The battery with terminals (5,6), includes a positive grid (2), negative grid (3) and partition (4). The grid includes a thermoelectric generator and comprises microporous material, p-type and n-type semiconductor material, hot and cold junction plates (7) and a temperature sensor. The plates may be coated to preclude corrosion.    If the temperature within the cell is higher than a predetermined value, the power source sends a current to a thermoelectric generator and establishes a temperature difference between the hot and cold junction plates. The hot electrolyte is cooled by the cold plate which acts as a heat sink.    USE -   Enables fast charging of a battery e.g. for use as power source for electrically driven automobiles.
The fuel cell consists of a pair of fluid impermeable separator plates, a pair of fluid distribution layers between the plates, an ion exchange membrane between at least part of the fluid distribution layers, and electrocatalyst between the fluid distribution layers and membrane to define an active region. At least one fluid distribution layer has a sealing region and an electroconductive region, and comprises a preformed sheet extending into the sealing and active regions. Compression of the preformed sheet by urging the plates towards each other renders the fluid distribution layer fluid impermeable parallel to its major planar surfaces in the sealing region.    ADVANTAGE -   Improved sealing. The fuel cell can be manufactured with less additional processing or assembly steps, more simply and at lower cost.
A paste for a lead-acid electrochemical cell comprises at least one lead-containing composition, a paste vehicle and a paste additive of polyvinylsulphonic acid or its salts.    Also claimed are: (i) a lead-acid cell as above comprising a housing containing a positive current collector (30) on which is a positive paste (54) as claimed above and a negative current collector (40) and negative paste (60) and a cell in which the paste additive is claimed in the negative paste. (ii) a plate structure having the paste above. (iii) a method for forming the plate structure comprising applying the paste to the collector. (iv) a method of forming the lead-acid cell above in which the paste additive is used in either the positive or negative collector.    USE -   As lead-acid electrochemical cells for vehicles, with start-light-ignition functions    ADVANTAGE -   Charge capacity is increased, internal stability improved and cycle life extended. Paste application and adherence is improved.
The thermoelectric cell includes a first junction surface in contact with a first semiconductor material. A second junction surface is in contact with a second semiconductor material. A third junction surface is in contact with the first semiconductor material and the second semiconductor material. The first and second junction surfaces have a temperature different from the third surface junction producing a thermoelectric potential between the first and second junction surfaces.    The cell further includes a finned heat exchanger in contact with the third junction surface. The first and second junction surfaces are at about the same temperature and the third junction surface is at a greater temperature.    ADVANTAGE -   Combines advanced photovoltaic cell arrangement with advance thermoelectric generator system to increase electrical power generating capability of solar panel.
A solar battery having a semiconductor layer of a chalcopyrite structure as a light absorption layer and a flexible film as a substrate and being prevented from causing breakdown and peel-off of the semiconductor layer of the chalcopyrite structure due to warping of the flexible film during heat treatment.    To realise this, a poly (p-phenylene terephthalamide) film having a coefficient of thermal expansion of 5.0 x 106 deg. C is used as a substrate (1). After the Ti-base reinforcing layer (6) is provided on the whole back surface of this substrate (1), a first electrode layer (2) is provided on the front surface of this substrate (1), and a p-type semiconductor layer (3) of a chalcopyrite structure is formed as a light absorption layer on the surface of the layer (2).
NOVELTY - The electrolytic cell includes a solid electrolyte which comprises a styrene butadiene rubber and acrylonitrile butadiene rubber. The solid electrolyte is processed by adding an electrolytic salt with the butadiene acrylonitrile rubber after adding non-ionic surfactant to the styrene butadiene rubber to form a mixed solution.    ADVANTAGE - ADVANTAGE Improves battery capacity.
The cell has a solid electrolyte made out of a mixture of styrene butadiene rubber and acrylonitrile butadiene rubber. A predetermined amount of electrolyte salt is added in the styrene butadiene rubber. After mixture formation process. The solid electrolyte is synthesized.    USE -   In portable telephone, notebook PC.    ADVANTAGE -   Aids in raising capacitance and performance of battery. Eases film forming process. Suits mass production at stable quality. Facilitates thinning of electrolyte film in simple manner.
The battery has a rectangular parallelopiped battery stack (2) which is interposed between two metallic end plates (3,4). The end plates are covered by an insulating film. Several manifolds (5-8) which are provided for supplying reaction gas, are distributed along the sides of the battery stack. The insulating film is coated on the surfaces of the end plates which are formed opposing the battery stack.    ADVANTAGE -   Increases electric insulation of insulating layer of end plate.
The solid electrolyte contains an electrolyte (2) dissolved in an organic compound which is mixed with a macromolecular material (1) to form a gel. A stratified clay compound (b) is mixed with the gel and swollen to form a solid body.    ADVANTAGE -   Offers high electrical conductivity and large capacitance.
The assembly has two electrode assemblies (30) with anode and cathode separated by an electrolyte. A bipolar plate (35) with an electrically conductive thermoplastic polymer substrate has two opposing major faces with a number of channels on each face. The bipolar plate is disposed between the two electrode assemblies such that one major face is adjacent and adhesively bonded to a major surface of one of the electrode assembly's anodes. The other major surface is adjacent and adhesively bonded to a major surface of the other electrode assembly.    Also claimed is a fuel cell assembly having n membrane electrode assemblies each with anode and cathode separated by a polymer electrolyte membrane. The assembly has n-1 bipolar plates each with a thermoplastic polymer substrate selected from polyethylene, polypropylene, polycarbonate, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene, polyetherimide, polyimide, polyamide, and polyacrylate. The substrates have two major opposing surfaces with fuel channels (37) formed on one face and oxidant channels (37) formed on the other. The substrate is rendered electrically conductive by filling it with a metal or carbon filler. The plates and electrode assemblies are assembled in a stack such that they alternate and are bonded together, the bonds serving to seal the fuel and oxidant channels.    ADVANTAGE -   The assembly eliminates the need for gaskets and other sealing devices, reducing size and cost.
A solid electrolyte (I) is prepared by cross-linking a composition comprising essentially of a polymer compound having four functional polymer chains of formula (I), a solvent and an electrolyte salt, by exposure to active radiation and/or heat. In (I): R1 and R2 = H or lower alkyl; R3 = H or methyl; and m and n = 0, 1 or an integer greater than 1, where m + n 35.    USE -   The solid electrolyte (I) is used for the manufacture of batteries, capacitors, electrochromic devices and sensors.    ADVANTAGE -   The solid electrolyte (I) has good film forming properties and is cured rapidly. The cured product has improved storage stability and good ionic conductivity.
The method involves heating a multilayer body (24) comprising thermally sensitive resin films (24a-24d), to a softening temperature lower than crosslinking temperature. The resin films are temporarily bonded using a hot plate (5) and a pressure source (6) and subsequently, the bonding of an elastic sheet (7) is completed.    ADVANTAGE -   Obtains good quality lamination. Improves production efficiency and yield. Increases reliability of sealing and bonding strength. Improves photoelectric conversion efficiency.
An electrolytic foil with a Vickers hardness of 180-320 at 25 C and a Vickers hardness above 150 after 30 minutes of heat treatment at 220 C. Also claimed is a process for producing the above foil by: (a) applying direct current across an insoluble electrode of titanium or lead coated with an element belonging to the platinum group as an anode and a rotary cylindrical metallic cathode; a sulphuric acidic copper sulphate electrolytic solution filling the space between them; copper is deposited on the surface of the cathode while the rotary cylindrical metallic cathode is being rotated; and (b) peeling off copper from the surface of the cathode to continuously obtain electrolytic copper. The electrolytic solution contains additives of 0.1-1.0 g/l of an oxyethylenic surfactant, 50-250 mg/l of a chloride, 1-10 mg/l of a glue or gelatin and 1-10 mg/l of a nitrogen-containing organic compound.    USE -   Electrolytic copper foil used as an electrode collector for a secondary battery, for printed circuit.    ADVANTAGE -   A copper foil with a high hardness is obtained. The presence of chlorine in the copper foil inhibits primary recrystallisation of copper, accomplishing an excellent thermal stability of Vickers hardness.
The fuel cell has an anode catalytic electrode supplied with fuel gas and a cathode catalytic electrode supplied with oxide gas on opposite sides of a polymer electrolyte membrane and a means to control the reduction amount of water from the cathode together with the oxidation gas to the sum of after increased at the cathode transported from the anode through the membrane during cell operation and water produced by oxidation in the cathode.    USE -   For mobile power source of for powering electric automobile.    ADVANTAGE -   Fuel cell system is compact, while retaining good energy conversion efficiency.
A solid electrolyte fuel cell has its two cell electrodes (4, 8) and solid electrolyte (6) arranged as plate-like elements between two external housing plates (2, 3), one (2) of which is provided with a hydrogen connection (17) and the other (3) of which is provided with an ambient air entry opening (20) for pressure-less oxygen supply to one (4) of the electrodes. Preferably, the solid electrolyte consists of a polyethylene membrane and the cell housing is made of a clear transparent material or plastic, preferably acrylic glass. Also claimed is a fuel cell arrangement consisting of several such fuel cells, preferably connected in series and supplied with hydrogen in series and/or parallel.    USE -   Especially as a low power fuel cell for schools, leisure activities or demonstration of fuel cell technology.    ADVANTAGE -   The fuel cell is inexpensive to manufacture and operates safely.
A solid polymer electrolyte comprises polymer, electrolytic salt, ethylene carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate in an organic solvent together with inorganic particles.    Also claimed is a similar electrolyte but without the inorganic particles added.    USE -   The solid polymer electrolyte is particularly useful for fabricating lithium secondary battery (claimed) and other electrochemical elements.    ADVANTAGE -   The material has good stability, mouldability, handleability, high ionic conductivity, long service life and superior current characteristics, applicable in a wide temperature range down to -10C. Lithium secondary battery made with it is very safe, reliable and workable as well.
The electrochemical element has a polymer electrolyte which contains a polymerised unit (NMSO2 OCH2 Rf CH2 OSO2 ), where Rf is (CF(CF3 )OCF2 )a (CF2 )b (CF2 OCF(CF)3 )c . The value of a,b and c ranges between 0-3, 0-8 and 0-3 respectively while a and c are not zero simultaneously. M' in the polymerised unit is an alkali metal, hydrogen, NH4 , NR1 R2 R3 R4 or PR1 R2 R3 R4 . R1 -R4ranges between 1-5 C alkyl groups and the values are not same simultaneously.    ADVANTAGE -   Offers high voltage and temperature range. Enhances stability, and charging/discharging ability. May be used in a primary or secondary battery.
The method involves carrying out pickling of plate group in dilute sulphuric acid. The plate group is comprised by winding an anode and cathode plate with a separator (5) inbetween. A mixture of lead active material and polyvinylidene fluoride which is a binder is applied on both sides of the electrode plates to form a active material layer. Battery jar is formed after carrying out ageing and drying process in a thermostat at 40-80degC.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves charging and discharge cycle characteristics.
The method involves arranging an anode (6), a cathode (2) and a predefined electrolyte in a battery container. An electrolyte (1) is a macro molecular material having undissolved separator material (3) which contains a solubilization material. LiCl4 or LiBF4 is used as electrolyte. After supplying electrolyte into the container, solubilization material in the electrolyte is made to melt from the separator material.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables to assemble battery in dry state. Offers high utilization factor and charging, discharging ability. Has good cyclic characteristics.
The lithium ion secondary battery has an anode containing multiple oxides of formula LiMO, where M is transition metal, and a carbon cathode. A separator containing a lamination of polypropylene and polyethylene layers is provided between the anode and cathode. A solvent containing a mixture of ethylene carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate and dimethyl carbonate is used as an electrolyte.    ADVANTAGE -   Battery has excellent discharge capacity, productivity and safety.
The gel electrolyte comprises at least two kinds of acrylonitrile copolymers, of which at least one of copolymerising constituent and copolymerising ratio are different from each other; and organic electrolyte.    USE -   The gel electrolyte is used for electric double layer capacitors, sensors, electrochromic display devices, memory devices, and the other electro- chemical devices, and lithium cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The gel electrolyte, which is hardly softened at high temp., hardly frozen at low temp., and has good organic electrolyte holding property, can be obtd.
The method involves forming a polymer film on a metal or glass substrate (1). The uniaxial stretching processing of polymer film is performed.    An excimer laser light is radiated onto the polymer film, thereby forming semicircular grooves (42). Then, a Si layer (43) is formed on the semicircular groove.    ADVANTAGE -   Increases photoelectric conversion efficiency. Improves mass production nature.
Material for solar cells is an fluorine-contg. ethylenic polymer having functional gps. formed by copolymerizing 0.05-30 mol% of a fluorine-contg. ethylene monomer (a) having functional gps. selected from hydroxyl, carboxyl, carboxylate, or epoxy gp., and 70-99.95 mol% of another fluorine-contg. ethylenic monomer (b) which has not the functional gps.    USE -   For housing or packaging of solar cell modules.    ADVANTAGE -   A fluoropolymer having a good adhesion is obtd. in a simple manner. The new material provides solar cell modules having good transparency, staining resistance, and weather resistance.
The electrolyte consists of an acrylonitrile-butadiene copolymer, an alkali metal salt and a non-aqueous solvent containing -butyrolactone.    USE -   Battery for use in a portable telephone or video camera.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves mechanical strength. Maintains stable electrical conductivity for long periods. Has superior charging/discharging cycle characteristics.
An alloy consists of at least one element selected from a platinum gp. element, and at least one element selected from a rare earth element, and contains an intermetallic cpd. of a platinum gp. element and a rare earth element. A methanol electrode uses the alloy and a catalyst formed of a cpd. having a -CF2 SO3- gp.    ADVANTAGE -    The cpd. having the -CF2 SO3- gp. forms a Lewis acid which is effectively present in high dispersion on the catalyst. The result effectively enhances the activity of a methanol oxidation reaction. The methanol fuel cell has high output.
The battery consists of zinc jar equipped with carbon rod, an anode mixture and a separator. A synthetic group sealant such as polybutene is applied on the contact portion of sealant with carbon rod and on the zinc jar opening end.    ADVANTAGE -   Enhances air resistance of manganese dry battery and storage ability. Has improved sealing structure.
The binder soln. comprises of dissolving vinylidene fluoride in organic solvent and added with 400-20000 ppm hydrofluoric acid and other acid.    USE -   The binder soln. is used for batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   The binder soln. can form electrode mixt. having good adhering force.
The adhesive agent has iodine value of less than 10, or/and unsaturated degree by NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) method of less than 0.005 mol/g.    USE -   The adhesive agent is used for fixing or contg. of battery active material.    ADVANTAGE -   The adhesive agent can produce batteries having high characteristics and reliability.
A non-aqueous secondary battery has an anode, a cathode, and a soln. formed by dissolving a electrolyte. The cathode material uses Si-contg. coke obtd. by applying heat treatment at 800-1500C in an inert atmos. to a mixt. of a polymer contg. petroleum- or coal-based pitch and Si.    USE -   For a lithium secondary battery, for application in small, lightweight electronic devices.    ADVANTAGE -   The Si-contg. coke uses low cost pitch, so production of the non-aqueous secondary battery is at lower cost. The battery has high discharge capacity.
A fibrous sheet (I) for forming a polymer gel electrolyte is prepared from an organic polymer (II) soluble in or plasticisable with a non-aqueous electrolyte and is not less than 10 microns thick. Also claimed are a polymer gel electrolyte and its method of manufacture by impregnation of the sheet (I) with a non-aqueous electrolytic solution followed by heat treatment to gel the polymer(II).    USE -   The fibrous sheet (I) is useful for the manufacture of polymer gel electrolyte layers for lithium primary and secondary batteries and electric double layer capacitors.    ADVANTAGE -   The polymer gel electrolyte layer is thin and has good electrical and mechanical properties.
Solar-cell module (1) is a photovoltaic device (2) sealed in a reinforcing sheet (5) with filler material (3). The sheet is uneven on its surface because of plastic deformation caused by the surface of the photo-voltaic device and at least partly uneveness of its own surface. Spaces caused by the uneveness are filled with the filler material. Also claimed is a process for producing a solar cell module by superposing at least a thermoplastic sheet and a photovoltaic device on a reinforcing sheet having uneveness on its surface and heating the thermoplastic sheet, photovoltaic device, and reinforcing sheet while removing air from the space between the two sheets and space between thermoplastic sheet and photovoltaic device to bring them in close contact to fix them to one another. Also claimed is a building material in which the photovoltaic device is sealed on a reinforcing sheet with the filler material and a process for producing the building material which is the same as that described for producing the solar cell module. Also claimed is an electricity generation system consisting of the solar cell module and an electric-power conversion system connected to it.    USE -   The solar cell module can be used as a building material and/or used in an electricity generating system.    ADVANTAGE -   Air is not trapped between the filler material and the reinforcing sheet when the photo-voltaic device is sealed and fixed on the reinforcing sheet. Consequently, there is no possibility of trapped air portions combining with time and impairing the appearance of the module or creating areas of moisture condensation impairing the electrical performance of the photo-voltaic device.
The surface of a separator consisting of an organic material is reformed by the surface reforming method using an organic reactive cpd. dissolved in an electrolytic soln.-contg. solvent. and an electrolytic soln.    USE -   The method produces the separator used in an electrochemical device, including a sec. battery, capacitor (condenser).    ADVANTAGE -   The method achieves small hole diameter in a film, and low electrical resistance. The use of propylene carbonate as the electrolytic soln. for the capacitor (condenser) allows the use of the electrolyte-contg. electrolytic soln. as a polymerisation solvent. The result simplifies prodn. processes.
Alkylene oxide (AO) oligomers contg. chain-like carbonate gp. are represented by formula (I), (II) or (III). R1, R3 = 1-10 C hydrocarbon; R2 = H or 1-10 C hydrocarbon; n = integer of 2-20.    USE -   The AO oligomers are useful as electrolyte for Li battery and plasticisers for Li polymer battery using solid electrolyte.    ADVANTAGE -   The AO oligomers have high b. pt. and high specific dielectric constant.
Alkylene oxide (AO) oligomers containing cyclic polar group at terminals are represented by formula (I).    R1-(-O-CH2-C(R2)H-)n-O-R3 (I)    R1 = cyclic polar group of formula (II) or 1-10 C hydrocarbon; R2 = H or 1-10 C hydrocarbon; R3 = cyclic polar group of formula (II); n = integer of 1-10; R4 = -O- or -CH2-.    USE -   The AO oligomers are useful as electrolyte for Li battery and plasticisers for Li polymer battery using solid electrolyte.    ADVANTAGE -   The AO oligomers have high specific dielectric constant.
An alkyleneoxide oligomer of formula (1) is new.     R1 -O-(-CH(R2 )-CH2 -O-)n -R3(1)     R1= 1 - 5 C fluoroalkyl;     R2= H or 1 - 10 C hydrocarbyl;     R3= 1 - 5 C fluoroalkyl or 1 - 10 C hydrocarbyl;    n = 2 - 20;    USE -   (1) is used for electrolytes for Li-cells or plasticisers for Li-cells.    ADVANTAGE -   (1) with high specific inductive capacities and ion-conductivities.
A composite membrane comprises a porous substrate of randomly oriented individual fibres and at least one ion conducting polymer embedded within the substrate.    Also claimed are (1) a laminated composite membrane comprising 2 or more polymer containing layers, where at least 1 layer is the above composite membrane; and (2) the manufacture of the composite membrane comprising taking a pre-formed substrate, formed by adapting a continuous manufacturing process, of randomly orientated individual fibres and applying the polymeric material, by impregnation.    USE -   The composite membrane is used in a membrane electrode assembly and a fuel cell (claimed). Also used in electrochemical devices found in e.g. fuel cells, batteries, sensors, electrodialysis reactors and electrolytic reactors for a diverse range of applications including the electrolysis of water, chemical synthesis, salt splitting, water purification, effluent treatment, metal finishing, etc..    ADVANTAGE -   The composite member is easily manufactured in a few steps, making it more cost effective and commercially viable.
An adhesive or a pressure sensitive adhesive has an iodine value serving as the degree of unsaturation of 10 or less and/or a degree of unsaturation by the NMR method of 0.5 (10-2mol/g) or less.    Also claimed is that in a label used for the interior part of a battery, the pressure sensitive adhesive is provided on one surface of its base material.    USE -   The adhesive, the pressure sensitive adhesive is used for sticking the label to the interior part of the battery.    ADVANTAGE -   The adhesive or the pressure sensitive adhesive evolves less bonding or decomposition caused by a reaction of electrolytic salts with the adhesive components, or the pressure sensitive adhesive components in the battery. The resulting electrolyte has no decrease in its functions. No adverse effect is exerted on battery characteristics. The resulting battery has high characteristics and reliability.
An adhesive or a pressure sensitive adhesive has an iodine value serving as the degree of unsaturation of 10 or less and/or a degree of unsaturation by the NMR method of 0.5 (10-2mol./g) or less.    Also claimed is that in a pressure sensitive adhesive tape/sheet, the pressure sensitive adhesive is provided on at least one surface of a base material.    The adhesive or the pressure sensitive adhesive includes a polypropylene oligomer, polyethylene oligomer, polyisobutylene, trifluorochloroethylene-vinylidene fluoride copolymer, or polydimethyl siloxane, or their mixture.    USE -   The adhesive, the pressure sensitive adhesive, the pressure sensitive adhesive tape/sheet are used for fixing, or temporarily fixing, an insulating plate in a battery to a battery element.    ADVANTAGE -   The adhesive or the pressure sensitive adhesive involves less bonding or decomposition caused by reaction of electrolytic salts with the adhesive components, or the pressure sensitive adhesive components in the battery. The resulting electrolyte has no decrease in its functions. No adverse effect is exerted on battery characteristics. The resulting battery has high characteristics and reliability.
A new non-aqueous electrolyte solution rechargeable battery comprises a negative electrode and a positive electrode where light metal is deposited/dissolved or doped/dedoped and a non-aqueous electrolyte solution. The electrolyte solution contains 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPHy) of formula (1).    USE -   As a power source for portable electric appliances including video-tape recorders, cellular phones, or lap top computers.    ADVANTAGE -   The new battery has lower internal resistance. DPPHy works to prevent the formation of resistive film on electrodes during cell operation and to prevent increase in internal impedance.
An electrolyte is dissolved with a high-dielectric constant solvent having a dielectric constant of 50 or more, or an electrolytic solvent formed by mixing a high-dielectric constant solvent having a dielectric constant of 50 or more with a low-viscosity solvent having a viscosity at 25 deg. C of 1 centipoise or less. This results in an electrolytic solution. The electrolytic solution contains one or more compounds, 0.01-10 wt.% of the concentration of the electrolytic solution are selected from the group consisting of: (a) a phenol-based antioxidant of formula (I); (b) a phosphite-based antioxidant of formula R5OP(OR6)OR4 (II); and (c) a sulphide-based antioxidant of formula R7(S)nR8 (III). In formula (I), R1 = 4C or more-hydrocarbon group; R2 and R3 = hydrogen atoms, or electron donating groups. In formula (II), R4 = a 3C or more-hydrocarbon group; R5 and R6 = hydrocarbon groups. In formula (III), R7 = 3C or more-hydrocarbon groups; R8 = a hydrocarbon group; n = 1 or 2.    Also claimed is a secondary battery which comprises: (a) a negative electrode containing lithium, a lithium alloy, or a carbon material occluding and releasing a lithium ion serving as a negative electrode active material; (b) a positive electrode containing a composite oxide of lithium and a transition metal serving as a positive electrode active material; and (c) the non-aqueous electrolytic solution.    USE -   The non-aqueous electrolytic solution is used in a secondary battery and finds its application in an electric car.    ADVANTAGE -   The electrolytic solution evolves no thermal runaway observed in unusual states, including overcharging, short circuiting. The resulting secondary battery has superior safety.
The unit has a set of unit batteries (2,3) with respective anodes (2b,3b) and cathodes (2c,3c). The electrodes are separated by corresponding polymer electrolyte films (2a,3a). A spacer (4) is arranged between the anode of the first unit battery and the cathode of the second unit battery. A set of separators (5-7) are arranged between the electrodes. A coolant seal unit (13) made of an electrically conductive material, is formed between the peripheries (5f,6f) of the separators, sandwiching the spacer. Electric conduction between the peripheries of the separators is carried out.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces resistance during conductance. Increases output voltage.
A pressure sensitive adhesive for a pressure sensitive adhesive tape or a pressure sensitive adhesive sheet has an iodine value serving as the degree of unsaturation of 10 or less and/or a degree of unsaturation by the NMR method of 0.5 x 10-2 mol./g. or less.    The adhesive includes a polypropylene oligomer, polyethylene oligomer, polyisobutylene, trifluorochloroethylene-vinylidene fluoride copolymer, or polydimethyl siloxane, or their mixt..    USE -   The pressure sensitive adhesive tape or the pressure sensitive adhesive sheet is used for preventing short circuits caused by penetrating a conductor through a separator due to lead contact, lead welding burrs, or lead edges.    ADVANTAGE -   The pressure sensitive adhesive tape or the pressure sensitive adhesive sheet evolves less bonding or decomposition caused by a reaction of electrolytic salts with the pressure sensitive adhesive components. The resulting electrolyte has no decrease in its functions. No adverse effect is exerted on battery characteristics. The resulting battery has high characteristics and reliability.
The cell (10) consists of cathode laminated over an anode via a separator. The laminated body is packaged using a resin mould (1).    ADVANTAGE -   The cell has increased volumetric efficiency, a moisture impermeable layer and an air-tight property. It also simplifies the manufacturing process.
The battery has a polymer electrolyte (3) provided between an anode (1) and cathode (2). The polymer electrolyte has an alkylene oxide structure and the cathode is made of carbon material. The polymer electrolyte is made to form in the anode and not in the cathode.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables to suppress reaction between carbon material and polymer electrolyte when charging and discharging of battery is performed. Improves cyclic characteristics of battery. Enables easy movement of lithium ion in anode by polymer electrolyte.
The battery includes an anode and cathode with a solid polymer electrolyte layer in-between. The anode and the cathode are capable of performing occlusion discharge of lithium. The solid polymer electrolyte layer is electrically insulated by a resin sheet. The porosity of the resin sheet is 80-90%. The solid polymer electrolyte layer contains gel-like solid polymer electrolyte including polymer and non-aqueous solvent.    ADVANTAGE -   Gives improved solid polymer electrolyte battery with high rate discharge characteristic. Prevents internal short circuit between anode and cathode thereby improving battery capacity.
The plate contains a paste like active material layer with short fibres for reinforcement. Each short fibre is formed of resin which is subjected to graft copolymerization of a monomer. The resin includes a thermoplastic synthetic resin and a hydrophilic group which have acid resistance and oxidation resistance.    ADVANTAGE -   Increases quantity of electrolyte maintained in plastic due to increased wetness of short fibre. Enhances active material utilisation factor and electrolyte utilisation factor and hence raises discharge capacitance.
The fibre reinforced solid electrolyte material has fixed anion.    USE -   The fibre reinforced solid electrolyte material is used for lithium secondary cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The fibre reinforced solid electrolyte material can prevent dropping of voltage at discharge of the cell. The electrolyte material has sufficient tensile strength and bending strength in automation processing.
Process for preventing corrosion on pole ducts of batteries, comprises providing each pole (1) in a region (2) of the pole duct with a 1st coating (4) and then providing the 1st coating (4) with a 2nd coating (7) connectable with a lid (5).    USE -   For preventing corrosion of pole ducts of batteries and accumulators.
A block-graft copolymer having polymerisation degree of 210 or more, comprising a block chain A comprising a polymer having polymerisation degree of 10 or more containing a repeating unit of formula (I), and a block chain B comprising a polymer having a polymerisation degree of 200 or more containing a repeating unit of formula (III), wherein the ratio of block chain A and block chain B is 1:20 - 20:1. R1 , R4 = H, methyl or ethyl; R2 = H, methyl; R3 = alkyl, aryl, acyl, silyl, or cyanoalkyl; n = integer of 1 - 100, (the number average molecular weight of the graft chain of formula (II) is 45 - 4400) R5 , R6 , R7= methyl or ethyl.    USE -   The block-graft copolymer is useful for producing a polymer solid electrolyte which is particularly useful for a lithium ion secondary battery.    ADVANTAGES -   The block-graft copolymer can provide a solid electrolyte having high safety and high heat stability at an elevated temperature. When used for the secondary battery, the solid electrolyte can provide a battery in the form of a small size and a thin film with high safety.
A fuel cell comprises: (A) a cell including an electrolyte member positioned between an anode layer and a cathode layer; (B) a pair of current collectors, each contacting one of the electrode layers, wherein one collector(s) includes (a) a thin porous substrate and (b) a hydrophilic material, wherein (b) is provided either to holes of (a) or to surfaces of skeleton elements of (a), so that hydrophilic areas formed by (b) successively pass through (a) between both surfaces of (a); (C) a first channel member which includes channels which face the anode layer with one of the pair of current collectors in between; and (D) a second channel member which includes channels which face the cathode layer with the other one of the pair of current collectors in between, wherein the hydrophilic areas of the current collector(s) are exposed to channels of (C) and/or (D). Also claimed are: such a fuel cell in which, in (B), (b) is loaded into through openings which are established to pass through (a) between both surfaces of (a); a cell structure element, which is a structural unit of a power generation element of a fuel cell, comprising (A) and (B); a current collector comprising (a) and (b) as above; and a polymer electrolyte fuel cell comprising (A), (C), (D), and (B) in which the current collector(s) comprises (a), (b) and (c) a hydrophobic material, wherein both (b) and (c) are provided to either the holes of (a) or to the surfaces of skeleton elements of (a), so that a gas flow path(s) surrounded by particles of (c) passes through (a) between both surfaces of (a).    ADVANTAGE -   The current collector has high hydrophilic property, making condensation product water and reaction product water move freely in the collector so that reaction gas is not hampered by the water. This maintains reliable gas permeability so cell characteristics such as cell voltage do not decrease and stable power generation is achieved.
In a battery containing positive electrode and collector films, a host metal foil for forming a negative electrode, an alkali metal ion conductive electrolyte (preferably a polymer electrolyte) and an alkali metal ion source, the host metal foil includes voids in a number and disposition providing local accommodation of foil expansion and thus prevention of any cumulative change in the foil plane during initial alloy formation between the host metal and the alkali metal provided by the alkali metal ions. Also claimed is a process for producing the above battery.    USE -   Especially as a polymer electrolyte battery of lithium ion type.    ADVANTAGE -   The negative electrode alloy is in a dense (non-composite) form and provides local stress relaxation during alloy formation preferably after initial operation of the battery. The design allows optimisation of the energy density per unit volume, due to the dense zones, and of the battery power by control of the anode void density and the presence of polymer in the residual anode spaces after alloy formation and expansion. Additionally, when a polymer electrolyte is used, electrolyte penetration into the dense parts of the anode is minimised to maintain high electrical contact quality within the alloyed structure.
A decal for forming a solar cell comprises: (a) an anti-reflective precursor material; and (b) a patterned electrically conductive material; where at least a portion of the electrically conductive material is placed adjacent to the anti-reflective precursor material. A method of manufacturing a decal for use in forming a solar cell as above.    A method of forming an anti-reflective precursor material on a solar cell as above, comprising: (i) providing a decal having a base material and an anti-reflective precursor material formed over it; (ii) placing a patterned die in contact with the anti-reflective precursor material to form a textured pattern in the anti-reflective precursor material; (iii) positioning the decal on 1 surface of the solar cell; and (iv) processing the decal to convert the anti-reflective precursor material to a textured anti-reflective coating. A method of forming a solar cell as above.    USE -   Used for manufacturing solar cells.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides a new method for forming electrical contacts and anti-reflective coatings with high device yields and low manufacturing cost. The process is amenable to automation and mass-production.
An article comprising a ceramic member 1 bonded to at least one other member 2 by a hermetic composite ceramic-glass joint which has been formed by injection of a suspension (by a nozzle 3) into the region of the joint. The joint 4 is dried and heat treated. The suspension comprises a ceramic powder, a glass powder and a low viscosity liquid. The glass powder forms 50-90 wt.% of the combined powders and the liquid forms 20-60 wt.% of the suspension.    Also claimed is a method of making an article involving injection of a suspension, drying and heat treating as described above.    USE -   The articles are used in electrochemical devices such as high temperature sodium batteries and thermoelectric energy conversion devices.    ADVANTAGE -   The method uses the minimum amount of binder resulting in the absence of voidage or unwanted residues and the low viscosity suspension flows easily.
An electrochemical cell has a positive and negative electrode (1) and an absorber-separator (2). Either of the electrodes (1) and/or (2) comprise a vinylidene fluoride polymer (3) with an electrolyte combined with it. The vinylidene fluoride polymer is vinylidene fluoride homopolymer with a bimodal mw distribution; vinylidene fluoride/chlorotrifluoroethylene copolymer with a homogeneous monomer distribution; or a vinylidene fluoride/hexafluoropropylene copolymer with up to 24 wt.% hexafluoropropylene.    For copolymer with up to 8 wt.% HFP extractably are 1.5 wt.% of a value given by (a) 1.7 (HFP mol.%) minus 3.2; and (b) minus 1.2 plus 1.5 (HFP mol.%) minus 8 x 10-6 (Mn). For copolymers with over 8 wt.% HFP the OSC m.pt. is at least 2.5C lower than prior art HFP contg. copolymers. The solns. of the vinylidene fluoride polymer have improved fluidity and clarity.    Also claimed is the electrochemical cell having (1), (2) and (3) wherein (3) is a UDF/HFP copolymer with up to 8 wt.% HFP and having extractables content as defined above.    USE -   The UDF/HFP copolymers are especially useful in lithium batteries and show low extractables, good clarity and fluidity, little gel formation.
The battery includes several electrodes (1,2) containing ion emission layers (5,6). An electrolyte is interposed between each electrode. A pair of non-ionic conductive heat resisting property layers (7,8) are formed on both surfaces of the ion emission layers. About 10-95 wt.% of ion intermediary guide members are added to the non-ionic heat resisting property materials. When voltage is applied to electrolyte, electric charge is maintained by occlusion of ion to ion emission layer of corresponding electrodes.    ADVANTAGE -   Suppresses increase in of internal temperature and pressure even during short circuit. Improves safety. Prevents generation of heavy current, thereby reducing shape variation. Improves ion conductiveness between electrolyte and electrode.
The battery consists of anode and cathode sheets (1,2) with a separator (3) arranged between them. The electrodes are formed by coating a film on an electrically conductive base. The film consists of an electrode active material and a binder.    The binder has polytetrafluoroethylene and a vinylidene fluoride copolymer. The vinylidene fluoride copolymer is formed by the copolymerisation between a vinylidene fluoride monomer and a mono-ester of an unsaturated dibasic acid.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents deterioration of active material. Provides battery with high density.
The binder occludes lithium and cathode active material while binding the cathode active material and employs a cellulose ether group substance for binding. The cathode active material consists of a mixture of coke and graphite.    USE -   For portable and cordless telephones.    ADVANTAGE -   Has small irreversible capacitance and large discharge capacitance.
A conductive material comprises an organic polymer material which contains an anion-forming atom as a constitutional element forming a polymer skeleton.    Also claimed is a base material for a conductive material which is polymerisable and contains an anion-forming atom.    USE -   The conductive material is useful as a non aq. secondary battery.    ADVANTAGE -   The conductive material can be continuously synthesised and has high transport number, small polarisation and good flexibility.
An electrolyte system comprises a polymer blend support structure including first and second polymer components where the polymer blend comprises a homogeneous mixture of at least two polymers selected from the group consisting of poly-benz-imidazole (PBI), nafion, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyethylene glycol, acrylated epoxy, acrylated urethane, poly-ethylene-imine (PEI), poly-ethylene-oxide (PEO), poly-acrylic acid (Paa), polyacrylamide (PAAM), poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate), poly-vinyl-pyridine (P2VP), polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), poly-vinyl-fluoride (PVF), polyamide, polyimide, poly-vinyl-methylethyl-ether, phenol formaldehyde and combinations of these and an electrolyte active species dispersed in the polymer blend support system.    Also claimed is a electrochemical device comprising first and second electrodes and an electrolyte as described above.    USE -   For battery or capacitor (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   The electrolyte support is stable at higher temperatures, possesses a relatively wide frequency response and has a high ionic conductivity.
A method of making an electrolyte material for an electrochemical cell, comprising the steps: (1) providing a powdered polymeric precursor material characterised by a melting temperature greater than 100 deg.C; (2) mixing said material with operative amounts of an electrolyte active species having a boiling point greater than 100 deg.C; and (3) heating said material and said species to greater than 100 deg.C and less than the boiling temperature of said species. Also claimed is a method of fabricating an electrolyte material.    USE -   For consumer electrochemical devices.    ADVANTAGE -   Device is substantially free from water; can withstand elevated temperatures; fabrication is relatively simple, inexpensive and readily repeatable.
A fire-resistant electrolyte solution is obtained by dissolving an electrolyte salt in organic solvent which contains a specific phosphorus compound of formula X3-n -P(=O)-((OR1 )m OR2 )n(I).     In (I), R1 = 1-10C alkylene; R2= 1-30C alkyl, aryl, or alkylaryl, preferably 1-30C alkyl; X = H, alkyl, aryl, alkylaryl, alkoxy, aryloxy or alkylaryloxy; m = 1-10 (preferably 1-3); and n = 1-3 (preferably 3).    USE -   For lithium secondary batteries with higher energy density.    ADVANTAGE -   The electrolyte solution provides good fire resistant performance without sacrificing the other battery performances.
The separator is arranged between a positive electrode and a negative electrode, and consists of a sheet of porous polymer carrying fluorine-contg. imide polymer.    USE -   The method is used to give Li battery having high reliability.    ADVANTAGE -   The Li battery can decrease inner resistance and can improve reliability at high temp.
The method involves opening an used battery under controlled condition and immersing it in a solution or opening the battery in an immersed state. An organic solvent containing an electrolyte in a battery is leached in the solution and then the battery is taken out. The battery is heated and crushed. The active material containing cobalt is inactivated by grinding. The ground particles with maximum particle size less than 5 times compared to active material particles are shifted out.    ADVANTAGE -   Recovers cobalt effectively and conveniently. Enhances recovering efficiency in presence of magnetic field. Secures high industrial value.
The fuel battery includes a gas division plate (1) which comprises a single cell, a fuel gas passageway (2) and an oxidising agent gas passage way. Multiple cooling plates comprising cooling water flow path is laminated and a hexagonal pillar-shaped multilayer body is formed. The entrance (4,6,11) and outlet side external manifolds (5,7,12) of the heating gas, oxidising gas and cooling water, respectively are arranged on the diagonal position of the sides of the hexagonal pillar-shaped multilayer body. The heating gas reaction area domain of the single cell of the gas division plate is divided to several heating gas supply zones and are made to face the heating gas entrance side and outlet side external manifold.    Multiple fuel gas passage base each having a bellow shape is arranged on each heating gas supply zone. The oxidising agent gas reaction domain of the single cell is divided into several oxidising agent gas supply zones facing the oxidising gas entrance side and outlet side external manifold. Multiple oxidising agent gas passage ways having bellow shape is arranged on oxidising agent gas supply zone. The direction of fuel gas passage way and oxidising agent gas passage way is made to cross orthogonally.    ADVANTAGE -   Attains size reduction by forming reaction gas passageway of heating gas and oxidising gas in bellow shape. Prevents shortage of reaction gas due to increase in temperature and reaction. Maintains gas seal property. Reduces influence of CO poisoning by oxidising it, effectively.
A graphite material for a cathode of lithium ion secondary cells has average particle size of 10-50 m and a particle size distribution as follows. Graphite material is dispersed and suspended in propylene carbonate, then separated into precipitation phase and suspension phase. Graphite material (C) is separated from the precipitation phase. Graphite material separated from the suspension phase is dispersed and suspended in an aq. soln. contg. 0.3 wt.% of polyethylene glycol mono-p-octylphenyl ether to separate it into precipitation phase and suspension phase. Graphite material (B) is separated from the precipitation phase and graphite material (A) is separated from the suspension phase.    In the separation, the graphite material satisfies the following wt. ratio relations: (A+B)/C = 1/50-1/10 and A/(A+B) = 4/10-9/10.    USE -   The graphite material is used for the cathode of lithium ion secondary cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The graphite material has improved charge-discharge capacity and improved charge-discharge cycle characteristics.
The battery includes an anode (1) that is comprised by lamination of anode active material on entire surface of a anode collector. A cathode (2) is comprised by lamination of cathode active material on entire surface of a cathode collector. The main body of the battery is constituted by laminating a separator in-between anode and cathode. A concavo-convex portion which enhances current capacity is formed either on anode active material or cathode active material.    ADVANTAGE -   Enhances current capacity and electrode surface area. Forms concavo-convex portion by performing argon sputter etching. Improves current load character. Improves life cycle characteristics of secondary battery.
The battery has a container (1) with an insulated board (2) arranged at the bottom. An electrode group (6) is arranged on the insulated board. The electrode group is formed by a separator (4) interposed between an anode (3) and a cathode (5). An electrolyte is accommodated within the container. The insulated board is made of flexible resin with electrolyte proof property.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves charging and discharging characteristics.
A new composite solid electrolyte for solid electrochemical devices comprises at least: (a) an electrical insulating material; (b) alkali metal salt; (c) a specific blocked grafted copolymer; and (d) an aprotic organic solvent. (c) consists of a blocked chain-A which is made from the repeating unit of formula (I) and has a polymerisation degree of up to 10 and another blocked chain-B which is made from the repeating unit of formula (II) and has a polymerisation degree of at least 300. The ratio of chain-A : chain-B is 1:30 to 30:1. The copolymer has a polymerisation degree of at least 310. R1, R4 = H, methyl or ethyl gp; R2 = H or methyl gp; R3 = H, alkyl, aryl, acyl, or silyl gp; n = an integer of 1-45; the number average molecular weight of the grafted chain of formula (2) is 45-2,000; M = -CH=CH2, -CH(CH3)=CH2, -COOCH3, -COOC2H5, or (substituted) phenyl gp.. Thin solid state (secondary) batteries, primary batteries, capacitors, electrochromic displays, or sensors which employ the new composite solid electrolyte are also claimed. A thin solid state battery consisting of a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and the new composite solid electrolyte is also claimed, where the negative electrode comprises a solid electrolyte consisting of the blocked grafted copolymer and alkali metal salt and a negative electrode active material.    ADVANTAGE -   The new electrolyte is formed into a self-supporting thin film with a higher mechanical strength. It has a good adhesion to an insulating porous plastic film used as a separator. It contains no acryl gps., so that it is electrochemically stable.
A cross-linked polymer electrolyte is produced as: a specific blocked grafted copolymer is cross-linked by irradiating energy rays on it; then a non-aqueous electrolyte soln. is added to the cross-linked copolymer. The copolymer consists of a blocked chain-A which is made from the repeating unit of formula (I) and has a polymerisation degree of up to 10 and another blocked chain- B which is made from the repeating unit of formula -(CH2 -(H)C(R2 )-0-)n -R3 (II) and has a polymerisation degree of at least 200. The ratio of blocked chain-A : blocked chain-B is 1:20 to 20:1. The copolymer has a polymerisation degree of at least 210. R1 , R4 = H, methyl or ethyl gp; R2 = H or methyl gp; R3 = alkyl, aryl, acyl, silyl or cyanoalkyl gp; R5 , R6= methyl or ethyl gp; n = integer of 1-100; the number average molecular weight of the grafted chain of formula (2) is 45-4,400. The blocked grafted copolymer and the cross-linked polymer electrolyte are also claimed.    USE -   For primary or secondary batteries, capacitors, electrochromic displays, or sensors, esp., film-form polymer batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   Any kind of electrolyte soln. is fixed in the blocked grafted copolymer. The copolymer is cross-linked without cross-linking chemical or radical polymeriSation initiators. The polymer electrolyte has a higher mechanical strength. It has a micro-phase separation structure.
The high polymer solid electrolyte comprises combined material consisting of organic high polymer formed by crosslinking monomer having skeleton of cyclic inulo-oligosaccharide, in which alkaline metal salt is contained.    USE -   The high polymer solid electrolyte is used for batteries and electrochemical devices.    ADVANTAGE -   Practically usable high polymer solid electrolyte, having improved ion conductivity and mechanical strength, can be obtd.
The gas diffusion layer (14) for a solid polymer electrolyte fuel cell having a catalyst layer (11a,b) adjacent to the polymer electrolyte (11) comprises a carbon fibre woven cloth (14a) coated with a fluoro-resin (14b) containing carbon black on its surface. The cloth is placed so that the coating is adjacent to the catalyst layer in the fuel cell. Also claimed is a solid polymer electrolyte fuel cell comprising the solid electrolyte with a catalyst layer on both surfaces and the gas diffusion layer disposed as above.    USE -   As gas diffusion layers for solid polymer electrolyte fuel cells and as fuel cells    ADVANTAGE -   Gas diffusion capability is good so that cell performance is maintained at high gas utilisation rates, the layer is easy to manufacture.
A polymer gel electrolyte system (I) for use in an electrochemical cell comprises a polymer blend gel electrolyte support structure containing at least two different grades of a similar polymer material.    Also claimed is an electrochemical cell comprising an anode, a cathode and polymer gel electrolyte system having an electrolyte active species dispersed within.    USE -   The polymer gel electrolyte system is useful for the production of rechargeable batteries for mobile telephones, portable computers and electric vehicles.    ADVANTAGE -   The polymer gel electrolyte system has good mechanical properties and is capable of absorbing sufficient quantities of electrolyte active species to produce a high ionic conductivity.
Cooler tube (2), used for the cooling section of a fuel cell power plant system, is a conductive pipe (10) having a dielectric layer (11) of fluorocarbon polymer, 0.05-0.2 mm thick, shrunk and adhered to its external surface by heat treatment.    Also claimed is a method for preparing the cooler tube by inserting the conductive pipe (10) into a dielectric tube (11) having a larger inner diameter than its outer diameter and heat treating pipe and tube to shrink and adhere the dielectric tube to the external surface of the conductive pipe.    If the fluorocarbon polymer is PTFE, the heat treatment is performed at 320-340C for 1 - 3 hours. The treatment temperatures used for FEP (fluorinated ethylene-propylene) and PFA (perfluorinated alkoxy tetra fluoroethylene) are 210-230C and 280-295C, respectively, the treatment time again being 1 - 3 hours.    The conductive pipe is copper or stainless steel. The fluorocarbon polymer is PTFE, FEP, or PFA.    USE -   The cooler tube has water or other coolant passed through it in the cooling section of a fuel cell power plant system, the use of a liquid instead of air enabling the system to be made smaller.    ADVANTAGE -   The tube is highly resistant to the corrosive effects of the electrolyte in the fuel cell and has excellent dielectric properties. Also, the use of a dielectric tube which is shrunk into place rather use of a coating process ensures the absence of flaws such as pin-holes on the coated surface.
A binder for batteries contains composite polymer particles formed by two or more polymers having different chemical structures which form a heterogeneous phase.    Also claimed are:    (1) a binder composition containing the binder and a liquid substance;    (2) a slurry for battery electrodes containing (1) and an active substance; and    (3) a Li secondary battery by forming a slurry film of (2) and then removing the liquid substance by drying.    The polymers have a Tg difference of 5 C (especially 30 C) or more. The particles contain 30 % gels.    ADVANTAGE -   The binder imparts well-balanced binding power and binding persistence.
PU resin compsn. comprises (1) end-isocyanate gp.-contg. urethane prepolymer prepared using polyoxyethylene polyol, or a chain-extended polymer thereof using diamines in up to equi-molar quantity, (2) solid polyamines or a surface inactivated product thereof, and/or 6-18C satd. fatty acid part acidamide of said polyamines and (3) organic solvent.    USE -   Product is used for a binder resin of Li-ion secondary cell.    ADVANTAGE -   Product excels in ion conductivity and resistance to polar sol vent, gives long pot life and is readily curable. It is practically equivalent t o the conventional PVDF product.
Polymer solid electrolyte is prepared by polymerising at least electrolyte salt, a polymerising monomer and/or a polymerising oligomer and contains up to 30 wt. % of unreacted polymerising monomer and/or polymerising oligomer in the obtd.polymer matrix.    USE -   The polymer solid electrolyte is suitable for an electrochemical element or a secondary battery.    ADVANTAGE -   The solid electrolyte has high ion conductivity and only slightly changes on ageing.
Cylindrical sealed Ni-Zn battery designs, which ensure separation of the catholyte and anolyte while allowing gas diffusion between the opposite polarity electrodes, are new. The batteries may have stacked electrode discs, a wound composite strip of the electrodes or a concentric arrangement of electrodes and preferably include a gas-permeable insulating hydrophobic material, which consists of a PTFE, polypropylene or polyethylene foam, felt or porous material, and an ion conductive membrane which is either an anionic exchange membrane, which minimises zincate ion passage, or a microporous polymer (preferably SiO2 -filled polyethylene) foil with its pores filled with Ni(OH)2.    ADVANTAGE -   The gas-permeable insulating hydrophobic material allows the passage of gas while preventing passage of electrolyte.
The polymer electrolyte fuel cell comprises a number of assemblies, each including a polymer electrolyte film (1) with hydrogen ion conductivity and a pair of electrode layers (7) sandwiching the electrolyte film. The fuel cell has a number of electrically conductive separators (5), each being piled alternatively with the assembly and including a gas supply channel to supply a gas to the electrode layer and a gas outlet channel for discharging a gas from the electrode layer. The electrode layer comprises a porous base area with water repellency and a penetration area higher in water permeability than in the base area.    USE -   For portable power supplies, electric vehicles and home power source systems.    ADVANTAGE -   Fuel cell is provided which can facilitate removal of water around catalytic layer of cell, so as to prevent cell performance from dropping due to excessive wetting of the electrode layer as in long-hour operation or high current density output operation.
In a panel-like photovoltaic solar module, used especially as a facade or roof element and having outer connection leads for electrical connection to further solar modules, the connection leads (25) are fixed to a connection tab (12) which is connected to a module connection element (10) extending outside the panel structure and which is arranged in a tangential plane of the module connection element (10), the latter being connectable to corresponding module connection elements of adjacent solar modules. The interior cover (24) of the module, which is spaced from an exterior pane (20) to define an interspace (22) for holding solar cells, may be in the form of a foil sandwich with one or more fluoropolymer-backed base foils of plastic (e.g. polyester) or metal (e.g. aluminium).    ADVANTAGE -   The connection system can be mechanically fixed to the solar module panel structure in an extremely simple and stable manner and has a universal module connection element which can be fitted not only to the module edge but also to the external faces of the panel structure.
Expansion tank in plastic, used typically for heating equipment. The tank contains gas and water volumes, separated by a blow moulded membrane. The water space connects via a fitting, to the water pipework system. The gas space is pressurised. The outer expansion tank (1) is blow moulded in one piece. The water connection fitting (5) is moulded onto this, one piece. The blow moulded membrane (2) is joined with and sealed to this connector (5), where it has a similar shape (7).    Also claimed is the method of making the expansion tank.    USE -   Used to make a plastic expansion tank, especially suitable for heating circuits.    ADVANTAGE -   The vessel is made in an extremely simple manner. Only two blow moulding stages are involved, one for the membrane and one for the tank. Reliable operation and sealing are assured. No additional mounting or construction stages are required, the tank emerges fully functional. The materials used are selected for immediate bonding in the neck region, when the membrane is introduced as an inlay in the second blowing stage. The threaded connection external to the neck, is formed on the tank preform, or alternatively machined after blow moulding. Tank connection points and a gas valve can conveniently be built in as a part of the process.
A circuit protection device for protecting batteries comprises: (A) a resistive element comprising a positive temperature coefficient (PTC) conductive polymer composition comprising (i) a polymeric component having a crystallinity of less than 40% and a melting point (Tm) of less than 110C, and (ii) a particulate conductive filler dispersed in (i); and (B) two electrodes which are attached to (A), comprise metal foils, and can be connected to a source of electrical power, wherein the device has a thickness of (A) of 0.025-0.200mm, a crosslinking level equivalent to 1-20 Mrads, a surface area of 120 mm2 or less, a resistance at 20C (R20) of 0.030 ohm or less, and a resistivity at 20C (20) of 2.0 ohm-cm or less. Also claimed is an assembly comprising a battery and such a circuit protection device.    USE -   In protecting batteries and battery assemblies from overcurrent and overtemperature conditions, providing protection against charger runaway voltages for rechargeable batteries for portable electronic equipment including cameras, video recorders, tools, portable computers and cellular phones.    ADVANTAGE -   The device is small and lightweight enough to fit inside a battery pack, and has a sufficiently low switching temperature and resistance to protect batteries under both overtemperature and overcurrent conditions.
Making a large area single crystal silicon sheet (10) comprises: (a) mixing silicon powder with a binder and a solvent to form a silicon slurry; (b) spreading the slurry in a uniform layer on a flat surface; (c) drying the layer to remove the solvent; (d) moistening the layer to cause it to expand and separate from the surface to form a sheet; (e) heating the sheet to remove the binder; (f) heating a localised area (25) of the sheet to cause the silicon at that location to melt; (g) contacting this molten silicon with a silicon seed crystal (28) to define the crystallographic orientation of the molten silicon; (h) moving the heated area and resulting melted area through a portion of the sheet to refine it to form a single crystal structure and move impurities to edges (32) of that refined portion of the sheet; (i) cooling the sheet; and (j) removing the portion with impurities to have a single crystal sheet of silicon. Also claimed is a large area single crystal silicon sheet made with the above method.    USE -   For producing single crystal silicon sheets for semiconductor manufacture, e.g. for use as solar cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The sheets can be made to any desired dimensions and for any desired purpose. For example, sheets of four feet by eight feet can be made for use as solar cells which can produce higher power (kilowatt range) than the small wafers (fraction of a watt range) currently available.
The cover has a transparent surface being made from photocatalyst particle and water repellent silicone. Also, a substance that prevents the hydrophilization of water repellent silicone, by optical amplification of photocatalyst particle.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves conversion efficiency. Maintains water repellent for long time period.
The battery has a container (2), for storing electrolytes (10). A synthetic hollow resin board or a synthetic resin balloon material is provided on the surface of the electrolyte. The resin board suppresses the evaporation of electrolyte, during dissolution.    USE -   For forklift trucks.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids decrease in liquid level under high temperature. Raises durability.
The battery includes an alloy of platinum and one or more rare earth elements. The alloy contains 20wt% or more of intermetallic compounds of platinum as an electrode catalyst.    ADVANTAGE -   Increases durability.
The structure consists of an anode sheet and a cathode sheet placed in an organic electrolyte which are separated by a separator. The electrically conductive base of the electrode sheet has an active material and coating film with binder. The binder consists of an insoluble polymer and dissolution polymer which is included in the organic electrolyte.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides high volume at heavy current usage.
The battery has a laminated film pack (6) which contains an electricity generation component. The pack consists of a metallic foil (61) to which an anastomosis resin film (65) is attached directly by applying heat. The circumferential portion of the pack is sealed. The tensile stress of the anastomosis resin film is 100-300kg/cm2. The fracture point elongation of the anastomosis resin film is 500-1000%.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves heat resisting property and discharge capacity. Prevents damaging of pin hole, fissure.
A new heat shrinking tube is given by stretching a tube which is made of a mixt. contg. ionomer resin and 10-50 wt.% of inorganic fine particles. A rechargeable lithium battery is also claimed, whose anode can is covered with the new heat shrinking tube.    USE -   For covering an anode can of rechargeable lithium batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   The new tube is resistant to buckling. It is processed with a high speed casing machine.
A new plastics container for sealed rechargeable batteries is made of a specific resin compsn. which comprises 100 pts.wt. of a resin mixt. and 0-30 (1-30) pts.wt. of a fire retarding chemical. The resin mixt. contains 5-95 wt.% of polyphenylene ether which contains 2.7 wt.% of a moiety having a weight average molecular weight of up to 5,000 and 95-5 wt.% of styrene-based resin. The container is made of at least two parts which are bonded together with epoxy resin. The specific resin compsn. is also claimed.    USE -   For cell containers of sealed rechargeable batteries including lead-acid, nickel- cadmium, or lithium batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   The new container has improved mechanical strength, higher resistance to heat and steam. It is bonded firmly with epoxy resin.
A cross-linked solid polymer electrolyte is produced by adding a cross-linking chemical to a specific blocked-grafted copolymer having a polymerisation degree of at least 310; cross-linking the whole mixt. with high energy ray irradiation; adding non-aqueous electrolyte soln. to the cured copolymer. The specific blocked-grafted copolymer consists of a blocked chain-A which comprises the repeating unit of formula (1) and has a polymerisation degree of at least 10 and a grafted chain of formula (2) and another blocked chain-B which comprises the repeating unit of formula (3) and has a polymerisation degree of at least 300 in a ratio of chain-A : chain-B = 1:30 to 30:1. The grafted chain of formula (2) has a number average molecular weight of 45-4,400.     -{-CH2 -CH(R2 )-O-}n -R3(2)     -{-CH2 -C(R4)(M)-}- (3)     R1 , R4 = H, CH3 , C2 H5 gp; R2 = H or CH3; R3 = alkyl, aryl, acyl, silyl, or cyanoalkyl gp; n = an integer of 1-100; M = -CH=CH2 , -C(CH3 )=CH2 , -COOCH3 , or -COOC2 H5, or phenyl gp.    A new cross-linked solid polymer electrolyte given by the new prodn. is also claimed.    USE -   For film-form primary or secondary polymer batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   A solid polymer electrolyte having a structure of micro-phase separation is obtd., which has a quasi cross-linked network structure providing a higher mechanical strength and a continuous phase promoting metal ion conduction. A larger amt. of electrolyte soln. is kept in the solid polymer electrolyte by the action of the grafted moieties with lower molecular weight.
The solid electrolyte comprises at least polymer matrix and combined electrolytic salt of more than two kinds. At least one kind salt is expressed of formula LiX(CF3 SO2 )n, where X: N, C, B, or CR (R: alkyl base), n: 1-3.    USE -   The polymer solid electrolyte is used for the secondary battery.    ADVANTAGE -   The polymer solid electrolyte has improved ion conductivity and improved mechanical strength.
A lithium ion secondary battery comprises: (a) a positive electrode (1); (b) a negative electrode (4); (c) an electrolyte (7); and (d) adhesive layers (8), which bond the electrodes to the electrolyte. The adhesive (8) contains an ionically conducting polymer.    USE -   For powering portable electronic equipment.    ADVANTAGE -   The adhesive layers have the desired adhesive strength and high ionic conductivity required to provide a thin secondary battery with excellent properties, e.g. charge-discharge characteristics, high capacity and safety, without the need for a rigid case.
A nickel-metal hydride accumulator consists of a positive and a negative electrode, whose electrode compositions are applied in paste form to a metallic substrate. The electrodes are arranged in a housing containing an alkaline electrolyte and electrically separated from each other by a separator. One of the electrode compositions contains an acrylate binder, which is added as crosslinked dispersion and has 6-15C ester groups.    Also claimed is a method of producing the accumulator.    ADVANTAGE -   The accumulator has a good gravimetric capacity.
The structure includes several cells (11) which are laminated through a separater (12). A reaction gas (16) is supplied to each cell and is discharged through an internal manifold. A flow passage area is gradually decreased and the inflow and outflow of reaction gas (16) is separated by a supply side manifold (14) and an ejection side manifold (15).    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces rate of flow difference between each cell in stack. Increases stack lamination with superior grade effect.
Ion exchange membrane manufacture comprises immersing a polymer electrolyte film with predetermined ion exchange capacity, in a polymer electrolytic solution. The solution has ion exchange capacity larger than that of the film. The polymer electrolyte film is dried for forming a thin layer.    USE -   Used for e.g. electrolyte of solid electrolyte fuel battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides high functional group concentration of ion exchange membrane.
An aprotic electrolytic thin film is obtained by fixing an aprotic electrolytic solution onto a porous thin film including an end-modified polypropylene.    USE -   Effectively used in fuel batteries, salt electrolysis, primary and secondary batteries, separation film for accelerated transfer, electrochromic device, and sensor, particularly effectively used as the high polymer solid electrolyte for lithium secondary batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   Has high stability for long period of time, and high strength.
A new solid polymer electrolyte comprises at least one kind of polymer and at least one kind of electrolyte. The polymer is a mixt. of a fluorocarbon polymer and another polymer which is given by thermal and/or photo polymerizing cpds. having polymerizing gps. Prodn. of the new solid polymer electrolyte is also claimed, where a fluorocarbon polymer is mixed with the thermal and/or photo polymerizing cpds; the mixt. is applied to a support; the cpds. are polymerised. Batteries or electrical double layer capacitors using the new solid polymer electrolyte are also claimed.    USE -   For batteries, electrical double layer capacitors, and other electrochemical devices.    ADVANTAGE -   The new solid polymer electrolyte has a higher mechanical strength as well a a higher ionic conductivity. It is easily processed into thin films.
A solar collector and heat exchanger tubing consists of an elastomeric or plastics inner layer adhesively bonded to a thermally conductive reinforcing support. Preferably, the inner layer is a 0.1-2.5 (preferably 0.1-0.5) mm thick layer of material based on EPDM, butyl rubber, silicone rubber, fluorinated rubber, fluorine-containing plastic or a brominated copolymer of isobutylene and methyl styrene or consists of a (preferably fluorine-containing) plastic foil bearing a thin elastomeric adhesive layer preferably based on CR, NBR or EPDM.    ADVANTAGE -   The tubing is fully compatible with extreme solar collector operating conditions (temperatures of up to 200C and pressures of up to 6 bars).
An electrolyte system (I) for an electrochemical cell comprises a polymeric support structure having at least first and second layers of a similar polymeric material, where the two layers have differing physical characteristics.    Also claimed are: (1) such an electrolyte system (II) comprising a multilayered structure including a non-gelling, polymeric layer sandwiched between second and third layers of a gelling polymeric material, where the three layers are fabricated of the same polymeric material, but the second and third layers have a different degree of porosity or a different degree of crystallinity to that of the first polymeric layer; (2) such an electrolyte system (III) comprising a layer of a polymeric material having a central region and first and second surfaces, where the degree of porosity at each surface is greater than in the central region; and (3) an electrochemical cell comprising an anode, a cathode, and an electrolyte system comprising (III) with an electrolyte active species dispersed in (a portion of) (III).    USE -   In rechargeable, high performance battery systems for cellular communication, satellites, portable computers and electric vehicles.    ADVANTAGE -   The polymer gel electrolyte system combines high mechanical integrity and the ability to absorb sufficient amounts of electrolyte active species to produce an electrolyte system with the high ionic conductivity characteristics of liquid electrolytes. It is easy to produce and provides high energy, cost-effective, leak-proof batteries.
A latex having an electric conductivity (measured with a solid concn. of 10 wt.%) of micro siemens/cm or less.    USE -   The latex is useful for producing adhesives, fibre processing agents for non-woven fabric, etc., or paper coat composition, etc.. The latex is particularly useful for a binder of batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   When used for a binder of batteries, the active materials are hardly dropped (removed) from the electrodes even after repeated charge / discharge process and a battery of large capacity can be produced. When used for binder for paints, rusts are scarcely generated on the resulting coat due to the low electric conductivity of the binder.
