voltage converter comprises a set of first FETs (Q1,Q2,Q3) which are connected in series for amplifying the current received at the gate terminal from the photodiode.    A set of second transistors (Q5-Q8) are connected at the source terminal of the transistor amplifier. When there is variation in the input signal, the gain of amplifier transistors are adjusted by these set of second transistors so that the stabilized drain waveform characteristics in linear area and in saturation area are obtained.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables variation of transimpedance of pre-amplifier according to input voltage fluctuation. Attains stabilized output waveform.
(JP3083987-B2)      The module has several solar cells which are electrically connected to each other. The solar cells are situated between a transparent surface substrate and a back-side metal substrate. At least two kinds of solar cells, each comprising a single-crystal silicon substrate with a different surface cut, are used.    Several recess are formed on the surface of the solar cell's substrate through an anisotropic etching process at the incident-light side. The reflection angle of an incident light to the two solar cells, differs according to the kind of substrate. The colour of the solar cell varies with the incident light's angle of reflection.    ADVANTAGE -   Produces varying colours and pattern e.g. characters, symbols by varying reflection angle of incident light.
(EP826432-A2)      A process for porous layer production on a substrate involves: (a) applying and drying a paste in an atmosphere containing the vapour of the liquid used in the paste, the vapour pressure being controlled such that the drying time is longer than 10 (preferably longer than 30) mins. per 10 microns layer thickness at the prevailing temperature; and (b) sintering the dried paste layer. Preferably, the drying temperature is at least 41 C below the boiling temperature of the liquid, preferably water, at atmospheric pressure.    USE -   For producing highly porous layers e.g. for photoelectrochemical or dye-sensitised solar cells, catalysts, catalyst supports or (thin film) chromatography.    ADVANTAGE -   The resulting layer has a higher porosity than prior art layers, the porosity increasing with increased drying time and relative humidity.
(DE19717713-A1)      This system recovers energy radiated from electrodeless light sources, especially rotating, cooled spherical lamps containing small quantities of argon and sulphur or selenium. These are subjected to the electromagnetic fields of micrometric waves, focused by a wire cage. Glaring, cold and resembling sunlight spectrally, the light enters a lengthy light tube with internal, partially-reflective layer. This directs the light through apertures onto the surface to be illuminated. The light tube is surrounded by a second coaxial tube. Plastic screens occupy the interspace. In this new development, on their curved surfaces (10) a photovoltaic layer (12) converts transmitted light into direct current. Alternatively, the light tube (1) is at least partially surrounded by a casing (14) substituting for the screens. This is similarly coated, and has light outlet apertures.    USE -   To recover excess energy radiated by microwave-excited electrodeless light emitters.    ADVANTAGE -   This system improves on comparable prior art in solving a modern version of the problem of dividing the electric light. The source described produces brilliant illumination. Instead of wasting this by absorbing and converting into heat, a photovoltaic layer is proposed, to recover (currently a rather small percentage) of the light produced, for inversion, and re-supply to the grid. It is claimed that the solution is compact, efficient, safe, economic and environmentally friendly. Maintenance is simple.
(GB2312931-B)      The generator defines a flow path (A) and has a rotor rotatable about a rotor axis i.e. shaft (14) in the flow path and paddles (17A-L) each of which is freely pivotable on a pivot axis formed by a respective spindle (16A-L) adjacent to its edge and parallel to and spaced from the rotor axis. Each paddle has a stop i.e. the rotor shaft which abuts with the paddle to hold it in a closed condition, the paddle being located between the respective paddle pivot axis and the rotor axis and radially w.r.t. the rotor, the stops being arranged to prevent pivoting of the paddles through the closed condition, and the paddles each being pivotable away from the closed condition in the same rotational sense.    The rotor is disposed in a tubular housing having a U-shaped channel (12), the rotor including two parallel end plates spaced apart on a rotor axle, the rotor axle being journalled in and extending through the housing, and the axle being connected for rotation with the rotor. Each paddle is pivotable on a common pitch circle diameter and journalled between the parallel end plates, and the spindles are spaced equi-angularly about the rotor axle. Pivoting baffles (21A,B) direct fluid towards the paddles in the closed condition irrespective of the direction of flow through the housing.    ADVANTAGE -   Suitable for all sea conditions and will work with both tides or waves, by providing universally rotatable arrangement, while being simple, inexpensive, and relatively mechanically efficient and unobtrusive.
(US5852353-A)      The robot includes multiblock standard parts (1) containing flanged plug housings (9') with integrated solar units. Each flanged plug housing has plug flanges (27,27') for plugging into a central housing (9). They contain solar electronic and voltage converter components and, on the rear side, rotary flange plug connectors (2).    The multiblock standard parts (1) are combined with solar units and multiblock joint arms for mutually horizontal and vertical plugging of the plug housings via the plug flanges (27). Some flanged plug housings contain battery units, forming lines with magnetic switches for connection or disconnection during battery exchange.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For energy storage and discharge. Low-cost, environment friendly design with versatile application.
(US5947679-A)      The turbine (18) has a hub (20) rotatable about its vertical axis (22) and blades (24) rotatable about their horizontal axes (26) in the water channel (12). The flow is diverted from the upstream end (14) by a delivery ring (27).    Each blade has inner and outer edges (42,44), an upstream edge (46) and a downstream edge (48) to which the water is guided by the surface (50). An annular screen (58) has cutouts distributed around its rim which form pockets for the adjoining portions (64) of the upstream edges of the blades in the fully open position.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For hydroelectric power stations. Chance of survival of fish swimming through turbine is increased without noteworthy effect on efficiency.    (US6164907-A)      The turbine (18) has a hub (20) rotatable about its vertical axis (22) and blades (24) rotatable about their horizontal axes (26) in the water channel (12). The flow is diverted from the upstream end (14) by a delivery ring (27).    Each blade has inner and outer edges (42,44), an upstream edge (46) and a downstream edge (48) to which the water is guided by the surface (50). An annular screen (58) has cutouts distributed around its rim which form pockets for the adjoining portions (64) of the upstream edges of the blades in the fully open position.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For hydroelectric power stations. Chance of survival of fish swimming through turbine is increased without noteworthy effect on efficiency.
(US5778922-A)      The system includes an hollow container for holding hydraulic fluid. The container has gas valve for introducing and discharging gas into the container. The container includes fluid flow device extending into the container mean from one end to a point proximate the opposing inner surface of the other end such that fluid enters and exits the container proximate the other end.    A fluid transfer device introduces fluid from the hydraulic fluid source into the at least one container device. The fluid transfer device connects the container device for fluid flow. A gas transfer device connects the gas valve device to provide pressure in the at least one container. The container further each has gas valve device for introducing and discharging gas into the containers.    ADVANTAGE -   Capable of using latent or static energy of hydraulic fluids without large expenditures.
(GB2311566-B)      The assembly comprises of a turbine mounted for operational cooperation with a flow of water by means of an upstanding column. The assembly may rotate about the axis of the column, allowing the rotor to align itself with the flow of water.    The turbine can be raised or lowered w.r.t the column and also the surface of the water. The turbine itself may have an elongate nacelle (2) shaped housing that is dimensioned to optimise water flow.    USE -   For producing electricity or shaft power in tidal, marine, estuarial or river currents.    ADVANTAGE -   The assembly is able to resist damage from large waves during storms, and is visible so does not create a hazard to shipping. The device is also easy to service and repair.
(US5873700-A)      The turbine has a guide vane (3) comprising a set of guide vane blade units (3a). Water is made to flow over the guide vane blade units.    An earth and sand resisting abrasive material is welded to the guide vane blade unit.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents abrasion by earth and sand. Enables reliable electric power generation.
(JP3085180-B2)      The solar battery has a first semiconductor layer (1) and a second semiconductor layer. On the reverse side of each layer a silicon oxide film is formed using current ejection electrode.    The insulating thin film has probability of producing a pin hole for every 100cm2 of its area during etching.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables to mfr battery with high yield.
(JP3083473-B2)      The construction includes engagement part (7c) formed at ends of longitudinal frames (7) which run over the left and right sides of a solar panel (1).    A plate shaped closing member (9) with another engagement part (9B) which engages with the first engagement part covers the seam formed between the longitudinal frames and prevents passage of rain water.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves external appearance. Avoids use of rubber made gasket which deteriorates easily.
(JP9271179-A)      The element comprises a frame (10) of e.g. aluminium and photovoltaic section (11), tempered glass (11c), photovoltaic cells (11a), resin layer (11b), terminal box (12), and plugs (14,24). The output from module (1) is converted into AC by inverter (2).    The two are separated to prevent heat transfer through the terminal box. The arrangement allows systems ranging from one module to a system of several kilowatts to be constructed by parallel connection between modules.    ADVANTAGE -   Heat from photo-voltaic module is not transferred to inverter.    (US5951785-A)      The element comprises a frame (10) of e.g. aluminium and photovoltaic section (11), tempered glass (11c), photovoltaic cells (11a), resin layer (11b), terminal box (12), and plugs (14,24). The output from module (1) is converted into AC by inverter (2).    The two are separated to prevent heat transfer through the terminal box. The arrangement allows systems ranging from one module to a system of several kilowatts to be constructed by parallel connection between modules.    ADVANTAGE -   Heat from photo-voltaic module is not transferred to inverter.
(JP9213984-A)      The converter consists of a multiple opto electric transducers that are distributed in a heat collection panel (502). A fresh air intake pipe (101) is provided for inducing atmospheric air from outside space into the heat collection panel. An air intake hole (102) is provided at the fresh air intake pipe for inducing the air inside the room into the heat collection panel.    The open air from outside space or the air inside the room is induced into the heat collection panel by switching a valve (104) for the thermal insulation of the optoelectric transducer. The valve is switched according to the outside air temperature.    ADVANTAGE -   Suppresses deterioration of optical irradiation of optoelectric transducer.    (US6147295-A)      The apparatus comprises a photoelectric transducer comprising a non-single crystal semiconductor material and device for supplying heat to photoelectric transducer through flowing heating medium.    An air circulation system comprises heat collector panel comprising an open air intake, an indoor- air intake, a valve for selecting either the open air intake, air flow path, an air outlet and a solar cell. Air is taken out of the air outlet through a duct and guided indoors.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables easy temperature control of photoelectric transducer, can prevent lowering of temperature of transducer and also prevent its deterioration by light.
(US6234939-B1)      The pedal apparatus has a left pedal attached to a left crank (48), and a right pedal attached to a right crank. A left drive system is connected to the left crank, and an identical right drive system is connected to the right crank. A pedalling resistance on the left pedal can be set independently of a similarly adjustable pedalling resistance on the right pedal.    A split hub assembly has two central axles, one axle being connected to the left side drive system with the other axle connected to the right drive. The assembly can be selectively operated by the user as a bipedal apparatus, with the left and right pedals rotating synchronously.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For bicycles used for exercise or therapeutic purposes. Unipedal cycle apparatus can also be used as bipedal apparatus, with both legs able to work independently or together.
(US6005183-A)      The battery has a main body which comprises multiple cells which receive solar energy and generate electricity.    Multiple storage battery parts are provided which comprise multiple storage battery cells which are arranged in the form of later.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces variation in potential between connected cells. Offers stable structure.
(JP3109567-B2)      A new III-V semiconductor wafer consists of a gallium arsenide or indium phosphide substrate and an epitaxial layer. The substrate has a face slightly tilted to the (111) A face and an epitaxial layer.    Also claimed is the production of the wafer where the face slightly tilted to the (111) A face is formed on the substrate and the epitaxial layer is grown on the face using the gas-phase epitaxial growth technique.    USE -   For photodiodes or Schottky barrier diodes which are used for optical communications.    ADVANTAGE -   An epitaxial layer having good quality and performance is grown on a GaAs or InP substrate with a higher growth rate.
(US5767936-A)      The apparatus includes a liquid crystal which is placed parallelly between a pair of transparent substrates with predetermined gap. A set of matrix shaped display pixels are arranged along the surface of transparent substrate to form a display screen. A picture scanning electrode (3), a light receiving element (7) and an image reading electrode (5) are laminated and formed in the predetermined gap of each display pixel in one side of the transparent substrate along the thickness direction at an opposing position state.    The electrode in the side of a display surface among the picture scanning electrode to hold the light receiving element and the image reading electrode are made transparent with the electrode in the side of a light source being opaque.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables correct reading of manuscript picture. Reduces rate of opening in display screen. Performs clear display of high picture of contrast.
(US5777356-A)      A ferroelectric element comprises in sequence: (i) a substrate; (ii) a barrier layer of intermetallic alloy; (iii) a metal oxide first electrode; (iv) a ferroelectric layer; and (v) a second electrode. Also claimed is a method of forming the element by depositing the layers in sequence, where the ferroelectric layer is a perovskite.    USE -   Integrated circuit memory cells.    ADVANTAGE -   No platinum barrier is required, avoiding the difficulty of etching platinum.    (JP11508412-W)      A ferroelectric element comprises in sequence: (i) a substrate; (ii) a barrier layer of intermetallic alloy; (iii) a metal oxide first electrode; (iv) a ferroelectric layer; and (v) a second electrode. Also claimed is a method of forming the element by depositing the layers in sequence, where the ferroelectric layer is a perovskite.    USE -   Integrated circuit memory cells.    ADVANTAGE -   No platinum barrier is required, avoiding the difficulty of etching platinum.    (EP956595-A1)      A ferroelectric element comprises in sequence: (i) a substrate; (ii) a barrier layer of intermetallic alloy; (iii) a metal oxide first electrode; (iv) a ferroelectric layer; and (v) a second electrode. Also claimed is a method of forming the element by depositing the layers in sequence, where the ferroelectric layer is a perovskite.    USE -   Integrated circuit memory cells.    ADVANTAGE -   No platinum barrier is required, avoiding the difficulty of etching platinum.
(US5804842-A)      The device has a semiconductor element which has a first area (21) and a second area (22). A heterojunction (23) is formed between the two areas. The two areas are made up of differing semiconductor substances.    The difference between the work functions in the heterojunction in two areas is large. The second area contains donor atoms which forms a DX centre. Optical pumping of DX centre is performed by which recombination of free electrons is performed.    ADVANTAGE -   Stabilizes optical conductivity.
(JP10233519-A)      The method involves forming a pellicular-resin layer on the light incidence side of a photovoltaic cell. A filler (1102) containing glass fiber and a transparent fluoride film (1103) are sequentially laminated on the photovoltaic cell. Pellicular- resin is filled in the gap between collector electrodes (1108).    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces time required for lamination. Offers superior surface coating. Improves damp proof and heat resistant property.    (US6191353-B1)      The solar cell module includes a photovoltaic element. The element has a light receiving face. The face has a collecting electrode with an electrically conductive coat and a surface side cover. The electrode is metal wire with either a gold or silver surface. The electrically conductive coat is formed of a paste. The cover includes a filler and a surface protective film which are sequentially laminated. The filler is an ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer.    A thin resin layer is interposed between the photovoltaic element and the filler so as to fill gaps present in the conductive coat. The filler is cross linked by an organic peroxide which has a one hour half life temperature of between one hundred and three hundred degrees Celsius.    USE -   For power generation.    ADVANTAGE -   Improved moisture resistance. Improved transparency. Improved surface side cover. Highly reliable. Heat resistant. Improved scratch resistance. Improved electrical insulation. Flexible cover. Improved appearance.
(JP10009114-A)      The generator is mounted on a single shaft (S) comprising a radial turbine (T) with a unique thrust equalising mechanism (TEM) mounted there. It operates with a part of the applied (HF) hydraulic fluid to the turbine radial runner (R) and a thrust bearing to equalise the generated thrust forces by providing a small axial bidirectional movement of the thrust bearing with its elements mounted on the single shaft and an induction generator driven by the turbine.    The shaft with the induction generator and the turbine components except the runner are isolated in a common housing and the entire assembly is included in a submersible container with a fluid inlet and outlet receiving the hydraulic fluid flow at a reset fluid pressure and velocity for controlling the turbine speed. The synchronous speed of the generator is changed as required by the fluid flow and fluid head.    ADVANTAGE -   Has long life, is seal less and is submerged and functions very well. Is readily adjusted for optimum efficiency in operation and includes self limiting runaway speed balancing out pressures generated by centrifugal forces in turbine against input hydraulic fluid flow pressure.
(WO9730761-A1)      The exercise device includes a variable speed rotary drive, an adjustable speed controller for controlling the speed of the variable speed rotary driving device, an exercise link offering resistance to motion of a user and a fluid coupling connected to the variable speed rotary driving device through an input shaft. A torque multiplier is driven by the fluid coupling through an output shaft, the fluid coupling transmitting torque from the input shaft to the output shaft.    The torque multiplier is connected to the exercise link, the fluid coupling imparting resistance to the exercise link, the resistance to motion of the exercise link being a function of the direction of the exercise link and the speed of the variable speed rotary driving device.    ADVANTAGE -   Allows user to measure effects of power training and determine best proportion of speed and tension for maximum power    (EP956104-A1)      The exercise device includes a variable speed rotary drive, an adjustable speed controller for controlling the speed of the variable speed rotary driving device, an exercise link offering resistance to motion of a user and a fluid coupling connected to the variable speed rotary driving device through an input shaft. A torque multiplier is driven by the fluid coupling through an output shaft, the fluid coupling transmitting torque from the input shaft to the output shaft.    The torque multiplier is connected to the exercise link, the fluid coupling imparting resistance to the exercise link, the resistance to motion of the exercise link being a function of the direction of the exercise link and the speed of the variable speed rotary driving device.    ADVANTAGE -   Allows user to measure effects of power training and determine best proportion of speed and tension for maximum power
(US5787653-A)      The attachment structure has a clamp component (3b) which grips the termination (4a) of the planner solar battery (4). The clamp component is located on the rail member (3). The planner solar battery faces the roof background material (2).    ADVANTAGE -   Does not need nail for fixing for solar battery. Prevents rail induced fault generations. Improves waterproof nature. Simplifies exchange roof surface material.
(JP3145285-B2)      The apparatus (1) has a continuous belt (2) on which a runner (M) runs. A load measuring unit is provided at the lower side of the continuous belt to detect the running load applied on the continuous belt by the runner.    An analyser (32) processes the measured running load with a reference value to evaluate the runner. An analyses display unit (33) shows the analysis results for the runner.    ADVANTAGE -   Ensures long training without obstructing monotonous exercise. Ensures training which considers running load of runner.
(US5716459-A)      The monolithically integrated solar cell microarray (50) has a number of solar cells formed on a monolithic substrate (54). The microarray has n and p type GaAs base and emitter layers (56,58) defining a p/n junction (60). A patterned trench (62) in the base and emitter layers and an isolation layer (64) between base layer (56) and substrate define the individual solar cells (52).    The patterned trench exposes the isolation layer and forms cells of any size or current capacity. The base and emitter interconnect (74) contacts are formed from metal alloys to link the cells in series as required to form the desired output voltage. Photolithographic techniques are used.    ADVANTAGE -   Allows cells of any desired current and voltage features to be formed inexpensively without dicing and soldering.
(US6084175-A)      Semiconductor device comprising: semiconductor body with array of peaks and valleys on the surface; channel in surface running through peaks and to depth of valleys; narrower groove under channel and under surface; metal conductive layer in groove forming cooperative buried contact in the absence of zig-zag metallisation of varying depths.    Also claimed are photovoltaic device and its production, device comprising: poly- or mono-crystalline silicon wafer providing solar cell of textured surface to decrease light reflection and increase efficiency, having apexes and a base; wafer having parallel sets of channels providing contact trenches extending through surface apexes and to depth of base; SiO, Si3N4 or oxides insulation in and covering trenches to prevent metal contacting trench to minimise shadowing; metallisation finger and bus bar grooves aligned with and under trenches and spanning lesser width; nickel, copper or silver conductive layers in grooves cooperating to form buried contact; front trenches cooperating to enhance open circuit voltage of device.    Claimed method of device manufacture involves: phosphorus or nitrogen type mono or poly crystalline silicon wafer treated into array of solar cells enhanced by macro-texturing forming channels; forming emitter and diffusing opposite polarity regions into wafer to form active area under front trench; insulating contact trenches; cutting grooves; diffusing opposite polarity under grooves and forming conductive buried contacts by plating.    USE -   Buried contact semiconductor devices such as solar cells.    ADVANTAGE -   Production cost lowered and time shortened;less metal wastage and lower material requirements; attractive, economical, dependable and effective devices result.
(US5742044-A)      The array of photoelectric light sensors (10) sense incident light. The sensors are arranged in rows and columns and addressed via sets of row and column address conductors (12,14). Each sensor is connected between respective row and column conductors.    A drive circuit is connected to the conductors for addressing the sensors, providing output according to photoconduction in individual sensors resulting from incident light. A switch (20) selectively connects at least some conductors to output terminals. The sensors are connected between two output terminals operating in a photovoltaic mode generating power output.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Also for power generation. More compact. Increases robustness. Reduces power requirements.    (JP11500273-W)      The array of photoelectric light sensors (10) sense incident light. The sensors are arranged in rows and columns and addressed via sets of row and column address conductors (12,14). Each sensor is connected between respective row and column conductors.    A drive circuit is connected to the conductors for addressing the sensors, providing output according to photoconduction in individual sensors resulting from incident light. A switch (20) selectively connects at least some conductors to output terminals. The sensors are connected between two output terminals operating in a photovoltaic mode generating power output.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Also for power generation. More compact. Increases robustness. Reduces power requirements.
(US5863412-A)      The method involves immersing a layered substrate (101) into an electrolyte (106) in an etched film (102). The layered substrate forms the cathode DC or pulse current is passed, between the substrate and the electrolyte.    Electrolyte reduction of the etched film takes place. An opposite pole (103) currently formed in the desired etching pattern is provided at the position of a predetermined space in the substrate, and DC or pulse current is passed.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For mfr of diode and IC. Simplifies etching process. Reduces damage caused to non-etching area and forms non-etching layer. Obtains photovoltaic element of satisfactory characteristic. Shortens processing time. Saves space.    (US6051116-A)      The method involves immersing a layered substrate (101) into an electrolyte (106) in an etched film (102). The layered substrate forms the cathode DC or pulse current is passed, between the substrate and the electrolyte.    Electrolyte reduction of the etched film takes place. An opposite pole (103) currently formed in the desired etching pattern is provided at the position of a predetermined space in the substrate, and DC or pulse current is passed.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For mfr of diode and IC. Simplifies etching process. Reduces damage caused to non-etching area and forms non-etching layer. Obtains photovoltaic element of satisfactory characteristic. Shortens processing time. Saves space.
(JP3105434-B2)      The moulding machine has side shaping lower roll part (8). The lower roll part corresponds to an upper shaping roll (12). The upper roll consists of a resin composition. A protective restraining roll (13) is positioned between the other two rolls. The restraining roll consists of a soft natural member.    It has solar battery on both sides of the panel. The lower side part has curve shaped architecture plates which connects both side of the main plate. The arrangement has lower part rise and upper part fall which rolled near the final stage.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies procedure.
(US5766967-A)      Producing submicron T-type gate for high speed FET includes the following steps: first, second, and third layers of the photoresist pattern are distributed on the epitaxy layer formed on the substrate. The thickness of the second layer is larger than that of the third. The thickness of the third is no less than that of the first. The viscosity and the sensitivity of the second layer are larger than those of the first and the third layers. The process then comprises exposing all the layers by single electron-beam exposure; removing the sensitised part of all the layers by using the developing-out solution to form the T-type gate; etching part of the epitaxy layer under the T-type gate; fill the T-type gate with metal by using evaporation; removing the remained part of all the photoresist layers.
(GB2307722-B)      The fluid turbine system consists of a turbine wheel (4) comprising an inner rotating cylinder fitted with a number of hinged, curved blades around the circumference of the inner cylinder. The blades have each an indented inner lip and extended lug at the hinge on the side opposite to the indented lip. The oncoming fluid flow acts on half of the curved blades, indented lips causes the blades to open and extend, radially, while on the opposing other half of the curved blades, the oncoming fluid flow causes these blades to move radially to a closed position around the inner cylinder surface.    This enables by these opposing fluid actions acting on the whole of the curved blades an enhanced torque force acts on the turbine wheel and causes it to rotate with an enhanced revolutions per minute. There are bearings and support shaft on which the turbine wheel is located. The shaft may comprise, solid, hydraulic, or compressed air types, to raise, or lower the turbine wheel, clear of, or into, the fluid flow. An horizontal support platform (5), through which the shaft extends, vertically, into the upper surface of the platform the platform upper surface supporting a generator, is connected to the turbine wheel and the rotating shaft, thus by this equipment generating electrical power.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   The unit can be used as a power turbine for various application such as vehicles of all forms, e.g. heavy duty vehicles, marine warships, ships, submarines, small launches etc., and allows modular manufacture.
(DE19541074-C2)      Silicon or Si alloy material from solar cells or modules is recovered by comminuting and mixing with iron and Si-containing materials for melting down and conversion into ferro-silicon. Preferably, frames of solar modules are first removed for separate treatment and the Si material is granulated by shredding for melting in an electric arc furnace. The ferro-silicon product is preferably used in steel manufacture.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids dumping in landfill and generates useful product.
(JP3089194-B2)      The machine has a solar battery plate (1) arranged and attached on a roof surface, and supported by a frame. A projection (3a) provides a stopping clamp (3b) formed on the upper surface of a ridge side frame (3).    The projection is inserted from the lower portion of the frame to a recess formed in an eaves side frame (4). A stopping clamp piece (11) connected with the stopping clamp, is inserted in the recess. The stopping clamp piece blocks the projection.    ADVANTAGE -   Eliminates utilisation of nail and screw. Enables simple and precise arranging and attaching of solar battery plate on roof surface without possibility of crack generation. Enables simple maintenance process.
(US5800314-A)      The apparatus has a continuous track belt (1) with movable surface on which a user (10) walks or runs. A driving unit (5) drives the continuous track belt to move the movable surface on a speed based on an externally fed control signal input. A position detector senses the position of the user on the movable surface.    A controller (6) regulates the driving unit using the detected position of the user as the controlled variable, in which the proportional control action and integral control action are combined in parallel. The controller forms the control signal based on the results of the control action.    ADVANTAGE -   Controls moving speed on movable surface to make runner run at any time in standard position on movable surface just like running on road.    (JP3153744-B2)      The apparatus has a continuous track belt (1) with movable surface on which a user (10) walks or runs. A driving unit (5) drives the continuous track belt to move the movable surface on a speed based on an externally fed control signal input. A position detector senses the position of the user on the movable surface.    A controller (6) regulates the driving unit using the detected position of the user as the controlled variable, in which the proportional control action and integral control action are combined in parallel. The controller forms the control signal based on the results of the control action.    ADVANTAGE -   Controls moving speed on movable surface to make runner run at any time in standard position on movable surface just like running on road.
(JP3083467-B2)      The roof (2) is constructed by projection for scaffold (21) & array of solar panel (13). A support member (12) supports side edge of the solar panel of predetermined size, fixed on roof surface (11). A non-flammable surface material (20) has projection for scaffold, bends & fixed with the roof surface. The support member is set on the non-flammable surface material.    ADVANTAGE -   Ensures stable scaffold & array work of solar panel, quickly & smoothly. Improves non-flammable nature.
(FR2740044-A1)      The exercise device includes a treadmill with a moving belt (1) on which a person can run. A sensor is attached to the user via a belt (7) fixed around the user's waist to measure the user's cardiac frequency. A cable connects this sensor to a device (9) which transmits the information regarding heart rate to a detector (12) on a remote monitoring unit (11).    The monitoring unit includes a display screen (3) and a loudspeaker (4) arranged to provide video and audio information to the user. The information displayed on the screen is then altered as a function of the detected heart rate. The video display may show a film sequence to the user and may also be used to display warnings if necessary as a function of the detected heart rate.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides video film images from digital storage as function of detected heart rate activity for safe cardiac therapy.
(US5704581-A)      An adjustment plate (20) fixed to the back (31) of the panel (30) has a convex section (21) with a number of teeth (23) flanked by extended slots (24). A holding fixture (10) pivotable on the plate has a corresponding concave section (12) with teeth (14) and two blocks (16) which protrude through the slots so that a positioning plate (18) can be secured by screws (186) in threaded bores (162). The teeth of the concave section are formed on a strip (13) between the two limbs of a U-shaped slot (15). The engagement of the two sets of teeth enables the plate to be adjusted with respect to the fixture in a number of intermediate positions.    ADVANTAGE -   The panel is rendered suitable for users of all sizes and its range of application is less restricted.
(JP3017421-B2)      The element has first, second and third semiconductor layers (102-104) which are formed orderly onto a conductive substrate (101). The first or the third layer is made of Si system non-monocrystal semiconductor light is made to incident on these layers through a transparent electrode (105).    The impurity concentration which decides the conductivity type of the first layer is low when compared to the density of that which decides the type of the second layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids generation of deterioration in characteristic, even when short circuits generated in semiconductor layer. Prevents complication of mfg process. Surpasses in reliability.
(WO9813107-A1)      The system is in the form of an adjustable bench that is set for various postures ranging from upright seated to horizontal. Built into the structure are a number of hydraulic actuators and spring load units that are set for a range of exercises. Hand and foot operated elements form major inputs to the system and various exercise routines are established. The machine and user are connected by sensors to a computer. A display continuously shows relevant data, such as load cycle conditions, heart rate,    ADVANTAGE -   Wide range of exercises, diverts user's attention for sense of effort in exercise.
(EP850507-A1)      The bulb generator comprises a generator housing (110) arranged in a water flow for directing water towards the turbine. Effective cooling is provided by extruded elements comprising channels for circulating coolant air with outer surfaces exposed to the passing turbine water. The extruded elements are contoured on both sides so that the channels have inner protrusions in the form of cooling fins to create a large heat conduction surface. The outer surfaces have extended ribs or grooves in the flow direction for contact with the turbine water. Such cooling elements form a front portion of the generator housing and operate both as flow guiding structures and heat exchangers.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides favourable cooling while minimising welding work and use of expensive materials    (US6028380-A)      The bulb generator comprises a generator housing (110) arranged in a water flow for directing water towards the turbine. Effective cooling is provided by extruded elements comprising channels for circulating coolant air with outer surfaces exposed to the passing turbine water. The extruded elements are contoured on both sides so that the channels have inner protrusions in the form of cooling fins to create a large heat conduction surface. The outer surfaces have extended ribs or grooves in the flow direction for contact with the turbine water. Such cooling elements form a front portion of the generator housing and operate both as flow guiding structures and heat exchangers.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides favourable cooling while minimising welding work and use of expensive materials
(US6201573-B1)      The device includes a light reception part (100) provided with multiple light receiving elements(120) Each light receiving element is provided with a photo electric transducer (130) which convert optical signals into electrical signals one terminal of the a switch element (140) is connected to the output of the photo electric transducer. The other terminal of the switch element is connected one input terminal of an amplifier (221) of a integration (220).    The output voltage of the photo electric transducers is integrated by the integrator. The output voltage of the integrator is compared with a reference voltage value at a comparator(230). A capacitive controlling mechanism(240) controls a variable capacitor(222) of the integration according to the comparison result of the comparator. A Feed back loop consisting of the integrator comparator and the capacitance controlling mechanism is formed when the output of the integration is equal to the reference value of the comparator, and the range of a resolution is within predetermined limits, the capacitance control mechanism outputs a capacitive indication signals.    ADVANTAGE -   Make A/D converter unnecessary simplifies circuit structure, picks up signals with high S/N ratio.