A new iron compound composition (A) of formula 2Fe1-x S.xFe2 O3, where (x) is larger than zero and smaller than 1. Also claimed is a method of producing (A) by heating FeS in oxidizing atmos. at the temp. 100-500 deg.C. Further claimed are Li secondary cells, in which (A) in (1) is used as electrode activating material.    USE -   Used as electrode activating material of Li secondary cells.    ADVANTAGE -   This material can be used as the anodic material of Li primary cells and owing to its ability to proceed reversible oxidation and reduction reaction it can be used as the electrodes of Li secondary cells.
Positive active material for nickel electrode of alkaline battery consists of hydroxide particles principally of nickel. The particles are coated with layer of phase consisting of hydroxide based on nickel and yttrium, containing 0.15-3 wt.% yttrium with respect to total weight of particles. Also claimed are method for making the material, and its use in nickel electrode.    USE -   As active material for positive electrode in alkaline battery (claimed), the electrode containing binder comprising at least one compound selected from carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, and hydroxypropylcellulose; and at least one compound selected from polytetrafluoroethylene, and polytetrafluorovinylidene.    ADVANTAGE -   Material avoids problems encountered in earlier work due to incompatibility between compounds used in electrode; and it improves retention of charge, and reliability of battery.
A limited rechargeable lithium battery comprises a cathode slurry comprising: 55-75 wt% of at least one transition metal oxide selected from a lithium transition metal oxide and a vanadium oxide, with the proviso that the oxide is not manganese dioxide; 3-8 wt% of a conductor; and 20-40 wt% of an organic electrolyte comprising an electrolyte salt and an organic solvent. A separator is placed between an anode and the cathode slurry. The battery includes at least 2 current collectors.    USE -   A cathode slurry for use in a limited rechargeable lithium battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Combines the characteristics of a primary lithium battery with limited rechargeability, e.g. about 5-15 cycles.
The solar panel has a surface side portion which holds a support frame. The support frame consists of a water-proof frame portion, a bottom frame of water, a left side frame and a right side frame portion. A back side portion (1B) made of an insulating material is provided. An installator (32e) extends from the retainer and forms convex-shaped step (32f).    The bottom frame provided in lower edge portion forms a connector (33e). The back side portion facilitates formation of a drainage gutter (1h) on the surface and on the back side electric connection to solar panel is provided. Other than the drainage gutter, all other parts of the wiring space are covered and a wiring take-off connection (1j) is formed.    USE -   For solar battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Secures high thermal effect. Eliminates damages due to electric leakage by water penetration. Provides good electricity generation efficiency.
NOVELTY - The material consists of a laminated film containing synthetic resin layer, a cementing layer and a fluorine system resin layer. The Young's modulus (Y) of the synthetic resin layer is given to be 3.0 less than or equal to Yasteriskt where `t' is the thickness of the synthetic resin layer whose value is set less than or equal to 0.5mm.    ADVANTAGE - ADVANTAGE Prevents pollution. Offers weather resistance.
A thin film solid electrolyte having fine pores for ion migration is made up of polyolefin resin.    The resin has 10-60 m film thickness, 0.1-0.6 m average pore size, 75-90% blow hole rate, 50-90% surface rate of aperture and 130 kg/cm2 or more tensile fracture strength in the vertical direction.    A lithium salt electrolyte is impregnated and immobilised in certain fine pores.    ADVANTAGE -   Offers high ionic conductivity and mechanical strength. Avoids break-through of electrolyte. Offers high contact efficiency with electrode. Excels in flexibility and workability.
A non-aqueous electrolyte battery has a positive electrode and a negative electrode and formed by integrating at least a positive electrode active material or a negative electrode active material by a binder. The binder consists of a mixt. of imide formation-terminated polyimide exerting solubility to an organic solvent, and a fluorine-based polymer.    ADVANTAGE -   The polyimide increases a binding property to a mix and a collector. No mix is therefore desorbed from the collector. The result decreases no battery capacity even if the battery is repeatedly used under a rapid temp. change state. The battery has high reliability and superior productivity. The use of the battery for a sec. battery yields superior charge discharge cycle characteristics.
The battery has an electrode group (21) which is inserted into a cylindrical armoured can (22). A separator is installed between the anode and cathode terminals. An U-shaped upper caulk portion (3a) and a lower caulk portion (3b) is formed on the opening edge of the armoured can. A sealant (27) is fixed by a caulk portion (3) through a gasket (23). The gasket has the melting point equivalent to the m.pt. of the separator. A single composition material or the copolymerised material is employed as the sealant.    ADVANTAGE -   The battery suppresses abnormal raise of battery internal pressure, prevents rupture of sealant and improves battery efficiency.
The jacket material consists of a coating material which forms the upper layer. The coating material comprises unimolecular substance with two reactants obtained from partial hydrolysate polymerisation oligomer of methyl or ethyl silicate. The reaction is supported by a catalyst. It also contain ethyl or methyl alcohol, an inorganic powder chosen from silicon oxide, aluminium oxide, partially stabilised zirconium, titanium oxide, talc,mica, boron nitride, molybdenum sulphide. Silane coupling agent is used forming subcoating layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Has film coating hardness and high anti-wearing quality and does not cause sagging.
Polyisocyanate is obtd. through: (a) reacting diisocyanate with polyether polyol A with the equiv. ratio of an isocyanate gp./a hydroxyl gp. in the range of 5/1-100/1; (b) substantially removing the unchanged diisocyanate and a solvent. A polymer electrolyte contains the polyisocyanate having the following, and an inorganic salt or an ammonium salt. (1) residual di:isocyanate monomer concn.: 0-5 wt.%; (2) polyether polyol concn.: 10-98 wt.%; and (3) isocyanate gp. concn.: 1-20 wt.%.    USE -   The polymer electrolyte is used in batteries, partic., a lithium battery, or electronic devices, including a capacitor (condenser), electrochromic display.    ADVANTAGE -   The polyisocyanate has dramatically improved compatibility with polyether polyol B. The result allows the use of polyether polyol which was not used in the past. A polymer obtd. from the polyisocyanate has high inter-crosslinking molecular wt. The resulting polymer electrolyte has high ion conductivity, good mechanical properties, and film strength.
Battery comprises at least one anode (14) and at least one cathode (15) sandwiching at least one electrolyte (16) comprising a soluble amorphous thermoplastic polyimide and a lithium salt. The anode comprises an anode current collector (11), soluble amorphous thermoplastic polyimide, electroconductive fillers and intercalation materials. The cathode comprises a cathode current collector (12), a polyimide, an electroconductive filler and a metal oxide.    Also claimed are: (a) the electrolyte described above; and (b) the preparation of the battery described above.    The electrodes also contain a lithium salt selected from LiCl, LiBr, Li(ClO4), Li(BF4), Li(PF6), Li(AsF6), Li(CH3CO2), Li(CF3SO3), Li(CF3SO2)2N, Li(CF3CO2), Li(CF3SO2)3, Li(B(C6H5)4), Li(SCN) and Li(NO3), preferably Li(PF6). The anode current collector comprises an expanded metal foil having apertures, preferably of Al. The cathode current collector comprises an expanded metal foil with apertures, preferably of Cu. The intercalation material is selected from (activated) C, graphite, petroleum coke, a Li alloy, Ni powder and low voltage Li intercalation compound. The metal oxide is selected from LiCoO2, LiMnO2, LiNiO2, V2O5 and LiMn2O4.    The electrolyte comprises 2-10 wt.% polyimide and 1-12 wt.% Li salt selected from those listed above.    ADVANTAGE -   The electrolyte does not require swelling or introduction of plasticisers. The battery has good interlayer adhesion, is capable of dissolving a large amount of lithium salt, is environmentally safe and has high ionic conductivity, which changes little with environmental conditions. The battery preparation requires no pre-treatment of current collectors, no curing of polyimide, no heating above tg of polyimide, and no high temperature and pressure. The battery has high flexibility.
An anode comprises an active material selected from elemental S, a metal sulphide or metal polysulphide, mixed with electroconductive and ion conductive materials. At least 10% of the active material is accessible to electrons and ionic charge carriers. The ionically conductive material is a solid or gel material, and is not a (poly)sulphide. The metals an alkali and/or an alkaline earth metal.    Also claimed is a battery containing the anode a respective current collector, a cathode including a metal (ion), and a separator.    USE -   For high and medium power applications such as in electric vehicles and load levelling.    ADVANTAGE -   A low equivalent weight and high cell voltage provide a high specific energy. Operation is possible in a wide range of temperatures including ambient and sub-ambient, e.g. -40 to 145C.
The method involves mixing a metal powder with oxide powder in the ratio of 7:3-1:9. The average grain sizes of the metal powder and the oxide powder are 1-10micrometers and 0.1- 5micrometers, respectively.    By mixing these powders, a slurry is formed. The slurry is painted on a frame of urethane foam. The nickel madreporic is manufactured by drying and baking the slurry.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves tensile strength.
A rechargeable lithium battery consists of at least one lithium anode, one lithium ion reducible cathode bonded to a first polymer, and a polymer electrolyte comprising a lithium salt in solution in a second polymer. The battery contains a potassium ion additive distributed in the cathode and/or the polymer electrolyte. The concentration of lithium and potassium in the second polymer, when the battery has reached equilibrium, expressed as O/(Li + K), is between 8/1 and 40/1 and the molar ratio Li/K is between 0.2 and 15.    Also claimed are (i) the lithium ion reducible cathode bonded to a polymer and (ii) the polymer electrolyte containing potassium ions.    ADVANTAGE -   The potassium ions stabilise battery performance (with respect to energy and power) during cycling. They maintain the morphology of the lithium anode and optimise the physical properties of the cathode. The battery can be recycled many tens of times without dendrite formation.
A solar cell module comprises the solar cell itself, encapsulated between a support and a protective film, in which the film and/or encapsulant covers and seals the edge of the support.    Also claimed are (i) the method of producing the module. The cell and a seal are sandwiched between a support and a protective film, the film is turned back over the edge of the support, to cover part of its rear. The lamination so obtained, is hot pressed and (ii) a constructional member integrated with the module described; and a solar generator incorporating the components described, with an inverter controlling it output.    USE -   Used to make a durable solar cell module for outdoor use, which generates a useful supply of electricity.    ADVANTAGE -   The construction prevents the sealing material from peeling away from the edge of the solar cell module. It also prevents edge-rusting, when the support is a steel sheet. It is simpler and less costly than use of an added protective section, as in prior art. The edges are particularly vulnerable in conventional designs, the weather tending to cause exfoliation and rust. Rust initiates, accelerates and spreads peeling. Productivity is enhanced by the new construction. The body of the patent details suitable materials for all parts of the device. A number of examples are also detailed, with test results covering effects of temperature and humidity change and elevation, salt spray testing, and comparative production times per module.
Polyesteramide resin is obtained by the polymerisation of a uniform transparent solution (A) at 180-260C at reduced pressure. The limiting viscosity (Ubbeload tube, o-chlorophenol solution, 30C) is 0.1-1.2. Solution (A) is prepared by esterifying a polyester components comprising a dicarboxylic acid of formula HOOC-R1 -COOH (I) and a diol of formula HO-R2 -OH (II) (100 pts.) by dissolving an OH-end-containing polyamide (3-250 pts.) with a reducing viscosity (1 g/dL 98% H2 SO4 solution, 20C) = 0.5-7] at 150-230C. In the formulae: R1 = 2-8C alkylene; and R2= 2-6C alkylene.    USE -   Used in lithium-ion secondary cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The product provides flexibility and improved adhesivity to a binder resin (or binder) of lithium-ion cells. It has good flexibility and resistance to solvent and electrolyte solution.
Polyesteramide resin which is obtained by polymerisation of a uniform transparent soln. (A) at 180-260 C at reduced pressure, where m.pt. is at least 150 C, cloride of crystal melting is at least 3 mJ/mg and limiting viscosity (Ubbe load tube, o-chlorophenol soln., 30 C) is 0.1-1.2. The soln. (A) is prepared by esterifying a polyester components comprising a dicarboxylic acid of formula HOOC-R1-COOH (I) and a diol of formula HO-R2-OH (II) 100 pts. by dissolving a n OH-end-containing polyamide 3-250 pts. [with reducing viscosity (1 g/dL 98% H2 SO4soln., 20 C) = 0.5-7] at 150-230 C. In the formulae: R1 = 2-8C alkylene and R2 = 2-6C alkylene.    USE -   Used in Li-ion secondary cell.    ADVANTAGE -   Product provides flexibility and improved adhesivity to a bind er resin (or binder) of Li-ion cell. It excels in flexibility, resistance to sol vent and electrolyte soln..
Polyesteramide resin which is obtained by polymerisation. of a uniform transparent soln. (A) at 180-260 C at reduced pressure, wherein limiting viscosity (Ubbeload tube, o-chlorophenol soln., 30 C) is 0.1-1.2. The soln. (A) is prepared by esterifying a polyester components comprising a dicarboxylic acid of formula HOOC-R1-COOH (I) and a diol of formula HO-R2-OH (II) 100 pts. by dissolving an OH-end-contg. polyamide 3-250 pts. with reducing viscosity (1 g/dL 98% H2SO4 soln., 20 C) = 0.05-0.5] at 150-230 C. In the formulae: R1 = 2-8C alkylene and R2 = 2-6C alkylene.    USE -   Used in Li-ion secondary cell.    ADVANTAGE -   Product provides flexibility and improved adhesivity to a bind er resin (or binder) of Li-ion cell. It excels in flexibility, resistance to sol vent and electrolyte soln..
An adhesive (I) for adhering an electrode to a separator in a battery, contains (a) an organic vinyl compound(s) having at least one vinyl group per molecule. Also claimed is a battery made using an adhesive, comprising an electrode laminate having: a positive electrode (1); a negative electrode (4); a separator (7) arranged between the positive and negative electrodes, and holding an electrolytic solution; and an adhesive resin layer (8) arranged to bond the positive and negative electrodes to the separator, wherein the adhesive resin layer is composed of (I).    USE -   In secondary batteries having reduced size and weight, used in portable electronic equipment.    ADVANTAGE -   The adhesive has sufficient adhesive strength and heat resistance to produce an integral battery which can be made in a variety of shapes including a thin film. The battery is highly reliable and has high voltage, large energy density and high charge and discharge efficiency over a broad temperature range.
A regenerative photovoltaic cell has current collector areas (32, 33, 34) insulated from each other on a substrate (36), one of the areas being a conductive porous material encapsulated with a dye-coated semiconductor functional coating to form interconnected nano-cells. The layer faces the incident light (30) and the current collector areas are insulated from each other by ion-permeable means and are in ionic contact via an electrolyte (34). The conductive porous material is preferably a metal (oxide) and substrate (36) may be glass or a polymer layer.    USE -   Used as a photovoltaic cell for the conversion of daylight, etc..    ADVANTAGE -   The cell can be manufactured economically and is capable of high conversion efficiency.
A sunshine recorder and wind gauge consists of an anemometer with vanes (2) and a collector (3,6) for the sun's rays. The collector is situated above the vanes of the anemometer and in the middle of the instrument, so that the rays of the sun are not interrupted by the rotating vanes.    The solar ray collector is in the form of an optical dome (3) extended by a well (6) which carries the rays to a light-sensitive cell (7) or, in a variant having a diffusing membrane over a cylinder, and a collector to deliver the rays to the cell, which has a printed circuit. The dome is made from polymethacrylate, and the diffusing membrane of polycarbonate.    ADVANTAGE -   Ensures accurate measurement of hours of sunshine.
The roof tile, incorporating a solar cell to gather solar energy, has a transparent plastics film passing wholly round the solar cell and/or roof tile to give the solar cell a durable protection against mechanical damage and damage through the effects of the environment. It is immovable and durably attached to the tile. The contacts for the solar cells, are at the back of the tile sealed against steam diffusion. The tile is of alternative materials, in a natural appearance, such as of duroplastics, thermoplastics, elastomer or metal materials. The film is resistant to ultra violet, and can have a ceramic coating for self-cleaning.    ADVANTAGE -   The solar tile can use cheaper polycrystalline or amorphous silicon cells, or nano-crystalline injection solar cells.
The cooling plate has a water flow path (2) for cooling, which consists of the tubes arranged in meandering pattern. An outline board (5) which consists of high heat conductivity material covers the water flow path. The outline board consists of two thin sheets which are moulded by spinning process. Then laser welding is performed to join the two thin sheets.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides efficient and inexpensive cooling plate for fuel batteries. Offers light weight cooling plate.
The battery consists of an insulated anode (2), a cathode(4). A non-aqueous electrolyte containing polymer is also provided. A separator (5) is arranged between anode and cathode. At least one component in the battery contains a flame retardant to generate non-combustible volatile at high temperature among the anode and cathode and the separator.    ADVANTAGE -   There is no combustion of electrolyte at high temperature, and safety is improved.
The method involves arranging a solid polymer electrolyte on an active material mixture layer. The solid polymer electrolyte has the ion conductiveness for dissolving the supporting electrolyte. The hardening of the solid polymer electrolyte is done and subsequently the sheet is peeled from the flat surface.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves charging and discharging characteristic.
The battery contains a polymer electrolyte film (60). A fuel pole (61) and an oxidizing agent pole (62) are arranged on either side of the electrolyte film mutually. A fuel pole side collector (69) and an oxidizing agent pole side collector (71) are provided at the back of the fuel pole and the oxidizing agent pole respectively. Multiple fuel supply grooves (70) are made to contact the fuel pole which supplies hot gas to the fuel pole. Similarly, multiple oxidizing agent supply grooves (72) are provided on the oxidizing agent to supply oxidizing gas. The oxidizing agent supply grooves are arranged covering a rectangular domain in which the oxidizing gas is supplied longitudinally.    ADVANTAGE -   Enhances battery life.
A gel polymer electrolyte (I) comprises an organic electrolytic solution and a polymer alloy film comprising a phase separation where the film comprises at least one polymer slightly swelling in the solution and a polymer soluble in it, having less than 100nm phase separation. Also claimed is an electrolyte as (I) where the film is formed by mixing or mutual dissolution of a poly(methyl methacrylate) and at least one poly(vinylidene fluoride) or copolymer of vinylidene fluoride. Also claimed is a lithium polymer battery comprising a negative and positive electrode with an electrolyte as (I) between them.    USE -   Used within lithium ion secondary batteries of e.g. 4V.    ADVANTAGE -   The electrolyte prevents dendrite at the lithium cathode thereby preventing internal short circuit and providing high cycle efficiency and safety.
Aprotic electrolytic composition located in separator and in at least one composite electrode containing powder of active electrode material, and if necessary, an electronic conduction additive of electrochemical generator is claimed. Composition comprises first polymer matrix consisting of polyether, and at least a second polymer matrix, macroscopically separated, and also at least one alkaline salt, as well as a polar aprotic solvent.; said matrices being capable of being swollen by at least one of the aprotic solvents, solvent(s) being unevenly distributed between polymer matrices. Also claimed are electrochemical generator using said composition as electrolytic component, and method for manufacture of said generator.    USE -   As electrolytic component of electrochemical generator (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   Level of swelling of matrices makes it possible to optimise locally the conducting properties of composite electrodes and mechanical properties of the separator.
A polymer solid electrolyte(PSE) contains an electron-absorbing gp. in the main chain of the molecule and is an alkali metal salt.    USE -   The PSE is suitable as lithium secondary battery.    ADVANTAGE -   The PSE has high ion conductivity but does not increase in the internal resistance.
The device has an ion emission layer in which occlusion release of ion is possible. The ion emission layer is formed on both surfaces of a tubular grid. Several electrodes (1, 2) are provided on the ion emission layer. An electrolyte is interposed between the electrodes. An electrically insulated ion conducting layer is formed on surface of ion emission layer. An electric charge is maintained by occlusion of ion polarised by applied voltage to electrodes.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids need for separator. Simplifies assembly.
The collector contains carbon fibre paper formed by binding carbon short fibres having length of at least 3 mm, and at least 5 times of thickness of fibre paper.    USE -   The solid polymer type collector is used for fuel cell.    ADVANTAGE -   The collector for fuel cell is free from occurring shortage to the counter electrode, free from destroy by pressurising, has relatively low resistance, and has low price.
The battery has an anode consisting of lead-antimony alloy.One or more kinds of phenolic organic compound which has aldehyde, carboxyl or alcoholic group are included. A cellulose derivative such as CMC, methyl cellulose co-exists with a positive active material.    ADVANTAGE -   Stabilizes binding capacity of anode. Restrains absorption of antimony by cathode surface. Maintains liquid state of electrolyte for long period of time.
The battery includes a jar filled with bisphenol F-type epoxy resin with a hardener of isophorone diamine group, and a cover made of ABS resin containing -methyl styrene. The jar hardener seals by maintaining 60 C for 30 minutes.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents heat deformation of the battery jar and cover.
The solid conductive composed is composed of alkali metal, polyether group polymer, high polarised polymer, and high polarised plasticiser.    USE -   The solid ion conductive compound is used for Ni-Cd battery, etc.    ADVANTAGE -   The solid ion conductive compound has high ion conductivity, good mechanical strength, and good flexibility.
A rechargeable electrochemical energy conversion device (I) resisting damage from overcharge comprises: (a) a positive electrode other than a sulphur electrode; (b) a negative electrode; (c) a sulphur-based additive including at least of one elemental sulphur, sulphide species and a polysulphide species; and (d) an electrolyte in which the polysulphide species are substantially soluble and the sulphide species are substantially insoluble.    During overcharge, a polysulphide species is oxidised which is subsequently reduced by a reaction with the substantially insoluble sulphide species.    Also claimed are: (1) a method of providing protection against overcharge damage comprising providing the above device (I) and overcharging such that the above overcharge reaction occurs; (2) another rechargeable electrochemical energy conversion device (II) resisting damage from overcharge comprising: (i) a negative electrode; (ii) a positive electrode containing one or more intermediate species which are oxidised to one or more oxidised species during overcharge, which can move to the negative electrode where they are reduced back to the intermediate species, the oxidised species reacting more rapidly than the intermediate species at the negative electrode; and (iii) a tuning species which adjusts the rate at which the oxidised species are reduced and thereby adjusts the voltage at which overcharge protection is provided; and (3) a method of providing protection against overcharge damage comprising providing the above device (II) and overcharging such that the above overcharge reaction occurs.    USE -   The device is sued to protect the mechanism from overcharging.    ADVANTAGE -   The employed protective species resist attack by lithium, are stable in reduced and oxidised states and do not impede the cell's normal charge and discharge functioning.
A battery paste for a lead oxide battery plate comprises lead oxide, sulphuric acid and a water soluble naphthalene sulphonic acid formaldehyde condensate with a molecular weight of 9000-15000. Also claimed are (i) a battery plate coated with the paste, and (ii) a battery incorporating the battery plate.    USE -   For automotive applications requiring smaller batteries that are just as efficient as larger ones.    ADVANTAGE -   Natural lignin used conventionally can be replaced with the sulphonated aromatic dispersant which can be readily reproduced and allowing reproducible battery performance from batch to batch. BaSO4 in the electrode paste is completely dispersed, a stronger electrode plate can be produced, and battery performance and life are extended. Less synthetic material, about a half ot a third that of conventional lignin, is required. The battery is stable at higher temperatures.
The solid polymer electrolytic element consists of solid polymer electrolytic membranes, catalytic layers, and porous electrodes. The cloth material is embedded to the polymer electrolytic membrane.    USE -   The solid polymer electrolytic element is used for solid polymer electrolytic modules.    ADVANTAGE -   The solid polymer electrolytic element can prevent electric shortage accidents at the thermal adhesion of an electrolytic element and an electrode.
Solid polymer elecrolyte treated with heated or washed with ultrasonic wave for reducing the total amt. of residual polymsn. initiator and storage stabiliser.    A secondary cell comprising the solid polymer electrolyte is also claimed.    USE -   Used in storage battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Product cell provides an excellent charge-discharge cycle performance.
A photovoltaic device has an electrostatic withstand voltage of not less than 5 kV.    Also claimed are: (i) an array of the above devices produced by electrically connecting several devices; and (ii) a solar cell module producing by sealing the above device with a filler resin.    USE -   The photovoltaic device is used for the production of electrical energy.    ADVANTAGE -   The photovoltaic device is protected from electrostatic voltage when touched by a charged worker. The device has a high reliability and achieves a high yield in production processes.
An aperture upper edge portion of a metallic bottomed cell container and a peripheral edge portion of a metallic bottomed cell container and a peripheral edge portion of a metallic sealing plate are hermetically sealed by laser welding. A through-hole is provided at a centre portion of the sealing plate, and a rivet which also functions as a terminal is clamped, hermetically sealed and fixed through a gasket. An exhaust hole is provided between the terminal and the peripheral edge portion of the sealing plate, and this exhaust hole is closed by a metal foil, thus providing the explosion-proof safety valve.    ADVANTAGE -   By reliably actuating the explosion-proof valve with a simple structure and without sacrificing the capacity, the safety of the battery is to be ensured. With such a simple structure, the valve operates accurately to prevent fault. The sealing plate is continuously manufactured in a hoop-like shape.
The battery consists of a multilayer body which is comprises more than two single cells. A flat solid state polyelectrolyte object is present, which is supported by a pair of electrodes. Several conduction paths serially connected, are formed along the external surface of electrode layer making an obtuse angle with the electrode layer. The conduction path is laminated by a pair of separators.    ADVANTAGE -   Suppresses adhesion of liquid drop on electrode surface. Maintains diffusion of reaction gas towards electrode layer.
The solid state fuel battery has ion exchange membrane (1) of 50 or less m thickness equipped with gas diffusion electrode (4). The electrode consists of a catalyst layer (2) and a diffusion layer (3) which are provided on both sides of membrane. A reinforcement film (7) which has the shape of the catalyst layer is provided on one surface side of the membrane, with a window corresponding to the electrodes.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents rupture of ion exchange membrane during battery assembly and during membrane electrode junction operation. Realises superior sealing property.
The secondary battery (1) consists of electrode made of carbon material which is coated and baked with a mixture of graphite powder and a thermosetting resin in an inert atmosphere or vacuum. The carbon material consists of a resinous coal compound of predetermined weight percentage. The graphite powder has BET specific surface area of S(m2/g) such that S and X satisfy the formula X2.77xS-3.85.    ADVANTAGE -   Possesses high energy density and high discharge density. Is used even under cold climates.
The separator consists of a first film which is obtained by mixing polyethylene and polypropylene in the ratio of 5:5 and a second film of simple polypropylene. The second film is formed on both sides of first film and heated to 120C. The film deposited surfaces are electrified at -250V and +270V, respectively to form mutually opposite charged surfaces.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents internal short circuit of battery.
The battery includes a jar made of a polyphenylene ether group resin material. Ultraviolet rays are radiated onto the joint portion of the battery jar and the cover. Then, the joint portion and the terminal sealing portion are sealed with an adhesive.    ADVANTAGE -   Offers airtight battery.
The high polymer solid electrolyte comprises electrolyte salt, solvent, and high polymer having principal chain of vinylidene fluoride copolymer, and branched chain of polyvinylidene fluoride.    USE -   The high polymer solid electrolyte is used for Li secondary cells for note-type personal computers, video cameras, and portable telephones; or for electric double layer capacitors.    ADVANTAGE -   High polymer solid electrolyte having improved bondability to collectors or electrodes, can be obtd. Applied films of the electrolyte can be continuously multilayered with reduced internal resistance.
The aluminium electrolyte condenser is built into a metallic housing (1) with a partial insulation through a shrunk tube (3), for fitting to a mounting plate. The shrunk tube (3) extends to a point near the base of the basing, with a plastics cap (4) for insulation at the basin base, pref. of polyester.    ADVANTAGE -   The structure gives an effective heat dissipation at the base.
A lithium secondary battery comprises an immobilised electrolyte, containing alkali metal salt(s) (1), non-aqueous solvent(s) (2) and an immobilising polymer (3). (3) is a cellulose acetate (propionate), cellulose acetate butyrate, polyvinylidene fluoride hexafluoropropylenes or polyvinylidene-vinylacetates. The tetrafluoropropylene is present at 12 wt.% of the salts, solvents and/or polymer of the electrolyte.    Also claimed are (i) a lithium secondary battery where the electrolyte comprises one or more of solvents (a) to (e), (ii) preparation method of a lithium secondary battery comprising mixing (2); discharging (1) in (2); adding (3) and optionally monomers or oligomers with polymerisable functional group(s), polymerising the optional monomers/oligomers; and sandwiching the immobilised organic electrolyte between positive and negative electrodes to form the battery; and (iii) use of the polymers (3) as immobilising agents for the lithium battery.    Preferably (3) is used at 2-5 wt.% of the total system, and the cellulose polymer has an OH content 3 wt.%. (3) is optionally mixed with monomers or oligomers selected from urea formaldehyde, melamine or polyisocyanates, preferably crosslinked by heat, light or electrons. The polyvinylidene fluoride-tetrafluoropropylene is present at 4-8 wt.%, and the polyvinylpyrrolidone- vinylacetate is present at 5-10 wt.%. (1) is ClO4-, CF3SO3-, AsF6-, PF6-; and preferably LiPF6 or LiBF4, present at 0.1-1.5 M. The battery separator comprises a porous material manufactured from polyethylene, propylene, PC or cellulose; or glass fibre, preferably boron silicate based, and having a pore size of 10x10 nm - 1x1 mm. The separator is 10-25 thick.    USE -   The lithium secondary battery avoids problems with electrolyte leakage, and high-conductivity allows use at full capacity.
Roll-forming an extruded arcuate, elongated linear thermoplastic Fresnel lens (104) involves moving the lens. It is an extruded sheet with a smooth outer surface and an inner surface with a series of elongated grooves serving as lens sections spaced side-by-side across its width. A drive/support roller (150-153) is rotatably mounted on a support frame, and engages and rolls the outer lens surface as it moves. A tooth-forming roller (140-143), rotatably mounted to the support frame, has an external profile with tooth-forming projections formed on it for engaging the grooves on the inner surface, the roller being positioned on the inner surface of the lens opposite the drive/support roller and loosely mounted on the frame, to track the grooves formed in the lens and improve the profile of the lens section by sharpening the root radius and flattening the optical face of each lens section.    Also claimed is a method of increasing the efficiency of a lens with the above apparatus.    USE -   The lens is used in a solar collection system.    ADVANTAGE -   The apparatus and method improve the formation of the grooves which serve as lens sections to increase the overall efficiency of the solar energy conversion unit.
The battery comprises positive and negative electrodes in an alkaline electrolyte, with either or both electrodes carrying at least one porous, active-nickel foil layer, electrically connected to the electrode. The added-layer to electrode ratios should be (i) capacitance 0.01:0.25, (ii) porosities 1.2:3.5, and (iii) thickness 0.02:0.3    USE -   The battery is used in starter systems.    ADVANTAGE -   The battery gives increased second level amps. on discharge.
A polymer electrolyte including a copolymer including a polymer unit of tetrafluoroethylene and a polymer unit of propylene as a matrix, and a solution obtd by dissolving lithium salt as solute into a solvent, is used in a Li battery.    ADVANTAGE -   The battery has high holding property of electrolyte
The battery contains an electrically conductive adjuvant (5) which is arranged on the surface of a negative electrode collector (4). A negative electrode active material (6) of smaller length, is arranged on the inner side of the electrically conductive adjuvant. The length of the active material is less than that of the adjuvant by about 0.2mm. A solid polymer electrolyte (7) of length equal to or less than the adjuvant, is arranged between the negative electrode active material and the adjuvant.    USE -   For portable apparatus, toys, stationary and accessories.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves bonding strength and battery light. Suppresses stain generation in electrolytic component. The battery also reduces self-discharge rate and prevents internal short circuit.
The battery consists of an anode (1), a cathode (2) and a first solid polymer electrolyte layer (3). A first solid polymer electrolyte acts as a separator. The cathode comprises a carbon capable of occluding lithium ion. The cathode contains solid polymer electrolyte having Young's modulus of 0.1 x 104 -3.5 x 104 Kgf/cm2.    ADVANTAGE -   Good charging and discharging characteristic.
The battery has a negative electrode whose active material contains zinc particles coated with a silver powder, having an average grain size specifically of 7 m. A sintered nickel-hydroxide positive electrode which undergoes winding in a separator, is also present.    USE -   In portable devices e.g. notebook PC and other electrical equipment.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces deterioration of zinc compound, improving charging and discharging cycle life and discharging capacity of cell.
The structure includes a flat rectangular vacuum case (1) made of synthetic resin in which a power generating component is accommodated. A first external angular portion (2a) is formed on a thin pad (5), on any one corner among the four corners of the case. A second external angular portion is provided which functions as a safety valve for explosion protection. The first angular portion is made thinner than second angular portion.    ADVANTAGE -   Obtains sufficient explosion protection effect. Enhances mouldability. Prevents dispersion of electrolyte during safety valve operation.
Processed material for increasing the power density of lithium (Li) secondary batteries contains boric ester derivatives (I).    Also claimed is a method of producing the material.    ADVANTAGE -   The material stops the system chemically if the battery is over-loaded (claimed). The current is increased and the number of cycles is increased, without sacrificing operating safety, by increasing the conductivity and Li transport without (localised) salt depletion.
A porous electrode substrate for an electrochemical fuel cell, the substrate comprising preformed web(s) having low electrical conductivity containing an electrically conductive filler.    Also claimed are: (1) an electrochemical fuel cell comprising a pair of electrically conductive separator plates and a membrane electrode assembly interposed between them which comprises a pair of electrodes and an ion exchange membrane interposed between them, the electrode(s) comprising the above porous electrode substrate; (2) preparation of a porous electrode substrate for an electrochemical fuel cell, comprising filling a preformed web having low electrical conductivity with an electrically conductive filler; and (3) preparing a multilayer porous electrode substrate, comprising: (i) filling at least 2 preformed webs having low electrical conductivity with an electrically conductive filler; and (ii) laminating the webs together.    USE -   The electrode substrates are particularly suitable for use in solid polymer electrochemical fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The electrode substrates have performance characteristics in fuel cells approaching those of conventional substrates and can provide reduced cost, improved chemical compatibility and resistance to degradation and corrosion in fuel cell operation, improved mechanical properties including strength, durability and dimensional stability, and improved manufacture.
A binder for rechargeable batteries with non-aqueous electrolyte comprising (a) a anode depolarising mix consisting of anode active material, electroconductive agents and a binder; and/or (b) a cathode depolarising mix consisting of cathode active material and a binder, comprises a bi-copolymer comprising 50-80 mol.% fluorovinylidene, and 20-50 mol.% tetrafluoroethylene.    The depolarising mix is also claimed.    USE -   The batteries are used for audio tape recorders, cameras, mobile phones, etc.    ADVANTAGE -   The binder is soluble in general purpose organic solvents, does not swell in a non-aqueous electrolyte. The battery performance is improved.
A passivation-free rechargeable battery comprises Li4Ti5O12 anode active material (A), polyacrylonitrile (PAN) electrolyte (S) and LiMn2O4 cathode active material (C).    Also claimed are: (a) a rechargeable battery as above where the cathode active material is selected from LiMn2O4, LiCoO2, LiNiO2, LiV2O5 and their derivatives; and (b) a rechargeable battery as in (a) where the electrolyte is based on polyacrylonitrile, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyvinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropane copolymer, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene glycol diacrylate and polyvinylsulphone.    ADVANTAGE -   The battery has low internal resistance, high power and long cycle life.
Secondary uses a binder of anode comprising a polymer obtd by the reaction of 100 pt wt of oligomer having at least two functional gps selected from carboxylic acid, amino gp and hydroxyl gp, and having 0.1 - 1.0 dL/g of limiting viscosity (in orthochlorophenol at 30 deg. C), and 1 - 100 pt wt of polyfunctional isocyanate.    ADVANTAGE -   High capacity, and charging and discharging property
A new solid-form organic electrolyte is a gel which is given by cross-linking a specific compsn. contg. a cpd. of formula (1) CH2 =CR1CONH2R3 where R1 = H or CH3 ; R2 , R3= H, 1-4C alkyl gp., or hydroxymethyl gp.    USE -   For high energy density batteries or electrochromic devices.    ADVANTAGE -    The new electrolyte has a higher ionic conductivity of 10-4S/cm. It is easily processed into a thin film flexible, elastic.
A lithium ion secondary battery comprises a positive electrode, a negative electrode and a separator which holds an electrolytic solution. An adhesive resin layer bonds the positive and negative electrodes to corresponding surfaces of the separator. This layer comprises a mixed phase of electrolytic solution, polymer gel containing an electrolytic solution, and polymer solid phases.    Also claimed is a method of fabricating a lithium secondary battery involving: (a) preparing an adhesive resin soln by dissolving different polymer materials having different average molecular weights, and (b) bonding each a positive and a negative electrode to a corresponding surface of a separator by coating with the adhesive resin solution described above.    ADVANTAGE -   The battery is thin and has excellent charge and discharge characteristics.
A process for the production of membrane-electrode units for electrochemical cells with a solid electrolyte membrane between two electrodes, in which ion- or proton-conducting gel particles (22) which are insoluble but swellable with a swelling agent are deposited to form the connection between membrane (21) and electrodes (23). Adaptation to the surface contours of (21) and (23) is achieved by adjusting the viscoelastic properties of the gel, its flow properties and the mobility of the gel particles against each other.    Also claimed is a membrane-electrode unit obtained by this process, with electrodes (23) on both sides of a solid electrolyte membrane (21) and a swellable, insoluble, conductive gel (22) between (21) and (23).    USE -   In fuel cells or electrolyser outfits (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   Enables the production of membrane-electrode units with better adaptation/connection between membrane and electrodes and without causing damage by high pressure and temperature. This ensures very good electrical contact and maximum voltage yield.
An electrochemical cell comprises first and second electrodes and an electrolyte material comprising a sulphonated poly(benzimidazole).    The electrodes are fabricated from materials selected from Ru, Ir, Pt, Co, W, V, Fe, Ni, Mo, Ag, Zn, Pb, Mn, conductive polymers, their alloys and/or their oxides.    Also claimed is the manufacture of an electrolyte material for the above comprising subjecting a polybenzimidazole polymeric material to a sulphur containing acidic species, and heating the material and species to temperatures sufficient to induce sulphonation of the polybenzimidazole polymeric material.    USE -   The electrochemical cells are used for digital communication devices, power tools, portable computers, etc..    ADVANTAGE -   The electrochemical cells have high thermal stability and good chemical resistance, as well as high ionic activity. The materials are easily manufactured and economical to use, and the fabrication of the electrolyte layer is simple, inexpensive and readily repeatable.
An immobilised thin aprotic electrolyte film comprises aprotic electrolyte solution and microporous polyolefin film with affinity towards such solution.    USE -   The electrolyte film can be used to fabricate immobilised liquid film conductors and polymer cells (claimed), for further application such as in electrochromic elements, electric double-layer condensers, electrostatic preventing materials, electromagnetic shields and secondary batteries particularly lithium batteries for mobile phones and portable computer terminals.    ADVANTAGE -   Said film has superior mechanical strength and improved safety and reliability. Polymer cells produced with the thin aprotic electrolyte film have satisfactory high-rate discharge performance at a lower temperature than conventionally lithium batteries, are reduced in self-discharge even at high temperatures, and retain their performance well after charging over long-term storage.
An optionally crosslinked copolyether with weight-average molecular weight of 103-107 comprises:    (A) 0.5-99 mol.% repeating units derived from a monomer of formula (I), where R1, R2 = independently 1-12C alkyl, 2-8C alkenyl, 3-8C cycloalkyl, 6-14C aryl, 7-12C aralkyl, or tetrahydropyranyl, and m, n = 1-12;    (B) 99.5-1 mol.% repeating units derived from a monomer of formula (II); and    (C) 0-15 mol.% repeating units derived from a monomer with 1 epoxy and 1 or more reactive functional groups.    Also claimed is a solid polymer electrolyte prepared by blending (1) the copolyether, (2) an electrolytic salt, and (3), if necessary, a plasticiser selected from aprotic organic solvents, and metal salts, derivatives and their metals salts of linear or branched polyalkylene glycols with number-average molecular weight 200-5000.    USE -   The copolyether can be used to produce solid electrolyte and batteries (claimed), as well as other electrochemical devices such as capacitors, separators and large-volume capacitors, display elements in electrochromic displays, and charge inhibitors in rubber and plastics.    ADVANTAGE -   Solid polymer electrolyte thus fabricated has processability, mouldability, mechanical strength, softness, heat resistance, and improved ion conductivity.
A continuous method for making plates for lead acid batteries comprising: (i) feeding a lead alloy strip (10) through a slitting and expanding station (16) for form a side frame bar strip and an integrated expanded mesh, the strip and mesh together defining the plate width; (ii) pasting (28) the expanded mesh; and (iii) cutting (42) the pasted mesh and frame in a transverse direction to form plates of preselected height while leaving one frames side bar longer to form a lug.    USE -   Especially for forming plates of sealed valve-regulated lead-acid batteries (claimed), used in e.g. motor vehicle. Also for stationary applications such as standby electrical power systems.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables grids of any desired size, design and electrical performance to be produced in continuous manner.
Ion-conductive thin film manufacturing composition comprises an alkali salt of formula A+B- (I) in amt. of 1-50 wt% of the total compsn., a photocuring initiator 0.1-20 wt%, polyethyleneglycolate of formula R1-C(CH2)-COO-(CH2CH2O)m-R1 (II) in amount of 1-60 wt%, a crosslinking agent of formula R1-C(CH2)-COO-(CH(R2)CH2O)n-CO-CR1=CH2 (III) in amt. of 1-60 wt% per wt. of above cpd. (II) and a vinyl monomer of formula R1-CR3=CH2 (IV) in amt. of 1-50 wt%. A+ = alkali ion of Li, Na, etc.; B- = ion of Cl, Br, SCN, ClO4, AsF6, BF4, etc.; R1 = H or 1-20C lower alkyl; m = integer 200-1000; R2 = same as R1 or a group of formula (V); R3 = phenyl or a group of formula (VI). Also claimed is the manufacture of the thin film comprising curing the compsn. by irradiating UV beam of 200-400nm to form a polymer network.    USE -   Used in solid electrochemical element (chemical cell).    ADVANTAGE -   Product excels in mechanical strength, adhesivity and high ion conductivity at ordinary temperature.
The battery includes a flexible polymer electrolyte film (16) that contains electrolyte in a polymer binder. The electrolyte contains lithium salt and organic aprotic solvent solution. The organic aprotic solvent solution contains an ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate and gamma butyrolactone.    USE -   Used for microelectronics application.    ADVANTAGE -   The battery improves capacity of battery with low ambient temperature and prevents danger of leakage of electrolyte, thereby improving performance characteristics of electrolyte.
A negative electrode material and a positive electrode material are installed in opposition to each other through a separator and are sealed in a battery can through a sealing gasket. The positive electrode active material is coated with a Li ion conductive polymer.    ADVANTAGE -   The service capacity maintenance ratio can be increased, and the reliability can be improved.
The enclosed lead secondary cell comprises a battery jar consisting of mother material of resin having high water-absorption rate, as ABS resin. In melt-attaching the jar cover to the battery jar body, the amount of the forced-out edge chip of melted resin in melt-attaching shall be as follows. Wt. of the chip = density(g/cm3) x [0.3-0.5](cm) x thickness(cm) of the melt-attached portion x length(cm) of the melt-attached portion.    ADVANTAGE -   In melt-attaching the jar cover to the battery jar body of the secondary cell, air bubbles can be squashed, and improvedly airtight battery jars can be obtained. In melt-attaching of the jar cover using a hot plate, no preliminarily drying of the battery jar is needed, and the jar can be cost savingly prepared.
A polymer electrolyte contains a specific repeating monomer unit and an organic solvent. The monomer unit contains fluorine atoms and functional groups having a lithium carboxylate structure.    USE -   For batteries.    ADVANTAGE -    The new polymer electrolyte has a higher ionic conductivity of around 10-3S/cm at room temperature, a good film-forming property, a good flexibility, and a higher mechanical strength.
The cover contains a transparent surface layer which has a photocatalyst oxide particle, amorphous silicon and fluoro plastic. Thereby the adhesion of dirt to panel surface is prevented. The heat absorption efficiency of the panel is also improved.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves durability and efficiency of solar panel.
An organic electrolyte battery comprises positive and negative plates comprising an active material contained in an electroconductive substrate and a resistor layer of higher resistance than the substrate.    USE -   Used for electric vehicles, storing night-generated electricity.    ADVANTAGE -   The battery has good safety under extreme conditions e.g. nailing and breakage while maintaining high energy density.
The lithium ion battery comprises a positive collector (2) with an electroconductive thin film and a positive compound layer (1), and a negative collector (4) with an electroconductive thin film and a negative compound layer (5) sandwiching an electrically insulating film (3) with an electrolyte film (6) in contact with at least one of the positive and negative compound layers.    USE -   Used for portable apparatus e.g. telephone, PCs, video cameras, etc..    ADVANTAGE -   The battery has high energy density, is lightweight and has good safety. The use of the battery allows the reduction of portable apparatus weight.
A bipolar electrochemical capacitor device comprises at least one bipolar capacitor subassembly comprising first and second electrode layers disposed on opposite sides of a layer of solid electrolyte material. The bipolar capacitor subassembly is disposed between a pair of current collecting electrodes.    USE -   The device is used in rechargeable electrochemical batteries and/or electrochemical capacitors, used in digital communication devices, power tools, portable computers, etc..    ADVANTAGE -   The device has reduced size and weight, and is simple, inexpensive and readily repeatable.
A gel-type solid polymer electrolyte comprises: (a) a matrix consisting of an acrylic ester polymer with structural units derived from 1 or more acrylic esters of formula (I) and (II), (b) a non-aqueous solvent composed of carbonic ester, and (c) a salt of a Group Ia metal of the Periodic Table.    CH2=C(R1)-C(=O)-O-(C(R2)HC(R2')HO)n-C(=O)-O-R3 (I)    CH2=C(R4)-C(=O)-O-(C(R5)HC(R6)HO)p-[C(=O)-O-(C(R7)HC(R8)HO)q]r-C(=O)-C(R9)=CH2 (II)    In (I) R1, R2' = independently H, 1-4C alkyl; R3 = 1-4C alkyl; n = 1-100. In (II) R4-R9 = H, or 1-4C alkyl; p, q, r = 1-100.    Also claimed is a process for producing the solid polymer electrolyte by polymerisation of a mixture of a salt of Group Ia metal, carbonic ester-based non-aqueous solvent and a solution of monomer (I) or/and (II).    USE -   The solid polymer electrolyte may be used in primary and secondary batteries, capacitors, electrochromic displays and medical actuators.    ADVANTAGE -   The electrolyte has high ionic conductivity and is electrochemically stable, so there will not be any problems with leakage, leading to high reliability.
An ion conductive solid polymer electrolyte is a composite in which alkali metal salt is contained in an organic polymer. The organic polymer is prepared by crosslinking (M)monomer in which crown ether ring is combined with triphenylene skeleton.    USE -   The solid electrolyte is suitable to battery and other electrochemical device material.    ADVANTAGE -   The solid polymer electrolyte has improved ion conductivity and low temp.-characteristics.
Ion-conductive solid macromolecule electrolyte comprises cured organic macromolecule formed by polymerising monomer(s) having dibenzo-crown ether type structure. The monomer has a structure of formula (1), where X = polymerisable monovalent group by irradiation of actinic rays; R = divalent organic group; and l, m = 1-5.    USE -   The electrolyte is used for primary cells, secondary cells, condensers or electrochromic displaying elements.    ADVANTAGE -   The novel electrolyte has good ion conductivities especially at lower temperatures.
The battery (1) includes an active material which performs occlusion release by the lithium ion. An electrode is provided, which comprises solid polymer electrolyte that absorbs an electrolyte. The inorganic solid electrolyte with surface area of 0 m2/g or more is also included.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves safety. Improves industrial value.
A macromolecular solid electrolyte contains: (a) at least one macromolecule having the crosslinking or side chain structure of poly or oligooxyalkylene, fluorocarbon, or oxyfluorocarbon; (b) at least one electrolyte; and (c) at least one filler having a particle dia. in the range of 0.01-100 m.    Also claimed are the applications which include: (a) an electrode; (b) a battery; (c) an electrical double layered capacitor; or (d) a polar electrode for the electrical double layered capacitor.    ADVANTAGE -   The macromolecular solid electrolyte has high ion conductivity and is easily combined with the electrode. The resulting electrode has superior fabrication, heat resistance, and high current characteristics. The battery cannot short circuit, has high releasing current, high capacity and high current, and good cycling, superior safety and reliability. The electrical double layered capacitor is free from short circuiting, has high output voltage, high releasing current, high voltage, high capacity and high current, good cycling, and superior safety and reliability.
Lithium ion secondary battery comprises a positive electrode (3) with an active layer (7) formed on a collector (6), a negative electrode (5) with an active layer (9) formed on a collector (10), a separator (4) between the two holding a lithium ion-containing electrolytic solution, and a porous adhesion layer (11) bonding positive and negative active layers to the separator and mutually connecting the two electrodes through the electrolytic solution. Also claimed is the fabrication of the battery by coating the separator and the attaching faces of the active layers with an adhesive resin solution obtained by dispersing a fluoride resin or a mixture containing the fluoride resin as the main component in N-methylpyrrolidone, then evaporating the N-methylpyrrolidone to form the porous adhesion resin layers and supplying a lithium ion-containing electrolytic solution to the laminated body.    USE -   E.g. with portable electronic instruments.    ADVANTAGE -   The battery has good charge and discharge properties with close adherence of the electrodes to the separator without increasing ionic conduction resistance between the electrodes and without using a strong armour case so that it has large energy density and can be made into a thin and optional shape.
A method for the preparation of polymer electrolytes used in rechargeable lithium intercalation cells that contain a lithium salt capable of dissociation dispersed in a polymer matrix comprising a self-supporting vinylidene fluoride/hexafluoropropylene copolymer film, comprises exchanging plasticiser in the film with a solution of the lithium salt in an organic solvent so that the polymer contains 20-70 wt.% of the lithium salt solution.    The plasticiser used is stable under electrochemical conditions in the cell and is chosen from hexylene carbonate, octylene carbonate or tributyl phosphate.    ADVANTAGE -   The stability of these plasticisers compared with eg. propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate or dimethyl carbonate ensures that they give the required diaphragm conductivity and do not lead to a rapid loss in cell capacitance, therefore they do not have to be completely extracted from polymer electrolytes.
A fuel cell (10) element comprises a polymer electrolyte membrane (18) composed of polystyrene sulphonic acid and polyvinylidene fluoride.    A method of decreasing methanol crossover rate in a methanol-based fuel cell (10) comprises crosslinking and polymerising a polymer precursor to form a membrane, sulphonating the membrane and using the membrane (18) in an electrochemical reaction in the fuel cell.    The electrical performance of a fuel cell (10) having an anode (14), a cathode (16) and a polymer electrolyte membrane (18) is enhanced by circulating oxygen (26) around the cathode (16) at a flow rate less than 5 l/minute.    The polymer membrane used as matrix for crosslinking and polymerisation is a polystyrene sulphonic acid/polyvinylidene polymer membrane or a PTFE membrane, optionally blended with polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyvinyl alcohol, optionally blended with polyacrylonitrile, polyvinyl chloride, polyacrylamide, polyethylene oxide, polypropylene, polyethylene, polysulphone, sulphonated polysulphone, polyether sulphone, polyetherimide, polymethyl sulphoxide or polyacrylonitrile membrane, glass hollow fibre membrane composite or a ceramic or zeolite matrix host.    The methanol fuel cell (10) includes a pump (20) moving the methanol (23) to contact the anode (14). The flow rate of oxygen (26) in the cathode compartment (28) is 0.003-2.2 l/minute.    USE -   The membrane (18) is used in a liquid feed fuel cell or in a direct methanol fuel cell (10) undergoing an oxidation/reduction fuel cell reaction with methanol as the active element.    ADVANTAGE -   The membrane enhances efficiency of the fuel cell by decreasing permeation of organic fuel, e.g. methanol.
A primary flexible lithium battery is adapted for microelectronics application. The battery includes a solid polymer electrolyte membrane that preferably has a polyacrylonitrile matrix. The electrolyte contains lithium salts and aprotic organic solvents. Performance of the electrolyte membrane is optimized by controlling the amount of aprotic organic solvents within the membrane with a prescribed molar ratios, In this molar range, the phase transformation of electrolyte solidification would not occur at temperatures higher than 20 deg.C.
The battery includes a positive electrode (1) and a negative electrode (2) which are separated by a separator (3). This arrangement is dipped in an organic electrolyte (4). The organic electrolyte contains fluoropolyether compound. This 0.1-10 wt ratio of fluorine content polymer ether compound is present in the electrolyte solvent.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces reduction in load characteristics of battery due to increase in charging and discharging cycle.
The structure includes an electrode group (2) with an anode (3) and a cathode. The anode contains a PET thin film (33) and an electrically conductive thin film (32) laminated on each other. A mixture layer (31) is provided on either sides of the laminated films.    ADVANTAGE -   Lightweight structure.
Prepn. method of the packed cell, in which at least one cell and electronic circuit substrate are contained in one of two divided resin casings, and the cell and the electronic circuit substrate are electrically connected. The method comprises; putting the cell and the electronic circuit substrate into one of the divided resin casings; applying solvent, in which the resin of the casing is soluble, on the portions, where the resin casings are attached and bonded, of at least one of the divided resin casings; and bonding the other divided resin casing with the resin casing applying pressure.    USE -   The method is used for prepn. of rechargeable cells.    ADVANTAGE -   Bonding condition of the divided resin casings of the packed cell can be improved.
The electrolyte is made of porous object. The porous object consists of a crosslinked acrylonitrile group polymer. An electrolyte compound is dissolved in a non-aqueous solvent and filled in the porous object.    ADVANTAGE -   Offers high conductivity. Excels in high temperature oxidation stability. Ensures safe and easy manufacture of battery.
In the surface of a transparent cover which protects a solar battery, a transparent surface layer is formed which contains photocatalytic oxide particles, silicone and water-repellent fluoro-resin. The silicone can be replaced with amorphous silica.    ADVANTAGE -   Staining of the transparent cover which protects the solar cell is prevented. The energy conversion efficiency of a solar cell is kept high for a long period of time.
The manufacturing method involves forming a first polycrystalline layer (2) on a substrate (1). A first non- crystal film (3) is formed on the first polycrystalline layer.    A hole (4) of predetermined shape is formed on a first non- crystal film. The second non-crystal film is then deposited on a first non-crystal film. The second non-crystal film is heated and made to crystallize forming a second polycrystal layer (6).    ADVANTAGE -   Improves manufacturing efficiency of solar battery. Enables formation of large sized silicon crystal on substrate.
The battery includes a cell (10) in which anode (12) and cathode are arranged over an electrolyte film (11). The cell is supported by a support member. A pair of anodic and cathodic gas channels (21,31) connect the support member to the respective electrodes. The thickness of the electrolytic film is set to be in the range of 3-40 micrometers.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies assembly. Eases humidification control.
The method involves laminating unit cells (1) to form a number of blocks (3). A cooling plate (2) is interposed between the blocks to obtain a laminated fuel battery (5). Voltmeters (11-13) are provided at a block centre cell (1A), to measure cell voltage. The generated voltage is measured and compared with a standard valve, by a calculator (14) which detects abnormality.    ADVANTAGE -   Obtains exact refilling period of cell at early stage. Enables stable operation for long time.
The lattice (10) includes a synthetic resin layer (18) that is formed by the mixture of adhesive resin material and the electrically conductive material. The volume resistivity of the synthetic resin layer has value within the range of 103cm or less. Either surface of synthetic resin layer is covered by a pair of lead alloy thin plates (16) respectively.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves output density of battery. Reduces contact resistance between active material and lattice. Reduces internal resistance of battery. Reduces weight of battery remarkably. Prevents reduction of voltage during usage state. Prevents lead alloy thin plate breakage during expansion process.
The method involves mixing predefined lithium and cobalt compound powder such that mole ratio [Li/Co] is maintained in range of 0.95-10. Then, 100 wt parts of mixed powder is added to 20-30 wt parts of aqueous vinyl alcohol resin, to form granules. Then, the granules are baked for above 6-20 hours in temperature of about 850-1000C in oxygen environment.    ADVANTAGE -   Facilitates operating battery at high temperature. Enables coating lithium cobalt multiple oxide directly on battery surface.
The terminal includes a laminated multilayered body which consists of an electrically conductive sheet (1) and a resin sheet (2). A hole is formed over the resin sheet. The resin sheet is laminated in the centre section of the conductive sheet. A polymer packaging material is adhered onto the resin sheet. An insulator polymer mixing object (3) is then laminated over the electrically conductive sheet.    USE -   For lithium ion secondary battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies manufacture. Reduces weight. Improves reliability, stability and safety.
A non-aqueous electrolyte secondary cell comprises pair(s) of electrodes, and a separator provided between the paired electrodes and impregnated with a non-aqueous electrolyte containing a mixed solvent of propylene carbonate and ethylene carbonate.    The electrode(s) has, at least on surfaces, an active substance layer made of composite carbon particles, which individually comprise a core of crystalline carbon and a low crystallinity or amorphous carbon layer formed on at least a part of the surfaces of the core, and a carbon matrix covering at least a part of the composite carbon particles and uniformly dispersing and holding the composite carbon particles therein.    USE -   Used as batteries for portable electric appliances and electric cars.    ADVANTAGE -   This non-aqueous secondary cell has a high capacity and a high efficiency along with a flat discharge potential and good low temperature characteristics. When used under low temperature conditions, the mixed solvent can be free of any rise in viscosity and can be prevented from the formation of any precipitate.
Production of a resin sheet from a photosetting composition comprises (i) pouring a photosetting composition into a moulding die having a flat cavity, where at least one of the light receiving planes is made of a material which can transmit an active energy ray, and (ii) irradiating the composition with an active energy ray through the light receiving plane. The contact angle of the cavity's flat plane and water is not less than 90.    The flat surface of the cavity is preferably treated with a compound of formula R1-Si(R1)2-(O-Si(R1)2)m-O-Si(R2)3 (1) such that the contact angle with water is not less than 90. In (1), m = integer of 0-2; R1 = -(CH2)q-(CF2)p-CF3; p = integer of 0-10; q = integer of 0-5; and R2 = Cl, alkoxy or -(CH2)q-(CF2)p-CF3.    USE -   The produced resin sheet is particularly useful as a glass substitute for a liquid crystal display device, touch panel and solar cell panel etc.    ADVANTAGE -   The produced resin sheet can be taken out of the moulding die without causing a failure.
A novel method produces a flexible heat exchanger, to extract heat from, or to deliver it to its surroundings. The body (4) comprises joined flexible mats, with an internal passage, through which the thermal medium flows, between inlet (5) and outlet (6).    A plastic, elastic mat is located in a mould die with a supporting surface surrounded by a recess. The mat is stretched around the support surface and down into the recess causing local, plastic, mat deformation. A second mat is placed over the first, and the mats are joined to form the body.    Also claimed is the equipment for the above, comprising mould dies as described and mat joining tools with abutment surfaces which form high frequency (radio frequency) welding electrodes.    USE -   Used to make a flexible heat exchange unit.    ADVANTAGE -   The heat exchanger is flexible in two senses. It may be used e.g. as a solar energy collector, a conventional indirect heat exchanger or for heating water in desalination. Physical flexibility facilitates cleaning, assisting removal of dirt and/or crystalline deposits. This improves on rubber versions, which although cheaper than metal, are nevertheless costly because of the long vulcanisation interval; there are also connection- and leakage problems. The new exchanger is lightweight, mechanically strong, readily produced and low in thermal inertia.
A battery comprises: a first non-conductive layer; a first conductive layer against the first non-conductive layer; a cathode against the first conductive layer; a second non-conductive layer; a second conductive layer against the second non-conductive layer, and comprising a cured conductive ink; an alkali metal attached to the second conductive layer.    USE -   Process for forming a battery for use in miniature power supplies for microelectronic devices.    ADVANTAGE -   A cured conductive ink used as a conductive layer provides the flexibility and durability required in some electronic applications; simplified manufacture.
An adhesive sheet is formed of 2-ethyl hexanoxy carbonyl-t-butyl peroxide in an ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer. Also claimed is that a solar battery module is formed by depositing an ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer layer crosslinked by the 2-ethyl hexanoxy carbonyl-t-butyl peroxide on both the surfaces of a solar battery element. Also claimed is that the prodn. comprises: (a) superimposing a sheet consisting of the ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer layer crosslinked by the 2-ethyl hexanoxy carbonyl-t-butyl peroxide on both the surfaces of the solar battery element; (b) heating and melting the sheet; (c) sticking the sheet to the solar battery element.    ADVANTAGE -   The use of the adhesive sheet dramatically reduces the production period of the solar battery module to yield the solar battery moulded at lower costs. The solar cell module has no reduction in energy conversion efficiency for long periods of time. The method efficiently produces the solar cell module having good quality without changing the constitution of the solar battery module.
The lithium battery comprises an anode, a cathode and an electrolyte. The electrolyte is a polymer electrolyte containing lithium salt, a solvent which dissolves the lithium salt, and a matrix copolymer comprising polymer units of formulae (I) and (II) or (I), (II) and (III).     (-CF2-CFX-) (I)     In the formulae: X = F, Cl, 1-3C perfluoroalkyl group or 1-3C perfluoroalkoxyl group; R1 = H or methyl group; R2 = 1-12C alkyl group whose hydrogen atoms can be replaced by fluorine atoms; q = 0 or 1; R3 = H or methyl group; R4= 1- 12C alkyl group whose hydrogen atoms can be replaced by hydroxyl groups; and p = 0 or 1.    USE -   Used for lithium batteries, especially rechargeable lithium batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   The lithium battery has an improved charge-discharge cycle performance.
Heat-shrinkable polystyrene-type tube is obtd. by orienting a tube consisting mainly of a resin composition comprising a copolymer of styrene-type monomers and (meth)acrylates constituting a continuous phase and contg. 3-15 wt.% of gummy elastic bodies as dispersed particles and having peak temp. of loss modulus of 50-85 C.    USE -   The tube is used for covering dry cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The tube has high rigidity and strength.
The battery includes a positive electrode (3) and a negative electrode (2) that are separated by isolation papers (4,8). The negative electrode includes an alkali metal as the negative electrode active substance. The positive electrode contains a porous charcoal element as the main composition. An oxyhalide is the principal component of the electrolyte that serves as the positive electrode active substance. The isolation paper includes glass fibres that are bonded by polyurethane. The length of glass fibre is 3mm or more.    ADVANTAGE -   Offers superior battery without internal short circuit even under over discharging. Excels in high voltage nature even in high temperature state.
The battery contains a positive electrode and negative electrode which are separated by a separator (5). This arrangement is dipped in an non-aqueous electrolyte. The negative electrode is made up of negative electrode material that contains lithium or lithium alloy. An ultraviolet ray cured photoresist (8) is applied on upper portion of U-shaped part formed at circumferential portion of a negative electrode sealing board (1).    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents breakage of battery packing. Improves sealing property. Increases packing compression rate. Improves external appearance of battery. Facilitates protection of influx of electrolyte since there is no gap between U-shaped parts.