(FR2738027-A1)      The pump (5) draws water from an outlet (2) near the floor of the pool (1) and recirculates it either directly (7), or via a filter (9) or to a wall-cleansing robot (R) according to the settings of stop valves (V2,V1,V3). With the second valve (V1) alone open, the pump runs at normal speed delivering filtered water at the nominal rate.    With the first valve (V2) open, a higher frequency of supply to the pump motor ensures a stronger flow for swimming against the current. With the third valve (V3) open, a lower frequency provides only the amount of water necessary for cleansing by the robot. The frequencies are switched by a selector (10).    ADVANTAGE -   A single pump provides the different flows for recirculation, swimming against the stream, and automated cleaning.
(JP3085641-B2)      The detector (13) has an optical lens (15) that is fixed an equipment body (14). A CCD (17) consisting of a light receiving part is mounted on a circuit substrate (16).    The air tight space (18) is formed in the equipment body between the optical lens and the circuit substrate. The air tight space is adjusted to make the light receiving part to form image through the optical lens.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For facsimile, optical character reader, portable terminal, digital copier, plate making machine. Eliminates dust contamination on optical glass of CCD package. Enables usage in image input units of different shapes. Eliminates need for adjustment screws and jig. Simplifies optical adjustment work. Obtains high reliability and high optical characteristics.
(US5776323-A)      At least part of an electrode is formed of a semiconductor diamond film. Chemical modification is applied to the surface of the semiconductor diamond film.    USE -   The diamond electrode is used for chemical industrial processes, electrolysis, batteries, solar thermal electrode conversion, or chemical sensors.    ADVANTAGE -   The diamond electrode has low overvoltage, long life, electrode reactivation, temp measurement for the electrode portion. The base material of the electrode allows the use of carbon. The result allows the use of inexpensive diamond particles to reduce raw material costs.
(GB2303558-B)      The exercise apparatus comprises a platform (50) for a user to stand or sit upon, mounted on a body formed of two wedge-shaped parts (62,64) which are turned relative to each other so that the platform (5) is inclined relative to a base (40).    The platform (50) is coupled to the top of the body (62,64) via a first bearing, and the body (62,64) is coupled to the base (40) by a second bearing. The platform is prevented from rotating relative to the base (40) by a gimbal (80,82,84). A motor coupled to a shaft (70) rotates the body (62,64), so that the direction of the tilt of the platform (50) sweeps around in a corresponding circular manner.
(US5722915-A)      The training appts. has a DC electric motor, connected in a drive system with crank and pedals (4) operated by user. A four quadrant electronic power unit (5) provides current for the motor (2), which is used for driving and braking the crank in both directions, according to the programme entered in the computer. An incremental transmitter (3) is provided for determining the angular setting, the direction of rotation and speed of the crank.    The actual instantaneous values can be freely evaluated, so that these along with further externally measured characteristic values are made available. For the digital regulation (6) and the control (7) of the crank movement, and for the control of or for the further transmission to a peripheral unit.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Sports training and treating ill patients. Widens scope of use and creates flexible possibilities for diagnosis and form of training operation.
(DE19529306-C2)      The wiring arrangement for a crystalline solar cell has a number of electrical conductors (1) for connection to the transverse conductor path pattern provided on the front side of the solar cell (33), provided by inserting the conductors in a reception device, prior to bending into the required shape and cutting to the required length.    The ends of the conductors projecting beyond the side edge of the solar cell are bent into a required shape, before applying the conductors to the conductor path pattern and connecting them to the latter via access openings provided by the handling system.    ADVANTAGE -   Accurate shaping positioning and connection of large number of small dia. conductors.
(GB2303409-B)      The turbine comprises a rotor including one or more inclined slender aerodynamic blades (3), a hub (6), and two or more arms (7,9), each supporting a balance weight (4,5).    Provision may be made to allow the rotor to teeter in a see-saw action about a teeter axis, and the centre of gravity of the rotor may be located at the hub. The rotor may be neutrally stable when stationary, and positively stable when rotating.    USE -   Turbine for extracting energy from winds, air streams, rivers, ocean currents or tidal flows.
(DE19528267-C2)      The arrangement includes a flow channel (2), in which the shovels (11) of a conduct crown (10) and the shovels (13) of an impeller wheel (12) are arranged one after another in a flow direction. A hydraulic auxiliary motor (20) includes a moving piston rod (22) which is arranged outside a reed (4) of the turbine. A transmission rod arrangement (24) extends through the flow channel and transmits the reciprocal movement of the piston rod on to a connecting limb (26) which is axially movable in the reed.    A power transmission mechanism (28) forwards movement of the connecting limb on to an axially movable regulator shaft (30) which rotates with the impeller. A thrust/rotation mechanism (32) transforms the axial movement of the regulator shaft into turning adjustment motions of the impeller shovels.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Esp. for S-turbine. Avoids pollution of water in flow channel by motor oil in servo mechanism. Enables simple access to adjustments in servo mechanism.
(GB2302709-B)      A mechanical device operating as a prime mover, which directly converts the energy available in flowing water into mechanical energy and pumped water flow through hollow rotating blades, which impart a centrifugal motion; and when fitted horizontally within a caisson, will utilise tidal water flows for electricity generation.
(DE29522192-U1)      The electrical power generated is harnessed in known manner and used further. The ship propeller system is adjusted and optimised depending on the flow relationships. The drive of the underwater turbines and/or the ship propeller system is remotely monitored or controlled.    One or more underwater turbines (1) are coupled with ship propeller systems (2), and are arranged in the effective range of natural sea flows. The underwater turbines are arranged in an underwater body (5). The underwater body with the ship propeller system is anchored at the sea bed, and the operating depth is adjusted across a lifting system (6).    ADVANTAGE -   Provides effective generation of electric power. Clean and environmentally friendly.
(GB2302142-B)      A hydroelectric generating device for the conversion of movement of fluid into rotary power, and including a circulating body, such as a roller or rotatable drum (9), for immersion into a fluid and having projections, such as blades (1) pivotally attached to and extending from the curved surface of the e.g. roller.    A limiting device (4,5) is provided for limiting the extent to which the e.g. blades can pivot in one direction, the extent to which they are pivotable in the opposite direction not being limited by the limiting device, this device specifically being fins extending from the roller or drum through slots provided in the e.g. blades (1) and having latching devices to limit rotation of the e.g. blades.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For the generation of hydroelectric power. Capable of being adapted to tidal flow and capable of operating effectively when the current due to natural flow is reversed.
(EP780571-A2)      The miniature generator has one, pref. two turbine wheels (1a,1b) rigidly connected via a common axle (2), mounted in a housing and contg. internal permanent magnets (3). Magnetic coils (4) are mounted axially adjacent to the turbine wheel or between the turbine wheels.    The housing, which has channels (8) for delivering and carrying away the flowing medium, is made of two chassis elements (5a,5b) which are externally closed by cover plates (6a,6b). Four permanent magnets (3) are mounted inside each turbine wheel. Three magnetic coils are mounted at 120 degrees to each other.    ADVANTAGE -   Simple and economical to manufacture; small, highly efficient and suitable for long-term operation.
(EP828905-A1)      The system includes a number of solar cell panels mounted in supported, oblique positions in connection with a suitable carrier beam (2) e.g. in a building. The panels consist of a carrier plate for a sheet-like coating mounted and hold the active solar cells. The cell sheet coating is mounted on a carrier structure analogous or identical with the type of structure, based on the use of parallel, relatively narrow and elongated C-profiled aluminium lamellae (8).    The lamellae are pref. made of aluminium. The associated holding elements have clamp portions for resilient clamping engagement with longitudinal profile portions of the lamellae as well as mounting portions for reception in or on carrier beams which, mutually spaced and fixed to the carrier base, extend crosswise to the laminae.    ADVANTAGE -   Allows strips of solar cell sheet material to be supported by already highly developed and inexpensive carrier systems.    (JP11505963-W)      The system includes a number of solar cell panels mounted in supported, oblique positions in connection with a suitable carrier beam (2) e.g. in a building. The panels consist of a carrier plate for a sheet-like coating mounted and hold the active solar cells. The cell sheet coating is mounted on a carrier structure analogous or identical with the type of structure, based on the use of parallel, relatively narrow and elongated C-profiled aluminium lamellae (8).    The lamellae are pref. made of aluminium. The associated holding elements have clamp portions for resilient clamping engagement with longitudinal profile portions of the lamellae as well as mounting portions for reception in or on carrier beams which, mutually spaced and fixed to the carrier base, extend crosswise to the laminae.    ADVANTAGE -   Allows strips of solar cell sheet material to be supported by already highly developed and inexpensive carrier systems.
(DE19522958-A1)      The method involves acquiring measurements of the relevant physical parameters of the subject (1) via sensors (2,3), and amplifying and converting them in a preparation stage (4). The measurement values are evaluated in an evaluation stage (5,6) by comparing them with defined criteria. They are interpreted into music in a conversion stage (7) according to the demands of the evaluation stage.    The interpretation enables the subjects to detect their measurement value situation from the music, which is outputted from a music memory (8), in MIDI format, to a sound source (9). The interpretation involves varying the music in the form of extended or shortened notes or pauses, selection of the instrument tuning, varying the timbre and varying the amplitude of the playback.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables acoustic self-control and motivation for training and/or therapy.    (DE19522958-C2)      The method involves acquiring measurements of the relevant physical parameters of the subject (1) via sensors (2,3), and amplifying and converting them in a preparation stage (4). The measurement values are evaluated in an evaluation stage (5,6) by comparing them with defined criteria. They are interpreted into music in a conversion stage (7) according to the demands of the evaluation stage.    The interpretation enables the subjects to detect their measurement value situation from the music, which is outputted from a music memory (8), in MIDI format, to a sound source (9). The interpretation involves varying the music in the form of extended or shortened notes or pauses, selection of the instrument tuning, varying the timbre and varying the amplitude of the playback.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables acoustic self-control and motivation for training and/or therapy.
(EP788816-A1)      The apparatus comprises two pulleys (1), with each mounted on arches (2) coupled by rollers (3) to a central support (4). This is fixed by a bracket (5) to a suitable ceiling or door frame (6). Two cords (7) pass over pulleys (1) and have handles (8) at the end for the user and stirrups (9) at the other ends.    A harness (10) is fixed round the waist and cords (11) and attached to support the user by variables counter-weights (15). Two cords (16) are passed round the body and a collar (12) is attached by cord (18) to variable counterweights. Part of the counterweight (15) may be eliminated by an electro-mechanical system to facilitate mounting and dismounting.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Suitable for users of all ages, for amusement, gymnastics or rehabilitation. User floats in space in upright, horizontal or invented position and intensity of exercise can be varied as required to suit condition of user.
(US5690582-A)      The simulator exercise appts. (250) has a pair of steps and a steering mechanism (256) to indicate direction of motion. A computer generates a simulated environment to control the steps, and monitors the user step and steering mechanism manipulation to determined user's position in the environment.    The computer enables the user to travel unrestricted through the environment and to participate in user selectable activities while in it. A display system (260) provides a visual display of the user's position in the environment.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   E.g. exercise equipment and networkable exercise equipment. Makes exercise less boring. Allows users to communicate and engage in simulated sporting events.
(WO9705926-A1)      The exercise apparatus includes a movable powered structure with movable components attached to a fixed support frame, adapted to apply forces to a user's body as the user applies forces to the components. Force and position sensors provide signals indicating the forces applied by the user as well as the position and orientation of the user's head to a computer processor. A powered actuator alters the three dimensional configuration and motion of the movable powered structure and applies variable forces to the user's body.    A visual display presents virtual images superimposed over the powered structure in real time. A visual perspective from the vantage point of the user is maintained as the user moves. The virtual image consists of a representation of an environment including movable objects with which the user can interact. The computer responds to the sensed signals to calculate the movement of the powered structure and the forces applied to the user, as well as to control the display.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides illusion of interaction with variety of interesting environments. Provides variety of exercise regimens which ensure user interacts with sufficient exertion to enhance health and fitness.
(JP3165639-B2)      The method involves using rectangular laser beam whose longitudinal direction axis is leaned corresponding to movement direction axis of an XY table (07) on which a solar battery is placed.    ADVANTAGE -   Raises solar battery efficiency. Obtains stabilized insulation resistance when solar battery is divided.
(JP3098950-B2)      The apparatus has a reverse bias application unit (2) which applies reverse bias to an opto-electric transducer (1). An IR detector (3) detects the 2D coordinates of the measured surface of the transducer from which IR rays are radiated. A discrimination unit (4) detects whether the detected coordinates indicate the leak location based on the comparison result of energy of the IR rays and a reference value.    When it is judged to be leak location, the 2D coordinates information is stored in a memory (5). A laser gun (7) is controlled by a controller (6) to irradiate laser light on the leak location of the transducer based on the contents of the memory.    ADVANTAGE -   Detects an repairs leak location efficiently. Reduces generation of inferior goods, remarkably.
(JP3081528-B2)      The apparatus (1) consists of a number of photoelectric conversion blocks (2-6) connected to an optoelectric transducer (11). The transducer includes a first electrode (A), a photoelectric conversion layer (9) and a second electrode (10) arranged in laminated form on a substrate (7). The second electrode is coated by an insulating film (12).    Through hole conductors (13a,13b,17a,17b) are provided on the photoelectric conversion blocks. Each through hole conductor is connected to the diagonally opposite through hole conductor of the next photoelectric conversion block by third electrodes (18a- 18d).    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces size of photoelectric conversion apparatus. Enables easy mounting of apparatus with high densification. Reduces mounting space. Allows easy alteration of current voltage design.
(US5728483-A)      The battery includes a fuel cell (5) with heat exchanger (9). A thermal storage medium (7) from a thermal storage tank (6) is circulated through the heat exchanger of the fuel cell through a first piping (25).    Thermal storage medium is circulated between the tank, a heat exchanger (8) and hydrogen occluding alloy container (3) through a second piping (24). The medium of low temperature is introduced into the second piping and the tank through a third piping and fourth piping respectively.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves reliability. Has high industrial value.
(JP3143392-B2)      The solar battery includes first (SC1), second (SC2), and third (SC3) photoelectric-conversion layers which are arranged sequentially from a light-incidence side (8). An i-layer (4i) of the second photoelectric-conversion layer has the narrowest optical band gap from among the i-layers of each photoelectric-conversion layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves photoelectric-conversion characteristic even after prolonged optical irradiation since thickness of i-layer of second photoelectric-conversion layer can be reduced.
(US5981864-A)      The method involves forming a metal layer (102) on surface of a substrate (101) followed by formation of a first transparent electric conduction layer (103). The metal layer and the transparent electric conduction layer are separated electrically at n areas.    Then, a photoelectric conversion layer (105) and a second transparent electric conduction layer (106) are formed on the first transparent electric conduction layer. The first and second transparent electric conduction layers are connected electrically by laser irradiation.    ADVANTAGE -   Inhibits layer spalling. Improves weather resistance and endurance. Reduces specific resistance of connecting parts. Prevents substrate from damages caused by laser light. Improves photovoltaic conversion efficiency.
(WO9745879-A1)      The apparatus includes a heat source (2) for generating heat radiation having a broad band spectrum. A selective emitter (4) is used for absorbing the heat radiation over the broad band spectrum and re-radiating narrow band radiation having a narrow band spectrum. A thermo-photovoltaic cell (6) contains a quantum well structure for absorbing the narrow band radiation and generating electrical energy.    The quantum well structure comprises multiple quantum wells, whose structure is formed in an intrinsic region of a pin device. Quantum well and depth of the quantum well structure are matched to the narrow band spectrum.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For converting of heat energy to electrical energy using thermo-photovoltaic cells. Improved conversion efficiency from narrow band radiation to electrical energy.
(WO9741605-A1)      The apparatus includes plate-shaped solar cells (1) which are interconnected in series by conductive couplers (8), while at least a part of the cells is arranged in a liner strip. The couplers, extending in the strip direction, lie adjacent to the cell over considerable part of their longitudinal extension.    Pref. the adjacent couplers correspond to 0.5 to 2.0 times the cell length in the strip direction. Typically an electric insulation, such as an insulation foil, is located between the couplers and the generator support. The cells may be each fitted with coupling element(s) (5,6) on he cell flat side, protruding over the cell edge side.    ADVANTAGE -   Facility for using plastics, or metals, as support material.
(WO9743673-A1)      A light-guide illumination system using an illumination reflector which has been customized to maximize the efficiency of light transmission between the illumination source, such as an arc lamp, and the cores of the output light guides. A method of fabricating the customized illumination reflector includes mapping the radiation patterns of the particular illumination source to be utilized, creating a database of those radiation patterns, and utilizing the database to generate an optimal illumination reflector configuration. The computer-generated reflector will virtually always be a non-conic section, because the illumination source is not ideal.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For coupling light from an illumination source to a number of output "light guides", which are used for a variety of purposes, such as illuminating pools, spas, hazardous material zones, jail cells, and other applications where direct lighting is dangerous, difficult to maintain, or subject to vandalism. System has improved efficiency on account of using non-conic sections in the design of the illumination reflector.
(GB2312931-B)      The generator defines a flow path (A) and has a rotor rotatable about a rotor axis i.e. shaft (14) in the flow path and paddles (17A-L) each of which is freely pivotable on a pivot axis formed by a respective spindle (16A-L) adjacent to its edge and parallel to and spaced from the rotor axis. Each paddle has a stop i.e. the rotor shaft which abuts with the paddle to hold it in a closed condition, the paddle being located between the respective paddle pivot axis and the rotor axis and radially w.r.t. the rotor, the stops being arranged to prevent pivoting of the paddles through the closed condition, and the paddles each being pivotable away from the closed condition in the same rotational sense.    The rotor is disposed in a tubular housing having a U-shaped channel (12), the rotor including two parallel end plates spaced apart on a rotor axle, the rotor axle being journalled in and extending through the housing, and the axle being connected for rotation with the rotor. Each paddle is pivotable on a common pitch circle diameter and journalled between the parallel end plates, and the spindles are spaced equi-angularly about the rotor axle. Pivoting baffles (21A,B) direct fluid towards the paddles in the closed condition irrespective of the direction of flow through the housing.    ADVANTAGE -   Suitable for all sea conditions and will work with both tides or waves, by providing universally rotatable arrangement, while being simple, inexpensive, and relatively mechanically efficient and unobtrusive.
(JP3170445-B2)      The method involves using a substrate (1) containing P type impurity on whose one surface a P+ type layer (1a) is formed. A N layer (1b) is formed on the other side of the substrate. An electrode is formed on both side of the substrate. A boron silicate glass layer (5) is initially formed on the whole of the P+ layer.    The boron silicate glass layer and the P+ layer are removed except at the principal plane of one of side of the substrate. Then, phosphorus is diffused in order to form a mask on the glass layer. The phosphorus present at the lateral part of the substrate is removed. Consequently, the N layer is formed at the other side of the substrate.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies solar cell formation process. Prevents generation of warpage in substrate. Improves mfr yield.
(US6153013-A)      The appts. includes a number of vacuum housings (100,100n,100p) arranged sequentially inside of which a strip shaped member is passed. Different types of thin film layers are formed on the surface of the strip shaped member by plasma chemical vapour deposition technique and photovoltaic cell is produced continuously. The stress generated in the conveyance direction of the strip shaped member due to thermal expansion and contraction effect of the housing is reduced by supporting each vacuum housing on a stand.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables to convey heated strip shaped member in stable manner. Enables mass production of photovoltaic cell without defect at low cost.
(EP792799-B1)      The coupling device for satellites during transit includes a bracket which can be attached to the perimeter wall. Two pairs of shear fittings are attached to and extends within respective flanges on the bracket. The shear fittings are positioned opposite each other. Each pair of shear fittings includes an extension section extending beyond the first bracket flange in a direction, away from it.    The extension section includes three sections, the last being a terminating surface. The second section decreases in diameter regularly from along its length. Each of the second pair of shear fittings includes a cup-shaped extension with a sloping inner wall defining an annular recess adapted to receive the decreasing diameter of the second section of one of the first pair of shear fittings.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Connection of satellite during launch. Protects satellite from loads experienced during launch. Weight of satellite is not limited by weight due to coupling device. Maximises utilisation of space within fairing.
(JP3167907-B2)      The method involves coating an adhesive agent (2) on a solar battery cell (1) or a cover glass (3). The solar battery cell and the cover glass are arranged opposing each other and are pressed mutually.    The cover glass surface or the rear side of battery cell is partially heated at an elevated temperature by which the adhesive agent is hardened.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables mfr of solar battery cell with flexibility. Prevents extrusion of adhesive agent.
(JP9219531-A)      The method involves forming a n-type semiconductor area on a p-type semiconductor substrate.    A phosphating is formed to the n-type semiconductor area at low temperature.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents recombination of carrier. Inhibits reduction of crystalline quality. Offers highly efficient solar battery.    (US5759292-A)      The substrate (1) with the N-region is immersed into aqueous solution of the phosphoric acid, which consists of one or more components of a group, consisting of H3PO4, H3PO2, HPO3, sodium salts, potassium salts, and ammonia salts of such acids.    Preferably the treatment is carried out at temperature between room temperature and 200 degrees C. On the N-region is then deposited a silicon nitride layer, typically by CVD in thermal vacuum. The P-substrate and/or the N-region are of amorphous material.    ADVANTAGE -   More suited to amorphous substrates. Increased conversion efficiency.
(JP9203305-A)      The power generation system includes a fuel reforming type burner (20). The burner has a fuel reforming part and a combustion part. Exhaust gas from a waste burning furnace (1) is introduced as an oxidiser into the combustion part. Exhaust heat from the reforming type burner is collected. This exhaust heat is used to super heat steam from a waste heat recollection boiler (2).    Part of the steam from the boiler is introduced into the fuel reforming part of the reforming burner. Steam condensate is vaporised with the exhaust heat left over from superheating the waste heat steam.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For steam turbine. For waste disposal. Increased quantity of power generated. Reduces amount of nitrogen oxide produced.    (JP3042394-B2)      The power generation system includes a fuel reforming type burner (20). The burner has a fuel reforming part and a combustion part. Exhaust gas from a waste burning furnace (1) is introduced as an oxidiser into the combustion part. Exhaust heat from the reforming type burner is collected. This exhaust heat is used to super heat steam from a waste heat recollection boiler (2).    Part of the steam from the boiler is introduced into the fuel reforming part of the reforming burner. Steam condensate is vaporised with the exhaust heat left over from superheating the waste heat steam.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For steam turbine. For waste disposal. Increased quantity of power generated. Reduces amount of nitrogen oxide produced.
(US5777903-A)      The smart card includes a control unit for controlling one of its operations, and a display (28) coupled to the control unit for displaying information. A keypad (26) coupled to the control unit and to the display is used by the user to enter data.    An interface (62) transfers signals between the smart card and the external system when the smart card is coupled to the external system. A power source (52) provides power to the smart card when the smart card is exposed to light. The power source includes photovoltaic cells or flexible solar cells to maintain the flexibility of the smart card.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Allows user to access information stored on card while not being connected to external system, no need of bulky battery, maintains flexibility of card.
(JP3131869-B2)      The connector has a plug (2) connected to the live point of an electrically conductive cable (1) derived from a solar-battery module. An insulated component (4) with major diameter smaller or equal to the major diameter of the plug is fixed in axial direction in a point of the plug.    The plug set up to the live point of the electrically conductive cable is connected to a faucet (10) included in a conductive cable for grounding (9).    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents test finger to contact live point of electrically conductive cable.
(RU2098725-C1)      The method involves the passage of voltage from a power source, where signals from temperature sensors pass through amplifiers to a summer, while the signal of amplifier also passes to a Schmitt trigger. The sum is passed directly to a summer and through a voltage splitter to a summer. The signals are summed in the summers with reference voltages from sources, to produce control signals, passed to pulse current stabilisers, also receiving a control signal from the Schmitt trigger.    Initially, the temperature of a cooled element greatly exceeds the assigned value and the threshold of the trigger is exceeded, producing a high level control signal to set the supply current of the thermoelectric battery corresponding to the assigned forced mode. When the assigned temperature of the element is obtained, the signal of sensor and from amplifier is below the triggering threshold of the trigger, disconnecting the control signal. The stabilisers are connected to two thermoelectric battery stages and through one stage to sensor.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Cooling of elements of cascade thermoelectric battery. Wider range of use. Increased degree of cooling and reduced specific current. Reduction of usage of expensive thermoelectric semiconductor material.
(US5787653-A)      The attachment structure has a clamp component (3b) which grips the termination (4a) of the planner solar battery (4). The clamp component is located on the rail member (3). The planner solar battery faces the roof background material (2).    ADVANTAGE -   Does not need nail for fixing for solar battery. Prevents rail induced fault generations. Improves waterproof nature. Simplifies exchange roof surface material.
(US5816540-A)      The spacecraft (20) includes a solar panel (28) and a sensor (38) which produces a signal representing undesired forces exterted on the spacecraft. An evaluator (44) receives the signal and calculates a torque to be applied to the spacecraft so as to compensate for the forces. A comparator (46) generates a signal indicating whether the torque is within a given range. A solar panel controller (50) moves the solar panel to a given position for a fixed period if the torque is within the range. If the torque is outside the range then the panel is tacked between two different positions during the fixed period.    USE -   For satellite.    ADVANTAGE -   Lower solar panel energy losses due to efficient tacking. Reduced disturbances.    (EP780296-B1)      The spacecraft (20) includes a solar panel (28) and a sensor (38) which produces a signal representing undesired forces exterted on the spacecraft. An evaluator (44) receives the signal and calculates a torque to be applied to the spacecraft so as to compensate for the forces. A comparator (46) generates a signal indicating whether the torque is within a given range. A solar panel controller (50) moves the solar panel to a given position for a fixed period if the torque is within the range. If the torque is outside the range then the panel is tacked between two different positions during the fixed period.    USE -   For satellite.    ADVANTAGE -   Lower solar panel energy losses due to efficient tacking. Reduced disturbances.
(DE19650956-C2)      The module includes a sheet metal carrier (11) upon which is mounted at least one row of solar cells (2) in a support insert (12) such that cells are rotatably mounted both vertically and horizontally. In each cell row is located a rotary spindle (3) above the sheet metal carrier.    The spindle tooth flanks mesh with those of toothed rims (4), which are rotatably mounted on the sheet metal carrier. The support inserts are adjustable and arrestable on the toothed rims. The entire system is inserted into a lower case (5), adjusted, and bolted to a top casing (6) to form the module. Provided with the spindle are two step motors which displace the solar cells horizontally or vertically via the toothed rims and the sheet metal carrier. The horizontal step motor is rotatably held on a holder (13) and the vertical motor is held fast to the holder.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For roof and facade application, with adjustment to follow solar rays impingement, high reliability, and low costs.
(DE19681027-T)      The energy conversion system has closed or open systems or vessels, where matter is stimulated by pulsed radiant heat and/or light and/or electrical potential so that a vortex is created and, in the vortex, matter is converted into pure energy. The vortex matter is circulated, e.g. through pipework, from areas of high energy density to the core of the vortex.    USE -   Used to convert matter into usable energy.    ADVANTAGE -   As the process converts matter to usable energy, practical application to e.g. a power turbine, enables the net power output to be greater than the (conventional) energy input, i.e. the overall efficiency of the power generation system can be greater than 100% (claimed).    (EP834215-A1)      The energy conversion system has closed or open systems or vessels, where matter is stimulated by pulsed radiant heat and/or light and/or electrical potential so that a vortex is created and, in the vortex, matter is converted into pure energy. The vortex matter is circulated, e.g. through pipework, from areas of high energy density to the core of the vortex.    USE -   Used to convert matter into usable energy.    ADVANTAGE -   As the process converts matter to usable energy, practical application to e.g. a power turbine, enables the net power output to be greater than the (conventional) energy input, i.e. the overall efficiency of the power generation system can be greater than 100% (claimed).
(DE19716418-A1)      The glass roof construction uses compound glass panels with incorporated cylindrical Fresnel lenses (3), or simple panels of a transparent plastics material. An absorber system (2) is positioned behind the glass roof along the focal lines of the Fresnel lenses.    The absorber can be provided by modules mounted on carriages or slides for synchronous positioning under control of a measuring system for tracking the movement of the sun.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For providing room heating and hot water and for solar powered current generation. Uses modern roof technology with multi-point system and adjustable carrier to be capable of having over six hours of direct sunlight without shadowing effect.    (DE19716418-C2)      The glass roof construction uses compound glass panels with incorporated cylindrical Fresnel lenses (3), or simple panels of a transparent plastics material. An absorber system (2) is positioned behind the glass roof along the focal lines of the Fresnel lenses.    The absorber can be provided by modules mounted on carriages or slides for synchronous positioning under control of a measuring system for tracking the movement of the sun.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For providing room heating and hot water and for solar powered current generation. Uses modern roof technology with multi-point system and adjustable carrier to be capable of having over six hours of direct sunlight without shadowing effect.
(JP3017421-B2)      The element has first, second and third semiconductor layers (102-104) which are formed orderly onto a conductive substrate (101). The first or the third layer is made of Si system non-monocrystal semiconductor light is made to incident on these layers through a transparent electrode (105).    The impurity concentration which decides the conductivity type of the first layer is low when compared to the density of that which decides the type of the second layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids generation of deterioration in characteristic, even when short circuits generated in semiconductor layer. Prevents complication of mfg process. Surpasses in reliability.
(DE19537121-C2)      The apparatus includes a heat exchanger (16) to transfer thermal collector (12) heat from one thermal carrier medium to the hot side of a Peltier element module (32), whose cold ride is coupled to a heat sink. Pref. the heat carrier medium circulates in a first heat carrier circuit (14).    Typically a second heat carrier circuit (24) focus the heat sink and is linked to a water heater (28, 30). Between the two heat carrier circuits may be located the heat exchanger, between whose heat exchanger pipes for the two thermal carrier media are incorporated Peltier elements, whose hot sides abut exchange pipes (18) for the first medium, while then cold sides abuts exchange pipes (20, 22) for the second medium.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For solar energy utilisation esp. in southern countries, with utilisation of large spectral range replacing photovoltaic generator.
(US5728230-A)      The module includes a photovoltaic element (101) which is enclosed in a transparent load material (102). A transparent resin film (103) covers this material. A back side coating layer (104) and reinforcing materials are formed to the rear side of the photovoltaic element, sequentially.    The backside coating layer includes a hard film (106) sandwiched between a pair of organic macromolecular resin layers (105).    ADVANTAGE -   Improves attachment intensity of resin layer. Raises lifetime of module. Simplifies mfg process.
(JP9064394-A)      The amorphous silicon solar cell element is formed on a flexible stainless substrate in a rectangular solar cell module and placed between a translucent resin film and a metal reinforcement plate. The element is sealed by a translucent resin.    A roller mould machine bends the two long sides of the rectangular cell using a pair of rotating roller. The sides are bent in a direction opposite to a light receiving surface. The other ends are bent towards the surface.    ADVANTAGE -   Easily fabricated, light weight, low price, excellent structure strength.    (JP3017420-B2)      The amorphous silicon solar cell element is formed on a flexible stainless substrate in a rectangular solar cell module and placed between a translucent resin film and a metal reinforcement plate. The element is sealed by a translucent resin.    A roller mould machine bends the two long sides of the rectangular cell using a pair of rotating roller. The sides are bent in a direction opposite to a light receiving surface. The other ends are bent towards the surface.    ADVANTAGE -   Easily fabricated, light weight, low price, excellent structure strength.    (US6025555-A)      The amorphous silicon solar cell element is formed on a flexible stainless substrate in a rectangular solar cell module and placed between a translucent resin film and a metal reinforcement plate. The element is sealed by a translucent resin.    A roller mould machine bends the two long sides of the rectangular cell using a pair of rotating roller. The sides are bent in a direction opposite to a light receiving surface. The other ends are bent towards the surface.    ADVANTAGE -   Easily fabricated, light weight, low price, excellent structure strength.
(DE29521926-U1)      The power generating process utilises a wind force and/or an exhaust gas of a power plant and an impeller. The wind etc. is guided through a duct with numerous impellers in tandem.    Pref. the wind guiding duct is rotatable in the wind direction. It may have restriction for accelerating the wind or exhaust gas stream, followed by wider sections for expansion of the stream. The energy may be generated by a combination with a heating installation, including a heat exchanger, or with a solar cell system.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For ecologically friendly power generation, with utilisation of different sources even for small power requirements.
(DE19680621-T)      The converter converts thermal energy into electrical energy using at least a first p-type semiconductor and a second n-type semiconductor of wire or strip material. The conductors (2,3) are arranged in hot (5) and cold (6) regions separated by a thermally insulating layer (9) and are mutually electrically isolated.    The ends (4) of the conductors in the hot region are electrically short circuited and the electrical energy delivered at the ends of each conductor pair in the cold region is dependent on the thermoelectric material properties and the temp. difference of the lengths of the conductors in the hot and cold regions.    ADVANTAGE -   Electrical energy is generated using new technique.
(US5731676-A)      The actuation unit has a set of elements which carries out electricity generation by converting emission energies like light and heat. The elements forms magnetic poles which are moved by effect of magnetic field produced by flow of current.    The elements arranged on opposite sides are made to irradiate emission energy alternately which changes the magnetism of the magnetic pole. When emission energy is not irradiated it, is provided to a cell.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides driving force with high efficiency. Produces cheap and small sized appts.
(US5776323-A)      At least part of an electrode is formed of a semiconductor diamond film. Chemical modification is applied to the surface of the semiconductor diamond film.    USE -   The diamond electrode is used for chemical industrial processes, electrolysis, batteries, solar thermal electrode conversion, or chemical sensors.    ADVANTAGE -   The diamond electrode has low overvoltage, long life, electrode reactivation, temp measurement for the electrode portion. The base material of the electrode allows the use of carbon. The result allows the use of inexpensive diamond particles to reduce raw material costs.
(JP3094847-B2)      The method involves measuring water level of boiler drum (21) by a level meter (24), amount of generated vapours by a vapour flowmeter (25) and outlet temperature of furnace by a thermometry unit (30). The signals representing the measured values are supplied to a control mechanism calculator (40). The signal of amount of water supply calculated by the control mechanism calculator (40) is sent to a water supply flowing quantity adjustment meter (26).    If the outlet temperature of the furnace is within a predetermined range, the amount of vapour generation and flowing quantity control is carried out on the basis of the measured value of the water level in the boiler drum. If the outlet temperature of the furnace becomes outside the predetermined range, the flowing quantity control is carried out on the basis of the outlet temperature of the furnace.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces variation of vapour generation amount at time of combustion amount fluctuations, thus, improving vapour generation amount quality.
(DE19529306-C2)      The wiring arrangement for a crystalline solar cell has a number of electrical conductors (1) for connection to the transverse conductor path pattern provided on the front side of the solar cell (33), provided by inserting the conductors in a reception device, prior to bending into the required shape and cutting to the required length.    The ends of the conductors projecting beyond the side edge of the solar cell are bent into a required shape, before applying the conductors to the conductor path pattern and connecting them to the latter via access openings provided by the handling system.    ADVANTAGE -   Accurate shaping positioning and connection of large number of small dia. conductors.
(GB2303409-B)      The turbine comprises a rotor including one or more inclined slender aerodynamic blades (3), a hub (6), and two or more arms (7,9), each supporting a balance weight (4,5).    Provision may be made to allow the rotor to teeter in a see-saw action about a teeter axis, and the centre of gravity of the rotor may be located at the hub. The rotor may be neutrally stable when stationary, and positively stable when rotating.    USE -   Turbine for extracting energy from winds, air streams, rivers, ocean currents or tidal flows.
(JP3131820-B2)       Prodn. of a -Al2 O3sintering member comprises preparing a water-soluble slurry contg. alumina or aluminium cpd. powder which becomes alumina by heat treatment, sodium cpd. powder and lithium aluminate cpd. powder as stabiliser.    USE -    Used in a Na-S battery, Na-fused-salt battery, AMTEC (Alkali Metal Thermo-Elastic Converter), SOxsensor, etc.    ADVANTAGE -   Good electrical and mechanical characteristics, with high density and strength are obtd..
(WO9705380-A1)      The energy generation device has a switched motor/generator (3) electrically coupled to an electric battery (1) and mechanically coupled to a rotational frame (5) with at least one mass (10) which slides radially relative to the rotation axis (4). Each mass is initially held in a central rest position and released to slide into a peripheral end position upon switching the motor/generator from the motor mode to the generator mode.    ADVANTAGE -   Low cost, environmentally friendly energy generation device.    (EP840850-A1)      The energy generation device has a switched motor/generator (3) electrically coupled to an electric battery (1) and mechanically coupled to a rotational frame (5) with at least one mass (10) which slides radially relative to the rotation axis (4). Each mass is initially held in a central rest position and released to slide into a peripheral end position upon switching the motor/generator from the motor mode to the generator mode.    ADVANTAGE -   Low cost, environmentally friendly energy generation device.    (DE19613369-C2)      The energy generation device has a switched motor/generator (3) electrically coupled to an electric battery (1) and mechanically coupled to a rotational frame (5) with at least one mass (10) which slides radially relative to the rotation axis (4). Each mass is initially held in a central rest position and released to slide into a peripheral end position upon switching the motor/generator from the motor mode to the generator mode.    ADVANTAGE -   Low cost, environmentally friendly energy generation device.
(DE19743418-A1)      The roof has solar collectors (1) mounted on the inside of the elements (10) forming the roof skin. These elements are in the form of tiles with mounting devices for the solar collectors on their inner sides. The tiles carrying the solar collectors are made of transparent material.    The tiles have an at least partial coating of radiation absorbent material, e.g. a black nickel coating. Alternatively, a radiation absorbing additive can be added to the material of the roof tiles. The collectors have open housings contg. meander-shaped pipes enclosed by convector sheets.    ADVANTAGE -   Solar collectors are housed in generally warmer roof interior, thus reducing heat loss.
(ZA9605291-A)      A control system (6) comprises a detector (7) moved from the target plane (P) in the direction of propagation of radiation (R') directed by heliostat mirrors (2) towards the target plane. The detector has a surface (8) facing radiation.    Concentrated solar radiation delivered to the selected zone from the controlled area of the heliostat field, is projected onto the detector surface. This produces an image of the controlled area. The light intensity of portions of the image is measured and each heliostat mirror adjusted accordingly.    ADVANTAGE -   Maximises amount of light received, improved efficiency, increased speed of response.    (EP879388-A2)      A control system (6) comprises a detector (7) moved from the target plane (P) in the direction of propagation of radiation (R') directed by heliostat mirrors (2) towards the target plane. The detector has a surface (8) facing radiation.    Concentrated solar radiation delivered to the selected zone from the controlled area of the heliostat field, is projected onto the detector surface. This produces an image of the controlled area. The light intensity of portions of the image is measured and each heliostat mirror adjusted accordingly.    ADVANTAGE -   Maximises amount of light received, improved efficiency, increased speed of response.    (US5862799-A)      A control system (6) comprises a detector (7) moved from the target plane (P) in the direction of propagation of radiation (R') directed by heliostat mirrors (2) towards the target plane. The detector has a surface (8) facing radiation.    Concentrated solar radiation delivered to the selected zone from the controlled area of the heliostat field, is projected onto the detector surface. This produces an image of the controlled area. The light intensity of portions of the image is measured and each heliostat mirror adjusted accordingly.    ADVANTAGE -   Maximises amount of light received, improved efficiency, increased speed of response.
(DE19525720-C2)      The mfg. system, used to provide a solar cell without a front contact, employs a crystalline silicon substrate with a p-type conductivity. It is structured at the front surface and provided with an oxidation layer at the rear surface. Finger-shaped thick-film contacts (6) are applied to the rear surface using a metal paste containing Ag.    Further finger-shaped metallic thin-film contacts are formed in openings in the oxidation layer, so that the fingers of the different contacts are interleaved. A highly doped p-type zone lies beneath the thick-film contacts. A highly doped n-type zone lies beneath the thin-film contacts, without any overlap between the doped zones.    ADVANTAGE -   Rapid easy mfr. without requiring front metallisation, providing high efficiency solar cell.
(JP10504960-W)      The apparatus includes a thermopile (21), e.g. of bismuthide telluride, between a gas flame (24) and a boiler unit (11) of an absorption refrigerator. Part of the heat flux generated by the temperature gradient between the flame and the boiler is used to generate thermoelectric power in the thermopile.    A second thermopile (28) has the high temperature side exposed to an air current (19) that has been positioned to draw heat from an absorber (36) and condenser (31). The low temperature side is cooled by positioning it close to an evaporator (27). A boiler from one system is arranged to absorb heat discharged from the absorber of another.    ADVANTAGE -   Ganged together stages improve energy efficiency by reducing wasted heat as heat escaping from one stage is used to produce thermoelectricity in following stage.
(US5772791-A)      The power plant has a rotary platform floating on a water layer, consisting of concentrators (4) extending parallel to a dia., covered by flat lenses (1) deflecting about two axes. The concentrator cross-section, under the flat lenses, is similar to an acute angle triangle, whose shanks (14) are of unequal length.    Thus triangular ducts (35) are formed for air flow between adjacent concentrators. with the ducts underside coinciding with the water level (8), which in pref. covered with floating supports (16). The flat lenses may contain two sections, with the strongly deflecting section (11) contg. acute angle prisms. The wearily deflecting section (12) forms Fresnel lenses.    ADVANTAGE -   Focal line is eccentric to concentrator centre with small angular beam amount.    (DE19522215-C2)      The power plant has a rotary platform floating on a water layer, consisting of concentrators (4) extending parallel to a dia., covered by flat lenses (1) deflecting about two axes. The concentrator cross-section, under the flat lenses, is similar to an acute angle triangle, whose shanks (14) are of unequal length.    Thus triangular ducts (35) are formed for air flow between adjacent concentrators. with the ducts underside coinciding with the water level (8), which in pref. covered with floating supports (16). The flat lenses may contain two sections, with the strongly deflecting section (11) contg. acute angle prisms. The wearily deflecting section (12) forms Fresnel lenses.    ADVANTAGE -   Focal line is eccentric to concentrator centre with small angular beam amount.
(EP830508-A1)      The hybrid ocean thermal energy conversion system (400) comprises a desalination sub-system with flash evaporator (406) turning warm sea water to steam, which in a condenser (412) produces fresh water. Cold sea water is used in the condenser.    The sub-system is powered by an energy generating unit comprising a fluid evaporator (418) to evaporate a working fluid e.g. ammonia, to vapour using warm sea water, a turbine generator (422) and a second condenser (416) which condenses the working fluid.    ADVANTAGE -   Gives improved energy conversion providing fresh water and energy esp. for hydrolysing hydrogen and oxygen gasses for electricity or coal gasification producing methane.    (JP2000501807-W)      The hybrid ocean thermal energy conversion system (400) comprises a desalination sub-system with flash evaporator (406) turning warm sea water to steam, which in a condenser (412) produces fresh water. Cold sea water is used in the condenser.    The sub-system is powered by an energy generating unit comprising a fluid evaporator (418) to evaporate a working fluid e.g. ammonia, to vapour using warm sea water, a turbine generator (422) and a second condenser (416) which condenses the working fluid.    ADVANTAGE -   Gives improved energy conversion providing fresh water and energy esp. for hydrolysing hydrogen and oxygen gasses for electricity or coal gasification producing methane.
(US5728465-A)      A method for inhibiting corrosion of a substrate comprises applying to the substrate a coating made from a class of diamond-like solid-state materials formed from interpenetrating networks comprising: (a) a first network of diamond-like carbon stabilized by hydrogen; (b) a silicon network stabilized by oxygen; and opt. (c) at least one network made from dopant elements or dopant cpds. contg. elements from Gps. I-VIIB and VIII.    Also claimed are: (1) a corrosion resistant coating formed from the above diamond-like solid state materials; (2) decorative metals and metal plating comprising coating (1) above; (3) a corrosion-resistant material made from a substrate and a coating as above; and (4) a reactor chamber used in microelectronic fabrication, surgical tools, biomedical implants, vehicle wheels, jewellery, munitions and electronic components comprising corrosion-resistant material (3) above.    USE -   For applying corrosion and erosion resistant coatings to metals and polymers, e.g. heavy structural metals, electronic equipment, decorative metals and metal plating, found in heavy equipment, vehicles, aircraft, ships, etc. exposed to salt-contg. water. Also for coating reactor chambers used in microelectronic fabrication, surgical tools, biomedical implants, vehicle wheels, jewellery and munitions.    ADVANTAGE -   The coatings can be "tuned" or altered by adjusting the amts. and types of the networks to provide the best combination of properties to offer max. corrosion and erosion resistance to the coated substrates.
(EP828905-A1)      The system includes a number of solar cell panels mounted in supported, oblique positions in connection with a suitable carrier beam (2) e.g. in a building. The panels consist of a carrier plate for a sheet-like coating mounted and hold the active solar cells. The cell sheet coating is mounted on a carrier structure analogous or identical with the type of structure, based on the use of parallel, relatively narrow and elongated C-profiled aluminium lamellae (8).    The lamellae are pref. made of aluminium. The associated holding elements have clamp portions for resilient clamping engagement with longitudinal profile portions of the lamellae as well as mounting portions for reception in or on carrier beams which, mutually spaced and fixed to the carrier base, extend crosswise to the laminae.    ADVANTAGE -   Allows strips of solar cell sheet material to be supported by already highly developed and inexpensive carrier systems.    (JP11505963-W)      The system includes a number of solar cell panels mounted in supported, oblique positions in connection with a suitable carrier beam (2) e.g. in a building. The panels consist of a carrier plate for a sheet-like coating mounted and hold the active solar cells. The cell sheet coating is mounted on a carrier structure analogous or identical with the type of structure, based on the use of parallel, relatively narrow and elongated C-profiled aluminium lamellae (8).    The lamellae are pref. made of aluminium. The associated holding elements have clamp portions for resilient clamping engagement with longitudinal profile portions of the lamellae as well as mounting portions for reception in or on carrier beams which, mutually spaced and fixed to the carrier base, extend crosswise to the laminae.    ADVANTAGE -   Allows strips of solar cell sheet material to be supported by already highly developed and inexpensive carrier systems.
(JP3032461-B2)      The generator has a property modification device which modifies raw fuel to modification gas of which the main component is hydrogen and volume of a modification possible part of the device is variable, a solid macromolecular type fuel battery which a solid macromolecular electrolyte film is positioned between a fuel electric pole and an oxidant electric pole and generates with electric chemical reaction between the modification gas and the oxidant, a hydrogen refining compressor which has a hydrogen generating part which generates pure hydrogen with remained rare hydrogen at the fuel battery and a hydrogen compressing part which generates high pressure hydrogen with the pure hydrogen and a hydrogen reserve and supplying device which reserves high pressure hydrogen and supplies hydrogen to the fuel battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Start of the fuel battery generator is rapid and the generator can corresponds to load variation.
(US5853910-A)      The device uses a fuel battery (10) which has an air pole and fuel pole distributed at both sides of a polymer-solid state electrolytic film. A circulation path is connected to an intake suction of air pole and gas exhaust side. An air intake is connected to the circulation path such that air is introduced into air pole from external. An exhaust port is connected to circulation path, such that exhaust gas which includes reaction formation water ejected from air pole gets ejected to external. A thermometer (18) measures temperature of exhaust gas. An ammeter (19) measures the current value output from the fuel battery. A controller (17) adjusts opening of exhaust port and air intake, based on measured exhaust gas temperature and output current value.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids need for humidifier. Reduces size and weight. Ensures uniform flow rate distribution. Ensures electricity generation efficiency. Enables to respond to load fluctuation quickly.
(WO9856096-A1)      An electrically-powered vehicle having a front, rear, opposing longitudinal sides, and a battery for storing and providing electrical energy, comprising a duct assembly with an air intake duct; a turbine chamber having a turbine chamber inlet and exhaust outlet; a discharge duct; and a discharge outlet, wherein the intake duct is connected to the turbine chamber inlet, the discharge duct is interposed between the turbine chamber exhaust outlet and the discharge outlet, and, the discharge duct has a larger cross-sectional area than the turbine chamber exhaust outlet.    A turbine is placed in the turbine chamber, the turbine being adapted to operate by the air passing through the duct when the vehicle is in motion; and a generator is operatively engaged with the turbine, the generator providing electrical energy and charging the battery with the generated electrical energy when the turbine is in operation.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Electric vehicle using wind-driven turbine and generator set for charging the vehicle's batteries while the vehicle is in motion and a flywheel for charging the batteries while the vehicle is slowing down or stopped. Increased operating range of vehicle obtained due to fact that efficient charging of vehicle batteries can take place while vehicle is in motion and when the vehicle is intermittently stopped.
(JP3087823-B2)      The charger has a power supply circuit (10) between the output terminals of which a pair of electrochemical elements (C1,C2) of a charging object are connected in series. A pair of charging control circuits (P1,P2) are connected between the terminals of respective electrochemical elements. If the elements reach reference voltage (Vr1,Vr2) respectively, the charging current is detoured through detour current path (B1,B2) connected to the respective elements. A pair of electric power storage parts (L1,L2) which store electric power by the bypassed charging current, are connected to respective detour current paths. The stored electric power is applied to the elements.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables high speed charging. Improves charging efficiency. Enables to correct each voltage balance. Prevents heat emission. Reduces size and weight.
(DE19616114-A1)      The voltage boost/increase circuit has a step-up transformer (1) with an input (10) receiving an oscillator voltage (Uosc) and an output (11) provided a rectified output voltage. The oscillator voltage is provided by an oscillator circuit (2) with a de-activation input (20), with a feedback loop (5) for limiting the rectified output voltage connected between the transformer output and the de-activation input, for de-activation of the oscillator when the output voltage is above a threshold value.    ADVANTAGE -   Allows use of simple, low cost IC.
(JP9293628-A)      The method consists in bending the positive and negative terminals (14,15) at the base and inserting the capacitor element (16) into aluminium housing (19) with seal (18). The housing is then processed to make constriction (19a). During manufacture, the terminals are attached to the sheets (11,12) with a set space provided by means of guide rollers.    A rolling up section is operated by a servomotor whose speed reduces as the diameter of the element (16) increases to roll the sheets at a constant rate. A torque motor rolls the sheets with a constant rotation torque in conjunction with a fluid press cylinder and rubber roller.    USE -   For extremely large capacitances.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents uneven tensioning.    (US5850678-A)      The method consists in bending the positive and negative terminals (14,15) at the base and inserting the capacitor element (16) into aluminium housing (19) with seal (18). The housing is then processed to make constriction (19a). During manufacture, the terminals are attached to the sheets (11,12) with a set space provided by means of guide rollers.    A rolling up section is operated by a servomotor whose speed reduces as the diameter of the element (16) increases to roll the sheets at a constant rate. A torque motor rolls the sheets with a constant rotation torque in conjunction with a fluid press cylinder and rubber roller.    USE -   For extremely large capacitances.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents uneven tensioning.
(NL1002842-C2)      The drive circuit comprises a number of series circuits each of which consist of an electronic switch, an automatically resetting normally closed switch and a load. Each electronic switch is capable of driving the load in the respective series circuit. To that end the electronic switches are controlled by a processing circuit.    Such control takes place on the basis of signals supplied by the electronic switches, which signal opening of the normally closed switch to the processing circuit. The driving and signalling take place independently of each other so that opening of the normally closed switch in a series circuit may cause a load in another series circuit to be driven. In addition so that the processing circuit may detect and signal an open circuit condition of the loads.    ADVANTAGE -   Only one electric conductor is required both for driving and detecting which results in savings of cost as well as weight. This also leads to an enhanced reliability.
(US5771476-A)      An interrelated method of controlling the electrical power output and oxidant supply in a fuel cell electric power generating system for driving the electric traction motor of a wheeled vehicle, involves initially summing the instantaneous power demands of the multiple electrical loads in the electrical power generation system, in order to calculate a total instantaneous power demand, followed by generating a feed-forward output signal to adjust the variable-speed compressor speed to a value calculated to give sufficient electrical power output to meet the total instantaneous power demand.    At least one fuel cell stack is used in the electrical power generation system and is supplied with fuel and with an oxidant using the compressor, with the electrical power output of the fuel cell stack being dependent on the compressor speed.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Providing the electrical power for electric traction motor used to drive wheels of alternative energy source vehicle. Avoids noxious emissions from vehicle power plant, the residual product of hydrogen/oxygen fuel-cell electrochemical reaction being water.
(WO9915007-A1)      The trap utilises a methanol fuel cell (12) to provide carbon dioxide, water vapour, and heat as attractive agents, and also to generate electricity to power the electrical components. The fuel cell with membrane is mounted in a tubular housing (38) having inlet (40) and outlet (42) ends. The inlet end of a second tubular housing is mounted next to the outlet end of the fuel cell housing. A fan (64), powered by the fuel cell, is mounted in the second housing for creating an air flow through the fuel cell and second housing.    The carbon dioxide and water vapour generated by the fuel cell are drawn through the fuel cell housing, into the inlet end of the trap housing (62) by the air flow. Insects attracted to the device are also drawn into the inlet end of the trap housing by this flow. A mesh bag (66) is secured around the outlet end of the second housing for trapping insects drawn into the trap housing. Means in association with the fuel cell means for prevents Insects attracted to the reaction products from are prevented from returning to the environment.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For trapping blood-sucking insects. Does not need external power source.
(JP3205499-B2)      The structure (51) includes a wire joining part (53) that caulks a wire caulking part (65). A connection part (57) is formed in the shape of loop by a pair of bolting parts (55,59). A first spring (61) is set up at the edge of the first bolting part. A second spring (63) is set up at the edge of the second bolting part.    The connection part is installed around the battery main box and punching is carried out. The size of the springs are set such that during expansion, the spring does not protrude beyond the wire joining part.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids irregular bolting during binding of bolting parts. Prevents deformation and rupture of terminal. Improves yield during punching.
(US5795502-A)      The ceramic has perovskite type crystal phase and oxide phase. The oxide phase has lanthanum as metallic component. The perovskite type crystal phase is expressed by the formula Rx+uMgy+vCrz, where R is metal chosen out of rare earth element except lanthanum. The constants are expressed by the relations as 0.0001 u/(x+y+z) 0.2, 0.2 &lt; (v+y)/(x+y+z) 0.6 and v &gt; 0.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables mass production of fuel battery at low temperature of 1600C or less. Obtains excellent stability in hot hydrogen environment.
(EP798799-B1)      Method for removing ammonia from reformed fuel cell power plant fuel gas comprises: (a) providing reformed fuel gas stream, (b) cooling the reformed fuel gas stream to 350F or less to form a cooled fuel gas stream and (c) exposing the cooled fuel gas stream to phosphoric acid to convert ammonia to ammonium phosphates sufficient to lower the concentration of ammonia in the cooled fuel gas stream to less than 1 p.p.m. A system for removing ammonia as above comprises: (a) reformer unit, (b) scrubbing unit for forming ammonia scrubber which contains phosphoric acid, (c) cooler unit for lowering the temperature of the reformed gas stream and (d) a unit for directing the reformed fuel gas stream from the reformed through the cooler and then through the scrubbing unit.    USE -   For removing ammonia from reformed fuel cell power plant fuel gas.    ADVANTAGE -   Effectively removes ammonia and extends operating life of ammonia removal system. Does not require scrubber beds in the system and does not depend on scrubber bed regeneration to achieve longer operational life. Minimizes acid loss due to evaporation.
(US5711605-A)      The method comprises determining heat transfer coefficients of three types for the battery, the first of which is representative of heat transfer between the cells of the battery, storing the heat transfer coefficients in a memory segment, retrieving the    heat transfer coefficients from the memory segment and approximating individual cell temperatures based on the heat transfer coefficients.    The approximated individual cell temperatures are stored in another memory segment, from where approximated individual cell temperatures are retrieved, and another set of individual cell temperatures is approximated based on the heat transfer coefficients and the approximated individual cell temperatures. A microprocessor retrieves the heat transfer coefficient from the memory unit and determines individual cell temperatures of the battery based on the heat transfer coefficients, temperature of ambient air and drive state of vehicle.    ADVANTAGE -   Method is applicable in predicting battery temperatures in marine, aircraft, uninterruptable supply source, etc.
(DE19822181-A1)      A multi-cell lead-acid accumulator for use in motor vehicles has a conventional alignment of individual cells in a moulded case (1) provided with a facing side (2) of much reduced thermal conductivity to reduce extremes of inter-cell temperature variations.    A first technique employs a gas-generating inclusion in the moulding material placed in position during moulding or alternatively the injection of an inert gas to form a foam structure at the relevant wall.    A number of alternative methods of increasing the wall thickness are illustrated based on the fixing of an external shield secured by clips, rivets, moulded studs or adhesives to the heat-facing wall.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Materially improves service life as result of reduced water loss and/or impairment of separator insulation.
(JP9308121-A)      The power supply comprises a vehicle mounted generator (14) connected to an electrical charger (10) in series. The electrical charger supplies current to various electrical loads mounted on the vehicle.    A zener diode (16) is connected in parallel to the electrical charger and it is supplied with reverse bias. A resistance (18) is connected in series to the zener diode.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves maintenance property. Enables electrical charging for long period of time. Prevents dispersion of electrostatic capacity or internal resistance.    (US5982050-A)      The power supply uses electric double layer capacitors with each of the single cells (10) of a capacitor comprising a pair of current collecting bodies, each with an active carbon electrode. An electrolyte is charged between the collecting bodies. A separator separates the electrodes from each other.    The positive of the capacitor pack, formed by connecting the capacitors in series, is connected to the vehicle DC generator (14), with the negative being grounded. A zener diode (16) is connected to each of the cells to limit the bias voltage. A resistor (18) is connected in series with each of the diodes.    ADVANTAGE -   Simple structure which balances the bias voltages and which controls the discharge even in a no charge situation.
(JP9240566-A)      The removable battery (1) for a motor assisted bicycle (21) is carried on the upper side of the main structural tube (12) of the bicycle. The battery has a forward mounted handle and battery meter which indicates the remaining electrical charge of the battery and is located near the battery handle (38) adjacent to the handlebar stem (15).    The battery meter includes a substrate with a push button and several light emitting diodes arranged against a legend reading FULL or EMPTY.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides for removable battery to be mounted on to motor assisted bicycle with protected capacity meter in position which allows user, while riding, to read state of charge on pressing button on meter.    (JP2001130477-A)      The removable battery (1) for a motor assisted bicycle (21) is carried on the upper side of the main structural tube (12) of the bicycle. The battery has a forward mounted handle and battery meter which indicates the remaining electrical charge of the battery and is located near the battery handle (38) adjacent to the handlebar stem (15).    The battery meter includes a substrate with a push button and several light emitting diodes arranged against a legend reading FULL or EMPTY.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides for removable battery to be mounted on to motor assisted bicycle with protected capacity meter in position which allows user, while riding, to read state of charge on pressing button on meter.
(DE19606665-A1)      Assembly generating electrical energy with solid oxide fuel cells has an operating unit incorporating a heat exchanger (2) to pre-heat the gases and a stack of fuel cells (1). These components are incorporated within two separate housings linked by gas pipes. Fuel gas is introduced, and effluent gas is discharged, through hoods (39, 39').    The novelty is that: (a) the fuel cell section and the operating components are located in separate housings (40, 12); (b) the fuel cell section (1) and the operating components section (2) are joined by a short link (3); (c) the link (3) contains both electrical cables and gas pipes; (d) the link (3) contains transfer gas tubes (23, 24, 26; 7, 8) supplying fuel gas to, and removing effluent gas from, the fuel cell modules; (e) fixtures are installed by means of which the operating components (2) and fuel cell section (1) are adjusted, sealed (28) and secured (9) in position to the link (3).    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For positioning fuel cells and operating components into two housings to minimise thermal expansion in operating section. Integrity and sealing of assembly are ensured in face of temperature changes of 1000 C. relative movement of components to each other is minimised. Frangible ceramic components are so joined that they are not destroyed by extreme temperature changes.
(US5734099-A)      The calculator has a calculating unit (36) which calculates the distance travelled using the voltage output from a DC battery (3) and from current passing through a load (1). A capacity calculation unit (30) computes consumption unit distance from change in capacity of the battery between the present and previous runs.    The difference in consumption and total capacity gives the distance is capable of being covered still further in the form of voltage signal. The distance is displayed.    ADVANTAGE -   Performs accurate calculation. Informs about status of battery reliably.
(JP2987376-B2)      The appts has a concave shaped metal plate (2) with a pair of side attachment walls (3). A battery (1) is arranged in this metal plate. A heat emitting body (4) is provided at the back side surface of the metal plate. A thermal fuse (6) is provided at the heat emitting body blocks the energizing of the heat emitting body, when upper limit fixed temperature of heat emitting body is reached.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids shaping of battery during earthquake or passage of motor vehicle. Maintains stability. Enables to transmit heat energy of heat emitting body to battery base uniformly. Ensures efficient heat transfer of heat emitting body. Raises adhesion nature of battery base and metal plate.
(JP9283146-A)      A lithium secondary battery comprises, as an electrode, a carbonaceous material (CM) that has a rise temperature of an exothermic peak higher than that of a reference CM that cannot absorb lithium as a lithium molecule. The exothermic peak appears in a thermal analysis curve obtained by thermal analysis of the CM in which the lithium is charged, and shows the largest decrease in weight of the CM measured by thermogravimetry and a gradient of a rising part of the exothermic peak that is smaller than that of the above reference CM.    USE -   The electrode is particularly suitable for large-sized, non-aqueous electrolyte secondary batteries of the type used in electric vehicles.    ADVANTAGE -   The batteries have high capacity and excellent cycle stability, and they can be charged and discharged at a high current density, which is always stable. The CM is structurally stable, even when carry lithium, and the amount of lithium ions absorbed is increased substantially. No changes of structure are observed in absorption and desorption, and the absorption/desorption rates are high.
(DE19604736-C2)      The ignition switch (10) is supplied with current from a battery terminal (30) via a relay (12) whose excitation winding (12.2) is connected to a special output (14.2) of a signal detector and driver module (14). If the voltage is excessive or its polarity is incorrect, a characteristic signal is produced which disconnects the ignition switch from the terminal. Other outputs from the same module operate the relays (16.1,16.2) supplying the controllers (19,20.1-20.3) via conventional fuses (17,18). The loads are divided into groups (23,25) protected by individual fuses (22,24) and supplied from separate terminals (15,15R) of the ignition switch.    ADVANTAGE -   Protection against polarity reversal and overvoltage is necessary only for controllers and loads which may persist in a sleep mode and require continuous power supply.