A new solvent for an electrolyte solution is a specific chain ester of formula R1-O-R2-COO-R3; R1 and R3 are 1-20C (fluoro)alkyl gps; R2 is 1-20C (fluoro)alkylene group.    USE -   For preparing the electrolyte solution for lithium ion batteries, electrical double layer capacitors, or electrolytic capacitors. The electrolyte solution is used to prepare a polymer gel electrolyte.    ADVANTAGE -   The new solvent provides an electrolyte sol having a good ionic conductivity at low and high temps. The lithium ion batteries using the electrolyte solution have a higher capacity and a higher output current, operating a wider temperature range with good reliability and safety.
An electrolyte soln. contains electrolyte and a specific chain ester of formula (I):     R1 -O-R2 -COO-R3(I)     R1 , R3= 1-20 C (fluoro)alkyl gps;     R2= 1-20 C (fluoro)alkylene gp.    Also claimed is a polymer gel electrolyte which contains the specific chain ester, electrolyte, and polymer.    Also claimed is an electrical double layer capacitor where polarising electrodes are placed through an ion conductive substance of the electrolyte soln. or polymer gel electrolyte.    USE -   Used for batteries (claimed) or electrical double layer capacitors.    ADVANTAGE -   The (polymer gel) electrolyte has good ionic conductivity at low and high temps. The polymer gel electrolyte is processed into a thin film with a higher mechanical strength in a simple manner.
A photoelectric transfer device comprises a photoelectric transfer element, a cholesteric liquid crystal (LC) layer and an ultraviolet (UV) cut-off layer which is arranged at the side for the incidence of light. The LC layer is arranged between the transfer element and the cut-off layer.    USE -   Used for the production of solar batteries, desktop calculators and watches.    ADVANTAGE -   The device has improved brilliance and a vivid external appearance.
A hybrid electrode for a high power, high energy electrical storage device comprises a current collector and first and second electroactive materials. The first electroactive material has a higher energy density than the second material. The second electroactive material has a higher rate capability than the first material. One of the electroactive materials is formed as a first discrete layer in contact with the current collector, and the other is formed as a second discrete layer deposited onto the first layer.    USE -   The hybrid electrode provides the characteristics of a capacitor and the characteristics of a battery in a single electrode and so is suitable for high energy, high power rechargeable energy storage devices, e.g cordless pulsed power devices such as digital communication devices, power tools and portable computers.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides both high energy and high rate capability in a single electrode; small volume device package.
The battery contains an electrolyte which is dissolved in an non-aqueous solvent. The non-aqueous solvent is a polymeric material having positive osmotic pressure. The polymeric material serves as the electrolytic liquid sealing stopping material.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents leakage of electrolyte from inside of battery, effectively. Obtains high voltage and high energy density battery.
The barrel type non-aqueous electrolyte cell comprises: a bottomed barrel type case made of a material comprising mainly aluminium; an anode and a cathode placed together with a non- aqueous electrolyte in the case and having a separator placed between them; and a sealing member having anode and cathode terminals and sealing an opening of the case. The sealing member is made of material comprising a vulcanisate obtained by subjecting a copolymer (A) comprising polymer units based on isobutylene and on isoprene, to peroxide vulcanisation and-or resin vulcanisation.    USE -   As a power source in small sized, lightweight, high performance, portable electronic equipment.    ADVANTAGE -   The weight of the case is light, providing a high weight energy density. Sealing can be readily carried out without requiring a high strength sealing machine, which improves productivity. The case may be provided with a thin wall portion to function as an explosion-preventive valve in case of increased internal pressure due to overcharging, and the cell has high reliability.
A hydrogen fuel cell accumulator comprises a polymer electrolyte membrane cell with a ruthenium catalyst, an air filter, a metal hydride storage unit, a small compressor and a thermoelectric heat exchanger. The hydrogen from the hydride storage unit is converted electrochemically with oxygen from the air. The latter is cleansed by passing the air through a filter.    USE -   The accumulator is used, e.g., for electric vehicles.    ADVANTAGE -   The accumulator does not require expensive catalysts such as platinum, and is economical to produce.
A microporous material (I) in the form of a sheet, film, tube having an internal dia. of at least 8 cm, or layer, thereof has a thickness of 5-26 m which on a coating-free, printing ink-free, impregnant-free basis and pre-bonding basis comprises: (A) a matrix consisting of : (A1) 0-100 wt.% high mol. wt. linear polyolefin (II) consisting of a high mol. wt. substantially linear polyethylene (ASTM D 1238-86 Condition E melt index of less than 50 g/10 mins, an ASTM D 1238-86 Condition F melt index of at least 0.1 g/10 mins., and a density of 0.910-0.965 g/cm3) and/or a high mol. wt.substantially linear polypropylene (ASTM D 1238-86 Condition L melt index 0.2-50 g/10 min. and density greater than 0.89 g/cm3); and (A2) 0-100 wt.% ultra high mol. wt. substantially linear polyolefin (III) consisting of an ultra high mol. wt. substantially linear polyethylene (intrinsic viscosity of at least 18 dl/g) and/or an ultrahigh mol. wt. substantially linear polypropylene (intrinsic viscosity of at least 6 dl/g); (A) contains 90-100 wt.% of ((II)+(III)); (B) 20-85 wt.% of finely divided water-insoluble filler particles distributed throughout (A); (C) at least 25 vol. % of a network of interconnecting pores communicating through out (I). Also claimed are: (i) an energy storage device (IV) having at least two electrodes separated by a dielectric material (I); (ii) a label (V) consisting of (I); and (iii) a multi-layer film (VI) containing at least one layer of (I).    USE -   (I) is useful for the production of dielectric materials used in capacitors, fuel cells and lithium ion batteries and for labels which can show evidence of tampering.    ADVANTAGE -   (I) may be produced as a very thin film, and may be coated, impregnated, and/or printed with a wide range of coatings.
A method of preparing an electrochemical system consisting of batteries, fuel cells, capacitors or electrolysers operated at ambient temperatures comprises: (a) dissolving a matrix polymer and an acidic multimer in a first solvent to obtain a homogenous solution; (b) pouring the homogenous solution onto a surface; (c) evaporating the first solvent and obtaining a non-liquid proton conductor membrane; and (d) interposing the non-liquid proton conductor membrane in an electrical contact between an anode plate and a cathode plate. The matrix polymer is such that when the non-liquid proton conductor membrane is contacted with a second solvent. The non-liquid proton conductor membrane swells and as a result the electrical contact improves.    Pref. the method opt. further comprises forming crosslinks within the non-liquid proton conductor membrane.    USE -   System is used in fuel cells, batteries and reference electrodes.    ADVANTAGE -   Electrical contact is improved. Proton conductor does not leach out.
An electrode layer is etched. A protective member for protecting the electrode layer is connected to the electrode layer by using a resist having adhesion.    Also claimed is the production comprising: (i) etching the electrode layer by using the resist having a thermoplastic property, or a thermosetting property; (ii) heating the resist by using heating means; and (iii) connecting the electrode layer to the protective member by using the resist.    ADVANTAGE -   Heating the resist having the thermoplastic property, or the thermosetting property yields adhesion. The resulting adhesion serves as an adhesive to connect the electrode layer to the protective member. The method requires no peeling the resist and no adhesive film, simplifying the production processes. The use of no adhesive film reduces production costs, and deposits the thin resist on the solar battery module, achieving the thin solar battery module.
Mfg. a cation exchange membrane comprises immersing a cpd. of R-SO2F (R : highly fluorinated 1-30C linear, branched or cyclic alkyl) into a sulphonic polymer highly fluorinated as fluorosulphonyl, irradiating the film in a dose rate of about 0.1-15 MRad and hydrolysing the film. Also claimed are: (a) a cation exchange membrane made by the method; and (b) an electrode assembly comprising the membrane and a layer having particles having electric conductivity and catalytic activity formed on the membrane.    USE -   The membrane is used in electrochemical cell such as solid polymer cell.    ADVANTAGE -   The ion exchange membrane keeps water at higher efficiency than conventional membranes and can minimise external humidification or make it needless before the use.
Packed cell has a cell case comprising an insulating resin, element cells juxtaposed in the cell case, overcurrent/overheat protective element which is constituted by sandwiching the top and bottom surfaces of an electroconductive polymer material having positive temp. coefft. between a pair of metal sheet, and the metal sheet of the top surface is contacted to the element cells, and the element cells are connected in series through the protective element and a connection plate, in which the protective element is supported by a rib disposed in the cell case, and the element cells being in contact to the metal sheet of the top surface of the protective element is sandwich supported between the protective element and the inside surface of the cell case.    USE -   For low-cost packed cells of which element cells are electrically connected in series through overcurrent/overheat protective element.
The closed type secondary battery tank with multilayer structure comprises the skin layer incorporated with a crystalline polyolefin resin, and core layer incorporated with a crystalline resin,or polyphenylene ether resin, or an mixed compsn. consisting of a crystalline polyolefin resin, and polyphenylene-ether resin.    USE -   For lead storage battery,and alkali battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves outlook, resistance to chemicals, hot rigidity,warm water, and gas permeability.
The label comprises a layer (1) of synthetic material on the external face (S), comprising a transparent impression layer (3) on the underface. On the underface of the impression layer is a metallised layer (4) and below this an adhesive layer (6) protected by a siliconised counterfoil for adherence of the label to a receptor support (7), i.e. the bulk of the battery. The system also comprises a layer (5) between the metallised layer and adhesive layer comprising a primary coupling varnish, which protects the metallised layer from possible attack initiated by electrolyte deposits on the body of the battery.    Also claimed, is a cylindrical electrical battery labelled according to the invention.    USE -   For protection and display, particularly useful for the application of a label to a cylindrical disposable battery.    ADVANTAGES -   Has staircase disposition which provides greater pliability and facilitates the wrapping of the label to the outer casing of the battery.
Producing a Li ion free energy excess, primarily for lithium secondary batteries involves adding additives to (optionally solid) polymer solutions. ATP, ADP and P anions are added as Li co-ions, ATP preferably being added at the cathode side and ADP and P being added at the anode side. For discharged systems (e.g. a C6//PeO//Li cathode), a positive derivation of the first Ohm's law is provided.    ADVANTAGE -   The additives increase electrolyte conductivity and Li ion transport capacity, resulting in increased energy density and output current.
The ion exchange member (1) includes a first polymer film (1a) on either sides of which second polymer films (1b) are pinched. The first polymer film has ion exchange capacity of 0.8- 1.2 milli:equivalents per gram at dry weight. The second polymer film has ion exchange capacity of 1.2-2.4 milli:equivalents per gram at dry weight.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves output. Restrains reduction in film strength. Obtains highly efficient fuel battery by preventing depression. Conforms to load fluctuations. Quickens start-up.
Solid ion conductive compsn.(I) comprising (A) polyether(s), (B) high-polar polymer(s) and (C) alkali metal salt(s) is claimed.    USE -   (I) is useful as electrolyte for primary and secondary-batteries or electrolytic capacitor etc.    ADVANTAGE -   (I) has high conductivity, mechanical strength and flexibility.
Production (I) of a polymeric film suitable for use as an electrolyte, comprises: (a) forming a porous membrane by coagulating a polymer dope solution, comprising a polymer dissolved in a selected solvent, in a liquid coagulation bath comprising a non-solvent; (b) submerging the resulting membrane into a non-solvent bath to remove any residual solvent; (c) placing the membrane into an acid solution in a non-solvent so that the pores become filled with the acid solution; and (d) drying the membrane to remove residual non-solvent, which collapses the porous structure entrapping the acid and forming a dense film.    Also claimed are: an alternative method (II) comprising coagulating the polymeric dope solution directly into a mixture of non-solvent and acid to produce the membrane which imbibes acid, and drying; and porous polymeric films made by either method.    USE -   As polymer electrolytes in fuel cell applications.    ADVANTAGE -   The films are prepared in a controlled fashion with single or multiple component liquids. The acid imbibing occurs in a short time of less than one hour, compared with 10-72 hours for prior methods, so reducing cost. The amount of acid in the final film can be easily controlled, and dense films or asymmetric membranes may be prepared having improved acid retention and better mechanical and electrochemical properties.
A label has an incorporated state-of-charge indicator for an electrochemical cell, the cell having first and second terminals of opposite polarity. The indicator comprises a first conductive electrode adapted to contact the first terminal and comprising an electrochromic material to form a conductive electrochromic electrode, and a second electrode adapted to contact the second terminal. An ionically conductive electrolyte is between and in contact with the electrodes.    The electrochromic material undergoes a visible change as a result of current being supplied from the cell.    Also claimed are: (a) an electrochemical cell having a label with a state of charge indicator, and (b) a process for preparing a label.    The label comprises a first conductive electrode comprising a composite of conductive and electrochromic material.    Label comprises a substrate having a state-of-charge indicator disposed thereon.    Label comprises an inorganic electrochromic material selected from oxides of W, Mo, Ti, Sn, Cr, Mn, and Prussian blue, and/or an organic electrochromic material selected from macrocyclic and polycyclic materials such as phthalocyanines, preferably polyaniline or polypyrrole.    Conductive material is a metal or metal oxide powder.    Preferred ionically conductive electrolyte is an organic material, preferably poly-2-acrylamido-2-methyl propane-sulphonic acid.    USE -   For showing the state of charge of a battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Label is cost effective and suitable for efficient automatic assembly, using a minimum number of components.
Production of a ductile nickel foam structure comprises (i) heating a nickel-coated polymer substrate to at least 600C in less than 5 seconds to thermally decompose the polymer substrate and cause gaseous decomposition products of the polymer to form a large internal pressure and burst holes through the outer nickel layer, (ii) discharging gases from the polymer substrate through the holes in the nickel layer, and (iii) annealing to increase the strength of the structure.    USE -   The process provides nickel foam battery plaques.    ADVANTAGE -   The rapid heat-up process improves the speed and effectiveness of carbon removal from the nickel structure. The process provides a continuous one-step polymer removal and annealing method for producing ductile nickel structures. Rapid heating also reduces shrinkage of the nickel foam and maintain high porosity. The high porosity foam increases battery capacity by allowing the loading of increased quantities of active mass to battery of a specific volume.
The battery includes multiple cells (1) that have a pair of electrodes (10) and a solid state polymer electrolytic film (12). The cells are divided by the separators (2). The electrode chambers (10,30) are connected to the separators. The separator has the main body whose outer edge is covered by the macromolecular covering material (22k). The fluid containing active material is made to flow in the electrode chambers. An external frame (22) of the separator is arranged on the macromolecular covering material. The active material through hole (51) is formed on the external frame. A passage formation board (71) is fixed on the covering material. The vertical position of fringe region (OP) and inner edge domain (IP) of the through hole are set at same level by the covering material.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces leakage of fluid containing active material. Reduces variation between bearings in inner edge domain of through hole.
The cell has a gel-like solid polymer electrolyte layer (3) which serves as an interface boundary. An organic electrolyte impregnated anode layer (2) is formed on one surface of the electrolyte layer. An organic electrolyte impregnated cathode layer (1) is formed on the other surface of the electrolyte layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids evaporation of solvent during formation of solid polymer electrolyte layer.
The battery has a hollow cylindrical shaped anode can (1) which contains an anode mixture (2) containing MnO2 as a principal component. In the hollow portion of the can a gel-like Zn cathode (3) is placed. The anode and the cathode are separated by a separator (4) consisting non-woven fabrics. In between a base part of the anode can and the base of the separator, a cross-linked polyacrylic acid which serves as electrolyte absorption is provided.    ADVANTAGE -   Shortens impregnation time of electrolyte due to presence of electrolyte absorption material. Improves heavy loading characteristic by reducing dispersing quantity of electrolyte. Prevents short circuit between anode can and cathode.
The battery has an electricity generation component (4) which consists of an anode (1), a cathode (2), and a solid polymer electrolyte (3) like LiPF6. The component is sandwiched between two outer cladding objects (5,6) in the form of thin plate-like sheets which act as anode and cathode terminals. Both end peripheries of the cladding objects are sealed together using a sealant which consists of non-crosslinked fluororubber.    ADVANTAGE -   Suppresses penetration of moisture into battery by use of sealant. Prevents breaking of sealing part due to HF formation.
The conductive material comprises high polymer compound and alkali-siloxy- aluminate.    USE -   The conductive material is used as solid electrolyte for non- aqueous secondary cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The conductive material, having sufficient ion conductivity and improvedly higher transference number, can be obtained.
A transparent conductive sheet comprises a photosetting resin sheet and a transparent conductive film formed on the surface of the resin sheet.    USE -   The transparent conductive sheet is useful for a liquid crystal display device, display I/O device such as touch panel, or a solar cell sensing element, etc.    ADVANTAGES -   The transparent conductive sheet has high chemical resistance and rigidity. When used for producing a liq. crystal display device, the substrate shows excellent chemical resistance, thus removal or cracking of the transparent conductive film can be prevented and the product has a lighter weight and better impact resistance than the product in which a glass substrate is used.
A polyether copolymer of weight average molecular weight 103-107 comprises: (a) 5-95 mole% of repeat units from a monomer of formula (I); (b) 95-5 mole% of units from a monomer of formula (II); and (c) 0-15 mole% of units from a monomer of formula (III) or (IV): R1 = 1-12C alkyl, 2-8C alkenyl, 3-8C cycloalkyl, 6-14C aryl, 7-12C aralkyl or tetrahydropyranyl; and n = an integer, 1-12; R2, R3 = a group having an ethylenically unsaturated group, a reactive silicon group, a reactive halogen group or a group having a terminal epoxy group and having the formula (V): A = a divalent organic group comprising atoms selected from carbon, oxygen and hydrogen. Also claimed are: (1) a crosslinked material prepared by using the reactivity of a crosslinking component of the above polyether copolymer; (2) a polymer solid electrolyte comprising the above polyether copolymer, or the above crosslinked material, and an electrolyte salt that is soluble in the polyether copolymer; and (3) a batter y comprising the above polymer solid electrolyte.    USE -   The copolymer is used to form solid polymer electrolytes for electrochemical devices, e.g. batteries (claimed) which are lightweight and large-capacity, capacitors, sensors, etc., and as an antistatic agent or electricity-controlling agent for rubber, plastics, etc.    ADVANTAGE -   The solid electrolyte has high ionic conductivity at room temperature.
An electrochemical storage cell has at least one electrode consists of an electrically conductive polymer comprising at least one fluorophenyl polythiophene selected from poly(3(2-fluorophenyl) thiophene), poly(3(3-fluorophenyl) thiophene), poly(3(2,4-difluorophenyl) thiophene), poly(3(3,4-difluorophenyl)thiophene), poly(3(3,5-difluorophenyl) thiophene), and poly(3(3,4,5-trifluorophenyl)thiophene.    Also claimed is a battery containing the electrochemical storage cell.    USE -   Used in battery operated automobiles and satellites, and other compact devices.    ADVANTAGE -   The electrode materials can undergo multiple doping and undoping cycles with high cycling efficiency and chemical stability.
A method of manufacturing a photovoltaic module comprises placing some ionomer strips on a surface of a sheet of glass, having two flat opposite surfaces, ionomer strips, two sheets of ionomer, and U-shaped thermoplastic channel members, along and adjacent the edges of it. One ionomer sheet is then placed in overlying relation with another surface of the sheet of glass. String(s) of electrically interconnected photovoltaic cells, each having a front light receiving surface and a rear surface with the two electrical contacts attached to the front and rear surfaces, are placed in overlying relation with the ionomer sheet. The string(s) of cells are then covered with another ionomer sheet.    Another sheet of glass is placed in overlying relation with the second ionomer sheet so that its surface engages with the second ionomer sheet. Other strips are then placed on the second surface of the second sheet of glass along and adjacent the edges of it. U-shaped thermoplastic channel members are positioned so that they overlap the ionomer strips and the two sheets of glass. The obtained assembly of cells, sheets, strips, and channels are then heated under vacuum and pressure to cause the ionomer strips to soften enough to wet the glass sheets and the U-shaped thermoplastic channel members. The two ionomer sheets are further caused to soften enough to encapsulate the cells. The assembly is then cooled to cause the ionomer sheets and strips to bond to the two glass sheets, the cells, and the U-shaped channel members.    Also claimed is a photovoltaic module.    USE -   Used for a photovoltaic module (claimed), for solar cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The modules exhibit a long working lifetime and a minimum loss of power output, with improved sealing means, reduced overall weight, reduced cost, and consistent, reliable and high output.
The composition includes polysiloxane polymer as the principal component, with which 10-85 wt% of alkyl acrylic acid ester is mixed. The number of carbon atoms in alkyl group in the alkyl ester is 1-10. Ethylene group unsaturated carboxylic acid of 0.5-15 wt% is added along with the principal component. Then, 0-89.5 wt% of monomers and copolymers are mixed with the composition.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids external influence on electrode surface. Improves conductivity and binding nature of electrode material.
The battery has a container (1) in which a positive electrode (2), a negative electrode (4) and alkali electrolyte are arranged. The positive electrode comprises nickel hydroxide and the negative electrode comprises hydrogen storing metal alloy. A separator (3) is arranged between the two electrodes. The separator comprises sheet which consists of polyolefin type synthetic resin fibres. Copolymerisation of the sheet is performed by the vinyl monomer which has a carboxy group. The carboxy group exists in the form of the salt substituted by the bivalent cation.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves self discharge characteristic at high temperature. Improves endurance of battery. Improves reliability of battery.
A polymer electrolyte comprises: an organic polymer of a copolymerisate of the first monomer unit with a structure having in a part of the side chain a functional gp. of a five membered ring-form carbonate gp. and the second monomer unit copolymerisable with the first monomer unit; and a metal salt.    Also claimed is the preparation of the above polymer electrolyte which comprises dissolution of the organic polymer and the metal salt in an organic casting solvent, then film formation therefrom by a casting process.    Also claimed is a polymer electrolyte which comprises said polymer electrolyte and an organic solvent meltable for the polymer electrolyte.    USE -   The polymer electrolyte is used for electric cells as well as other electrochemical device materials.    ADVANTAGE -   The polymer electrolyte has high ionic electroconductivity even at room temperature, excellent film formability, mechanical strength, and flexibility.
The method involves applying a paste like mixture of high and low polarity polymer on an electrode surface. After drying, an electrolyte is impregnated on the electrode.    ADVANTAGE -   Excels in contact property between electrode and solid electrolyte. Increases discharge capacity. Reduces manpower.
The electrolyte includes a conductive phase and a structure maintaining phase. The conductive phase comprises acrylonitrile-butadiene copolymer with hydrogen as principal component for enabling ionic conduction. The structure maintaining phase comprises non-aqueous alkali metal solution to improve its mechanical strength.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables stable battery operation. Reduces discharge capacity reduction during charging and discharging battery cycle.
The cell has an air pole (5) which consists of a catalyst layer (6) and a water repellent film (7). On the catalyst layer, an electrolyte absorber (12) is arranged. The electrolyte absorber consists of copolymer of isobutylene-maleic anhydride.    ADVANTAGE -   Suppresses accumulation of electrolyte between catalyst layer and water repellent film. Improves air permeation nature. Enables discharge of stable current.
An air cooling device comprises at least one evaporation element and a means for steeping this element in liquids such as agents for producing an air stream contacting the element.    The novelty is that the element comprises paper impregnated with a (co)polymer or polymer mixture of styrene, vinyl chloride and/or (meth)acrylates.    Also claimed is the use of impregnated paper as above in an air cooling device.    The apparatus comprises several elements arranged to form an evaporation block. The paper is battery separator or filter paper and is preferably 0.1-1.5 mm thick. The paper is impregnated with 5-50 wt.% of the (co)polymer or polymer mixture.    USE -   Used for batteries and filters.    ADVANTAGE -   The impregnated paper does not contain free formaldehyde and has improved mechanical properties, such as increased edge breakage resistance and hence reduced damage compared to prior art phenol-formaldehyde resin impregnated paper.
The method involves impregnating phenol resin solution mixed with drying oil or fatty acid, on a carbonised organic polymer fibre sheet. Then, the sheet is laminated, pressed and punch processed to a predetermined shape followed by baking in inert atmosphere, at a temperature above 800C.    USE -   In e.g. fuel battery and various slide materials.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves gas transparent nature. Performs punching to predetermined shape, efficiently.
A solar cell module is claimed comprising a photovoltaic element covered by at least a sealant resin and a surface protecting film, where the oxygen permeability of the surface protecting film is 1-50 cc/m2.24 hr.atm at 25C/90% RH. Also claimed is a solar cell module comprising a photovoltaic element covered by at least a sealant resin and a surface protecting film, where oxygen is made to permeate the surface protecting film to reach the sealant resin, thereby dissolving yellowing of the sealant resin. Also claimed is a building material comprising a photovoltaic element covered by at least a sealant resin and a surface protective film as above and fixed to a module backing. Also claimed is an electric power generation system comprising a solar cell module as above, and a power converting device connected to the solar cell module. Also claimed is an air circulating system comprising a roofing material comprising a photovoltaic element covered by at least a sealant resin and a surface protecting film as above and fixed to a module backing, the roofing material being fixed with a space to a roof underlayment, where air is introduced into the space and is guided through the space to be discharged outdoors or to be taken indoors.    ADVANTAGE -   This solar cell module has high reliability free of deterioration of the sealant resin in outdoor exposure use for long periods, especially free of yellowing.
An electrolyte comprises a composite of a polymer and a molten salt electrolyte immobilised within the polymer. The composite is stable and ionically conducting ar a temperature substantially equal to the m.pt. of the molten salt electrolyte. Also claimed are: (1) an electrochemical cell (1) comprising a pair of electrodes (2,3) and the above electrolyte; (2) a super-capacitor comprising a pair of conducting electrodes and the above electrolyte; (3) an electrochemical window comprising first and second electrically conducting layers and the above electrolyte in contact with first and second metal oxides coated on respective conducting layers, where a change in potential difference between the conducting layers gives rise to a change in transparency of the metal oxide layers; and (4) an electrochromic display comprising the above electrolyte between first and second electrically conducting layers, where application of a potential difference between the electrically conducting layers causes a change in transparency of the second electrically conducting layer.    USE -   The electrolyte is used for batteries, super-capacitors, electrochromic windows and displays.    ADVANTAGE -   The electrolyte remains stable at elevated temperatures, has good ionic conductivity and the liquid molten salt electrolyte does not leak from the composite.
The composite membrane comprises a microporous polymeric sheet with pores extending through the sheet. The structure defining the pores is at least partially covered with a functional material comprising one of: (i) inorganic particulate; (ii) metal; or (iii) an organic polymer. The pores are at least partially filled with polymer electrolyte selected from: (i) a metal salt-containing polymer composition; (ii) electrolyte-containing polymer gels; or (iii) an ion-exchange resin.    Also claimed is an electrochemical reaction apparatus in which the composite membrane is used as the electrolyte.    USE -   The composite membrane is used in e.g. lithium primary or secondary cells, magnesium cells, polymer cells and fuel cells, in electrolysis, batteries, pervaporation, gas separation, dialysis, as super acid catalysts and as enzyme immobilisation media.    ADVANTAGE -   The membrane allows good ion conduction properties and has good mechanical strength and heat resistance.
A new solar cell module has a hard transparent plastics layer on the incident face of a photovoltaic element and a at least one layer of a transparent organic polymer layer. A compound of formula XSiY(n)R(3-n) (I), (where X = glycidoxypropyl gp. or beta-(3,4-epoxycyclohexyl) ethyl gp; Y = alkoxy gp; R = alkyl gp; n =1-3, is added to the transparent organic polymer).    ADVANTAGE -   Good adhesion between the hard transparent plastics layer and photovoltaic element. The polymer layer are resistance to heat and damp, working as good insulator.
The cell has an electrode member and an electrode equipped with conductive resin layer, which are bonded together through the conductive resin layer. The electrode member has a compound structure equipped with a core part (101) and a peripheral part (102).    The average crystalline particle diameter of the material of peripheral part of the electrode member, is less than or equal to 2micrometer. The thickness of the electrode member is set in the range of 1-20% of the diameter of electrode member.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves adhesion strength of electrode. Operates reliably for long period. Improves first stage characteristic.
The module (1) has a transparent board (2) and an upper transparent resin sheet (3), arranged sequentially on a solar battery cell (4). Another resin sheet (6) and a resin film (7) are arranged on the lower side of the cell.    The upper and lower resin sheets are made of same material constituted by a mixture of inorganic fine particles. The heat conductivity of the resin sheet on the lower side is superior to that of ordinary resin.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents reduction in conversion efficiency.
The sealing agent contains principally dien group rubber having weight base average molecular weight of 10,000-1,500,000.    USE -   The sealing agent is used for battery using organic electrolyte battery.    ADVANTAGE -   The sealing agent is stable at high temp.
A process for preparing a particulate aqueous dispersion of at least one kind of fluorine(F)-containing polymers of tetrafluoroethylene, tetrafluoroethylene/perfluoro(alkylvinyl)ethylene copolymers and tetrafluoroethylene/hexafluoropropylene copolymers, is characterised in that any of reagents to use as monomers in the emulsion polymerisation to form said polymer in an aqueous medium and of ones to add after the polymerisation is not an ammonium salt or contains no ammonia.    Also claimed is a preparing process for an organosol of the F-containing polymer above which comprises separation of the polymer particulate from the aqueous dispersion by coagulation, drying to obtain a polymer particulate powder, and redispersion of an obtained particulate powder in a dispersant by a mechanical procedure or supersonic wave, or which comprises phase-reversal of the dispersion.    USE -   An alkali dry cell is claimed, pref. Ni/Cd or Ni/H2 cell, which contg. a positive electrode, negative electrode, and electrolyte,which comprises an electrode binder and/or water repellent of the F- contg. polymer contained in said aq. dispersion or organosol.    ADVANTAGE -   This gives an aq. dispersion contg. no original occurrence of ammonia which causes the reduction of cell performance.
The module consists of a solar battery element (1420) which is located between a gusset plate (1410) and a permeation film (1430). The permeation film consists of a fluorine containing resin film formed on a contact surface with EVA copolymer by a sputtering process.    The EVA copolymer is a principal component of the permeation film. The resin film contains a thin film of a metal oxide. The metal is chosen from a group of Si, Zr, Ti, Ta, Hf, Mo, W, Nb, Sn, In, Al, Cr and Zn.    ADVANTAGE -   Excels in adhesion, weather and heat resistance properties. Improves productivity.
The electrolyte contains a polymer alloy containing poly anion mixed with organic solvent to form a gel (3).    ADVANTAGE -   Improves discharge capacity. Reduces anionic polarisation.
The method involves forming a reinforcement coating layer (17) made of epoxy resin, on the bottom side of an ampoule (7). A destruction pin (16) strikes the coating layer, thereby destroying the ampoule. The electrolyte thus leaked from the ampoule is injected into a plate group by osmosis, using the centrifugal force obtained by rotation.    ADVANTAGE -   Obtains stable electric capacity by ensuring uniform injection of electrolyte. Performs quality confirmation, reliably.
Polymer battery has an ion conductive organic polymer electrolyte which swells or moistens with the electrolyte liquid. The organic polymer has pores formed by substituting solvent (b) which is co-soluble with solvent (a) and insoluble towards the organic polymer. Solvent (a) dissolves the organic polymer which is swollen or moistened by the electrolyte.    USE -   Used as a non-aqueous polymer battery.    ADVANTAGE -   High rates of charging and discharging can be provided at low temperatures.
Sterilisable enclosure for a battery (14) installed on a surgical drive assembly (10) comprising battery sleeve (13,35) with open proximal end and closed distal end, conforming to the outside dimensions of the battery; and bridging means (13), either a flexible resilient boot or an adapter, that tightly couples the sleeve and surgical drive assembly to prevent battery being exposed to surrounding environment.    Two methods of isolating batteries are also claimed.    USE -   Enclosing non-disposable battery for surgical drive assembly.    ADVANTAGE -   By isolating the battery, it does not need to be sterilised by, for example, autoclaving; the battery life is increased.
High mol. electrolyte comprises sulphonated polyether sulphone (SPES) having an ion exchange gp. equiv. wt. of 800-5000 g/mole obtd. by sulphonating (a) polyether sulphone (PES) contg. repeating unit of formula shown on claim 1.    formula shown on claim 1-p    The high mol. electrolyte is suitable for fuel batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   The high mol. electrolyte is produced at low cost and moulded easily and has high water resistance.
A new solid electrolyte battery comprises an anode active material, a cathode active material, and a solid polymer electrolyte contacted to the anode and cathode materials. The solid polymer electrolyte contains a polymer matrix having a backbone of polysaccharides or their derivatives.    USE -   As a power source for electronics instruments like cellular phones or notebook computers.    ADVANTAGE -   The solid electrolyte batteries have a good mechanical strength and a lower internal impedance.
The process comprises interposing a solid high polymer electrolyte film (12) with electrodes (14a, 14b) arranged on both surfaces by a 1st and a 2nd frames (20a, 20b), incorporating openings (16a, 16b) with size corresponding to those of electrodes and for fixing the 1st and a 2nd frames integrally, maintaining the solid high polymer electrolyte film to a predetermined wet state by sealing water in the frames, and joining electrodes on both surfaces of the solid high polymer electrolyte film by applying heat and pressure on the electrode through the openings only.    USE -   For manufacturing an assembled member used for a fuel battery, an electrolytic device for sea water, etc..    ADVANTAGE -   The solid high polymer electrolyte film can be maintained at a desired wet state always by preventing evaporation of water component during a hot press process.
A solid ion conductor consists of a polymer matrix of perfluorocarbon sulphonic acid resin in which a specific sulphonic acid compound with a lower molecular weight having the formula of (X1 -SO3 )a M or (X2 -SO3 )a M is dispersed. In the formulae, X1 = benzene ring residue having 1-14C alkyl gps; X2= 1-14C fluorine substituted alkyl gp; M = proton or metal cation; and a = 1 or 2.    A fuel cell, consisting of anodes, cathodes, and polymer solid electrolyte membranes which are placed between the anodes and cathodes is also claimed, where the polymer solid electrolyte membranes are made of the new solid ion conductor.    USE -   For fuel cells, primary or secondary batteries, electrochromic displays, ion sensors, or gas sensors.    ADVANTAGE -    The solid ion conductor has a higher ionic conductivity, e.g., a solid ion conductor membrane 0.0204 cm thick has a conductivity of 2.23 x 10-3/ohm-cm
The physical vapour deposition (PVD) apparatus for coating web (W) with lithium nitride in a vacuum, comprises a vacuum chamber, sources of lithium and nitrogen in the chamber, and a device for drawing the web past the lithium and nitrogen sources to effect deposition.    Also claimed is a process for coating a web with lithium nitride by introducing nitrogen into the vacuum chamber, evaporating lithium or lithium nitride from a source within the chamber and moving the web past the source to form the coating.    USE -   The apparatus can be use din the production of lithium dry cell batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   The whole process of manufacturing lithium dry cell batteries can be carried out inside the vacuum chamber without exposing the coated web to air. Stripe metallising may be applied to produce narrow, clear lanes on the moving web to enable electrical connections to be made to the finished battery cell in vacuum.
A solar powered water fountain has solar cell(s) (10) electrically connected to a DC motor (12) whose shaft drives a submersible, seal-less pump mounted on a float (18). The pump produces a plume of water from an orifice. The float may be of epoxy or acrylic and shaped like a lily pad. A frog shaped cowling (32) fits over the motor. There may be five cells each 4 cm2 and located within the float if it is transparent. The plume may be directed parallel to the water surface for propelling the float.    USE -   Solar powered water fountain for a bird bath, pond, pool or for towing a fishing lure.    ADVANTAGE -   The system operates in a wet environment, starts at low voltages and minimises the cost of the solar cells. The solar cell is not visible.
A solid polyelectrolyte is made by mixing: (1) a crosslinked polyether copolymer of number-average molecular weight (Mn) of 10000-2,000,000 comprising 1-99 mol.% of a monomer (A) that gives repeating units of formula (I), 99-1 mol.% of a monomer (B) that gives repeating units of formula (II), and 0-15 mol.% of a monomer (C) containing 1 epoxy group and at least 1 reactive functional group; (2) an electrolyte salt compound; and (3) an aprotic organic solvent, or a plasticiser consisting of a derivative or a metal salt of a linear or branched polyalkylene glycol with a number-average molecular weight (Mw) of 200-5000 or a metal salt of the derivative. In (I): R1 = 1-12C alkyl, 2-8C alkenyl, 3-8C cycloalkyl, 6-14C aryl, 7-12C aralkyl or tetrahydropyranyl; and n = 1-12.    USE -   The solid polyelectrolyte may be used in combination with an anode of a lithium metal and a cathode of lithium cobaltate to make a rechargeable battery, which can also be applied in large-volume capacitors and display devices e.g. in electrochromic display and other electronic equipment.    ADVANTAGE -   The solid polyelectrolyte has ion conductivity improved over the prior-art products, and also has good workability, mouldability and mechanical strength.
An electrolyte for an electrochemical cell comprises an admixture of an ion conducting electrolyte with a boiling point or decomposition temperature of &gt;100(C and at least one polymer selected from polybenzimidazole, polyacrylamide, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinylpyridine, polyethyleneimine, polyacrylic acid and poly-amino-silicate in a ratio of 2:1-50:1 together with 0.2-8 wt.% fumed silica. Also claimed are an electrochemical cell including the electrolyte above and an electrochemical capacitor.    ADVANTAGE -   The electrochemical cell has improved adhesion between the electrolyte and the electrode.
A portable fuel cell comprises: (a) a fuel line connected to a reaction chamber; (b) a fuel reservoir connected to the fuel line to supply gaseous fuel to the chamber; (c) a mixer connected to the fuel line to mix the fuel with a gaseous oxidant; (d) an exhaust line connected to the chamber; (e) a water trap connected to the exhaust line and containing a water absorbing medium to dry the exhaust gas; and (f) a vent to release the dry gas into the ambient atmosphere.    USE -   To power portable electronic products.    ADVANTAGE -   The exhaust gas containing CO2 and H2O is processed effectively.
In a polymer solid electrolyte contg. (a) at least one polymer with a crosslinked or branched structure and (b) at least one electrolyte, the improvement which comprises that the polymer with a crosslinked or branched structure is one obtd. from at least one heat and/or active light-polymerisable cpd. contg. at least two polymerisable functional gps. in the terminals of the satd. hydrocarbon organic chain.    USE -   The batteries are useful for main powder sources for portable equipments, backup power sources, electric cars, large power sources for road levelling and paper batteries. The electrical double layer capacitors are useful for backup power sources and power sources for various electric equipment together with small batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   The polymer solid electrolytes have high ionic conductivity and film strength, excellent processability, esp. thin film processability, and heat resistance and large electric current. The electrodes have excellent polarity, electrochemical activity and flexibility. The batteries have high capacity, safety and reliability and excellent cycle properties, can be taken out a high electric current and don't make short circuit even in thin film ones. The electrical double layer capacitors have a high output voltage and capacity and ionic conductivity at room temp. and a low temp., a large electric current, excellent reliability, safety and processability and don't make short circuits even in thin film ones.
A heat and/or active light-polymerisable monomer cpd. bearing a polymerisable functional gp. of formula CH2=C(R1)CO(OR2)xNHCOOR3- (1) and/or CH2=C(R1)CO(OR2)xOCONHR3- (2) is new. R1=H or alkyl; R2=divalent organic gp.; R3=divalent gp. contg. fluoroalkylene and/or oxyfluoroalkylene; and x=0-10. Also claimed are polymer solid electrolytes prepd. from a compsn. contg. the polymerisable monomer and an electrolyte, electrodes using the polymer solid electrolytes, mfr. of the electrodes, batteries using the polymer solid electrolytes, mfr. of the batteries and electrical double layer capacitors using the polymer solid electrolytes and mfr. of the capacitors.    USE -   The batteries are useful for main powder sources for portable equipments, backup power sources, electric cars, large power sources for road levelling and paper batteries. The electrical double layer capacitors are useful for backup power sources and power sources for various electric equipment together with small batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   The polymer solid electrolytes have high ionic conductivity and film strength, excellent processability, esp thin film processability, and heat resistance and large electric current. The electrodes have high polarity, electrochemical activity and flexibility. The batteries have high capacity and reliability and excellent cycle properties, can be operated at a high electric current and don't make short circuit even in thin film ones. The electrical double layer capacitors have a high output voltage and capacity and ionic conductivity at room temp. and a low temp., a large electric current, excellent reliability, safety and processability and does not make short circuits even in thin film types.
A covering for swimming pools comprises at least two plastic sheets joined together, to include air chambers. These support the covering on the water. The new features include the use of a black base sheet (1) on the water surface. On top, the covering sheet (2) connected to it, is transparent and forms air channels covering the entire surface of the water. Also claimed is the method of making the covering, essentially as described.    USE -   A floating plastic cover for a swimming pool, which captures solar heat.    ADVANTAGE -   The cover makes use of solar energy to heat the pool, keeping the heat in due to its insulating properties. It costs little to manufacture. Because it floats on the surface, no further tensioning or support arrangements are necessary. It resists ultraviolet radiation, at the same time absorbing heat energy in its black surface. The black sheeting prevents growth of algae.
Manufacturing a layered photoelectric module comprises: (i) subjecting a glue layer on a base of ethylene copolymer with vinylacetate containing ultraviolet and heat stabilisers, to a flow of accelerated electrons with an energy of 1.3 MeV in a dose of 20-30 millirads, the content of gel-fractions in the film being 25-30%; (ii) placing the photo-elements between 2 or more layers of a glue film and the face and rear outer coatings, made of glass of a polymer material; (iii) placing the obtained assembly in a thermo-vacuum device, evacuated and held at 150 C for 4 minutes; and (iv) removing the assembly from the device and cooling it in air.    USE -   Manufacture of autonomous electricity supply sources using solar energy.    ADVANTAGE -   Increased resistance to separation of layers and elimination of gas generation during manufacture of module.
The polymer electrolyte in gel state comprises organic electrolyte and polymer alloy film composed of polymer sparingly soluble in the organic electrolyte, and three dimensionally crosslinked polymer gelating with the organic electrolyte.    USE -   The polymer electrolyte is used for lithium secondary cells.    ADVANTAGE -   Polymer electrolyte, having improved mechanical strength and also ion conductivity, can be obtd.
The material comprises fluororesin containing 1-20 wt.% titanium oxide particles. The grain size of the titanium oxide particles is 1-1000 nm. The surface protection material has a total optical beam transmittance of 80% and a transmittance of 350 nm UV light of 20%    ADVANTAGE -   Deterioration of the adhesive and surface contamination of the solar battery are effectively prevented. The electricity generation efficiency of the solar battery is improved. Electricity generation efficiency is maintained for a long time. The life and protection efficiency of the material are improved.
A demonstration apparatus for energy production from hydrogen, having a hydrogen reservoir and a fuel cell with a housing (16) divided by a membrane/electrode unit (11) associated at both sides with perforated collector plates (12) and contacts (15) leading to an external consumer, includes a transparent gas supply element (13) which has open channels (10) for gas supply over the membrane/electrode unit (11) and which is held under constant pressure by pre-tensioned transparent elastic material (14) in the space between each wall of the housing (16) and the gas supply element (13). Preferably, the elastic material (14) is silicone and the gas supply elements (13) and the housing (16) consist of plastic, especially acrylic glass.    USE -   For demonstrating hydrogen-energy production technology in schools, universities, etc.    ADVANTAGE -   The apparatus provides clear visibility of the water formation process at the fuel cell electrode, has low manufacturing cost, provides effective current output and has a long operating life.
Solar cell module comprises: a substrate (107); a photovoltaic device (I) (101); a filler resin (103) sealing (I) on the substrate; a surface film (104) covering the resin; an insulating film (106) between (I) and the substrate; and an inorganic fibrous sheet (102) between (I) and the surface film. The substrate is bent at an (edge) portion which is free from the insulating film (106). Process for forming the module by stacking the layers in sequence and then bending the edge portion of the substrate is claimed.    USE -   Especially as part of a roofing member and as part of a ventilation apparatus for a building which includes the roofing member (claimed). An electricity generator is also claimed which comprises the module and an inverter for converting module output.    ADVANTAGE -   The structure effectively suppresses moisture ingress into the module over prolonged outdoor periods, while maintaining high electrical insulation. The module also has excellent inflammability and the bent structure facilitates assembly into a roofing member.
A new fluid-filled low temperature collection system for solar heat absorption of black, ultraviolet-resistant thermoplastic, comprises e.g. modified polypropylene.    Preferably the tube dimensions are selected for the desired rigidity and stability. Tubing is supported at intervals, or projects over supports, preventing excessive bending. The wall of the plastic tube consists of several different layers of plastic, some of high value.    USE -   A solar heat collection system.    ADVANTAGE -   These tubes may comprise e.g. 70% recycled polypropylene internally, with an external, more expensive layer of carbon-black loaded, ultraviolet-resistant polypropylene. They can be used to shade a glazed, south-facing facade, saving the cost of shading whilst also providing useful hot water.
The pack includes a retainer (4) inside which multiple cylindrical batteries (1) are arranged in multiple battery rows (2). The batteries arranged in one row are connected in series using a connection object (3). The peripheral part of each battery is covered by a pair of polyolefin resin tubes with heat resisting property.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents rupture of insulator or internal short circuit of battery. Stabilises electric insulation of battery pack in long term manner. Reduces thermal deterioration during high atmospheric temperature.
The battery has an anode active material of a chalcogen compound and/or oxide containing at least one of Sn, Al, B, P, Si and Ge, all absorbing and releasing lithium ions, and a lithium salt-containing non-aqueous electrolyte containing an inorganic or macromolecular solid electrolyte like LiI or polyether as one of its composition.    ADVANTAGE -   Good charging/discharging cycle life and productive efficiency.
The battery has a positive electrode and a negative electrode which are joined through a solid polymer electrolyte. The electrolyte contains polyvinylidene fluoride having cross linking structure and/or fluoride vinylidene group copolymer. The positive electrode has a perforated collector object.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves charging/discharging characteristics, property stability and safety.
The electrolyte (3) includes an ion conductive ceramic polymer. A lithium salt is liquefied on the polymer alloy film which is compatible to polymer having high fusing points than the ion conductive ceramic polymer.    ADVANTAGE -   Stabilizes mechanical strength and ionic conductivity at elevated temperature. Improves cycle characteristics.
The electrolyte contains an organic solvent and lithium salt electrolyte. The organic solvent is made to polymerise using a polymerisation catalyst.    ADVANTAGE -   Excels in safety and battery characteristics. Enables quick polymerisation of organic solvent.
The battery includes positive and negative electrode active materials (1,3) between which a separator (5) which consists of graft film (5a) and a cellophane (5b) is provided. The graft film of the separator contacts the positive electrode active material whereas the cellophane is placed opposing the negative electrode active material. A heat processing part (5c) is provided at the circumference part of the graft film at the positive electrode active material side.    ADVANTAGE -   The battery improves close voltage or preserving characteristics of battery and raises productivity of battery.
The armour can (4) has a main body on whose external/internal surface, a polyurethane resin coating is formed. The polyurethane resin coating is formed by the reaction of an electrically conductive material of the main body, an active hydrogen group of a polyurethane resin material having an average molecular weight of 2000-100000 and a polyisocyanate hardener having two or more isocyanate groups.    USE -   For lithium ion battery used in PC, portable telephone, video camera.    ADVANTAGE -   Fulfils large electric power requirements. Improves durability of battery.
The armour can (4) has a main body on whose external/internal surface, a polyurethane resin coating is formed. Polyurethane resin coating is formed by the reaction of an electrically conductive metallic material of the main body, an active hydrogen compound of a polyurethane resin material and a polyisocyanate hardener having long chain polyol with two or more functional groups.    USE -   For lithium ion battery used in PC, portable telephone, video camera.    ADVANTAGE -   Fulfils large electrical power requirements.
A system for using solar energy, comprising a light-capture element (3) for capturing and concentrating solar radiation (1), a light-transfer element (4) for transporting the radiation from (3) and a light distributor (9) to radiate the transported radiation.    Also claimed is a process for using solar energy, in which natural solar radiation is captured, concentrated, transported and distributed.    USE -   Used for lighting buildings or closed rooms, e.g. living or working areas above or below ground or sea level, such as mines, tunnels, research areas, greenhouses, transport vehicles etc., and for heating or for displaying information in such places, and also for covering solar cells, attracting insects, producing watch glasses and illuminating organisms such as algae, plants etc. (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   A low-cost, effective and environmentally compatible system for the direct use of solar energy for lighting, heating and display applications.
An electrochemical cell comprises: (a) an anode of an anode active material, (b) a cathode of a cathode active material and (c) an electrolyte solution which activates the anode and the cathode. Materials (a) and (b) are present in an anode-to-cathode capacity ratio of about 1.03. The electrolyte-to-cathode weight ratio is about 0.94-0.96.    Preferably the cathode active material contains a fluorinated carbon, preferably in amount 80-95 wt.% with a balancing amount of a binder and/or a conductive additive. The binder is a fluoro-resin powder and the conductive additive is carbon, graphite powder, acetylene black, Ti, Al, Ni and/or stainless steel powder. The cathode may include a current collector of Ti, stainless steel, Ta, Pt or Au which may itself be provided with a layer of carbonaceous paint.    USE -   The cell is particularly used as a power source for an implantable medical device.    ADVANTAGE -   The cell shows an improvement of about 6.7% in terms of volumetric energy density and about 11.9% in terms of gravimetric energy density, compared with previous Li/CFx cells.
A method of making a rechargeable electrochemical cell including first and second electrodes and a porous separator element having first and second major sides comprises: (i) providing the porous separator element as a first polymer region comprising a multilayered polymer region; (ii) coating at least one of the electrodes or the separator element with a layer of a gelling polymer, which when exposed to an electrolyte active species and heat, will bond the porous separator element to the electrodes; (iii) disposing the first and second electrodes on opposite sides of the separator element; (iv) introducing the electrolyte active species into the gelling polymer (v) sealing the first and second electrodes and the separator element in a liquid and vapour impermeable package; and (vi) heating the electrodes, separator and gelling polymer to a temperature sufficient to cause the gelling polymer to bond the electrodes to the separator element.    USE -   Production of rechargeable electrochemical cells for use in cellular communication, satellites, portable computers and electric vehicles.    ADVANTAGE -   High energy, cost effective batteries with improved characteristics are obtained.
Macromolecular solid electrolyte contg. at least one macromol. with a crosslinked or branch structure contg. polyoxyalkylene or oligooxyalkylene and at least one electrolyte. The polyoxyalkylene or oligo-oxyalkylene portion contains at least 70 mol% oxypropylene. Also claimed are batteries, mfr. of the batteries, electrodes for electric double layer capacitors and mfr. of the electric double layer capacitors.    USE -   The macromol. solid electrolytes are useful for prim. and sec. batteries with high capacity, high electric current and excellent reliability capable of being made into a thin film easily for portable equipment, backup power sources, power sources for electric equipment, cars, large power sources for road levelling and paper batteries for identification cards.    ADVANTAGE -   The macromol. solid electrolytes have excellent membrane strength, high ionic conductivity and excellent processability, heat resistance and large electric current properties, the batteries using the electrolytes have high capacity and excellent cycle properties and can be operated at a high current, the electrodes using the electrolytes have excellent polarity and electric double layer capacitors using the electrolytes have a high output voltage, a large electric current and excellent reliability.
A solid electrolyte forming composition comprises (a) 100 pts. of unsatd. ethylcellulose obtained by reacting ethylcellulose (residual hydroxyl gp. 1.0 mol) with unsatd. monoisocyanate (isocyanate gp. 0.01-1 mol), (b) 10-1000 pts. of a monomer component contg. at least 10 mol% (meth)acrylonitrile, (c) 1-50 pts. of a Li-cpd. per 100 pts. of sum of (a) and (b) and (d) 10-1000 pts. of a solvent which can dissolve Li-cpd. per sum of (a) and (b).    USE -   Used in a film type cell.    ADVANTAGE -   Product forms a gel electrolyte which can be handled even contg. much solvent; it is compatible with Li-cpd. and can form a solid electrolyte.
Composition allowing formation of a solid electrolyte comprises components of (a) 100 pts. of unsatd. cellulose deriv. obtained by reacting cellulose ester deriv. (residual hydroxyl gp. 1.0 mol) with unsatd. monoisocyanate (isocyanate gp . 0.01-1 mol), (b) 10-1000 pts. of a monomer component contg. at least 10 mol% ( meth)acrylonitrile, (c) 1-50 pts. of a Li-cpd. per 100 pts. of sum of (a) and (b ) and (d) 10-1000 pts. of a solvent which can dissolve the Li-cpd. per sum of ( a) and (b).    USE -   Used in a film type cell.    ADVANTAGE -   Product forms a gel electrolyte which can be handled even cont g. much solvent; compatible with Li-cpd. and can form a solid electrolyte.
The battery has a case (4) in which an anode group (2) and a cathode group (3) are arranged. The electrode group are fixed by the adhesive tape (6) that is used as the insulating member. The adhesive tape has the base material made up of polyamide or polyolefin and the acrylic type binder. The non-aqueous electrolyte includes any one of propylene carbonate and ethylene carbonate and any two of dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate and methyl ethyl carbonate.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents melting of adhesive tape in electrolyte even for long time period. Prevents reduction of battery capacity.
The battery comprises a positive electrode (1) and a negative electrode (2) and non aqueous electrolyte. An additive containing either polystyrene or butadiene is added to the electrolyte.    ADVANTAGE -   Inhibits moisture in electrolyte. Prevents reduction of battery capacity during preservation. Obtains excellent preserving characteristic.
The method involves performing first stage charging and discharging of a nickel hydrogen secondary battery. The battery includes a battery jar inside which a porous hydrogen storing metal alloy electrode and porous nickel hydroxide electrode and a separator are laminated in horizontal direction and dipped in an alkali electrolyte. A side attachment wall is energised by the side of lamination direction of battery jar by applying a biasing force of 0.1-10 kg pile/cm2, and regulates centre section of side attachment wall to curve towards outside direction.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves capacity of battery satisfactorily.
The structure includes a set of fuel cells laminated with a separator in between them to form a multilayered body. A heating gas and an oxidising agent gas supplied to the fuel cells through a gas conduction path in the separator to generate DC power. A pressure plate (2) provided at either ends of the multilayered body presses it along the lamination direction. A heating unit (5) with an inlet/discharge piping for heating medium is provided for maintaining the temperature of the multilayered body constant. The heating medium is supplied from the external of the multilayered body through the inlet piping and discharged through the respective piping. The heating unit heats the oxidising agent gas and the heating gas.    ADVANTAGE -   Maintains stable electricity generation characteristic for long time.
The lithium secondary cell comprises a sheet type anode and a sheet type cathode, which are rolled in spiral form through placing a separator between those. The sheet type anode consists of a conductive base body on which coating film, contg. at least anode active substance and binder, is formed. The binder of the sheet type anode contains polytetrafluoroethylene, and polyvinylbutyral, and at least one of polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, polyethylene oxide, polypropylene oxide, and propylene oxide-ethylene oxide copolymer.    ADVANTAGE -   The lithium secondary cell has higher capacity.
The battery has an anode and a cathode provided on either sides of a solid polymer electrolyte. The peripheral part or the bent part of the anode and the cathode which is in contact with the solid polymer electrolyte, is coated with ion permeation prevention material.    ADVANTAGE -   Reliable charging/discharging characteristics. Improves stability.
A non-aqueous electrolyte secondary cell comprises anode and cathode made of a material capable of doping and de-doping lithium and a non-aqueous electrolyte obtained by dissolving an electrolyte in a non-aqueous solvent, with flake-like graphite added as a conductor agent to the anode or cathode or both.    USE -   The secondary cells may be used in the electronics and related industries.    ADVANTAGE -   The cells have long charging-discharging cycle life and high reliability.
The production of a polycrystalline thin film comprises forming a film on a substrate such that the temperature does not exceed 450C for a time period greater than 100 microseconds and irradiating at least a part of the film so formed with at least one energy pulse to cause heating and recrystallisation of the film in a time period such that the substrate temperature does not exceed 180C for more than 100 microseconds. Also claimed are: (i) a process as above for making thin films for use in solar cells using laser pulses to cause recrystallisation and increased grain size; and (ii) polycrystalline thin films formed as above.    USE -   Used in the production of thin films for solar cells, especially for high altitude long endurance planes, satellites and vehicles.    ADVANTAGE -   The cost and weight of solar cell substrates are decreased while maintaining or increasing efficiency, since low-temperature, low-cost substrates/superstrates may be used.
Electric current producing, rechargeable electrochemical cell comprises an anode and a cathode in contact with an electrolyte containing thianthrene or a derivative as redox shuffle reagent to provide overcharge protection to the cell.    The anode is Li and the cathode is LiMn2O4, LiNiO2, LiV2O5, LiVS2, LiCrO0.5V0.5S2, mixtures or similar oxides or sulphides. Alternatively the anode is an insertion electrode selected from C, metal alloys, metal oxides, metal sulphides and metal nitrides.
The flame retardant solid electrolyte comprises an ion conductive polymer matrix having moieties derived from a halogen or phosphorus-bearing polymer and capable of imparting flame retardance to the polymer matrix, and an electrolyte salt dispersed in the polymer matrix.    Also claimed are: (i) a lithium secondary cell comprising the above electrolyte; (ii) a flame retardant solid electrolyte comprising a non-ion-conductive polymer matrix having moieties derived from a halogen or phosphorus-bearing compound, capable of imparting flame retardance to the polymer matrix, and a liquid electrolyte comprising an electrolyte salt dissolved in a solvent, the liquid electrolyte being dispersed in the polymer matrix; and (iii) a lithium secondary cell comprising the electrolyte in (ii).    USE -   Used for the manufacture of high energy density cells or batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   The cell does not rely on an excited safety mechanism, thereby enhancing the safety of the cell. Any flame retardant would not be dissolved out.
Vacuum lamination system has a number of vacuum applying assemblies (101 to 114) each of which has a lower support member (101) and a top cover sheet (102) between which the device to be laminated, sandwiched between upper and low filler sheets, is placed to be subjected to vacuum applied through a pipe (103) prior to applying heat to the assembly. The vacuum applying assemblies are stacked vertically prior to subjecting the assemblies to vacuum and heat, before the stack is dis-assembled and the sealed products taken out from the assemblies. Also claimed are the systems in which a number of stacks are cycled between loading, vacuum applying, heating, and unloading stations in succession; an apparatus for the vacuum laminating system as above in which the support member (101) is a steel plate with a vacuum pipe (103) arranged in a loop on and connected by intermittent welds to its surface, with perforations through the pipe wall at the inner circumference of the loop, and with a sealant sealing the junction between the pipe and the plate; and a process for vacuum laminating a stacked body using the apparatus.    USE -   Particularly in the mass production of solar cell modules.    ADVANTAGE -   Vacuum piping is firmly fixed and sealed to the support plate to provide a strong, durable, apparatus which requires no excessive care in handling. The apparatus is operable at high efficiency .
A conductive matrix composition comprises: (a) 10-90% of a first polymer, having a Tg below -35C and a weight average molecular weight of 20,000 or more, of polymerised units of: (i) 0-90% of polymerised units of an alkyl or alkylthioalkyl ester of (meth)acrylic acid; and (ii) 10-100% of polymerised units of a poly (alkyleneoxy) (meth)acrylate comonomer of formula CH2=C(R)COO(CH2CHR1O)pR2; (b) 10-90% of a second polymer, of weight average molecular weight 30,000 or more, of polymerised units of alkyl ester(s) of (meth) acrylic acid; and (c) 0.5-20% of a conductive salt having alkali earth or alkali metal cations. The first and second polymers are miscible, and the conductive salt is miscible with the matrix composition. In the formula: R and R1 = H or CH3; R2 = 1-20C (cyclo)alkyl, aryl, alkaryl, or aralkyl; and p = 1-1000.    Also claimed is a lithium cell.    USE -   Used as electrolytes for cells, batteries, electrochromic displays, and sensors.    ADVANTAGE -   The electrolyte is non-plasticised, melt processable, solid and dimensionally stable.
A thermal imaging chopper (20) comprises: (a) a disc (40), formed of a thermally transmitting material such as polyethylene, provided with a window (42) and a structure (44) coupled to the disc (40), and rotatable about its centre (45); characterised in that (b) the structure (44) comprises a phase relief pattern formed in the surface of the disc (40), the pattern consisting of protruberances of varying heights, being pyramidal or square in formation, or alternatively the pattern may be formed of grooves of varying depths and orientations.    USE -   Forms part of a thermal imaging system to provide a background reference signal.    ADVANTAGE -   A low cost device capable of randomly scattering thermal radiation of a scene incident to a detector.
An electrochemical cell capable of reversibly intercalating and de-intercalating lithium ions comprises: (a) 2 electrode assemblies, each having a thickness of less than 300 m; (b) an electrolyte layer placed between the electrode assemblies; and (c) an ionically conductive adhesive layer placed between the electrolyte layer and at least one of the electrode assemblies.    USE -   As a rechargeable energy source for radio communication, satellites, portable computers, electric vehicles, etc.    ADVANTAGE -   The cell has enhanced mechanical integrity and excellent adhesion at the electrode/adhesive and electrolyte/adhesive interfaces.
An anode active material for lithium battery has the formula LixMn2-yMyO4 (y = 0.45-0.6, x = 0-1), with a cubic spinel structure with a lattice constant of 8.19 or smaller.    Also claimed are: (i) the manufacture of an anode for an Li battery by a solid phase reaction involving firing an Li compound, Mn compound and other transition metal compound, then refiring after pressing at least once; (ii) the manufacture of an anode for an Li battery by a sol-gel process involving dissolving an Li compound, Mn compound and other transition metal compound in alcohol or water, adding ammonia water to gelatinise the solution, and firing; and (iii) a Li battery comprising an anode of the above material and a cathode of Li, Li alloy, C or graphite, and having a nominal voltage of 4.7 V.    Preferably M is a divalent metal selected from Ni, Co, Fe, Mg and Zn, especially Ni.    ADVANTAGE -   A high voltage battery can be produced. Charge and discharge reactions proceed in a one phase reaction and a monotonous variation of potential can be obtained. The crystal structure does not change with charge/discharge reactions, the unit cell volume experiences less change and the capacity experiences less decrease upon repeated charge/discharge operations.
The solar cell module (1A) is formed by covering solar cells (21) placed on the back surface of a transparent plate by a back surface covering member (24) so as to form a solar cell panel (2) and by sealing the peripheral portion of the solar cell panel by a framed-shaped end portion sealing member (3). A wiring hole (31a) or a wiring cut for passing an electrical wire (4) laid along the back surface covering member (24) is formed on a side wall portion of the end portion sealing member (3) so as to remove electrical power generated by the solar cells. The manufacture comprises housing the solar cell panel in a metallic mould composed of a surface mould incorporating an inner surface shape nearly coinciding to an outer surface shape of the front side of the solar cell module and a back mould incorporating an inner surface shape nearly coinciding to an outer surface shape of the back side of the solar cell module, a step for injecting and forming a high molecular material for the framed-shaped end portion sealing member in a cavity demarcated by the metallic mould and the solar cell panel.    USE -   They are suitable for providing solar cell modules arranged on a roof of a building.    ADVANTAGE -   Wiring of solar cell modules can be performed easily when arranging the solar cell modules on a roof of a building etc..