(JP9213588-A)      An activated carbon electrode comprises a fired electrode moulding comprising: (a) activated carbon (A); (b) polyvinylidene chloride and/or vinylidene chloride copolymer (B); and (c) another organic material (C) with macro pores formed by thermal decomposition by firing. Also claimed is a production method for the above electrode.    USE -   For electric double layer capacitors, such as used in power sources for computers and IC memory power-up, power sources for electric vehicle starting motor drives; and as a general battery electrode.    ADVANTAGE -   The electrode has high capacity, low internal resistance, can discharge high currents instantaneously, has excellent impact resistance, is suitable for ion migration, and is easily handled.    (EP959482-A1)      An activated carbon electrode comprises a fired electrode moulding comprising: (a) activated carbon (A); (b) polyvinylidene chloride and/or vinylidene chloride copolymer (B); and (c) another organic material (C) with macro pores formed by thermal decomposition by firing. Also claimed is a production method for the above electrode.    USE -   For electric double layer capacitors, such as used in power sources for computers and IC memory power-up, power sources for electric vehicle starting motor drives; and as a general battery electrode.    ADVANTAGE -   The electrode has high capacity, low internal resistance, can discharge high currents instantaneously, has excellent impact resistance, is suitable for ion migration, and is easily handled.
(EP877671-A1)      The battery assembly comprises a rectangular box (1) with an electrical terminal (3) on one side with the box being designed for insertion into a compartment of the vehicle. The compartment is located below the vehicle platform (6) and has horizontal supports (7) extending along the entire inner face of the compartment.    There are stops on the inner end wall of the compartment to limit the insertion of the battery assembly. At the rearward facing end is a movable bar (8) is pivoted on a shaft (9) at one side, and moves between open and closed positions where it is secured with pins through apertures (10,11).    ADVANTAGE -   Ensures correct location of battery within vehicle in a manner which is easy and safe to operate.    (JP2000505637-W)      The battery assembly comprises a rectangular box (1) with an electrical terminal (3) on one side with the box being designed for insertion into a compartment of the vehicle. The compartment is located below the vehicle platform (6) and has horizontal supports (7) extending along the entire inner face of the compartment.    There are stops on the inner end wall of the compartment to limit the insertion of the battery assembly. At the rearward facing end is a movable bar (8) is pivoted on a shaft (9) at one side, and moves between open and closed positions where it is secured with pins through apertures (10,11).    ADVANTAGE -   Ensures correct location of battery within vehicle in a manner which is easy and safe to operate.
(JP3052126-B2)      A conductive material electrode is interposed between a metal anode and cathode in an electrolyte. The conductive material electrode is electrically connected to a circuit formed between the metal serving as cathode and the metal serving as the anode. A circuit current is adjustable.    USE -   The hydrogen gas preparing mechanism prepares a hydrogen gas (and an oxygen gas) by electrolysing water by means of a self-excitation system without external electricity supply.    ADVANTAGE -   The hydrogen gas preparing mechanism requires no external electricity supply. The generating amount of the gas is controlled.
(JP3052125-B2)      A conductive material electrode is interposed between a metal anode and cathode in an electrolyte. An electrolytic barrier membrane is provided between the metal serving as anode and the conductive material electrode. The conductive material electrode is electrically connected to a circuit formed between the metal serving as the cathode and the metal serving as the anode.    USE -   The mechanism prepares hydrogen and oxygen gases by electrolysing water.    ADVANTAGE -   The mechanism requires no external electricity supply, and yields a combustible gas with a generating ratio of the hydrogen gas to the oxygen gas of almost 2:1.
(FR2749719-A1)      The arrangement contains a time control unit for a switching device (S1-S3), which is mounted close to a voltage tapping device (D1-D3) but far from the inductive loads (A1-A3), whereby the loads are switched on and off in a controlled manner using switching pulses which are mutually offset in time.    The voltage tapping device can be a free-running diode. Each of a first group of filters is connected between a load and the switching device and close to the latter. A second filter is connected in the supply network between a power source supplying all electrical equipment connected to the network and the switching device and close to the latter.    ADVANTAGE -   Substantially suppresses the interference or noise caused by intermittently switching on and off of several inductive loads.
(WO9826490-A1)      The method treats a lead-acid battery, including a casing (10,22) containing, for operation in a first operational mode, an anode of an anode material for operation in an anode mode, a cathode of a cathode material for operation in a cathode mode, an insulator between the cathode and anode, an electrolyte, a cathode terminal (16) from the cathode, and an anode terminal (17) from the anode. The terminals are for normally connecting a load to the battery in a first operational mode for applying power from the battery to the load.    The method involves applying a charging current for a predetermined time to the respective terminals. The first cathode terminal is established as a second anode terminal and the first anode terminal as a second cathode terminal for operation of the battery on a load in a second operational mode. In the second operational mode the anode and the cathode are switched relative to the anode and cathode of the first operational mode, and the battery supplies power to a load.    ADVANTAGE -   Extends life of batteries. Makes electric vehicles practical reality, since same battery can be used for lifetime. Utilises smaller and lighter batteries. Energy utility companies may save enormous expenditure and labour.
(GB2310217-B)      A closed system fuel cell is new. Water fuel from a reservoir (1) enters a gas liberator (4) where it is electrolytically decomposed to produce a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen. The gas mixture is burnt in a double chamber combustion chamber (8, 10) to reform water vapour which is condensed and returned to the water reservoir for recycling. The volume of the gas evolved is dependent upon the surface areas of the inert electrodes and the distance between them. The thermal energy obtained from combustion of the gas is used to power a related open system.    USE -   For heating radiators associated with a central heating system.    ADVANTAGE -   Large volumes of gas may be evolved using low voltages. Loss of energy during electrolysis is minimised.
(US5980716-A)      The unit includes a modifier from which water obtained by condensation of combustion gas, is collected along with water obtained by condensation of gas exhausted from an air pole of the fuel battery. Carbon dioxide dissolved in the condensed water is removed. The condensed water is lead to a recovery tank after which it is treated using a film filter.    An adsorber performs selective adsorption treatment of residual iron ion from the filtered product. Deionisation is carried out using ion exchange resin of an electrodialyser.    ADVANTAGE -   Eliminates need of chemical. Improves compactness of device.
(US5897403-A)      The device stamped out of sheet metal incorporates two rings (1,2) of unequal diameter which are fitted directly to the tapered terminal, and joined together by straps (5,6) bent through 180 degrees. Contact is made also through a two-part crimp portion (7) and metallic arms (14,15) at right angles to the straps.    Each arm has a hole (17,16) through its free end for an eccentric bolt (18) whose rotation brings the straps closer to each other and narrows the gaps (4,3) in the respective rings. Complementary projections (11-13, 8-10) from the outsides of the rings are bent into engagement with one another to ensure that the rings are precisely coaxial.    ADVANTAGE -   A good electrical contact is ensured which has constant resistance and is proof against vibrations.
(US5815073-A)      The emergency lighting system is provided independently from    the system which produces the lighting-up of the emergency    lamps normally fitted as standard in the vehicle, or else    forms a complementary part of the emergency lamp lighting    system fitted in the vehicle, designed to be activated    instantly in the event of a collision, sudden stoppage,    overturning or similar situation. An activator piston is    movably mounted inside a cylinder, which, in its reposing    position, maintains open the corresponding circuit for feeding    the two sets of emergency lamps provided in the system itself    and located on the right and left sides.    In its offset position, the piston, as a result of an    anomalous situation in the vehicle, such as a collision,    overturning or similar situation, establishes the closure of    the corresponding circuit by feeding a high sensitivity    interlocking remote controlled switch, thereby energising the    feeding switches in both sets of emergency lamps. The circuit    includes an internal pilot lamp to indicate that the system is    operative, in addition to an electronic component for    establishing the intermittence in the operation of the    emergency lamps.    ADVANTAGE -   Warns of an immediate emergency without loss of    time in order that other road users can act accordingly to    instantly avoid collision with other vehicles.
(FR2743668-A1)      The vehicle battery has the case (1) resting on the base (2). The underside of the case has first electrical connections (4a) aligned with second electrical connections (4b) on the base (2). The base has a deeper part which forms a cavity (6) with a cover (5) in which the vehicles electrical distribution system is housed.    The distribution system includes are strip (7) of standard fuses (8), each fuse being connected to a conventional terminal (9) and a terminal fitted to a common contact strip.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For automobile electrical distribution systems. Battery can be used in any kind of vehicle.
(WO9747787-A1)      The electrochemical half-cell (1) comprises one or more electrolyte-holding electrode spaces (3,15) separated from a gas space (2) by at least one gas diffusion electrode (14) acting as anode or cathode, the gas space (2) being divided into two or more separate overlying gas pockets (2a-d) having an opening to the electrolyte (100) for equalising the pressure in each pocket with the pressure of the electrolyte liquid column in the corresponding part (15) of the electrode space (3,15) ahead of the gas diffusion electrode (14). The gas inlet (7) and the gas outlet (12a-d) of the individual gas pockets are separate from one another.    Preferably, the gas inlet and outlet of each gas pocket are sideways offset to result in sideways flow of electrode gas in the gas pocket.    USE -   Used e.g. as an oxygen-consuming cathode (e.g. as described in US 4657651) for alkali metal halide electrolysis.    ADVANTAGE -   The half-cell combines simple pressure compensation with active flushing of gas from the gas space beyond the diffusion electrode.
(DE19548422-A1)      The material composite has at least one layer containing ion-conducting and/or electron-conducting material and at least one layer containing one or more functional materials, bonded in intimate contact with an ion-conducting or electron-conducting layer. The relative fluctuation in the composite material thickness, DC conductivity, AC capacitance and/or surface roughness is less than 25 %.    USE -   For membrane electrode assembly in electrochemical- cells, such as fuel-cells, exhibiting low electrical power fluctuation.
(US5795673-A)      The cover of the case of a waste battery is cut out, and the anode and cathode plates are separated and cracked.    ADVANTAGE -   Firing is prevented during disassembling.    (JP3183619-B2)      The cover of the case of a waste battery is cut out, and the anode and cathode plates are separated and cracked.    ADVANTAGE -   Firing is prevented during disassembling.
(EP781676-B1)      The power unit comprises a dog clutch in an automatic 2-speed clutch transmission, with motor output shaft (7a), driver transmission gear (24), clutch movable portion (32), cylindrical drive portion (33), rectangular projections (32a), rectangular projections (24a), permanent magnet (34), excitation coils (35) and ferromagnetic yoke (36). The power drive is a meshing clutch which engages with one of two drive gears depending on which speed is selected. When the clutch is actuated by a make-and-break operation, the torque and rotational speed of the motor can be controlled in response to a clutch switching signal.    When the clutch movable portion is at the end of its movement stroke, attraction forces are exerted on the permanent magnet so that the clutch always tends to mesh with a driver transmission gear. As speed increases the excitation coils are activated by the transmission, forming magnetic fields which act on magnet (34) and cause the section (32) to move toward gear (26), enabling smooth engagement. The electric power unit has e.g. an aluminium alloy casing containing the storage cells and has heat radiating plates. The motor driving circuit is primarily a MOSFET circuit.    ADVANTAGE -   Can be easily replaced and assembled. Is reliable, has increased efficiency and improved performance. Improves overall travelling ability of electric vehicle.
(FR2742928-A1)      A zinc-alkali secondary battery employs a zinc anode and an alkali electrolyte solution containing barium fluoride preferably in a concentration of 10-4 to 10-3 M.    USE -   As a power source for electric automobiles or as a stationary current supply battery.    ADVANTAGE -   The barium ions suppress zinc dendrite growth and prevent significant decrease in electrolyte conductivity, thus increasing battery life and charge/discharge yield.    (JP9180752-A)      A zinc-alkali secondary battery employs a zinc anode and an alkali electrolyte solution containing barium fluoride preferably in a concentration of 10-4 to 10-3 M.    USE -   As a power source for electric automobiles or as a stationary current supply battery.    ADVANTAGE -   The barium ions suppress zinc dendrite growth and prevent significant decrease in electrolyte conductivity, thus increasing battery life and charge/discharge yield.    (JP2815566-B2)      A zinc-alkali secondary battery employs a zinc anode and an alkali electrolyte solution containing barium fluoride preferably in a concentration of 10-4 to 10-3 M.    USE -   As a power source for electric automobiles or as a stationary current supply battery.    ADVANTAGE -   The barium ions suppress zinc dendrite growth and prevent significant decrease in electrolyte conductivity, thus increasing battery life and charge/discharge yield.    (DE19548745-C2)      A zinc-alkali secondary battery employs a zinc anode and an alkali electrolyte solution containing barium fluoride preferably in a concentration of 10-4 to 10-3 M.    USE -   As a power source for electric automobiles or as a stationary current supply battery.    ADVANTAGE -   The barium ions suppress zinc dendrite growth and prevent significant decrease in electrolyte conductivity, thus increasing battery life and charge/discharge yield.
(US5799516-A)      The device has at least one element (4) which tightens at least one safety belt in the event of an accident in combination with at least one door unlocking element. The interaction can be mechanical, consisting at least partly of a Bowden cable (5) and/or a lever (11). Alternatively, an electric interaction can be formed making use of a current supply (26) independent of the vehicle mains.    Alternatively, the interaction can be electrical, making use of an electrical source which is independent of the on-board supply. At least one device for tightening a safety belt is connected to an adjacent unlocking device.    ADVANTAGE -   Automatically unlocks the motor vehicle doors in the event of an accident.    ]
(DE19547701-C2)      In an oxidic material with at least one delimited case region, ionic conductivity predominates over electronic conductivity in the oxidic material and electroconductivity predominates over ionic conductivity in the case region because of other cations.    USE -   Used as electrode/electrolyte in a fuel cell (claimed), especially in a high temperature fuel cell with e.g. hydrogen as fuel.    ADVANTAGE -   The material provides a mechanically stable combination of ionically conductive oxidic material (serving as electrolyte in a fuel cell) and an electronically conductive case region (serving as fuel cell cathode and/or anode) and permits reduction of fuel cell temperature.
(EP817288-A1)      The battery pack comprises a number of individual battery modules (38) stacked in two tiers (e.g. 36). A closed housing (2) encloses the modules. The housing has a lower part (6) supporting, and cover over, modules. A floor (78) lies at bottom of the lower part. A number of pedestals are upstanding from the floor. A first tray (34) is supported on the pedestals (84,86,88) and together with the floor defines a plenum below for conducting air for heat transfer beneath the first tray. The tray includes deck supporting first tier of modules. A gap lies between adjacent modules in tier. Openings in the deck communicate the plenum with the gap for passing the heat transfer fluid usually air upwardly.    A second tray overlies first tier of modules, including a second deck supporting second tier of modules. A space lies between adjacent modules in second tier. A number of holes in second deck each communicates a space with the underlying gap for passing the heat transfer air upwardly. An inlet to housing admits air into plenum. An outlet from housing exhausts air after it has passed through second tier.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Provides easy access, uniform temperature, with no module significantly hotter or cooler. Improves thermal management.
(US5754032-A)      The controller has a circuit changing switch which switches the output place of an electric generation output of an alternating device (21) driven by an engine (1) with different electric loads. An electric control unit (5) regulates the electric generation output of the alternating device based on the switching direction of the circuit changing switch.    The output place of the alternating device electric generation output is switched to a low voltage car body electric equipment system from a high voltage heating resistor. The operation of the circuit changing switch is performed when the output of the alternating device is switched from high voltage to low voltage.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents fault of car body electric equipment system since output place of electric generation output of alternating device is switched from high voltage to low voltage.
(US6031363-A)      The voltage regulator comprises a comparator which compares the outputs from two voltage adjustment circuits. Voltage (Vcc) is supplied from the battery to the first circuit. Voltage is supplied from power supply circuit to the second circuit. The inverting output end of the comparator, is coupled to the circuits.    When supply voltage is less than predetermined voltage, then the first circuit is enabled, while the second circuit is disabled. When the supply voltage is higher than the predetermined value, then the first circuit is disabled, whereas the second circuit is enabled.    ADVANTAGE -   Deals with load dump conditions, effectively.
(GB2308911-B)      The system has a CPU (12) e.g. microprocessor capable of receiving a signal (36) from at least one sensor (38). At least one gauge assembly (14) is connected with the central processing unit. Each gauge assembly including a gauge, and gauge coding device providing a signal to the CPU dependent on the type of gauge in the gauge assembly. The CPU sends a signal to operate the gauge dependent on the signal from each sensor and the signal from the gauge coding device.    The gauge coding device includes a set sequence of resistive links, while the gauge assembly further includes at least one warning light which is illuminated on receiving a signal from the CPU. A light bulb is illuminated on receiving a signal from the CPU to illuminate the gauge. The gauge assembly is mounted within a housing which has electrical connecting pins extending from it.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Allows relative positions of gauges to be changed after initial assembly of instrument system.
(JP9185964-A)      A connector unit (10) includes a battery support surface (14) forming a tray (16) carrying multi-cell, metal-air batteries (12a,12b). Diagonally opposite lugs (18) form releasable structural connectors for connecting the unit to an electric vehicle. A terminal unit (20) has connections for cooling liquid (22,24) and battery output power cables (26).    Signal leads (28) transmit sensor readings and provide control instructions to battery units from a battery control unit.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For spent metal anode replacement. Provides connectors enabling convenient and efficient electric vehicle recharging with battery on-board or removed. Provides fast convenient connection and disconnection of all required electrical and fluid connections between battery and vehicle.
(JP9219907-A)      The connector unit (10) comprises a battery supporting platform (16), multi-cell metal-air battery units( 20) and releasable connector units (10) which support the cells in a predetermined position in the vehicle during operation. The platform is provided with air ducts for both battery cooling and airborne oxygen supply.    The connector units, with bolt-down lugs (17), are made preferably from glass fibre reinforced polyester for good weight to strength and chemical resistance characteristics.    ADVANTAGE -   All services required by batteries are provided on a common removable platform conveniently and quickly attached to an electrically propelled road vehicle.
(WO9744844-A1)      The operating method has a fuel gas supplied to the fuel cell anodes via an anode input (5), the anode discharge gas fed to an anode output (6), with a cathode gas similarly fed to the fuel cell cathodes via a cathode input (7) and the cathode discharge gas fed to a cathode output (8).    Part of the cathode discharge gas is fed back from the cathode output to the cathode input, with part of the anode discharge gas fed from the anode output for mixing with the feedback cathode discharge gas. The oxygen content is measured at a given point in the flow path of the anode or cathode gas, for controlling the anode or cathode gas flow and/or the mixing ratio of the cathode and anode discharge gases.    ADVANTAGE -   Ensures optimum efficiency of fuel cell device.
(WO9733329-A1)      An electrically insulating layer (4), for joining electrically conductive components (2, 6) of a high temperature fuel cell, consists of a ceramic layer (10) sandwiched between two layers (8, 12) of glass solder. Also claimed is a high temperature fuel cell with the above electrically insulating layer.    ADVANTAGE -   The insulating layer is impermeable to gases and its production is independent of the conductive components to be joined.
(DE19544483-A1)      The method is applied to stacks (Z1,Z2) between which a first heat exchanger (W1) is inserted for transfer of heat between fresh air (Lo) and the air (L) leaving the first stack at e.g. 1000 deg C (Ta). The heated air is passed through a second heat exchanger (W2) before being admitted to the first stack at a suitable inlet temperature (Te). The cooled exhaust from the first stack enters the second stack at a more favourable inlet temperature of about 900 deg C.    ADVANTAGE -   Uniform process conditions are guaranteed for all cells with avoidance of large temperature differences between inlet and outlet.
(JP3059929-B2)      A lamination of cells with gas flow channels which is secured in a holder filled with elastic material.    ADVANTAGE -   Battery can be inspected for gas leak.
(JP3091864-B2)      The electric vehicle has a buffer material provided in a capacitor protection case (12) which reinforces the strength of the lower portion of a vehicle body (11). A wiring connector between a electrical double layer capacitor and an external device is provided in the capacitor protection case.    A control apparatus including a capacitor charger, a voltage controller, and an operation controller is accommodated in the protection case combined and fixed to the vehicle body. A connector connects the electrical double layer capacitor provided as a power supply for the control apparatus, operation circuit, and lighting apparatus between the control apparatus and electric motor.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces attachment pace of electrical double layer capacitor. Provides simple manufacturing process and maintenance. Reinforces strength of vehicle body or frame simultaneously. Reduces entire weight of electric vehicle. Reduces electric vehicle cost and simplifies electric vehicle structure.
(US5789095-A)      The cover and case of the waste battery is cut out, and the anode and cathode plates are sepd.    ADVANTAGE -   Firing can be prevented during disassembling.    (JP3183618-B2)      The cover and case of the waste battery is cut out, and the anode and cathode plates are sepd.    ADVANTAGE -   Firing can be prevented during disassembling.
(US5739674-A)      The method is used by a portable operation device (1) is orders to communicated with a vehicle mounted communication apparatus (2). The operation device is furnished with a set of signal lamps (20-1to 20-3). Display demand signal for indicating remaining storage capacity of the vehicle mounted battery is O/P to the portable operation device to the communication apparatus.    The display demand signals for different ranges corresponding to rated capacity of the storage battery are O/P from the signal lamps. And when the communication apparatus receiving the demand signal, distinguishes whether the remnant capacity of battery lies within predefined ranges. And corresponding to distinction result, remnant capacity display signal is O/P to the operation device form the communication apparatus. The signal camp, corresponding to range within which detected remnant storage capacity falls, activated in the operation device.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces electric power consumption of portable operation device.
(JP9247935-A)      A fixed frequency AC supply (10) has a DC power source and power switched (12) with anti-parallel diodes (14) and capacitors (16). A resonant converter (18) is driven by the AC supply (10) includes a tank circuit comprising an inductor (20), resonant capacitor (22), the primary winding of a transformer (24) and an inductor (26) paralleled with the capacitor.    The inductor can be controlled over a wide range by a DC current passed through its control winding (32). This allows the output voltage of the converter to be regulated by comparing the output and reference voltages.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   E.g. for communication system, electric furnace, electric tool, PC, pure electric or hybrid electric vehicle, or electric toy. Enables output voltage of converter operating at fixed frequency to be regulated while giving minimum interference and improved performance.
(EP809309-A1)      Anode active material for alkaline storage batteries is composed of particles of aggregates of crystals of nickel hydroxide, the surface layer of which contains a solid solution of nickel hydroxide and Mn. A process of producing the above active material and a positive plate for an alkaline storage battery are also claimed.    USE -   The active material is used for the positive plate of alkaline storage batteries. Alkaline storage batteries are used for portable machines, electric cars, etc.    ADVANTAGE -   Batteries having the positive plates contg the active material have a high charging efficiency at high temps.    (JP9518050-X)      Anode active material for alkaline storage batteries is composed of particles of aggregates of crystals of nickel hydroxide, the surface layer of which contains a solid solution of nickel hydroxide and Mn. A process of producing the above active material and a positive plate for an alkaline storage battery are also claimed.    USE -   The active material is used for the positive plate of alkaline storage batteries. Alkaline storage batteries are used for portable machines, electric cars, etc.    ADVANTAGE -   Batteries having the positive plates contg the active material have a high charging efficiency at high temps.    (US6066416-A)      Anode active material for alkaline storage batteries is composed of particles of aggregates of crystals of nickel hydroxide, the surface layer of which contains a solid solution of nickel hydroxide and Mn. A process of producing the above active material and a positive plate for an alkaline storage battery are also claimed.    USE -   The active material is used for the positive plate of alkaline storage batteries. Alkaline storage batteries are used for portable machines, electric cars, etc.    ADVANTAGE -   Batteries having the positive plates contg the active material have a high charging efficiency at high temps.
(JP2916885-B2)      Recovery of hydrogen during regeneration of a gas purification catalyst, in which an iron oxide catalyst is catalytically reacted with the gas to be purified and contain hydrogen sulphide to remove hydrogen sulphide and then regenerated, is characterised by introducing superheated steam into a reactor to generate hydrogen gas and hydrogen sulphide gas and then recovering hydrogen gas.    ADVANTAGE -   The catalyst life can be extended and the catalyst can be regenerated stably. Also hydrogen obtained can be reused.
(US5738553-A)      The clamp construction is made from sheared and cold pressed tinned brass plate, preferably with a tin coating of 7 mm. The central flat portion (2) extends from a conical frustum-shaped enclosure (3) providing a seating e.g. for the lead pole of a vehicle battery. The inner surface of the seating has evenly spaced projections (9).    Two facing legs (5a,5b) are contoured forming a passage (6) for a bolt (7). The latching or clamping part (11) can receive cables preferably from 10 to 35 mm2.    ADVANTAGE -   Greatly reduces weight and cost of manufacture and allows one clamp to be used left or right handedly and for positive or negative poles.    (EP776054-B1)      The clamp construction is made from sheared and cold pressed tinned brass plate, preferably with a tin coating of 7 mm. The central flat portion (2) extends from a conical frustum-shaped enclosure (3) providing a seating e.g. for the lead pole of a vehicle battery. The inner surface of the seating has evenly spaced projections (9).    Two facing legs (5a,5b) are contoured forming a passage (6) for a bolt (7). The latching or clamping part (11) can receive cables preferably from 10 to 35 mm2.    ADVANTAGE -   Greatly reduces weight and cost of manufacture and allows one clamp to be used left or right handedly and for positive or negative poles.
(EP859963-A1)      A method for determining the charge level of a battery (6) supplying an electric motor (7) consists in applying an yield coefficient (Kj) to each quantity of electricity generated by the battery. The coefficient is selected from a number of coefficients K1,...Kn. A first estimate of the battery charge is thus calculated.    A second estimate of the battery charge is made by measuring the voltage (U) and current (I) of the battery and using conversion tables which give the battery charge function of U and I. If the difference between the two estimates is significant then the yield coefficients are corrected accordingly.    USE -   For measuring charge of lead batteries in electric cars.    ADVANTAGE -   Is simple, reliable and accurate.    (EP859963-B1)      A method for determining the charge level of a battery (6) supplying an electric motor (7) consists in applying an yield coefficient (Kj) to each quantity of electricity generated by the battery. The coefficient is selected from a number of coefficients K1,...Kn. A first estimate of the battery charge is thus calculated.    A second estimate of the battery charge is made by measuring the voltage (U) and current (I) of the battery and using conversion tables which give the battery charge function of U and I. If the difference between the two estimates is significant then the yield coefficients are corrected accordingly.    USE -   For measuring charge of lead batteries in electric cars.    ADVANTAGE -   Is simple, reliable and accurate.
(JP3023653-B2)      The vehicle has an engine (11) and a generator (16) with a generator brake (28). A driving force is transmitted to a driving wheel using a driving shaft (14). The drive motor is coupled to the shaft. A first gear wheel element is coupled to the output shaft of the engine. A second gear wheel element is coupled to the rotor of the generator. A third gear wheel element is coupled using a differential gear mechanism.    The number of revolutions of the generator is controlled by a control unit (41). Based on the output of this unit, the rotation of the generator is fixed by the brake. Then, the fixation of the rotation of the generator is released, a counter torque opposing the engine transmission torque is added to the generator.    ADVANTAGE -   Restricts rapid change in number of revolutions of engine of generator. Avoids mechanical/electric shocks caused by sudden change in generator torque.
(JP9127174-A)      An energy storage protection device for car occupants has an airbag with an electrolytic condenser (4) as the energy store for the emergency situation and a charging circuit using an amplifier (1) connected to the battery. The condenser is discharged if its terminal voltage exceeds its striking voltage of a preset voltage threshold.    There is a diagnosis circuit for the capacitance of the condenser incorporating the amplifier. The amplifier takes the battery voltage and increases it to a given level. There is another circuit to decide if the condenser voltage exceeds the threshold. Another circuit does the compulsory discharging for a certain time until the voltage falls below the threshold.    ADVANTAGE -   Detects and prevents overcharging of condenser without using additional hardware components, just software.    (US5703412-A)      An energy storage protection device for car occupants has an airbag with an electrolytic capacitor (4) as the energy store for the emergency situation and a charging circuit using an amplifier (1) connected to the battery.    The capacitor is discharged if its terminal voltage exceeds its striking voltage of a preset voltage threshold. There is a diagnosis circuit for the capacitance of the capacitor incorporating the amplifier. The amplifier takes the battery voltage and increases it to a given level. There is another circuit to decide if the capacitor voltage exceeds the threshold. Another circuit does the compulsory discharging for a certain time until the voltage falls below the threshold.    ADVANTAGE -   Detects and prevents overcharging of capacitor without using additional hardware components, just software.
(US6004691-A)      One electrode in fibrous or thin gauge wire is covered e.g. by a porous polymeric separator coating. A second electrode, or active material of a second electrode is impregnated on the outside pores of the separator. The single fibrous cell thus formed has a capacity proportional to its length. A single electrically conductive fibre of approximately the same size may have to be placed to contact the fibre cell as a current collector if the active material is not conductive.    USE -   The component fibres may be folded and compacted. Electrodes are brought out to external contacts making a cell with very high electrode surface area giving high voltage or current density characteristics.
(JP9186368-A)      The thermoelectric element comprises a substrate of 2 mm or thinner and a thermoelectric thick film of 0.01-1.0 in thickness on the substrate. The thermoelectric thick film material may be formed on both sides of the substrate. The thermoelectric thick film is coated with a vitreous film, which prevents the separation of the thermoelectric film from the substrate and the oxidation and deterioration of the thermoelectric film.    The substrate may be a ceramic plate with a thermal expansion coefficient of 6x10-6 to 13x10-6/C.    ADVANTAGE -   Thick-film thermoelectric element which is durable, inexpensive, well responsive to heat, and capable of producing relatively large electric power.    (US5864087-A)      The thermoelectric element comprises a substrate of 2 mm or thinner and a thermoelectric thick film of 0.01-1.0 in thickness on the substrate. The thermoelectric thick film material may be formed on both sides of the substrate. The thermoelectric thick film is coated with a vitreous film, which prevents the separation of the thermoelectric film from the substrate and the oxidation and deterioration of the thermoelectric film.    The substrate may be a ceramic plate with a thermal expansion coefficient of 6x10-6 to 13x10-6/C.    ADVANTAGE -   Thick-film thermoelectric element which is durable, inexpensive, well responsive to heat, and capable of producing relatively large electric power.
(US5939794-A)      The controller has an engine (40) and a motor (10) used as drive sources. A battery (20) supplies electric power to the motor. A transit state detector (62) senses the transit state of the hybrid vehicle based on the mean power in the frequency distribution for every predetermined and required electric power for vehicle transit.    The mean power is obtained from various operation detection signals of e.g. acceleration pedal, brake pedal, and vehicle speed in predetermined area. A control unit (61) regulates the operation of the engine based on the output of the transit state detector.    ADVANTAGE -   Eliminates engine noise and prevents air pollution since electric vehicle does not emit hazardous smoke. Ensures good acceleration and deceleration response.
(JP3185630-B2)      The apparatus controls the supply of electric power from an engine-driven generator (Gen) and a battery (B) to a motor (M) for vehicle transit. A controller (C) controls the output of the generator according to a target electric power.    A prediction unit (R) predicts in advance the transit path of an electric vehicle. A setting unit (Tgt) sets the target electric power based on the predicted transit path.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables reducing response delay of output of generator with respect to electric power used in driving motor. Reduces frequency of charging and discharging of battery, thus improving power efficiency of vehicle.
(JP3175555-B2)      The appts has an operation state detector (20) to detect the operating state of a vehicle which mounts a battery (1). The battery is used to run an electric motor (2) which drives a generator (7). The generator generates electric power.    A judgment unit (11) judges the road situation of the vehicle based on the detected operating state. A controller (10) controls the operation of the generator based on judgment of road situation.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces fuel cost. Judges type of road, easily. Corrects electric power generation according to running road situation.
(JP3106926-B2)      The electric automobile comprises an electric motor output detector (23) to detect an actual output value generated at an electric motor (2); an operation state detector (24) to detect the operation state of a driver; a first computer (13A) to compute an indication output value generated at the electric motor (2) based on a detecting result by the operation state detector (24); a second computer (13B) to compute a ratio of an actual output value to the indication output value; and a deciding device (14) to decide the degree of deterioration of battery (1) based on the actual output value and the ratio.    ADVANTAGE -   Deterioration display of a battery is accepted by a driver.
(TW353055-A)      The storage has an outer box (31) provided with an insertion opening (31g) and an inner battery box (32) in which batteries are loaded. The inner box is inserted into the outer box through an insertion opening. A lid part (45) along with a lifting handle (66) is provided for the inner box.    Necessary electrical connection facilities are provided in the lid part. The battery consists of multiple battery cells (70) which are rechargeable and connected electrically. The cells are packed with shrinkable film.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides easy detachable facility of batteries. Reduces vibration due to running of vehicle. Provides reliable holding of battery cells. Prevents shortening of cells mutually. Prevents wrong connections by providing direction of storage to inner box.
(JP3018956-B2)      The controller includes a battery (14) mounted in a vehicle. A electric motor (15) which couples an output shaft with the driving wheels of the vehicle, is electrically connected to the battery. A prime mover (11) mounted in the vehicle operates a generator (12) according to its releasing operation. The generator supplies electricity to the battery and the motor. The amount of energy losses during electricity generation is calculated from operating state of the prime mover and the generator.    The controller controls operation of the prime mover such that the amount of battery energy loss is calculated. The ratio of the amount of generated electricity to the sum of the amount of energy output of the generator, the amount of generated energy loss and the amount of battery energy loss is maximum during operating state of battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces exhaust gas. Improves power supply efficiency. Prevents fuel consumption.
(US5693430-A)      An aluminium or stainless steel seal is placed between the electrolyte injection hole and its plug.    ADVANTAGE -   The electrolyte injection hole can be sealed dependably.
(EP780916-B1)      A proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell has at least one cell comprising two electrodes, a membrane electrolyte for ionic conduction and a conductive contact. The contact element comprises a metal core (50) of Al or Ti, on which is a protective coating (52) and a micro-discontinuous Ti nitride topcoat (54) which has many defects, exposing the protective coating to a corrosive operating environment within the fuel cell. The protective coating is susceptible to oxidative passivation by this environment to form a corrosion barrier and thus protects the core.    USE -   As a proton exchange membrane fuel cell for electric vehicles    ADVANTAGE -   Corrosion of the contact element core with consequent increase in electronic resistance is prevented and cell life is prolonged.    (US37284-E)      A proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell has at least one cell comprising two electrodes, a membrane electrolyte for ionic conduction and a conductive contact. The contact element comprises a metal core (50) of Al or Ti, on which is a protective coating (52) and a micro-discontinuous Ti nitride topcoat (54) which has many defects, exposing the protective coating to a corrosive operating environment within the fuel cell. The protective coating is susceptible to oxidative passivation by this environment to form a corrosion barrier and thus protects the core.    USE -   As a proton exchange membrane fuel cell for electric vehicles    ADVANTAGE -   Corrosion of the contact element core with consequent increase in electronic resistance is prevented and cell life is prolonged.
(US5818115-A)      The starter includes a dynamo (1) that is connected to a double layer condenser (5). At the time of engine starting, the armature of the dynamo is rotated by the power supplied from the condenser. The dynamo rotates the pinion that is engaged with a ring gear of the engine.    After the engine is started, the rotation of the ring gear is transmitted to the armature of dynamo that starts generating electrical power. The condenser gets charged by the dynamo.    ADVANTAGE -   Charges condenser during early stages of starting of engine.
(JP2866034-B2)      A first group of support parts which contact an electrode and a partition is set in an exit side of a fuel gas that passes through an oxidising agent gas route provided to whole area of cathode side of cell. A second group of support parts is set in an entrance side of the fuel gas. More oxidising agent gas flows through the entrance side of the high temperature fuel gas. Less oxidising agent gas flows through the exit side of the low temperature fuel gas.    ADVANTAGE -   Uniform temperature distribution.
(GB2307308-B)      The method involves selecting a stored monitoring program, and checking that prerequisite conditions in the program are met. A speed of an engine is regulated providing power to the power take-off and maintaining a monitoring function on operating status of the engine and of ancillary components relating to the power take-off. Data logging operating parameters relate to the power take-off during operation of the power take-off. One or more indicators are displayed as to the monitored status. An automatic engine speed control is provided in response to set monitored functions levels.    A control unit ensures that engagement of a power take off unit can only occur once prerequisite conditions have been fulfilled. The unit also controls sequences the engagement of the power take-off unit and speed of an engine powering the power take-off unit. The unit further maintains a monitoring function on the operating status of the engine and key ancillary components.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For operating on unmanned stationary vehicle where engine speed control is critical to provide correct performance for driven device. Excludes operation of PTO lever while vehicle is driven tat might damage gear box.
(JP9120801-A)      Sealed alkaline electrolyte battery comprises: (a) an electrode group comprising positive electrodes and negative electrodes which are piled alternately and separators sandwiched between; (b) a battery case containing the electrode group; and (c) a lid for sealing an opening portion of the battery case; the battery case and lid are made of a polymer alloy containing polyphenylene ether (PPE) and an olefin resin as main components, the olefin resin comprising 20-60 wt.% of the polymer alloy. Also claimed is a sealed alkaline electrolyte battery in which the battery case or lid is made of a composite material of polymer alloy mainly comprised of PPE, and an inorganic powder dispersed in the polymer alloy.    USE -   The battery may be used as a power source for a moveable body e.g. electric vehicle.    ADVANTAGE -   The battery has a long life, is resistant to outdoor conditions, and can be guaranteed maintenance-free for 7-10 years.    (US5780180-A)      Sealed alkaline electrolyte battery comprises: (a) an electrode group comprising positive electrodes and negative electrodes which are piled alternately and separators sandwiched between; (b) a battery case containing the electrode group; and (c) a lid for sealing an opening portion of the battery case; the battery case and lid are made of a polymer alloy containing polyphenylene ether (PPE) and an olefin resin as main components, the olefin resin comprising 20-60 wt.% of the polymer alloy. Also claimed is a sealed alkaline electrolyte battery in which the battery case or lid is made of a composite material of polymer alloy mainly comprised of PPE, and an inorganic powder dispersed in the polymer alloy.    USE -   The battery may be used as a power source for a moveable body e.g. electric vehicle.    ADVANTAGE -   The battery has a long life, is resistant to outdoor conditions, and can be guaranteed maintenance-free for 7-10 years.
(US5709280-A)      The assembly (10) comprises a bottom tray (12) with a base (26), side (30) and back (32) walls defining a lower and an upper cell receiving space. A first set of short sealed lead-acid cells (14) are vertically positioned in the lower cell receiving space, a top tray support structure (16) positioned in the bottom tray and a top tray (18) located on the top tray support.    A second set of short sealed lead-acid cells (20) are located in the top tray. The tray is located in the upper cell receiving space of the bottom tray. The respective sets of cells are electrically connected together.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For automated guided vehicles, mining vehicles, and railroad vehicles. Provides mounting arrangement that requires minimum number of cell sizes to be manufactured and is suitable for use in existing installations.
(JP3011068-B2)      The generator (10) has an engine (12) whose output shaft is added with torque. A motor (14) is directly linked to the output shaft of the engine to absorb the added torque. A clutch (20) is connected to the output shaft of the motor and drive shaft of the vehicle.    A partial connection detector (46) senses the partial connection of the clutch. A controller (36) regulates the operations of the engine, motor and clutch and prevents the release of the motor when the clutch is sensed partially connected.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents addition of large torque to clutch due to prevented torque addition to motor if clutch is partially connected, thus extending life of clutch disk. Prevents car body vibration, thus preventing riding inconvenience. Prevents sudden engine steaming since engine load is prevented from sudden changes. Prevents wearing of clutch disk due to reduced shocks when changing clutch in partial connection state.
(JP3072032-B2)      The separator for a fuel battery comprises an almost rectangular flat type cathode mask, a cathode collector, a centre plate, an anode collector and an anode mask. The centre plate has a concave and convex area for an electrode formed by a pressing process and has another concave and convex area for a mask. The centre plate surrounds all through holes for gas and an opening of the anode mask, comprising a closed type ring-shaped anode seal ring area which supports the anode mask and a closed type ring-shaped cathode seal ring area which supports the cathode mask.    USE -   Used for providing a separator for a fuel battery which is soft, high in flat precision and economic. It can also largely decrease a by-pass flow flowing outside a reaction area.
(GB2306242-B)      A traffic control sign which is adapted to be mounted on a vehicle, the sign comprising: first and second arrays of discrete light sources, each array being arranged to display a respective arrow symbol, wherein each array of discrete light sources comprises the free ends of each of the plurality of optical fibres, the other respective ends of which are located adjacent to a respective lamp unit, and switching means for switching one or other of the lamp units to an illuminated condition.
(EP867042-A1)      The process prepares a dispersion (201) of particles of refractory material and mixes the dispersion with a carrier solution of a salt of cellulose xanthate to form (202) a spin mix. A filament (203) of regenerated cellulose is formed from the mix using general wet spinning techniques.    The filament having the particles dispersed in it. The filament is heated (204) to sufficient temps. and for a suficient time to remove all the regenerated cellulose and to sinter the particles to form the fibres of refractory material (206). The particles are low activity particles selected from a group consisting of particles coated with an organic barrier, particles combined with an inorganic compound, precursor particles that convert to the desired refractory material during the process, or a combination of these.    USE -   For producing refractory filaments of substantial length and useful flexibility.    ADVANTAGE -   Process provides control and flexibility over material and configuration of fibre made.
(US5823282-A)      The hybrid vehicle consists of an IC engine (1) and a generator (16) in which number of revolution is controlled based on an instruction signal. An output shaft (14) of the engine and the generator are coupled through a planetary gear unit (13) with differential gear mechanism. The gear unit possesses three gear wheel elements in which at least two gear wheels are coupled at a time and selection is made by selecting the fastest rotation and is output. A lubricating oil pump (55) driven by the rotation output is selected. An one way clutch (F1) is interposed between a carrier (CR) and engine by the planetary gear unit.    The lubricating oil pump is driven by rotating the secondary side of the one way clutch. The rotation of generator is controlled with a vehicle control device (41) and as a result rotation is adjusted to control discharge amount of lubricating oil by the planetary gear unit.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables to improve transit time with usual fuel cost. Enables to prevent deterioration in driving system due to lubricant storage.
(US5722303-A)      The storage unit mixed-mu bearing uses both ferromagnetic and diamagnetic phenomena. Two stationary permanent magnets (12,16) are located above and below high temperature superconductors (14,18). A rotor (20) is positioned to rotate vertically between these two magnetic structures. The rotor can be a ferromagnetic material, e.g. steel. The entire bearing is field cooled using liquid nitrogen to create the superconducting states. The entire bearing can be in a vacuum housing.    The permanent magnets are polarised vertically in the same direction. Magnetisation of the steel induces shielding currents creating a repulsive force to support the bearing.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For energy storage on electric vehicles such as cars and buses, or as wayside energy storage for electric trains or other transit vehicles. Provides electricity storage unit that has very low rotational losses.    (TW345777-A)      A mixed-mu superconducting bearing, comprising: a ferrite structure disposed for rotation adjacent a stationary superconductor material structure and a stationary permanent magnet structure, the ferrite structure being levitated by the stationary permanent magnet structure.
(DE19523260-C2)      The method for monitoring multiple same-type sources, such as multi-cell batteries or multi-cell combustion blocks, determines the mean output value of the cells (UM) from the individual values of each. If the subsequent value for any single cell (Umin) then falls below limits determined by the mean, a warning display is given. In addition, a warning is given if the difference between the greatest (Umax) and the smallest individual voltages exceeds an acceptable difference value.    By this method, using existing technology, the output capability of multiple same-type voltage sources can be monitored reliably and at low cost, regardless of their load condition, and a deficit or diminished output can be determined.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For monitoring combustion cell systems in electric vehicles. Process uses existing technology. Reliable and inexpensive.
(JP9063627-A)      The fuel cell (10) comprises several fuel cell members (20) between separators (40), and passages (29a,29b). The passages circulate cooling water along both sides of generating portions (28) of the fuel cell members (20) to cool them.    ADVANTAGE -   Has simple structure in which local temperature irregularities are prevented while maintaining its effective area and performance.    (EP862235-A1)      The fuel cell (10) comprises several fuel cell members (20) between separators (40), and passages (29a,29b). The passages circulate cooling water along both sides of generating portions (28) of the fuel cell members (20) to cool them.    ADVANTAGE -   Has simple structure in which local temperature irregularities are prevented while maintaining its effective area and performance.    (US6180273-B1)      The fuel cell (10) comprises several fuel cell members (20) between separators (40), and passages (29a,29b). The passages circulate cooling water along both sides of generating portions (28) of the fuel cell members (20) to cool them.    ADVANTAGE -   Has simple structure in which local temperature irregularities are prevented while maintaining its effective area and performance.
(US5872453-A)      The appts has a temperature sensor (5), which detects the temperature of a DC battery (3). A load (1) and battery are set to open circuit state and the maximum and minimum voltages of the DC battery are detected. A linear pattern connecting the detected maximum and minimum voltages is produced.    If the detected temperature does not lie within a predefined range, the produced linear pattern is corrected based on detected temperature. The load and the battery are set in closed circuit state and an arithmetic unit (19) calculates the residual capacity from the corrected linear pattern.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables to calculate exact residual capacity, easily.
(US5707258-A)      The clamp is made by shearing and cold pressing a tinned galvanised brass plate. The clamp has a clamping portion for receiving cables with varying cross-sections ranging from 10 to 35mm2. The cables are clamped only on the copper material.    The clamp can be used as either a clamp for the positive pole of the battery or the negative by changing the fixing hole on the battery pole, or as a right or left clamp by reversing the clamping bolt (7).    ADVANTAGE -   Can be assembled in two directions, flexible applications, reduced environmental impact    (EP763863-B1)      The clamp is made by shearing and cold pressing a tinned galvanised brass plate. The clamp has a clamping portion for receiving cables with varying cross-sections ranging from 10 to 35mm2. The cables are clamped only on the copper material.    The clamp can be used as either a clamp for the positive pole of the battery or the negative by changing the fixing hole on the battery pole, or as a right or left clamp by reversing the clamping bolt (7).    ADVANTAGE -   Can be assembled in two directions, flexible applications, reduced environmental impact
(JP3193273-B2)      Use of anaerobic digestive gas comprises contacting anaerobic digestive gas with neutral or weak alkaline soln. to conduct desulphurisation/decarboxylation treatment and contacting it with alkaline soln. to conduct desulphurisation decarboxylation treatment in order to increase methane density in it and using it as fuel for fuel battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Running cost can be reduced and life of fuel battery can be prolonged.
(US5818574-A)      The method tests an electronic control unit (ECU) (50) having a connection socket (52) which is coupled (54) to the vehicle wiring loom (56) through a loom connector (58). The signal from the ECU is connected (60) to an input signal processing system (62) which comprises an input multiplexer (64), an attenuator (66), a filter (68), a sample and hold unit (70) and an A-D converter (ADC) (72).    The input multiplexer switches the signal from the socket to the ADC via the attenuator to prevent damage to the ADC by high amplitude signals. The digital signal from the ADC is processed by a software subsystem (74) to determine the maximum signal amplitude. The subsystem makes a decision, based on analysis, on the routing of the input signal either via the attenuator to the ADC or to the software subsystem that connects it to the pre-processing stage (80) for data to the ECU.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides rapid testing without drawing large currents from the battery.    (US6157877-A)      The method tests an electronic control unit (ECU) (50) having a connection socket (52) which is coupled (54) to the vehicle wiring loom (56) through a loom connector (58). The signal from the ECU is connected (60) to an input signal processing system (62) which comprises an input multiplexer (64), an attenuator (66), a filter (68), a sample and hold unit (70) and an A-D converter (ADC) (72).    The input multiplexer switches the signal from the socket to the ADC via the attenuator to prevent damage to the ADC by high amplitude signals. The digital signal from the ADC is processed by a software subsystem (74) to determine the maximum signal amplitude. The subsystem makes a decision, based on analysis, on the routing of the input signal either via the attenuator to the ADC or to the software subsystem that connects it to the pre-processing stage (80) for data to the ECU.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides rapid testing without drawing large currents from the battery.
(WO9732348-A1)      A storage battery comprises a pair of electrodes having a space therebetween, and an electrolyte pad, within the space, comprising a pair of outer porous layers and a quantity of acid gelling agent distributed between the porous layers and sealed therebetween.    Also claimed is a gel type acid storage battery comprising a pair of spaced electrodes and an electrolyte pad between the electrodes comprising a pair of outer superimposed porous fabric layers, a number of closed pockets between the fabric layers, and a quantity of powdered acid gelling agent in the pockets.    Also claimed is making a battery comprising providing a battery structure having adjacent positive and negative electrodes and a space therebetween; fabricating a porous pad having outer porous layers and a quantity of acid gelling agent between the porous layers in dry particulate form; inserting the pad into the space; and adding liq. acid to the space to form a gel between the acid and the gelling agent.    USE -   These storage batteries can be used in vehicles and for other uses.    ADVANTAGE -   The use of pre-assembled pads greatly facilitates the prodn. of a battery. The super-absorbing polymer causes rapid and uniform absorption of the battery acid to produce a uniform gel, free of voids. These polymers are capable of absorbing many times their wt. of acid without being chemically degraded substantially. The use of a number of individual pockets in the pad allows for uniform distribution of the gelling agent and better circulation of the acid. It also prevents settling of the gelling agent as well as gel blockage. The gel particles expand on addn. of the acid, causing the pad to expand and completely fill the electrolyte space, with good contact with the electrodes.
(DE19680621-T)      The converter converts thermal energy into electrical energy using at least a first p-type semiconductor and a second n-type semiconductor of wire or strip material. The conductors (2,3) are arranged in hot (5) and cold (6) regions separated by a thermally insulating layer (9) and are mutually electrically isolated.    The ends (4) of the conductors in the hot region are electrically short circuited and the electrical energy delivered at the ends of each conductor pair in the cold region is dependent on the thermoelectric material properties and the temp. difference of the lengths of the conductors in the hot and cold regions.    ADVANTAGE -   Electrical energy is generated using new technique.
(US5780179-A)      The generator has a fuel battery comprising fuel cells stacked upon one another, a tank storing water for humidifying hydrogen gas and/or carbon dioxide gas and a gas-liquid separator which separates exhaust from the battery into gas and water and recycles the water into the tank.    ADVANTAGE -   The generator eliminates the need of externally resupplying water to the battery.
(JP9022720-A)      A fuel battery has separators (16,18) or fastening pressure generating plates located in given positions. The separators or the fastening pressure generating plates contain a chamber (25) partitioned therebetween. The chamber (25) is filled with a filler (83) expanded and contracted through absorption and discharge of heat. A fastening force for a fuel battery cell is regulated in such a way that the separators or the fastening pressure generating plates are displaced at least to one of an electrode plate on the anode side and an electrode plate on the cathode side due to absorption and discharge of the heat of the filler.    ADVANTAGE -   Output is stable without unevenness in contact resistance.    (EP851519-A1)      The fuel cells has a first separator (16) made of a compact material, fitted into a hole (24) in a second separator (18) mad of a compact material, to define a chamber (25). A filling material (83) is charged in the chamber. The first separator is pushed towards a solid polymer electrolyte film (60) by the pressure of water introduced into the camber and it swells.    The filling material in the chamber also swells. The pressure in the fuel cell increases and the lamination fastening force increases.    ADVANTAGE -   Small, simple structure. Ionic resistively of solid polymer electrolyte film, and of contact resistance between film and electrode plate are low.
(JP3683307-B2)      Battery holder, especially for an electric motor car, has a cushion mechanism placed between an outer box and plug in inner box that has a power connector.    ADVANTAGE -   Protects battery holder from damage due to mechanical shock.
(US5688610-A)      The fuel cell module contains several fuel cell stacks (1) arranged one upon the other, pipes delivering fuel gas and a free air supply in a closed housing. A flat seal (11) is mounted between each pair of vertically adjacent stacks. The flat seals have central air openings (22) and separate peripheral fuel gas channels (24). The lowest stack is mounted on the base plate (6) via a similar seal. The base plate contains a collection channel (5) for the waste air and a channel (9) for the fuel gas.    ADVANTAGE -   A high packing density, modular and scalable arrangement is achieved enabling simple replacement of the individual fuel cell stacks.
(JP9037478-A)      The charger contains a charging device for charging a rechargeable battery using a motor vehicle battery supply voltage. A voltage monitoring device monitors the vehicle battery voltage and outputs a voltage signal indicating the voltage.    An interruption device deactivates the charger during continuous recharging of the rechargeable battery when the monitoring device's signal indicates that a low voltage state of the vehicle battery persists for a first defined period. The lowest possible voltage for starting the engine is defined as the low voltage threshold.    ADVANTAGE -   Contains an anti-overdischarging device which enables a charger to continue charging even when the vehicle battery voltage is reduced to below a lower threshold.
(JP3144295-B2)      The fixtures installs the pair of batteries (5A,5B) on the panel (3) while keeping a small gap (S) between the batteries.    The board bracket (1) with side walls (11,12) and central wall (13) stands on the small gap (S).    One end of the retainer bar (2A,2B) is engaged with a linkage (14,15) at the top of the side walls (11,12). The other end of the retainer bar (2A,2B) is united to the panel (3) at the other edge for each battery (5A,5B).    ADVANTAGE -   Two batteries mounted can be retained tightly in small space.
(JP9037412-A)      The power system (20) comprises a generator (40) and an energy storage device (1) and is installed on the car (30). The generator comprises an energy converter (2) and a generator (3). An off-board power supply line (6) is also connected to the car. A regenerative fuel cell (7) is also mounted in the car.    The fuel cell comprises a heat exchanger (8) which cools and heats each device, a water electrolyser (9), a hydrogen and oxygen store (10) and a fuel cell (11). The hydrogen and oxygen are used to power the fuel cell. A control device (12) controls the generated power and the regeneration.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides high energy to weight ratio and volume efficiency.    (CN1150934-A)      The power system (20) comprises a generator (40) and an energy storage device (1) and is installed on the car (30). The generator comprises an energy converter (2) and a generator (3). An off-board power supply line (6) is also connected to the car. A regenerative fuel cell (7) is also mounted in the car.    The fuel cell comprises a heat exchanger (8) which cools and heats each device, a water electrolyser (9), a hydrogen and oxygen store (10) and a fuel cell (11). The hydrogen and oxygen are used to power the fuel cell. A control device (12) controls the generated power and the regeneration.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides high energy to weight ratio and volume efficiency.
(JP2742893-B2)      The device comprises an electrolyser (1) for housing an aq. soln. for electrolysis, two pairs of electrodes (6,7,8,9) with height of about a half. The depth of the electrolyser arranged between upper and lower parts of the electrolyser while insulated together, leading wires (12,13) connected to the respective electrode plates, and a cover (2) put on the electrolyser while incorporating terminals (10,11) connected to the lead wires. Electrolysis of the soln. housed in the electrolyser is performed by applying voltage to the lower electrode plates (8,9) hydrogen and oxygen generated by the electrolysis are guided between the upper electrode plates so as to react together, and electric power generated by reaction between the hydrogen and the oxygen is taken out from the terminal (10) connected to the upper electrode plate (6,7).    ADVANTAGE -   The device can be used as a teaching aid for demonstrating principles and mechanisms for electrolysis and power generation of a fuel cell.
(US5691075-A)      The fuel cell is of planar, essentially centrally symmetrical design and has an electrochemically active plate (4) and an interconnector (1) in the form of an air heat exchanger with air supply points on its periphery. The interconnector has three layers. The middle layer is a plate (2) with at least approximately the same thermal expansion as the electrochemically active plate. The side layers (3a,3b) are metal plates and essentially thinner than the central plate.    The side plates have a relief structure and are connected to the central plate at several contact points (32). They have direct contact with the electrochemically active plate and with corresp. plates in an adjacent cell. The central plate can be of composite material, at least partly of metal, metal alloy or ceramic material.    ADVANTAGE -   A smaller vol. and reduced manufacturing costs are achieved.    (EP749171-B1)      The fuel cell is of planar, essentially centrally symmetrical design and has an electrochemically active plate (4) and an interconnector (1) in the form of an air heat exchanger with air supply points on its periphery. The interconnector has three layers. The middle layer is a plate (2) with at least approximately the same thermal expansion as the electrochemically active plate. The side layers (3a,3b) are metal plates and essentially thinner than the central plate.    The side plates have a relief structure and are connected to the central plate at several contact points (32). They have direct contact with the electrochemically active plate and with corresp. plates in an adjacent cell. The central plate can be of composite material, at least partly of metal, metal alloy or ceramic material.    ADVANTAGE -   A smaller vol. and reduced manufacturing costs are achieved.
(WO9708767-A1)      A fuel cell has a drainage system (5) for water or steam with a water separator (2). This has a float valve (6) allowing automatic draining from the separator and a needle valve (7) to control the flow of gas.    ADVANTAGE -   Simple removal of water produced and no external humidifier needed.    (EP847601-A1)      A fuel cell has a drainage system (5) for water or steam with a water separator (2). This has a float valve (6) allowing automatic draining from the separator and a needle valve (7) to control the flow of gas.    ADVANTAGE -   Simple removal of water produced and no external humidifier needed.    (EP847601-B1)      A fuel cell has a drainage system (5) for water or steam with a water separator (2). This has a float valve (6) allowing automatic draining from the separator and a needle valve (7) to control the flow of gas.    ADVANTAGE -   Simple removal of water produced and no external humidifier needed.
(JP3112240-B2)          ADVANTAGE -   Plastic deformation due to applied fastening force can be prevented.
(JP9117077-A)      The circuit connects two series strings (A,B) of solar cells to the load (L). One string (A) comprises amorphous cells on the roof, and the other string (B) is formed of crystalline cells around the edge of the roof. The amorphous string with its lower no-load voltage is protected by a preferably Schottky reverse-current-blocking diode (16). Alternatively the two strings may be formed of unequal numbers of cells of the same type and individual no-load voltage.    USE -   For driving a vehicle-borne electric ventilation fan or battery-charger; the power produced by the solar cells is adapted optimally to the demand from the resistive or inductive load.    (US5779817-A)      The circuit connects two series strings (A,B) of solar cells to the load (L). One string (A) comprises amorphous cells on the roof, and the other string (B) is formed of crystalline cells around the edge of the roof. The amorphous string with its lower no-load voltage is protected by a preferably Schottky reverse-current-blocking diode (16). Alternatively the two strings may be formed of unequal numbers of cells of the same type and individual no-load voltage.    USE -   For driving a vehicle-borne electric ventilation fan or battery-charger; the power produced by the solar cells is adapted optimally to the demand from the resistive or inductive load.
(EP832504-A1)      Fuel stacks (1) are made of many cells each having interrelated mono and bipolar collector plates (BSPs) comprising laminated plastic or ceramic platelets (12) sandwiched between conductive microscreen platelets with an electrode membrane (EMA 5a,b,c,d).    The platelets are produced from sheet material with through and depth features e.g etched, embossed to form serpentine flow channels.    ADVANTAGE -   Esp. useful with PEM fuel cells using H2 and air/ 02 as fuel to provide cheap, lightweight, high power density, fuel cells.    (JP11510637-W)      Fuel stacks (1) are made of many cells each having interrelated mono and bipolar collector plates (BSPs) comprising laminated plastic or ceramic platelets (12) sandwiched between conductive microscreen platelets with an electrode membrane (EMA 5a,b,c,d).    The platelets are produced from sheet material with through and depth features e.g etched, embossed to form serpentine flow channels.    ADVANTAGE -   Esp. useful with PEM fuel cells using H2 and air/ 02 as fuel to provide cheap, lightweight, high power density, fuel cells.
(US5698983-A)      The method involves using a voltage current variation calculation part (21) which obtains the voltage current flow in a battery. The straight line approximated by the obtained value is determined by the straight line calculation part (25). Based on a voltage corresponding to a reference value, the residual capacity of the battery is displayed on a display part (11) from a residual capacity calculation part (23).    Whenever the display value is output, it is compared with a previous display value. When there is a variation in the compared result, the display data is updated.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids sense of incongruity even if large amount of fluctuation results. Reduces size of memory. Reduces power consumption. Improves display precision.    (JP3164999-B2)      The method involves using a voltage current variation calculation part (21) which obtains the voltage current flow in a battery. The straight line approximated by the obtained value is determined by the straight line calculation part (25). Based on a voltage corresponding to a reference value, the residual capacity of the battery is displayed on a display part (11) from a residual capacity calculation part (23).    Whenever the display value is output, it is compared with a previous display value. When there is a variation in the compared result, the display data is updated.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids sense of incongruity even if large amount of fluctuation results. Reduces size of memory. Reduces power consumption. Improves display precision.
(US5717326-A)      The current detector has a pair of sensors (2a) that are arranged on both sides of a circuit in which the current (1a) to be measured, flows.    The current intersects the magnetic field (1b) generated around the detectors and an emf (2) is generated. The current detection is carried out by amplifying the emf generated.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For test of battery drive circuit mounted in motor vehicle, in clamp, power control device, switchboard and measurement board. Enables effective utilisation in high voltage line where circuit disconnection is difficult. Eases installation work. Increases efficiency of test. Measures DC current without voltage drop.
(GB2301497-B)      A vehicle security system siren apparatus with backup rechargeable battery, for installation in a vehicle having an electrical system including a vehicle battery, comprising: a siren transducer for converting electrical signals into acoustic energy in response to security system trigger signals; means for connecting the siren apparatus to the vehicle electrical system to provide electrical power to the apparatus; a backup rechargeable battery for providing power to the apparatus and enable operation of the transducer in the event electrical power is not available from the vehicle electrical system; means for charging the backup battery from the vehicle electrical system; means for detecting failure of the backup battery, and means activated by the failure detecting means for providing a warning to the security system user indicating failure of the backup battery, said means for providing a warning comprising means for disabling the transducer from issuing audible chirp signals indicating arming or disarming of the security system.
(GB2301477-B)      A battery current flow output terminal electronic locking device operated by a reprogrammable timing device or keypad (1) and a remote control wireless device and receiver (2) to enable the battery current flow to be fully controlled.    A sensing circuit amplifier (22A,22B) is provided to enable small amounts of current to be drawn while the lock is in operation, and the lock will fully lock the flow if more than a small amount of current is drawn from the terminals. A mechanical switch can be used to replace the electronic control device.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For restricting, locking and timing current flow from a battery, such as for example in application with a warning device, an electric fence or for a battery connected to a motor vehicle, motor boat or even a motor cycle. Can be used with any battery to secure the battery against usage and to save and prolong battery life.