The polymer electrolyte comprises composite material composed of three- dimensionally crosslinked lithium ion conductive polymer and nitrogen contained organic cpd. having polymerizing functional group, in which organic electrolyte is held.    USE -   The polymer electrolyte is used for the lithium-polymer cell.    ADVANTAGE -   The lithium-polymer cell, having improved cycle characteristics, can be obtd.
Lithium cell has a pair of electrodes (1,3) between which a solid state electrolyte layer (2) made of lithium ion conductive ceramics is interposed. The thickness of one of the electrodes is 0.5 mm or less and that of electrolyte layer is 2.0 mm or less. The active material includes a binder made of polymer and comprises sulphuric anhydride or sulphuric anhydride electron donor compound added to carbon double bonded molecule.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves charging and discharging cycle characteristics. Improves capacity of cell.
The method involves heat mixing of plasticiser to a copolymer containing a polyvinylidene fluoride or vinylidene fluoride and an electrolytic compound.    ADVANTAGE -   Obtains high ionic conductivity and proper strength. Simplifies manufacturing process.
The system includes a modifier (2) which does the steam reforming of the raw material and forms hydrogen rich reformed gas. The reformed gas is utilised for power generation. Steam flows into a fuel battery (6) and moisturises the solid state polymer film with reformed gas via modifier during power generation. A steam supplier supplies excessive amount of steam.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies assembly. Raises practicality. Does not reduce voltage even on operation for long time. Restrains precipitation of carbon in modifier.
A new moulding contains a polymer and a lithium ion conductive inorganic solid electrolyte. The polymer is given by adding sulphuric anhydride or a complex of sulphuric acid anhydride and an electron donating cpd. to the double bonds of C=C in a polymer molecule.    USE -   For solid state lithium batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   The new moulding has a higher workability as well as a higher lithium ion conductivity.
The polymeric gel electrolyte comprises a polymer matrix, a solvent and an electrolytic salt. The solvent used for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution contains one or more kinds of halogen-substituted carbonic ester.    By careful selection of the ester for the solvent, the elastic modulus of the solid electrolyte is increased and retention of solvent is improved without lowering the ionic conductivity. The relative dielectric constant for the ester is preferably not less than 4.    USE -   Provides a highly reliable, ionically conductive polymeric gel electrolyte for batteries with high ionic conductivity and sufficiently high solid strength and able to prevent internal short circuit even if no diaphragm is used.
Two thermoplastics parts (20, 30) are connected by fusion welding using an electric heating wire (40) which is positioned between them, the parts being urged towards one another while an electric current, sufficient to heat the surrounding plastics to fusion temperature, is passed through the wire by electrodes which contact the wire through access apertures (25) provided on one part, and are withdrawn after fusion of the two parts.    The resulting part is claimed.    USE -   In joining a cover (30) to a casing (40) after parts, such as a battery, have been assembled in the casing.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides a casing in which the heating wire is completely enclosed within the body of the assembly, and which can be easily sealed to prevent ingress of liquids or contaminants.
The battery comprises a positive electrode (1) and a negative electrode (2) between which an anhydrous electrolyte is filled. The negative electrode contains a nitride phosphorus-chloride polymer material.    ADVANTAGE -   Sufficient discharge capacity is obtained. Cycle characteristics are maintained by preventing decomposition of the electrolyte due to contact with the negative electrode.
The plate consists of an active material layer which includes binder and cadmium oxide containing cellulose derivative. The ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer is also contained in the binder.    ADVANTAGE -   Inhibits dropping off of active material from plate. Improves capacitive density per volume.
The roller (10) has an axial roller (14) made of a metal. A knurl (12) is formed in the peripheral surface of the axial roller. A cylinder (16) made from resin, such as very high density polyethylene and polypropylene is press-fitted with the axial roller. Another knurl (18) is provided to the peripheral surface of the cylinder. A number of holes are formed according to the requirement.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides defined contact strength to lithium foil.
The battery includes a positive electrode (1), a negative electrode (2) and a lithium salt as an electrolyte (4). The negative electrode is constituted by an insoluble infusible base having a polyacene group skeletal structure. The nuclear ratio of the hydrogen atom and carbon atom of the aromatic group condensation polymer, ranges from 0.05-0.50. The ratio of the true specific gravity (1) of the impregnated propylene carbonate and the true specific gravity (2) of the impregnated dimethyl carbonate is given by the relation 0.9=&lt;(2)/(1)=&lt;1.1.    ADVANTAGE -   High capacity and voltage.
A polymeric solid electrolyte comprises: a polymer matrix composed of a copolymer of a polymerisable monomer of formula H2C=C(R1)-C(=O)-N(R2)R3 (I) and a crosslinking agent of formula H2C=C(R4)-C(=O)-(OCH2CH2)n-O-C(=O)-C(R5)=CH2 (II); a polymerisation initiator; an electrolyte solution containing an inorganic salt and a solvent. In the formulae: R1, R4 and R5 = H or methyl; R2 and R3 = H, 1-6C alkyl, -(R)N(R')2 or -(R")OH; n = 3-30; and R, R' and R" = 1-6C alkyl.    Also claimed is a lithium secondary cell adopting the above polymeric solid electrolyte.    USE -   The polymeric solid electrolyte is useful in lithium secondary cells (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   The polymeric solid electrolyte has good conductivity of at least 10-3 S/cm, can be easily processed due to its good mechanical properties, e.g. flexibility and plasticity, and has an good organic electrolyte solution capacity, i.e. does not leak organic electrolyte solution. When used in lithium secondary cells, the polymeric solid electrolyte provides improved operating voltage, lifetime and energy density.
The collector has meandering metal pipes (2) containing a heating medium. The pipes are joined by sheet metal discs (3) attached to separate bends in the pipes. The pipes have an internal diameter of roughly 6 mm.    The pipes preferably correspond in size and composition to a condenser of a refrigerator or freezer through which coolant is conveyed, and can be re-cycled. The pipes and discs sit between two light-permeable polycarbonate panes (4,5) superimposed along the edges by a spacer piece (6) and held together by an outer angled frame (7).    ADVANTAGE -   The solar collector can be made at a low cost from mass-produced products.
A formulation (F) comprises: (A) 2-95 wt.% metal or metal alloy fibres with a diameter of 8-10 m, a length of 2.5-10 mm and a length/diameter ratio of 100-2000; and (B) 5-80 wt.% polymer of formula (I).     HO-(-CO-R1 -CO-X-Y-Z-)n-H (I)     In (I): R1 = phenyl, naphthyl, cyclohexyl or cyclohexenyl, optionally substituted with 1-4C alkyl; X and Z = O or NR2 ; R2 = 1-4C alkyl or H; Y = (CH2 )m, phenyl, cyclohexyl or cyclopentyl; m = 1-2; and n = a whole number.    Also claimed are: (i) the preparation of (F) by granulating a mixture of (A) and (B); (ii) mouldings comprising (F); and (iii) the preparation of these mouldings by injection moulding granular (F) at 180-350C.    USE -   (F) are used to make accumulator cells, batteries or corrosion protection electrodes (claimed). The corrosion protection electrodes comprising electronegative elements such as magnesium or aluminium are used to prevent corrosion of steel boilers in heating systems. Bimetallic electrodes can also be made from (F). Other applications include electrical automotive parts (e.g. lights, batteries or lamps) or electrically conducting contacts for low voltage lamps, spot lamps or domestic appliances.    ADVANTAGE -   Being thermally and electrically conductive, (F) can be used as lightweight and corrosion-resistant substitutes for metal. Conductivity is more uniform compared with polymers containing metal particles, due to more homogeneous distribution of the fibres.
A secondary cell in which a flexible wiring board which has a through-hole and is mounted with a safety circuit, an anode for controlled input/output and a cathode for safety circuit which respectively have gas vent holes and are in face contact with the upper surface of the wiring board, a PTC element which is in face contact with the lower surface of the wiring board, and a slitted valve body are united using inner gasket in one body. A sealing section is constituted at the central part by caulking a sub-filter which is welded to the valve body and has a through-hole and the inner gasket at the periphery of a filter having a through-hole. The cell can be handled similarly to the conventional single cell. When the gas pressure in the cell becomes abnormally high, the bursting of the cell is prevented by quickly discharging the gas.
Preparation of porous fluorocarbon resin parts (X) is characterized in that a matrix comprising (A) 100 pts.wt. of a tetrafluoroethylene(TFE)-hexafluoropropylene(HFP)-vinylidene fluoride(VDF) terpolymer, (B) 5-300 pts.wt. of an ester cpd. having a boiling point(Bp) or decomposition point of more than 200 deg.C and a solubility parameter(SP) of 8.0-11.0, and (C) 10-150 pts.wt. of silica having an average particle diameter (aDp) of less than 100 micron is formed, and then, the ester cpd. is extracted with an organic solvent.    USE -   (X) is used as filters or separators for water treatment, secondary cells, and fermentation degumming.    ADVANTAGE -   (X) has a suitable porous structure for reaction between liquid phases, a high chemical resistance, and a long term durability.
The method involves performing division arrangement of first electrode layer (42a-42d) which is connected with an electricity generation area of a substrate (41). A semiconductor light barrier layer (43) is formed on the first electrode layer. Second electrode film and second electrode layer (44a-44d) are formed on the upper part of the barrier layer by heating the whole substrate surface.    The patterning of the second electrode layer which is connected with the electricity generation area is carried out. The connection of the second electrode layer overlaps with that of the first electrode layer. The second electrode film exposed from multi-division thin metallic film (45a-45d) is removed by etching using the metallic film as a mask pattern. The patterning of the second electrode layer is again carried out.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents damage to barrier layer and short circuit generation.
The battery includes an anode (1) and a cathode (2) immersed in an electrolyte (4) containing organic fluorine with lithium salt. The cathode comprises insoluble non fusing base containing aromatic polymer with polyacene chain structure. The nuclear ratio between the number of hydrogen and carbon atoms in the aromatic polymer is in the range of 0.05-0.5.    ADVANTAGE -   The capacity is improved.
The battery includes a negative electrode (2) and a positive electrode (1) which are separated by a separator (3). The whole arrangement is dipped in an organic electrolyte (4). The negative electrode includes an active material containing lithium ions. The organic electrolyte contains 50 volume percent chain like ester as main solvent. The organic electrolyte also contains ion conductive ceramic polymer such as polyacrylic acid, polymethacrylic acid ester whose average molecular weight is more than 10000. The organic electrolyte contains 0.1-5 weight part of ion conductive ceramics polymer.    ADVANTAGE -   The structure reduces the diminution of load characteristics accompanied by charging and discharging cycle.
The method involves immersing a polyvinylidene fluoride group resin compact in an electrolytic plasticiser solution at a temperature of about 35-200 C.    ADVANTAGE -   The method avoids the need for using low boiling point solvent.
Nano-battery capacitor has a surface area equalising the limited current density. Production of the nano-battery capacitor comprises forming foils, collector foils and cathode material foils of thickness 10 nm-1 mm and pores of 1 nm-1 m, applying the polyethylene oxide in the pores and around the foils, where new pores are created within the previous pores and the excess collector foils filled and/or coated with graphite.    ADVANTAGE -   High energy density is achieved.
New linear aza-ethers have the formula R2N-(CH2CH2-N(R)-CH2CH2CH2-N(R))n1-(CH2)m-N(R)-CH2CH2)n2-NR2 (I) n1, n2, m = integers, 0-20, provided n1+n2 &gt; 0; and R = an electron-withdrawing group, e.g. CF3SO2, CF3CO, CN or SO2CN.    Also claimed are: (1) linear aza-ethers of formula R-(-N(R)-CH2CH2-)n-N(R)R (II) and (2) multi-branch aza-ethers of formulae NR'3 (III) (where, R' = R2-N-CH2CH2-) and CR''4 (IV) (where, R'' = R2NCH2CH2NRCH2.    USE -   Used in non-aqueous battery electrolytes in alkali metal batteries to act as neutral receptors to complex the anion of the electrolyte salt.    ADVANTAGE -   The aza-ethers are stable and increase dramatically the ionic conductivity and transference number of Li+ ions in alkali metal batteries, giving increased cathode utilization. Such batteries have a significantly increased rate capability or discharge current density. The aza-ethers provide a salting-in effect, which increases the solubility of the electrolyte, allowing lower cost salts such as LiCl, LiBr and LiI to be used.
A composite (semi-) solid state polymer alloy electrolyte (I) for batteries, capacitors and other electrochemical devices comprises a mixture containing polyethylene oxide, polyvinylidene fluoride/hexafluoropropylene (PVDF/HFP), an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal salt and an aprotic liquid(s).    USE -   For batteries, capacitors and fuel cells, e.g. lithium ion polymer batteries. Also useful for the construction of electrodes.    ADVANTAGE -   The electrolyte is easily to handle and produce, and is highly ion conductive. It provides a thin, tough, flexible layer having good adherence to electrodes and that is resistant to compressive forces and resists shorting.
A plug-in module (32), especially used in an athletic shoe (20), slides and locks into a receptacle (30). It includes a battery, visible light emitter and interconnecting circuitry. A press-switch completes the circuit. This has a protruding member connected to the circuit, cantilevered over the side of the battery in its supports, making contact when pressed, to complete the circuit. When the module is reorientated in its receptacle, the circuit is switched off, disabling illumination. Preferably the receptacle is made of a polycarbonate.    USE -   A plug-in module with self-contained light source, switching and battery used in e.g. the heel of athletic shoes.    ADVANTAGE -   The device is an alternative to e.g. reflective surfaces, used to enhance the wearer's night safety, provide visual entertainment, or assist in taking biomechanical measurements. Typically the light source is a rugged, light-emitting diode (LED). The insert is easily removed to replace the battery, insert a different light source or to change the mode of operation or components. Comfort may not be affected, being comparable to that from a heel with hard layers.
A non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery comprises a separator, a non-aqueous electrolyte containing a lithium salt, a negative electrode based on a non-crystalline chalcogen compound and/or a non-crystalline oxide compound and a positive electrode based on a material in which reversible absorption and release of lithium is possible. In the non-aqueous electrolyte, there is a compound containing at least one ether linkage in the molecule.    USE -   Used as non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery,    ADVANTAGE -   Charging and discharging characteristics of the battery are improved by the ether-containing compound. Deterioration of charge-discharge cycle is reduced on repeated use.
A polycarbonate (PC) resin containing a unit of formula -(O-Ar1-N(Ar2)-Ar3-CH2CH2-Ar4-CH2CH2-Ar5-N(Ar7)-Ar6-O-C(O))- (1) is new. In (1), Ar1, Ar3, Ar4, Ar5, Ar6 = optionally substituted allylene; and Ar2, Ar7 = optionally substituted aryl.    Also claimed is a PC resin having a unit of formula -(O-Ar1-N(Ar2)-Ar3-CH2CH2-Ar4-CH2CH2-Ar5-N(Ar7)-Ar6-O-C(O)-O-X-O-C(O))n- (5), where X = divalent aliphatic, cyclic aliphatic, aromatic or their mixed group or group of formula (3a) or (3b); R1-R4 = optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted aryl or halogen; a, b = 0-4; c, d = 0-3; Y = single bond, 2-12C straight chain alkylene, -O-, -S-, -SO-, -SO2-, -CO-, -C(O)-O-Z1-O-C(O)-, -C(O)-Z2-C(O)-, -C(=CCl2)-, -C(R5)(R6)-, -(CH2)f-(Si(R14)(R15)-O)g-Si(R14)(R15)-(CH2)f or group of formula (4a)-(4d); Z1, Z2 = optionally substituted divalent aliphatic or optionally substituted arylene; R5-R11 = H, halogen, 1-5C optionally substituted alkyl, 1-5C optionally substituted alkoxy, optional substituted aryl or R5 and R6 may combine to form a 5-12C carbocyclic or heterocyclic or R5, R6 may combine with R1, R2 to form a carbocyclic or heterocyclic; R12, R13 = single bond or 1-4C alkylene; R14, R15 = 1-5C optionally substituted alkyl or optionally substituted aryl; e = 0-4; f = 0-20; g = 0-2000; and n = 2-5000.    USE -   The aromatic PC resin is useful as a charge transporting polymer material for an organic photoreceptor.    ADVANTAGE -   The aromatic PC resin has a charge transporting ability and high mechanical strength. A photoreceptor using the PC resin has high sensitivity and high durability.
A polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell comprises polymer electrolyte membranes, gas diffusion electrodes sandwiching the membranes, and bipolar plates operating as gas separation plates and current collectors with fuel/oxidising agent supply and discharge passages, wherein the bipolar plate has a frame of melt-processable polymer of good fluidity and high acid and hydrolytic resistance, and a carbon plate or corrosion-resistant conductive plate integrally moulded into the frame, wherein the plate has concave and convex parts on both surfaces which provide the fuel/oxidising agent supply and discharge passages when the bipolar plate contacts the gas diffusion electrodes.    USE -   For direct generation of electrical energy from fuel and an oxidising agent.    ADVANTAGE -   The bipolar plate is easily made at reduced manufacturing cost. It has high resistance against corrosive electrolyte, good current collection function, a high degree of structural integrity, high strength, high elasticity, good dimensional stability and good core properties.
A laminated solar cell module (30) comprises (i) a front support layer (32) formed of light transmitting material and having first and second surfaces (32a, 32b); (ii) a transparent encapsulant layer (34) adjacent the second surface (32b) of the front support layer (32); (iii) a number of interconnected solar cells (36) having a first surface (36a) adjacent the transparent encapsulant layer (34); (iv) a back skin layer (38) formed of a thermoplastic olefin and having a first surface (38a) adjacent a second surface (36b) of the interconnected solar cells (36); and (v) 1 mounting bracket (92) bonded directly to a second surface of the back skin layer. Also claimed is the manufacture of the solar cell module.    USE -   Used especially for forming solar cell modules with an integral mounting structure.    ADVANTAGE -   Mounting each bracket directly to the back skin material can eliminate the need for other mounting hardware and simplifies the module mounting procedure. Costs associated with an Al frame and an edge sealing material and the difficulties of installing hardware in remote locations are all eliminated.
A laminated solar cell module (44) comprises: (i) a front support layer (32) formed of light transmitting material and having first and second surfaces; (ii) a transparent encapsulant layer (34) adjacent the second surface of the front support layer (32); (iii) a number of interconnected solar cells (36) adjacent the transparent encapsulant layer (34); and (iv) a backskin layer (38) formed of a thermoplastic olefin and having a first surface adjacent a second surface of the interconnected solar cells (36). The transparent encapsulant (34) and the backskin layer (38) together encapsulate the interconnected solar cells.    Also claimed is the manufacture of a solar cell module.    USE -   Used especially for forming the backskin of solar cell modules.    ADVANTAGE -   The backskin provides (a) a strong and weatherable backing for the module, (b) an edging which can eliminate the need for an aluminium frame, (c) an edge seal that eliminates the need for any additional seal materials, (d) a rear encapsulant that eliminates the need for a separate rear sheet of encapsulant material; and (e) the elimination of the need for a scrim layer to remove air during lamination. The backskin layer is easily formed and moulded in situ during the module manufacturing process. Manufacturing costs and module mounting costs are reduced.
A method is claimed for applying electrodes to the surface of a ceramic piezoelectric layer, comprising the steps: a) forming a pattern of deformable electrode material on the surface of a deformable film; b) interposing an adhesive layer between the pattern of deformable electrode material and the surface of a ceramic piezoelectric layer; and c) pressing deformable electrode material against the ceramic piezoelectric layer with a pressure which is uniform across the surface of a ceramic piezoelectric layer. An electroded piezoelectric transducer comprising: i) a ceramic piezoelectric layer (10) having a surface containing granular asperities; ii) a pattern of deformable electrode material (30, 31) having portions which are deformed to conform to the granular asperities; and iii) an adhesive layer (22) bonding the surfaces of the deformable electrode material and the ceramic piezoelectric layer in the regions between the peaks of the granular asperities. An ink jet print-head comprising a ceramic piezoelectric transducer layer, a pattern of deformable electrode material bonded to a surface thereof, and a chamber plate. The surface of the chamber plate is formed with ink pressure chambers affixed to the ceramic piezoelectric layer, the ink pressure chambers being located at positions corresponding to the electrodes in the deformable electrode material.    USE -   Useful in applying electrodes to ceramic piezoelectric transducers, eg. shear-mode transducers of the type used in ink jet systems.    ADVANTAGE -   The piezoelectric transducers do not require the complex and expensive electrode-forming procedures of the prior art. The method avoids the need for wiring connections at the surface of the piezoelectric transducer.
Iron oxide is added to a solution containing platinum then an oxidising agent added under mixing to form electrocatalyst particles(I) comprising an inner iron oxide core and an outer platinum oxide shell. An electrocatalyst(II) comprising several bimetallic colloidal particles(I).    USE -   (II) are used in fuel cells for oxidising alcohols (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   (I) are lightweight and manufacturing costs are lowered by using a non Pt core.
A new plastics material used for assembling solar cell modules is a transparent, non-yellow colouring thermoplastic polyurethane having a curing performance of (A) hardness (Hs) as defined by JIS (Japan Industrial Standard) is up to 90 deg.    USE -   For assembling solar cell modules. They are carried on solar cars.    ADVANTAGE -   Light weight solar cell modules resistant to mechanical shocks are obtd.
The battery has a non-aqueous electrolyte added with a nylon salt.    ADVANTAGE -   Eliminates damage of battery. Prevents flow of gas.
The battery includes a can (5) and a cover (12) combined by a fusion junction. A connection conductor (8) made of lead or lead alloy is located in a groove (10) formed in barrier plate (9) and the cover made by thermoplastic synthetic resin. An acid proof resin and anti oxidizing substance are interposed between the conductor and the barrier plate to form a leakproof arrangement between the cells.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves durability. Eliminates fire damp migration and liquid spillage.
A new semiconductor device consists of a photovoltaic element which is formed on a transparent substrate and is sealed with resin layer. The resin layer contains a resin having polyisoprene as a main chain.    The production of the semiconductor device is also claimed, where the resin layer is formed by coating a liquid resin for sealing; heating the coating so as to cure it by developing crosslinking structure.    USE -   For solar cell modules whose rear face is sealed with resin layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Solar cell modules with an improved reliability are fabricated in a simple manner.
Production of a solid polymer electrolyte battery having a solid polymer electrolyte layer which holds non-aqueous electrolyte solution and is sandwiched between a positive electrode and a negative electrode comprises the steps: (a) a polymer composition containing plasticiser and polymer compound is formed into a sheet. The plasticiser is then extracted out of the sheet with a lower molecular weight organic silicone compound (OS) selected from an organic chain silicone compound of formula (I) or an organic ring silicone compound of formula (R)3SiO(Si(R)2O)mSi(R)3 (II); (b) the non-aqueous electrolyte solution is impregnated into the layer so as to form the solid polymer electrolyte layer.    R is an organic group; m is an integer of 0-7; n is an integer of 3-10.    A new solid polymer electrolyte battery is also claimed, which comprises a non-aqueous electrolyte solution composition containing OS and enhances the ionic conductivity of the composition.    ADVANTAGE -   Plasticiser is extracted with higher efficiency. The amount of electrolyte solution impregnated in the electrolyte layer is increased.
Production comprises using a catalyst material which has an oxygen reduction ability. Carbon material is mixed with the catalyst material and a fluororesin group binder material is kneaded along with a solvent to form a paste. The paste is dried and crushed into a powder. Crimp fixation is performed on the powder at a metal screen and is moulded in the shape of a sheet.    ADVANTAGE -   Variation in discharge characteristics of the battery are prevented. A variation in water repellent nature of the air pole is prevented.
The battery has an electrically conductive base (1), on which a sheet-like electrode is provided. The electrode includes a mixture film (2) containing an active material and a binder. A bonding resin (3) is interposed between the electrically conductive base and the mixture film.    ADVANTAGE -   The battery has improved charging-discharging cycle characteristics. Capacitive deterioration by repeated charging and discharging is reduced.
The delamination-resistant battery separator comprises a non-woven substrate comprising non-cellulosic fibres with an extruded cellulosic film on at least one side with a degree of polymerisation of at least 350. At least 20 wt.% of cellulose is added to the substrate. The separator has an absorption rate of at least 6 mm/5 mins. of an aqueous 30 wt.% potassium hydroxide (KOH) solution with an absorption capacity of at least 200 g/m2 and a wet tensile strength of at least 70% after 41 days in a 40 wt.% KOH solution.    Also claimed are: (a) a process for making the separator by contacting a non-woven non-cellulosic textile substrate with a liquid cellulose or cellulose derivative solution on at least one side of the substrate, converting to a solid film, and washing and drying the separator; and (b) a further process for making a battery separator by contacting a non-woven non-cellulosic substrate web with a cellulose solution comprising at least 95% -cellulose in a solvent of N-methyl morpholine-n-oxide while forming substrate into a tube, converting the solution to a solid cellulose, then washing and drying to provide a glycerine-free battery separator having a coated substrate thickness of 10 mils or less and an absorption of the cellulose coating controlled to give the physical parameters described above.    USE -   Used for electric batteries including dry cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The separators are degradation and delamination resistant with a high level of electrolyte absorption capacity.
Preparing a porous electrode structure having an electrolyte layer thereupon comprises: preparing a porous electrode structure; layering excess low viscosity electrolyte pre-wet material upon an electrode surface of the porous electrode; removing excess pre-wet material to remove bubbles and form a scraped pre-wet material; allowing the scraped pre-wet material to absorb into the porous electrode structure; and applying a viscous electrolyte precursor material to the surface of the porous electrode structure.    Also claimed is a method of preparing a battery having a solid electrolyte.    USE -   Fabrication of a battery cell having a solid electrolyte laminated onto a porous electrode structure.    ADVANTAGE -   Improved chemical and mechanical contact between the electrode and electrolyte provides low internal resistivity and good battery performance. The device has improved manufacturing parameters. The electrode/electrolyte laminate may be manufactured in a continuous process.
A crosslinked polymer solid electrolyte part(X) is prepared by impregnating and/or swelling a crosslinked polyvinylidene fluoride(PVF) part, which does not contain any crosslinkable monomer unit, with an electrolyte or its mixture with a plasticiser.    USE -   (X) is used for cells.    ADVANTAGE -   (X) has high ionic conductivity and dimensional stability and the cell has high efficiency and stability.
Composite film of polyelectrolyte is obtained by filling polyelectrolytes in gaps of a porous film consisting of p-oriented aromatic polyamide.    Also claimed are: (1) production of the composite film of polyelectrolyte comprising the steps of: (a) forming a filmy matter from a soln. of polar amide-type solvents or polar urea-type solvents contg. 1-10 wt.% of p-oriented aromatic polyamides having intrinsic viscosity of 1.0-2.5dl/g and 1-10 wt.% of chlorides of alkali metal or alkaline earth metal; (b) maintaining the film matter at 20 C or higher or -10 C or lower to deposit the p-oriented aromatic polyamides; (c) immersing the filmy matter in an aq. soln. or alcohol-type soln. to dis solve out the solvents and the chlorides of alkali metal or alkaline earth metal and drying the filmy matter to obtain a film; and (d) filling photoelec trolytes in the film: and (2) production of the composite film of polyelectrolyte comprising (a), (b') immersing the filmy matter in a coagulating soln. contg. 0-70 wt.% of polar amide-type solvents or polar urea-type solvents to deposit the p- oriented aromatic polyamides, (c), and (d).    USE -   The composite film is used in cells, electrochromic devices, and sensors.    ADVANTAGE -   The composite film provides cells functioning safely even at high temp.
Rechargeable electrochemical battery, with organic liquid electrolyte has average discharge voltage of 3 volts. Battery contains at least one electrode which comprises a current collector coating in paste form containing active electrochemical material and binder which is a polymer partially neutralised by a basic compound chosen from e.g. quaternary ammonium hydroxide, ethanolamine, or tetraalkyl-phosphonium hydroxide.    The polymer is selected from polymers of e.g. acrylic acid, sulphonic acid or acrylamide, their copolymers and their mixtures.    Electrode is made by adding active material in powder form to solution of binder, forming electrode by spreading paste on foil of metal, e.g. copper, nickel or aluminium, drying electrode at 60-120C, and treating electrode to obtain porosity of 20-60%. Paste used may contain additives.    USE -   For production of rechargeable battery (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   Binder used in electrode is not attacked by electrolyte. Voltage is maintained at about 3 volts, and working temperature of battery does not exceed ambient temperatures.
The arrangement comprises a housing (15) with a multi-cornered base, and right angled side walls (16) which carry a solar module. A pedestal (19) is located inside the housing, with light beam units (20) on its inner wall and a pyramid section (21) on top. The tip of the pyramid contains a light radiating element (23) while the base cut out (35) has two slats (37). The pyramids pref. consist of acrylic material.    USE -   The arrangement is used to increase the output of a photovoltaic installation.    ADVANTAGE -   The arrangement is environmentally friendly.
Constructional element consists of a concrete component faced with a glass component with a laminating mortar (I) on the building side, containing finely divided aggregate, cement and an aqueous dispersion of a polyacrylic acid derivative with a logarithmic decrement (DIN 53445) which shows a peak at below 0 C. Mortar (I) is hardened on the glass with a deficiency of hydration water and then bonded with the concrete component. The glass component is a glass solar panel.    USE -   As a solar panel for walls and especially roofs.    ADVANTAGE -   A simple, low-cost system for the production and installation of solar panels without using expensive mechanical fixtures, using a laminating adhesive which is partly hardened on the glass by the water in the polyacrylate dispersion and then finally hardened by water diffusing from the incompletely set concrete. This gives an adhesive layer which is resistant to cracking due to differential thermal stresses in glass and concrete.
A rechargeable sealed granular lead-acid battery without maintenance is made up through coating lead pastes of positive and negative electrodes onto lead net (or lead or lead-tin plated copper net), putting in non-woven cloth (or glass fibre paper), rolling, die pressing to form positive and negative electrode core groups, baking, loading in ABS or PP plastic slots, filling mixed particles of zeolite and white carbon black (as depolarizing material), pouring high-purity electrolytic liquid and additive, and charging.
A non-aqueous electrolyte for a secondary lithium battery contains solvents, one or more soluble lithium salts other than an lithium polysulphide, and an effective lithium stripping enhancing amount of soluble lithium polysulphide(s) to increase lithium stripping efficiency at the anode-electrolyte interface.    Also claimed are: (1) the above cell with a lithium anode; and (2) the preparation of an electrolyte by combining the active electrolyte with other electrolyte materials selected from porous separator materials, ionically conductive solid polymers and ionically conductive gel polymers.    ADVANTAGE -   Improved cycle life and safety during the first few charge-discharge cycles, and throughout the useful life of the cell. The soluble additive is easily added, and excess amounts of cathode reduction discharge products are prevented from diffusing into the electrolyte. The electrolyte is useful with both lithium metal and lithium ion anodes.
A hybrid electrolyte is prepared by impregnating a moulded high polymer porous body comprising a polymeric base material of crosslinked polymer segment and bubbles dispersed in the base material with an electrolytic solution selected from aqueous electrolyte or a solution of a non-aqueous solvent and liquid electrolyte until the porous body swells to a gel fraction of the polymeric material of 20-75%.    Also claimed are: (i) the production of the hybrid electrolyte by impregnating the polymeric material with the electrolytic solution to swell at an essentially non-swelling temperature but under pressure, with maintenance at this swelling temperature and pressure; (ii) the production of the hybrid electrolyte in which the moulded polymeric porous body made from vinylidene fluoride or acrylonitrile polymer is impregnated with the electrolytic solution at ambient pressure and 35C, and then the swollen material is heated at 80C, at normal pressure; (iii) a hybrid electrolyte that is made by one of the above processes; and (iv) the production of an electrochemical element by laminating the swollen and electrolyte-impregnated polymeric porous body with an electrode and maintaining at this temperature and pressure; or by laminating an electrode with a hybrid electrode mad with a process as described in (ii); or by laminating the electrode with a porous body before making the hybrid electrolyte by the process in (i) or (ii).    USE -   The hybrid electrolyte may be used to manufacture an electrochemical element (claimed) e.g. in primary and secondary lithium batteries, electrochemical sensors and photoelectric chemical devices.    ADVANTAGE -   The hybrid electrolyte has high ionic conductivity and improved high-temperature stability, and exhibits good adhesion when stuck to an electrode, without leakage. Because of its light weight and miniaturability, batteries made with it are especially suitable for mobile phones and PCs.
The fuel battery includes multiple fuel cells laminated over each other. Each fuel cell includes a solid state polymer electrolyte film (1), on either sides of which, a fuel pole (2) and an oxidising agent pole (3) are provided. A separator (4) with reaction gas conduction path (5) for passage of heating gas/oxidising agent gas is provided on external side of fuel pole/oxidising agent pole respectively. A water repellent layer (15) constituted by a gold plating layer is formed on internal surface of reaction gas conduction path of each separator.    ADVANTAGE -   Inhibits adhesion of liquid drop in reaction gas conduction path of separator. Stabilises flow of reaction gas.
The preparation of a processable polyisothianaphthene (PITN) polymer of formula (I) is claimed. In (I): R1 and R2 = H, 1-8C alkyl or alkoxy, alkyl sulphide, cyanide, chlorine or bromine; X = S, Se, or Te; and N = an integer of 5-500. The process comprises: (a) dissolving an isothianaphthene monomer of formula (II) in a solvent and adding a polymerisation initiator to produce a precursor of a poly(dihydro-isothionaphthene) (PDHITN) of formula (III): (b) dissolving the precursor in a solvent and adding a second, different polymer to the solution; (c) carrying out a dehydrogenation reaction on the mixed polymer solution by adding a dehydrogenation agent comprising tert.-butyl hypochloride (tBHC) or sulphuryl chloride to obtain a PITN polymer; and (d) terminating the dehydrogenation reaction by adding an inhibitor.    USE -   Used in electrochromic display devices, "smart" thermal windows, observing windows of instruments and also as a coating on anodes or cathodes of batteries and on the electrodes of solar cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The polymer has good stability and good electrochromic, conducting and mechanical properties. Large area films of uniform thickness may be prepared simply and cheaply by coating or casting. A processable PITN microgel solution may be obtained without the need to use dialysis to purify the PITN obtained, which provides savings of cost and time, and without precipitation of PITN due to aggregation or crosslinking.
An energy storage cell comprises: (a) a hermetic pressure vessel with a porous ceramic coating on its interior surface; (b) an electrically insulating coating on a portion of the porous ceramic layer, and overlaid with a layer of catalytic material for the catalysis of the combination of hydrogen and oxygen; (c) at least one plate within the vessel, each plate composed of an anode and a cathode with a separator between them and in contact with the porous ceramic; (d) an electrolyte within the vessel; and (e) leads extends from the electrodes to the exterior of the vessel.    Also claimed is a similar cell, but with stripes of an electrically insulating polymeric coating on the ceramic coating, around and parallel to the axis of the cylindrical wall and covered with stripes of the catalytic material.    USE -   Used for nickel-hydrogen energy storage cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The cell is resistant to damage by the exothermic recombination of oxygen and hydrogen. A selective recombination site is provided remote from the cathode. Potential internal and external shorting is avoided.
A polymer-ceramic composite electrolyte comprises: (a) 30-60 wt.% of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO); (b) 10-20 wt.% of lithium tetrafluoroborate; and (c) 25-60 wt.% of lithium nitride.    USE -   In a variety of electrochemical applications, including lithium cells.    ADVANTAGE -   Thin films may be produced with a high room temperature conductivity and good lithium interfacial stability.
The electrolyte composition includes the lithium salt dissolved in non-proton property organic solvent containing polymer component comprising an ester group or an ether group.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves charging and discharging characteristics of lithium cell.
Allylcarbonate copolymer comprises a repeated unit of a compound of formula (1) and a repeated unit of a compound of formula (2), (where R1-R4 and R6 = H or methyl; R5 = 1-4C alkyl or CH2CR6=CH2). Also claimed are (a) polymerisation method of copolymer comprises copolymerising the compounds of formula (1) and formula (2) in the presence of diisopropylperoxydicarbonate and (b) a gel-like solid electrolyte comprising above copolymer and a Group Ia metal salt.    USE -   Used in batteries and capacitors as a polymer matrix of a solid polymer electrolyte.    ADVANTAGE -   Product gives high ion conductivity and voltage resistance and is stable against chemicals.
A transparent heat insulation consists of aluminium-framed double glazing (1, 4) with a low emissive black absorber foil or coating (3) on the inner pane (4) surface facing the gap (2) and a xenon filling within the gap (2), the glazing being fitted to an external wall (7) by a mortar (6) and a silicone (5) layer.    USE -   For solar heating of buildings by application to an external wall.    ADVANTAGE -   The insulation combines a conventional window double glazing unit with a solar absorber and a simple shading for drastic reduction in costs of transparent heat insulation, while maintaining the efficiency of known systems.
A method for preparing a polyimide film for manufacturing flexible amorphous silicon solar cells, comprises: (a) adding 2 aromatic diamines to a mixture of aprotic and aromatic solvents; (b) adding 2 aromatic dianhydrides to the above solution; (c) reacting the solution produced under nitrogen at below 50C to obtain a random copolymeric polyamic acid; (d) applying a varnish coating of the polyamic acid on a glass substrate; (e) imidizing the varnish coating into a polyimide (PI) film by multiple heat treatments; (f) depositing in a vacuum, a metal film on the PI film and patterning the metal film; (g) depositing in a vacuum, an amorphous silicon film on the metal film and patterning the silicon film; (h) depositing in a vacuum, a transparent electrode film on the silicon film and patterning the electrode film; (i) applying a transparent protective film over the electrode film; (j) separating the PI film from the glass substrate; and (k) applying a protective film to the back side of the PI film.    USE -   In solar cells used in consumer electronic products and in power systems.    ADVANTAGE -   The solar cells are manufactured by a simple and cost-effective method. The PI film has a suitable thermal expansion coefficient and it can be easily peeled off a glass plate. No modifications are required to plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition (PECVD) and laser-scribing processes, which provides cost savings.
A solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) comprises: (a) 5-90 pts. wt. of a specific copolymer of trifluoro vinyl ether of formula CF2=CF-OX (I) (where X= 1-18C perfluoroalkyl gp. whose ends can be hydrogenated, having ether gps.) and vinylidene fluoride; (b) 1-90 pts. wt. of an electrolyte; and (c) 5-90 pts. wt. of a plasticiser.    A battery is also claimed in which electrodes are bonded together through the above SPE.    USE -   For solid state batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   The SPE has higher ionic conductivity, good processability, flexibility, mechanical strength and higher ionic transference number.
The battery comprises a plate on whose upper part, inorganic fine particles are filled up thereby forming a first layer (4). The grains of thermoplastic resin and/or the hollow material are filled up into the space above the first layer thereby forming a second layer (5). The first and second layers, occupy 25% of total volume.    ADVANTAGE -   The battery improves explosion protection property of battery, satisfactorily and simplifies structure has high industrial value.
The method involves arranging a set of air stacks (7) at lower wall (5a) of a recess (6) formed in a battery cover (5). This cover is arranged on top of a battery jar (1). A safety valve (8) is connected in each air stack. A pair of opposing direct standing boards (14) are made to protrude from lower wall side to both sides of air stack by moulding. A detachable cover board (15) is cross linked between the two direct standing boards. The cover board is made to cover the upper part of air stack. A covering plate is formed on top of recess.    ADVANTAGE -   The method simplifies manufacture with high efficiency.
The structure (1) includes several solid state polymer electrolytic films, which are arranged individually, between opposing surfaces of a pair of gas plates, comprising grooves for oxidising agent gas and heating gas respectively. The electrolytic film contains a catalyst layer and a porous substrate. The perimeters of the polymer electrolytic film and the gas plates, are bonded through an adhesive or a sheet-like double sided adhesive.    USE -   The structure is used for solid polymer type fuel battery.    ADVANTAGE -   The structure simplifies assembly so reducing manhour for assembly work, offers reliable structure for gas sealing, avoids usage of O-rings and reduces size so reducing cost.
The film (7) consists of a solid state polymer electrolyte layer (2), on whose either or both sides, a polymer sheet (3) made of polytetrafluoroethylene, is attached, through an adhesive (4). This polymer sheet comprises an opening (6), on its central portion.    ADVANTAGE -   The film improves reliability of gas sealing nature of fuel battery, avoids need for thermocompression bonding and provides thin electrolyte film member.
The fabric contains manifold holes for gas inlet (3) and outlet (4) and for cooling water inflow (5) and outflow (6). These holes constitute a gas permeable part. The remaining part constitutes a gas impermeable part. A water repellent part is formed on a centre section part (9). A catalyst layer (11) is formed on the surface of the centre section part. Using this arrangement many units for a fuel battery are laminated to make a stack structure.    USE -   The fabric is used for fuel batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   The fabric provides thin and light weight fuel battery and excels in output voltage.
The electrolytic film (1) has inner central portion, whose film thickness is made thin, corresponding to an electrode part of the fuel battery cell. The film thickness of the peripheral portion (3) which does not correspond the electrode part is not made thin.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves battery characteristics. Improves tensile strength and reliability of film remarkably. Enables manufacturing superior electrolytic film, accurately and easily. Facilitates gas sealing of fuel battery, reliably.
The battery (1) has a solid state polymer electrolyte film which is arranged between a cathode electrode (4) and an anode electrode (3). This arrangement comprises an electrolyte film electrode contact piece. An anode side gas and a cathode side gas are supplied to the contact piece through anode gas passageway and cathode gas passageway, respectively. The passageways are formed on the two sides of the contact piece parallel to each other in which gases are circulated in the same direction.    ADVANTAGE -   Performs moisture control. Improves quality of battery. Inhibits expansion of apparatus.
The battery consists of certain cells (7) which are separated by a separator. Each cell contains a solid state polymer electrolyte film (1) which is sandwiched between an oxygen pole and a fuel pole. An oxidising agent and a heating gas supplied to the oxygen pole and fuel pole sides, respectively. The oxygen pole includes a gas inlet (I) and a gas outlet (O) and a carbon substrate. Fluororesin (8) which has water repellent property is mixed with the electrode layer inside and the inlet and outlet sides of the carbon paper substrate. The amount of mixing of the fluororesin varies from inlet to outlet side. Since, a quantity of water formed by an electrode process is low in the gas inlet side, the fluororesin mixing is low at the inlet side. Due to the increase of water quantity at the outlet side, the fluororesin mixing is also high at the outlet side.    USE -   In e.g. ships.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents reduction of battery property. Increases effective surface area of electrode.
The plate (3) has several cracks which are formed in a predetermined direction intersecting the winding direction. The cracks are formed such that damage is not caused to a collector object containing a foam metal, non woven fabrics consisting of metal fibres and a metallic foil.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents short circuit of battery at time of winding. Inhibits breaking of plate.
The collector holds an active material or principal component of anode and cathode (3,4), which are provided in an organic electrolytic battery (1). Plating the resin film, which is a stratified object, with a thin film of electronic conductivity element is obtained.    ADVANTAGE -   A non- flammable, lightweight battery is obtained.
The method involves forming an active material layer on a plate by depositing the active material paste, which contains the methyl cellulose and the cadmium oxide. By pressing the active material plate along the thickness direction with the predetermined material density, the cadmium plate is obtained. Then, the cadmium plate is washed by the cleaning liquid so that the amount of methyl cellulose remaining in the plate after the cleaning process is more than 80% of the amount formed before the cleaning process.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids methyl cellulose loss from cadmium plate after cleaning process. Improves life period of alkaline battery.
The battery compresses a nickel anode (1) and a cathode (2) made up of hydrogen storage type metal alloy, which are wound spirally, with a separator (3) and a polyolefin film, in between. This separator is obtained by hydrophilic processing of porous film formed with several pores.    ADVANTAGE -   Stabilises composition of spiral plate of battery. Provides battery which produces internal short circuit.
The battery has a acid/oil resistant jar (1) obtained by moulding suitable material, using an epoxy resin group adhesive. This jar accommodates a plate and an electrolyte. The jar is covered by a sheathing member (5) with an oil layer (7) in- between.    ADVANTAGE -   Inhibits permeation moisture into jar, by providing oil layer. Reduces deterioration of cathode active material and corrosion of anode, thereby improving reliability of battery. Restrains passage of oxygen gas to external from jar. Inhibits self discharge of battery. Simplifies manufacturing process of battery.
Car battery at least partially encased in layer of material with high thermal capacity is claimed. Preferably, two types of battery are preferred, one in which battery is partially encased with the top uncovered and one in which it is totally encased with the casing containing access to the top of the battery.    USE -   In providing a car battery which can perform in extreme weather conditions.    ADVANTAGE -   The claimed system does not consume large quantities of energy from the battery in attempting to maintain its working temperature.
A battery has an electrolyte which includes a compound (I) which generates a fire retardant gas on decomposition.    Preferably, (I) is a dicarbonate, especially di(t-butyl) dicarbonate, ester, perester, dioxalate, acyl peroxide, peroxodicarbonate or a Diels-Alder adduct of carbon dioxide    USE -   The battery is e.g. a lithium battery used in fuel cells, sensors, super capacitors or electrochromic devices.
A method of preparing a thin film polymer gel electrolyte comprises: (a) dissolving a lithium salt and a gel-forming polymer in a solvent comprising ethylene carbonate and an organonitrile; (b) spreading the solution to form a thin film; and (c) removing part of the solvent from the film to initiate gelation.    USE -   As a hybrid thin film polymer gel electrolyte used in lithium rechargeable batteries (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   The films have a stable composition, they are environmentally safe, they can be produced efficiently in large quantities and they have high conductivities suitable for the above application.
Compsn(s). (I) capable of moulding to solid electrolyte comprising: (A) monomer(s) having (meth)acroyl gp(s). and acetoacetoxy gp(s); (B) unsaturated urethane(s) prepared by reaction of unsaturated polyester(s)(B1) having (meth)acroyl gp(s). and hydroxyl gp(s). with isocyanate(s)(B2); (C) lithium cpd(s); and (D) solvent dissolving (C). Also claimed is preparation of solid electrolyte(s) comprising: (1) prepolymerisation of (I) to adjust viscosity; and (2) polymerisation of the prepolymerisation product.    USE -   (I) is useful as material for preparation of solid electrolyte.    ADVANTAGE -   (I) gives solid electrolyte(s) having good conductivity and practical adhesion to electrodes.
A composition capable of forming solid electrolyte contains (A) monomer having both (metha)acryloyl group and acetoacetoxy group in a molecule, (B) methylenebisacrylamide, (C) lithium cpd. and (D) solvent to which lithium cpd. is soluble.    Also claimed is a method of making solid electrolyte which comprises polymerizing the composition in a mold of a desired form.    USE -   The solid electrolyte made from the composition is useful for film battery.    ADVANTAGE -   The composition has a practical film-forming property and can form solid electrolyte exhibiting excellent adhesiveness to electrode and good ion conductivity.
A composition capable of forming solid electrolyte comprises (A) a monomer having a (meth)acryloyl gp. and an acetoacetoxy gp. in the molecule, (B) an unsatd. urethane prepd. by reacting an unsatd. isocyanate with a polyether, (C) a lithium cpd., and (D) a solvent dissolving the lithium cpd. Also claimed is a prepn. of a solid electrolyte comprising polymerising the compsn. in a mould having a desired shape.    USE -   The composition is used for film cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The compsn. has practical film-forming property and excellent adhesion to electrodes and exhibits good ion conductivity when using with a lithium cpd.
A composition, capable of forming solid electrolyte, comprises (A) a monomer having a (meth)acryloyl group and an acetoacetoxy group in the molecule, (B) an unsaturated urethane prepared by reacting an unsaturated polyether with an isocyanate compound, (C) a lithium compound, and (D) a solvent dissolving the lithium compound.    Also claimed is a preparation of a solid electrolyte comprising polymerising the composition in a mold having a desired shape.    USE -   The composition is used for film cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The composition has practical film-forming property and excellent adhesion to electrodes and exhibits a good ion conductivity when using with a lithium compound.
The body comprises a compact with a blow hole rate of 60-80%. The diameter mean value of the blow holes is 1-20 m. The compact has a compressive strength of 50-150 kgf/cm2 and a compressibility of 100-350 kgf/cm2. The compact is obtained by laminating two or more sheets of paper making material containing carbon fibre, organic fibre and a thermosetting resin, followed by hot forming, carbonisation and graphitisation. The ratio of components is such that 100 pts. wt. carbon fibre is mixed with 20 pts. wt. organic fibre having 40% or less actual carbon ratio on carbonisation, and 150 pts. wt. of thermosetting resin having 50% or more of actual carbon. The organic fibres have a diameter of 0.01-5 deniers, which is smaller than the carbon fibre is used. The bulk density of the compact is 0.5-1.0 g/cm3.    USE -   Used as a phosphoric acid-type fuel battery electrode base material.    ADVANTAGE -   Blow holes of small main diameter are obtained with a high blow hole rate. High gaseous diffusion transparency is obtained. Adequate mechanical strength is maintained with high compressive strength and low compressibility. Failure and rupture during manufacture are prevented. Prolonged usage is ensured with high endurance. The amount and time dependent holding of phosphoric acid is increased. A predetermined voltage in the battery is ensured with high mechanical contact property. Manufacture is simplified.
Injection moulding is applied to a thermoplastic resin by using a die. A die wall surface of a major die consisting of a metal is used for forming at least a prod. portion. The die wall is covered with a thickness of 0.01-2 mm by an adiabatic layer consisting of a heat-resistant polymer having a heat conductivity of 0.002 cal/cmsC or below.    USE -   The method produces the resin parts used for secondary batteries, including a lead-acid storage battery, an alkaline battery.    ADVANTAGE -   The adiabatic effect afforded by the adiabatic layer heats the surface of the die by heat injected from the resin. The result provides the surface of the mould with good reproducibility and the resulting moulding with good smoothness (appearance). High temp. on the surface of the mould less cools the resin to lose no fluidity of the resin. The result easily moulds the thin moulding. The weld portion has good pressure transmission, providing superior weld strength.
A bipolar plate assembly for a bipolar battery comprises: (a) a frame member (12) with countersunk opening defining a mounting shoulder; (b) a bipolar element (14), comprising a thin electroconductive material substrate (18) with anode and cathode on opposite surfaces, which is mounted in the frame member; and (c) an adhesive resin containing at least one of aliphatic chains with carboxylic acid and carboxylate functional groups and aromatic chains, for securing the marginal edge portion of the substrate, to the mounting shoulder. Also claimed is a bipolar battery comprising 1st and 2nd terminal electrodes, at least one bipolar plate assembly as described above and separators separating the two.    USE -   Used for bipolar lead-acid batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   The batteries have improved mechanical strength and are smaller with no decrease in conductivity.
The battery has a multilayer main body (20) formed by heat fusion of fusion rib. An electrolytic flow path is formed between a separator, bipolar electrode and an end plate electrode (4). The laminated surface of the frame of the multilayered body is covered by polyethylene sheet (21a-21d). The periphery of which is fused with iron and a Teflon coating is applied to form a peripheral seal.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables uniform sealing power.
The cell has a composite film, which comprises an alkali resistant porous interlayer of polytetrafluoroethylene etc. sandwiched between a nonwoven fabric of polypropylene etc. and a perfluoroalkyl group-containing organosiloxane layer, arranged between the water-repellent microporous layer of an air diffusing cathode and an air diffusing porous layer on the air intake side of a cathode case.    ADVANTAGE -   The cell has excellent discharge performance and long life.
The battery has a pair of electrodes (4) constituted by an electrode catalyst layer (2) and an electrode base material (3), formed on either sides of a polymer electrolyte film (1). A pair of separator (5A) with multiple ribs (52A) are arranged facing the external surface of the electrode base material of the polymer electrolyte film. The separator comprises multiple grooves serving as a gas conduction part (51) formed in-between the adjacent ribs. The end part of the rib is equipped with an electrically conductive elastic structure consisting of electrically conductive silicone rubber.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents gas leakage by compression of polymer electrolyte film. Inhibits increase of resistance loss in cell effectively.
The battery includes cathode and anode (1,2). Coating films (15,16) containing fine particles of active material and a binder formed on the surfaces of collector objects (10,11). The binder contains polyvinylidene fluoride with an average molecular number of about 1 x 105.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves binding capacity of coating film and collector objects. Ensures high efficiency, high reliability and high productivity.
The switch has an opto-electric detection unit enclosed in a hollow part (27) of a base (11), made of synthetic resin. A double case (24) has a cover (17) enclosing a printed wiring board.    The periphery of a joint part (25) of the double case has a V- shaped groove (11b). The V-shaped groove is joined to a V-shaped projection (17b). The periphery of the joint part is sealed by resin (23) which is fused due to heat application.    ADVANTAGE -   Exhibits high air resistance. Prevents peeling and improves adhesion of secondary resin for case. Offers high electric detection function.
A non-polar high-molecular accumulator features that based on bond fission of high-molecular polymer, the polymer (polyacetylene) is bumped by electrons to generate sequential safe bond fission of the polymer's covalent bonds. Its advantage s include small size, light weight, no poison, quick charge and discharge, low cost and no need of maintnanence.
A process for preparing high-molecular solid electrolyte used for high-energy solid battery, electrochromic display material, capacitor and sensor features that poly-(methyl methacrylate- methylacrylic acid) copolymer and polyoxythylene are dissolved in mixed solvent of water and alcohol, and by hydrogen-bond recombination, the crystallization of polyoxyethylene is inhibited. Its advantages include good compatibility between plasticizer and polyoxyethylene, high dissociating power to alkali metal, high ion conductivity (1.0-8.3) x 10-5 S/cm, 2.5-3.0 V of open-circuit voltage, good filming and mechanical properties and good time and temp. stabilities.
The fuel cell consists of a pair of fluid impermeable separator plates, a pair of fluid distribution layers between the plates, an ion exchange membrane between at least part of the fluid distribution layers, and electrocatalyst between the fluid distribution layers and membrane to define an active region. At least one fluid distribution layer has a sealing region and an electroconductive region, and comprises a preformed sheet extending into the sealing and active regions. Compression of the preformed sheet by urging the plates towards each other renders the fluid distribution layer fluid impermeable parallel to its major planar surfaces in the sealing region.    ADVANTAGE -   Improved sealing. The fuel cell can be manufactured with less additional processing or assembly steps, more simply and at lower cost.
A solar battery having a semiconductor layer of a chalcopyrite structure as a light absorption layer and a flexible film as a substrate and being prevented from causing breakdown and peel-off of the semiconductor layer of the chalcopyrite structure due to warping of the flexible film during heat treatment.    To realise this, a poly (p-phenylene terephthalamide) film having a coefficient of thermal expansion of 5.0 x 106 deg. C is used as a substrate (1). After the Ti-base reinforcing layer (6) is provided on the whole back surface of this substrate (1), a first electrode layer (2) is provided on the front surface of this substrate (1), and a p-type semiconductor layer (3) of a chalcopyrite structure is formed as a light absorption layer on the surface of the layer (2).
Fuel cell comprises: a porous fuel catalyst electrode (15) rotatable within a housing and a fuel sparger (13) immersed in surrounding electrolyte; and an O2 electrode (23) preferably also rotatable within the housing and preferably having an O2 sparger (22) immersed in surrounding electrolyte.    USE -   Especially for electric vehicle propulsion (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   The rotating electrodes assist electrolyte flow within the cell. The cell yields more power per square foot of active area than prior art cells because of improved catalyst utilisation. Activation polarisation is avoided and the cell operating temperature can be reduced.
The apparatus has a glass substrate (1) on which a nickel layer (2), an aluminium oxide layer (3) and a silicon layer (7) with PN junctions are sequentially formed. A nickel silicide layer (N) is interposed between the nickel layer and the silicon layer. The final output is extracted from the nickel layer and the silicon layer.    USE -   For optical sensor.    ADVANTAGE -   Offers superior ohmic characteristics. Prevents reaction of aluminium oxide layer with substrate. Simplifies production.
The converter (P1) comprises a glass substrate (1) laminated with a crystal oxide layer (2) and a silicon semiconductor layer (S1) sequentially. The crystal oxide layer is made of one among aluminium, magnesium and calcium.    The silicon semiconductor layer comprises several layers with pn- junction. An output is derived from the p and n layers of the silicon semiconductor layers.    USE -   E.g. optical sensor.    ADVANTAGE -   Offers photoelectric converter with high utilisation efficiency.
The apparatus (P) has an aluminium oxide layer (3) formed on the surface of a metallic substrate (1). A pair of crystalline silicon layers (4,5) and a polycrystalline silicon layer (6) are formed sequentially on the surface of the aluminium oxide layer.    The impurity concentration of silicon layer (5) is set lower than that of silicon layer (4) while conductivity of both the silicon layers are same. The polycrystalline silicon layer is formed such that its conductivity is different from that of the two silicon layers (4,5). Final output is extracted from the silicon layer (4) and the polycrystalline silicon layer.    USE -   For optical sensor.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies manufacturing process thereby reducing cost. Exhibits superior conversion characteristics of conversion apparatus. Performs efficient reflection and hence provides efficient silicon solar battery.
NOVELTY - A vapour jet unit injects a steam into a reforming gas. A CO concentration in shift converter is reduced by blowing the steam. The reformer is operated by lowering the S/C ratio of reforming gas.    DETAILED DESCRIPTION - The generator has a reformer (1) in which unburnt matter in an exhaust gas is burnt and used as heat source. The fuel is heated using the heat source and a reforming gas containing hydrogen is produced. A vapour jet unit (18) blows steam into the reforming gas, thereby CO concentration of a reforming gas in a shift converter (14) is reduced. The reformer is operated by lowering the S/C ratio of the reforming gas. The hydrogen reforming gas is used as an anode gas for a fuel battery. The fuel battery generates electricity by anode gas containing hydrogen and a cathode gas (9) containing oxygen.    USE -   Used for electrical power generation.    ADVANTAGE -   The deterioration of fuel battery is prevented by lowering the S/C ratio. The hydrogen utilisation of factor of the fuel battery is enhanced. Electricity generating efficiency is increased.
NOVELTY - A thin film is formed on a substrate by applying two organic compound solutions containing one metal chosen from 1B and 3B groups respectively. The film is heat treated in inert or reduced atmosphere in the presence of an element or compound of 6B group DETAILED DESCRIPTION - The method involves forming a thin film on a substrate by applying solutions of organic compounds (a,b) containing one metal chosen from 1B and 3B group respectively. Each solution is applied more than one time. The thin film is heat treated in a inert gas atmosphere or reduced atmosphere in the presence of an element or compound from 6B group, to form a chalcopyrite thin film.    USE -   Used as semiconductor material for photoelectric conversions in solar batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   The method offers mass-production of superior solar battery light absorption plate with sufficient reproducibility. Installation space and the cost is reduced. The problem of composition of the film or the thickness control is solved.
NOVELTY - Molten metal is poured into a cast containing non-bottom crucible into which an induction coil is arranged. The crucible contains an electrically conductive material in the peripheral direction which is divided into pieces along the axial direction.    DETAILED DESCRIPTION - The method involves melting a metal silicon using an electron beam (6) in vacuum condition. Volatile impurities are removed by evaporation and the molten metal is poured into a cast containing a non-bottom crucible (11). During the removal of metal impurities from the molten metal, an induction coil is arranged on the non-bottom crucible containing an electrically conductive material in the peripheral direction which is divided into pieces along the axial direction. Unidirection solidification of the molten metal is performed from the bottom of the cast towards the top. Solidified silicon ingot (10) is continuously taken out from the bottom.    Also claimed is a similar method in which silicon is melted using plasma gas containing oxygen instead of electron beam. B and C are removed from the molten metal.    USE -   For substrates of solar cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The impurities in the metal silicon are removed effectively. Silicon substrates are inexpensively manufactured using this method.
NOVELTY - The method involves irradiating an electron beam on molten silicon provided in a mould. The molten silicon surface is divided into various domains whose energy depends on amount of electron beam falling on them.    DETAILED DESCRIPTION - The method involves heating of fused molten silicon provided in a mould. Heating is performed by irradiation of an electron beam, using an electron gun. The surface of the molten silicon is divided into various domains which differ in their energy. The energy of each domain depends on the amount of electron beam irradiated on it. The molten silicon gets solidified from the bottom to the upper surface of the mould.    USE -   Used in the manufacture of solar batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   The impurities present in the molten silicon are removed efficiently. Since purification cost is reduced, inexpensive solar batteries are manufactured using the silicon ingot.
NOVELTY - A plasma arc is provided to heat the metal silicon in the container. Vacuum refining and oxidation refining are performed sequentially.    DETAILED DESCRIPTION - The method involves heating a silicon metal by plasma arc (3) and removing volatile impurity as P by vacuum refining. B and C are removed by oxidation refining followed by deoxidation and solidification refining. Vacuum refining and oxidation refining are performed sequentially. Fe, Al, Ti and Ca are also removed from molten silicon metal (1).    Also claimed is the apparatus which has a container (6) for accommodating silicon metal. An air-tight cover is provided to close the upper portion of the container. An inlet tube (10) and outlet tube (11) are provided in the container to introduce and eject the gas respectively. A plasma torch (5) is arranged above the container to heat the metal silicon.    USE -   For silicon substrates used in solar batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   The refining time of silicon metal is reduced. Yield and productivity of the metal silicon are enhanced. Power consumption and heat capacity are reduced. Manufacturing cost of solar batteries is reduced due to the simple refining method. The solar battery is used for various applications.
The polycrystalline silicon residue fused to a quartz crucible after single crystal raising is heated to a temperature above the silicone melting point and below the quartz melting point in an inert gas atmosphere. The crystal residue is fused out from the quartz crucible.    Also claimed is the residue collection apparatus which consists of a heat resistant container into which the quartz crucible and the residue are inserted. The container has a vent provided in the bottom, which has a diameter of 2-10 mm. A heat fusion portion and a cooling solidification portion are installed in the longitudinal direction. The silicon melt droplets which drip through the vent are cooled and solidified in a controlled atmosphere.    USE -   Raw material for single silicon crystal raising for high purity solar battery.    ADVANTAGE -   A polycrystalline silicon residue is efficiently recovered from the quartz crucible by a simple method. The collected polycrystalline silicon is granular and hence exhibits excellent handling and reusability properties.
The substrate includes a stainless steel board whose surface roughness (Rmax) is 0.1-50micrometer. The height of the projection on the surface of the stainless steel board is within 1-50micrometer. A polyimide group resin layer of 1-50micrometer thickness is coated on the surface of the steel board. The surface roughness of the coating is 0.1-10micrometer and its projection height ranges within 0.1-20micrometer.    ADVANTAGE -   Enhances thermal and electrical insulating property, chemical resistance. Improves economical efficiency.
The semiconductor device has a positive electrode (20) made of ruthenium and nickel formed on P-type semiconductor layer. The P-type impurity, typically Mg, ranges between 5*1017-2*1020/cm3.    USE -   For solar batteries, photo sensor.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces possibilities of defect generation.