(US5753384-A)      The battery has several cells. Each cell has a housing which forms an interior space which holds a zinc electrode. A generally planar air permeable and liquid impermeable air electrode is fitted into a window opening of the housing. An electrolyte is in contact with the zinc electrode and the air electrode.    A flow of reaction air is directed from a scrubber across outer faces of two adjacent air electrodes. A cooling air flow is directed and focused between a pair of thin plates. The outer faces of the thin plates are in contact with the reaction air.    ADVANTAGE -   High rate of cooling due to use of additional cooling air. More uniform operation due to more uniform temperature across battery. Avoids drying out air electrode by excessive air flow due to separating reaction air from cooling air.    (JP10162870-A)      The battery has several cells. Each cell has a housing which forms an interior space which holds a zinc electrode. A generally planar air permeable and liquid impermeable air electrode is fitted into a window opening of the housing. An electrolyte is in contact with the zinc electrode and the air electrode.    A flow of reaction air is directed from a scrubber across outer faces of two adjacent air electrodes. A cooling air flow is directed and focused between a pair of thin plates. The outer faces of the thin plates are in contact with the reaction air.    ADVANTAGE -   High rate of cooling due to use of additional cooling air. More uniform operation due to more uniform temperature across battery. Avoids drying out air electrode by excessive air flow due to separating reaction air from cooling air.
(NL1002582-C2)      A flow of nitrogen (I), obtained by feeding air to the cathode of a fuel cell and fuel to it's anode to form a fuel depleted flow and oxygen depleted air at the cathode as flow (I), is mixed with a hydrogen flow containing a hydrocarbon (II) to catalytically convert (II) to an ammonia product.    USE -   Ammonia production from synthesis gas.    ADVANTAGE -   The method has improved energy efficiency, together with an increase in capacity of existing plant. N2 and H2 mixture contains less carbon monoxide and dioxide.
(JP2957944-B2)      Prepn. of rice chaff compost comprises crushing the chaff coarsely while adding water, heating and then swelling to soften, adding a high-temp.-fermenting bacterium to carry out primary fermentation, mixing, with stirring, a bacterium decomposing amino acids and protein, a bacterium decomposing cellulose and hemicellulose and a bacterium decomposing lignin and silicate with the prim. fermentation prod. to carry out sec. fermentation in order to obtain the compost.    USE -   The method is used for composting waste produced in large amounts.    ADVANTAGE -   The method permits prepn. of high-quality rice chaff compost f rom the troublesome waste and has high fertilising effects in soil.
(US5759402-A)      The contaminated soil is purified by using bacteria under anaerobic condition with introducing H2 gas to promote activity of bacteria.    USE -   The method is used to purify contaminated soil.    ADVANTAGE -   The contaminated soil is purified by using bacteria under anaerobic condition without afraid of secondary contamination.    (JP2921491-B2)      The contaminated soil is purified by using bacteria under anaerobic condition with introducing H2 gas to promote activity of bacteria.    USE -   The method is used to purify contaminated soil.    ADVANTAGE -   The contaminated soil is purified by using bacteria under anaerobic condition without afraid of secondary contamination.
(JP2838195-B2)       A new butane hydrogenative decomposition catalyst consists of a specific synthetic smectite having the compositional formula of [(SiO2 )8 -(MO2/3 )a-(OH)2/3 (a+b)]b--bX + (M = Mg, Co, Ni, or Zn; X is proton or monovalent alkali ion; a = 0-10, b= 0-1 ) and Pt which is loaded on the smectite. The smectite has a specific surface area of 100-800 m2 /g, an average dia. of micropores of 2-8 nm, a micropore volume of 0.1-0.8 cm3/g, and an anion exchanging capacity of 0.1-1.2 meq./g. The prodn. of the new catalyst is also claimed, where aq. soln. dissolving water-soluble salts of Mg, Co, Ni, or Zn is added to another aq. soln. contg. alkali metal silicate and alkali hydroxide; the resultant slurry is hydrothermally reacted to prepare the smectite; aq. soln. contg. Pt cpds. is impregnated into the smectite; the smectite is dried and reduced with H2 at 300-700 deg.C. Method of butane decomposition is also claimed, where butane is contacted with H2 at 180-400 deg.C in the presence of the new catalyst.    USE -   For butane hydrogenative decomposition.    ADVANTAGE -   The selectivity is regulated by changing the composition of the smectite.
(DE29623486-U1)      A compost (18) extraction system for long rectangular composting bays (1) of a composting plant has a frame (9) with rails on which at least one belt conveyor (10) can move along the composting bay. Multiple belt conveyors (10,11,12,13) are arranged one over the other so that they can be telescopically extended and retracted. Also claimed is a composting plant which uses the above compost extraction system.    USE -   System is used to extract composted material from the composting bays of a composting plant.    ADVANTAGE -   The system avoids the use of loading shovels.    (DE19618286-C2)      A compost (18) extraction system for long rectangular composting bays (1) of a composting plant has a frame (9) with rails on which at least one belt conveyor (10) can move along the composting bay. Multiple belt conveyors (10,11,12,13) are arranged one over the other so that they can be telescopically extended and retracted. Also claimed is a composting plant which uses the above compost extraction system.    USE -   System is used to extract composted material from the composting bays of a composting plant.    ADVANTAGE -   The system avoids the use of loading shovels.
(DE29623465-U1)      A feed system for a long rectangular composting bay (1) of a composting plant, where the novelty is that the system has a frame (14) with rails on which a delivery conveyor (15) can be extended and retracted. The end of the delivery conveyor (15) can be raised and lowered and swung from side to side. One or more belt conveyors (20,21,22) are linked to the delivery conveyor (15) in extending-ladder fashion, so that raw material can be conveyed to the far end of the composting bay (1). Also claimed is a composting plant which uses the above feed system.    USE -   The system is used to feed evenly e.g. waste matter with an organic content, into the composting bays of a composting plant.    ADVANTAGE -   The system spreads the raw material evenly throughout the composting bay, and avoids compacting the raw material. Loading shovels are not required.    (DE19618274-C2)      A feed system for a long rectangular composting bay (1) of a composting plant, where the novelty is that the system has a frame (14) with rails on which a delivery conveyor (15) can be extended and retracted. The end of the delivery conveyor (15) can be raised and lowered and swung from side to side. One or more belt conveyors (20,21,22) are linked to the delivery conveyor (15) in extending-ladder fashion, so that raw material can be conveyed to the far end of the composting bay (1). Also claimed is a composting plant which uses the above feed system.    USE -   The system is used to feed evenly e.g. waste matter with an organic content, into the composting bays of a composting plant.    ADVANTAGE -   The system spreads the raw material evenly throughout the composting bay, and avoids compacting the raw material. Loading shovels are not required.
(DE19618130-C2)      Aeration system for a composting plant which has composting chamber (5) with a perforated floor (3) under which there is an aeration chamber (4), where the novelty is that the aeration chamber (4) is divided into separate sub-chambers each of which is supplied by a separate aeration pipes (6-11). The aeration pipes (6-11) run from one end of the rectangular composting plant, parallel to each other along aeration chamber (4). Also claimed is (a) a through-wall manifold bushing which has a housing and connects aeration pipes through the dividing walls between the sub-chambers of the aeration chamber; (b) a composting plant which uses the above aeration system.    USE -   System is used to supply air to the perforated floor of the composting chamber of a composting plant.    ADVANTAGE -   The system ensures an even distribution of air throughout the composting chamber.
(JP10114502-A)      Separating hydrogen and methane from a high pressure flow of gaseous hydrocarbon, containing at least hydrogen, methane, ethane, and ethylene, comprises: (1) recovering hydrogen gas from the high pressure flow of gaseous hydrocarbon, using a hydrogen separator for substantially separating only hydrogen gas prior to cooling the gaseous hydrocarbon; (2) sequentially cooling the gaseous hydrocarbon in two or more temperature bands, arranged at least in series to cause vapour-liquid separation in each temperature band with separated condensed liquids being supplied to methane separation, and non-condensed gas to a following temperature band; and (3) recovering methane gas in the methane separation, as well as condensed liquid substantially containing no methane. A refrigerant of a higher temperature than in a conventional method can be used, thereby making it possible to set higher the suction pressure of a refrigerator, to reduce the refrigerator power.
(JP2791427-B2)      Heavy metal ion scavenger comprises a biogenic water soluble phosphoric acid condensate extracted from an unicellular green algae, Dunaliella sp.    The concentration of the phosphate in the culture is preferably 1.0-2.0 mg P/l. Preparation of the heavy metal scavenger comprises cultivating unicellular green algae Dunaliella sp. in a culture containing nitrate and phosphate while phosphate is added to give a concentration of phosphate of 0.5-5.0 mg P/l and extracting a water-soluble phosphoric acid condensate in the algae cell of Dunaliella sp.    USE -   The heavy metal ion scavenger scavenges heavy metal ions in water.    ADVANTAGE -   The heavy metal ion scavenger scavenges heavy metal ions in water with good efficiency without producing sludge. The scavenged heavy metal can be easily recovered by chromatography without using acids or alkalis. The scavenger can be easily produced with low cost without polluting the environment.
(US5976387-A)      Waste is fed into a boiler (24, 26) after it has been subjected to a hydrothermal reaction treatment (12) in the presence of water. The hydrothermal reaction occurs under high temperature and pressure conditions. An acidic slurry is formed during part of, or throughout, the hydrothermal reaction. This reduces the oxygen content in waste relative to the carbon atoms in the building molecules of the waste. It also causes any halogens in the building molecule to be transferred into the slurry. The slurry is then cooled, dewatered and fed into the combustion section (24) of the boiler.    USE -   Municipal wastes, night soil, sewage sludge, industrial wastes, other wastes containing organic matter ae converted into a fuel fed to a boiler.    ADVANTAGE -   Method reduces the moisture content of the wastes to reduce the exhaust gas from the boiler. Also foreign matter is removed to prevent the formation of incombustible items in the bottom of the furnace. There is no problem of corrosion by halogen compounds. The production of toxic dioxins is suppressed while the content of heavy metals in the ash is reduced. Corrosion of system components in contact with the slurry is reduced.
(DE19706148-C2)      Preparation of a mixture of waste for composting comprises putting materials together in a mixer and discharging for composting. A part of the materials is preheated before introducing to the mixer, so that the temperature of the mixed components is 20-100C on discharge from the mixer. The preheated components are especially excrement or sludge. The preheated components are heated to preferably 60-100C within a part-sterilisation process. The preheating is effected using preferably waste heat generated by combustion of composting gas effluent, or discharged from mixer-motor coolant.    USE -   The process is used for composting organic wastes especially kitchen wastes, garden wastes, straw and hay from stables and farm animals, lawn cuttings, wood ash, excrement and sludge.    ADVANTAGE -   The process extends the range of especially difficult materials for composting.
(JP3155457-B2)      Treatment of waste water containing nitrogen component and an organic component comprise introducing the water into a reactive tank and conducting the biochemical treatment with coexistent biochemical carrier carrying a denitrification or nitrification microorganism having smaller specific gravity than the waste water.    ADVANTAGE -   The biochemical carrier can be separated from the treating solution easily without a screen device and the cost for maintenance can be reduced.
(US5727879-A)      During rotational drive of an endless running body (8), a contact member makes contact with a scraper (18) for protrusion arranged inside the moving locus of a flight member (10) and is rotated. As a result, an agitating blade (17) is protruded outside. By bringing the agitating blade into contact with a scraper (21) for push, arranged outside the moving locus of the flight member, for rotation in other place than the front side in an advancing direction of the agitator (5), the agitating blade is pushed to the moving locus side.    ADVANTAGE -   The efficiency of agitation fermentation of organic waste by an agitator is improved.    (JP2857364-B2)      During rotational drive of an endless running body (8), a contact member makes contact with a scraper (18) for protrusion arranged inside the moving locus of a flight member (10) and is rotated. As a result, an agitating blade (17) is protruded outside. By bringing the agitating blade into contact with a scraper (21) for push, arranged outside the moving locus of the flight member, for rotation in other place than the front side in an advancing direction of the agitator (5), the agitating blade is pushed to the moving locus side.    ADVANTAGE -   The efficiency of agitation fermentation of organic waste by an agitator is improved.
(WO9743432-A1)      Treatment of biodegradable waste comprises: (a) introducing the waste into a reaction vessel; (b) sealing the vessel; (c) subjecting the waste to digestion in the absence of oxygen; (d) adding further biodegradable waste; and (e) continuing the process to produce digestate material.    USE -   The process is useful for the management of domestic, household, commercial and non-hazardous industrial refuse, and certain agricultural and horticultural materials. The biogas produced by the process can be extracted and used elsewhere (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   The process is more effective in terms of throughput and optimum usage of the digestion cell than prior art batch waste digestion processes. The digestate material can be disposed of in a landfill site within a lower volume and without leachate problems.
(JP9536046-X)      Raw refuse disposer comprises a raw refuse container with a raw refuse introduction port provided in an upper portion, a discharge port provided in a lower portion and deodorising exhaust ports. It also includes a raw refuse stirring screw erected in the container so as to be rotatably driven by a driving source, the screw being constructed such that the vane radius of a screw vane gradually decreases toward its top and that it has a substantially conical shape when viewed sideways.    USE -   The disposer is used for decomposing refuse from kitchens with bacteria.    (JP11226551-A)      Raw refuse disposer comprises a raw refuse container with a raw refuse introduction port provided in an upper portion, a discharge port provided in a lower portion and deodorising exhaust ports. It also includes a raw refuse stirring screw erected in the container so as to be rotatably driven by a driving source, the screw being constructed such that the vane radius of a screw vane gradually decreases toward its top and that it has a substantially conical shape when viewed sideways.    USE -   The disposer is used for decomposing refuse from kitchens with bacteria.
(JP2849362-B2)      A waste decomposition disposing device comprises:    (i) a storage tank (3);    (ii) a distribution mechanism (15); and    (iii) an agitator (12).    The distribution mechanism (5) comprises:    (a) a rotary frame (19) extending radially of the storage tank (11) and rotatable forward and reverse around the central part of the storage tank; and    (b) a distribution mechanism body (20) mounted on the rotary frame (19) and conveying organic waste, received from an input mechanism near a centre of rotation by the rotary frame, to one end part (22) in an extending direction of the rotary frame during forward rotation of the rotary frame and conveying the organic waste to the other end (23) in an extending direction during reversing of the rotary frame and charging it in the storage tank.    A position where organic waste is charged in the storage tank by the distribution mechanism differs in separation distance from the rotation centre of the rotary frame between one end part and the other end part in an extending direction of the rotary frame.    ADVANTAGE -   The amount of organic waste agitated by the agitator is stabilised.
(JP3027329-B2)      Simple analysis method of microorganism accumulating phosphorus in slurry, comprises measuring speed of treating living thing by the microorganism and comparing it with that of the standard microorganism.    ADVANTAGE -   Easy and rapid analysis can be conducted.
(GB2312676-B)      Enterococcus faecium HL-5 (FERM BP-4504) (I), which is capable of proliferating in an alkaline nutrient culture medium of pH 9.5, is new.    USE -   (I) is used in the production of an alkali-treated softened bagasse (claimed), which can then be used, optionally in combination with other nutrients, as an animal fed, particularly for ruminants, but also for monogastric animals e.g. pigs and poultry. The softened bagasse can also be used as a fertiliser.    ADVANTAGE -   (I) produces lactic acid which decreases the pH of the alkali-treated bagasse. The fermented bagasse is produced more quickly (3-6 days).
(US5830358-A)      A waste decomposition system uses a container (101) having an integrated air circulation system. This includes a positive air pressure source to force air through the waste, and a negative air pressure source (129) to withdraw air from the container.    USE -   The system is useful for the waterless decomposition of organic wastes producing a stable, safe, odour-free, nutrient-rich end product usable as a soil amender or fertiliser. The container may form the substructure of a building.    ADVANTAGE -   Water is saved as it is not required to convey the waste to remote treatment locations. Contamination and pollution of surface and sub-surface soils is limited. The rate of waste decomposition is maximised without manual stirring or turning. The evaporation rate of excess process liquids is enhanced. The process is odourless.
(US5797269-A)      The container (1) has a container main body which is equipped with a first half part (11) and a second half part (12). The container main body is opened/closed by separating/joining the first and second half parts respectively.    A number of hydrogen occluding alloy compacts (6) are stored inside the container main body one above the other.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables to exchange hydrogen occluding alloy compact from container easily. Improves discharge characteristic of hydrogen occluding alloy compact.    (US5987895-A)      The container (1) has a container main body which is equipped with a first half part (11) and a second half part (12). The container main body is opened/closed by separating/joining the first and second half parts respectively.    A number of hydrogen occluding alloy compacts (6) are stored inside the container main body one above the other.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables to exchange hydrogen occluding alloy compact from container easily. Improves discharge characteristic of hydrogen occluding alloy compact.
(JP3193968-B2)      A horizontal moving process and a vertical moving process are repeatedly performed in a stirring machine.    Organic waste matters stocked in a storing tank are stirred and fermented, then are shifted to a send-out groove in order.    The whole process from a fermentation to a send-out of products is effectively performed.    By a clockwise and counter-clockwise rotation of a chain conveyer and a movement of a scattering mechanism, a stirring and a fermentation of the organic waste matters are continuously performed without the stirring machine being pulled out of such organic waste matters.    USE -   For effectively processing waste matters in a small area.
(US5935863-A)      Control of a steam cracking process comprises keeping constant the value Vc of a property of P of feed material X. The method comprises measuring the absorption Dix of the material at more than one wavelength in the region 600-2600 nm. The signals (I), indicative of the absorptions or a mathematical function of them, are compared with signals (ii), similarly indicative, for at least 2 standards Sm, for which the property or yield has a known value V. One of the known standards Smc has value Vc and controls the process to ensure the standards have the smallest average value of the absolute difference at each wavelength I between the signal of the material and the signal of the standard Sm.    USE -   To control, by near infra-red spectroscopy, a steam cracking process, e.g. to determine the yield of at least one 2-4C alkene, methane and coke (as expressed by a coke-ability index).    ADVANTAGE -   The process covers many repetitive applications accurately, quickly and on line. There is no requirement in this approach for use of correlations and regressional calculations.
(JP2767407-B2)      A process for production of soil conditioner by half-burning and half-dry distillation of fermented excreta in a furnace, particularly under air supply of 0.35-0.55 of theoretically required amount of air and at 300-600C, to leave potassium in the excreta in organic state and a pH 8.0-9.5.    USE -   The procedure is preferably carried out to give semi-carbonated soil conditioner, used as semi-carbonated compost for growth stimulation of various microorganisms and sterilisation of harmful organisms (e.g. nematodes) in soil.
(JP9326241-A)      The apparatus has a pair of element electrodes which are arranged oppositely on a base. An electron emission part is formed on a part of an electrically conductive film, which is converted to the element electrode pair. An electron emitting element which has a coating containing carbon or carbon compound as principal component is formed near the electron emission part. The electron emission part and electron emitting element constitute an electron source.    An image formation member which forms an image by irradiation of electron beam discharged from the electron source, is arranged in a vacuum housing. The gas of organic substance is enclosed in the housing where the stagnation pressure is 1 x 10-3 Pa or less. The partial pressure of the enclosed gas is 1 x 10-6 Pa or more. The residence time of organic substance molecules is smaller than the drive period of the electron source.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves electron emission characteristics, by preventing characteristic fluctuation.
(WO9745210-A1)      Horticultural riddle comprises an inclined sieve mounted in a frame and has a discharge area for oversize particles located below a feed area. The sieve comprises a uniform bent-wire mesh (3) which is elastically deformable and can be vibrated independently of the frame (4).    USE -   The device is useful for riddling compost.    ADVANTAGE -   When the sieve is manually vibrated, fine particles of fully rotted compost fall through the sieve, while coarse particles of incompletely rotted material travel down the incline to the discharge point (16).
(DE19612010-C2)      A process renders organic, especially food residues fit for disposal as they arise from food, especially retailing, food processing, hotels and catering.    The residues are:    (a) first coarse-shredded;    (b) heated to 70-130 (especially 90)C for 30 minutes while both mechanical and chemical destruction of the food proceeds, and    (c) the resulting wastes are then hydrolised and converted to methane in batches, adjusted to an optimum pH value and physical consistency.    USE -   The process converts organic wastes arising from municipal refuse collection, chemical and pharmaceutical industry, industrial food processing and catering wastes.    ADVANTAGE -   The final product is of consistent nature. The residence process time is minimised and the product rendered inoffensive and hygienic.
(CN1160023-A)      The composition of compound functional bacteria for treating waste water from electroplating processes comprises Desulphobacter sp. CB1.168, Desulphovibrio spp. CB1.268, Enterobacter cloace sp. CB1.129, Desulfotomaculum spp. CB1.139 and Bacillus sp. CB1.149.    USE -   The mixture of bacteria is used to treat waste water from electroplating plants, for removal of heavy and toxic metal ions to impart environmental protection.    ADVANTAGE -   Only cheap industrial culture medium is needed for cultivation of the compound functional bacteria but still with good growth. The treatment process is carried out at 25-40C, pH 5-7.5, with detention time under 5 hours, but without secondary contamination. Furthermore, the energy consumption, operating cost and investment cost for such process are low.
(US5681546-A)      A hair styling mousse composition comprising:    (I) from 0.5 to 10% by weight of a water-soluble film-forming resin;    (ii) from 0.1 to 20% by weight of an amphoteric betaine surfactant; and    (iii) from 0.5 to 10% of a propellant comprising a mixture of at least one C3-C5 alkane hydrocarbon and dimethyl ether in a weight ratio from 4:1 to 1:2.    (JP10007537-A)      A hair styling mousse composition (I) comprises 0.5-10 wt.% water soluble film forming resin 0.1-20 wt.% amphoteric surfactant and 0.5-10 wt.% propellant comprising a mixture of at least 1 hydrocarbon and a di(1-4C alkyl)ether in a weight ratio of 10:1-1:4.    ADVANTAGE -   (I) produces a creamy, velvety foam and imparts style-ability to hair. (I) eliminates sensory negatives such as sticky feel on the hair, dries rapidly and does not impart wetness to the hair on scalp.
(JP10309187-A)      A method prevents all of oxidation, deterioration and putrefaction, creates only the reduction process of fermentation, decomposition, synthesis and the antioxidation process (the oxidation and reduction being simultaneously present ), utilises the function and substrate possessed by the microorganisms as informational microbial engineering, and freely uses proliferation, induction and fermentation to permit all the aerobic and anaerobic organisms to coexist in mutual coprosperity. In this method four types of microorganism, i.e. " aerobic-light" bacteria, "aerobic- dark bacteria, "anaerobic-light" bacteria and " anaerobic- dark" bacteria including hundreds or thousands of microorganism including ferment microorganisms (e.g. Lactobacillus, yeast), Actinomycetes (antibacterial substances-producing fungi ), Azotobacillus, Amirobacillus, photosynthetic bacillus, are allowed to coexist and symbiose in mutual coprosperity in a given space under artificial and natural conditions.    USE -   The method is useful for treating industrial waste water, for producing feed for e.g. cows, pigs and chickens, and in producing food for humans from wastes by utilizing fermentation in the gaseous, organic and inorganic culture beds. In the livestock industry, excrements from cows, pigs and chickens can be treated using this method, cattle sheds and barns can be kept clean and without odour, and cattle can grow healthy. In the textile industry, the fibres coated or adsorbed with this antioxidation enzyme can provide natural or synthetic textiles that can be provided with antistatic, antibacterial and antioxidation effect.    ADVANTAGE -   The method is economical and efficient since the energy and substances are utilised through the microorganisms. Since the method can be carried out without chemicals, as well as without large scale equipment, it is environmentally clean.
(JP2881429-B2)      A refuse disposing device is formed such that a fermentation tank (2) having refuse charge port (4) and fermenting with refuse and microorganisms agitated and crushed by a first agitating device (5) and an ageing tank (3) positioned below the fermentation tank (3) and ageing refuse under fermentation as the refuse is agitated by a second agitating device (14) are disposed in the same casing (1). A movement passage through which the refuse under fermentation is moved from the fermentation tank (2) to the ageing tank (3). A device (49) to deodorise a smell generated from the fermentation tank (2) and the ageing tank (3) is provided. The fermentation tank (2) is provided with a first heater (22) to control temperature to temperature at which microorganisms can breed.    ADVANTAGE -   Fermentation and ageing are separately effected and continuous charging of refuse is practicable.
(EP798033-A1)      Air exhausted during the manufacture of timber-based boards and containing microbiologically toxic substances, such as paraffins, wood oils and terpenes, is pre-cleaned by passage through a gas scrubber (7) and then passed downwards through one or more bio-beds (12). A plant in which the process is carried out is also claimed. One or more bio-beds (12) are located downstream of a gas scrubber, and air handling systems (4,14) are to deliver the air from the scrubber to the beds and to remove clean air from them.    ADVANTAGES -   The process enables air containing microbiologically toxic substances to be treated in bio-beds, and the air handling system provides uniform distribution of air through the beds to ensure full utilisation of their cross- section. The downward flow of the air and the condensation of water vapour in the beds promotes migration of freshly added microbiologically active organisms throughout the beds.
(FR2745561-A1)       Process for the elimination from fermenting organic material of H2 S, mercaptans, NH3 and organic compounds (e.g. amines and fatty acids) in two stages comprises: (a) transformation of mercaptans to disulphides and H2S to sulphides in the presence of air and a catalyst, by bubbling air through the liquid medium containing KOH, lime, NaOH, LiOH or a carbonate of these bases; and (b) catalytic combustion of the air-entrained organic compounds including ammonia and light amines.    USE -   The invention applies to the treatment of fermenting organic waste, in particular pork wastes and other animal waste such as chicken droppings, leached household wastes etc.. The process is a refinement of EP682973.    ADVANTAGE -   The conversion of mercaptans to disulphides gives products of a much lower volatility and higher threshold of nitrogen removal. The release of nauseous volatile compounds and ammonia to the environment is thus limited.
(WO9746830-A1)      A method for generating superheated steam by producing wet steam (8) in a boiler (1) with heat from waste matter (2) and air (3), and further heating the wet steam in a gas-fired superheater (9), comprises the superheater (9) being fired with biogas (10) produced in a biogas generation plant (12). Residual material (18) produced in a biogas generator (12) is burnt in the boiler (1). Heat from the superheater exhaust gas (15) is recovered in a heat exchanger (17) which heats input air (3) for the superheater (9), gas generator (12) and boiler (1).    USE -   The method used for generating superheated steam from waste matter (claimed), for use in e.g. a local district heating and power generation system.    ADVANTAGE -   the method generates superheated steam without using fossil fuels, as in a known plant. It allows the boiler (1) and pre-heaters (17) to be operated at low enough temperatures to avoid high rates of corrosion.
(WO9749138-A1)      The catalyst assembly for placing in the anode compartment of an internally reforming fuel cell, where the compartment includes an anode and a current collector with a number of peak regions with spacer regions between them, the spacer regions facing the anode, has a member including a catalyst material, with openings through the member having a distribution and configuration so that the member can be inserted over the current collector with the peak regions being received in the openings.    Also claimed is an internally reforming fuel cell.    USE -   The catalyst member is used in an internally reforming fuel cell.    ADVANTAGE -   The fuel cell can be oriented as wished without the catalyst plate moving or coming into contact with the anode to deactivate the catalyst. Also the catalyst distribution in the cell is more uniform and assembly of the catalyst in the cell is simplified.    (EP963617-A1)      The catalyst assembly for placing in the anode compartment of an internally reforming fuel cell, where the compartment includes an anode and a current collector with a number of peak regions with spacer regions between them, the spacer regions facing the anode, has a member including a catalyst material, with openings through the member having a distribution and configuration so that the member can be inserted over the current collector with the peak regions being received in the openings.    Also claimed is an internally reforming fuel cell.    USE -   The catalyst member is used in an internally reforming fuel cell.    ADVANTAGE -   The fuel cell can be oriented as wished without the catalyst plate moving or coming into contact with the anode to deactivate the catalyst. Also the catalyst distribution in the cell is more uniform and assembly of the catalyst in the cell is simplified.
(US5695641-A)      Increasing the rate of methane production within a landfill comprises forcing ammonia into the landfill via a system of leach pipes extending into the landfill while limiting the presence of oxygen in the pipe system to less than 5 volume % so that the rate of anaerobic biodegradation in the landfill is increased.    ADVANTAGE -   Methane gas production rate in landfills is increased efficiently and economically. The ammonia displaces ambient oxygen and facilitates its consumption. The gaseous or highly volatile nature of the ammonia allows it to be rapidly permeated into the landfill while overcoming regulatory restrictions to limit deposit of liquids into a landfill. The ammonia supplies nutrient in a readily assimilable form to facilitate a rapid increase in the microbe population while also adjusting the pH to produce anaerobic activity.
(DE19706328-C2)      In a process to treat waste materials for re-use or disposal, comprises: (a) waste materials are sub-divided into separate flows, each containing a composition which is essentially constant in terms of its physical and chemical characteristics; (b) the rate of flow of the sub-divided waste is varied as it passes through the respective treatment process; (c) the respective physical, chemical or biological treatments are undertaken in exchangeable modular units; (d) the nature and rate of the treatment, or the type of the wastes processed, can be altered or adapted without delay; (e) the sub-divided waste flows are individually analysed, and suitable additives introduced as required for the respective treatment process; (f) compound materials are sub-divided by physical, chemical and/or biological processes.    USE -   The process treats waste materials for re-use or disposal.    ADVANTAGE -   The process applies the optimum chemical, physical or biological treatment to waste mixtures or compounds whose composition is not consistent or defined. Prior physical separation without biological processing saves 6-12 months in the processing of selected wastes.
(JP9208939-A)      The refrigerant mixture comprises 80-100 wt.% of difluoromethane to form an azeotropic mixture with one or more hydrocarbons.    Also claimed is the refrigerant mixture containing 80-100 wt.% of difluoromethane and at least one of at most 20 wt.% cyclopropane, at most 10 wt.% isobutane and at most 5 wt.% butane.    USE -   The refrigerant mixture may be used together with conventional compressor lubricants other than ester oil in a conventional a refrigerant cycle plant (claimed) in, e.g., a refrigerator, and as propellant and foaming agent.    ADVANTAGE -   The mixture is compatible with conventional compressor lubricating oils other than ester oil. As a replacement of the usual CFCs, it is more ozone-friendly and less likely to cause global warming.    (EP821046-A1)      The refrigerant mixture comprises 80-100 wt.% of difluoromethane to form an azeotropic mixture with one or more hydrocarbons.    Also claimed is the refrigerant mixture containing 80-100 wt.% of difluoromethane and at least one of at most 20 wt.% cyclopropane, at most 10 wt.% isobutane and at most 5 wt.% butane.    USE -   The refrigerant mixture may be used together with conventional compressor lubricants other than ester oil in a conventional a refrigerant cycle plant (claimed) in, e.g., a refrigerator, and as propellant and foaming agent.    ADVANTAGE -   The mixture is compatible with conventional compressor lubricating oils other than ester oil. As a replacement of the usual CFCs, it is more ozone-friendly and less likely to cause global warming.
(JP2777984-B2)      To organic slurry (A, pH=8-9) containing phosphoric acid and ammonium is added magnesium salt (B) to form magnesium ammonium phosphate (B) which isolated by liquid (C) and solid (D) separation. (D) is composed under aerobic conditions (C) is treated methane fermentation bath with anaerobic sludge bed.    USE -   Used for treating organic slurry such as excrement of cattle.    ADVANTAGE -   Almost all of phosphorus and a part of ammonia are fixed as crystal sin compost, so that the concentration of phosphorus and nitrogen in liquid phase can be reduced.
(JP2683334-B2)      Regeneration of livestock bedding comprises drying used livestock bedding (8) in the sun for hours. The livestock bedding is heated by heated air in an aeration fermentation room (1) for days as the livestock bedding is turned, and microorganisms are fermented at a high temperature. The livestock bedding is forcibly dried by air as the livestock bedding is forcibly agitated for days.    In a regeneration device for bedding, a discharge pipe (3) for high temperature exhaust gas is positioned from the two-room communication upper part of the aeration fermentation room (1) partitioned into two rooms to the outside of a room through a heat-exchanger (2) and opened to the outside of a system. Outside air intake pipes (7) positioned to feed pipes (4) and feed pipes (5) on the bottom of the aeration fermentation room (1) through a heat exchanger (2) and a feed blower (6). High temperature discharge gas discharged from the livestock bedding fermented at a high temperature in the aeration fermentation room (1). Simultaneously, outside air is heated by the heat-exchange (2) and fed in the aeration fermentation room (1).    ADVANTAGE -   Used livestock bedding is regenerated for reuse.
(NL1002119-C6)      Treating manure from farmed pigs, cows, chickens and/or other animals consists of several successive treatment stages consisting in general of (a) separating the manure into a thick (solid) fraction and a thin (liquid) fraction; (b) composting the solid fraction to yield a useful fertiliser; (c) subjecting the liquid fraction to a nitrification/denitrification treatment; (d) evaporating the treated liquid fraction, and (e) combining the small amount of evaporation residues with the compost fraction.    The composting process is preferably carried out with aeration of the compost layer by drawing or blowing a stream of air through the layer. Composting is carried out in such a way that the composting temperature varies by 10-15 C over a large part of the composting period, and the composting temperature is preferably held at 50-75 C over a sufficient part of the process to give a pathogen- and germ-free compost. The raw manure is separated into solid and liquid fractions e.g. in a screw press, on a filter belt press, a drum sieve or by centrifuging. The solid fraction is preferably made into a pelleted, granular or flake form to facilitate the flow of air through the compost. Organic fillers such as straw, grass, wood chips, sawdust, waste material from the food industry and other compostable material may be incorporated into the compostable fraction to improve the structure of the mass and to facilitate aeration.    USE -   The method is used to give small amounts of material useful as a fertiliser.    ADVANTAGE -   The process is environmentally friendly and is suitable for use on an individual farm scale. The equipment used to carry out the process may be made mobile, so that individual farms can be serviced on a rota basis e.g. at intervals of 4 weeks if the manure formed during that time is stored in buffer tanks. The only effluent from the process is a high grade fertiliser.
(CN1155973-A)      A footing floor (4) is formed by layer a litter material consisting of fermented compost and chaff or wood chips on the floor surface (5) of a livestock facility. The eluate of a filling material containing a soil body including humus is sprayed on the footing floor (4). Further, the faeces and urine of the livestock is received, and fermented with the litter material to make compost.    A water tank (9) is provided near the livestock facility, which is filled with the filling material. Water is supplied to the water tank (9) to extract the eluate of the filling material.    ADVANTAGE -   The solid material and wastewater produced in livestock facilities can be treated at low cost.
(JP2804914-B2)      A waste decomposition disposing device comprises an agitating tank (1) having an outer wall (1A) formed in a round shape and storing organic waste (M) in the outer wall; and an agitator (2) to agitate organic waste (M) in outer wall; and an agitator (2) to agitate and ferment organic waste in the agitating tank. Storage equipment of the waste decomposition disposing device comprises intermediate walls (21) arranged adjacently to the outside of the outer wall of the agitating tank and arranged along radiation with the central part of the agitating tank serving as a centre; and storage chambers (22) located between the adjoining intermediate walls. The agitating tank is brought into a state to be closed on a whole by a roof (23) and a partition wall (24). A deodorising mechanism (25) to feed a smell, collected from the internal space of the agitating tank, to the bottom of the storage chamber.    ADVANTAGE -   The microorganisms of odour are decomposed.
(DE19602152-C2)      Process for in situ decontamination of soil contaminated by aromatic and/or heteroaromatic compounds, comprises subjecting contaminated ground water to the action of anaerobic sulphate reducing microorganisms and then to the action of sulphur bacteria, after which it is collected and separated in the usual way.    USE -   The process is used for decontaminating land which is polluted down to groundwater depth with aromatic and/or heteroaromatic compounds, e.g. sites previously occupied by coke works, blast furnaces or gas works.    ADVANTAGE -   The sulphate-reducing microorganisms produce bio-surfactants which, by their emulsifying activity, cause dissolution of aromatics, so that the soils are decontaminated not only by decomposition or conversion into biologically compatible products, but also by physical removal.
(US5948674-A)      Composter for organic waste comprises a container (10) with a waste-impermeable but gas-permeable floor (20), a first port (30) allowing gases to enter the container, pass through the floor (20) and exit the container through a second port (40) and a blade (60) dimensioned such that the shear forces produced by it when rotated in the waste are equal to the viscoelastic forces between particles forming the waste. Also claimed are:(a) an organic waste composting system having 2 containers as above, with the exhaust port of 1 container connected to the input of the other, and(b) a method of composting organic waste, which comprises placing finished compost in a composter as above, allowing gas to travel through the composter, adding organic waste to the composter and mixing the waste and compost with the blade.    ADVANTAGE -   Composting is rapid, operation and installation are simple and inexpensive and the system is economical for small to medium scale users. the product is odourless and the process is natural, using and producing no environmentally harmful materials.
(WO9732171-A1)      Process for treating a gas stream comprising methane, nitrogen and at least one other compound involves: (a) providing a membrane having a feed side and a permeate side and which is selective for both methane and the other component over nitrogen, (b) passing the gas stream across the feed side of the membrane at temperature at which the membrane exhibits selectivity for methane over nitrogen of at least 5, (c) withdrawing from the feed side a residue depleted in methane and the other component and enriched in nitrogen (d) withdrawing from the permeate side a permeate stream enriched in methane and the other component and depleted in nitrogen and](e) subjecting the residue stream to cryogenic separation of nitrogen from methane.    Also claimed is gas treating apparatus.    Preferably the other component is water, carbon dioxide, 3+C hydrocarbon and/or aromatic hydrocarbon. The membrane is operated at stage-cut of at least 30, preferably at least 40 but especially at least 50%. The membrane comprises a rubbery polymer, preferably with glass transition temperature below (-)50 preferably below (-)80 but especially below (-)100 C.    USE -   For treating and separating gas stream comprising methane, nitrogen and at least one other component e.g. water, carbon dioxide or 3+C hydrocarbons in pipeline natural gas.    ADVANTAGE -   Preferentially permeates methane and other component(s) that might affect cryogenic separation. Reduces volume flow and capacity of unit required and can replace the costly pretreatment train normally required for cryogenic distillation.
(US5795480-A)      Treatment of livestock wastewater comprises biodegrading it in a primary stage by mixing with hydrolytic, acidogenic and acetogenic bacteria culture. The supernatant from the primary stage is further biodegraded in a secondary stage by contacting it with a biofilm with immobilised photosynthetic bacteria. Finally, the liquid from the second treatment is mixed in a third stage with activated sludge mixed with photosynthetic and symbiotic bacteria culture.    USE -   The method is especially for treating waste-water from pigs or cattle.    ADVANTAGE -   The BOD removal efficiency of the method is 99%.
(JP2885673-B2)      A reforming-converting method into a low molecular weight compound for fossil fuels and macromolecular compounds such as vulcanised rubber comprises treating a fossil fuel such as coal, oil sand oil, orinoco oil (sic) and shale oil or a macromolecular compound bearing a hetero atom such as vulcanised rubber or not bearing a hetero atom under water with water under high temperature high pressure supercritical or subcritical state in the substantial absence of hydrogen or hydrogen-donative material with attending hydrogenation decomposition owing to hydrogen donative action from water.    USE -   The reforming and/or converting method is useful for low grade fossil fuels and macromolecular organic wastes. The macromolecular compound not bearing a hetero atom includes polyethylene, polypropylene and polystyrene.    ADVANTAGE -   The reforming-converting method is effective and economical and does not produce coke as by-product.
(JP3107508-B2)      When manufacturing fermentation fowl droppings using a circular die horizontal granulating machine, the die (1) has upper hole shape different from a lower hole shape. The upper hole shape is cylindrical and the hole diameter is 3-5 mm. The lower hole shape is cylindrical or truncated cone, and the ratio (diameter 2 to diameter 1) of the lowermost hole diameter (diameter 2) to the uppermost diameter (diameter 1) is 1.3:1.8. The ratio (h2/h1) of lower hole depth (h2) to the upper hole depth (h1) is 1:5. The fermentation fowl droppings having a moisture content of 18-28 wt.%, are granulated.    ADVANTAGE -   Granular fermentation fowl droppings can be manufactured in high efficiency without killing the live contained fungi and without clogging the die.
(JP2946295-B2)      Turning and moving device comprises a main running vehicle located astride accumulation of compost on compost yard and reciprocating main rails; a pair of traverse rails laid on a traverse beam of running vehicle in a direction crossing the main rails at right angles; a traverse truck reciprocating on traverse beam; a turning machine scraping compost, accumulated on compost yard, from below and dropping it on traverse truck; and a conveyor mounting on traverse truck in oblique upward state from below and having upper end positioned at side of main running vehicle traverse beam, and lifting compost, dropping on traverse truck by turning machine, to side of traverse beam of main running vehicle, and dropping compost on a compost yard.    ADVANTAGE -   Work labour is reduced and work is produced in high efficiency.
(DE19548297-C2)      The fuel cell has a gas-tight housing [2] and within this is an anode [5] that extends to an output point [6] and across this fuel gas flows. The gas enters [B] and passes over a heat exchanger [3] that is of the gas to gas type that has the circulating cathode gas on the other side. The flow of the cathode gas is mixed with the anode exhaust gas in a mixing stage [9]. A blower [4] is switched by a catalytic burner [10] and the temperature is held in a defined region.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Fuel cells Effective control of temperature
(EP827227-A2)      Hydrogen rich fuel gas (I) containing an amount of carbon monoxide sufficient enough to poison a fuel cell anode is oxidised to selectively convert carbon monoxide using oxygen (II) and provide a fuel gas stream (III) for a fuel cell with a lower CO content than in (I). The flow rate of (II) to the oxidation reaction is controlled to optimise the oxidation of CO and minimise the hydrogen consumption by: (a) measuring the H2 concentration in the gas (I) and stream (III) to determine a first concentration difference; (b) determining a second control difference based on the concentration obtained in (a) and a reference difference between the hydrogen concentration in (I) and (III); (c) determining the ideal O2 flow rate needed for the oxidation reaction to achieve the reference difference corresponding to the ideal difference; (d) determining the difference between the actual O2 flow rate and the ideal O2 flow rate to the oxidation reaction; (e) generating an output signal based on the difference; and (f) modulating the O2 flow rate to the CO oxidation reaction in response to the signal to give the ideal O2 flow rate.    USE -   Control of O2 or air supply to a preferential oxidation reactor used to lower the CO content of the H2 rich reformate from a shift reactor of an methyl alcohol reformer used to supply a fuel cell.    ADVANTAGE -   CO which poisons the catalyst of a fuel cell anode is optimally removed from the feed stream.
(US5888605-A)      The film comprises a continuous structure of a homogeneous skin layer portion with 5-100 m average thickness and a porous layer formed by a void structure with less than 3 m average pore diameter.    USE -   Used for separating H2, CH4, CO2, O2, N2 or acidic gas from mixed gas.    ADVANTAGE -   The film has high transmission flux and is produced at a reasonable cost.
(US5882382-A)      The film comprises a continuous structure composed of a homogeneous skin layer portion of 500-1000 nm average thickness and a porous layer formed by a void structure under 3 m average pore diameter.    USE -   Used for separating H2, CH4, CO2, O2, N2 and acidic gas from a mixed gas.    ADVANTAGE -   The film has adequate dynamic strength, aperture ratio and high transmission flux.
(US5685891-A)      A method for reducing the volatility of hydrocarbon waste from a compost pile, comprising the steps of: a. providing a compost pile comprising hydrocarbon waste; b. introducing a nonmicrobial hydrocarbon adsorbent to the compost pile; and    c. adsorbing the hydrocarbon waste with the adsorbent.
(EP792856-A2)      In the rotating of waste in a process open or closed ot the environment, and in which a gas containing oxygen is led into the waste for aeration, the gas has a higher concentration of oxygen than air, with a maximum concentration of 30% (25-30%0.    ADVANTAGE -   The decaying time is shorter, and there is less emission of odour.    (ZA9701678-A)      In the rotating of waste in a process open or closed ot the environment, and in which a gas containing oxygen is led into the waste for aeration, the gas has a higher concentration of oxygen than air, with a maximum concentration of 30% (25-30%0.    ADVANTAGE -   The decaying time is shorter, and there is less emission of odour.
(US5714276-A)      Fuel gas is produced from methanol, and unconverted methanol is rejected from the produced fuel gas. The resulting fuel is then supplied to the cell stack.    ADVANTAGE -   Battery performance drop due to unconverted methanol in fuel gas can be prevented.    (US6045933-A)      Fuel gas is produced from methanol, and unconverted methanol is rejected from the produced fuel gas. The resulting fuel is then supplied to the cell stack.    ADVANTAGE -   Battery performance drop due to unconverted methanol in fuel gas can be prevented.
(US5779165-A)      A refuse disposing device comprises: i) a charge line (10) extending about vertically from a refuse charge port (3); ii) a communication passage (18) branched from the sidewall of the charge line (10) and coupled to a disposing tank (19); iii) a drainage passage (11) branched from the sidewall of the charge line (10) upstream from the branch inlet of the communication passage (18); iv) a cut-off body (16) elevatably arranged in the charge line (10); v) a shield body support device to prevent inflow of refuse to the communication passage (18). When a load on the cut-off body (16) is below a given value, the position of the cut-off body (16) is directly below the branch inlet of the drainage passage. When a load on the cut-off body is above a given value, the position of the cut-off body (16) is directly below the branch inlet of the communication passage, allowing refuse to flow into it.    ADVANTAGE -   Temperature in a disposing tank is maintained at a uniform value.
(NL1001667-C2)      Cattle or pig manure is homogenised in a pit or silo, to which saturated fermented waste (kieselguhr) is added, e.g. from a brewery. Preferred addition of kieselguhr containing 70-80% water is 0.05-0.1 litre per litre of manure. The organic solid and liquid content of the manure is converted into a thin-flowing substance and the conversion of organic nitrogen into ammonia is retarded, reducing odour.    The process renders manure into a state suitable for pumping, spreading etc.
(JP3023886-B2)      The bacterium of Corynebacterium can decompose ethanolamines and is selected from Corynebacterium sp. N1 (FERM P-15178), Corynebacterium sp. N2 (FERM P-15179). Cornebacterium sp. N3 (FERM P-15180), Corynebacterium sp. N4 (FERM P-15181), and Corynebacterium sp. N5 (FERM P-15182).    Also claimed is a process for treating aqueous waste liquid (specifically water-soluble cutting oil) with the bacteria.    USE -   The bacteria can be used in treatment of aqueous waste liquid containing a large quantity of ethanolamines which are discharged by metal-working factories.
(JP9124514-A)      Concentration method for removing carbonic acid gas from an anaerobic digestive fermentation gas and concentrating and recovering methane comprises using apparatus (10) including a pre-stage module (11) with a membrane (11a) and a post-stage module (12) with a membrane (12a) connected in series. An anaerobic digestive fermentation gas is supplied under pressure to the pre-stage module (11) through a compressor (14). The gas passing through (11) is discharged by a vacuum pump (16), while the gas remaining in the pre-stage module is supplied by a residual pressure to the post-stage module (12). The gas passing through the post-stage module is returned to the pre-stage module (11) through a recycling pipe (18) and the gas remaining in the post-stage module (12) is recovered as concentrated methane gas having concentration 90% at methane yield 85%.
(FR2738507-A1)      Viscous, aqueous, liquid composition (I) for the treatment of waste including solid mineral materials, metallic materials, synthetic materials and vegetable matter comprises: (a) lime; (b) a compound (II) selected from smectites, montmorillonite, bentonite, alkali-activated bentonite and ashes, and (c) water. Also claimed is a waste treatment process which comprises: (1) sorting the solid, metallic and synthetic materials; (2) crushing the remaining plant materials, and (3) treating the remaining material with (I).    USE -   (I) is used for treating waste materials, particularly those resulting from the demolition of buildings, household and hospital waste and existing waste dumps. It can also be used for treating plant waste, e.g. wood, leaves, straw, grass, paper or natural textiles.    ADVANTAGE -   No prior technique is specifically designed for the treatment of building site wastes. The treated waste can be used as an agricultural fertiliser.    (EP793631-A1)      Viscous, aqueous, liquid composition (I) for the treatment of waste including solid mineral materials, metallic materials, synthetic materials and vegetable matter comprises: (a) lime; (b) a compound (II) selected from smectites, montmorillonite, bentonite, alkali-activated bentonite and ashes, and (c) water. Also claimed is a waste treatment process which comprises: (1) sorting the solid, metallic and synthetic materials; (2) crushing the remaining plant materials, and (3) treating the remaining material with (I).    USE -   (I) is used for treating waste materials, particularly those resulting from the demolition of buildings, household and hospital waste and existing waste dumps. It can also be used for treating plant waste, e.g. wood, leaves, straw, grass, paper or natural textiles.    ADVANTAGE -   No prior technique is specifically designed for the treatment of building site wastes. The treated waste can be used as an agricultural fertiliser.
(DE19539648-C2)      Reactor for selectively oxidising carbon monoxide in hydrogen-rich gas comprises a reaction chamber (4), into which is fed the hydrogen-rich gas and oxygen or air and containing a catalyst, and a cooling chamber through which a cooling medium flows. The novelty is that the reactor (1) is constructed by stacking separating walls (3) in a filter press manner, where each reaction and cooling chamber is constructed with two neighbouring separating walls (3). The catalyst material (6) is applied on the surfaces of the walls facing the reaction chamber.    USE -   The reactor is used to remove carbon monoxide from hydrogen-containing reformate for mobile fuel cells (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   The reactor is compact, and the carbon monoxide amount is reduced to below 50 ppm..
(JP2787015-B2)      Assimilation of oil and fat comprises contacting with Burkholderia genus microorganisms, partic. Burkholderia cepacia (FERM P-15034), capable of aerobically assimilate oil and fat at elevated temp., partic. at temperatures of 50 degrees C or higher.    The microorganisms are used under immobilised state. Continuous addition of oil and fat is maintained for assimilation to maintain constant concentration. Waste water is polluted with oil and fat. An apparatus for treatment of waste water with the microorganisms is preferred. Burkholderia cepacia (FERM P-15034) is aerobically cultured in organic or inorganic media at pH 2.0-12.0, pref. 4.0-8.0, more pref. 5.0-8.0 and 10-45, pref. 20-40 degrees C in oil and fat free media and 28-60, preferably 40-55 degrees C in oil and fat containing media for 2-10 days.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Treatment of waste water. Culture of Burkholderia genus microorganisms at elevated temperature kills saprophytes and can assimilate larger amount of oil and fat than that of conventional microorganisms.    In an organic medium, Burkholderia cepacia (FERM P-15034) was cultured at 28 degrees C for 1 day. Waste edible oil was added to the medium at a concentration of 3, 6 or 9 w/v% and aerobically cultured at 50 degrees C for 3 days by supplying 0.5% aqueous peptone to maintain water content. The assimilation rate was 95.97, 90.93 and 81.85%, respectively.
(JP2978099-B2)      Decomposing and reducing organic waste material by bacteria comprises supplying organic waste material to a casing containing carrier for bacteria and stirring and heating while supplying air, to reduce organic waste material.    ADVANTAGE -   The organic waste material is reduced using simple treating apparatus.
(US5884139-A)      Catalytic reactor for gases comprising a metal body (1) partially defining a volume (2) for containing waves, device (3) of generating electromagnetic waves to emit into this volume at a frequency above 10MHz, a porous dielectric catalyst (4) placed in the volume, which heats itself by absorbing energy from the electromagnetic waves, a gas inlet (5) to introduce a reactive gas into the volume, and a gas outlet (6) connected to the volume. The reactor is designed so all the reactive gas entering through the inlet passes across the catalyst before it leaves through the outlet. The reactor also contains a heat exchanger (7) which is outside the volume immediately downstream of the gas outlet, to cool the gas abruptly by heat transfer with a heat-carrying fluid, as soon as the gas leaves the volume. The gas outlet is designed so the body is not heated in the presence of electromagnetic waves generated in the volume    USE -   Chemical reactions such as the catalytic oxidizing coupling of methane to produce organic compounds with two or more carbon atoms.    ADVANTAGE -   The abrupt cooling of the outlet gas stops the reaction at the required point.
(US5905039-A)      Composting plant has (a) materials (e.g. dried municipal sludge, separately collected organic waste, and industrial organic waste and dried sludge together with mixing and/or supporting materials such as wood chips, bark and peat) are unloaded at intermediate collection points (4.1,4.2,4.2); and (b) mixed, sieved and crushed according to a recipe then (c) formed into a batch load and transferred into a composting tunnel (3) and composted with the aid of air circulated by air conditioning devices (7), and finally (d) transferred from the tunnel (3) to its own collection point (4.4) to await delivery to the point of use. The plant is characterised in that all of handling, mixing and crushing of materials can be performed using a wheeled loader (8) equipped with interchangeable mixing (8.1) and crushing (8.2) buckets.    USE -   Used for producing compost from a variety of waste materials.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides an efficient method of processing the material.    (EP771775-B1)      Composting plant has (a) materials (e.g. dried municipal sludge, separately collected organic waste, and industrial organic waste and dried sludge together with mixing and/or supporting materials such as wood chips, bark and peat) are unloaded at intermediate collection points (4.1,4.2,4.2); and (b) mixed, sieved and crushed according to a recipe then (c) formed into a batch load and transferred into a composting tunnel (3) and composted with the aid of air circulated by air conditioning devices (7), and finally (d) transferred from the tunnel (3) to its own collection point (4.4) to await delivery to the point of use. The plant is characterised in that all of handling, mixing and crushing of materials can be performed using a wheeled loader (8) equipped with interchangeable mixing (8.1) and crushing (8.2) buckets.    USE -   Used for producing compost from a variety of waste materials.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides an efficient method of processing the material.
(JP2968937-B2)      Scavenged shells (collected in the cleaning process of intakes or channels of cooling sea water for power plants) are sepd. into shell crusts and their contents, which are composted aerobically.    USE -   Used for treating scavenged shells.    ADVANTAGE -   The process treats scavenged shells without generating odour, and the shell crusts can be used as a raw material for cement.
(JP2688188-B2)      Compost fermenting device comprises a vertical fermenter (10) horizontally rotatably supported at a low speed through a support roller (9) mounted on a frame (8); an agitating rod (14) inserted in the fermenter (10) and rotated in a wooden pestle-form state and having air injection nozzles; a tray (11) supported at the lower part of the fermenter (10) through a roller (9) and a vent cylinder (16) opened to the fermenter (10).    An agitating rod (14) having a tip in which small air injection nozzles are formed is preferably inserted rotatably in a wooden pestle-form state from the top part of a fermenter (10). An air compressor (15) is connected to the agitating rod (14), an exhaust cylinder (16) is arranged at the fermenter (10), and a deodorising device (17) is connected to the exhaust cylinder. Waste fed to a regulating device (5) is fed to the fermenter (10) through a transfer conveyor (18a) together with fermentation bacteria fed from a fermentation bacteria feeding device (6).    ADVANTAGE -   Operation of fermentation bacteria mixed in waste is promoted and fermentation time is reduced.
(JP2987420-B2)       A catalyst is produce by subjecting a source Y-type zeolite to ion-exchange treatment and de-alumina treatment, until ion exchange becomes greater than 60% and the amount of de-alumina becomes up to 10%. A cobalt salt solution is impregnated in the resultant NH4 or H-type de-aluminised Y-type zeolite, then the zeolite is dried and reduced with H2.    USE -    The catalyst is used for producing a hydrogenation catalyst to produce branched 6+C hydrocarbons through the hydrogenation of CO.    ADVANTAGE -   The catalyst provides branched hydrocarbons with a increased selectivity.
(DE19539319-C2)      Livestock such as pigs or cows are kept on a floor (2) which has openings (5) over at least part of its area, through which manure can fall into a chamber (9) underneath, the chamber containing a composting system (14). Preferably, a mixer (17) is provided and an organic base material is added in stacks or layers (15), e.g. sawdust, wood shavings and/or brushwood, in layers of 0.5 to 1.5 m thickness. The compost produced can be discharged (25).    Manure can be utilised at low cost without affecting the health of the animals.
(DE19538921-C2)      Processing organic waste comprises heating the waste with the addition of carbonaceous material, e.g. coal tar pitch, coal, coke or wood, to 100C, and mixing so that carbonisation and optionally depolymerising take place, cooling the carbonisate, solidifying and comminuting to a grain size of less than 20, preferably 10, mm. The carbonisate obtained has the properties of cokeable coal and can be coked into coke of high strength.    USE -   The process is used in the disposal of plastic waste.
(GB2306347-B)      A flare assembly has a collection manifold (10) connected to a flare tip (17) by a duct (12) including a fan (15). A controller (21) responds to a gas pressure sensor in or adjacent the manifold to adjust gas flow along the duct.    USE -   A flare assembly especially for burning gas produced from a land fill site (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   Optimises combustion of methane and minimises production of carbon monoxide.
(FR2739615-A1)      Anaerobic biodegradation of waste and residual waters uses an anaerobic reactor (1) which is fed with a supply of water for treatment (22) which is pumped (3) at a constant rate. The treated water (23) overflows from the side of the vessel and evolved gas (24) is removed (4) from the top. Measurements are taken (13 and 14) on each flow and these are analysed electronically (10) and may be used to adjust the feed flow rate.    USE -   The process can be used for the treatment of highly polluted waste waters by anaerobic bacterial digestion.    ADVANTAGE -   The process is reliable and simple to operate. Its operation is automatically stabilised at optimum conditions.    (EP853595-A1)      Anaerobic biodegradation of waste and residual waters uses an anaerobic reactor (1) which is fed with a supply of water for treatment (22) which is pumped (3) at a constant rate. The treated water (23) overflows from the side of the vessel and evolved gas (24) is removed (4) from the top. Measurements are taken (13 and 14) on each flow and these are analysed electronically (10) and may be used to adjust the feed flow rate.    USE -   The process can be used for the treatment of highly polluted waste waters by anaerobic bacterial digestion.    ADVANTAGE -   The process is reliable and simple to operate. Its operation is automatically stabilised at optimum conditions.
(JP2973085-B2)      A cylinder bodies (2), in which an agitating and transfer member are arranged and the outside of which are heated, are horizontally intercoupled in a multistage manner to constitute an external heat type carbonisation treatment furnace. Organic waste containing a moisture content is fed in the carbonisation treatment furnace through a feed port (2e) formed in one end of the upper part of the cylinder body (2). As the organic waste is agitated by a transfer member and transferred to a discharge port (2f) at the other end, the waste is heated and dried in a heating cylinder part at a front stage, and it is heated and carbonised in the heating cylinder part (3) at a rear stage.    USE -   For disposal of coffee residue, vegetable chips, other garbage and lawn at a golf course.    ADVANTAGE -   Sand and carbide are separated and recovered as a product which is reutilised.
(ZA9701664-A)      Composting method is claimed for organic wastes in a heap, which is at least partly open to the surroundings. The heap is aerated by introducing a gas with an oxygen content enhanced above that of air, with maximum levels of 30%, esp. 25-30%.    Also claimed is an appts. to carry out the process. It includes a blower connected to a line, with a source of oxygen and means of introducing the oxygen into the line.    ADVANTAGE -   The method reduces the composting time, at little expense. Odour emission is reduced. Favourable temperatures for composting are established, with even distribution throughout the heap. Keeping the concentration below 30% O2, is a safety measure.
(DE19537202-C2)       In a CO2 methanisation catalyst comprising support and active component, the support is ZrO2prepd. by hydrolysing a tetra-alkyl ortho-zirconate.    ADVANTAGE -   The catalyst has good activity.
(JP2781751-B2)      Two flat boards are arranged facing up and down and disposing space, and are rotated by driving mechanism. Partition board is arranged between the two boards. Flow of foams is formed in centrifugal direction by the boards and the partition board. Flow pathway is successively narrowed along centrifugal direction and downwards. In the flow pathway, collision component is arranged to disturb the flow of the foam.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Used in night soil treatment plant, waste water processing plant, or fermentation plant. Liq. exhausted from pathway is jetted downwards obliquely and foam stored under the machine, are defoamed effectively.
(EP767312-B1)      A clamping arrangement for a corner connection, esp. for compost silos, consists of nut and bolt units located at corners of wooden slat sections. The silo consists of wooden or plastic or metal slots. The clamping arrangement can also be used for corner connections in e.g. furniture such as tables, chairs, or in other wooden constructions. The bolt passes through two triangular slot members.    The arrangement can be used to clamp together corners, e.g. in compost silos or other constructions.    ADVANTAGE -   The appts. allows the connection to be released as required.
(DE19534657-C2)      Small-scale water treatment plant processes water discharged from residential buildings and comprises a settlement tank with a pump which circulates and aerates waste water, a pump to remove clear water and an automatic level-control system controlling the circulation system and pump. The novelty is that: (a) the system incorporates a pre-settling tank (2) and a pre-storage holding tank (4); (b) the aeration and recirculation within the settling tank (7) are effected as required by a combined assembly (7) or separate assembly, and (c) the assembly may also be fitted with a storage vessel for clear water, a water disinfection assembly and a drinking water extractor. The pre-settling and pre-storage holding tanks accumulate their charge before commencement of the process and transfer of water effluent from the pre-storage holding tank to the settling tank is only possible during the aeration phase.    USE -   By sepg. the aeration and settlement phases, the settling tank becomes a combined aeration tank and supplementary settlement tank. All processes within the assembly are triggered by a level-controlled automatic assembly.    ADVANTAGE -   The assembly is capable of efficient, intermittent operation under a sharply varying effluent load.
(US5958241-A)      A system and process for treating organic wastes or waste water from a plant in a bioreactor (6). This is a tank holding a biomass mixture of the organic wastes and efficient organic degrading and cannibalising microorganisms. These degrade any hazardous constituents of the waste and convert organic biomass into liquids, liquid solubles and gases. The system also includes a solid/liquid separator (8) to which a portion of the biomass mixture from the bioreactor is transferred via a line (7). Separated solids are returned via a line (9) to the bioreactor. Also claimed is a system further comprising a second bioreactor in a treatment train.    USE -   The system treats organic hazardous wastes from plants, e.g. petroleum oil refineries, petrochemical and chemical processing facilities, municipal wastewater treatment plants, and also the wastes from such plants wastewater treatment facilities. The wastes include hydrocarbon sludges, chlorinated hydrocarbons, DAF float or sludge, API separator sludge and RCRA listed wastes.    ADVANTAGE -   The system converts the hazardous organics into inert material for extensive periods of operation without the need for solids removal and external solids treatment or disposal.