The solar battery (10) includes several layers (11,12) on its surface. A photocatalyst layer (13) with titanium oxide is provided as the outermost layer. Air polluting substances and organic substances adhering to the photocatalyst layer are decomposed by photocatalysis.    USE -   For unmanned weather observation place, beacons. Is also used in clocks, radios.    ADVANTAGE -   Decomposes pollutant substances by photocatalysis thereby prevents atmospheric contamination and air pollution. Enhances light receiving efficiency of solar battery hence improves durability. Unnecessary for manual or machine cleaning as remaining mineral matter on solar battery surface are removed naturally by air.
The method involves forming a porous semiconductor layer on a semiconductor base by performing multi-step anodization process. A semiconductor thin film is formed on the surface of the porous layer. Then, semiconductor thin film is separated from the semiconductor base by applying predetermined suction power to back side of base.    ADVANTAGE -   Excels in opto-electric conversion efficiency. Prevents damage of product by isolation process.
The method involves placing a compound semiconductor single crystal (8) consisting of a particular element, inside an open reaction tube (1). The crystal is subjected to continuous heat processing in an atmosphere of the vapour of element (6) which has atomic radius smaller than that of the element in the semiconductor. A compound semiconductor single crystal phase consisting of the vapour element is formed on the surface of the semiconductor single crystal after which hetero-junction is formed.    USE -   For light receiving element, solar battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables formation of hetero-junction using elements from different groups.
The battery has a rectangular parallelopiped battery stack (2) which is interposed between two metallic end plates (3,4). The end plates are covered by an insulating film. Several manifolds (5-8) which are provided for supplying reaction gas, are distributed along the sides of the battery stack. The insulating film is coated on the surfaces of the end plates which are formed opposing the battery stack.    ADVANTAGE -   Increases electric insulation of insulating layer of end plate.
The separator (30) includes a base material (32) and a surface protection layer (40) containing a conductive ceramic powder and glass.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides superior conductivity and oxidation resistance. Provides fuel battery with high output, high efficiency. Improves durability.
The catalyst consists of platinum particles (7) which are mixed with platinum-molybdenum alloy particles (10). The platinum-molybdenum alloy particles include electrically conducting carbon particles (11). A solid body polyelectrolyte (12) is mixed with the mixture of platinum and platinum- molybdenum alloy particles. The carbon particles facilitate ion conduction between platinum-molybdenum alloy particles.    USE -   For electric vehicle.    ADVANTAGE -   Minimises adverse effect due to carbon monoxide poisoning.
The method involves applying high frequency to the carbon electrode in a low pressure atmosphere and exposing the surface of carbon electrode to vapours of polytetrafluoroethylene. By cathode sputtering of polytetrafluoroethylene, a water repellent fluoride coating is formed on the surface of carbon electrode.    USE -   For phosphoric acid type battery, alkali type fuel battery, solid polymer type fuel battery, aluminium-air battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Excels in water repellent property by forming fluoride coating on carbon electrode surface. Controls chemical reaction easily during formation of fluoride coating. Excels in gas supply property and maintains battery characteristics continuously.
The assembly has two electrode assemblies (30) with anode and cathode separated by an electrolyte. A bipolar plate (35) with an electrically conductive thermoplastic polymer substrate has two opposing major faces with a number of channels on each face. The bipolar plate is disposed between the two electrode assemblies such that one major face is adjacent and adhesively bonded to a major surface of one of the electrode assembly's anodes. The other major surface is adjacent and adhesively bonded to a major surface of the other electrode assembly.    Also claimed is a fuel cell assembly having n membrane electrode assemblies each with anode and cathode separated by a polymer electrolyte membrane. The assembly has n-1 bipolar plates each with a thermoplastic polymer substrate selected from polyethylene, polypropylene, polycarbonate, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene, polyetherimide, polyimide, polyamide, and polyacrylate. The substrates have two major opposing surfaces with fuel channels (37) formed on one face and oxidant channels (37) formed on the other. The substrate is rendered electrically conductive by filling it with a metal or carbon filler. The plates and electrode assemblies are assembled in a stack such that they alternate and are bonded together, the bonds serving to seal the fuel and oxidant channels.    ADVANTAGE -   The assembly eliminates the need for gaskets and other sealing devices, reducing size and cost.
A fuel composition for fuel cells comprises a solution containing water, alcohol(s) of formula CaHbOH where a is an integer 1 to 4 and carboxylic acid(s) of formula CcHd(COOH)f, where e is 1 to 3, f is 1 to 7 and g is 1 to 3. The alcohol concentration is 1-38 to 99.99 wt.% and the concentration of carboxylic acid is 0.01 to 20 wt.%. A fuel composition is also claimed which contains one or more of methanol, ethanol, n-propanol and n-butanol alcohols and one or more carboxylic acids from formic acid, acetic acid, acetic acid propanoic acid, butanoic acid and halogenated alkyl carboxylic acids. A fuel composition for fuel cells composed of water, methanol and formic acid is also claimed.    ADVANTAGE -   Proton transport within the porous anode of the fuel cell is improved without using mineral acids such as sulphuric acid which cause problems due to their highly corrosive nature.
A supported platinum catalyst with good carbon monoxide poisoning resistance, for a polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cell, comprises a finely divided conductive support material bearing platinum and ruthenium in highly dispersed unalloyed form, the crystallite size of the platinum being less than 2 nm and that of the ruthenium being less than 1 nm. Also claimed is production of the above catalyst by suspending the support material in water, adding aqueous Pt and/or Ru compound solutions, adjusting the pH to 7-9, depositing the Pt and/or Ru using a reducing agent, filtering off and washing the resulting catalyst, optionally depositing the other precious metal in the same way, and then drying at 200C. Further claimed are a PEM fuel cell gas diffusion electrode, a catalyst-coated proton conductive polymer membrane for PEM fuel cells and a PEM fuel cell membrane-electrode unit with gas diffusion electrodes on both the cathode and anode sides of a proton conductive polymer membrane, in which the catalyst layer on the anode side comprises the above catalyst.    USE -   Especially as anode catalyst for PEM fuel cells useful as traction batteries for vehicles.    ADVANTAGE -   The catalyst allows carbon monoxide contents of more than 100 ppm in the reformed gas supply of the fuel cell without significant fuel cell power losses, thus permitting reduction of the requisite carbon monoxide removal steps, reducing the system costs, improving the system efficiency and reducing the overall system size. The catalyst is suitable for operation with fuel gases containing carbon monoxide, nitrogen and oxygen and exhibits extremely low voltage drop at high current densities.
An integral polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cell-heating module comprises (a) a stack of PEM fuel cells having, on each side of a polymer electrolyte membrane, an anode or cathode electrode, a gas distribution layer and a bipolar plate, the anode being a double layer anode comprising a CO and/or methanol vapour oxidation selective catalyst layer and a membrane-side electrochemically active layer; (b) a thermally insulated, gas-tight, tubular casing (M) surrounding the PEM fuel cell stack; (c) a methanol reformer (R) for producing a CO- and methanol vapour-containing hydrogen fuel gas from steam and methanol; (d) a catalytic residual gas burner (B) for generating steam and heating the reformer; and (e) an air circulator (L) located within the casing (M) for circulating moist air through air channels in the gas distribution layers. Also claimed is a PEM fuel cell stack for use in the above module.    USE -   The module is used in a fuel cell installation for domestic energy supply (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   The module design ensures constant optimal moistening of both the cathode side and the anode side of the polymer electrolyte membrane during rapidly fluctuating current loads without external humidifying equipment and is suitable for domestic energy supply at 2-10 kW with methanol reformer gas without additional CO cleaning equipment.
A photovoltaic solar panel comprises a plate like carrier (1) with flat elongated photovoltaic units (3, 4) connected together in series by an electrical conductor (6). The units are fabricated individually and have a length ratio long side / short side 5 and preferably 20. The substrate is glass, metal, plastic, semiconductor or ceramic material, the solar cell material is based on silicon, copper indium sulphide, cadmium telluride, or nano-crystalline titanium dioxide, or preferably thin film crystalline silicon (f-Si). The (7) conductor has a zig zag profile (8) for reflecting incident light to one of the photovoltaic units.    USE -   Solar cells.    ADVANTAGE -   Since the individual units are fabricated separately the problems of scale up are avoided and the functional surface area relative to non-functional is increased.
A fluidised bed reactor (10) comprises:    (a) first reaction zone (34) containing a fluidised bed of particles comprising a coating source material, and a means for heating it (40);    (b) first gas inlet (20) for introducing a motive stream of reactive gas into the reactor in an upward direction;    (c) substrate zone (34) above the fluidised bed and a means for heating the substrate (44) such that its temperature is less than the bed zone; and    (d) gas outlet (46) located above the bed zone and below the substrate zone and in close proximity to the surface of the substrate to be coated.    For silicon deposition onto a silicon wafer the particles are Si fluidised by a stream of HCl gas but a range of metals and halogen compounds can be used. The reactor enables high rates of deposition and a highly homogenous coating by modifying the boundary layer formed between the gasified reactive gas stream and the substrate. The boundary layer is minimised by the presence of an exhaust outlet placed in close proximity to the centre of the surface of the substrate and / or the presence of a gas inlet capable of injecting a tangential stream of gas which results in a swirling radial flow of reactive gas.    USE -   CVD of polysilicon thin film.    ADVANTAGE -   The deposition rate is increased and the thin film is homogenous.
The method involves supplying solution containing copper acetate with reduced sugar on a substrate. The substrate is then heated to 220-300 deg. C to form galvanised copper film on it.    ADVANTAGE -   Manufactures thin film which essentially consists of cuprous oxide with simple operation and simple apparatus. Manufactures solar battery cheaply and efficiently.
The method involves performing decompression and dissolution of silicon raw material maintained in liquid state to remove phosphorus. An oxidising gas is added in an inert atmosphere, whereby boron and carbon are removed. Subsequently, oxygen is also removed. Casting is performed and the solidified silicon (3) is refined by a zone solution process whereby iron, aluminium, titanium and calcium are removed.    ADVANTAGE -   The refining process is simple, consuming lesser dissolution energy. Production is improved at reduced cost. A precise refinement of even an highly impure raw material is enabled.
NOVELTY - The method involves refining molten metal silicon by a vacuum or oxidation refinement process and deoxidising to remove phosphorus, boron, carbon and oxygen respectively DETAILED DESCRIPTION - The method involves reducing silicon oxide using carbon, followed by solidification to obtain a silicon metal. The silicon metal is fused and refined by performing a vacuum refining, an oxidation refinement process and a deoxidation process to remove phosphorus, boron, carbon and oxygen respectively.    ADVANTAGE -   The silicon yield is improved. The manufacturing time, power consumption and cost of silicon is reduced.
The method involves forming thin film of polycrystalline silicon on a substrate by plasma chemical vapour deposition method. An inductive coupling plasma generator is employed to generate plasma for decomposition of raw material gas.    USE -   Used for solar battery for liquid crystal display.    ADVANTAGE -   The method offers formation of polycrystalline silicon thin film on extended range of variety of process substrates, including plastics at low temperature.
The method involves filling silicon powder in a container and pressing to form a compact layer which is melted by heating.    The method involves filling silicon powder in a container (2) and pressing it to form a compact layer. The compact layer is then melted by heating. Also claimed is the dissolution apparatus which consists of a cylinder containing silicon powder supplied using a feed hopper (12). The silicon layer is supported by a lower electrode (13) and a movable upper electrode (14) contacts the silicon layer. The electrodes are connected to a power supply. A drain hole discharges the molten silicone from the cylinder. The vertically movable upper electrode maintains pressed condition of the layer. An arc is generated between the lower electrode and the upper electrode by using a plasma torch.    USE -   Used as substrate material for solar batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   An efficient dissolution of the silicon fine powder is performed smoothly without scattering loss, evaporation and carbon pollution. Power consumption during dissolution is reduced.
NOVELTY - The reformer has a desulphuriser which is arranged near the exhaust gas duct of fuel combustion gases to enable heat exchange between fuel battery exhaust gases and fuel gas in desulphuriser. DETAILED DESCRIPTION - The reformer for reforming fuel gases supplied to a fuel battery, consists of a desulphuriser (20) which is equipped with a desulphurising catalyst layer (21) for removing sulphur in the hot hydrocarbon fuel gas. The hot gases from the desulphuriser are then passed to a modifier (30) which generates hydrogen rich gas from fuel gases. A CO transformer (40) then reduces CO concentration in the hydrogen rich fuel gas. The battery exhaust gas combustion device (50) in which combustion of unreacted exhaust fuel battery gas (hydrogen gas) takes place, by which heat of modifier gas is also increased, is arranged, near desulphuriser. The desulphuriser is maintained at required optimum temperature by the combustion device. The exhaust gases from the combustion device are discharged externally through an exhaust gas duct (52). The combustion gases from the exhaust gas duct are made to flow through the desulphuriser, while they are discharged.    USE -   For fuel batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   The reformer does not require additional installations like heater for raising temperature of desulphuriser gas and as a result, energy efficiency of battery is enhanced. A quick temperature rise is enabled by heat exchange by combustion device and desulphuriser is heated immediately after starting initiation. Dew formation and corrosion take place due to direct heating of desulphuriser. The temperature of modifier and desulphuriser is sustainable in predetermined range.
The fuel cell has an anode catalytic electrode supplied with fuel gas and a cathode catalytic electrode supplied with oxide gas on opposite sides of a polymer electrolyte membrane and a means to control the reduction amount of water from the cathode together with the oxidation gas to the sum of after increased at the cathode transported from the anode through the membrane during cell operation and water produced by oxidation in the cathode.    USE -   For mobile power source of for powering electric automobile.    ADVANTAGE -   Fuel cell system is compact, while retaining good energy conversion efficiency.
A fuel cell system in which H2 fuel and O2 oxidiser are supplied to the cells has an O2 enrichment unit (34) which includes a magnetic field generator. The enriched O2 supply is taken from the magnetic field between two magnetic poles and fed to the fuel cells, preferably under compression. The magnetic poles are preferably located on the axis of rotation of the compressor shaft.    ADVANTAGE -   The O2 molecules migrate to the magnetic poles so that O2 enrichment is enhanced using a highly compact device.
Reformer comprises a reaction zone (2) containing a reforming catalyst and to which is fed a hydrocarbonaceous gas mixture. The novelty is that the reactor has a vaporising body (1) bordering the reaction zone (2) and having a porous heat conducting structure to prepare the gas mixture to be reformed by mixing and vaporising the gas mixture components and injecting into the reaction zone over the vaporising body reaction zone boundary surface (3). Also claimed is a process for operating the reformer.    USE -   For recovering hydrogen from methanol, e.g. in vehicles operated by fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The reactor has a compact structure.
A solid electrolyte fuel cell has its two cell electrodes (4, 8) and solid electrolyte (6) arranged as plate-like elements between two external housing plates (2, 3), one (2) of which is provided with a hydrogen connection (17) and the other (3) of which is provided with an ambient air entry opening (20) for pressure-less oxygen supply to one (4) of the electrodes. Preferably, the solid electrolyte consists of a polyethylene membrane and the cell housing is made of a clear transparent material or plastic, preferably acrylic glass. Also claimed is a fuel cell arrangement consisting of several such fuel cells, preferably connected in series and supplied with hydrogen in series and/or parallel.    USE -   Especially as a low power fuel cell for schools, leisure activities or demonstration of fuel cell technology.    ADVANTAGE -   The fuel cell is inexpensive to manufacture and operates safely.
A solar cell production process involves immersing a silicon substrate either (a) in an aqueous etching solution of hydrofluoric acid, nitric acid and an etching rate adjuster containing phosphoric acid or a water soluble lower carboxylic acid to form tiny projections and recesses in the substrate surface; or (b) in an aqueous etching solution of hydrofluoric acid, nitric acid and an etching rate adjuster containing phosphoric acid or a water soluble 3-6C carboxylic acid and then in an aqueous solution of alkali metal hydroxide and isopropyl alcohol. Also claimed are (i) a solar cell with a single crystal or polycrystalline substrate having a continuous spherical surface recess with a depth to diameter ratio of 0.2-0.45; and (ii) a solar cell as in (i) in which the substrate surface also has tiny pyramidal projections and recesses. Further claimed are semiconductor production units including an etching device which contains the etching solution described in (b), the units having a detector for detecting the nitric acid concentration in the solution or a substrate holder for holding one or more silicon substrates in the upright position during etching.    ADVANTAGE -   The process employs a wet etching method for high productivity manufacture of silicon solar cells with tiny projections and recesses which provide a high light-confining effect.
A photovoltaic cell (10) with an overall conversion efficiency of 13.6 % is prepared by simultaneously electrodepositing Cu, In, Ga, and Se onto a glass / Mo substrate (12)(14). The electrodeposition voltage is a high frequency AC voltage ( 1 V at 1 kHz) superimposed on a DC voltage ( 0.5 V) to improve the morphology and growth rate of the film (18). After electrodeposition, a physical vapour deposition is used to adjust the final stoichiometry of the film to Cu(In1-xGax)Se2 with a ratio of Ga/(In+Ga} 0.39. The solution for electrodeposition contains ions at concentrations 0.01 - 0.02M Cu; 0.05 - 0.15M In; 0.05 - 0.15M Ga; and 0.01 - 0.03M Se and 0.3 M LiCl.    USE -   Copper alloy electrodeposits for solar cell and other applications.    ADVANTAGE -   The two step deposition gives precise control over stoichiometry and results in high conversion efficiency.
The battery includes anode pole (1) and a negative electrode (2). Lead and lead oxide are made to adhere on films (6,7) of the anode pole and negative electrode respectively. Dilute sulphuric acid is used as an electrolyte (3). The electrolyte is supplemented with sulphuric anhydride (4).    ADVANTAGE -   Eliminates time loss due to charging of secondary battery. Enables to treat fuel battery safety.
The method involves detecting carbon monoxide present in reforming gas, by a detector (1). A stainless steel container (2) is filled with an oxidation catalyst (3). An electronic controller (6) and a flow rate regulator (7) control the ratio of oxygen and carbon monoxide present in reforming gas that is introduced in the oxidation catalyst.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces quantity of oxygen necessary for CO removal.
The method involves impregnating resin solution on a non-woven fabric, by mercury pressurising process, to obtain a multilayered body with a bulk density of 0.03-0.15g/cm3 , a blow hole rate and diameter of 80% and 50micrometer respectively. Then, the multilayered body is subjected to vacuum degassing process and a specific amount of impregnated solution is removed. Subsequently, the multilayered body is pressed by maintaining the density of 0.03-0.15g/cm3, and the blow hole rate of 45-75% and heat hardening is carried out at 50-180degC. Further a baking carbonisation of the hardened formation of the multilayered body is done at a temperature more than 800degC in a non-oxidation atmosphere.    USE -   In heat insulating material, electrode material, fuel battery, secondary battery, and catalyst support.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides high blow rate and large diametered blow holes. Excels heat resistance corrosion resistance and electrical conductivity. Possesses high interlayer strength and thereby improves strength of porous carbon material.
The device consists of an insulating substrate with thickness of 60micrometer or less. A buffer layer (2) with film thickness of 0.5micrometer or less is formed on the substrate.    A nitride semiconductor layer with total film thickness of 6micrometer or less is formed on the insulating substrate, via the buffer layer. A portion of the nitride semiconductor layer is removed, so as to adjust the thickness of the insulating substrate.    USE -   Other types are solar battery, photosensor, blue and green LED for traffic signal.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents crack generation. Improves heat dissipation property. Suppresses raise of threshold value.
The battery includes a transparent insulated substrate (1) on main surface of which, transparent electrode films (2a-2c), semiconductor films (3a-3c) and back-side electrode films (4a- 4c) are laminated sequentially. The laminated films are divided to form several electricity generation areas (5a-5c). The electricity generation areas are connected by superposition of back-side electrode film of one electricity generation area to the transparent electrode film of adjacent electricity generation area.    Oxide films (7a-7c) consisting of an indium tin oxide, a tin oxide or zinc oxide, is sandwiched between the semiconductor film and back-side electrode film. The back-side electrode film is divided with the semiconductor film and the oxide film by laser light irradiation from main surface of transparent insulated substrate.    ADVANTAGE -   Suppresses reduction in insulation resistance of transparent electrode film and back-side electrode film.
The method involves forming a polymer film on a metal or glass substrate (1). The uniaxial stretching processing of polymer film is performed.    An excimer laser light is radiated onto the polymer film, thereby forming semicircular grooves (42). Then, a Si layer (43) is formed on the semicircular groove.    ADVANTAGE -   Increases photoelectric conversion efficiency. Improves mass production nature.
Material for solar cells is an fluorine-contg. ethylenic polymer having functional gps. formed by copolymerizing 0.05-30 mol% of a fluorine-contg. ethylene monomer (a) having functional gps. selected from hydroxyl, carboxyl, carboxylate, or epoxy gp., and 70-99.95 mol% of another fluorine-contg. ethylenic monomer (b) which has not the functional gps.    USE -   For housing or packaging of solar cell modules.    ADVANTAGE -   A fluoropolymer having a good adhesion is obtd. in a simple manner. The new material provides solar cell modules having good transparency, staining resistance, and weather resistance.
The method involves immersing a thin-film substrate in the fluoride deuterium solution. The surface of the thin film substrate is made porous. The fluoride deuterium solution is made of DF and H2O in the ratio of 1:(10-200).    ADVANTAGE -   Improves reliability. Improves photo-luminescence characteristics.
The battery has an anode containing active material, electrically conductive agent and cathode containing active material and a non-aqueous electrolyte. The charge transfer reaction resistance (REn and Rtp) of lithium ion on boundary surface of cathode active material, anode active material, and the electrolyte at 20C and -20C is given by REn.    ADVANTAGE -   Offers non-aqueous secondary battery of large battery capacity.
The solid fuel battery has a solid electrolyte, an adjoining porous air pole and a fuel pole. The electrolyte and the electrodes are electrically interconnected. The air pole converts chemical energy by heating a gas, air or oxygen to electrical energy. The air pole contains a complex of ionic conductor substance of the formula A(1-X)BXGa(1-Y)MgYO3 where 0.05&lt;X&lt;0.30 and 0.05&lt;Y&lt;0.30 and 0.10&lt;X+Y&lt;0.50 and an electronic conductor substance of the formula C1-XDXMnO3 where 0.05&lt;X&lt;0.30. A and C are any one of La, Pr, Nd, Sm. B and D are either Sr, Ca or both. The rates of content of the sum of both complexes is 0.05-0.30.    ADVANTAGE -   Has superior electrode activity and characteristics by low energising pressure at high temperatures. Obtains high efficiency low temperature solid fuel battery.
The fuel battery consists of a fused carbonate electrolyte, pinched between both electrodes that is cathode and anode. The whole assembly of electrolyte and electrodes are sandwiched by a layer of separator after leaving a gas flow passage, for hot fuel gas or oxidising gas, near the respective electrodes. The separator has a wet sealed part (10) between the periphery of separator and electrolyte board. A recess or ditch is formed on the separator of a required size for holding the electrolyte layer by the wet sealed part, and the fused carbonate electrolyte is maintained in the recess. The carbonate impregnation ratio in electrolyte board of wet seal part is adjusted by the fused carbonate in the recess portion.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables to absorb excess carbonate or supply carbonate during insufficiency. Prevents fluidisation of electrolyte board by excessive carbonate and generation of gas leak by insufficiency of carbonate. Enables to maintain and control carbonate impregnation ratio of wet seal part.
The coating material contains ultrafine electrically conductive particles and photosensitive resist material whose diameter ranges between 0.01-0.1 micrometres. The weight ratio of the fine particles and photosensitive resist material ranges within 50:50-90:10.    USE -   For pixel electrode in LCD and for transparent electrode of touch panel and solar battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Offers superior photosensitive transparent film. Improves transparency, conductivity and patterning property. Reduces incidence loss of solar light.
The battery consists of a semiconductor wafer (1). An alpha beam from plutonium (2) is irradiated onto the wafer surface directly, to generate current.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables continuous generation of current until radiation of alpha beam is stopped.
Solar-cell module (1) is a photovoltaic device (2) sealed in a reinforcing sheet (5) with filler material (3). The sheet is uneven on its surface because of plastic deformation caused by the surface of the photo-voltaic device and at least partly uneveness of its own surface. Spaces caused by the uneveness are filled with the filler material. Also claimed is a process for producing a solar cell module by superposing at least a thermoplastic sheet and a photovoltaic device on a reinforcing sheet having uneveness on its surface and heating the thermoplastic sheet, photovoltaic device, and reinforcing sheet while removing air from the space between the two sheets and space between thermoplastic sheet and photovoltaic device to bring them in close contact to fix them to one another. Also claimed is a building material in which the photovoltaic device is sealed on a reinforcing sheet with the filler material and a process for producing the building material which is the same as that described for producing the solar cell module. Also claimed is an electricity generation system consisting of the solar cell module and an electric-power conversion system connected to it.    USE -   The solar cell module can be used as a building material and/or used in an electricity generating system.    ADVANTAGE -   Air is not trapped between the filler material and the reinforcing sheet when the photo-voltaic device is sealed and fixed on the reinforcing sheet. Consequently, there is no possibility of trapped air portions combining with time and impairing the appearance of the module or creating areas of moisture condensation impairing the electrical performance of the photo-voltaic device.
Directionally solidified polycrystalline silicon, with an arsenic and/or antimony content of 1013-1017 atoms/cm3, is new. Preferably, the silicon also has an oxygen content of 1016-2x1018 atoms/cm3, a resistivity of 100-10000 milli-ohm.cm and a minority charge carrier free diffusion path length of 10 . Also claimed is production of the above polycrystalline silicon by subjecting single crystal or polycrystalline As- and/or Sb-containing silicon to melting and then directional solidification. Further claimed are solar cells, containing the above directionally solidified polycrystalline silicon, and a process for producing such solar cells.    USE -   As material for solar cells (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   The directionally solidified polycrystalline silicon is inexpensive to produce and provides solar cells with high efficiency.
The silicon compound contains less than 10 ppm concentration of carbon and oxygen. Other elements like B, P, Fe, Al, Ti and Ca are also included which satisfy the following equations. [P]/[B]&lt;1.0, 0.06 ppm[B]0.3 ppm. [Mi]/[C+O]&lt;0.2, ([P]/[B])([Mi]/[C+O])&lt;0.05, where [P], [B] are concentration of P and B respectively. [Mi] is the concentration of Fe+Al+Ti+Ca and [C+O] is the concentration of carbon and oxygen. The remaining composition contains silicon.    USE -   Used for high purity solar batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   The silicon compound has excellent transformation efficiency. The cost is reduced and utilisation of solar battery is increased.
NOVELTY - The method involves fusing metallic silicon by heating its surface using an electron beam (5) and pouring the molten metal (4) into a rotating mould (3) under vacuum. The molten metal in the top portion of the mould is maintained in the fused state while the bottom portion is solidified. The volatile impurities in the molten metal escapes out and pure silicon ingot (8) is obtained.    USE -   The method is used for manufacturing silicon substrate for solar batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   The method offers effective removal of impurities like P, Ca, Al etc from metallic silicon. An inexpensive silicon substrate for solar batteries can be produced.
Powdered silicon (1) is supplied along with a carrier gas (9) to a refining container (2) containing molten silicon (3). The powdered silicon dissolves in the molten silicon.    USE -   High purity silicon is used in solar batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   Loss of silicon due to scattering while dissolving is suppressed. Large amount of silicon is dissolved in a short time. Dissolution energy and oxidation refining time are reduced. High purity silicon is manufactured economically.
A solar cell comprises an n-type diffusion layer (103) formed at a light receiving side of an intrinsic or low concn. p-type semiconductor crystal substrate (100). High concn. p-type diffusion layers (102) are formed locally at a side opposite to the light receiving side of the substrate (100), and a layer (v) having a crystal defect or being amorphous by ion implantation is formed at a region between the locally high concn. p-type diffusion layers (102). Electrodes (105,106) are connected to the respective diffusion layers (103,102). Also claimed is a method of fabricating a solar cell.    USE -   Improved efficiency solar cell and a method of fabrication.    ADVANTAGE -   By forming the defect layer or amorphous layer at a region opposite to the light receiving surface of the solar cell, light of a wavelength region that could not effectively be absorbed within the bulk can be photoelectric converted, and cell efficiency improved. Easily controllable ion implantation provides a stable and highly reliable solar cell.
A composite membrane comprises a porous substrate of randomly oriented individual fibres and at least one ion conducting polymer embedded within the substrate.    Also claimed are (1) a laminated composite membrane comprising 2 or more polymer containing layers, where at least 1 layer is the above composite membrane; and (2) the manufacture of the composite membrane comprising taking a pre-formed substrate, formed by adapting a continuous manufacturing process, of randomly orientated individual fibres and applying the polymeric material, by impregnation.    USE -   The composite membrane is used in a membrane electrode assembly and a fuel cell (claimed). Also used in electrochemical devices found in e.g. fuel cells, batteries, sensors, electrodialysis reactors and electrolytic reactors for a diverse range of applications including the electrolysis of water, chemical synthesis, salt splitting, water purification, effluent treatment, metal finishing, etc..    ADVANTAGE -   The composite member is easily manufactured in a few steps, making it more cost effective and commercially viable.
A methanol/steam reforming reactor (1a) holds a quantity of a catalytic material (3). The reactor (1a) has an inlet (4) admitting the mixture of gas and steam (6) which is to be re-combined. The improvement is that: (a) the reforming reactor (1a) inlet (4) surrenders the mixture to a droplet catcher (8), preventing their direct contact with the catalytic material (3).    USE -   The reactor reforms esp. methanol to generate hydrogen for use in vehicles powered by fuel cell.    ADVANTAGE -   The reactor is suitable for use in mobile esp. automotive applications and minimises the damage to the catalytic material.
The use of a process involving dissolution of a hardened chromium(III) oxide layer (4) in a warm aqueous solution containing an acid and an oxidising agent, during disintegration of a high temperature fuel cell stack, is new. Preferably, the solution contains 10 wt.% inorganic acid (preferably sulphuric or phosphoric acid) or organic acid (preferably citric acid) and 30 wt.% oxidising agent (preferably potassium permanganate) and dissolution is carried out at 60C for about 8 hrs. with at least intermittent ultrasound application.    USE -   In the disintegration of spent corroded high temperature fuel cells for reuse of the fuel cell components.    ADVANTAGE -   The process rapidly dissolves hardened chromium(III) oxide layers from the cell connector plates without damaging the plate surfaces.
A thin film solar cell has a support substrate bearing a sequence of a first low ohmic contact grid (3), a first vapour deposited indium nitride semiconductor film (4), an interlayer (5), a second indium nitride semiconductor film (6) of opposite doping to that of the first indium nitride semiconductor film (4) for forming a homojunction structure, and a further low ohmic contact grid. Also claimed is a similar thin film solar cell in which the first semiconductor film consists of a semiconductor having a different band gap and opposite doping compared with the semiconductor film of indium nitride, so that a heterojunction structure is obtained. Preferably, the first semiconductor film is a silicon, gallium nitride or germanium film.    ADVANTAGE -   The InN-based solar cell has higher efficiency (above 20%) and lower production and material costs than prior art cells based on GaAs, InP, CdTe or CdS.
Production of a series-connected solar cell array, which is contacted at only one side, involves (a) producing and structuring an initially continuous semiconductor layer on an insulating substrate to produce individual cells, each having a selective emitter and being contacted at one side; (b) electrically separating the individual cells before or after production; and (c) connecting the cells in series. Preferably, the individual cells are electrically separated by high energy laser beams, sawing, sand blasting, wet etching or plasma ion bombardment, resulting in separation trenches between and around the individual cells.    USE -   Especially as a one-side contacted, thin film solar cell array.    ADVANTAGE -   The array employs an insulating substrate (e.g. a ceramic wafer) instead of an expensive single crystal silicon substrate and has high efficiency.
An apparatus for detecting an analyte concentration in an aqueous environment comprises: (a) a sensor that includes an anode, a solid electrolyte membrane and a cathode such that the electrodes are immersed in a liquid analyte solution, with which the sensor can react chemically; (b) an electrical supply with a positive terminal connected to the anode and a negative terminal connected to the cathode; and (c) an analyte concentration sensing device for detecting the response of the sensor to the analyte, which is connected electrically to the sensor and the power supply and detects the amount of power consumed by the sensor.    USE -   Particularly for detecting fuel concentrations in liquid direct-feed fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -   Fast and reliable sensing is provided of analyte concentrations in aqueous environments with high analyte concentrations, e.g. 0.01-5M at 0-100C.
The prodn. comprises: (a) forming an insulating film on the surface of a semiconductor ingot, or the surface of a semiconductor block obtd. by cutting the semiconductor ingot; and (b) cutting the semiconductor ingot, or the semiconductor block into a wafer.    Also claimed is that a semiconductor wafer has an insulating film on its side peripheral surface.    Also claimed is that a solar battery has a pn junction on the given surface of the semiconductor wafer. An electrode is formed on each face, the top surface and the bottom surface, of the semiconductor wafer.    ADVANTAGE -   The insulating film forms a mask in forming the pn junction. The result eliminates a process for separating the pn junction after diffusion. The insulating film also acts as mechanical protective coat at the side peripheral surface of the semiconductor wafer in cutting the silicon ingot, or the silicon block into the semiconductor wafer. The result prevents breaking, chipping, and cracking at the peripheral surface side.
The process comprises forming a heat resistance substrate comprising cadmium and telluride, in a 0.5 or more inert gas atmospheric pressure. The surface of the substrate is heated to generate gas. Cadmium telluride is precipitated from the surface of heat resistance substrate.    ADVANTAGE -   The utilisation characteristics are improved. A cadmium telluride film of good quality is obtained. The efficiency is improved.
The generator includes a gas introduction unit to introduce a gas to a plasma formation chamber which is provided in contact with a first conductor arranged in a first conductor board. A second conductor of a second conductor board is provided opposing the first conductor. A dielectric board (14) is arranged between the first and second conductor boards. An EM wave transmission unit transmits an EM wave (56) to the dielectric. The diameter of an aperture of the first conductor is set smaller than the wavelength of the EM wave. Plasma is generated during the permeation of EM wave through the aperture.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables uniform plasma generation.
The fuel battery (1) consists of several aggregates (2) of cylindrical cells (7). The cylindrical cell aggregate is sandwiched between two collector boards (5a,5b). A bar (6) is suspended between the two collector boards to provide contact. The cylindrical cells are arranged and hung on the bar.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents rupture of cell, sliding friction, bonding moment of battery. Improves reliability.
The battery (1) has several cylindrical cells (7) arranged perpendicularly so as to form a cell aggregate stack inside a casing (3). The casing is divided into several portions along the vertical direction.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids formation of gap or rupturing of cell. Improves reliability and electricity generation. Eases assembling work by dividing casing into several portions.
The unit has a set of unit batteries (2,3) with respective anodes (2b,3b) and cathodes (2c,3c). The electrodes are separated by corresponding polymer electrolyte films (2a,3a). A spacer (4) is arranged between the anode of the first unit battery and the cathode of the second unit battery. A set of separators (5-7) are arranged between the electrodes. A coolant seal unit (13) made of an electrically conductive material, is formed between the peripheries (5f,6f) of the separators, sandwiching the spacer. Electric conduction between the peripheries of the separators is carried out.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces resistance during conductance. Increases output voltage.
The method involves forming first fuel polar film on an electrolytic layer by the first fuel pole fine particles. The first fine particles have the BET value as 1-10 m2 /g with linear contraction coefficient in the range of 5-25%. The film thickness of the first fuel polar film is set as 5-50 micrometers. A second fuel polar film is formed with thickness of 20- 200 micrometers on the first fuel polar film by the second fine particles. The second fine particles have the BET value as 0.5- 5 m2/g with linear contraction coefficient in the range of 0.3- 20%.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces stress applied to boundary surface of electrolyte and fuel pole during baking.
The battery has cylindrical cells (3) equipped with an air electrode on which a separator (17) is formed along the axial direction. A solid electrolyte film (13) is formed on the surface domain of the air electrode unoccupied by the separator. A fuel electrode (15) is then formed on the solid electrolyte film. The edges of the separator are curved in the upper portion and helps in alleviating stress concentration.    ADVANTAGE -   Alleviates stress concentration. Prevents peeling of separator and fuel electrode. Prevents cracking of separator. Improves endurance and reliability of battery.
Semiconductor Si crystal is grown by heat treatment of metal silicide formed by doping of metal impurities into amorphous Si.    The process involves using glass substrate (1), amorphous Si film (2), and Ni film for doping (3).    USE -   The polysilicon semiconductor thin film is used for LCD (liquid crystal display), solar cells, and semiconductor devices.    ADVANTAGE -   Polysilicon semiconductor thin film having good crystalline property is manufactured at low temperature in a short time.
NOVELTY - Silicon deposit which is left in various processing steps is collected and reused as raw material after recycling. DETAILED DESCRIPTION - The method involves performing the following steps: (a) raw silicon is subjected to vacuum refining process, by boiling in vacuum followed by dissolution and dephosphorisation; (b) dephosphorised silicon is subjected to rough refining solidification process to remove metal impurities and form a cast; (c) the impure thick portion of the cast is removed by a first impurity removal process; (d) the remaining portion is crushed and crushed particles are dissolved; (e) boron and carbon in the molten metal are removed by oxidation refining; (f) deoxidation refining is done by blowing either argon gas or mixture of argon and hydrogen to molten metal; (g) solidification refining process is again performed to form a metal cast; (h) the impure thick portion of the cast is removed by a second impurity removal process; and (i) the remanent metal mold is then cut into slices and used as a board. The metal silicon deposit obtained in the various processes is collected and subjected to recycling and is used as raw material again.    USE -   Electrical power generation: In solar batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   Recycling increases the silicon yield, and so the silicon is cheaper.
The method involves laminating a transparent insulated substrate by a transparent electrode film layer and an amorphous semiconductor photoelectric conversion layer. A rear side reflecting electrode layer containing silver is formed on the semiconductor photoelectric conversion layer.    The rear side reflecting electrode layer is irradiated by fourth harmonic (FHG) of Nd-YAG laser light. FHG with uniform energy layer is irradiated diagonally, and FHG with tapering energy density is irradiated vertically. This patterns the rear side electrode layer and is divided, selectively removing sediment of silver contained in it.    ADVANTAGE -   Produces a solar battery without short circuit. Improves photoelectric conversion efficiency.
The battery has an electrolyte board containing an electrolyte. An anode (4) which is made of Ni and a collector board (9) are arranged on one side of the electrolyte board sequentially. Another collector board and a cathode (3) which is made up of metallic oxide are arranged sequentially on another side of the electrolyte board. A porous or soft metal filled layer (21) consisting of Ni powder is arranged between cathode and the collector board. An electrical energy is generated by supplying reaction gas from both sides of the collector board.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces contact resistance between collector board and cathode by providing metal filled layer in between them. Has high rigidity by increasing specific resistance.
In the solid electrolyte electrochemical cell prepd. by printing respective slurries of the first electrode, the solid electrolyte, and the second electrode in multilayer form on a substrate; the first electrode and the solid electrolyte have step part in staircase shape at edges of those.    USE -   The solid electrolyte electrochemical cell is used for solid electrolyte fuel cells or solid electrolyte steam electrolysis equipments.    ADVANTAGE -   In prepn. of the solid electrolyte electrochemical cell; film formation of the solid electrolyte can be surely done at the edge part of the first electrode and the solid electrolyte.
The method involves mixing polyfluoro vinylidine (PVDF) with carbon black powder and moulding to an electrode base, or moulding carbon fine particles previously and impregnating in PVDF. The polyfluoro vinylidine is subjected to per-fluorination after predetermined time.    ADVANTAGE -   Has high water repellent property of fluoride layer. Has excellent gaseous diffusion property. Maintains battery characteristics continuously. Increases battery durability and ability. Offers usage as electrode material for various fuel batteries like solid body polymer, fuel battery, zinc-air battery, aluminium-air battery.
The manufacture involves forming a catalyst electrode (14) containing large sized carbon particles (C1). A platinum catalyst is formed using small sized carbon particles (C2). The pores formed in the catalyst electrode are filled by zinc powder which melts when immersed in an acid. A gap (S) is formed between the carbon particles because of their varying size. A heating gas and an oxidising gas are supplied to the catalyst and the catalyst electrode via the gap.    ADVANTAGE -   Raises efficiency of electricity generation. Avoids dense jamming of carbon particles in electrode.
The electrode material comprises tetra fluoro ethylene oligomer which acts as a water repellant and is mixed with carbon material. A poly:tetra fluoroethylene is mixed to raise the binding nature of tetrafluoro ethylene oligomer.    ADVANTAGE -   Has high water repellant property, gas supply on gaseous diffusion property. Has prolonged battery durability and ability.
Electrodes are formed on both sides of a solid polymer electrolyte membrane by coating with a mixed liquid containing an organic solvent, a noble metal catalyst-supporting C powder and a colloid of a solid polymer electrolyte of size at least 1 nm and less than 400 nm and adsorbed to the C powder. A gas diffusible layer is present between the membrane and the electrode. The produced assembly and a fuel cell made using it are also claimed.
Production of a ceramic powder (18), comprises:    (a) thermally decomposing a solution of a metal salt and an organic complex former, to a porous ceramic material (14); and    (b) pulverising the porous ceramic material (14).    USE -   In the production of a high temperature fuel cell.    ADVANTAGE -   Simple production of the ceramic powder is achieved, using fewer steps.
Improving the gas-tightness of a ceramic component (6) for a high temperature fuel cell involves: (A) impregnating the component (6) at reduced pressure (ca. 100 mbar) with an aqueous solution (8) containing (10-20 wt.%) magnesium sulphate and (2-5 wt.%) ethanol; (B) drying at 100C for ca. 5 mins.; and (C) calcining at 800-1,300C for 1 hr. (A) and (B) may be repeated one or more times before (C).    USE -   The treated ceramic component is used in a high temperature fuel cell (claimed), especially as an insulating component made of spinel.    ADVANTAGE -   The method allows production of a &lt;250 m thick gastight component having &lt;10% porosity.
The method involves heat treating binderless zeolite (sic) and reformed binderless halogen type zeolite (sic) at 500-1,200C. The binderless zeolite contains at least one metal chosen from manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, platinum and has a micropore of 95-100 wt.%. The reformed zeolite has a micropore of 90-96 wt.%. A devulcanising agent of Na X and Ca X type zeolite having a pore size of 5 at 0-50C is contacted with the hydrocarbon group gas containing small amount of sulphur. The pressure of the gas at normal temperature is maintained at 1-10 kg/cm2, at predefined flow rate.    USE -   In the manufacture of non-corrosive fuel for air conditioners.    ADVANTAGE -   Performs desulphurisation at room temperature and pressure hence saving energy. The apparatus has long-term stability, and as the need for a heat exchanger and gas compression machine is eliminated, the size is reduced.
NOVELTY - The method involves subjecting raw material silicon to various refining processes which include oxidizing, vacuum and solidification refining. DETAILED DESCRIPTION - The method involves performing various refining processes of metal silicon raw material. The refining processes are oxidizing, vacuum and solidification refining. The composition of board material also includes less than 30ppm of P, 20ppm of B, 1000ppm of Al, 1000ppm of Fe, 500ppm of C and 60ppm of Ti. The silicon obtained from the refining process is mixed with polycrystalline silicon which is generated by other manufacturing methods.    USE -   Electrical power generation.    ADVANTAGE -   The method enables manufacture of stable product within short time. The manufacturing cost is reduced and an inexpensive silicon substrate for solar batteries is obtained.
A fuel cell comprises: (A) a cell including an electrolyte member positioned between an anode layer and a cathode layer; (B) a pair of current collectors, each contacting one of the electrode layers, wherein one collector(s) includes (a) a thin porous substrate and (b) a hydrophilic material, wherein (b) is provided either to holes of (a) or to surfaces of skeleton elements of (a), so that hydrophilic areas formed by (b) successively pass through (a) between both surfaces of (a); (C) a first channel member which includes channels which face the anode layer with one of the pair of current collectors in between; and (D) a second channel member which includes channels which face the cathode layer with the other one of the pair of current collectors in between, wherein the hydrophilic areas of the current collector(s) are exposed to channels of (C) and/or (D). Also claimed are: such a fuel cell in which, in (B), (b) is loaded into through openings which are established to pass through (a) between both surfaces of (a); a cell structure element, which is a structural unit of a power generation element of a fuel cell, comprising (A) and (B); a current collector comprising (a) and (b) as above; and a polymer electrolyte fuel cell comprising (A), (C), (D), and (B) in which the current collector(s) comprises (a), (b) and (c) a hydrophobic material, wherein both (b) and (c) are provided to either the holes of (a) or to the surfaces of skeleton elements of (a), so that a gas flow path(s) surrounded by particles of (c) passes through (a) between both surfaces of (a).    ADVANTAGE -   The current collector has high hydrophilic property, making condensation product water and reaction product water move freely in the collector so that reaction gas is not hampered by the water. This maintains reliable gas permeability so cell characteristics such as cell voltage do not decrease and stable power generation is achieved.
The rotary damper comprises a first member coupled to an input shaft with a second member rotatably supported about the input shaft, the first member is rotatable relative to the second member. An electro-rheological magnetic fluid coacts with the first and second members, and a means is provided for generating a magnetic field across the electro-rheological magnetic fluid. A shear resistance characteristic of the fluid is changed to control relative rotational movement between the first and second members.    USE -   An electro-rheological magnetic (ERM) fluid-based damper for controlling the deployment and operation of spacecraft appendages (claimed), e.g. solar array panels, antennas, optical platforms.    ADVANTAGE -   The ERM directly transforms magnetic energy into mechanical energy without multiple mechanical stages. The dampers have a high power to weight ratio, a fast response time, and a controllable and velocity independent damping rate. Reliable, low cost and simple to manufacture.
Electrochemical half-cell (1) comprises an electrode chamber (2) for containing an electrolyte (23), a gas chamber (6), and a gas diffusion electrode (7) separating a gas chamber (6) and electrode chamber (2). The electrode chamber (2) is divided into sections (2a,2b,2c) which are connected to each other to pass the electrolyte (23) in cascade fashion over shafts (17,18,19).    USE -   In alkali halide electrolysis.
In a solar cell with a textured transparent conductive oxide (TCO) layer, preferably of ZnO, the TCO layer structure is so dense that it cannot be penetrated by an etchant.    Also claimed is a TCO layer which can be textured and which has a dense structure. Further claimed is a method of producing a textured TCO layer involving deposition of a TCO layer with a dense structure on a substrate, the layer preferably being etched during or after deposition.    USE -   Especially in a silicon thin film solar cell having a TCO layer with microscopic surface roughness.    ADVANTAGE -   Provision of a compact layer structure (obtained by depositing a relatively thick layer and etching to the desired thickness) allows use of ZnO as the TCO layer since the etch texturing can be controlled while maintaining good electrical properties of the layer.
Production of an electrolyte layer for a fuel cell comprises:    (a) applying an ultraviolet- or light-sensitive lacquer layer on a substrate;    (b) irradiating the lacquer layer in such a way that a line- or net-like structure is produced in the lacquer layer;    (c) removing the irradiated structures;    (d) inserting catalyst material into the sites of the removed structures;    (e) producing a mechanical connection between the catalyst material and an electrolyte layer for a fuel cell; and    (f) removing the substrate.    After inserting the catalyst material and before applying electrolyte material to the catalyst material, the remaining light sensitive line-like or point-like lacquer layer is irradiated and then removed. The electrolyte layer has a catalyst alloy whose concentration changes in the direction of the surface norm of the electrolyte surface.    ADVANTAGE -   Only a thin catalyst layer is required.
A decal for forming a solar cell comprises: (a) an anti-reflective precursor material; and (b) a patterned electrically conductive material; where at least a portion of the electrically conductive material is placed adjacent to the anti-reflective precursor material. A method of manufacturing a decal for use in forming a solar cell as above.    A method of forming an anti-reflective precursor material on a solar cell as above, comprising: (i) providing a decal having a base material and an anti-reflective precursor material formed over it; (ii) placing a patterned die in contact with the anti-reflective precursor material to form a textured pattern in the anti-reflective precursor material; (iii) positioning the decal on 1 surface of the solar cell; and (iv) processing the decal to convert the anti-reflective precursor material to a textured anti-reflective coating. A method of forming a solar cell as above.    USE -   Used for manufacturing solar cells.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides a new method for forming electrical contacts and anti-reflective coatings with high device yields and low manufacturing cost. The process is amenable to automation and mass-production.
The device (1) has a fuel battery (11) which consists of a fuel pole (11a), an air pole (11b) and a cooler (11c). A water circulating pump (13) passes through a deionisation resin chamber (14) and circulates cooling water through a steam separator (12). The steam separator separates cooling water into vapour phase and liquid phase. A water treating unit (20) which has a resin pack (23) is provided for purifying the cooling water from a water tank (21). A hand valve (32) is provided in a line (31) which branches in the upstream of the deionisation resin chamber and returns to the tank of water treating unit. A filter (33) is arranged between the hand valve and the tank.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces time lag for water purification. Reduces cost. Protects fuel battery main body. Offers automatic purification of water.
The method involves arranging boundary (5) of porous ceramic body (3) and precise quality ceramic body (1) so as to form multilayered body (4). A sample (9) equipped with a coating (13) covers a portion of the porous ceramic body, boundary surface and precise quality ceramic body. The surfaces adjacent to the porous ceramic body and precise quality ceramic body are processed by grinding particles polishing technique. Thus, polished surfaces (11, 12) are formed and a coating (7) is formed by spraying process so as to cover the polished surfaces and boundary surface.    ADVANTAGE -   Obtains precise quality ceramic body. Enables to form airtight coating with reliable junction condition.
A reforming reactor, especially for steam reforming of methanol, has a catalyst bed-containing reaction space (1) in constant communication with a catalyst supply container (6) for automatic topping up of catalyst material (2a) in the reaction space (1).    USE -   Especially for steam reforming methanol to produce hydrogen, e.g. in a fuel cell-driven vehicle.    ADVANTAGE -   The reactor is inexpensively and automatically topped up with fresh catalyst to compensate for catalyst bed volume shrinkage.
A hybrid power generation system comprises: (a) a hydrocarbonaceous fuel pyrolysis unit to form a first gaseous stream comprising H2 and a partially dehydrogenated fuel stream; (b) converting H2 to an electrical current; (c) an electrical conversion unit for generating a first motion from the current; and (d) a combustion engine for converting partially dehydrogenated fuel stream to a second motion.    USE -   For producing mechanical power from a hybrid power generation unit.    ADVANTAGE -   The combination of pyrolysis, fuel cell, and high efficiency heat engine results in a procedure and device that is significantly more efficient in terms of utilising the energy present in the feedstock hydrocarbon fuel.
The method involves forming a molybdenum film (2) on a substrate (1). A paste consisting of selenium-indium powder, selenium powder, copper chloride powder and binder is coated on the molybdenum film.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides solar battery of large area.
Pretreatment of metallic silicon powder is characterised by adding metallic silicon powder to an aq. soln. contg. sulphuric acid and stirring and mixing the metallic silicon powder and aq. soln. while supplying oxygen (including oxygen contained in the air) to remove copper from the metallic silicon powder.    USE -   The pretreated metallic silicon can be used as a raw material of solar batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   Low-purity metallic silicon powder contg. a large amt. of copper and other impurities, such as metallic silicon powder contg. a used copper catalyst discharged from a silane synthesis process, may be used as a raw material to obtain high-purity metallic silicon powder.
The base body pipe for the solid electrolyte fuel cell comprises 77.3- 87.5 wt.% of NiO and balance of Al2O3.    USE -   The base body pipe is used for the solid electrolyte fuel cell or the high temp. steam electrolysis cell.    ADVANTAGE -   Number of collector parts of the solid electrolyte fuel cell or the high temp. steam electrolysis cell can be reduced by using the base body pipe.
The fuel battery is formed of cells in which a flat electrolyte board or tile is pinched between an anode and cathode. The anode and cathode are separated by a conductive separator and are laminated alternately. Each cell has several internal manifolds between separators, through which reaction gas to each cell is supplied. Each cell and internal manifold are separated from other cells by a surrounding seal member. The seal member consists of ceramic powder, which has fine pores, which contain a fused carbonate. Due to its surface tension, in the fine pores, the fused carbonate forms a wet seal between the separators. The seal is maintained at operating temperature.    ADVANTAGE -   Has reduced gas leak. Prevents degradation of battery performance due to electrolyte crack.
The fuel battery includes a gas division plate (1) which comprises a single cell, a fuel gas passageway (2) and an oxidising agent gas passage way. Multiple cooling plates comprising cooling water flow path is laminated and a hexagonal pillar-shaped multilayer body is formed. The entrance (4,6,11) and outlet side external manifolds (5,7,12) of the heating gas, oxidising gas and cooling water, respectively are arranged on the diagonal position of the sides of the hexagonal pillar-shaped multilayer body. The heating gas reaction area domain of the single cell of the gas division plate is divided to several heating gas supply zones and are made to face the heating gas entrance side and outlet side external manifold.    Multiple fuel gas passage base each having a bellow shape is arranged on each heating gas supply zone. The oxidising agent gas reaction domain of the single cell is divided into several oxidising agent gas supply zones facing the oxidising gas entrance side and outlet side external manifold. Multiple oxidising agent gas passage ways having bellow shape is arranged on oxidising agent gas supply zone. The direction of fuel gas passage way and oxidising agent gas passage way is made to cross orthogonally.    ADVANTAGE -   Attains size reduction by forming reaction gas passageway of heating gas and oxidising gas in bellow shape. Prevents shortage of reaction gas due to increase in temperature and reaction. Maintains gas seal property. Reduces influence of CO poisoning by oxidising it, effectively.
The method involves impregnating organic solvent into a carbon fibre base material. The organic solvent contains more than 40% of an organic polymer with high carbon ratio. The organic polymer is adhered to the base material after drying and hardening. Baking is done at a temperature more than 800C in an inert temperature. Heat treatment is done at temperature more than 2300C, to form a graphite coating on the base material. Finally, fluorination is performed to obtain a porous electrode.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves corrosion resistant characteristics of electrode. Enhances life time of battery with high output.
The apparatus accommodates several substrates (32) on heat conduction shelves (28). The heat conduction shelves are thermally connected to side attachment wall (12,14) which are heated or cooled. The substrate are supported on the heat conduction shelves by a non-conductive support (30) forming a gap between them.    USE -   For TFT manufacture used in monitor, flat panel display, solar battery.    ADVANTAGE -   The apparatus avoids damage to substrates; performs heating and cooling immediately and improves economical efficiency.
The gas diffusion layer (14) for a solid polymer electrolyte fuel cell having a catalyst layer (11a,b) adjacent to the polymer electrolyte (11) comprises a carbon fibre woven cloth (14a) coated with a fluoro-resin (14b) containing carbon black on its surface. The cloth is placed so that the coating is adjacent to the catalyst layer in the fuel cell. Also claimed is a solid polymer electrolyte fuel cell comprising the solid electrolyte with a catalyst layer on both surfaces and the gas diffusion layer disposed as above.    USE -   As gas diffusion layers for solid polymer electrolyte fuel cells and as fuel cells    ADVANTAGE -   Gas diffusion capability is good so that cell performance is maintained at high gas utilisation rates, the layer is easy to manufacture.
A process, in which a hardened chromium(III) oxide layer (4) is heated in a melt (6) of a hydroxide and an oxidising agent, is employed in the disintegration of a high temperature fuel cell stack. Preferably the melt (6) is an eutectic mixture of two alkali metal hydroxides containing ca. 10 wt.% peroxide or especially potassium permanganate as oxidising agent at 250-450C and the oxide layer (4) heating time is about 10 mins.    USE -   Used in the disintegration of corroded high temperature fuel cells for recycling of their constituents.    ADVANTAGE -   The treatment rapidly converts hardened chromium(III) oxide layers into soluble chromium(VI) oxide without damaging the surfaces of components from which the layers are dissolved.
The corrugated structure consists of two or more corrugated panels (1) resting parallel on top of each other to form a stack (2) with the contact points (3) joined. The resulting closed chambers (4) within the stack are discrete and separate. The wavelength (L) within each panel (1) is constant (1), but that different panels (1.1; 1.2) are of different wavelength (L1; L2). The panel (1.1; 1.2) wavelength (L1, L2) alternates within the stack, with one L2 being a whole multiple of the other (L2).    USE -   The stack of corrugated panels forms part of e.g. a sheet metal structure, corrugated cardboard, an automotive air filter, automotive oil cooler diesel engine exhaust filter, or ceramic heat exchanger.    ADVANTAGE -   The structure is stronger, provides a larger functional surface area within the same volume, and generates fluid turbulence supporting the application.
Production of edge zone-free polycrystalline silicon articles involves tempering at above 450 (preferably 500-1000)C and then cooling at greater than 5 (preferably 10-20) K/min. to below 300C.    USE -   Production of polycrystalline silicon wafers, preferably for solar cells (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   The heat treatment, carried out on polycrystalline silicon ingots or sliced wafers, increases the effective charge carrier lifetime, in an edge zone extending by a distance of 10% of the total ingot height from the side and bottom ingot edge, to 50% of that in the ingot interior, i.e. to 1-5 secs., without silicon losses.
Cooler tube (2), used for the cooling section of a fuel cell power plant system, is a conductive pipe (10) having a dielectric layer (11) of fluorocarbon polymer, 0.05-0.2 mm thick, shrunk and adhered to its external surface by heat treatment.    Also claimed is a method for preparing the cooler tube by inserting the conductive pipe (10) into a dielectric tube (11) having a larger inner diameter than its outer diameter and heat treating pipe and tube to shrink and adhere the dielectric tube to the external surface of the conductive pipe.    If the fluorocarbon polymer is PTFE, the heat treatment is performed at 320-340C for 1 - 3 hours. The treatment temperatures used for FEP (fluorinated ethylene-propylene) and PFA (perfluorinated alkoxy tetra fluoroethylene) are 210-230C and 280-295C, respectively, the treatment time again being 1 - 3 hours.    The conductive pipe is copper or stainless steel. The fluorocarbon polymer is PTFE, FEP, or PFA.    USE -   The cooler tube has water or other coolant passed through it in the cooling section of a fuel cell power plant system, the use of a liquid instead of air enabling the system to be made smaller.    ADVANTAGE -   The tube is highly resistant to the corrosive effects of the electrolyte in the fuel cell and has excellent dielectric properties. Also, the use of a dielectric tube which is shrunk into place rather use of a coating process ensures the absence of flaws such as pin-holes on the coated surface.
Method for cracking ammonia into hydrogen involves exposing an ammonia cracking catalyst to ammonia under conditions effective to produce nitrogen and hydrogen. The catalyst comprises an alloy including (1) alloys of general formula Zr1-xTixM1M2, where M1 and M2 each = chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt and nickel; x = 0-1, and (2) aluminium in an amount 20-50 wt.%.    Also claimed is a method for operating a hydrogen-fuelled internal combustion engine or hydrogen fuel cell having an ammonia storage vessel coupled with an ammonia cracking vessel which involves: (a) passing ammonia from the storage vessel into the cracking vessel containing the cracking catalyst to produce nitrogen and hydrogen gases, (b) passing the hydrogen to the engine or hydrogen fuel cell and (c) combusting the hydrogen gas to power the engine or reacting the hydrogen in the fuel cell to produce an electric current.    Also claimed is a hydrogen-fuelled internal combustion engine which comprises an ammonia storage vessel coupled with an ammonia-coupled chamber containing the catalyst and an internal combustion engine effective to combust hydrogen.    USE -   For use in hydrogen-fuelled internal combustion engine or hydrogen fuel cell.    ADVANTAGE -   The catalyst can catalyse the disproportionation of ammonia at efficiency and rates sufficient for use in internal combustion engines or fuel cells.
A catalyst composition for use in electrochemical reactor devices comprises: platinum, ruthenium and osmium and has a single phase crystal structure comprising a face centred cubic unit cell.    Also claimed is a direct-oxidation fuel cell having an anode, a cathode and an electrolyte between them, where the anode has a catalyst composition as above.    USE -   Useful in the construction of direct-oxidation fuel cells operating in the range up to about 200C. It is also useful in electrochemical reactors or synthesisers for producing chemical by electro-oxidation of organic feedstock, e.g., alcohols.    ADVANTAGE -   The platinum catalyst is capable of adsorption and dehydrogenation of methanol molecules without poisoning by adsorbed intermediates such as carbon monoxide. The performance of the invented platinum based catalyst is superior to known platinum-ruthenium direct oxidation fuel cell catalysts.
The method involves feeding hydrogen from a source, to absorption side of hydrogen transmitting membrane formed on an anode (2). Atomic hydrogen is applied to reaction side of hydrogen transmitting membrane. The carbon compound is electro- oxidised in the reaction side.    The electro-oxidised product is reduced with the atomic hydrogen supplied to the membrane. The reduction product is oxidised to obtain carbon-di-oxide has the principal product and electricity is generated from the cell.    USE -   For detecting carbon in components, eliminating carbon components sewage, destroy animal tissue e.g. tumours in medical field.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces poisoning of electrocatalyst in fuel cell. Manufactures cost effective efficient fuel cells with high durability and output characteristics. Operates at room temperature and pressure.
The soln. contg. saturated monocarboxylic acid salt of Ib group element and IIIb group element, is coated on a substrate, and heat treated to give the cpd. semiconductor thin film.    USE -   The cpd. semiconductor thin film is used for solar cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The high quality cpd. semiconductor thin film is formed on a large area substrate at low cost.
The reformer comprises a burner concentrically arranged at the centre, and a catalyst cylinder and a heat insulating cylinder, formed in a double cylindrical shape with a heat insulating material held therebetween, arranged outside thereof, in sequence.    ADVANTAGE -   No permanent deformation occurs in the heat insulating cylinder even if the catalyst cylinder for the reformer is excessively deflected to contact the inner cylinder of the heat insulating cylinder.
The polymer electrolyte fuel cell comprises a number of assemblies, each including a polymer electrolyte film (1) with hydrogen ion conductivity and a pair of electrode layers (7) sandwiching the electrolyte film. The fuel cell has a number of electrically conductive separators (5), each being piled alternatively with the assembly and including a gas supply channel to supply a gas to the electrode layer and a gas outlet channel for discharging a gas from the electrode layer. The electrode layer comprises a porous base area with water repellency and a penetration area higher in water permeability than in the base area.    USE -   For portable power supplies, electric vehicles and home power source systems.    ADVANTAGE -   Fuel cell is provided which can facilitate removal of water around catalytic layer of cell, so as to prevent cell performance from dropping due to excessive wetting of the electrode layer as in long-hour operation or high current density output operation.
A reactor for the water vapour reforming of methanol operates in two stages (7, 8) accommodated within a single reactor housing (1). The 1st stage (7) is on the gas inlet (3) side and the 2nd stage (8) is directly connected to it. Both stages are filled with catalyst (13). One of the stages is heated and the other remains unheated.    USE -    Used as a methanol reforming reactor to generate H2for fuel cell applications.    ADVANTAGE -   The construction is relatively simple. The reactor can be used in mobile applications and can tolerate frequent load variations.