(CN1141278-A)      Prepn of an organic fertiliser uses stock waste and/or activated sludge as raw material for fermentation. It comprises adjusting the water content of the raw material to 55-65 wt%, the pH to 7.0-8.5 an the C/N ratio to up to 20 and addn of 25-50 wt%, based on the dry wt as wheat bran, of a fermentation auxiliary comprising wheat bran or a mixt based on the bran to the 100 pts wt of the raw material and fermenting the mixt. Pref the adjustment of the water content, pH and the C/N ratio are carried out with a fermented prod of a C/N ratio of up to 20 and/or a mineral. Pref the wheat bran mixt is based on the bran and contains one or a mixt of calcium hydroxide, effective microorganisms, humic acid and minerals. Also claimed is the organic fertiliser obtd.    ADVANTAGE -   Method provides high-quality quick-acting fertiliser easily and economically in a short period without special equipment, with controlled emission of odour during prepn. The auxiliary promotes the fermentation further.
(EP836586-A1)      Drying of bird droppings comprises mixing fresh droppings with droppings which have already been dried to make a mixture (M) which can be handled and is permeable to air; and placing the mixture in a drying vessel (E) supported on a base (7) which allows a drying airstream (A) to pass through it. The base includes components which can be moved to release the bed of droppings into the base of the vessel. The droppings can then be moved and mixed.    USE -   Drying of bird droppings from broiler houses, to produce a dry product which can be used as a fertiliser, being relatively innocuous.    ADVANTAGE -   Drying process is relatively simple to operate, cheap to install and efficient.    (EP836586-B1)      Drying of bird droppings comprises mixing fresh droppings with droppings which have already been dried to make a mixture (M) which can be handled and is permeable to air; and placing the mixture in a drying vessel (E) supported on a base (7) which allows a drying airstream (A) to pass through it. The base includes components which can be moved to release the bed of droppings into the base of the vessel. The droppings can then be moved and mixed.    USE -   Drying of bird droppings from broiler houses, to produce a dry product which can be used as a fertiliser, being relatively innocuous.    ADVANTAGE -   Drying process is relatively simple to operate, cheap to install and efficient.
(US5747311-A)      A process for chemical reactant modification by microbes, comprises: (i) providing a particulate material comprising a carrier with microbes attached dispersed in a fluid where the material has a specific gravity less than that of the fluid; (ii) establishing a flow of the reactant through the material; and (iii) contacting the flow with the microbes for a time sufficient to chemically modify the reactant. When the microbes are anaerobic the material has an operating interfacial surface area of 2000-240000 m2/m3 particulate material. When the microbes are aerobic the material has an operating interfacial surface area of 1000-30000 m2/m3 reactor vol.    USE -   For chemical modification of reactants using microbes, e.g. for treating sewage, ground water toxins, and nitrifying and denitrifying the water used in aquaculture fish prodn.    ADVANTAGE -   The process permits efficient and rapid modification of a variety of reactants. Hydraulic retention times as short as several minutes are possible in sewage applications. Organisms with relatively low biochemical conversion rates can be used. Head loss through the bed, suspended solids management and biofilm management can be optimised.
(US5614460-A)      A microporous carbon adsorbent material which has a mercury density of 0.5 to 1.0 gm/cm3, and which is the product of the pyrolysis of a nonporous crystalline aromatic sulphonate or nonporous polymeric salt, is suitable for use as a storage media for light gases, and has a uniform pore size distribution of micropores of 4 to 15 Angstrom, and a total specific surface area greater than 600 m2/gm.    The mfr. of the microporous carbon material which comprises:    (a) providing a polymeric precursor selected from a crystalline aromatic sulphonate and a nonporous polymeric salt; and    (b) carbonising the precursor in an oxygen free atmosphere at 350-1000 C for a time sufficient to promote thermally induced hydrogen abstraction and rearrangement of basic structural units which result in the formation of a carbonaceous microporous material having a uniform pore size distribution of micropores.    (EP859662-A1)       A microporous carbon absorbent material (I) suitable for use as a storage medium for light gases has a uniform pore size distribution in range 4-15 A and high surface area. (I) is further defined as (Ia) having micropores comprising at least 50% of the surface area, or (Ib) having mercury density 0.5-1.0 gm/cm3and being the product of pyrolysis of a non-porous crystalline aromatic sulphonate (II) or non-porous polymeric salt (III). Further claimed is a method of producing (Ib).    USE -   (I) is of use for storing methane or hydrogen, or as a catalyst support.
(EP845020-A1)      Non-azeotropic refrigerant compsn. comprising carbon dioxide, pentafluoroethane (R-125), propane and chlorodifluoromethane (R-22) is new. Also claimed are a heat transfer device contg. the refrigerant and its use in cooling and low temp. refrigeration (as replacement for refrigerant R-502).    ADVANTAGE -   Higher refrigerant capacity and less damaging to the atmosphere than chlorofluorocarbon refrigerants.    (JP11511191-W)      Non-azeotropic refrigerant compsn. comprising carbon dioxide, pentafluoroethane (R-125), propane and chlorodifluoromethane (R-22) is new. Also claimed are a heat transfer device contg. the refrigerant and its use in cooling and low temp. refrigeration (as replacement for refrigerant R-502).    ADVANTAGE -   Higher refrigerant capacity and less damaging to the atmosphere than chlorofluorocarbon refrigerants.
(EP961734-A1)      For collection of domestic organic waste households take waste in batches (2) to a collection point (10) from which it is taken in larger batches at intervals to a communal composting facility (17). Wood chips (5) are used as composting accelerator and each household places chips at the bottom of a batch collector in an amount equal to 10-35% of full capacity. Similarly, 10-35% of larger batch capacity is placed at the bottom of the collection point container so that most of the total accelerator used is added to the batches. The chips are pref. at least partly crushed and dried willow chips with max. moisture content 20%, most pref. 10-15%. Dry sphagnum peat in an amount of 40-60% of the amount of chips is pref. placed under the chips. The collection point container is pref. a readily compostable 100-300 litre paper sack, and domestic collection is in a paper or compostable plastic bag supplied complete with an accelerator layer and supported with the top open to allow evaporation.    ADVANTAGE -   Organic waste disposal is more hygienic, easier and involves less effort.
(JP2907068-B2)       A process for preparing foamable styrene polymer particles (X) is characterised in that 100 pts. wt. of a styrene monomer and 0.01-0.1 pt. wt. of Ca3 (PO4 )2 are dispersed in an aq. medium by the use of a dodecyl-phenyloxide diphosphate (salt) as a dispersing assistant and emulsion-polymerised to give polymer particles. The polymer particles are impregnated with a foaming agent, wherein the Ca3 (PO4 )2 is prepd. by the reaction of 1/0.8-1/1.2 mol ratio of Na3 PO4 and CaCl2.    USE -   (X) is used for packaging materials, building boards, heat insulator blocks, fish boxes, and fast food cups.    ADVANTAGE -   (X) contains little fine particles having dias. of &lt;0.5 mm and their prefoamed particles have moderate cell sizes which are controlled in a particle dia. range of 50-150m.
(US5776421-A)      A reformer has a reforming chamber, in which reaction gas contg. hydrocarbons or alcohols is reformed into fuel gas contg. hydrogen. The reforming chamber has more than one sepd. gas passage through which the reaction gas passes from the inlet to outlet and a reforming block where the reaction gas and a reforming catalyst can be contacted with each other is provided in some part of each gas passage.    ADVANTAGE -   The distribution of reforming reaction in the reformer can be made uniform and the reformer operates stably with uniform temp. distribution for a long time period.
(DE19532359-C2)      Process for recovering biogas from biomass with a high solids content is carried out using at least 4 separate container modules each acting as a biogas generator and draining into a common drain feeding into a percolation liquor tank. The liquor is treated with an acid buffer and then recycled to be sprayed onto the biomass in the containers.    USE -   The process is used for continuous recovery of biogas with a high methane content from high solids biomass such as a mixt. of grass and maize.    ADVANTAGE -   By using separate container modules operating on a cyclic basis so that each is in a different stage of the fermentation process (hydrolysis, acetate formation, methanisation), a higher total residence time of the biomass in the fermentor can be achieved without redn. of the overall rate of gas production (m3 biogas/m3 fermentor vol.) and despite the discontinuous mode of operation of the individual containers, at least 3/4 of the max. available amt. of biogas is continuously available. The process lends itself to decentralised operation (e.g. for operating a vehicle) since large feed storage is not required. Treating the percolation liquor with acid buffer prevents over-acidification of the reactors and maintains a nutrient feed with the desired C/N ratio of 15-35/1.
(EP846085-A1)      Sludge to be digested is fed into a first closed spaced (11A) in a first container (10A) and, after a predetermined time, is transferred via a valve (16) into a second closed space (11B) in a second container (10B) for a second period of time. The containers are repeatedly and quickly tipped back and forth while the sludge flow is redirected (by 22) to provide good homogenisation of the sludge. Gas is vented from the spaces (at 13). Also claimed is the appts. for the above process.    USE -   The method can be used for the treatment of sewage sludge.    ADVANTAGE -   The method provides almost odour free digestion in a very compact simple appts. with no moving parts exposed to the sludge. The vol. treated can be increased by adding further treatment modules in parallel.    (US5906931-A)      Sludge to be digested is fed into a first closed spaced (11A) in a first container (10A) and, after a predetermined time, is transferred via a valve (16) into a second closed space (11B) in a second container (10B) for a second period of time. The containers are repeatedly and quickly tipped back and forth while the sludge flow is redirected (by 22) to provide good homogenisation of the sludge. Gas is vented from the spaces (at 13). Also claimed is the appts. for the above process.    USE -   The method can be used for the treatment of sewage sludge.    ADVANTAGE -   The method provides almost odour free digestion in a very compact simple appts. with no moving parts exposed to the sludge. The vol. treated can be increased by adding further treatment modules in parallel.
(JP2965486-B2)      The plant comprises pulverisers (10,20) e.g. crushers etc.for crushing organic matters e.g. the leftovers, fruits, vegetables, etc., waste including plastics, etc., to pieces; a sorting machine (30) formed by arranging rotating rotors with large and small wheels placed alternately to carry the crushed matter in the arranged direction while sieving the crushed matters by sieves provided between the wheels; a fermenting unit (120) for fermenting matters including the organic matters passed the sieves; and a solid fuel forming machine (90) for crushing and kneading carried matters including combustibles sorted by the sieved by the sorting machine, compressing and crushing the crushed and kneaded matters with a compressing unit, and forming solid fuel from the compressed and crushed matters using a forming unit.    USE -   The plant is used for processing mixt. of general waste and industrial waste, etc.    ADVANTAGE -   Suitable recycling is applied to various types of waste selectively.
(JP6154722-A)      Deodorising waste processing appts. comprises a processing tank contg. decomposition. medium ready for high temp. destruction. A canopy divides the core from the top plate and features an insulator. A churning aerofoil activator is set up at the top plate of the revolving pt., connected by meshed gearing to revolving axis. The aerofoil is constructed in a spiral shape and is supported in the centre of the lower board, fixed to an underframe slurry with a net. An air inlet and exhaust is set up which allows a constant stream of air between raw waste and main body.    USE -   The appts. is used for inoffensive processing of domestic and food waste.    ADVANTAGE -   The appts. allows a constant flow of oxygen through the tank to prevent survival of odour-producing anaerobic bacteria and aid survival of aerobic bacteria. Churning is performed uniformly due to the spiral design.
(US5773281-A)      Catering kitchen waste disposal unit incorporates:(a) a water filter (12) together with a solid wastes inlet (11) which transports the solid wastes, from which the water is subsequently sepd.; (b) an outlet (13) removing water which has been sepd. from solid wastes; (c) a dry solids crusher (20) and crushing rotor (24) which processes waste solids from which water has been removed (12); (d) a micro organic solids break-down vessel (40), which processes solids from the crusher (20) by means of microorganisms borne on a substrate (41); (e) a mixer paddle (44) incorporated within the break-down vessel (40) and which agitates the substrate (41), and (f) a water outlet (18) for discharge of water received from the water outlet (13), together with the gases which are the prod. of the contents in the break-down vessel (40).    USE -   The assembly is a kitchen or catering waste disposal unit for, esp. organic wastes.    ADVANTAGE -   The wastes are de-watered before they are crushed, minimising the problem of filter blockage and preventing the ingress of crushed particles into the final water effluent and enhancing the quality of the water discharged.
(US5985007-A)      The appts. to remove impurities from noble gases or nitrogen includes a single purifier vessel. The vessel has three working zones (30,34,38), the first of which (30) is used to heat gas being treated to at least 150C. The second zone (34) contains getter material heated to at least 335C, and the third zone (38) contains further getter material heated to at least 150C.    Also claimed is the associated process, which comprises preheating the gas in the first zone (30), passing it through the getter material in the second zone (34) to remove impurities, and then through the material in the third zone (38) to remove hydrogen.    USE -   Used to reduce the concn. of impurities, e.g. methane, water, carbon monoxide, oxygen, carbon dioxide and hydrogen to less than 1 ppb before supply to a user point.    ADVANTAGE -   By using a single purifier vessel, the prior effects of contamination from equipment surfaces and connecting pipework are reduced, so that gas can be treated at a higher flow rate. Removal of hydrogen at a relatively high temp. also contributes to such a high flow rate. Mfg. costs are less than those of the prior equipment, and the appts. is more energy efficient.
(EP840596-A1)      A cleaning compsn. (I) for use in an aerosol container comprises (a) a base material consisting of detergent (I) and thickener (II), and having viscosity greater than 9,500 cps, and (b) a foam forming material (III) at least part of which is in suspension in (I) until after dispensing from the container.    USE -   esp. for personal cleaning in the shower.    ADVANTAGE -   A post-foaming gel compsn. which feels good to use, is provided.
(JP2704713-B2)      Equipment comprises vertical sucking/spouting cylinder (4) at centre of disposal tank (1); strainer (6) fixed to lower end of sucking/spouting cylinder (4); diffusion plate (13) fixed at top sucking/spouting cylinder so as to form spouting gap (14) for diffusing air in radial shape in horizontal direction parallel to diffusion plate fixing plate (12); and truncated conical ejector (7) connected to sucking/spouting cylinder at lower half portion. Air blast opening (11) at tip of air supply pipe is in the ejector (7) so as to face upwards while providing exhaust pipe (16) connected to disposal tank (1) at upper side of spouting gap (14).    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Suitable for disposing of kitchen refuse in water. Processing soln. is circulated while receiving sufficient oxygen required for breaking down bacteria attached to kitchen refuse by mixing vigorously spouted air and water sucking/spouting cylinder.
(FR2737142-A1)      Decontamination of soil and waste contg. iron oxides fixing heavy metals comprises: (a) contacting, in a reactor, waste and a source of assimilable carbon under anaerobic conditions for a time sufficient to solubilise the iron oxides by the action of ferri-reducing microorganisms, and as a result, solubilising the heavy metals; (b) retaining in the reactor a soln. contg. the solubilised iron and the heavy metals; (c) oxidising the soln., to ppte. the iron as ferric hydroxides, with co-pptn. of the heavy metals; and (d) sepg. the ppte. from the liq. phase of the soln..    USE -   Used for the decontamination of soil and waste contg. heavy metals, e.g. copper, zinc, nickel, chromium, cadmium, lead, mercury, silver, cobalt and uranium.
(DE19639330-C1)      Installation to produce a replacement fuel from waste materials has a pre-grinder (1) and a pelletising press (2) for finer grinding. The pelletising press (2) has a ring counter die (3) with openings (5) extending radially from the inside (6) to the outside (7). The openings (5) have a passage section (8) with an inlet dia. of 6-25mm on their end on the inside. There is a further opening section (9) after the first (8) with an exit dia. larger than that of the first section.    USE -   In the disposal of municipal, industrial and commercial waste.    ADVANTAGE -   Permits a high throughput with minimal maintenance by using ring counter dies which extend radially from the inside out.    (JP10226792-A)      Installation to produce a replacement fuel from waste materials has a pre-grinder (1) and a pelletising press (2) for finer grinding. The pelletising press (2) has a ring counter die (3) with openings (5) extending radially from the inside (6) to the outside (7). The openings (5) have a passage section (8) with an inlet dia. of 6-25mm on their end on the inside. There is a further opening section (9) after the first (8) with an exit dia. larger than that of the first section.    USE -   In the disposal of municipal, industrial and commercial waste.    ADVANTAGE -   Permits a high throughput with minimal maintenance by using ring counter dies which extend radially from the inside out.
(DE19527784-C2)      An assembly which thickens sludge from a waste water process incorporates 1 centrifuge (4). The novelty is that the centrifuge incorporates 1 lysis assembly which rupture the cell walls of the organisms in the sludge.    Also claimed is that the centrifuge (4): (a) incorporates esp. a helical conveyer (6) which delivers sludge to an outlet (9), and/or    (b) incorporates a rotating mantle (7), and/or    (c) is a jet centrifuge or a jet separator. The mantle (7) rotates at approx. 3000 rpm and conveyer (6) turns at approx. 3010 rpm. The lysis assemblies can operate by means of friction (100; 200) using grinding disks (161, 162), with a grinding cone, a profiled friction unit, a roller squeeze assembly, a drum or rotating cutters.    USE -   The assembly ruptures the cellular walls of esp. bacteria and protozoa within a mass of sewage sludge.    ADVANTAGE -   The assembly reduces the vol. of sludge produced in a sewage works, improves the de-watering process and speeding the fermentation process and anaerobic water treatment
(WO9703930-A1)      Processing of biomass residues from recovery of biotechnological prods., in which the residues are to be converted into a granular, dust- and smell-free, sterile solid, which is useful as a fertiliser with a long duration of activity, comprises passing flowable prepn. of the residues to a conventional fluidised bed drying process (with addn. of superheated water vapour (SWV) as drying gas). The temp. of the SWV and the residence time of the granular dry solid in the presence of the SWV are coordinated so that a dry solid with the above properties is obtained.    USE -   The prods. of the above process are useful as fertilisers in horticulture and agriculture, both on a large scale and for use in small gardens.    ADVANTAGE -   The process is simple and gives prods. which do not have a bad smell.    (EP840714-A1)      Processing of biomass residues from recovery of biotechnological prods., in which the residues are to be converted into a granular, dust- and smell-free, sterile solid, which is useful as a fertiliser with a long duration of activity, comprises passing flowable prepn. of the residues to a conventional fluidised bed drying process (with addn. of superheated water vapour (SWV) as drying gas). The temp. of the SWV and the residence time of the granular dry solid in the presence of the SWV are coordinated so that a dry solid with the above properties is obtained.    USE -   The prods. of the above process are useful as fertilisers in horticulture and agriculture, both on a large scale and for use in small gardens.    ADVANTAGE -   The process is simple and gives prods. which do not have a bad smell.
(FR2736633-A1)      A high quality stabilised organic compost is produced by aerobic or anaerobic fermentation of organic material, such as domestic waste, having low inert matter content; followed by removal of the inert material from the liquid phase of the compost after fermentation. Also claimed is an appts. for carrying out this process, which comprises an elimination means (8) to treat the prod. discharged from a fermentation means (1).    USE -   Used for removal of inert mineral material such as sand from compost produced by fermentation of kitchen and garden wastes and paper and cardboard.    ADVANTAGE -   Inert material, which is difficult to remove from the other feed materials before composting as they are also solid, can be removed easily after fermentation.
(DE19615551-C2)      The multistage anaerobic treatment for biomass, with simultaneous recovery of biogas, comprises mechanically separating contaminants followed by a preliminary stage of mechanical breakdown; mechanically disrupting the cells by ultrasound before and/or after later stages; microbiologically pre-hydrolysing; and mechanically conditioning and hydrolysing, with separate treatment of sedimented solid material and floating light material.Heating and conditioning with pH adjustment are followed by methanisation (i.e. digestion), the sedimented solids being treated separately. The mechanically separated digestion residues are composted aerobically, with process water treatment.    Also claimed is a plant for the above process, in which the hydrolysis and methanisation reactor is rectangular with the base sloping, and has a sludge extraction screw over the length of the sump.    USE -   Used for multistage anaerobic treatment of a broad variety of biological waste or biomass materials, with biogas recovery.    ADVANTAGE -   The plant is designed for short residence time, with low construction and running costs. Maximum gas output with minimal solid residues for composting are targeted. Cell structure breakdown provides large surface areas for the microbiological activity. A static mixer is used for sludge recycle inoculation. Gaseous emissions are prevented by enclosure and recycling of effluent gases.
(JP2975286-B2)      Organic waste treatment appts. comprises a crusher (2) to crush a material to be treated, dewatering machine (3), fermentation treatment tank (4) having a fermentation chamber (4a) with heaters and stirrers and drying chamber (4b) with heaters and stirrers to receive a dewatered crushed material to be treated and discharge it from the drying chamber, gas circulation and drying line (5) with a fan and dehumidifier to dry hot discharged gas from the fermentation chamber and return it to the fermentation chamber, and deodorising and discharged water treating tank (8) to receive discharged water from the dewatering machine and dehumidifier and eject dried discharged gas branched from the outlet of dehumidifier and fresh air to deodorise discharged gas and purify the discharged water by aerobically biological treatment.    Organic waste treatment appts. comprises a screw press type dewatering machine and treats organic waste maintaining a retention time of material to be treated in the fermentation tank to up to 24 hours and an amt. of discharged gas returned to the fermentation tank to 70-80% of amt. of hot discharged gas.    USE -   For treating organic waste, e.g. waste of food mfg. plants, sanitarily at a high yield to mfr. compost without pollution to the environment.
(FR2735993-A1)      Catalysts contg. at least one halogen, at least one gp. VIII metal and a -alumina support are claimed. The lowest average dimension of the support is 0.8-2 mm, and the halogen content is 4.5-15 wt.%. Also claimed is the prepn. and use of the catalysts.    USE -   The catalysts are used for the isomerisation of normal 4-6C paraffins, in partic. for the prodn. of isobutane used for the alkylation of olefins, e.g. in the synthesis of MTBE, a prod. with a high octane rating. Halogenation of the catalyst is pref. a chlorination with an agent, e.g. carbon tetrachloride or chloroform.    (JP9010590-A)      Catalysts contg. at least one halogen, at least one gp. VIII metal and a -alumina support are claimed. The lowest average dimension of the support is 0.8-2 mm, and the halogen content is 4.5-15 wt.%. Also claimed is the prepn. and use of the catalysts.    USE -   The catalysts are used for the isomerisation of normal 4-6C paraffins, in partic. for the prodn. of isobutane used for the alkylation of olefins, e.g. in the synthesis of MTBE, a prod. with a high octane rating. Halogenation of the catalyst is pref. a chlorination with an agent, e.g. carbon tetrachloride or chloroform.    (US6121186-A)      Catalysts contg. at least one halogen, at least one gp. VIII metal and a -alumina support are claimed. The lowest average dimension of the support is 0.8-2 mm, and the halogen content is 4.5-15 wt.%. Also claimed is the prepn. and use of the catalysts.    USE -   The catalysts are used for the isomerisation of normal 4-6C paraffins, in partic. for the prodn. of isobutane used for the alkylation of olefins, e.g. in the synthesis of MTBE, a prod. with a high octane rating. Halogenation of the catalyst is pref. a chlorination with an agent, e.g. carbon tetrachloride or chloroform.
(WO9810837-A1)      Treating a gaseous discharge stream formed from a waste in a molten metal bath comprises: (a) directing the waste into a molten metal bath within a reactor to cause conversion of at least a portion of a waste to form a gaseous discharge stream that includes at least one intermediate component; (b) combining the gaseous discharge stream with a fluidised bed of particulates; (c) cooling the combined discharge stream and fluidised bed, where at least a portion of the intermediate component is converted to a particulate prod. component of the particulates of the fluidised bed; (d) sepg. at least a portion of the particulates from the cooled combined gaseous discharge stream and fluidised bed to form a particulate stream that including at least a portion of the particulate prod.; and (e) recirculating at least a portion of the particulate stream to the fluidised bed.    USE -   Used for the disposal of waste materials and may be used for the formation of ethylene from a methane gaseous discharge stream or for converting chlorine to CaCl2 by reaction with particulate CaO or for recovery of heavy metals.    ADVANTAGES -   Dioxin formation is suppressed, gaseous emissions of deleterious cpds. are reduced, reaction of reactive components can be controlled and relatively stable cpds. are formed.
(DE19520657-C2)       A process for the treatment of a flow (VAR ) of exhaust gas contg. malodorous substances, germs and spores, generated by a standard device in which predominantly aerobic biodegradation of material takes place, comprises passing the gas through a sepn. step and returning the removed substances in the retained material (VR) to the degrading material.    USE -   Used for removing e.g. ammonia, amines, alcohols, aldehydes, carbonyls, hydrogen sulphide, mercaptans and fatty acids from gases generated by bio-waste composting processes in densely populated areas, fermentation processes, sewage plants or sludge towers.    ADVANTAGE -   Less space is needed compared with previous continuously operating biofilters.
(EP846084-A1)      The yeast Yarrowia lipolytica, and esp. the model strain Yarrowia lipolytica W1, is used for the industrial biodegradation of oils, fats and oil emulsions.    Also claimed is a process for biodegradation of oils, fats and oil emulsions in sewage comprising:    (a) passing the oils, fats and oil emulsions into a special container such that they are at a concn. of 0.1 - 3 % w/v in an aq. medium (waste water);    (b) adding the Yarrowia lipolytica while maintaining a temp. of 5-35 C, a pH of 0.8-7.0 and a NH4+ concn. of at least 60 mg/l, and    (c) passing air into the medium.    USE -   The yeast is suitable for the treatment of sewage contaminated with oils, fats and oil emulsions.    ADVANTAGE -   The use of the Yarrowia lipolytica allows industrial scale biodegradation of oils and fats in sewage with excellent results.
(JP2001505229-W)      Refrigerant compsns. (I) useful as substitutes for R-12 comprise: (i) 64-68 molar % R-134a (C2H2F4); (ii) 32-36 molar % R-124 (monochlorotetrafluoroethane); and (iii) 1-4 molar % n-butane.    USE -   (I) are esp. useful in automobile air conditioning systems.    ADVANTAGE -   (I) can be used without requiring expensive retrofitting of equipment and the compsns. provide environmental safety, material, oil and equipment compatibility; non-flammability; non-toxicity; and a high coefft. of performance at reasonable commercial cost. Compatibility with lubricating oils is maintained even when only trace amts. of butane are present (1 molar % is equiv. to wt. fraction of 0.005).
(DE19518443-C2)      Treatment of waste materials prior to their further use or disposal treatment involves combustion, gasification, dumping etc. The novelty is that the process consists of the following sequence: (a) the composition of the materials is adjusted and homogenised to render it suitable for biological treatment; (b) the materials are subjected to anaerobic treatment, following which the homogenised residues are deposited in a heap which is encapsulated or covered; (c) the heap is then oxygenated using atmospheric oxygen, the combined effect of exothermic heat and incoming air driving off most of the residual water through a gas outlet; (e) the dried material is sieved, deagglomerated and classified into a dry combustible component and other heavy residues; (f) the components which pass through the sieve are meshed and agitated, the fine grains are cleaned, with the liberated substances being transferred to the aqueous phase and separated from the clean sand fraction by upward current flow; (g) generally inert de-watered sand particles are deposited on a tip, while other residues are incinerated.    USE -   The process recovers energy from municipal waste, and renders other solid residues suitable for disposal.    ADVANTAGE -   The process reduces the volume and compacts inert material to a minimum, thus effectively increasing open landfill site capacity and life.
(JP8534700-X)      Fish culture equipment is provided with: (a) water circulation facilities with a filter section (8) for trapping residual feed and fish faeces present in water, (b) a bubble floating device (10) for generating bubbles by supplying air alone or together with ozone and trapping the bubbles to remove fatty acids or proteins present in water, (c) a biofilter section (12) for sepg. carbon dioxide from water, decomposing ammonia and controlling the pH of water, and (d) an aeration section (15) for dissolving oxygen in water. On the downstream side of the aeration section (15) is provided an ammonia decomposer (20) with a first vessel (21) contg. sand and aerobic bacteria, a second vessel (22) with a filter for trapping the sand and bacteria and a third vessel (23) functioning as a sludge settling tank.    ADVANTAGE -   A reasonable combination of the facilities serves to provide fish culture equipment which can manage water quality at a low cost.
(CN1141903-A)      Fermentation stimulant is composed of 1-30 wt% of citric acid soluble manganese, 0.5-25 wt% of water soluble manganese both calculated in terms of MnO, and iron and necessary additives for the rest, partic 3-50 wt% of iron in which 25 wt% or over of iron cpd having water for recrystallisation, opt in forms of mass, powder or granules, or suspensions or their supernatant, prepd from manganese and iron raw materials dissolved in an acidic soln, partic H2SO4, together with an oxidant or iron. This is followed by neutralisation, partic to pH 5-6, filtration, drying the filtered mass and pulverisation or granulation, or mixing pulverised citric acid soluble and water soluble manganese raw materials, and pulverised iron hydroxide.    The prods are prepd by (1) dissolving manganese and iron ores, slag and sludge in H2SO4 soln at elevated temp or (2) filtration of slurry mixts of Fe(OH)3, water insoluble MnO2 and iron oxide, silica sand and gypsum and drying to water content of 2-5% followed by pulverisation or granulation.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Prodn of fertiliser. Effective utilisation of by-prod in electrolytic MnO2 industry, for the supply of micronutrients.    In an example, a mixt of manganese carbonate ores, slag, scale powder and MnO2 ores was treated with 15% H2SO4 at 90 deg C for 5 hrs, neutralised with CaCO3 to pH 5.5 and filtered. The filtered mass was dried and granulated to give the stimulant.
(JP2965479-B2)      Plant comprises crushers (10), (20) to crush mixed waste including organisms such as leftover rice, fruits, vegetables, etc; a sorter (30) which sorts the crushed waste into, via screen with oversize to be carried using rotors (32); and a device (120) to ferment the organisms passed via screen of the sorter (30).    USE/ADVANTAGE -   The waste contg organisms ranging from the general waste to the industrial waste can be treated to recycle as fertiliser. Even if leftover rice, fruits, vegetables, etc are mixed in the waste, they can be crushed and sorted. The sorter can be installed in a comparatively small place, having low vibrations without causing clogging.
(JP2683631-B2)      The plant comprises a crusher (10), e.g. a screw crusher, to crush waste materials contg. plastics, a sorting machine (30) to divide crushed materials received from the crusher into sieve opening passing materials and transporting materials by placing the crushed material on a sorting block (31) having rotation rotors (32) comprising large rotors and small rotors arranged alternately to transport crushed material from one end to another end and fitted with eyes of sieves between neighbouring rotors, and a solid fuel moulding machine (90) to crush and knead transporting materials contg. inflammable materials sorted at the sorting machine, compress and crush, and mould solid fuel.    USE -   Used for recycling waste materials contg. inflammable materials, e.g. plastics or wood discharged from homes, supermarkets or offices as solid fuel.