In a panel-like photovoltaic solar module, used especially as a facade or roof element and having outer connection leads for electrical connection to further solar modules, the connection leads (25) are fixed to a connection tab (12) which is connected to a module connection element (10) extending outside the panel structure and which is arranged in a tangential plane of the module connection element (10), the latter being connectable to corresponding module connection elements of adjacent solar modules. The interior cover (24) of the module, which is spaced from an exterior pane (20) to define an interspace (22) for holding solar cells, may be in the form of a foil sandwich with one or more fluoropolymer-backed base foils of plastic (e.g. polyester) or metal (e.g. aluminium).    ADVANTAGE -   The connection system can be mechanically fixed to the solar module panel structure in an extremely simple and stable manner and has a universal module connection element which can be fitted not only to the module edge but also to the external faces of the panel structure.
A method of preparing a thiophene-containing or furan-containing conjugated compound, involves heating a precursor compound comprising a unit having thermally separable substituents, to eliminate the separable substituents while converting the precursor compound into the thiophene- or furan-containing conjugated compound; the precursor unit used being a tetrahydrothiophene or tetrahydrofuran unit having thermally separable substituents (-SR1 and -SR2), in which R1 and R2 are alkyl or aryl groups.    Also claimed are: (1) soluble precursor compound comprising a precursor unit consisting of a tetrahydrothiophene or tetrahydrofuran unit having thermally separable substituents -SR1 and -Sr2, in which R1 and R2 are alkyl or aryl groups; and    (2) a semiconductor device having a layer comprising a polythiophene obtained using the above method.    USE -   The conjugated compounds prepared are useful in semiconductor devices, in dyes or pigments, electroluminescent material and in electrical, optical and electro-optical devices, such as light emitting diodes (LEDs), field effect transistors, solar cells, polarizing optical elements and batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   Low conductivity in combination with a high mobility constitute ideal electrical properties when using mixtures of thiophene polymers and oligomers.
Pure Si for use in solar cells is obtained from Si oxide by: reducing molten Si oxide with C; pouring and solidifying the resulting metallurgical grade Si in a mold; melting and refining; and purifying in a single solidification step. Preferably P is eliminated from the metallurgical grade Si by melting at sub-atmospheric pressure; B and C are eliminated using an acid gas; and O2 is eliminated by de-oxidation. The liquid Si is then solidified into a rod and Fe, Al, Ti and Ca are eliminated by zone melting.    ADVANTAGE -   the method allows impure Si products that are removed or cut off from the metallurgical grade material to be recycled.
A process for making columnar grained polycrystalline sheets comprises: (a) applying granular silicon to a setter material to support it, and preheating them; (b) subjecting the silicon and setter to a thermal profile which melts the silicon; (c) transporting the melt poll on the silicon net into a growth zone where a thermal profile is provided to promote columnar growth; (d) transporting the grown sheet to an anneal zone; and (e) removing the sheet from the setter material. During the process the nucleation of crystal growth is controlled by forming a nucleation layer against the silicon to effect heterogeneous nucleation.    Also claimed are: (1) a sheet of silicon with columnar grains extending axially through the sheet from one surface to the other, and having an electrical resistivity in the range 0.1 - 10 .cm made using the process; and (2) a solar cell including the claimed sheet.    USE -   Fabrication of silicon substrates for use in solar cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The process produces low cost, low stress, columnar grained sheets using small grained polycrystalline silicon with low activity grain boundaries.
Making a large area single crystal silicon sheet (10) comprises: (a) mixing silicon powder with a binder and a solvent to form a silicon slurry; (b) spreading the slurry in a uniform layer on a flat surface; (c) drying the layer to remove the solvent; (d) moistening the layer to cause it to expand and separate from the surface to form a sheet; (e) heating the sheet to remove the binder; (f) heating a localised area (25) of the sheet to cause the silicon at that location to melt; (g) contacting this molten silicon with a silicon seed crystal (28) to define the crystallographic orientation of the molten silicon; (h) moving the heated area and resulting melted area through a portion of the sheet to refine it to form a single crystal structure and move impurities to edges (32) of that refined portion of the sheet; (i) cooling the sheet; and (j) removing the portion with impurities to have a single crystal sheet of silicon. Also claimed is a large area single crystal silicon sheet made with the above method.    USE -   For producing single crystal silicon sheets for semiconductor manufacture, e.g. for use as solar cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The sheets can be made to any desired dimensions and for any desired purpose. For example, sheets of four feet by eight feet can be made for use as solar cells which can produce higher power (kilowatt range) than the small wafers (fraction of a watt range) currently available.
The method involves forming a hydrogen storing metal alloy layer on the surface of a polycrystalline semiconductor. Hydrogen is absorbed by the hydrogen storing metal alloy layer. The hydrogen present inside the polycrystalline semiconductor is diffused, by applying a hydrogen plasma treatment.    ADVANTAGE -   Diffuses hydrogen by high concentration.
The battery includes phosphoric acid as electrolyte. An oxidising agent is employed as reaction gas. A heat exchanger (61) is provided to collect moisture from the oxidising agent which is completely discharged, electrochemically. A water flow path is formed between the heat exchanger and a water tank (51), through which water is supplied to a removal unit (2), which removes phosphoric acid from water (61a).    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces phosphoric acid by providing ion exchange resin containing neutralising agent in removal apparatus. Reduces exchange frequency of ion exchange resin. Reduces maintenance expense.
The process comprises decomposing a silicon material sample by adding sulphuric acid and vapour of acid under specified pressure and heat condition. Molybdate or molybdenic acid is added to the residue obtained after decomposing the silicon material for converting phosphorus into molybdophosphoric acid. The content of phosphorus in the silicon material is obtained from the assay result of molybdenum of the molybdophosphoric acid.    USE -   Used for semiconductors and electronic devices.    ADVANTAGE -   The process allows rapid analysis. Production of the product is stabilised. The precise analysis of ultra-low volume phosphorus in high purity silicon is simplified.
The ceramic sheet has a range of thickness irregularity less than 5%. The thickness varies from 0.05 to 0.6 mm per 400 cm2arbitrary domain. The density is 95% or more than the theoretical density of the sheet.    ADVANTAGE -   The sheet has little grain boundary resistance and offers a smooth surface. High strength, ion conductivity, electronic conductivity and piezoelectricity are improved.
The converter has a glass substrate (4) formed on a light- incidence side of an opto-electric transducer (1) through a semi- transparent resin (5). An antireflecting layer of MgF2 (7) with amorphous surface is formed on the glass substrate.    ADVANTAGE -   Increases light reception efficiency by amorphous surface of antireflecting layer. Improves hydrophobicity and acid resistance of antireflecting layer.
The method involves making VI group element used as evaporation source (2c) execute a linear reciprocating motion along longitudinal direction of vacuum housing (2).    ADVANTAGE -   Produces superior solar battery.
The method involves coating the surface of an amorphous silicon thin film (2), with an organic substance. Then, the film is subjected to dry etching and planarisation.    ADVANTAGE -   Facilitates varying etching rate of non-crystal silicon thin film. Simplifies planarising uneven thin film with abnormal protrusions, precisely. Improves production efficiency.
A new separator for vanadium-based redox-flow cells is made of a cross-linked polymer having pyridinium gps. Production. of the new separator is also claimed, where a polymerizing compsn. contg. polymerizing vinyl monomers having pyridyl gps.(A), cross-linking agent(B), and mono-functional polymerizing vinyl monomers(C) is moulded and polymerised; and then the pyridyl gps. are converted into pyridinium gps.    USE -   For vanadium-based redox-flow cells, where a redox couple of V(II)/V(III) is used as negative electrode and another redox couple of V(IV)/V(V) is used as positive electrode.    ADVANTAGE -   The new separator provide a vanadium-based redox-flow cell with an improved charge-discharge efficiency. It has a lower resistance and a higher proton permeability, preventing vanadium ion permeation.
A porous metal with a regular structure and uniform pore size is produced by reducing a mixture of metal, solvent and a structure-directing agent in amount sufficient to form a liquid crystalline phase in the mixture, then optionally removing the organic matter from the produced organic-metal composite.    The porous metal produced is also claimed.    USE -   The porous metal is used in filtration, gas flow control, catalysis, fuel cells and batteries, electrochemical capacitors, quantum confinement effect devices, optical devices, sensors, electrocatalysis, etc.    ADVANTAGE -   A regular structure and a uniform pore size are obtained (claimed), which provide improved properties and performance in the above applications.
Composites comprise (a) polymer with natural free volume; and (b) inorganic or organic material within the natural free volume of (a).    Also claimed are (1) method for manufacturing the composite; (2) electroconductive imaging elements; (3) photographic elements; (4) electrolytic fuel elements; (5) oxy-halo-polymer composites; and (6) surface-oxyhalogenated non-halo-polymer composites.    USE -   Composites are used to catalyse reaction of reactants, in electroconductive imaging elements, photographic elements and electrolytic fuel elements and to shield materials from electromagnetic radiation and heat or flame sources, to prevent fouling of surfaces and polymer surfaces e.g. of water-going vessels, propellers, piers and pipes, by organisms, including aerobic, marine and aquatic organisms, microbes, crustaceans or mussels and to manufacture oxyhalo-polymer composites and surface-oxyhalogenated non-halo-polymer composites (all claimed). They may be useful in photoradiation shields and filters, heterogeneous catalytic substrates and conducting electrodes as well as electrolytic cells, fuel cells, optoelectronic devices, semiconductors for microelectronic applications, and materials with flame- and heat-retardant properties. They may also be useful in preparing metal oxide/fluoropolymer composites with pure metal oxide surfaces.    ADVANTAGE -   The composites have significantly more predictable mechanical properties than prior art. They have controllable, predictable and reproducible levels of optical densities and electrical, ionic and charged species conductivities.
A fuel cell comprises gas diffusion electrodes sandwiching polymer electrolyte membranes, and bipolar plates operating as gas separation plates and current collectors with fuel oxidising agent supply and discharge passages formed by projections on both plate surfaces. At least the projections are formed of a melt-processible polymer with good fluidity. The bipolar plate is coated with a metal, nitride or carbide.    ADVANTAGE -   Good resistance against a corrosive electrolyte, good current collection function, simple structure, simple manufacture and reduces size, weight and manufacturing costs.
The manufacture involves shaping powdered ceramic raw material. Reduction of 0.2-3 mm of the edge of shaped compact is performed. The reduced compact is then sintered.    USE -   Used for solar battery and antistatic film    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents crack generation. Improves yield.
The membrane (A) of antimonic acid with high proton conductivity, made of amorphous antimonic acid and cubic antimonic acid single crystals (B) which are dispersed into it. (2) (A) in (1), in which (B) are oriented. (3) Method of producing (A) i.e., metal antimony or its oxygen bearing compound is made to react with hydrogen peroxide to form soln., which is developed on insulating base plates then they are dried. (4) (A), produced by (3), is thermally treated. (5) Thermal treatment in (4) is carried out at the temp. lower than 500C.    USE -   Used as humidity sensor, hydrogen sensor, or as a part of hydrogen fuel cell.    ADVANTAGE -   This method is able to produce membranes of antimonic acid with excellent conductivity and with high response to humidity.
The manufacture involves forming a semiconductor film (3) with holes on a peeling layer over a heat resistant substrate (1). The peeling layer is arranged on the film between the holes. Border allowance is provided by winding the peeling layer under the film along the edges of the film.    ADVANTAGE -   Eases semiconductor film separation from substrate without damage to film and without destroying holes.
The battery has a flat matrix which supports phosphoric acid, fuel electrode and oxidizing agent electrode. The electrodes are supported from the external side by their respective base materials forming a multilayer structure. Gas conduction paths (8A,8B) are formed inbetween the electrodes and the base materials. The gas conduction paths are provided with permeable partitions (11,12) inside. The partitions allow the gas styles in both the direction between electrodes and base materials. The partitions have different widths on forward and reverse sides.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents corrosion of separator. Provides enough supply of gas to cells and increases operation stability.
Ion exchange membrane manufacture comprises immersing a polymer electrolyte film with predetermined ion exchange capacity, in a polymer electrolytic solution. The solution has ion exchange capacity larger than that of the film. The polymer electrolyte film is dried for forming a thin layer.    USE -   Used for e.g. electrolyte of solid electrolyte fuel battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides high functional group concentration of ion exchange membrane.
The system includes a source that generates charged cluster beam (34) onto surface of wafer from which contaminants are to be removed. A feeding mechanism feeds liquid to an opening of a capillary tube of the source.    The diameter of the opening ranges between 0.001-0.04 inches. Electric field is generated between the source and an extraction electrode (30) placed near the opening.    USE -   For removal of organic film from surface of semiconductor wafer. For cleaning wafer processing tools in vacuum cleaning, space craft thermal control surface and solar panel. For cleaning critical surface relevant to computer, such as magnetic disk storage media. For surface cleaning of micro machine and microsensors. For cleaning of ground or spacecraft optics such lens, windows.    ADVANTAGE -   Facilitates to remove contaminants from semiconductor wafers with high efficiency irrespective of size, composition or morphology within short time. Prevents substrate from which contaminants to be removed, from getting charged thereby net charge buildup on target substrate is reduced substantially to zero. Prevents reintroduction of removed contaminants on to cleaned surface. Avoids causing damage to substrate under cleaning. Avoids usage of hazardous chemicals or large quantity of highly purified de-ionised and expensive water.
A fuel cell electrode has a catalytic coating comprising a thin film of diamond-like carbon having a finely dispersed catalytic agent. Pref. the catalyst is platinum or platinum/ruthenium, the coating is one micron thick and the electrode comprises NAFION (RTM) or is an ionomeric material.    USE -   As an electro-catalytic coating for fuel cell electrodes    ADVANTAGE -   Coatings are produced at low temperature and the method may be scaled up as an economical reel-to-reel process.
A fuel cell comprises anode and cathode compartments partitioned by a reinforced polymeric ion exchange membrane which consists of: (a) perfluorinated ion exchange polymer(s) having side chains containing the group -CF2CF2SO2F; and (b) a porous support layer comprising a microporous film of a perfluorinated polymer comprising polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) or copolymers of tetrafluoroethylene with CF2=CFCnF2n+1 (n = 1-5) or CF2=CFO-(CF2CF(CF3)O)mCnF2n+1 (m = 0-15; and n = 1-15).    The support layer is completely embedded in the membrane or is on the surface of the membrane which faces the cathode compartment.    USE -   For use in fuel cells and batteries, particularly direct methanol fuel cells. The fuel cells and batteries have application as power sources for aerospace devices, unmanned facilities on sea or shore, stationary or movable radios, automobiles or domestic appliances. A number of fuel cells are often used to provide an economical multistage operation.    ADVANTAGE -   The membrane is capable of concurrently delivering low crossover of fuel, high voltage at given current density, low electric resistance, good water management and particularly high mechanical strength. Fuel transport is reduced by at least 10% compared to the fuel transport in a fuel cell having the membrane with no porous support layer (claimed).
A polysilicon crystal ingot for solar cells is produced by casting fused pure silicon in a mould and solidifying it from the bottom to the top of the mould in one direction. A silicon single crystal substrate is put on the bottom of the mould when fused pure silicon is cast into the mould.    USE -   For producing polysilicon single crystal ingots for solar cells whose crystals are grown in one direction.    ADVANTAGE -   Silicon wafers for solar cells having a higher conversion efficiency of e.g., 16.8 or 17.1 %, are obtained from the ingot.
Process for reforming methanol comprises: (a) preparing an apparatus comprising an anode, cathode and proton-conducting electrolyte; (b) applying an electrical voltage between the anode and cathode; (c) feeding a mixture of methanol and oxygen-containing compound to the anode; and (d) reducing protons to H2 on the cathode side. The H2 produced is stored in a tank under pressure. Also claimed is the apparatus for carrying out the process.    USE -   The H2 is used for operating fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -   H2 can be cheaply formed from methanol.
A SOFC fuel cell stack current collector has a base (2) of an alloy containing more than 2.0 wt.% aluminium and one or more contact elements (3) of an alloy containing less than 2.0 wt.% aluminium.    Preferably, both alloys are heat resistant ferritic alloys.    Also claimed is a fuel cell stack including the above current collector (1) in electrically conductive connection with a fuel cell electrode (4) by means of the contact elements (3).    USE -   In a fuel cell stack (claimed), especially a SOFC stack.    ADVANTAGE -   Chromium oxide evaporation is suppressed by the relatively high aluminium content in the base alloy (e.g. Cr5FeY2O3) which causes preferential formation of a stable aluminium oxide layer. Satisfactory electrical conductivity at the contact points between the current collector and the electrode is ensured by the relatively low aluminium content in the contact elements which allows formation of a more conductive chromium oxide layer.
Formation of a junction between a silicon (Si) wafer (40) doped with a first electroconductivity type dopant and a Si layer doped with a second electroconductivity type dopant, comprises (a) heating the wafer at a high temperature in a furnace, (b) forming a dopant-Si oxide layer (46) comprising the second dopant and oxygen on the wafer, (c) filling the furnace with an inert gas, (d) diffusing the second dopant into the surface of the wafer to form the Si layer (47) doped with the second dopant species, (e) filling the furnace with an oxidising atmosphere, and (f) forming by subsurface oxidation an antireflecting and passivating surface oxide layer (48) between the Si layer and the dopant-Si oxide layer.    USE -   In the production of high efficiency solar cells.    ADVANTAGE -   A diffusion junction and a passivating oxide layer can be formed in a single high temperature process step. Czochralski Si wafer can be used with only a minor loss in conversion efficiency. The solar cell can be produced using only three photomask steps. Cost of the finished device is reduced.
An apparatus for forming a pattern of nucleation sites on a substrate and growing crystals from this pattern, comprises: (a) a channeling mask with a single crystal structure defining a regular matrix of parallel channels running through the mask; each channel provides a passage through which a beam of nucleating particles may pass essentially undisturbed in a channeling direction; the channels are spaced apart by a lattice constant of the single crystal structure; (b) a beam source for directing a beam of nucleating particles through the mask for replicating the matrix of channels as a 2-D array of implanted nucleating particles in the substrate; (c) system for epitaxial growth of a single crystal material on the substrate, from the 2-D array of implanted nucleating particles.    USE -    Apparatus for forming a pattern of nucleation sites, for growing single crystals on amorphous and non-crystal surfaces such as glass substrate, for the manufacture of integrated circuits, solar cells, and flat panel displays. For producing single crystal Si layers of any desired orientation on an amorphous layer, e.g. of SiO2 or Si3 N4 , particularly for the growth of (100) crystal orientation on SiO2for the manufacture of complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) ICs, for GaAs wafers with MMICs.    ADVANTAGE -   Si epitaxy can be achieved at a temperature of 700-850 C which is lower than 1000-1100 C with the conventional CVD process. The device profiles are kept intact. Large area semiconductor films can be grown on amorphous glass substrates to produce solar cell of high efficiency. Large area flat panel displays superior to those currently known can also be produced. The growth of any crystal structure on amorphous substrates, such as single crystal layers of high Tc superconductors, can be achieved.
The solar panel has a surface side portion which holds a support frame. The support frame consists of a water-proof frame portion, a bottom frame of water, a left side frame and a right side frame portion. A back side portion (1B) made of an insulating material is provided. An installator (32e) extends from the retainer and forms convex-shaped step (32f).    The bottom frame provided in lower edge portion forms a connector (33e). The back side portion facilitates formation of a drainage gutter (1h) on the surface and on the back side electric connection to solar panel is provided. Other than the drainage gutter, all other parts of the wiring space are covered and a wiring take-off connection (1j) is formed.    USE -   For solar battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Secures high thermal effect. Eliminates damages due to electric leakage by water penetration. Provides good electricity generation efficiency.
The panel (1) includes several solar battery cells (3) which are mounted on a transparent synthetic resin substrate (2) with predetermined gap in-between them so that they receive solar light. An interconnector (5) that passes through the gap connects electrodes of the solar battery cells. The entire back portion of the resin substrate is covered with a synthetic resin coating (4) such that back portion of the each solar battery cell and the gap in-between them are covered.    ADVANTAGE -   Performs secured sealing by synthetic resin. Improves mass production and yield. Improves endurance.
The solar battery has a p-type substrate (25). An n-type semiconductor layer (24) is formed in the substrate at the light incidence side.    A back side electric field layer, consisting of quality hydrogenation silicon film (26) of fine crystal mixing of high concentration p-type impurity from the substrate, is formed on the back side near the light incidence of the substrate. A high concentration p-type impurity layer is formed near the boundary surface.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves photoelectric conversion efficiency.
An antireflection film is formed on a silicon solar battery element assembly having a p-n junction formed of a single crystal, or a polycrystal. The antireflection film uses carbon and hydrogen of formula CHx (I) as its principal constituent. In (I), X = atomic ratio; 0.1-0.3.    Also claimed is the production of the solar battery including obtaining the antireflection film by bias application and plasma chemical vapour deposition.    USE -   The method produces the solar battery converting incident light energy into electrical energy.    ADVANTAGE -   Changing the DC bias voltage continuously, easily produces the antireflection films having different densities, and refractive indices and arbitrarily forms a cpd. having given compsn. ratios. The result yields coefft. of thermal expansion close to that of the silicon of the solar battery element assembly, and durability sufficiently withstanding the use of the solar battery at outdoor having severe heat cycle conditions. Film thickness is easily controlled. The method efficiently produces the solar battery having the antireflection film with appropriate film thickness with less variation in film thickness.
The film containing indium, zinc, oxygen as its main component elements has refractive index in the range of 2.2-2.5. The specific resistance is 5x10-4omegacms or less.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves conversion efficiency of solar battery.
The battery includes a semiconductor film (3) which is formed on a heat resistant substrate (1), through a peeling layer and several through holes (4). The semiconductor film has a coefficient of linear expansion greater than that of the substrate. The through hole is denser at the periphery of the film than in the internal circumference.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents generation of crack or distortion in semiconductor film. Improves productivity.
NOVELTY - The material consists of a laminated film containing synthetic resin layer, a cementing layer and a fluorine system resin layer. The Young's modulus (Y) of the synthetic resin layer is given to be 3.0 less than or equal to Yasteriskt where `t' is the thickness of the synthetic resin layer whose value is set less than or equal to 0.5mm.    ADVANTAGE - ADVANTAGE Prevents pollution. Offers weather resistance.
A fuel battery utilises dimethyl ether as fuel (4).    Fuel and steam (5) are mixed and supplied as heating gas to a reformer (6) and then it is supplied to the anode of the battery.    Oxidising agent gas (3) is supplied to the cathode of the battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Offers simple conveyance and storage.
The phosphoric acid type fuel cell is composed of a cell-stack, a reformer, a CO denaturator, and a heat exchanger.    USE -   The new phosphoric acid type fuel cell is used to improve power generating efficiency.    ADVANTAGE -   The size of package of the fuel cell is decreased, and its mfg. cost is reduced, and its performance is improved.
A fuel reforming apparatus comprises a heating portion (1) for the liquid feed comprising water and alcohol or hydrocarbon; a portion (2) for evaporating the heated liquid feed to generate feed gases; a portion (3) for superheating the feed gases from an evaporation to a reforming temperature; a reforming portion (4) for generating H2 rich reformed gases from the superheated feed gases by reforming catalysts; a catalytic combustion portion (6a,b) for supplying reforming heat to the reforming portion and evaporation heat to the evaporation portion and the steam superheating portion by combustion of the catalysts; a shift reaction portion (4a) for reducing CO in the gases generated by the reforming portion; a CO oxidation portion (5) for reducing the CO contained in the reformed gases emerging from the shift portion by catalytic oxidation; and a heat recovery portion (7a,b) for using exhaust heat of high temperature combustion gases obtained by the combustion of the catalysts as h eat sources for the steam superheating portion and the evaporation portion. The elements are formed into flat plates of light alloy, having a manifold for performing intake and exhaust and also having heat transfer fins in the interior, and integrally stacked in close proximity to one another from a high temperature side to a low temperature side in the order of (6b), (4), (3), (7b), (4a), (2), (5) and (1).    USE -   The apparatus is used for reforming fuel, e.g., for generating H2 for portable fuel cells, or for converting alcohol or hydrocarbon to hydrogen-rich reformed gases.    ADVANTAGE -   The apparatus is compact, suitable for mass production, supplies heat directly by the combustion of off-gases and sets the temperature distribution of the CO oxidation portion to the optimum.
A gas manifold which has an excellent anti-phosphoric acid property and an excellent electric insulation property, and which has a sufficient anticorrosion property over a long period of time. A resin sheet which has a high anti-phosphoric acid property is folded at each inside corner of a gas manifold (15,16) so that the sheet may become smaller by the quality of thermal expansion. The folded faces are airtightly bonded together by heating to form a box-like lining (20,21). The inner face of the gas manifold (15,16) is lined with the lining (20,21). At an outside bottom face of the lining (20,21), patche are bonded by heating and male hooks (41) or female hooks (43) are mounted loose on the patches, and then female hooks (43) or male hooks (41) to be engaged with the hooks mounted on the patches are installed at the corresponding positions on an inner face of the gas manifold (14,16). Using these hooks (41,43), the lining (20,21) is removably fixed to the gas manifold (15,16).
A fuel cell stack (60) which comprises: plastic manifolds (50) having conductive vias (52) and forming overlapping chambers (34,36) such that the depth of chambers for adjacent cells is not additive; membranes between the manifolds; and chemical feeds to the chambers.    Pref. the manifolds are made of a dielectric material i.e. a metal, ceramic or a polymer.    USE -   For use in a portable electronic device (claimed) e.g. a notebook computer.    ADVANTAGE -   The stack has a low profile, since chambers for adjacent cells are not additive in depth, thus reducing thickness. Light weight and low cost, due to manufacture of manifolds from plastic with conductive vias.
The machine consists of a delivery device (101) from which a thin steel sheet metal (106) is continuously conveyed to a roll-up device (102) through a detergent tank (103), a shower tank (104), a couple of rinse tanks (107,108) and a drying tank (111). The sheet metal is continuously rolled through several rollers between the delivery device and the roll-up device from the starting of winding and subjected to a high speed washing process. The sheet metal is subjected to a drying process in the drying tank following the washing process. A couple of air jet holes (112,113) are provided in the drying tank for blowing out air to perform a water drip and air current control during the drying process. The air blown out from the air jet holes protect the sheet metal from adhesion of steam after a water drip.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves drying process following high speed washing. Eliminates need to lengthen drying process. Reduces manufacturing and operating cost of equipments. Ensures stable supply of sheet metal for thin film semiconductor solar batteries with high cleanliness. Facilitates mass production of solar batteries by deposition process.
The method involves forming a p-n junction of a p-type semiconductor layer and an n-type semiconductor layer consisting of the elements selected from group II, group VI. Group II elements include any one of the elements chosen form S and Te. Group VI elements include any one of the elements chosen from Cd, Zn and Hg. The p-type or the n-type semiconductor layer contains an organic metal compound with a band between II group element and VI group element. A heat decomposition is done to the p- type and n-type semiconductor layer.    ADVANTAGE -   The method reduces film forming time by quick heat decomposition and offers highly efficient solar battery manufacture.
The method involves sputtering of oxide film over oxide target. The sputtering is carried out in a carbon dioxide atmosphere. The sputtering forms a oxide transparent film on the base.    USE -   For solar batteries and displays.    ADVANTAGE -   Gives film of uniform characteristic and enables stable reproducibility. Simplifies specific resistance control.
The composition includes chromium of 14-15 wt%. The chromium compound includes oxygen and minimum of one kind of La and Y in base material. The remainder amount is constituted by iron and unavoidable impurity. Stable oxide film with high conductivity is formed.    ADVANTAGE -   Excels in molding property and mass production property. Improves ability and endurance of battery.
The mould consists of 4 sidewalls and a bottom plate, and fixed to each other by tightening bolts.    USE -   The mould is used for solidifying and refining of metal Si.    ADVANTAGE -   The mould for moulding metal Si for solar cell can prevent the break of tightening bolt and occurring of gaps at joining points.
Zirconia powder consisting of primary particles which have BET specific surface areas of 1-5 m2/g and ratios of average particle diameters measured with an electron microscope to average particle diameters obtained from the BET specific surface areas of 0.9-2.0 is new.    Also claimed is prepn. of zirconia powder by calcining zirconia hydrate sol or a mixt. of zirconia hydrate sol and a cpd. of at least one of Y, Ca, Mg, and Ce is characterised in that the average particle diameter, phi (micrometer), of the zirconia hydrate sol is 0.4-2.0 micrometers and the sol is calcined at a temp., T (deg.C), which is between 1000 deg.C and 1500 deg.C and satisfies formula (in Claim 2 on page 2).    Formula (in Claim 2 on page 2)-p    USE -   The zirconia powder obtained can be used in solid electrolytes for fuel cells, oxygen pumps, oxygen sensors, NOx sensors, functional ceramics such as heat insulating coating materials, and structural ceramics used in precision machine parts and optical connectors.    ADVANTAGE -   The zirconia powder has high dispersibility and mouldability.
The position of solid-liquid interface is measured and controlled to give the required solidifying rate.    USE -   Used in the production of high quality silicon for solar cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The productivity of ingots is maintained at a high level, and the removal of impurities is achieved with good efficiency.
The removal of boron from metallic silicon comprises: (a) generating a plasma arc by using a transfer type plasma power supply; (b) providing an oxidising gas to the plasma arc; (c) spraying the plasma arc at the molten silicon; and (d) applying oxidation removal to boron contained in the metallic silicon. An external magnetic field crossing the plasma arc at right angles is applied to the metallic silicon such that the contact point of the plasma arc and the surface of the molten metal silicon may be promptly moved.    USE -   Used for the efficient removal of boron, a principal impurity, from metallic silicon, used in the production of a silicon substrate for a solar battery.    ADVANTAGE -   The surface of the molten metallic silicon coming in contact with the plasma arc increases the boron concentration, accelerating the reaction rate for removing the boron. The process removes boron from the silicon in a short period of time, at least 40% compared with the conventional process, mechanically swinging a plasma torch. Silicon for a solar battery is produced at lower costs, about 10% compared with conventional processes.
Molten silicon is poured into a mold to solidify it from the bottom to the top, and inert gas is blown in to stir the melt.    USE -   Used in the solidification of high quality silicon for use as substrates for solar cells.    ADVANTAGE -   Stirring of melt is achieved simply to give high quality silicon.
Refining of silicon comprises: (a) using metal silicon containing less than 1000 ppm Fe and Al as starting material; (b) applying reduced pressure melting to the silicon to remove P; (c) adding an oxidising gas to the metal silicon without coagulation in an inert gas atmosphere to remove B and C; (d) removing oxygen; and (e) applying coagulation refining to the metal silicon to remove Fe, Al, Ti and Ca.    USE -   Used for solar battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Eliminates the need for repeating melting and coagulation to enhance yield and productivity, and decreases the power source unit.
Refining of silicon comprises: (a) using electron beams as a heating source; and (b) coating or depositing silicon carbide, or carbon as mould releasing agent on the inner surface of a container made of graphite and used for refining silicon in vacuum.    USE -   Used for solar battery.
In the refining of silicon by electron beam melting, a silicon material has a particle dia. of 1 mm or more and a moisture content of 0.1 wt. %.    USE -   Used for solar battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents moisture from rapid evaporation when the silicon material is loaded in the melting furnace.
Refining of silicon comprises: (a) forming molten silicon into droplets in a furnace having a pressure of 1 x 10-2Torr; and (b) dripping the space in the furnace to remove P, Al and Ca.    USE -   Used for solar battery.    ADVANTAGE -   The smaller dia. of droplet (1 mm or less) increases the interfacial area of the molten silicon. Time required for removal of P, Al and Ca is reduced.
Refining metal silicon includes: (a)applying reduced pressure melting to the metal silicon; (b) removing phosphorus by vacuum refining: (c) removing B,C and also Fe, Al, Ti and Ca using a plasma gas formed by adding a mixed vapour and H2 gas to inert gas without coagulation; (d) removing oxygen under inert gas atmosphere; and (e) coagulation refining to metal silicon.    USE -   To refine metal silicon, producing high purity silicon having low content of impurities and used for solar cell.    ADVANTAGE -   Eliminates the need for repeated melting nd coagulation to enhance yield and productivity. Mass production at lower cost is attained.
Preparation of high-purity silicon powder comprises obtaining metallic silicon powder by pulverising metallic silicon or using silicon wafer chips and washing the metallic silicon powder with an aqueous solution of H2 SiF6.     Also claimed are: (i) a further process for the preparation of high-purity silicon powder, comprising obtaining metallic silicon powder by pulverising metallic silicon or using silicon wafer chips and washing the metallic silicon powder with an aqueous solution of an alkali hydroxide; and (ii) a further process for the preparation of high-purity silicon powder, comprising obtaining metallic silicon powder by pulverising metallic silicon or using silicon wafer chips, washing the metallic silicon powder with an aqueous solution of an alkali hydroxide, and washing the metallic silicon powder further with an aqueous solution of H2 SiF6.    USE -   The high-purity silicon powder can be used as a raw material for solar cells and ceramics.    ADVANTAGE -   High-purity silicon powder can be obtained easily at low cost.
Recovery of exhaust gas evolved in oxidation refining of silicon comprises: (a) spraying plasma gas of argon mixed with hydrogen at molten metal silicon; (b) forming boron and carbon in the silicon to an oxide; and (c) volatilising the oxide in the exhaust gas. Hydrogen and vapour are added to the humidity free and dust free exhaust gas to obtain a specific concentration. The resulting gas is circulated and repeatedly used as the plasma gas. Also claimed is the apparatus comprising: (i) a holder container for the molten silicon: (ii) a plasma torch to spray plasma gas at the silicon: (iii) a dehumidification apparatus; (iv) a dust collector; (v) a sensor to measure H2concentration in the exhaust gas in the flue of the exhaust gas; (vi) a supply tube for the argon gas; and (vii) a tube to introduce vapour to the exhaust gas.    USE -   To remove exhaust gas generated in oxidising process, and to remove boron and carbon and impurities in silicon, for solar cell.    ADVANTAGE -   The exhaust gas is repeatedly used as the plasma generating gas, reducing costs.
The production of high purity granular silicon from a silicon ingot refined by a silicon refining process comprises: (i) redissolving the ingot; and (ii) atomising the molten metal for powdering.    USE -   Used for producing high purity granular silicon for use in a solar battery.    ADVANTAGE -   The use of pure water atomisation prevents contamination evolved from a crusher and caused by iron in the course of the atomising process. No cleaning process is necessary. Adjusting the atomisation conditions yields the required grain size. The process efficiently produces granular high purity silicon having the required grain size by a simple process in good yield.
After chips of high purity silicon by a wire saw (24) is pickled and dried, the chips (6) are fed in a plasma jet (7). The plasma jet (7) is blown against water-cooled copper target (8) and a cooling lump is generated on ther water-cooled copper target (8) and cooled lump is recovered.    ADVANTAGE -   Ire saw cut chips or high pressure water cutting chips are recovered as high purity silicone for a solar cell at low cost for re-utilisation.
In the device which has a selecting oxidation part which has catalyser oxidising selectly carbon monoxide in hydrogen rich gas in fixed temperature region and a cooling means which cools the selecting oxidation part, the cooling means has a holding part which holds cooling media with heat exchangeable state to the selecting oxidation part and a pressure adjusting means which adjusts pressure in the holding part.    ADVANTAGE -   Whole temperature of selecting oxidation part can be uniformed within temperature region which catalyser can be activated and efficiency of whole device can be improved and size of the device can be downed.
The device comprises: (a) a reforming part which generates reforming gas with reforming raw material gas reforming by heat generated with chemical reaction between oxidant and fuel gas; (b) a catalyser part to be able to flow the oxidant and the fuel gas to burn; (c) an oxidant flow part to supply oxidant to the catalyser part; and (d) a fuel gas flow part to supply the fuel gas to the catalyser part.    The oxidant and the fuel gas are flowed while facing the burning catalyser part.    Also claimed is the fuel battery comprising a fuel tank storing fuel gas, a reforming raw material tank storing reforming raw material gas, a burning catalyser part in which has a reforming part with reforming raw material gas reforming by heat generated with chemical reaction between oxidant and fuel gas and into which the oxidant and the fuel gas can flow, an oxidant flowing part to supply the oxidant to the burning catalyser part and a fuel gas flowing part to supply fuel gas supplied with the fuel tank to the burning catalyser part and structured with a reforming device flowing the oxidant and the fuel gas in the burning catalyser part with facing and an electric generating part into which reformed gas exhausted from said reforming device is flowed and which electricity is generated with the reformed gas chemical-reacting in fixed temperature.    ADVANTAGE -   Partial temperature rise generated with mixing between air and fuel gas can be controlled and activity of catalyser for burning can be maintained for long term.
A fuel cell assembly (2) includes a vessel (4) containing a gas permeable porous housing. A fuel cell stack (14) including cells (42) and interconnect plates (44) is contained within the housing. Each interconnect plate has oxidant and fuel sides (64, 60) adjacent to the cathode (58) and anode (62) of adjacent cells. Fuel (68) is supplied to the fuel side at positions (78) midway between the centre (83) and the periphery (80) of the fuel side. Reaction products (90) are withdrawn from the centre of the fuel side. Flue gas (100) is withdrawn from the centre of the oxidant side. Air is preheated as is passes through the porous housing to the fuel cell stack and combusts residual fuel (110) flowing radially outwardly from the periphery of the stack to further heat the air to the stack operating temperature to eliminate any external heating of the air. Corrugations (66, 67) on the interconnect plates act as flow deflectors and form the electrical contact surfaces for the adjacent cells.    USE -   Solid oxide fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The cell has a simpler structure and is easier to manufacture at lower cost. It has no gas leakage and cell cracking or damage is minimised
A fuel cell contains a membrane electrode unit, two current collectors and/or a cell frame and/or a bipolar electrode. One or more of the solid constructional parts consists of an iron alloy containing 0-0.06 (preferably 0-0.03) wt.% C, 0-2 (preferably 0-1) wt.% Si, 8.25-46.5 (preferably 16.5-25.0) wt.% Cr, 1.25-14.0 (preferably 2.5-7.0) wt.% Mo, 2.25-40.5 (preferably 4.5-26.0) wt.% Ni, 0-4.0 (preferably 0-2.0) wt.% Cu, 0-13 (preferably 0-6.5) wt.% Mn, 0.02-1 (preferably 0.04-0.5) wt.% N, 0-0.5 (preferably 0-0.25) wt.% Nb, 0-0.09 (preferably 0-0.045) wt.% P, 0-0.06 (preferably 0-0.03) wt.% S and balance Fe.    USE -   Used for construction of a fuel cell (claimed), especially as a low temperature fuel cell, e.g. a polymer-electrolyte-membrane (PEM) fuel cell.    ADVANTAGE -   The iron alloy is inexpensive and corrosion resistant even in direct contact with acidic membrane electrolyte, has good formability (deep drawability), exhibits a low junction resistance and can be produced as a thin lightweight structured plate with gas and liquid distribution structures.
A separator comprises a gas barrier with an electrically conducting pathway and a porous electroconductive member of expanded metal mesh, metal foam, conducting polymer foam, porous conductive C or their mixtures, in electrical contact with each side of the pathway. Alternatively, a gas impermeable material is placed within a portion of a porous electroconductive sheet.    Also claimed are: (a) a separator comprising two conductive sheets with a conductive gas barrier between the sheets; and (b) a fluid cooled bipolar plate comprising an electroconductive anode and cathode flow field and an electroconductive cooling flow field including fluid impermeable barriers defining a fluid passage.    The pathway is formed from a 2nd porous electroconductive member. The gas barrier is a metal or a polymer, and is parallel with the electroconductive member. A cooling fluid channel is formed within the gas barrier. The gas barrier material is an epoxy, polyether-sulphone, nylon, polycarbonate, perfluorinated sulphonic acid polymer, or Ti, stainless steel, Al, Mg and their alloys, and is formed along one face or within a central portion of the porous sheet. The cooling fluid channels are several fluid tubes, through or in contact with the gas impermeable material.    Cooling fluid inlet and outlet manifolds are connected to the cooling fluid flow field. A frame is positioned around the cooling fluid flow field.    USE -   For fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The separator can be made thinner and can support higher current densities in the fuel cell, as well as having specific reactant gas impermeability, etc.
In the production of a high specific surface nanocrystalline material by leaching a material, having less than 100 nm crystal size and consisting of a composite or alloy of two or more distinct chemical elements or compounds, for (partial) removal of one or more of the elements or compounds, the initial composite or alloy is of metastable type and the distinct elements or compounds include one or more of H, C, N, O, F, Cl, P and S. Also claimed is a novel high specific surface nanocrystalline material which has a crystal size of less than 100 nm and a specific surface of 2 m2/g and which is made by the above process.    USE -   The nanocrystalline material is used for hydrogen storage or as a catalyst or electrocatalyst (claimed) e.g. as electrodes in fuel cells or for hydrogen or sodium chlorate production, or as absorbent and/or adsorbent materials such as molecular sieves or filtration membranes.    ADVANTAGE -   The process permits simple mass production of nanocrystalline materials which have very high specific surface, resulting in significant increase in hydrogen absorption/desorption kinetics and increased catalytic efficiency.
A fuel cell includes a single sheet of polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) divided by chemical treatment into regions having different electrical and ionic conductivities. The regions are divided into at least three regions with a repeat pattern ABC-ABC-ABC, where region A is ionically conductive but electrically non-conductive, region C is electrically conductive but ionically non-conductive, and region B has ionic conductivity lower than A and electrical conductivity lower than C. The sheet has means for delivering fuel and oxidant to different sides of the sheet in a way to prevent their mixing.    USE -   For electric vehicles and remote or portable power sources.    ADVANTAGE -   Side by side series configuration of individual PEM cells fabricated from a single uncut sheet, film or roll of PEM, thus assembly is simplified, and sealing of the cells is less labour intensive as adhesives between cells are not used.
The method involves sending ClF3 gas into a quartz furnace (13) at a temperature of about 400degC, under atmospheric pressure. The ClF3 gas cylinder is connected to a flow meter (12).    A silicon substrate (14) is placed in the quartz furnace. Etching of the silicon substrate is thus carried out.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids contamination of substrate surface. Avoids damage to substrate. Simplifies process.
The cooling plate has a water flow path (2) for cooling, which consists of the tubes arranged in meandering pattern. An outline board (5) which consists of high heat conductivity material covers the water flow path. The outline board consists of two thin sheets which are moulded by spinning process. Then laser welding is performed to join the two thin sheets.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides efficient and inexpensive cooling plate for fuel batteries. Offers light weight cooling plate.
The method involves performing reforming reaction of methanol in presence of nickel catalyst at a fixed temperature which is maintained in the range of 240-250 degC. The space velocity of carbon monoxide is maintained in the range of 300- 500h-1. Heat emission by methanation reaction is restrained by mixing a catalyst particle with a ceramic ball or adjusting nickel content in the catalyst.    ADVANTAGE -   Removes carbon monoxide efficiently from reforming gas, without using additives. Suppresses side reaction reliably. Achieves simplification of apparatus.
A catalyst for oxygen reduction consists of a mono- or multi-nuclear vanadium complex which has a valency of III, IV and/or V and possesses a redox potential of 0-2 V.    USE -   For reducing oxygen dissolved in organic solvent into water. The catalyst is also used for a redox catalyst for fuel cells or oxygen gas sensors.    ADVANTAGE -   The new catalyst has a higher redox potential and has a higher catalytic activity and a higher stability.
The diaphragm includes a base material comprising polyethylene whose thickness is 10-120 m. The average molecular weight of polyethylene is 1 x 105 or more. An ion-exchange membrane is provided above the base material for adhesion of ion-exchange resin.    ADVANTAGE -   Offers superior endurance to batteries. Improves charging and discharging efficiency.
The arrangement (10) is provided for a fuel battery which ejects carbon monoxide. The ejected carbon monoxide cools the reforming gas containing hydrogen which is reformed by the modifier. A cooling gas passage way (12) is provided in contact with a reforming gas passage way (11) such that heat exchange takes place. Carbon monoxide removal catalyst is filled up into the reforming gas passage way. A heat transfer material like alumina ball is filled up into the cooling gas passage way. Reforming gas and cooling gas flows in the opposite directions.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces installation area. Reduces carbon monoxide volume reliably.
A fuel cell comprises a fuel electrode reactable with H, an air electrode consuming O, and an electrolyte layer placed therebetween. The battery characteristic is evaluated on the basis of equation (I) In (I)V is terminal voltage, F(T) is excess term, H(1) and H(2) are H partial pressure coefficients, O(1) and O(2) are O partial pressure coefficients, DH is H diffusion term coefficient, and DO is O diffusion term.    ADVANTAGE -   The battery characteristic can be quantitatively evaluated with high accuracy.
The method involves arranging a pair of flowmeters (9, 10) on a gas inlet passage (7) and gas exhaust passage (8) of an anode (3) of a fuel battery (FC) respectively. A pair of densitometers (11,12) are also provided corresponding to the flowmeters. The gas flow rate at inlet and outlet of the anode is obtained by a gas flow rate measuring device (13) which receives flow rate signals (9a, 10a) from the corresponding flowmeters. A concentration measuring device (14) receives concentration signals (11a, 12a) from the respective densitometers. The carbon precipitate reaction time and carbon disappearance time are obtained from the concentration data of CO2, H2O and CH4. A calculator (15) obtains carbon precipitate time from the determined reaction time values.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves battery performance considerably. Carbon precipitate speed is obtained accurately.
The method is applicable to a battery which comprises a planar cell (3) with an air pole (6) and a fuel pole (5) arranged on both sides of a solid electrolyte layer respectively. A separator (1) is laminated alternately between the air and fuel poles. A gas supply hole (1a) is formed at four corners of the separator. A notched flow groove (1c) is formed on both sides of the separator. An aperture (8) for gas flow and an obstruction (9) are formed on any one of the gas introduction path and gas derivation path of the separator.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids pressure loss in air supply hole. Prevents reduction in amount of gas flow to downstream cell. Improves ability of each single battery. Enables uniform gas allocation to each cell of stack.
The 1st shift converter is provided at the anode inlet port of the cell, and anode side gas path has turning part having the 2nd shift converter.    USE -   The method is used to improve the performance of a phosphoric acid type fuel cell.    ADVANTAGE -   The phosphoric acid type fuel cell can prevent the increase of CO concn. at turning part of anode side piping, and can prevent the lowering of voltage.
The battery contains a polymer electrolyte film (60). A fuel pole (61) and an oxidizing agent pole (62) are arranged on either side of the electrolyte film mutually. A fuel pole side collector (69) and an oxidizing agent pole side collector (71) are provided at the back of the fuel pole and the oxidizing agent pole respectively. Multiple fuel supply grooves (70) are made to contact the fuel pole which supplies hot gas to the fuel pole. Similarly, multiple oxidizing agent supply grooves (72) are provided on the oxidizing agent to supply oxidizing gas. The oxidizing agent supply grooves are arranged covering a rectangular domain in which the oxidizing gas is supplied longitudinally.    ADVANTAGE -   Enhances battery life.
The battery (10) consists of an anode lateral electrode (20) and a cathode lateral electrode (22) sandwiching a solid polymer electrolyte film (18). Two separators (14,16) are arranged on both sides of electrodes. The first separator has a flow path (32) which supplies a heating gas to the anode lateral electrode. The second separator has a flow path (40) which supplies oxidising gas to the cathode lateral electrode. A hydrophilic polymer sheet (38,46) is arranged in the flow paths which vary the flow path cross-section depending on coefficient of water absorption.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves gas diffusion property by altering flow path cross-section.
The fuel battery (10) consists of a solid polymer electrolyte film (18) formed between a lateral anode (20) and a lateral cathode (22). A first separator (14) with the first flow path (32) supplies heating gas to the anode and the second separator (16) with a second flow path (66) supplies oxidising gas to the cathode. The separators are provided with the inclination surface (38) pointing downwards with its wider end directed towards the flow path of lateral electrodes.    ADVANTAGE -   Offers desired gas diffusion property. Separates moisture and water from oxidising agent in lateral electrodes.
The method involves baking a long length ceramic compact(1) in a baking container (3). The ceramic compact is set in a vertical position. Setters (2,2') are provided on the two ends of vertical compact to regulate the displacement of the compact to a baking container.    USE -   For e.g. protective tube, baking container, sensor element, solid electrolyte for Na-S batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   The method reduces curvature of long length sintered compact. improves product yield, and reduces manufacturing cost.
In the purification of silicon by melting it with electron beams, the melting part is provided with a filter and the molten silicon is filtered.    USE -   The method can be applied to the removal of impurities such as P, Al, and Ca from silicon for solar batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   Since impurities are removed effectively with the filter, the downstream silicon purificn. process is conducted efficiently and the yields are improved.
The device has a vaporising part connected to a raw material supplying source, a property modification part at the rear of the vaporising part, having a modification catalyser, a carbon monoxide removing part at rear stage of the property modification part, having a carbon monoxide removing catalyser, a modified gas output port connecting the carbon monoxide removing part, a burner heating the vaporising part and a thermoelectric convertor on a burned exhaust gas flow path of the burner.    ADVANTAGE -   Thermoelectric generating is possible using waste heat of the burned exhaust gas.
The controller has a bell (33) which is provided in the controller main body and emits a predetermined sound towards the user. The noise level around the controller main body is measured by a sound volume measuring device.    A sound volume setter is provided to set the volume level of the sound emitted by the bell to an optimum level based on the measured noise level. The volume level of the sound emitted by the bell is adjusted to the optimum level by a volume control unit.    USE -   E.g. ticket vending machine, portable telephone. handheld telephone.    ADVANTAGE -   Optimum volume sound can be emitted toward user so sound can be heard audibly by user without disturbing others.
The metal-Si alloy layer is formed on a substrate, and Si is supplied to the alloy layer with raising and lowering temperature.    USE -   Polycrystalline thin film is used for solar cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The large sizing of crystal grains is achieved without giving bad influence to yield and through put.
The diaphragm consists of an ion-exchange membrane and a base material comprising a saturated copolymer resin of a withering conductive monomeric unit and conductive styrene group unit. The ion-exchange membrane, which adheres onto the base material, has an ion-exchange resin of aliphatic hydrocarbon monomer.    ADVANTAGE -   Maintains charging and discharging efficiency of battery, giving good endurance life.
The diaphragm consists of an ion-exchange membrane, adhered to the base material, which contains a copolymer resin and an ion-exchange resin, the copolymer resin comprising acrylonitrile butadiene copolymer and the ion-exchange resin containing aliphatic hydrocarbon monomer and a saturated withering conductive monomer.    ADVANTAGE -   Maintains charging and discharging efficiency of battery, giving good endurance.
Producing natural gas fuel cells comprises using anodes made of bifunctional catalysts, proton-conducting membranes and an oxygen cathode.    USE -   The natural gas cells are used for the production of power and/or hydrocarbons and/or heat operating by direct utilisation of natural gas (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   The natural gas fuel cells allow simultaneous generation of electric power, saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons and/or heat, can operate at low (100-190 C) or high (300-650 C) temperatures, and can thus be used in remote areas for power generation.
Formation of hydrogenated amorphous silicon on a substrate comprises (i) positioning the substrate (12) in a deposition chamber (10) at a distance of 1-7 cm from a heating filament (16) in the chamber, (ii) maintaining the pressure in the chamber at 60-300 millitorr, heating the filament to 1800-2000C and heating the substrate to 200-400C, and (iii) flowing a stream of mixed gas comprising &lt; 1% silicohydride and &gt; 99% inert gas to contact the heated filament and decompose the silicohydride, and allowing the formed silicon and hydrogen atomic species to migrate and deposit on the substrate while adjusting and maintaining the pressure in the deposition chamber at a value in relation to the distance between the filament and the substrate that produces 5-100 atomic collisions among the silicon and hydrogen species migrating to the substrate and undecomposed molecules of silicohydride or inert gas in the chamber.    USE -   The hydrogenated amorphous silicon layer is useful for photovoltaic and other semiconductor devices.    ADVANTAGE -   The amorphous film demonstrates state-of-the-art material quality of the intrinsic or undoped material. The method is economical and provides a high through-put. The film has improved electrical, chemical and structural qualities. The mixed source gas is safe.
A reactant flow system for a proton-exchange-membrane fuel cell stack includes the use of single or multi-pass flow channels. Each flow channel section (11) has one or more adjacent channel sections (16) where reactant flows in an opposite direction. The system has respective reactant inlets (12) that are adjacent outlets (14) of the adjacent channel sections; and restrictions (15) are used at the reactant inlets to assure uniform reactant flow among all of the flow channels. The cell stack also has a mechanism for removing heat to prevent drying out of the membrane.    USE -   Especially for hydrogen-air proton exchange fuel cell.    ADVANTAGE -   The flow scheme reduces dry-out in the cell without need for reactant gas pre-humidification giving efficient and stable cell operation.
The battery comprises an electrolyser (1) which is formed by connecting several voltage cells. The electrolyser has a anode and cathode chambers (1b,1a) which are separated by a diaphragm (10). The first and second pumps (5,6) circulates the anode and cathode electrolyte stored in respective tanks (2,3) to anode and cathode chambers respectively. Electric power supply is performed by electric power storage and discharge by charging the active material. The potential measurement unit measures the potential of reference electrode which are connected to the piping (51,53).    Electrolyte supply measuring unit measures the amount of electrolyte supplied to the electrolyser. Current detector (8) detects the charging and discharging current value. Liquid level detectors (14,15) detects the electrolyte quantity in the storage tanks. A calculation unit computes the charging capacity of cathode electrolyte from the measured value of reference electrode pair potential.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves system efficiency, remarkably. Maintains high battery efficiency. Attains labour saving of pump power.
The system includes an electrolyser (1) that is formed by connecting multiple battery cells and which includes a positive electrode chamber (1a) and a negative electrode chamber (1b) separated by a diaphragm (1c). A positive electrode electrolyte and a negative electrode electrolyte are circulated in the electrolyser by a set of pumps (5,6). A first detector (7) detects the voltage value of the electrolyser.    A second detector (8) detects the open circuit voltage of the electrolyte. A third detector (9) detects the value of charging or discharging current flowing in an external circuit (4). A calculation unit (11) calculates the battery cell resistance factor based on the detection values. The supply of electrolyte is fluctuated such that the battery cell resistance factor becomes a standard.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces power consumption. Improves voltage efficiency and operativity.
The system includes a cooling water supplying device (2) which circulates cooling water of predetermined temperature through a fuel battery (3). A steam separator (100) separates the steam phase and the liquid phase from the multiphase flow generated from the fuel battery. A water supplying device supplies water in order to maintain the required circulation of cooling water.    A predetermined amount of the steam phase component is supplied to a reformer. A surplus steam supply device supplies surplus steam to an exhaust heat utilisation installation. A condensed water collector (14) collects the condensed water of the surplus steam, from the exhaust heat utilisation installation. A pressure application cooling water supply device supplies the water forcedly to the portion through which the cooling water circulates.    ADVANTAGE -   Secures miniaturization. Suppresses water level fluctuation and rapid temperature change in steam separator. Prevents generation of cavitation in cooling water circulating pump.
The apparatus has a catalyst temperature regulator (44) provided at a reforming gas exit of a reaction tube (4) in a fuel modifier (1). A temperature detector detects the temperature of a catalyst provided at the reforming gas exit. The temperature detector also detects the temperature of a furnace during combustion.    A furnace temperature regulator (45) regulates temperature of the furnace based on the detection result. A flow control valve (35) is controlled in order to perform cascade control of temperature of catalyst in reaction tube and temperature of furnace.    ADVANTAGE -   Performs waste heat recovery using exhaust gas.
Impurity boron is removed from molten metallurgical grade Si by blowing onto the surface a mixed gas of reducing gas and water vapour, preferably in an inert gas. The gas mixture is preferably blown as a plasma jet. The reducing gas is preferably H2.    Also claimed is an apparatus for performing the process including a heated container for melting and refining the Si and a device for blowing the gas mixture onto the molten Si. The melt is preferably heated from a plasma torch (3) which generates an Ar plasma (2) which is also supplied with water vapour and H2 through nozzles (13, 14).    USE -   Used especially in the production of 5-6N purity Si for the manufacture of solar cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The boron is removed more rapidly and effectively than in prior art methods.
A solar cell production process involves successively applying a positively (or negatively) doped ceramic layer (3), an oppositely doped ceramic layer (4), a grid-like electrical conductor (5) and an electrically insulating transparent glaze (6) onto an electrically non-conductive support plate (1), firing of the respective ceramic layers being carried out in a low oxygen content medium to remove oxygen from the layers.    ADVANTAGE -   The process allows solar cell production in a simpler, quicker and less expensive manner by using, instead of high purity silicon, a ceramic material which does not require expensive purification, which is easily doped and applied as a very thin layer and which can be inexpensively and efficiently mass produced and processed. Additionally, the doped layer are protected by a transparent glaze rather than by oxidation so that the cell has increased efficiency and service life.
Reforming methanol to hydrogen and CO2, comprises passing methanol and water over a methanol reforming catalyst comprising a metal oxide (but no copper or chromium oxide).    USE -   One step catalytic reforming of methanol with water to produce hydrogen and carbon di:oxide.    ADVANTAGE -   Non-copper or chromium oxide catalyst are used and only negligible amounts of CO are produced. The catalyst is not rapidly deactivated.
Claimed is a new polymeric composition of formula (I): m, n, p &gt; 0; A1 = fluorine or CF3.    USE -   The polymer compostion either as the main component or the only component in a membrane, an ion-exchange membrane and the ion-exchange membrane is used in electrochemical fuel cells (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   The ion-exchange polymer membranes are produced at a high yield with low cost and have favourable chemical and mechanical properties. The copolymers have high heat stability, chemical resistance, good tensile strength compared with homopolymeric materials. The sulphonated copolymers have additional advantages in that a wide variety of different ion-exchange functionalities can be introduced due to the presence of the arene group. They can be used to produce a large series of membranes with different equivalent weights starting from the same base polymer. The copolymers are easily processed and are soluble in a variety of common solvents and they can be easily crosslinked using conventional techniques to enhance physical and mechanical properties.
A new apparatus used to prepare thin films of chalcogen or selenium is characterised in that evaporation sources are heated indirectly through a heating medium    New method of producing chalcopyrite thin films is also claimed, where selenium and sulphur are vacuum deposited in a manner that source selenium and/or sulphur are indirectly heated through a heating medium.    USE -   For producing thin films, especially chalcopyrite thin films for solar cells.    ADVANTAGE -   A uniform chalcopyrite thin film is deposited.
The method involves cooling combustion air by circulation of cooling water in a heat exchanger (10). Phosphoric acid in the combustion is condensed and collected as phosphoric acid solution. The collected solution is separated in a phosphorus acid content detachment apparatus (13) into phosphoric acid and water. The heating gas is introduced into the separated phosphoric acid which is then circulated into the fuel cell again.    ADVANTAGE -   Restrains cell deterioration due to phosphoric acid insufficiency. Improves durability of battery. Does not require special control system for heat source since total amount of heat is balanced independently.
The solid state fuel battery has ion exchange membrane (1) of 50 or less m thickness equipped with gas diffusion electrode (4). The electrode consists of a catalyst layer (2) and a diffusion layer (3) which are provided on both sides of membrane. A reinforcement film (7) which has the shape of the catalyst layer is provided on one surface side of the membrane, with a window corresponding to the electrodes.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents rupture of ion exchange membrane during battery assembly and during membrane electrode junction operation. Realises superior sealing property.
The separator (20) has a centre plate (22) with a concavo- convex portion (22A). A corrugated board (24) is attached at the cathode side of the central plate in such a way that either the upper or the lower portion is connected, forming a gas flow path. A cathode flow path is formed between the corrugated board interior and the centre plate.    ADVANTAGE -   Optimises voltage between anode and cathode. Maintains battery ability by suitable support pitch.
A glass composition, for making thermally stable substrates or plates, contains (by wt.) 55-70 (preferably 55-60) % SiO2, 0-3 (preferably 0-1) % B2O3, 2-6 (preferably 3-5) % Na2O, 5-11 (preferably 5-9) % K2O, 0-6 (preferably 1-6) % MgO, 2-11 (preferably 7-11) % CaO, 4-12 (preferably 6-10) % SrO, 0-2 (preferably 0-1 or 1-2) % BaO, more than 0 and 0.5 (preferably 0.005-0.15) % SO3 and either (a) 0-5 (preferably 1-4) % Al2O3 and 5-10 (preferably 6-9) % ZrO2 or (b) 0-5 (preferably 1-4) % ZrO2 and 5-10 (preferably 6-9) % Al2O3. Na2O+K2O 8% (preferably 10-15%). MgO+CaO+SrO+BaO&gt;10% (preferably 15%). Composition (a) has a lower strain point temperature of above 600C and composition (b) has a lower strain point temperature of above 570 (preferably above 580 or 600)C.    USE -   Used for producing: (i) barium sulphate crystal-free substrates for emissive screens of plasma screen, electroluminescent screen or cold cathode screen type, especially from a glass sheet cut from a float glass ribbon; (ii) fire resistant glazing, especially from a glass plate or sheet cut from a float glass ribbon; and (iii) solar energy conversion systems of photovoltaic cell type (all claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   The glass composition can be subjected to the requisite conventional heat treatments above 500C without optical degradation, especially local yellow discolouration caused by barium sulphate crystal formation. Additionally, the glass composition has a thermal expansion coefficient (25-300C) of 80-90x10-7 (especially 82-86x10-7)/C, a liquidus temperature of 1180 (especially 1150-1170)C, a viscosity (in poises) corresponding to log = 3.5 at 1160 (especially 1160-1200)C, a resistivity (in .cm, at 250C) corresponding to log = 9 (especially 9-11) and a density (at 25C) of &lt;3 (especially ca. 2.7).
A cationic exchange membrane comprises a laminate structure of at least three layers of polymer having cationic exchange groups on recurring side chains attached to the polymer backbone. The number of carbon atoms in the backbone in relation to the cation exchange groups defines an ion exchange ratio(IXR) for each layer. A low IXR layer has an IXR of less than 17 and a high IXR layer has an IXR of 15 or more. The high and low layers provide a change in IXR value of about 2 in at least two locations across the thickness of the membrane.    USE -   In fuel cells as a separator between cathode and anode compartments(claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   The membrane exhibits up to a 50% reduction in fuel crossover rate for a direct methanol fuel cell.
The fuel battery consists of a fuel pole and on oxidising pole arranged opposite to each other, sandwiching a matrix layer which maintains the electrolyte. A hot gas is supplied to the backside of the fuel pole. Electrochemical reaction takes place by supplying a gaseous oxidising agent. A heat exchanger tube (23) is used for circulating a cooling medium on the inner side of cooling plate (13). A separator (12) is arranged on the heat exchanger tube of first and second cooling substrates (21,22). Electrolyte proof sheet (26) covers that side of first and second cooling substrates which contacts the reaction gas respectively. The edge of electrolyte proof sheet is inserted in the junction of cooling substrate.    ADVANTAGE -   Ensures long-term stability and has corrosion-proof resistance.
The alloy contains predetermined amount of Ti, Zr, Mn, Cr and Cu. The elements are set according to the formulae (Tia*Zr1- a) Mnb*Crc*Cud where `a' ranges between 0.71-0.75, `b' ranges between 1.2-1.3, `c' ranges between 0.7-0.8 and `d' ranges between 0.05-0.15. The elements form a Laves phase alloy. Further more carbon is also included.    USE -   In communication apparatus.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves pressure and flat property of plateaux. Increases hydrogen occlusion release ability.
The power generating plant consists of a desulphurising device, a fuel cell, a combustion device, a CO2gas separator, and a water electrolysis bath.    USE -   The process is used to provide the power generating plant which is free from generating environmental pollution.    ADVANTAGE -   The power generating plant is free from generating NOx gas, and recovers CO2 gas easily.
The conductive jointing agent, to be used for jointing electrically hydrogen electrodes and interconnectors of solid electrolyte fuel cells or steam electrolysis cells, comprises nickel oxide, iron oxide, titanium oxide, and coarse particles of yttria stabilized zirconia.    USE -   The conductive jointing agent is used for jointing the hydrogen electrode and the interconnector of the solid electrolyte fuel cell or the steam electrolysis cell.    ADVANTAGE -   In jointing the hydrogen electrode with the interconnector, peeling-off defect due to disagreement of thermal expansion can be suppressed, and stronger jointing force can be obtd.
The generator comprises: a reaction chamber (10a, b, c)to effect the reforming of a primary initial 3-component mixture consisting of a reactive gaseous fuel (hydrocarbon or alcohol), O2 and water vapour, thus forming a secondary 3-component mixture comprising H2, CO2 and CO ; - a system(18 - 40) for mixing the 3 initial components and heating the resulting mixture to a high temperature before passing to the reaction chamber ; -an arrangement (48)external to the chamber for maintaining the high temperature ; -a system (12 or 82 - 84) for effecting an appropriate treatment of the secondary mixture to use at least one of the components to supply directly a fuel cell ; -a wave guide/microwave (52 - 56) or high voltage electrode system (58 - 64 - 66) to generate a plasma in the reaction chamber.    USE -   The generator provides pure H2 for use in fuel cells e.g. in electric vehicles or other transportable generators.    ADVANTAGES -   The process is a new application involving the reactions of ionised gases, which enables rapid reforming reactions with consequent reduction in the longitudinal dimensions of the reaction chamber for a given power. The apparatus incorporates a membrane with a selective permeability to H2, which dispenses with the use of solid catalysts.Apparatus designs which incorporate solid catalysts(figures 4 and 5) instead of a permeable membrane can be used for fuel cells operating at higher temperatures.They are suitable for fixed applications of medium power. High purity hydrogen is obtainable which can be used directly in fuel cells.
In a high temperature fuel cell (4, 6) with a chromium-containing conductive connector plate (8) having channels (26) separated by ribs (28) on its cathode-facing surface (30), this cathode-facing surface (30) has an Al2O3-containing layer (32) which, in the region of the rib surfaces (34), contains a further chemical element to increase electrical conductivity.    Also claimed is a stack (2) of such fuel cells (4, 6).    Preferably, the further element is Ba, Be, Ca, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, Sr, La, Y and/or Ta and the layer (32) is a 20-200 thick layer containing 90 wt.% Al.    ADVANTAGE -   The layer prevents chromium compound evaporation from the ribs while having sufficient electrical conductivity for current passage through the rib surfaces.
In the production of a silicon solar cell with a p-n junction formed by a functional silicon layer covered with a thin film of opposite conductivity type on its front face, its front and back face or all its faces, the p-n junction is electrically separated by provision of a glass-based material which has the property of melting silicon and which is subsequently fired. Also claimed are: (i) a solar cell having the above structure; (ii) a method of producing a semiconductor device having a junction-containing semiconductor substrate with an insulating layer on its front face and optionally its back face. The novelty is that: (a) an electrode penetrates the insulating layer for electrically contacting the substrate; (b) the insulating layer is coated with a glass-containing metal paste material which has the property of melting the insulating layer; and (c) the material is subsequently fired. Preferably, the glass contains Pb, B, Si and O as main components and the metal paste is a silver and/or aluminium paste.    ADVANTAGE -   The requisite electrical separation of the p-n junction in solar cell manufacture is achieved in a very simple manner with reduced production costs and increased productivity. The same method is used for the electrical separation of a semiconductor device (e.g. a photodiode or a light collecting element for a solar cell) for electrode formation so that significant reduction in contact resistance is achieved.
A method of producing a solar cell, having a semiconductor layer with an internal p-n barrier layer, involves grinding semiconductor material to powder (8), heating the powder and sintering in a sintering press (2, 4) to produce the semiconductor layer (10). Preferably, the semiconductor material is high purity silicon and is doped before sintering.    Also claimed is a solar cell including a semiconductor layer with a p-n barrier layer and a contact on each side of the barrier layer for electrically contacting the semiconductor layer, the novelty being that the semiconductor layer consists of sintered semiconductor material, preferably sintered on a metal plate (6) to which one of the contacts is connected.    ADVANTAGE -   The method permits inexpensive production of solar cells having satisfactory efficiency.
A method of producing a solar cell, which has a semiconductor layer (2) which contains a p-n barrier layer and which is provided with metallic strip contacts (4) on its light irradiated upper face and with one or more metallic surface contacts (6) on its back face, involves:    (a) sandwiching the semiconductor layer (2) between a non-conductive bottom foil (10), having a conductor line (14) for contacting the surface contact (6), and a top foil (8), having a conductor line (12) for contacting the strip contacts (4); and    (b) joining the foils together around the semiconductor layer for electrically connecting the semiconductor layer to the conductor lines.    Preferably, the foils (8, 10) are made of thermoplastic material.    Also claimed is a method of producing a solar module consisting of several solar cells produced as described above.    Further claimed are a solar cell and a solar module having a structure as described above.    ADVANTAGE -   The method permits inexpensive industrial manufacture of solar cells and solar modules.
The process and an apparatus which enables mass production of polycrystalline silicon and a substrate made therefrom at a low cost from metallic silicon or silicon oxide as a starting material in a flow production line involving a series of continuous steps. The polycrystalline silicon and the silicon substrate for solar cells are prepared from metallic silicon through step A of refining metallic silicon under reduced pressure and solidifying the metallic silicon to remove impurities from the molten metal, thereby preparing an ingot; step B of cutting and removing an impurity-enriched portion of the ingot; step C of remelting the residue and removing boron and carbon by oxidation from the molten metal under an oxidising atmosphere, followed by blowing of a gaseous mixture of argon with hydrogen to conduct deoxidation; step D of casting the molten metal after the deoxidation into a mould to conduct unidirectional solidification, thereby preparing an ingot; and step E of cutting and removing an impurity-enriched portion of the ingot prepared by the unidirectional solidification.
A process for producing a Si solar cell comprises: (a) cleaning a front and back surface of a Si substrate; (b) applying a 1st dopant containing material to the back surface of the substrate; (c) applying a 2nd dopant containing material to the front surface of the substrate; (d) applying rapid thermal processing to the combination of the substrate and the dopants to cause the 1st and 2nd dopant containing materials to diffuse into the back and front surfaces, respectively, of the substrate; (e) control cooling the combination so that carrier lifetime in the substrate is preserved; (f) applying an anti-reflection coating to the front surface; (g) applying and adhering via heating a front contact to the back surface; and, (h) applying and adhering via heating a rear contact to the back surface.    USE -   For producing high efficiency Si solar cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The process allows inexpensive, mass production of cells with an optimised minority carrier bulk lifetime, t. The fabrication time is reduced and the diffusion profiles and doping concentrations can be optimised.
Device has a closed walled hollow container where at least part of one wall comprises an oxygen separation material to transport all the O2 into the container at a temperature at least equal to the O2 transport temperature of the separation material. A dense multi phase membrane which can conduct both O2 ions and electrons and comprises at least one ionic and electronic conductor in a volume fraction of 0.3 : 0.7 to 0.7 : 0.3 forms the O2 separation material.    USE -   Separation of O2 from gas or liquid mixtures for storage and delivery. O2 filled container stores O2 indefinitely below 300 - 600C. At destination the molecular O2 is released by exposing the container to a temperature to initiate electrochemical decomposition or O2 is released through a capped port or by rupturing a container wall. Noble gases containing O2 can be purified by exposing the device to a fluid containing the O2 and the gas.    ADVANTAGE -   Danger of O2 release from the container is low and containers can be stored in bins, tanks etc. the O2 filled containers can be transported dry or in a slurry or by a conveyor.
The apparatus consists of an electrified reaction chamber (1) with an electrode pattern (2) into which reaction gas is injected. On the opposite side of the electrode, a heater (3) is provided for mounting and heating a substrate. An evacuation screen (13) is present between the electrode pattern and substrates (9). Hydrogen gas is introduced between the screens and the electrode patterns.    ADVANTAGE -   Offers high performance film formation. Provides good reproducibility.
The method involves mixing Cd and Te powders, after wet- grinding. The mixed powder is then heat treated to form a heat resistant material. The CdTe film is then formed by proximity sublimation.    ADVANTAGE -   Suppresses damage caused due to firing. Improves productivity.
In the manufacture, alkoxysilane having the composition of Hn Si(OR)4-n ; where R = hydrocarbon radical, n = integer of 1-3, is reacted with the trialkoxyaluminium catalyst having composition of Al(OR)3; where R = alkyl radical of carbon number of 1-6.    USE -   Monosilane is used for high purity raw material for solar cells, etc.    ADVANTAGE -   Monosilane is synthesized with moderate conditions and without using complicated apparatus.
Melted Si is poured into a casting vessel by overflowing step by step with heating by electron beams, with controlling the amount of ((density: kg/cm3 )(surface area: cm2)(thickness: cm)) to less than 0.1 kg.    USE -   Used to remove impurities from melted Si.    ADVANTAGE -   The solidifying and refining method can remove the impurities contained in the melted Si to the allowable concn. for solar cells.
Fine crystalline film which consists of an amorphous film formed on a substrate and has many crystal grains in it is characterised in that the crystal grains in the film have a crystal grain size distribution in which the average crystal grain size is large on the substrate side and small on the opposite side. Also claimed is the preparation of a fine crystalline film by decomposing a raw material gas introduced into a reaction chamber into plasma with electrons which have been accelerated with an electron beam gun is characterised in that the raw material gas is supplied to the reaction chamber in the first supply amt. to form a film and then the raw material gas is supplied to the chamber in the second supply amt. which is larger than the first one to form a film.    USE -   The fine crystalline films can be used in thin film solar batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   Fine crystalline films with high crystallinity can be produced fast at low substrate temps.
The battery consists of a single crystal substrate made up of Si1-xGex. A compound semiconductor layer with a pn junction is formed over the substrate. The compound semiconductor layer is made up of GaAs composition.    ADVANTAGE -   Increases efficiency of solar battery.
The method involves using a crystal substrate on which partial ion implantation is done linearly. The crystal substrate is annealed. The ion concentration at the periphery is made high by partial ion implantation. A crystal thin film is peeled off from the crystal substrate along the boundary.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves crystal film quality. Increases through put.
The temperature of the reformer for a fuel cell is kept to high during the cease time of the reformer.    USE -   The reformer is used for fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The controlling method for a reformer can prevent the collapse of granular reforming catalyst.
A process for the production of membrane-electrode units for electrochemical cells with a solid electrolyte membrane between two electrodes, in which ion- or proton-conducting gel particles (22) which are insoluble but swellable with a swelling agent are deposited to form the connection between membrane (21) and electrodes (23). Adaptation to the surface contours of (21) and (23) is achieved by adjusting the viscoelastic properties of the gel, its flow properties and the mobility of the gel particles against each other.    Also claimed is a membrane-electrode unit obtained by this process, with electrodes (23) on both sides of a solid electrolyte membrane (21) and a swellable, insoluble, conductive gel (22) between (21) and (23).    USE -   In fuel cells or electrolyser outfits (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   Enables the production of membrane-electrode units with better adaptation/connection between membrane and electrodes and without causing damage by high pressure and temperature. This ensures very good electrical contact and maximum voltage yield.
A matrix for carrying a carbonate electrolyte comprising a support material and an additive having a low melting point and high thermal coefficient of expansion, the additive comprising 3 - 45 vol.% of the matrix and being formed from raw particles of diameter 0.1 - 20 micron and aspect ratio 1 - 50.Also claimed are (1) A fuel cell comprising: an anode section; a cathode section; and the above electrolyte matrix sandwiched between the anode and cathode sections. (2) Production of a matrix for carrying a carbonate electrolyte, comprising: mixing a support material and an additive having low melting point and high thermal coefficient of expansion formed of particles of diameter 0.1 - 20 micron and aspect ratio 1 - 50 including high energy intensive milling; and forming the mixture into a coherent member. (3) A matrix for carrying a carbonate electrolyte comprising a support material and an additive including an alkaline earth containing material, the additive having been included in the matrix during formation of the matrix. (4) A fuel cell comprising: an anode section; a cathode section; and electrolyte matrix (3) sandwiched between the anode and cathode sections. (5) Production of a matrix for carrying a carbonate electrolyte, comprising: forming a support material and an additive into a matrix including high energy intensive milling of the support material and additive.    ADVANTAGE -   The electrolyte matrix has increased strength, and can have increased amounts and improved uniformity of alkaline earth additives which suppress dissolution of NiO in the cell cathodes.
A semiconductor particle is doped by: mixing it with a solution of a boron compound; drying; diffusing the boron into the particle; and melting the particle to form a uniformly doped particle.    USE -   For the manufacture of uniformly B-doped Si spherical (powder) particles for use in photovoltaic and solar cells.    ADVANTAGE -   A uniformly B-doped Si particle is obtained in a single low-cost process which does not leave a B-rich glass on the particle surface. Boric acid is used as a dopant source and is diluted with deionised water. Boric acid is a low cost commercially available product, it does not pose any special shipping, handling or disposal requirements.
The prodn. comprises: (a) anodizing a titanium substrate in an electrolytic aq. soln. consisting of glycerophosphate and metal acetate to produce an anodized film contg. a liq.-soluble substance and having a thickness of at least 0.1 micronmetre; (b) applying hydrothermal treatment to the anodized film-carried titanium substrate in a liq. or its vapour; eluting the liq.-soluble substance to form fine pores. Also claimed is that a porous titanium oxide film has fine pores and has a thickness of at least 0.1 micronmetre. Also claimed is that a photocatalyst for cracking a nitrogen oxide gas consists of the titanium substrate or a titanium net, and the titanium oxide film.    USE -   The method produces the porous titanium oxide film used in the photocatalyst, or a wet solar battery using photosensitization.    ADVANTAGE -   The porous titanium oxide film has fine pores on its surface, a wide surface area, and high activity. The photocatalyst efficiently cracks the nitrogen oxide gas.
The fuel battery consists of multiple cells with three electrolyte layers. The three fuel electrolyte layers, a solid electrolyte layer and an oxidising agent electrode layer are laminated sequentially on the peripheral surface of the electrically conductive porous cylinder in which one end is sealed to form the cell. The separator placed between the electrically conductive thin plates is set between the cells. An oxidising agent gas containing hydrogen as heating gas is filled in the periphery of the cell. Oxygen is passed to the interior of the electrically conductive porous cylinder of cell.    ADVANTAGE -   Increases operation stability.
The method involves using V2O5 as raw material. The raw material is reduced to vanadium trioxide and made as a principal component. Equivalent moles of V2O5 and V2O3 are mixed with vanadium oxide. The mixture is treated with H2SO4 to obtain a tetravalent vanadium sulphate solution.    ADVANTAGE -   Uses cheaply available materials.
The fuel modifier has a heat insulating material (2) that prevents heat dissipation of combustion gas while heating carbon-hydrogen gas and raw material gas. The heat insulating material is arranged to the periphery of a reforming tube group (4) containing several reforming tubes (3) which generate reforming gas containing hydrogen as principal component. The reforming gas is generated by steam reforming reaction using a catalyst. The internal circumference of the heat insulating material is formed in the shape of a polygon, corresponding to the arrangement shape of the reforming tubes. The interval between the reforming tubes is equal.    ADVANTAGE -   The fuel modifier eliminates non-uniformity of radiant heat transfer from wall surface, provides uniform skin temperature distribution for every reforming tube and offers safe and reliable fuel modifier.
The fuel battery has an electrolyte holding matrix (2) of ceramic composition, for holding a carbonate material. A carbon material (12) is impregnated in the supported carbonate in an electrolyte hold matrix. The holding matrix is arranged between a fuel pole and an oxidising agent pole. The carbon is impregnated in granulated activated carbon form.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents short circuit between electrodes. Increases capacity of battery. Increases battery life.
The separator has graphite sheet of bulk density of 0.6- 1.0, preformed with graphite powder. The sheet is pressed by metal mould. The final formed product has bulk density of 1.0-1.7.    ADVANTAGE -   Has superior impermeability to gas-liquid and electrical conductivity. Has corrosion resistivity. Is small sized.
A liquid cooled bipolar plate (8) separating adjacent cells of a PEM fuel cell comprises corrosion resistant metal sheets (58,60) brazed together so as to provide a passage between the sheets through which a dielectric coolant flows (82).    The brazement comprises a metal (85) is substantially insoluble in the coolant. The corrosion resistant sheets and spacer sheet (62) are preferably titanium and the brazement (85) an alloy of nickel, preferably NiCr.    ADVANTAGE -   The bipolar plates are less brittle than the conventional graphite and gas impermeable.
A semiconductor member is produced by: (a) implanting boron into a silicon substrate (201); (b) forming a porous layer (202) by anodising in hydrofluoric acid solution; (c) immersing the substrate into a melt to grow a semiconductor layer (203) of undoped silicon under a reducing atmosphere and at high temperature using liquid phase epitaxy (LPE); (d) growing a p+ silicon layer by LPE (204); and (e) bonding a second substrate (205), typically polyimide, onto the first using a copper paste (209) and then separating the substrates at the porous layer (202a,b) and removing it completely to release the first substrate for reuse and the second for fabrication into a completed solar cell element.    USE -   Used to produced solar cells.    ADVANTAGE -   Cells with higher performance can be produced at lower cost on a flexible substrate.
A method for the preparation of matrices (M) which contain carbon comprises: (i) preparing a gel via a sol-gel technique from hydrolysable and condensation polymerisable compounds of glass or ceramic-forming elements which contain at least one organic group; and (2) condensing the gel according to a temperature-time program to form an inorganic-organic cross-linked matrix or a corresponding nano-porous or amorphous precursor, so that at least some of the organic component in the gel is eliminated and the carbon therein is retained as carbon-containing nano-particles within the matrix.    Also claimed are the matrices (M) prepared by the above method.    USE -   (M) can be used in powder form as black pigments for (in)organic dyes, cosmetics or plastics, or products made from these, or as black coating materials or films, or for the preparation of composites with variable electric and thermal conductivity, or for the preparation of absorber materials for solar cells, or as abrasive materials (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   Heavy metal-free black pigments with improved thermal, chemical and UV resistance are obtained by a relatively simple method.
An electrochemical cell comprises a 1st sheet member (2) including a gas permeable section supporting one or more planar electrodes (4,6,8) sealed around the periphery with a 2nd sheet member (12) to form a reservoir (14) containing electrolyte (10). Electrical connections (41,61,81) extend from each of the electrodes through the sealed periphery (2) for external connection.    Also claimed is an electrochemical cell assembly comprising the cells described and above and including a manifold to direct 1st and 2nd gases to each section for contact with 1st and 2nd sheet members.    USE -   The cells are used for gas sensors and fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The cell construction is very simple and economical. It can be produced as very thin assemblies in a variety of shapes so allowing e.g. disposable sensors. The production and assembly can be simplified so reducing costs.
The high purity Si ingot for a solar cell is cast by one directional solidification of melted metal Si by removing P, B, C, and O, with solidification rate according to the initial concn. of impurities.    USE -   The process is used to obtain high purity Si ingot.    ADVANTAGE -   Removing of impurities and mfg. of ingot from the relatively low purity melted Si are achieved simultaneously.
The apparatus consists of a mixer which uniformly mixes air and hydrocarbon fuel supplied from an air supply line (2) and fuel supply line (1) respectively. A catalytic combustion device completely burns the hydrocarbon fuel and air, forming a combustion gas which is analyzed by a gas analyzer. A flow regulating valve (4) adjusts the flow rate of hydrocarbon fuel supply based on the output of the gas analyzer. A circulation line is used to recirculate combustion gas through inlet of catalytic combustion device. A condenser removes moisture from the combustion gas which is stored in a pool.    ADVANTAGE -   Facilitates reliable combustion even in low oxygen concentration. Facilitates reduction of oxygen content of combustion gas to 1-2% or less. Facilitates use of town gas as hydrocarbon fuel.
The battery includes a p-type compound semiconductor thin film acting as optical absorption layer. The compound semiconductor film contains IB group element, III group element, VIB group element and IA group element. The ratio of content of III group element and IB group element is 0.22-0.75.    ADVANTAGE -   Solar battery with novel composition is obtained.
A photoelectric conversion element comprises two electrodes on an electrically connected silicon layer. An IR shielding film of IR reflective or absorptive material is placed on the light incident side of the element. The IR shielding film is preferably an oxide dispersed in a binder to form coating film which is cured. The oxides were preferably ZnO containing Al, In or Ga.    USE -   For fabrication of solar cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The infra red shielding layer counters output reduction due to environmental temperature rises.
The apparatus for production of continuously cast blocks (18) in a protective gas atmosphere includes a charging unit (8) for delivery of a starting-point material (10) into a melting zone (11) within a melting chamber (12) with at least one energy source (14), and a extraction unit (20) outside the melting chamber for supporting the solidifying block (18). Means (9, 17) are provided for producing a gas stream (17) which is directed onto the melt (16) emerging from the melting chamber, and serves for cooling it in the exit zone (19). As a result of directed solidification - which commences from the outer boundary (21) of the melt and forms a solidified hollow body surrounding, protecting and forming the solidifying core (18) - the melt emerging from the chamber is transformed into the solid state. Also claimed is an application of the proposed apparatus.    USE -   For production of silicon blocks for solar cells, for example.    ADVANTAGE -   Cost-effective production of blocks with directed solidification also in small batches is possible.
A material, for the interconnectors (18) of a fuel cell stack (26), consists of an iron alloy which contains 13-24 wt.% Cr as well as 3 wt.% Mn, 2 wt.% Al and/or 1.5 wt.% Si.    Preferably, the alloy contains: (a) 0-0.12 wt.% C, 12-14 wt.% Cr, 0-1 wt.% Mn, 0.7-1.2 wt.% Al and 0.7-1.4 wt.% Si; (b) 0-0.12 wt.% C, 17-19 wt.% Cr, 0-1 wt.% Mn, 0.7-1.2 wt.% Al and 0.7-1.4 wt.% Si; or (c) 0-0.12 wt.% C, 23-26 wt.% Cr, 0-1 wt.% Mn, 1.2-1.7 wt.% Al and 0.7-1.4 wt.% Si.    Also claimed is an interconnector of the above material for electrically connecting the fuel cells (10) of a fuel cell stack (26).    USE -   Used for the production of an interconnector for electrically connecting the fuel cells, especially substrate-supported high temperature fuel cells, of a fuel cell stack, in which the material is exposed to operating temperatures of 900 C (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   The interconnector material has a thermal expansion coefficient closely matching that of the individual cells, is inexpensive to produce, has high electrical conductivity and is resistant to high temperatures and conditions at the cathode side (e.g. highly oxidising atmosphere) and at the anode side (e.g. presence of hot steam).
An electrochemical cell electrode plate consists of a laminar assembly of 1st and 2nd plates. Each plate has a central portion with openings or fluid flow spaces, and a solid frame integral with the central portion and with at least one aperture and slots forming discontinuous partial channel(s) between the aperture(s) and central portion. The apertures form continuous fluid flow conduits through the assembly. The openings are offset from each other to form reduced area fluid flow spaces. The discontinuous partial channels communicate to from a continuous passage to allow fluid communication between the apertures and reduced area openings. Also claimed are: (i) a high pressure electrochemical cell device consisting of the above laminar assembly and an electrolyte; and (ii) the assembly of the components to form the above cell device.    Preferably, when the plates are bonded to form the cell device, the bonding material is a fluoroelastomer, silicone or epoxy. Preferably, a 5:1 solution of fluoroelastomer in an aliphatic ketone solvent.    USE -   For electrolysis of water or other liquids, or to catalytically combine H2 or other gaseous fuel and O2 in a fuel cell to generate electricity.    ADVANTAGE -   The device can operate at extremely high pressure for long periods of time, has more uniform openings across the active areas of the electrode plates, has improved adhesion between cell components, heightened strength requirements and free from material deformations.
A method (I) for preparation of nano-particles or nano-whiskers of a metal II-doped metal I oxide where the metal I is indium, gallium, tin or a transition metal comprises: a) heating a metal I material l with water in vacuum at 10-3 - 10-5 Torr or electron beam evaporating a metal I material with water or an oxygen-containing volatile solvent in vacuum at 104 - 10-5 - 10-6 Torr in the presence of a metal II salt b) recovering the oxide powder from the walls of the vacuum apparatus.    Also claimed is a method (II) for preparation of metal II-intercalated and/or metal II-encaged inorganic fullerene-like structures of a metal I chalcogenide, where metal I is as in (I), comprising: a) a step as (I) a b) annealing the oxide produced in a reducing atmosphere with H2X gas where X is sulphur, selenium or tellurium c) recovering the chalcogenide Also claimed is a metal I chalcogenide (III) as in produced in (II). Also claimed is a stable suspension (IV) of a chalcogenide, as (III) produced as in (I) or (II), in a polar solvent Also claimed is a method (V) for production of thin films of chalcogenides by subjecting a suspension as (IV) to evaporation of the solvent of electrophoretic deposition onto a conductive substrate. Also claimed is a tip for scanning probe microscope coated with a single layer of a chalcogenide.    USE -   Thin films as produced in (V) are used as the photosensitive element in solar cells, in secondary battery fabrication and in electrochromic devices (all claimed). Batteries include lithium rechargeable, hydride and rechargeable types. Structures as (III) are used as lubricant, particularly in solid lubrication (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   The chalcogenide structures are provided with intercalation with various metal atoms that influences solubility in aprotic solvents and formation of stable suspensions permits depositions of useful thin films used as claimed.
Electrically non-conductive plate structure, for use in high pressure electrochemical cells employing ion-exchange membranes that creep or flow under pressure, comprises (a) a first and second surface; (b) a central bore; and (c) at least one through aperture that opens onto the first and second surfaces; in which (d) the plate structure is provided with means for impeding membrane creep or flow when the cells are subjected to high axial loadings, such that, when the first surface of one such plate structure forcibly contacts a first surface of an ion-exchange membrane employed in a high pressure electrochemical cell and when the first surface of a second such plate structure forcibly contacts a second surface of the membrane, the plate structure alone and collectively serve to contain, and thereby form a fluid tight seal with the membrane.Also claimed is a high pressure electrochemical cell employing at least one ion-exchange membrane that creeps or flows under pressure.    USE -   High pressure electrochemical cells using ion exchange membranes.    ADVANTAGE -   The electrochemical cells demonstrate improved adhesion between cell components and reduced membrane creep when subjected to high axial loadings, and capable of successfully operating at extremely high pressures for log periods of time by providing an electrically non-conductive plate structure or grip sheet that effects such reduced membrane creep or flow.
The system includes a laminated type lithium ion secondarybattery (3) as a main power supply for driving. A composite metallic oxide dispersed with lithium is used as the negative electrode active material in the secondary battery. A temperature controller (4) is also provided in the secondary battery. An auxiliary power supply (9) such as solar battery or fuel battery supplies power for a regenerative braking device (8).    ADVANTAGE -   Improves charging capacity. Improves safety.
The photovoltaic device for converting photons into electrical energy, comprises gallium indium phosphide (GaInP) (10, 10') and gallium arsenide (GaAs) (12, 12') cells and gallium indium arsenide phosphide (GaInAsP) (14, 15) cells. The GaInP, GaAs and GaInAsP cells are connected to each other in a tandem configuration so that photons enter the GaInP (10), GaAs (12) and GaInAsP (14) cells in turn.    Also claimed is a further photovoltaic device for converting photons into electrical energy.    USE -   The device is a multi-junctioned solar cell that efficiently convert solar radiation into electrical energy.    ADVANTAGE -   The device improves upon existing solar energy to electrical energy conversion efficiencies by using materials that are more efficient than prior art combinations in converting the infrared.
A spectrum-partitioning photovoltaic device has (i) first (16) and second (18) solar cells for converting photons (10) into electrical energy, the cells (16, 18) having different effective band gaps; and (ii) a spectrally selective photon partitioner (14, 43, 44) positioned to receive incoming photons (10) and to direct photons (10) with energies between the effective band gaps towards that solar cell (18) having the smaller effective band gap and photons (10) more energetic than either of the effective band gaps towards that cell (16) having the larger effective band gap. Also claimed is a method of generating electricity by photovoltaic device.    USE -   Used as tandem solar cells that convert solar energy to electrical energy.    ADVANTAGE -   The device is highly efficient photovoltaic device in which photons are directed towards different solar cells depending upon their wavelength. Absorption losses are reduced since photons are imaged towards those semiconductor layers that convert into electricity.
An electrode structure comprises an electroconductive layer comprising a polymeric resin and a dispersed electroconductive filler, and a bar-shaped or linear metal member superposed on the electroconductive layer.    Also claimed are: (i) the production of an electrode structure; and (ii) a photo-electricity generating device comprising a semiconductor region, a transparent upper electrode on the semiconductor region and an electrode structure.    USE -   The structure is especially used for providing a collector electrode structure on a photo-electricity generating device for solar cells etc..    ADVANTAGE -   The structure shows a low resistance, a high adhesion and a high reliability. A solar cell is provided having solved the problems of shunt and insufficient reliability of the photo-electricity generating device.
A process for producing a high temperature fuel cell stack (2), having first and second components (4, 6) joined together by a multilayer (12), involves (a) providing a surface (8) of the first component (4) with an adhesion promoter layer (14), a mechanical functional layer (16), an electrical insulation layer (18) and then an infiltration layer (20); and (b) providing a glass solder layer (22) on the infiltration layer (20) for filling the soldering gap between the first and second components (4, 6).    ADVANTAGE -   The soldering gap, between the assembled components, is significantly smaller after assembly than before assembly (e.g. reduced from about 100 to approaching 50 ), since part of the glass solder layer infiltrates into the infiltration layer, resulting in thermo-mechanical stability combined with the requisite low viscosity.
A fuel cell (10) element comprises a polymer electrolyte membrane (18) composed of polystyrene sulphonic acid and polyvinylidene fluoride.    A method of decreasing methanol crossover rate in a methanol-based fuel cell (10) comprises crosslinking and polymerising a polymer precursor to form a membrane, sulphonating the membrane and using the membrane (18) in an electrochemical reaction in the fuel cell.    The electrical performance of a fuel cell (10) having an anode (14), a cathode (16) and a polymer electrolyte membrane (18) is enhanced by circulating oxygen (26) around the cathode (16) at a flow rate less than 5 l/minute.    The polymer membrane used as matrix for crosslinking and polymerisation is a polystyrene sulphonic acid/polyvinylidene polymer membrane or a PTFE membrane, optionally blended with polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyvinyl alcohol, optionally blended with polyacrylonitrile, polyvinyl chloride, polyacrylamide, polyethylene oxide, polypropylene, polyethylene, polysulphone, sulphonated polysulphone, polyether sulphone, polyetherimide, polymethyl sulphoxide or polyacrylonitrile membrane, glass hollow fibre membrane composite or a ceramic or zeolite matrix host.    The methanol fuel cell (10) includes a pump (20) moving the methanol (23) to contact the anode (14). The flow rate of oxygen (26) in the cathode compartment (28) is 0.003-2.2 l/minute.    USE -   The membrane (18) is used in a liquid feed fuel cell or in a direct methanol fuel cell (10) undergoing an oxidation/reduction fuel cell reaction with methanol as the active element.    ADVANTAGE -   The membrane enhances efficiency of the fuel cell by decreasing permeation of organic fuel, e.g. methanol.
The battery includes a first transparent substrate (1) on which a transparent conductive film (2) is formed. An electrolyte layer (3) and a semiconductor electrode (4) are arranged between the first substrate and a conductive second substrate (5). The second substrate is used as the counter electrode. Electrical energy is generated between the conductive film and the second substrate by photoelectric conversion. The semiconductor electrode has pigments that are included in a metal oxide film. The metal oxide film is formed by oxidation of metal of the conductive second substrate.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduced electrical resistance in boundary surface of transparent conductive film and first transparent substrate. Improved light beam utilisation efficiency. Improved energy conversion efficiency.
The fused carbonate type fuel cell is equipped with fuel electrodes, oxidizing gas electrodes, and electrolytic plates impregnated with electrolyte containing alkali carbonate, accompanied with holding members containing alpha-lithium aluminate and reinforcing members consisting of at least one of lithium aluminate, alumina, and stabilized zirconia.    USE -   The improved supporting plates are used for fused carbonate type fuel cell.    ADVANTAGE -   The long life fused carbonate type fuel cell can decrease the elusion of electrolyte from the electrolytic plates, and can suppress the increase of inner resistance and generating gas cross over.
In the surface of a transparent cover which protects a solar battery, a transparent surface layer is formed which contains photocatalytic oxide particles, silicone and water-repellent fluoro-resin. The silicone can be replaced with amorphous silica.    ADVANTAGE -   Staining of the transparent cover which protects the solar cell is prevented. The energy conversion efficiency of a solar cell is kept high for a long period of time.
The manufacturing method involves forming a first polycrystalline layer (2) on a substrate (1). A first non- crystal film (3) is formed on the first polycrystalline layer.    A hole (4) of predetermined shape is formed on a first non- crystal film. The second non-crystal film is then deposited on a first non-crystal film. The second non-crystal film is heated and made to crystallize forming a second polycrystal layer (6).    ADVANTAGE -   Improves manufacturing efficiency of solar battery. Enables formation of large sized silicon crystal on substrate.
The battery includes cells (6a,6b) which contain a three layered film (4) that includes an air pole (2), a solid electrolyte film (1) and a fuel pole (3). A collector layer (7) is provided at the air pole side and the fuel pole side. An interconnector is arranged such that it encloses the air pole side collector layer, fuel pole side collector layer and the three layered film. Either the air pole side or fuel pole side collector layer is sintered to the three layered film. The fuel pole side collector layer contains NiO and metallic oxide. The thermal expansion coefficient of the metallic oxide is lower than that of NiO. The weight ratio of NiO and metallic oxide is 80/20 or 95/5.    ADVANTAGE -   Maintains uniform thickness of collector layer. Suppresses deterioration of electricity generation characteristics. Obtains high terminal voltage. Simplifies manufacture. Prevents rupture of three layered film.
The apparatus includes an air blower (3) and a fuel feed pump (2) that sends air and fuel at predetermined flow rate into the main body (1). A mixed gas is formed by mixing the fuel and air by an inlet mixolimnion (10). Partial oxidation of a part of fuel contained in mixed gas is performed by an oxidising zone (20). An oxidising part oxidises another part of fuel in mixed gas by which high temperature gas containing hydrogen, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and steam is generated. This high temperature gas is mixed with an intermediate mixolimnion (30) and temperature of gas is reduced. The carbon monoxide contained in gas is gradually converted into carbon dioxide and hydrogen by mixing steam in shift reaction layer (40). Thus, hydrogen enriched gas is sent to a fuel battery (101).    USE -   In fuel battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables designing compact apparatus.
The structure includes an end plate (12) that supports a set of fuel cells. A mask plate is fixed to the end plate through an electrolyte sealant (16). The sealant is provided between peripheries of end and mask plate and mask plate and electrolyte board (1). The sealant includes fused carbonate that is fused at battery operation temperature. The sealant is fixed using surface tension of fused carbonate, tightly.    ADVANTAGE -   Enhances battery capacity. Improves adhesion between electrode and electrolyte board. Reduces distortion between end plate and separator.
The board (11) includes inlet and outlet conduction paths (16A,16B) connected between gas diffusion electrodes. A solid electrolytic film is formed over the diffusion electrodes. The inlet and outlet paths are interconnected through a conductive intermediate path. Lattice-shaped inlet and outlet grooves are formed in respective conduction paths. A set of parallelly bent intermediate grooves are formed in the intermediate conduction path.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves output capacity and gas utilisation efficiency. Improves passage resistance.
The battery includes a cell (10) in which anode (12) and cathode are arranged over an electrolyte film (11). The cell is supported by a support member. A pair of anodic and cathodic gas channels (21,31) connect the support member to the respective electrodes. The thickness of the electrolytic film is set to be in the range of 3-40 micrometers.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies assembly. Eases humidification control.
The module has a container (1), temperature of which is increasable to predefined value. Several cell stacks (4) with a base tube are regularly arranged inside an electricity generation chamber (1c) of the container main body. A set of cells having a solid electrolyte between a heating gas pole and oxidation gas pole are arranged on the external surface of the base tube of each cell stack. The oxidation gas pole of the cells are in contact with the external surface of the base tube. An oxidation gas feed pipe (7) is provided at the lower part of the container main body, through which an oxidation gas (21) is supplied to the lower part of the container main body. The oxidation gas from the lower part of the container main body is blown along the periphery of the base tubes of cell stacks, through a second oxidation gas supply tube. A heating gas feed pipe (10) is provided at upper part of the container main body, which supplies a heating gas (22) which contains predefined ratio of steam and hydrocarbon gas to a heating gas supply chamber (1a). Several heating gas introduction tubes (5) are provided, through which the heating gas from the gas supply chamber is supplied into the base tubes of the cell stacks. A catalyst which increases the rate of the chemical reaction between the heating gas and cells is provided either inside base tubes or in heating gas introduction tubes.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents adhesion of carbon on heating gas poles of cells, at time of generation of electricity and thereby enables continuous generation of electricity. Stabilises temperature of main body of container to predefined value, independent of arrangement of cell stacks. Improves output of battery module.
The method involves laminating unit cells (1) to form a number of blocks (3). A cooling plate (2) is interposed between the blocks to obtain a laminated fuel battery (5). Voltmeters (11-13) are provided at a block centre cell (1A), to measure cell voltage. The generated voltage is measured and compared with a standard valve, by a calculator (14) which detects abnormality.    ADVANTAGE -   Obtains exact refilling period of cell at early stage. Enables stable operation for long time.
Preparation of isoimide comprises:    (a) reacting a compound (I) having carboxyl group(s) and amide bond(s) in the same molecule in the presence of a halo-iminium salt and a basic substance;    (b) reacting a compound (II) having COOH group(s) with a compound (III) having amide bond(s) in the presence of a halo-iminium salt and a basic substance.    Also claimed are bis-isoimide derivatives of e.g. formula (XIII):    USE -   Phenyl male-isoimide, N,N-phenylene bis-iso-maleimide, phenyl isophthalimide and other isoimide monomers are useful as raw material monomers and intermediates of agricultural chemicals and medicines. The solution of polyisoimide can be used in the preparation of eg film for a heat resistant insulation tape, heat resistant adhesive tape, heat resistant adhesive tape, high density magnetic recording base, condenser and flexible printed circuit board, structural material reinforced with fluororesin or carbon fibre, moulded material and formed articles such as bobbin of a small coil, sleeve and terminal insulation tube, laminated material used for power transistor insulating spacer, magnetic head spacer, power relay spacer and transformer spacer, enamel coating material used for wire and cable insulating coating, solar cell, low temperature storage tank, space craft heat insulation material, integrated circuit and slot liner, membrane for ultrafiltration, reverse osmosis and gas separation, and heat resistant fibres used for thread, fabric and non-woven fabric.    ADVANTAGE -   The process gives isoimides in high selectivity within short reaction times.
Reformer comprises: (a) a reactor unit (1) for carrying out a reforming reaction through which a CO-contg. reformate gas is formed; and (b) a CO-shift reaction unit (3) connected to the reactor unit for carrying out the CO-shift reaction for the CO contained in the reformate gas by addition of H2O.    The CO-shift reaction unit (3) has several water inlets (4a, 4b) spaced from each other in the direction of the reformate gas stream.    Also claimed is a process for operating the reformer.     The temperature (TS1 , TS2 ) and/or the amount of water added via the water inlets (4a, 4b) are adjusted depending on the unit charge so that the temperature and H2O concn. remain in the section of the CO-shift reaction unit (3) within a required region.    The CO-shift reaction unit (3) consists of several stages (3a, 3b), each having a water inlet (4a, 4b) extending into the reformate gas inlet region.    USE -   For steam reforming methanol.    ADVANTAGE -   Improved reduction of the CO amount of the reformate gas.
A structural component for use in a fuel cell, the component being formed from particles of a size which provides fine pores in the component. The component is rendered hydrophilic by incorporating a metal oxide or metal hydroxide into the pores. The metal oxide or metal hydroxide has a solubility in water of &lt;10-6 moles/litre. A method for forming a hydrophilic component with fine pores for use in a fuel cell, comprising the steps: (a) providing a fine-pore particulate having a pore-size in the range 1-2 m; (b) providing an aqueous solution of a salt of a metal, the oxide or hydroxide of which has a solubility in water of &lt;10-6 moles/litre; (c) impregnating the pores with the salt solution; and (d) hydrolysing the impregnated metal salt in the pores of the component to convert the metal salt to a metal hydroxide.    USE -   Useful in solid polymer fuel cells for power plants for removing the ''product'' and ''drag'' water from the active surface of the cathode.    ADVANTAGE -   The plate of the invention can be highly wetted by water. The gas pressure differential which may be applied to the plate is increased without the danger of the reactant gas breaking through. The plate has an extended useful life and is not degraded under cell operating conditions.
An UV-curing adhesive for optical and electronic device hollow packages comprises (a)an epoxy resin bearing at least two epoxy gps. in the mol., (b)a cpd. bearing at least two hydroxyl gps. in te mol., (c)a cpd. bearing a polybutadiene backbone in the mol. and (d)an optical cationic curing initiator as essential components.    USE -   The UV-curing adhesives are for sealing optical and electronic device hollow packages with a light- transmitting materials such as quartz glass.    ADVANTAGE -   The UV-curing adhesives have very excellent moisture resistance, flexibility and low stress and can cure rapidly without heating.
In a conductive bottom-less crucible, at least part of its axial direction is split in the peripheral direction. The conductive bottom-less crucible is interposed in an induction coil. The casting comprises: (a) dissolving a raw material of silicon, provided in the crucible by electromagnetic induction with the raw material kept away from the inner surface of the crucible; (b) gradually, downwardly pulling down its molten metal; (c) coagulating the molten metal to obtain a polycrystal of silicon. The inner surface of the crucible body consisting of a conductive material is coated by silicon.    USE -   The method casts the silicon used for producing the coagulated ingot of the polycrystal of silicon used in a solar battery.    ADVANTAGE -   The method provides the high-purity silicon coagulated ingot with enhanced purity. The method depresses damage to the crucible and prolongs the life of the crucible.
The method involves irradiating several linear laser beams (LB1-LB3) along same plane in a same direction. The beams in the same direction overlap mutually in a portion of the plane along the linear direction. The beams are reflected by arranging a set of reflective mirrors (M1-M3) along the respective optical path. The portion in the first linear laser beam which overlap the second linear laser beam, is shaded with the second reflective mirror. The laser beam having uniform energy density distribution are then coupled without a break.    ADVANTAGE -   Facilitates obtaining laser beam with uniform energy density distribution. Reduces processing time. Improves productivity.
Optical brighteners are claimed which contain one or more spiro compounds of formula (I) where K1 and K2 = conjugated systems; and Q = C, Si, Ge, Sn or Pb.    Also claimed is an optical brightener which has (a) a fluorescence quantum yield of 40 (especially 50)% or more as a solid; and (b) a drop in room temperature emission maximum at 380-750 nm of no more than 25% after a 1 thick layer on a quartz substrate has been heated at 250C for 30 minutes at 1 mbar or below in an inert atmosphere.    USE -   Claimed use of any of these optical brighteners is as a transformation material for UV in increasing the efficiency of solar cells.    The compounds may also be used for a wide variety of purposes including UV filters; addition to high molecular materials including those derived from unsaturated compounds (e.g. polyolefins, acrylic compounds), ring-opened products (e.g. polyamides of polycaprolactam type), polycondensation products (e.g. polyesters, polyamides, polycarbonates), polyaddition products (e.g. polyurethanes, epoxide resins) or semi-synthetic materials; in various formed products (e.g profiles, plates, films, coverings); in powders, in dye baths or printing pastes; in fibres and textiles; in emulsions, dispersions and paper. The compounds may be used as scintillators, for various photographic purposes including electrophotographic reproduction or supersensitising, for the brightening of photographic layers. They may also be used in washing powder/liquid compositions.    ADVANTAGE -   The brighteners have high heat and light stability. They are soluble in polar solvents.
An adhesive sheet is formed of 2-ethyl hexanoxy carbonyl-t-butyl peroxide in an ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer. Also claimed is that a solar battery module is formed by depositing an ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer layer crosslinked by the 2-ethyl hexanoxy carbonyl-t-butyl peroxide on both the surfaces of a solar battery element. Also claimed is that the prodn. comprises: (a) superimposing a sheet consisting of the ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer layer crosslinked by the 2-ethyl hexanoxy carbonyl-t-butyl peroxide on both the surfaces of the solar battery element; (b) heating and melting the sheet; (c) sticking the sheet to the solar battery element.    ADVANTAGE -   The use of the adhesive sheet dramatically reduces the production period of the solar battery module to yield the solar battery moulded at lower costs. The solar cell module has no reduction in energy conversion efficiency for long periods of time. The method efficiently produces the solar cell module having good quality without changing the constitution of the solar battery module.
The battery includes an electrolytic board (11) which is processed in an electrolyte using electrolyte holding material (18). The electrolytic board is maintained between an anode (12) and cathode (14). Oxides from several IIIA group elements like Al,Ga,In and oxides from IIIB group elements like Sc, Y, one lanthanide are used as electrolyte holding material. An oxide, different from the used oxide IIIB group elements is added.    ADVANTAGE -   Improved capacity of fuel battery. Prolonged life of battery. Reduced solubility of material.
In the device which raw fuel is introduced in a catalyser pipe in which property modification catalyser is built and the pipe is heated with a burner and the property is modified and high density hydrogen property modified gas to supply to the fuel battery body is achieved, the device has plural temp. detecting elements for the property modification device control on a pipe wall of the catalyser pipe with dispersing to gas flow direction.    ADVANTAGE -   Even if load condition is changed over wide range, temp. control is operated safety and with good responsibility.
The laminating apparatus including a laminating section (2) capable of freely opening and closing an upper chamber (11) having a downwardly expandable diaphragm(30) and a lower chamber (13) having a heater panel (35), comprises a pre-heater(55) for pre-heating a material (P) to be laminated before the material is delivered to the laminating section.    USE -   Used particularly in the fabrication of thin-sheet shaped laminates such as solar cell panels.    ADVANTAGE -   Capable of minimizing the formation of warps on a material to be laminated due to difference in temperature, resultantly preventing damage to the material to be laminated through the pressure of the diaphragm during the lamination.
Production comprises: (a) applying ion implantation to the major surface of a silicon substrate; (b) adhering a second substrate to at least part of the silicon substrate; (c) applying heat treatment to a constituent comprising the silicon substrate and the second substrate; and (d) forming a thin film of a silicon crystal having a thickness of 7 m or more on the second substrate by separation from the silicon substrate.    ADVANTAGE -   The process easily yields a thin film of a silicon crystal having a thickness of 7 m or more, preferably ca. 10 m, and a thin film of a polycrystal having a large particle diameter of several cm. The thin film of the silicon crystal has no decrease in efficiency, exerting photoelectric conversion equivalent to that of a solar battery of single crystal of silicon having a thickness of several 100 m. Remaining ingot or wafer is repeatedly used. Sixty solar batteries of the single crystal of silicon having a thickness of 10 m are available from one 6-inch wafer of the silicon single crystal.
The electrode includes a substrate with an electrically conductive surface, which is laminated with a semiconductor oxide film. The organic colouring matter is absorbed by the surface of the semiconductor oxide film. The organic colouring matter including pigment with a triphenyl methane structure, coumarin structure or an acridine structure.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves battery capability and safety during mass production. Reduces cost of production.
The electrode includes a semiconductor oxide film which is formed on a transparent substrate has an electrically conductive surface. The thickness of the semiconductor oxide film formed from baked semiconductor oxide fine particle aggregate and consisting of organic colouring matter, is 10 nm. The organic colouring matter contains the pigment having 9-phenyl xanthene structure. The ratio of real surface area to appearance surface area is 10 or more.    ADVANTAGE -   Increased capacity of solar battery. Improved safety.
The method involves supplying an inert gas to cathode side. The temperature of the inert gas is maintained between 550- 580C. An oxide film is formed on the separator member by passing inert gas for predetermined time. Then, air and carbon dioxide gas is supplied towards the cathode side.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents corrosion of collector object, effectively.
The system comprises a primary power source (1), water electrolysis apparatus (4) for generating hydrogen while using power from the primary power source (1), gas drying apparatus (5) for dehumidifying the hydrogen generated by the water electrolysis apparatus (4), hydrogen storage apparatus (6) for storing and releasing hydrogen while using a hydrogen storage alloy (7), and power generating apparatus (8) for generating power while using the hydrogen released from the hydrogen storage apparatus (6) as fuel. The system incorporates a first membrane-type gas drying apparatus (28A) for drying the wet hydrogen generated by the water electrolysis apparatus, a second membrane-type gas drying apparatus (28B, 28C) for supplying purging gas to the first membrane-type gas drying apparatus (28A), and air driven valves (27A-E) provided at respective inlets and outlets of passages for hydrogen and compressed air to the first and the second membrane type gas drying apparatus.    USE -   Used as an emergency power source for use in suburbs.    ADVANTAGE -   Drying efficiency for wet hydrogen is good.
The manufacturing method involves opening an hole (2) in the battery casing. A tube (3) made of ceramics is then inserted into the hole. The tube is supported by a support stand during baking.    ADVANTAGE -   The method reduces the deformation of tube of ceramics.
The separator (17) has a sheet-like board which is subjected to processing to form an oxidizing agent gas passage way (18) on one surface. A fuel gas passage way (19) is formed on the other surface. A reforming catalyst is filled in convex portion by the side of the fuel gas passage way.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies manufacturing of separator. Reduces number of parts. Reduces overall lamination height. Does not obstruct flow of heating gas.
The fuel battery includes a separator (6) which is sandwiched between an anode and cathode. The anode, cathode and a solid electrolyte layer are alternately layered over a flat cell substrate. A separator is made of SUS430 of ferrite stainless steel on whose cathode surface side a first overcoat (61) of (LaSr)MO3 is layered. M is chosen from Co, Mn or Cr. A second overcoat (62) consisting of MnO3 is layered over the first overcoat.    ADVANTAGE -   Good workability and uniformity. Prevents increase in electrical resistance by oxidation.
The battery consists of an alloy with one or more alloying elements chosen out of aluminium, gallium, silicon, germanium, tin, lead, phosphorus, antimony, bismuth, selenium, and tellurium. The alloy also contains 25 wt% or more of intermetallic compounds. The intermetallic compounds include platinum element as an electrode catalyst.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides stable output for long time.
A mfg. method for copper phthalocyanine crystals comprises making copper phthalocyanine crystals into fine particles by in-gas evaporation method heating the crystals in a container with the pressure adjusted to a specific level with an inactive gas, treating with benzene by dispersing the fine particles into benzene and removing the benzene from the particles by evaporation.    Also claimed are the obtd. copper phthalocyanine crystals with a strong absorption in the near IR region.    USE -   The copper phthalocyanine crystals are useful as charge generation materials for solar batteries and electrophotographic receptors and also for inks, toners and coatings.    ADVANTAGE -   The copper phthalocyanine crystals have high purity and absorb light in the near IR region effectively. The mfg. method is simple and economical.
An electrochemical half-cell has a gas diffusion electro-deconnected with gas pockets to a module that is removably fitted to the support structure so that the gas inlet and gas outlet are detachably linked to the gas pockets.    USE -   In pressure compensated electrochemical cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The gas pockets can be detached from the half-cell, from their gas supply and from the electrical connections with the gas diffusion electrode attached. The gas pockets are compact flat elements and when the front face is locked on no electrolyte can pass into the gas volume and no gas can escape in the opposite direction.
Apparatus for recovery of hydrogen and/or synthesis gas by endothermic partial oxidation and/or reforming comprises a reaction chamber integrated inside of a high temperature fuel cell so that heat exchange occurs between the chamber of inside of the cell. The chamber comprises gas inlet and outlet. The outlet is connected to an external gas purifier.    Also claimed is a process for recovery of hydrogen and/or synthesis gas comprising passing the feed gas for the reaction via the gas inlet into the reaction chamber, partially cooling the fuel cell, and feeding the gas into the gas purifier.    USE -   In energy production (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   Good utilisation of waste heat.
The manufacture involves preparing homogenous mixture solution containing polymer formed by inorganic alkoxide of one kind. The mineral salt of an element selected from a group consisting of Sn, Zn, Ga, Mg, Cd and Sb, an electroconductive metallic oxide formation compound for doping into the mineral salt and a binder are used. A multicomponent mixed solution is prepared by mixing heterogenous mixed solution containing organic solvent and homogenous mixture solution. The multicomponent mixture solution is applied to one side of the base material. The coating film is primarily heated at a temperature of 80-150C. Secondary heating is done at a temperature more than the glass transition point of sol-gel glass component. The splitting to a glass phase and electroconductive metallic oxide phase is done with a spinodal decomposition device.    USE -   Used for glass for electrostatic shielding, motor vehicle, architecture, aircraft, glass for fog prevention. In precison mechanical equipment for electronic industry.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves conductivity of film and contact power with base material.
New functional material or oxidation catalyst has the compositional formula of: (Ax Ce1-x )O2 (where, A = Y, Sc or lanthanoid elements; x = 0.1-1). A new oxidation, combustion, methanol cracking, or electrode catalyst consists of the functional material of (Ax Ce1-x )O2and a precious metal element or a cpd. contg. a precious metal element.    USE -   As an oxidation, combustion, or methanol cracking catalyst. It is also used for solid electrolyte type fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The new functional material absorbs oxygen in an oxidative atmos. and discharges oxygen in a reduced atmos. It has a higher catalytic activity.
Semiconductor device is manufactured by: forming a first Si substrate with a porous Si layer overlaid with a non-porous semiconductor layer; bonding the first substrate to a second substrate to form a multilayer structure with the non-porous layer inside; separating the substrates along the porous layer by heating; and removing any porous Si remaining on the substrates. The separated first substrate may then be re-used as another first or second substrate.    USE -   Used in transferring a semiconductor layer to a second substrate (which may be an insulating substrate) to form an (SOI) semiconductor substrate for the manufacture of ICs, lasers, LEDs, solar cells etc.    ADVANTAGE -   The device substrate is formed by a quick, simple and well controlled method which allows the first substrate to be re-used any number of times.
The production of a semiconductor article comprises: (a) preparing a silicon substrate with a non-porous semiconductor layer on it and an ion implantation layer on at least on of them; (b) bonding the first substrate to a second substrate with the non-porous layer on the bonded surface; and (c) separating the structure at the ion implantation layer and then removing the remaining ion implantation layer on the second substrate.    Also claimed are: (i) processes as above in which the remaining ion implantation layer is removed from the first substrate after step (c) and the substrate reused as a first or second substrate material; and (ii) articles made by the above processes.    USE -   Used for the production of semiconductor articles that are used for producing semiconductor devices, e.g. semiconductor integrated circuits, solar cells, semiconductor laser devices or light emitting diodes.    ADVANTAGE -   After bonding and separation the remaining portion of the first substrate can be reused giving resource and cost savings.
A hydrogen fuel cell accumulator comprises a polymer electrolyte membrane cell with a ruthenium catalyst, an air filter, a metal hydride storage unit, a small compressor and a thermoelectric heat exchanger. The hydrogen from the hydride storage unit is converted electrochemically with oxygen from the air. The latter is cleansed by passing the air through a filter.    USE -   The accumulator is used, e.g., for electric vehicles.    ADVANTAGE -   The accumulator does not require expensive catalysts such as platinum, and is economical to produce.
A microporous material (I) in the form of a sheet, film, tube having an internal dia. of at least 8 cm, or layer, thereof has a thickness of 5-26 m which on a coating-free, printing ink-free, impregnant-free basis and pre-bonding basis comprises: (A) a matrix consisting of : (A1) 0-100 wt.% high mol. wt. linear polyolefin (II) consisting of a high mol. wt. substantially linear polyethylene (ASTM D 1238-86 Condition E melt index of less than 50 g/10 mins, an ASTM D 1238-86 Condition F melt index of at least 0.1 g/10 mins., and a density of 0.910-0.965 g/cm3) and/or a high mol. wt.substantially linear polypropylene (ASTM D 1238-86 Condition L melt index 0.2-50 g/10 min. and density greater than 0.89 g/cm3); and (A2) 0-100 wt.% ultra high mol. wt. substantially linear polyolefin (III) consisting of an ultra high mol. wt. substantially linear polyethylene (intrinsic viscosity of at least 18 dl/g) and/or an ultrahigh mol. wt. substantially linear polypropylene (intrinsic viscosity of at least 6 dl/g); (A) contains 90-100 wt.% of ((II)+(III)); (B) 20-85 wt.% of finely divided water-insoluble filler particles distributed throughout (A); (C) at least 25 vol. % of a network of interconnecting pores communicating through out (I). Also claimed are: (i) an energy storage device (IV) having at least two electrodes separated by a dielectric material (I); (ii) a label (V) consisting of (I); and (iii) a multi-layer film (VI) containing at least one layer of (I).    USE -   (I) is useful for the production of dielectric materials used in capacitors, fuel cells and lithium ion batteries and for labels which can show evidence of tampering.    ADVANTAGE -   (I) may be produced as a very thin film, and may be coated, impregnated, and/or printed with a wide range of coatings.
The method involves forming a semiconductor joint between a single crystal thin film semiconductor and a microcoulomb silicon film. The thin film semiconductor is formed by vapour deposition. The microcoulomb silicon film is formed by epitaxial growth.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables mass production. Provides battery with favourable characteristics.
The method makes use of a polycrystalline silicon base (101). An epitaxial growth of a single crystal thin semiconductor film is performed on the polycrystalline silicon base. A semiconductor junction is then formed between the polycrystalline silicon base and single crystal thin semiconductor film.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables mass production. Offers good thin film solar battery.
The method involves heating a crystalline semiconductor substrate (101) which has a layer containing catalyst element positioned over its surface. During the first stage of heat treatment, the catalysts move into the defective areas of the semiconductor substrate. The heating is done in an atmosphere containing halogen element. During the second stage of heating the defect is removed and the catalysts are brought out. During the third stage, the oxide films formed on the semiconductor substrate during the second stage is removed by etching. The catalyst concentration in semiconductor substrate is less than or equal to 5 * 1018/cm3 and that of halogen element is 1*1016 - 1 * 1020/cm3.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces manufacturing cost. Provides solar cell with high conversion efficiency. Provides solar cell with small recombination centre.
An electrode layer is etched. A protective member for protecting the electrode layer is connected to the electrode layer by using a resist having adhesion.    Also claimed is the production comprising: (i) etching the electrode layer by using the resist having a thermoplastic property, or a thermosetting property; (ii) heating the resist by using heating means; and (iii) connecting the electrode layer to the protective member by using the resist.    ADVANTAGE -   Heating the resist having the thermoplastic property, or the thermosetting property yields adhesion. The resulting adhesion serves as an adhesive to connect the electrode layer to the protective member. The method requires no peeling the resist and no adhesive film, simplifying the production processes. The use of no adhesive film reduces production costs, and deposits the thin resist on the solar battery module, achieving the thin solar battery module.
The method involves setting the rolling rate and velocity of a stainless steel board to 20% or more and more than 400m/min respectively, during finish cold rolling. Then, polishing and final rolling are carried out. Following the atmospheric air annealing, electrolytic pickling of the stainless steel board is performed by immersing it into nitric acid solution. The surface roughness of the board along predetermined rolling direction is in the range of 0.3-1.4micrometers and 0.5-1.7micrometers, respectively.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves photoelectric conversion efficiency.
The method involves immersing a crystalline semiconductor ingot (11) in an electrolyte (1) which is present in an anodization process tank (2). The ingot is energized between electrodes (3,4) arranged in the electrolyte. The surface of the semiconductor ingot is anodized and a porous layer (12) is formed on the ingot surface.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables formation of thin film semiconductor and thin film solar battery. Produces porous layer which maintains crystallinity of ingot. Enables formation of superior semiconductor film. Provides efficient light reception characteristic by providing cylindrical shape to solar battery. Realizes good anodization efficiency.
The apparatus has a reaction container (1) into which reaction gas is introduced. A ladder inductance electrode (12) is introduced as a discharge unit in the reaction container. A power supply (4) supplies electric power for glow discharges to the inductance electrode. The inductance electrode and a heater (3) for substrates are provided mutually opposing. A coil is wound around the reaction container for magnetic field generation. An amorphous thin film is formed on the substrate supported on the heater. The ladder inductance electrode has a curvature. The distance between the ladder inductance electrode and the substrate decreases from electrode centre section to electrode periphery.    USE -   In manufacture of thin film for TFT liquid crystal display, photosensor, semiconductor overcoat.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves film thickness uniformity.
The method involves depositing silicon material on a substrate by the electron cyclotron resonance plasma chemical gaseous phase deposition technique. During deposition of the material, RF bias is applied to the substrate. Thus a non-crystalline silicon film or a non-crystalline silicon compound thin film is formed on the substrate surface.    USE -   Used as opto-electric conductive film.    ADVANTAGE -   Produces non-crystal silicon film on non-crystal silicon compound film of high performance. Enables formation of highly pure film.
A metal complex polymer of formula (I) is new. E = Si, Ge or Sn; M = transition metal atom; L = ligand; R = organic gp.; m = 0-3; n = 1-4; x = 1-6; y = 10-100; z = 10 or more; y:z = 0.1:0.9-0.5:0.5.    Preferably in (I), E is Si, M is Ru, L is 2,2'-bipyridine and R is lower alkyl.    USE -   The polymer is suitable as a photoelectric conversion element for a photoconductive element, photodiode, phototransistor, a solar battery, electrophotographic photosensitive material, etc.    ADVANTAGE -   The polymer has optical conductivity to visible lights, film-forming properties and high light resistance.
Thin-film solar cell has a metal back electrode coated with, in order, a p-type CuInGaSe2 light absorbing layer, an interfacial layer, an n-window layer and an upper electrode. The window layer is formed of a stack of three transparent conductive films. The solar cell is formed by depositing the three transparent conductive films by, respectively RF, DC and DC magnetron sputtering.    ADVANTAGE -   a large area transparent conductive ZnO film can be deposited at a high rate, equal in performance to an MOCVD ZnO film while diminishing the influence of sputtering bombardment.
Process for completely utilising pure synthesis gas obtained by high temperature recycling of waste comprises bombarding the synthesis gas obtained with water vapour in a catalytic process to convert CO in the synthesis gas into CO2 and H2, to feed the remaining residual gas back to the high temperature reactor, to separate the main product consisting of H2, CO and CO2 by pressure swing adsorption into H2, CO and CO2 and utilise.    USE -   For completely utilising pure synthesis gas obtained by recycling waste.    ADVANTAGE -   No emissions are produced.
Detection of perforations in a membrane for an electrochemical cell comprises exposing the 1st surface to a 1st fluid reactant while exposing the 2nd surface to a 2nd fluid reactant. If there are no perforations the fluids remain separately isolated but if there are any perforations the fluids exothermically react and generate heat which is detected.    Also claimed is an apparatus for carrying out the above process including a chamber with an opening across which the 1st surface of the membrane is sealed while leaving the 2nd surface exposed to the air, a means to introduce a 1st fluid reactant which produces an exothermic reaction when exposed to the oxygen in air and a heat detector.    Further claimed is an apparatus similar to the above but including a 2nd container with an opening across which the 2nd surface of the membrane is sealed.    USE -   Used for quality control of ion exchange membranes and separators used in e.g. electrolytic cells, chloro alkali cells, batteries and in electrowinning, and for membranes used in plate-and-frame humidification sections of solid polymer electrochemical fuel cell stacks.    ADVANTAGE -   The process can precisely locate the perforations. It can be incorporated into an automated membrane and/or MEA (membrane electrode assembly) manufacturing process including reel-to-reel type processes as well as being used in conjunction with an intelligent system which can process thermal image data and perform automatic quality control.
The battery, with planar high temperature fuel cells, comprises a stacked alternating arrangement of electrochemically active elements (2) and interconnectors (1). Each of the interconnectors are in the form of an air heat exchanger and include a base body which determines the thermal expansion of the interconnector and which separates an air side from a gas side. A structured layer (4, 5), for electrical conduction, heat transport and air and fuel gas transport along the active elements, is provided on both sides of the base body. Each base body is in the form of an air heat exchanger and forms a resistant surface oxide layer in the presence of oxygen under the battery operating conditions. The air-side structured layer (4) is joined to the base body so that the joint locations (43) of the base body are protected against oxidation.    Preferably, the base body is made of a ferritic alloy selected from Fe/22% Cr/5-8% Al, Fe/13-15% Cr/3.5-5% Al, Fe/3-5% Si /3-5% Cr or Fe/2-4% Si/8-12% Cr.    ADVANTAGE -   The battery interconnectors are made of a relatively inexpensive material.
The manufacture of a thin film semiconductor device configured to form the thin-film semiconductor device on a first substrate and transfer the thin-film semiconductor device from the first substrate to a second substrate, comprises (i) forming a porous layer containing a separation layer on the first substrate; (ii) forming the thin-film semiconductor device on the porous layer; and (iii) after bonding the second substrate different from the first substrate in contraction coefficient by cooling onto the thin film semiconductor device, cooling the product by cooling unit to produce a shear stress in the separation layer in the porous layer and to separate the thin film semiconductor device from the first substrate along the separation layer.    Also claimed are (1) the apparatus for manufacturing a thin-film semiconductor device configured to transfer the thin-film semiconductor device formed on a first substrate onto a second substrate different from the second coefficient by cooling; and (2) a thin film semiconductor device.    USE -   The method is especially used in the production of solar cells (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   The thin-film semiconductor device is readily separated and transferred from one substrate to another. Problems of separation during the semiconductor device being made are avoided. Large area thin-film semiconductor devices are formed. Quality is improved at reduced cost. Flexibility, miniaturisation etc. are possible. The solar cell formed can be see-through.
Production (I) of a polymeric film suitable for use as an electrolyte, comprises: (a) forming a porous membrane by coagulating a polymer dope solution, comprising a polymer dissolved in a selected solvent, in a liquid coagulation bath comprising a non-solvent; (b) submerging the resulting membrane into a non-solvent bath to remove any residual solvent; (c) placing the membrane into an acid solution in a non-solvent so that the pores become filled with the acid solution; and (d) drying the membrane to remove residual non-solvent, which collapses the porous structure entrapping the acid and forming a dense film.    Also claimed are: an alternative method (II) comprising coagulating the polymeric dope solution directly into a mixture of non-solvent and acid to produce the membrane which imbibes acid, and drying; and porous polymeric films made by either method.    USE -   As polymer electrolytes in fuel cell applications.    ADVANTAGE -   The films are prepared in a controlled fashion with single or multiple component liquids. The acid imbibing occurs in a short time of less than one hour, compared with 10-72 hours for prior methods, so reducing cost. The amount of acid in the final film can be easily controlled, and dense films or asymmetric membranes may be prepared having improved acid retention and better mechanical and electrochemical properties.
Biomass fermentation-electrical fuel cell cogeneration process comprises: (a) fermenting a biomass; (b) collecting carbon dioxide from the fermenting biomass; and (c) delivering the CO2 to the cathode of an electrical fuel cell which uses the CO2 as a chemical reducing agent in generating electrical energy. Also claimed is a process of fuelling a molten carbonate fuel cell with a fuel that consists predominantly of partially dewatered alcohol of a preselected concentration.    USE -   The process is useful for the production of alcohol, electricity and heat energy.    ADVANTAGE -   The process provides low cost, virtually pollution free electrical energy and heat energy manufactured on an alcohol production site from non-combustable by-products of the on-site alcohol manufacture.
The apparatus has a power plant enclosure (1) in which two compartments (1a,1b) are formed. Each compartment is equipped with an equipment (10a,10b) and an air ventilation line (11). Besides, an exhaust gas line (12) is provided in one of the two compartments where, an exhaust gas is generated. The exhaust gas line and the air ventilation lines together form a joining line (13) which leads to a gaseous emission removal filter (3) and a vapour like emission removal filter (4) arranged sequentially.    ADVANTAGE -   Removes NOx and CO effectively. Prevents pollution of environment.
The battery includes multiple cells (1) that have a pair of electrodes (10) and a solid state polymer electrolytic film (12). The cells are divided by the separators (2). The electrode chambers (10,30) are connected to the separators. The separator has the main body whose outer edge is covered by the macromolecular covering material (22k). The fluid containing active material is made to flow in the electrode chambers. An external frame (22) of the separator is arranged on the macromolecular covering material. The active material through hole (51) is formed on the external frame. A passage formation board (71) is fixed on the covering material. The vertical position of fringe region (OP) and inner edge domain (IP) of the through hole are set at same level by the covering material.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces leakage of fluid containing active material. Reduces variation between bearings in inner edge domain of through hole.
The method comprises cooling reformed gas at the exits of catalyst layers to a proper temperature for reaction and distributing and supplying oxidant to the catalyst layers.    ADVANTAGE -   Carbon monoxide contained in reformed gas is selectively and efficiently removed and electrodes in a fuel cell are prevented from being poisoned by carbon monoxide.
Producing a thin film absorbing layer for a solar cell comprises: (a) forming a stacked precursor film of Cu-Ga alloy and an In layer on a metallic back electrode by sputtering, then (b) heating in an atmosphere of at least S or Se to form a Cu-III-VI2 chalcopyrite multi-element compound semiconductor layer. The stacked precursor film is formed by depositing Cu-Ga first and then In. The light absorbing layer has a Ga concentration gradient which increases from the side closest to an interfacial layer in the solar cell to the side closest to the metallic back electrode. Also claimed (II) is the method as (I) in which during sputtering at least one Cu-Ga alloy target is used with an optional Cu target. The Cu-Ga targets have different Ga content in the range 1 - 40 wt% Ga, and an In or In-Se target. Also claimed is the equipment for the methods comprising a sputtering part for deposition of the films on a metallic back element formed on soda-lime float glass.    USE -   Fabrication of solar cells.    ADVANTAGE -   Cheaper low temperature melting soda lime glass substrates can be used. The thin film light absorbing layer is prevented from peeling off other layers.
A thin film solar cell comprises a thin film light absorbing layer of a Cu-III-VI2 chalcopyrite-structured multi-element compound semiconductor, in which the solar cell comprises: (i) a metallic back electrode layer; (ii) a first thin semiconductor film of a Cu(InGa)Se2 multi-element compound of chalcopyrite structure formed on the back electrode layer, having p-type conductivity, and serving as a thin film light absorbing layer; (iii) a second thin semiconductor film of a transparent conductive metal oxide formed over the thin film light absorbing layer, having a wide band-gap width and n-type conductivity, and serving as a window layer and an electrode; and (iv) a thin transparent semiconductor film with high resistance deposited between the first thin semiconductor film and the second thin semiconductor film, and serving as an interfacial layer.    USE -   Used for thin film heterojunction solar cell containing a light absorbing layer comprising a multi-element compound semiconductor of the Cu-III-VI2 chalcopyrite structure.    ADVANTAGE -   The cell has heightened open circuit voltage, and improved interfacial junction characteristics which provide a high conversion efficiency and enhanced suitability for practical use.
CO is removed from a gas stream also containing H2 and CO2 by a process comprising (i) high temperature selective catalytic methanation to lower the concentration to a level above which CO2 methanation can occur, and (ii) low temperature selective catalytic methanation to reduce the residual CO to below 40 ppm.    USE -   is in the hydrogen clean-up unit for fuel cells based on a hydrogen production unit.    ADVANTAGE -   The high temperature stage removes CO without the occurrence of CO2 methanation to cause loss of H2 which can only occur if all of the CO is removed; there is very little loss of H2 in the low temperature step. Compared to single-step processes significantly less catalyst is required and to enable the provision of a very compact unit.
A fuel cell generator (10) comprises multiple electrically connected axially elongated fuel cells (26) each having a solid oxide electrolyte (32) between inner (30) and outer (28) electrodes, with axially elongate dividers between and separating the fuel cells. At least one divider is hollow along its length, with an open end, and containing a catalytic reforming material, a reformable fuel mixture inlet channel, a reformed fuel exit channel (50) to the fuel cells, and a metallic foil layer to prevent reformable fuel mixture gas leakage.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduced fuel gas leakage, and enhanced structural integrity as thermal expansion within the reformer-divider configuration is allowed for.
A hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell. It has an electrolysis chamber (2) to contain electrolyte (3), with a number of plates (4) installed within the chamber, and a means for applying an electrical charge to the plates. There is means for sensing a level of electrolyte solution within the chamber, consisting of a number of level sensors spaced about the perimeter of the chamber. There is a means for automatically refilling the chamber with water, and control means, connected to the sensing means, to operate the automatic refilling means. There is a means for extracting hydrogen and oxygen produced in the chamber.    Also claimed is another hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell.    USE -   Electrolysis cell for production of hydrogen-oxygen, such as for use in a vehicle.    ADVANTAGE -   The unit is sealed and has protection against explosion and corrosion. It gives maximum efficiency of hydrogen production, can adjust hydrogen production to match the needs of a given engine, and has no need for a large accumulation chamber.
The method involves forming a n-type GaAs layer (11) and a p-type GaAs layer (13) sequentially on the surface other than the surface (100) of a single crystal n+ type GaAs substrate (11). A transparent layer (14) is formed on the p-type GaAs layer by the crystal growth process. The upper surfaces of the transparent and the p-type GaAs layer is made then uneven.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves efficiency and product yield.
The method involves forming a transparent electrically conducting oxide film (21) on a transparent insulated substrate (1). The upper surface of the oxide film is exposed to the oxygen plasma. A semiconductor thin film (22) and an electrode (24) are deposited on the oxide film after appropriate time.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves transmittance. Improves short circuit photoelectric current and conversion efficiency.
The solar battery has a silicon substrate, on light receiving surface of which first titanium oxide film (2) is formed, doped with impurities selectively. A second titanium oxide film (3) is formed on the entire light receiving surface of the substrate. The impurity concentration in the first oxide film is made greater than that in the second oxide film.    A light receiving surface electrode (8) is provided in the portion of the first titanium oxide film. A back side electrode (6) is formed on the lower surface of the substrate. A pair of impurity diffusion layers (4,5) is provided in the upper surface of the substrate.    ADVANTAGE -   Does not reduce curved factor. Improves short wavelength sensitivity. Reduces surface reflex of light receiving surface.
The processing method involves forming uneven shape on surface of substrate (1), by sand blast processing using grinding particles (2). The depth of the uneven surface is kept more than 5micrometer.    The sand blast processing is again carried out to make the surface roughness about 0.5micrometer using another grinding particle (3). The diameter of the second grinding particles is kept smaller than that of first one.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves operating speed. Does not produce crack. Improves efficiency.
The battery (S) has a transparent insulated substrate (1), on whose lower surface, a transparent electrically conducting film (2) is formed. The exposed surface of the transparent conducting film is made uneven to scatter the incident light. A semiconductor layer (3) comprising P,I,N layers (4-6) is formed on the lower surface of the electrically conducting film.    The upper surface (6b) of the N layer is made uneven, so that the pitch elevation difference of roughness is made different with that of the lower surface (6a). A set of first electrodes (7) of transparent electrically conducting film and a second electrode (8) of metal thin film are formed on the exposed surface of the semiconductor layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves photoelectric conversion efficiency. Increases optical absorption. Improves closing-light effect.
The battery includes cylindrical fuel and air poles (2,4) formed on both sides of solid electrolyte (3). A cap shaped sealing member covers one end part of cylindrical main body which has collector object (5). The collector object is electrically connected to fuel pole or air pole.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies sealing operation. Enhances electricity generation. Stabilises cell capacity.
The cell has a back side reflection layer formed on a substrate. The reflection layer consists of a metal layer, a hyaline layer, a semiconductor layer and a transparent electrode. The metal layer consists of Cu-Mg alloy containing 40 at.% or less of Mg.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces cost by using inexpensive Cu and Mg. Improves transformation efficiency by making superior reflection layer.
The film is made up of material with composition which includes a complex salt of first group element. The composition is given as [Cu2(SzSe1-z)]x[(In1-yGay)2(SzSe1-z)3]1-x. The values of x, y and z are given as 0.16 x 0.34, 0.05 y 0.55 and 0 z 1.0, respectively.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves conversion efficiency of solar battery.
The generator includes a fuel battery main body (1) which is formed by laminating multiple unit cells. Each unit cell has a phosphoric acid impregnated matrix (2) which serves as an electrolyte and sandwiched between a fuel pole (3) and an air pole (4). A reformer (8) reforms the hydrocarbon fuel and obtains a reforming gas. A carbon monoxide converter (11) converts carbon monoxide in the reforming gas obtained by the reformer into carbon dioxide. Hydrogen is supplied for reducing the catalyst contained in carbon monoxide converter during electric power generation stopping time.    ADVANTAGE -   Stabilizes electric power generation. Inhibits oxidation of catalyst inside carbon monoxide converter even when generator is stopped for long time.
The fuel reforming apparatus is composed of a desulfurising reactor for hydrocarbon fuel, a reforming reactor, a water vapor separator, and a CO gas denaturing reactor. Temperature and pressure rising of reactors is completed before the temperature of denaturing reactor is reached to the prescribed value.    USE -   The starting method is used for phosphoric acid type fuel cell.    ADVANTAGE -   The starting method is improved to prevent the reforming catalyst is exposed to high temperature circumstance without existing of fuel.
The method involves forming homogeneous electrolyte film on an electrode substrate by electrophoresis-electrodeposition. Then, a solid state electrolyte film is formed on the substrate by CVD.    ADVANTAGE -   The method prevents deterioration of electrode substrate.
(I) Solar cell comprising; substrate with a back electrode formed on it, p-type chalcopyrite semiconductor thin film formed on the back electrode, an n-type semiconductor thin film formed so as to constitute a p-n junction, and a transparent electrode formed on the n-type thin film. A material having a higher resistivity than the p-type chalcopyrite layer is formed between it and the n-type film. Also claimed (II) is a method of fabricating the cell as (I) by forming the layer in sequence and in which the high resistivity material is formed by contacting the chalcopyrite layer with a solution containing Group IIIb and Vb elements.    USE -   Fabrication of solar cells.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduced defect density at the p-n interface gives higher energy conversion efficiency.
The method involves impregnating phenol resin solution mixed with drying oil or fatty acid, on a carbonised organic polymer fibre sheet. Then, the sheet is laminated, pressed and punch processed to a predetermined shape followed by baking in inert atmosphere, at a temperature above 800C.    USE -   In e.g. fuel battery and various slide materials.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves gas transparent nature. Performs punching to predetermined shape, efficiently.
A solar cell module is claimed comprising a photovoltaic element covered by at least a sealant resin and a surface protecting film, where the oxygen permeability of the surface protecting film is 1-50 cc/m2.24 hr.atm at 25C/90% RH. Also claimed is a solar cell module comprising a photovoltaic element covered by at least a sealant resin and a surface protecting film, where oxygen is made to permeate the surface protecting film to reach the sealant resin, thereby dissolving yellowing of the sealant resin. Also claimed is a building material comprising a photovoltaic element covered by at least a sealant resin and a surface protective film as above and fixed to a module backing. Also claimed is an electric power generation system comprising a solar cell module as above, and a power converting device connected to the solar cell module. Also claimed is an air circulating system comprising a roofing material comprising a photovoltaic element covered by at least a sealant resin and a surface protecting film as above and fixed to a module backing, the roofing material being fixed with a space to a roof underlayment, where air is introduced into the space and is guided through the space to be discharged outdoors or to be taken indoors.    ADVANTAGE -   This solar cell module has high reliability free of deterioration of the sealant resin in outdoor exposure use for long periods, especially free of yellowing.
An apparatus for reducing concentration of carbon monoxide in a hydrogen-rich gas comprises a means for introducing oxidising gas; a catalytic oxidising unit to enable preferential bonding of oxidising gas to CO; and a water supply means. Also claimed is a fuels-cell generator including a reformer unit for converting crude fuel to a hydrogen-containing gas.    USE -   In a fuel-cells generator system for reducing CO concentration.    ADVANTAGE -   To enable all catalysts packed in a cooling layer to be kept within an active temperature range, thereby reducing the carbon monoxide concentration in a hydrogen-rich gas. Also enhances efficiency of power generation of a fuel-cells generator system.
The cell with a dye converts photons into electrons and has an arrangement for generating useful electric current from the electrons. The dye is free of metal complex compositions.    Preferably, the dyestuff used for the solar cell is that used in dyestuff laser, typically nitrogen-pumped dyestuff laser. Stilbene (1,2-diphenyl-ethylene), rhodamine, coumarin, Nile blue, or their mixtures may be used.    ADVANTAGE -   Stable, commercially low-cost dye, easy to handle and having high conversion efficiency.
Production of a cermet anode for high temperature fuel cells involves producing a sol containing the metallic component of the cermet as oxide, converting the sol into a powder containing the metal oxide and ceramic and producing the anode from the powder. Preferably, a sol with the components Ni, Zr and Y is produced and then converted into a xerogel which is then calcined.    USE -   Especially for producing a Ni - yttrium-stabilised zirconia cermet anode for a high temperature solid oxide fuel cell.    ADVANTAGE -   The process permits inexpensive commercial production of the starting powder, since expensive powder grinding is not used, and produces anodes with satisfactory porosity, homogeneous metal and ceramic distribution and good electrochemical properties.
The composite membrane comprises a microporous polymeric sheet with pores extending through the sheet. The structure defining the pores is at least partially covered with a functional material comprising one of: (i) inorganic particulate; (ii) metal; or (iii) an organic polymer. The pores are at least partially filled with polymer electrolyte selected from: (i) a metal salt-containing polymer composition; (ii) electrolyte-containing polymer gels; or (iii) an ion-exchange resin.    Also claimed is an electrochemical reaction apparatus in which the composite membrane is used as the electrolyte.    USE -   The composite membrane is used in e.g. lithium primary or secondary cells, magnesium cells, polymer cells and fuel cells, in electrolysis, batteries, pervaporation, gas separation, dialysis, as super acid catalysts and as enzyme immobilisation media.    ADVANTAGE -   The membrane allows good ion conduction properties and has good mechanical strength and heat resistance.
A production process for a titanium oxide thin film comprises immersing a substrate in an aqueous solution containing at least one fluorotitanium complex compound and seed crystals for making a titanium oxide thin film, in the presence of a fluoride ion scavenger, to form a titanium oxide thin film on the substrate surface.    Pref. the fluorotitanium compound is 0.01 - 0.04) M; the scavenger is 10-4 - 3000 wt.% w.r.t. fluoride ions in solution; all or part of the fluorotitanium compound is obtained by reaction of Ti oxide with HF; the fluorotitanium compound is at least one from H2TiF6, (NH4)2TiF6, Na2TiF6, K2TiF6, Rb2TiF6 and Cs2TiF6; and the scavenger is a boron compound, Al chloride, NaOH or aqueous ammonia.    USE -   For photodecomposition catalysts (claimed), such as for organic compound or nitrogen oxide compound photodecomposition reactions; solar cells; optical lens coatings; household purification equipment; and industrial waste water processing.    ADVANTAGE -   A highly homogenous thin film having fastness, excellent corrosion resistance, high refractive index and photocatalytic activity is formed using simple equipment. Since there is no thermal processing, a wide range of substrates can be used.
A pellet for use in a hydrogen generation system comprising: (a) a core of sodium, calcium or metal hydride (NaH, CaH2, NaAlH4 or LiAlH4); and (b) a coating of water impervious material.    USE -   The product hydrogen gas can be used conveniently as a fuel, e.g. for internal combustion engines and fuel cells (see US3683622), for use in vehicles.    ADVANTAGE -   In contrast to prior art (see US4155712 and 4261955) the new system provides a practical light weight chemical hydrogen generation system that can be used as a portable fuel source which can be used on demand. A low pressure of hydrogen gas only need be maintained, allowing the apparatus to be constructed safely from only a light gauge material (e.g., steel). Although the materials used for hydrogen generation are not found free in nature, and large amounts of power are used in their refinement, they are still plentiful and comparatively cheap, and their use is economically practical.
The method involves laminating an aluminium compound layer, a transparent electric conduction layer, a semiconductor layer and a transparent electrode on a substrate for forming a photovoltaic cell. The photovoltaic cell is immersed in an electrolyte (207) which has a chlorine ion concentration in the range of 0.03 mols. The short circuit current path formed due to the defect in the photovoltaic cell is electrically severed by applying voltage to photovoltaic cell.    ADVANTAGE -   Excels in voltage characteristics during low illuminance. Enables large scale manufacture.
A new solar cell module has a hard transparent plastics layer on the incident face of a photovoltaic element and a at least one layer of a transparent organic polymer layer. A compound of formula XSiY(n)R(3-n) (I), (where X = glycidoxypropyl gp. or beta-(3,4-epoxycyclohexyl) ethyl gp; Y = alkoxy gp; R = alkyl gp; n =1-3, is added to the transparent organic polymer).    ADVANTAGE -   Good adhesion between the hard transparent plastics layer and photovoltaic element. The polymer layer are resistance to heat and damp, working as good insulator.
The module (1) has a transparent board (2) and an upper transparent resin sheet (3), arranged sequentially on a solar battery cell (4). Another resin sheet (6) and a resin film (7) are arranged on the lower side of the cell.    The upper and lower resin sheets are made of same material constituted by a mixture of inorganic fine particles. The heat conductivity of the resin sheet on the lower side is superior to that of ordinary resin.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents reduction in conversion efficiency.
The process involves forming a mask pattern on surface of a silicon wafer (1) other than that at the portion (4) where processing is to be performed. An etching gas is supplied to the exposed part of silicon wafer surface. A chemical reaction is carried out between the etching gas and silicon, thereby performing volatile removal of silicon from exposed part of silicon wafer. The mask pattern is finally removed.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies processing. Excels in mass production. Prevents deterioration of periphery of processing part. Prevents re-adhesion of removed silicon. Prevents crack generation in silicon wafer, by mechanical impact.
The power generation system is composed of a primary power source, a water electrolyzer for generating hydrogen by receiving power from the primary power source, a gas dryer for dehumidifying the hydrogen generated by the water electrolyzer, a hydrogen storing unit for occluding and discharging the hydrogen by using a hydrogen occlusion alloy, and a generating unit using the hydrogen discharged from the hydrogen storing unit. The power generation system incorporates a storage tank (22) for the hydrogen and a pure water used in the water electrolyzer, a pressure control valve (27) connected to the storage tank, and a gas-liquid separator (25). The storage tank (22) for the hydrogen and a pure water stores the high pressure hydrogen and the pure water introduced from a cathode of the water electrolyzer after a gas-liquid separation process and the high pressure pure water is supplied to an anode of the water electrolyzer and the pressure control valve (27) controls pressure of the hydrogen stored in the storage tank (22). The gas-liquid separator (25) stores high pressure oxygen and the pure water from the anode of the water electrolyzer, discharges high pressure oxygen through a float valve (28) driven by floating motion of a float (29) in the pure water, supplies the separated high pressure pure water to the anode of the water electrolyzer in conjunction with the pure water in the storage tank (22), and a portion of the pure water supplied to the anode is sent to the cathode through an electrolyte in the water electrolyzer.    USE -   The system is suitable as a power storage system.    ADVANTAGE -   A high pressure storage of the hydrogen is possible while suppressing consumption of the pure water to 1/9 as compared with a conventional system.
The structure includes a pair of gas diffusion electrodes (2) joined to both the principal planes of a solid state polymer electrolyte film (1) which performs conduction of ions, in an electricity generating cell. Each reaction gas is supplied to the electrodes, through inlet and outlet manifolds, respectively. A pair of metal separators (3) are adhered to an elastic thin film layer (6), partially. The cell is arranged between the metal separator pair. A seal member (4) which seals the inlet and outlet manifolds of supplied gas is united with the elastic thin film layer. An attachment component is formed by uniting the seal member attached to the metal separators with the cell.    ADVANTAGE -   Handling during attachment is simplified and mass production is possible. Positional offset of the gas seal material is prevented. The gas sealing reliability is improved. The size and weight are reduced.
The method involves forming a nickel layer (52) of thickness of 5-20 m on a base metal (51) of a division plate made of stainless steel. An aluminium thin film (53) of thickness 5-20 m is formed on the nickel plating. The temperature of the base metal is raised to 660-700 degrees C at the rate of 1-3 degrees C/minute in a hydrogen gas atmosphere. Subsequently the temperature is raised to 900-1000 degrees C at the rate of 1-3 degrees C/minute. Nickel-aluminium metal compound is formed on the base metal by diffusion of aluminium and nickel by maintaining the temperature for 2-10 hours.    ADVANTAGE -   Heat deformation of the division plate is prevented. The endurance of resistance is improved for a long period of the fuel battery. The production is simplified.
The composition includes 15-35 wt.% chromium, 3-10 wt.% molybdenum and a specific amount of nickel.    ADVANTAGE -   Corrosion resistance is good.
The separator has a substrate onto which carbon based material (3) is applied on applying pressure along thickness direction uniformly. Projection mould members (41a, 42a) of a shaping die are transferred to both the sides of the carbon based material. A groove passage through which an electrode active material passes is formed on both sides of the carbon based material.    ADVANTAGE -   The separator has good strength.
The electrode (11) consists of a gaseous diffusion layer (14) and a catalyst layer (15) on its surface. The catalyst layer consists of an electrically conductive particle (150), platinum (151), lanthanum fluoride, a water repellent particle (163) and polyelectrolyte (164).    ADVANTAGE -   A reduction in output due to carbon monoxide is prevented. The life of the battery is improved.
The module consists of a solar battery element (1420) which is located between a gusset plate (1410) and a permeation film (1430). The permeation film consists of a fluorine containing resin film formed on a contact surface with EVA copolymer by a sputtering process.    The EVA copolymer is a principal component of the permeation film. The resin film contains a thin film of a metal oxide. The metal is chosen from a group of Si, Zr, Ti, Ta, Hf, Mo, W, Nb, Sn, In, Al, Cr and Zn.    ADVANTAGE -   Excels in adhesion, weather and heat resistance properties. Improves productivity.
The apparatus has a reaction container (1) inside which gas is introduced through multiple gas feed pipes (6), arranged in planar shape. A ladder shaped planar electrode pattern with multiple wires is accommodated inside the reaction container. A power supply (3) supplies electric power to the electrode pattern for glow discharge. A non-crystal thin film is formed on the surface of a substrate installed opposite to the electrode pattern inside the reaction container. A metallic block (11) is arranged in the gap between the multiple gas feed pipes. The height of the gas feed pipes are made equal to the height of the metallic block.    USE -   Plasma CVD (chemical vapour deposition) apparatus for forming amorphous silicon solar battery, thin film semiconductor photosensor, semiconductor overcoat insulating film formation.    ADVANTAGE -   Inhibits generation of uneven plasma in-between electrodes and film forming unit. Improves manufacturing yield by forming non-crystalline thin film at high speed.
The fuel battery has multiple cells (C) held by a cell holding member (F). A power supply terminal (L) is provided on either sides of corresponding cell modules which are arranged at predetermined interval. The terminal of the adjacent cell modules are connected electrically. An oxygen gas passage (s) is formed on one side of the cell module. An oxygen pole and a fuel pole are provided on either surfaces of an electrolyte layer. A fuel gas passage (f) is formed facing the fuel pole.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves productivity.
The method involves supporting a non-baked compact (10) using a support member (11), in free state. A powder (13) is applied on the internal circumference of the support member, such that direct contact of the compact and support member is prevented. The temperature of the firing furnace is increased by which the compact is baked and an electrode hanger tube is produced.    ADVANTAGE -   Secures uniform blow hole rate. Maintains round and straight nature of hanger tube. Avoids deterioration in electrochemical characteristic of tube.
The method involves arranging multiple cylindrical compacts (10) which are not baked, in parallel manner. A hollow part is mounted between heat resistant rollers (14) rotated in same direction. The compact is rotated using the rollers and baking is performed at predetermined burning temperature.    ADVANTAGE -   Manufactures electrode hanger tube with uniform blow hole rate. Improves round and straight nature of tube.
The structure includes a substance film (11) with an unsettled part (12), provided between a pair of separators (23,24), respectively. Ion conductivity is not performed between the unsettled part. An ion exchange membrane part (13) is also formed in the substance film. An unsettled pressure part formed at the external edge of the unsettled part, is pressed by the separators. A pair of gas diffusion electrodes (20,21) is joined with the inner side part of the substance film. An unsettled middle outer edge part (15) is not pressed.    ADVANTAGE -   Secures strength of substance film. Enhances gas sealing ability.
The battery has a cylindrical battery cell comprising an air pole, solid electrolyte (14) and a fuel pole (15) are arranged in concentric circles, in its inner side. A ceramic block (12a) is inserted in the double sided vent of the cell. A sealant seals the clearance between the battery cell and the ceramic block.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves endurance of battery. Enhances airtight conservation of seal part. Avoids influence due to pressure of heating gas.
Fixing high polymer solid electrolyte film to electrode comprises keeping inner part of a porous electrode, consisting of electro-chemically active substance at reduced pressure.    USE -   The method is used for fixing high polymer solid electrolyte film to electrode in prepn. fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -   High polymer solid electrolyte film, having even and thin thickness, can be obtd.
The cell has an electrode layer (2) arranged on both sides of an electrolyte layer (1) which contains a solid state polymer film. A fuel gas passage (6), an oxidizing agent gas passage (7) and a cooling water passage (8A) are arranged in a separation board (4A,5A) which is laminated on the external surface of both the electrode layers. A hot gas, an oxidizing agent gas and cool water maintained at predetermined temperature is passed through the three passages respectively. The cooling water passage includes multiple cooling water paths (20A,20B) of rectangular cross-section. The ratio of the length and breadth of the cooling water path provided at the end of the separation board is less than that of the path provided at the centre of the separation board.    ADVANTAGE -   Suppresses collection of moisture in gas passage. Secures stable operation without reducing battery capacity. Improves temperature distribution of separation board.
The catalyst has a metal element selected from either ruthenium or tin. Another element such as indium is also included.    ADVANTAGE -   Ensures high output. Obtains highly active anode catalyst.
The electrode has a pair of gas diffusion electrode catalyst layers (12,14) formed on a solid state polymer electrolyte film (10). A gas diffusion electrode (11,13) is formed on the catalyst layer. Grooves (17,18) are formed on the surface side of the polymer electrolyte film of the collector objects (15,16), respectively.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves diffusion ability of reaction gas. Improves output capacity sharply.
An electric power generation system (2) including electrically connected fuel cells (6) each incorporating anodes (10) and cathodes (12), first passages (14) partly defined by the anodes, second passages (16) partly defined by the cathodes, third passages (28,30) connected to inlets to the first passages for supplying their associated anodes with a fuel gas, and fourth passages (38,40) connected to inlets to the second passages to supply their associated cathodes with an oxidising gas.    The passages are arranged such that: (i) an anode exhaust gas from a first group (14a) of the first passages is kept separate from the anode exhaust gas from a second group (14b) formed by other first passages, with fifth passages (48b) conveying the anode exhaust gas from the second group of first passages to the third passages for supplying fuel gas to the inlets to the first passage; and/or (ii) a cathode exhaust gas from a first group (16a) of the second passages is kept separate from the cathode exhaust gas from a second group (16b) formed by the other second passages, with sixth passages (44a,46a) conveying the cathode exhaust gas from the second group of the second passages to the fourth passages for supply the oxidising gas to the inlets to the second passages.    The fuel gas pref. includes at least one hydrocarbon gas capable of being converted to molecular hydrogen by a reforming reaction which takes place in the first passages containing a reforming reaction catalyst in an amount graded or varied along the first passages. Pref. the hydrocarbon gas is methane and the fuel gas is natural gas. Each fuel cell is pref. a solid oxide fuel cell or a molten carbonate fuel cell.    ADVANTAGE -   The fuel-cell power generator gives a better stack efficiency and temperature distribution, by avoiding the formation of hot spots at the corner region furthest from both the fuel gas and oxidising gas inlets.
Method for excluding a malfunctioning elementary cell of a membrane electrolyser or a membrane electrochemical electric current generator has a number of elementary cells assembled in a filter-press arrangement, with the cells consisting of a series of bipolar plates (2), gaskets (5), electrodes (4) and membranes (6). The gaskets and/or plates incorporate distributor channels (9) for connecting the cell to longitudinal ducts for feeding reactants and withdrawing products in the electrodic compartment of each cell. Perforations (12) made on the periphery of the gaskets and/or plates of the cell containing a malfunctioning membrane provide an access to the distribution channels. A sealing means can be injected through the perforations, which upon hardening, forms occlusions in the channels and perforations respectively.    USE -   For repairing an electrochemical cell assembly which has a cell with a damaged membrane by isolating the damaged cell.    ADVANTAGE -   The repair can be carried out without the need for opening and replacing the damaged parts, but by injecting a substance to block the feed and delivery channels.
In a bio-fuel cell, a microorganism which can react directly with an electrode without a mediator is used as microbial catalyst.    USE -   The bio-fuel cell converts reducing equivalents generated from oxidisation of a substrate by an organism into electric energy.Thus organic or inorganic matter in waste water can be used as fuel.    ADVANTAGE -   Possible toxicity and environmental problems associated with use of an electron transfer mediator are avoided. Efficiency of catabolisation of organics is increased, and sludge production reduced.
Hexa-ethoxydisilane, Si2(OC2H5)6, is prepared by reacting triethoxy-chlorosilane with molten sodium or a suspension of sodium in triethoxychloro- silane or tetraethoxysilane or a mixture of the two with an inert carrier at temperatures below 100 C.    USE -   Production of branched chain polymers and high purity disilane for solar batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   The method gives yields of up to 95%
The method involves placing a substrate in an evacuated air-tight container (12). Each material comprising a Chalcopyrite thin film is injected into the container. The atoms of each material form a massive atom group bonded loosely due to over-cooling effect by adiabatic expansion under vacuum conditions. A Cu(Inx Ga1-x ) (Sy Se1-y )2composition film is formed on the substrate by ionisation of atom groups followed by ion acceleration. The deposition rates of In-Ga alloy and Cu alloy are made equal during the time period from one-third to two-thirds of the total film-formation period. The ionisation current of In-Ga group alloy is set to that of the Cu group alloy, when lowering the Cu rich composition. The Cu and In rich composition lowering and raising conditions are altered suitably.    ADVANTAGE -   Use of inexpensive substrates is facilitated and a high efficiency and inexpensive solar battery can be manufactured.
Method involves placing a substrate in an airtight vacuum container. A Cu2S and In2S3 source are arranged individually and are heated suitably. A plasma is generated and the evaporated Cu2S and In2S3 are ionised. A CuInS2 film is formed on the substrate, by making it collide with the activated Cu2S and In2S3.    ADVANTAGE -   Obtains solar battery with high efficiency. Reduces product cost by using cheap substrate like soda-lime glass.
The alloy has predetermined composition expressed by A1- xQxB5-yRy where `A' denotes La or Mm, `Q' denotes y, `B' indicates Ni and `R' for Al or Mn and 0x0.3, 0y1, respectively. The above composition is heated for predetermined time at temperature lower than melting point. Then, the mixture is immersed in liquid cryogen and solid phase quenching is carried out.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces hysteresis and inclination of plateaux. Performs occlusion/release efficiently.
High mol. electrolyte comprises sulphonated polyether sulphone (SPES) having an ion exchange gp. equiv. wt. of 800-5000 g/mole obtd. by sulphonating (a) polyether sulphone (PES) contg. repeating unit of formula shown on claim 1.    formula shown on claim 1-p    The high mol. electrolyte is suitable for fuel batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   The high mol. electrolyte is produced at low cost and moulded easily and has high water resistance.
The solar battery has a P-type semiconductor substrate (30), on rear surface of which an oxidation silicon film layer (36) is formed. Several openings (11) are provided in the oxidation silicon film layer at pre-known positions. The oxidation silicon film layer reduces the number of minority carriers diffusing into boundary surface of the semiconductor substrate and thereby the recombination loss, by deactivating the recombination centres near the boundary surface of the substrates. A P-type fine crystal layer (37) is formed on the oxidation silicon film layer, which is connected to the rear surface of the substrate through the openings of the oxidation silicon film layer.    A small number of minority carriers diffuse into the P-type fine crystal layer, which has more impurity concentration than the substrate, from the substrate side. The fine crystal layer forms an electric field near the boundary of the substrate and collects majority carriers. A metal layer (10) is formed between the oxidation silicon film layer and P-type fine crystal layer, except at areas where the openings are formed.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves photoelectric conversion efficiency of battery, by reducing recombination loss. Reduces internal resistance of solar battery, by enhancing conductivity of thin film layers. Enhances solar light reflectivity of rear side of substrate, thereby improving closing light characteristics, by forming aluminium metal layer.
The battery has an anode container (10a) equipped with a cylindrical base (11). A metallic layer (12) having a corrosion resistance higher than that of the cylindrical base is formed on it. A chromium plating layer (13) is formed covering the surface of the metallic layer. A sodium ion permeable cylindrical solid electrolyte (10b) is arranged inside the anode container. A cathode active material (10c) consisting of metallic sodium is accommodated inside the solid electrolyte. An anode active material (10d) consisting of sulphur is accommodated in between the solid electrolyte and the anode container.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces internal resistance of battery. Improves endurance and electrical energy generation efficiency.
The methanol reforming fuel cell system comprises a methanol reforming device, a hydrogen purity improving device using a hydrogen occluding alloy, and a fuel cell.    USE -   The carbon monoxide removing device is used as a methanol reforming fuel cell.    ADVANTAGE -   The methanol reforming fuel cell system is provided with a small size carbon monoxide removing device.
The method involves passing combustion gas from a modifier (2) through a heat exchanger (4), for heating the combustion air. The combustion gas from the heat exchanger is passed to a desulphurising reactor (1) and a CO reformer (3) through respective control valves (6a,6b) for rising their temperatures. A pair of temperature sensors (7a,7b) monitor the temperature of desulphurising reactor and CO reformer based on output of which supply of combustion gas is interrupted.    ADVANTAGE -   Eliminates usage of electric heater.
The plant includes a heat exchanger unit (13) comprising a phosphoric acid heat exchanging part (11) and a water recuperator (12). Heat and water are collected from the combustion gas discharged by a modifier (2) and air from the air pole of a fuel battery using this heat exchanger unit. A phosphating unit (14) and a water treatment unit (6) are connected with the phosphoric acid heat exchanging part and water recuperator respectively.    ADVANTAGE -   Enhances phosphating capacity. Simplifies processing by cleaning phosphating tank in routine manner.
The method involves controlling the operation of a pair of blowers (1a,1b) that recirculates gas discharged from fuel pole to the inlet side. A VVVF control unit (7a,7b) controls the rotation number of the drive motor of the blowers. Control of rotation number of the blowers is carried out during initiation and stopping, such that differential voltage between the battery poles are suppressed.    ADVANTAGE -   Inhibits generation of excessive differential voltage between fuel battery poles.
The method involves mixing thermal expansion graphite powder or scale like natural graphite powder with grain size of 5-200 micron and spherical carbon powder. The mixture is then subjected to compression moulding process.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves electrical conductivity.
The method involves filling thermal expansion graphite powder in-between an upper type (24) and a lower type (26). The pressure of the cavity part enclosed by upper and lower types is reduced using a pair of vacuum pumps (32,34) and compression moulding of graphite powder is carried out using the upper and lower types.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables to manufacture collector object without peeling or swelling. Enables to carry out high pressure compression moulding. Improves filling property of collector object.
The battery includes an anode (16) and a cathode (14) which are provided sandwiching a solid state polymer electrolyte film (12). Methanol is supplied directly to the anode side and an oxidising gas is supplied to the cathode side to produce an electromotive force. An electrolyte film is embedded with an oxygen catalyst layer (22) constituting an ion exchange membrane through which oxidation of methanol takes place. The ion exchange membrane by the cathode side is formed as a porous film by casting a liquid containing electrically conductive components dispersed in ionic state in an alcoholic solution.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves electromotive efficiency of fuel battery. Removes methanol in solid state polymer electrolyte film reliably.
The process comprises interposing a solid high polymer electrolyte film (12) with electrodes (14a, 14b) arranged on both surfaces by a 1st and a 2nd frames (20a, 20b), incorporating openings (16a, 16b) with size corresponding to those of electrodes and for fixing the 1st and a 2nd frames integrally, maintaining the solid high polymer electrolyte film to a predetermined wet state by sealing water in the frames, and joining electrodes on both surfaces of the solid high polymer electrolyte film by applying heat and pressure on the electrode through the openings only.    USE -   For manufacturing an assembled member used for a fuel battery, an electrolytic device for sea water, etc..    ADVANTAGE -   The solid high polymer electrolyte film can be maintained at a desired wet state always by preventing evaporation of water component during a hot press process.
A solid ion conductor consists of a polymer matrix of perfluorocarbon sulphonic acid resin in which a specific sulphonic acid compound with a lower molecular weight having the formula of (X1 -SO3 )a M or (X2 -SO3 )a M is dispersed. In the formulae, X1 = benzene ring residue having 1-14C alkyl gps; X2= 1-14C fluorine substituted alkyl gp; M = proton or metal cation; and a = 1 or 2.    A fuel cell, consisting of anodes, cathodes, and polymer solid electrolyte membranes which are placed between the anodes and cathodes is also claimed, where the polymer solid electrolyte membranes are made of the new solid ion conductor.    USE -   For fuel cells, primary or secondary batteries, electrochromic displays, ion sensors, or gas sensors.    ADVANTAGE -    The solid ion conductor has a higher ionic conductivity, e.g., a solid ion conductor membrane 0.0204 cm thick has a conductivity of 2.23 x 10-3/ohm-cm
The battery includes air pole, mixolimnion and solid state electrolyte film which are orderly laminated. The blow hole rate, blow hole diameter and electric conductivity of the air pole are set ranging between 28-40%, 5-11m and 70S/cm or more, respectively. The gas permeability coefficient and the hardness of the air pole are set ranging between 1.0-12.0 m2 /hrxatm and 2.5 kgf/mm2 or more respectively. The blow hole rate, blow hole diameter and electric conductivity of mixolimnion are set ranging between 5-20%, 0.5-3.0 m and 10 S/cm2or more respectively. The total die thickness of the air pole and mixolimnion is set ranging between 1.0-3.0 mm.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves structure of air pole and solid state electrolyte film. Improves cell output density and manufacture yield of battery.
The electrode includes YSZ substrate (1) on front face of which Ni/YSZ cermet fuel pole (2) is formed. The content of YSZ in the fuel pole is raised, towards the substrate side.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves operation efficiency of electrode. Enables to form electrode easily. Prevents reduction of property of electrode.
A portable fuel cell comprises: (a) a fuel line connected to a reaction chamber; (b) a fuel reservoir connected to the fuel line to supply gaseous fuel to the chamber; (c) a mixer connected to the fuel line to mix the fuel with a gaseous oxidant; (d) an exhaust line connected to the chamber; (e) a water trap connected to the exhaust line and containing a water absorbing medium to dry the exhaust gas; and (f) a vent to release the dry gas into the ambient atmosphere.    USE -   To power portable electronic products.    ADVANTAGE -   The exhaust gas containing CO2 and H2O is processed effectively.
Reflector body (10) of road sign is made of tempered glass and is received in a casing (60). It has a bottom chamber (11) in which a solar lighting system (20) is installed. The lighting system comprises an LED lamp (21) and a solar cell assembly (22) with rechargeable battery (25), to which a control circuit (23) is connected. The LED lamp is controlled to operate when the intensity of ambient light drops below a predetermined level. A reflecting device (24) is mounted around the LED lamp.    Preferably the solar lighting system is protected from shock waves by flexible stuffing material (30) in the bottom chamber of the reflector body. Tempered glass preferably has Fe2O3 content below 0.3%.    Reflects light during the day, emits light when dark.
The preparation of hexaethoxydisilane (Si2 (OC2 H5 )6 ) may be used to obtain the high purity disilane (Si2 H6 ) that may be used in the production of solar batteries, and provides for the esterification of hexachlorodisilane (compound I) with ethyl alcohol. The esterification may be carried out simultaneously with the uniform input of the compound I and the ethyl alcohol at a molar ratio of 1:6.20-6.35 into the reaction zone with the simultaneous removal of the hydrogen chloride (HCl) that is formed. The compound I may be in the form of the condensate from the direct synthesis of the compound I that is obtained by the chlorination of silicon (Si) with gaseous chlorine (Cl) without separating the composition which contains (%) Si tetrachloride (SiCl4 ) 50-70, disilane (Si2 Cl6) 28-45 and higher perchloropolysilanes 2-5. The procedure may be carried out at 20-35C.    USE -   Used in the preparation of hexaethoxydisilane.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves the yield of the hexaethoxydisilane, and simplifies its separation by avoiding the necessity for removing the solvent. Moreover, the amount of wastes generated is reduced.
The purifier has a reservoir tank (3) into which raw water (11) is fed from a water feeding part. The liquid feed part is a booster pump which uses solar battery as power source. A main filter (4) is provided, through which water permeates from reservoir tank as pure water.    USE -   For purifying water from, e.g., underground, rain and sea water.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids need for artificial power source. Ensures flexibility, practicality and transportation. Suitable for outdoor application simply and safely.
The water heating unit has a main line (L) which has an inlet line (Li) and an outlet line (Lo). The inlet line is connected to the outlet lines through two connection lines (L1,L2). Water flowing in the inlet line is supplied to a pump (3) of a plant through the outlet line. Five ion exchange resin towers (R1-R5) are serially connected and are arranged in the main line to remove impurities contained in the water flowing in the main line. The second connection line connects the fourth and fifth resin tower and is connected to a second conductivity meter (26) which detects the electric conductivity of water flowing in the second connection line. Based on the detection result of the second conductivity meter, water is made to flow from the second connection line to the outlet line or water is made to flow from the inlet line to the second connection line through bypass lines (B).    ADVANTAGE -   Facilitates exchange of resin tower.
A gas humidifying device (14) for a fuel cell to humidify the fuel gas and/or oxygen containing gas which is supplied to the fuel cell having an anode electrode and cathode electrode facing each other with a solid electrolyte membrane between comprising: (a) water permeable elements (22a-22f); (b) gas supply passages (34a-34c), (48a-48c) formed on side surfaces of the water permeable elements; (c) humidifying water passages (40a-40f) formed on the other side surfaces of the water permeable elements; and (d) medium flow passages (44) for supplying a medium having a melting point below that of water. The passages being independent from yet located close to the humidifying water passage.    USE -   In the humidification of gases supplied to a fuel cell to maintain a solid polymer electrolyte in an optimal humidified state.    ADVANTAGE -   When water which is used for humidifying a fuel gas and oxygen containing gas becomes frozen within the water passages of the humidifier a medium having a melting point below that of water is supplied to medium flow passages which are located in the vicinity of the water passages to exchange heat between the water and the medium. As a result the fuel cell, which has a simple structure, enables simple and efficient melting of the frozen humidifying water.
Solar cell is fabricated by depositing an Si layer by liquid phase epitaxy using In as solvent onto a crystalline substrate containing 10 ppm or more impurities, preferably metal-grade Si. Preferably the substrate is formed in a plate-shaped mold by melting and solidifying Si particles in the mold and then depositing the Si layer on the surface.    ADVANTAGE -   The In solvent dissolves the surface layer of the substrate and removes impurities before the Si is re-precipitated. This allows low-cost metal-grade Si to be used as substrate without the need for the substrate to be sliced from an ingot.
In a process for producing a solar cell support wafer, consisting of a reaction bonded silicon carbide-based ceramic substrate layer, a crystalline silicon top layer and optionally an intermediate barrier layer, reaction bonding of the substrate layer and formation of the silicon top layer are carried out in a single heat treatment operation. Also claimed is a solar cell support wafer consisting of a reaction bonded silicon carbide-based ceramic substrate layer, a crystalline silicon top layer and optionally an intermediate barrier layer.    USE -   In the production of crystalline silicon thin film solar cells (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   Substrate production costs are reduced by avoiding the need for a separate ceramic firing operation. Additionally, the ceramic substrate can be produced over a wide composition range and fulfils the strength, thermal expansion, electrical conductivity and silicon top layer adhesion requirements.
Arrangement for the preparation of heat energy for a gas production system, consists of: (a) a central component with a main combustion chamber in which a fuel is catalytically oxidised with the aid of an oxygen-containing gas; (b) a first pipe for introducing a fuel/gas mixture to the chamber; (c) a second pipe for removing the reacted fuel/gas mixture; and (d) a device for transferring heat energy from the chamber to the gas production system. The novelty is that two further combustion chambers (3, 4) are provided containing catalyst material (24) for oxidising the fuel. The second combustion chamber (3) is the cold start component and contains an electrical heater (27). The untreated third chamber (4) is used to react any residual gas. Also claimed is a process for starting up the arrangement.    USE -   Used in the operation of fuel cells for mobile purposes, in which hydrogen is produced from a hydrocarbonaceous crude gas, especially methanol, by steam reforming or partial oxidation.    ADVANTAGE -   Waste gas emissions are reduced.
A process for forming transparent, electrically conductive and infrared reflective, fluorine-doped zinc oxide comprises reacting a vapour mixture comprising the vapour of a chelate of a dialkylzinc, an oxygen-containing vapour and a fluorine-containing vapour. Also claimed is a process for forming a layer comprising zinc oxide by reaction of a vapour mixture comprising the vapour of an amine chelate of a dialkylzinc and an oxygen-containing vapour.    USE -   In solar cells, flat-panel display devices, electrochromic absorbers and reflectors, energy-conserving heat mirrors and anti-static coatings.    ADVANTAGE -   The doped zinc oxide layer is formed from precursors that are not pyrophoric [liable to spontaneous combustion under the process conditions]. The zinc chelates are easily vaporised [either liquid themselves or readily soluble in xylene] for use in a chemical vapour deposition process (CVD). The process is relatively insensitive to leaks of air into the deposition region. All of the reactant vapours may be mixed homogeneously before delivery to the heated surface of the substrate, and all of the reactants are commercially available, stable and relatively non-hazardous.
The separator (5a) having a set of gas conduction paths (6,6a) is arranged on the outer surfaces of a fuel electrode and an oxidising electrode. An electrolyte layer is enclosed between the fuel electrode and the oxidising electrode. The above arrangement constitutes a cell which is laminated to obtain a multilayered fuel battery body. Reaction gas supplied through a pair of gas inlets (12, 12A) of a manifold (10) is made to flow through the gas conduction path which is enclosed between ribs (14). A pair of outlets (13, 13A) are provided in the manifold through which the gas flows out. The gas flow direction through the adjacent gas conduction paths is in a mutually reverse direction.    ADVANTAGE -   Capacity and stability are improved.
The target consists of a compact with a tap density more than 1.8g/cm3obtained by moulding the indium oxide tin oxide powder. The diameter of the medium size particle distributed in the compact is 0.4 micron or less and that of the maximum size particle of the compact is 1 micron or less of the 80% of the cumulative distribution of the particle size. The compact is then sintered in the oxygen atmosphere.    USE -   For window material of solar battery and antistatic film.    ADVANTAGE -   Has high density. Prevents generation of module during sputtering. Improves yield of manufacture of products.
The material comprises fluororesin containing 1-20 wt.% titanium oxide particles. The grain size of the titanium oxide particles is 1-1000 nm. The surface protection material has a total optical beam transmittance of 80% and a transmittance of 350 nm UV light of 20%    ADVANTAGE -   Deterioration of the adhesive and surface contamination of the solar battery are effectively prevented. The electricity generation efficiency of the solar battery is improved. Electricity generation efficiency is maintained for a long time. The life and protection efficiency of the material are improved.
The apparatus comprises: (a) a rotary cooling body with a heating and fusing portion for silicon, and a heat-resistant material; (b) a mechanism for pressurising and supplying a silicon melt by the pressure of a jet to the outer peripheral surface of the rotary cooling body; and (c) a fencing wall dipped in the silicon melt.    Also claimed is the production of the silicon ribbon, where the outer peripheral surface of the rotary cooling body has a temperature of at least 900C.    USE -   Used for the production of silicon ribbon used in solar batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   The process produces silicon ribbon at a higher extraction rate having good flatness and improved electrical characteristics. The rotary cooling body non-contact surface of the silicon ribbon has improved flatness. The use of the rotary cooling body having a temperature of 900C or more yields a silicon ribbon with higher extraction rate having less crystal defects, a large crystal particle diameter, good crystal flatness, and improved electrical characteristics.
In the refining processes of hydrogen gas contg. carbon monoxide by making the mixture of it and oxygen to contact with the oxidation catalyst (A) of carbon monoxide, the catalyst is treated with the gas whose main constituent is hydrogen prior to its use. Reaction temp. of the processes in (1) is higher than the temp. of the air. (A) in (1) is Ru.    USE -   Used for refining hydrogen used in PEFC type fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -   This system can be started at room temp. without using heater, so that the fuel cell system in which this system is installed can be started at the lower temp. than those of conventional methods.
A demonstration apparatus for energy production from hydrogen, having a hydrogen reservoir and a fuel cell with a housing (16) divided by a membrane/electrode unit (11) associated at both sides with perforated collector plates (12) and contacts (15) leading to an external consumer, includes a transparent gas supply element (13) which has open channels (10) for gas supply over the membrane/electrode unit (11) and which is held under constant pressure by pre-tensioned transparent elastic material (14) in the space between each wall of the housing (16) and the gas supply element (13). Preferably, the elastic material (14) is silicone and the gas supply elements (13) and the housing (16) consist of plastic, especially acrylic glass.    USE -   For demonstrating hydrogen-energy production technology in schools, universities, etc.    ADVANTAGE -   The apparatus provides clear visibility of the water formation process at the fuel cell electrode, has low manufacturing cost, provides effective current output and has a long operating life.
Solar cell module comprises: a substrate (107); a photovoltaic device (I) (101); a filler resin (103) sealing (I) on the substrate; a surface film (104) covering the resin; an insulating film (106) between (I) and the substrate; and an inorganic fibrous sheet (102) between (I) and the surface film. The substrate is bent at an (edge) portion which is free from the insulating film (106). Process for forming the module by stacking the layers in sequence and then bending the edge portion of the substrate is claimed.    USE -   Especially as part of a roofing member and as part of a ventilation apparatus for a building which includes the roofing member (claimed). An electricity generator is also claimed which comprises the module and an inverter for converting module output.    ADVANTAGE -   The structure effectively suppresses moisture ingress into the module over prolonged outdoor periods, while maintaining high electrical insulation. The module also has excellent inflammability and the bent structure facilitates assembly into a roofing member.
A process for producing CIS (copper indium selenide or sulphide) strip solar cells involves (a) electroplating one side of a pre-cleaned copper strip with indium during continuous coil to coil passage; (b) subjecting the plated strip to continuous rapid heating by contact with a heated graphite body and to one-side contact with hot sulphur or selenium vapour in a narrow gap; (c) selectively etching away the resulting copper sulphide layer; and (d) coating the CIS layer surface with a transparent collector or adaptation layer of p+-conductive copper oxide sulphide. Ga or an In-Ga alloy can be used instead of In, Se or an S/Se mixture can be used instead of S and other p+-conductive transparent compounds (e.g. ZnTe and Cu2O) can be used instead of copper oxide sulphide.    Also claimed is a narrow gap reactor for carrying out the above process, in which a reaction gap is enclosed by a radiant heated stationary graphite heater (1) with a convex gap surface, a gas heater (2) (option ally of graphite) with a concave gap surface and two quartz glass plates (3) for sealing the gap (4).    ADVANTAGE -   The process allows highly efficient and economical deposition of adherent CIS solar cells on copper strips. The reactor ensures rapid and continuous strip heating utilising the good sliding properties and thermal conductivity of graphite so that rotating heated parts are not required; provides high material utilisation efficiency by using a precisely defined narrow reaction space; ensures high reactivity of Se and S by gas and strip heating; and has a simple and inexpensive construction.
A fuel cell power plant (10) includes: a reformer (12) to steam reform hydrocarbon to gas including hydrogen and carbon monoxide using hydrogen as fuel; a gas separating device (14) to separate hydrogen in the reformed gas; a fuel cell (16) using the hydrogen, which has been separated, as fuel; and a waste heat boiler (18) to produce steam from the excess hydrogen of the fuel cell and the waste heat of the reformer. The steam produced is used as the steam reforming of the reformer and utility steam.    ADVANTAGE -   The fuel cell power plant can generate power at high efficiency using hydrocarbon as fuel. Further, the discharge of carbon in the fuel as carbon dioxide can be controlled, and, at the same time with power generation, utility steam can be manufactured.
The package (50) includes two or more unit batteries which are laminated to form a fuel battery unit (1a) that generates electrical energy due to electro chemical reaction between many kinds of reaction gases. The fuel battery unit is installed on the upper part of a base (51) to which a body part (53) is attached. A fuel battery unit is covered with a cover (52). A set of pipe lines (55,60,65,70) which supply reaction gases to the fuel battery unit and eject the resultant gas after electro chemical reaction are provided in the body part. A space is provided near the wall surface of the body part from which the pipe lines are separated.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables to perform repair/inspection work and exchange work easily, quickly and efficiently. Prevents generation of noise, vibration and exhaust gas thus avoiding environmental pollution. Improves response to load fluctuation.
The compound film (SP) includes the barrier film that is deposited in an adhesive film (3). A weather resistance film (2) is laminated on the barrier film. A heat resistant plastic film is deposited in the barrier film by PCVD method using aluminium oxide and silicon oxide. The heat resistant plastic film has fusion temperature less than 180C.    USE -   For packing food and pharmaceutical product.    ADVANTAGE -   Obtains excellent weather resistance and steam/gas interruption property. Facilitates long time usage effectively. Improves yield of solar battery.
The apparatus has a supplier which supplies air to a decarboxylation tower (2). An air cleaner cleans the supplied air by carrying out back washing using water.    ADVANTAGE -   Obtains pure decarbonisation acid treatment water. Prevents contamination during treatment.
The apparatus has a first substrate receipt unit that holds one end side of a strip-shaped substrate. A second substrate receipt unit holds the other end side. A thin film formation unit is arranged between the first and second receipt units. The thin film formation unit selectively forms thin films on the principal plane of the substrate. The direction of the substrate is inverted, when forming each layer of a thin film.    ADVANTAGE -   Shortens film forming time. Simplifies structure of apparatus.
The photovoltaic cell includes lamination of a non- monocrystal n type layer containing silicon atom, a non- monocrystal i type layer and a non-monocrystal p type layer on a substrate.    Thereby, a pin substrate (100) is comprised over which a reflecting layer (101) is laminated. The principal composition of the reflecting layer is aluminium magnesium alloy or aluminium titanium alloy.    ADVANTAGE -   Possesses environmental resistant property. Offers superior photovoltaic cell with high durability. Improves photoelectric conversion efficiency.
A new polymer electrolyte for fuel cells is made of a sulphonated polymer consisting of units of formula -[Ph-SO2-Ph-O-SO2-Ph-O]- (I) and units of formula -[Ar-O-Ph-SO2-Ph-O]- (II), where only the structure unit of formula (II) is sulphonated. The polymer has an equivalent weight of ion exchanging gp. of 500-2,500 (550-1,500) g/mol. In formulae, Ar = -Phn (n = 1,2,3), -Phn-Ph- (n =1,2), -Ph-O-Ph-, -Ph-S-Ph-, -Ph-CH2-Ph-, -NaPh- or -Ph-Ph- (Ph = phenyl and NaPh = naphthyl). Further claimed are: (1) a polymer electrolyte membrane for fuel cell, (2) the prodn. of the polymer electrolyte membrane, where the new polymer electrolyte is moulded by liq. casting, melt pressing or melt extrusion, and (3) a fuel cell using the new polymer electrolyte membrane.    USE -   Used for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The new polymer electrolyte is produced in a simple, cost effective manner. It has a higher water resistance providing a fuel cell with a higher current-voltage performance.
The battery has a single cell (1) equipped with an electrode layer (2), a fuel pole catalyst layer (3), an air pole catalyst layer (5), a fuel pole base material supporting the fuel pole catalyst layer and an air pole base material (6) supporting the air pole catalyst layer. The single cell is laminated in- between a pair of top and bottom separation boards (10). A second pair of edge plates (12) are attached to both the edges of the under surface of the separation board using an adhesive agent (13). A first pair of edge plates (11) are attached to both the edges of the upper surface of the separation board using an adhesive agent. The first pair of edge plates are provided surrounding both the side surfaces of the air pole base material and the second pair of edge plates are provided surrounding both the side surfaces of the fuel pole base material.    ADVANTAGE -   Inhibits leakage of reaction gas in connection surface of edge plate and separation board. Improves safety and stability of operation of battery.
The cell has a solid electrolyte on both sides of which, an air pole and a fuel pole are formed respectively. The fuel pole includes multiple metal grains (35) chosen out of Ni, Co, Ti, Fe and Ru. Multiple small and large diametral ceramic grains (31,32) form a continuous frame (33) in the fuel pole. The mean particle diameter of the small and large diametral ceramic grains ranges between 0.1-2 micrometers and 5-30 micrometers respectively. The ratio of first weight (Ws) of the large diametral ceramic grain and second weight (Wp) of the small diametral ceramic grain is set such that it satisfies the following condition: 1.0 Ws/Wp 9.0.    ADVANTAGE -   Inhibits growth of metal grain in fuel pole. Improves electricity generation property.
Temperature-controlled solar cell (1) for solar reactors has a multi-web plate of translucent or transparent plastics through which liquid can flow, which has not less than 3 bands (2) with webs (3) between them. The novelty is that the spaces between 2 bands and the webs comprise space(s) containing a functional layer (4a) of reaction medium for the photochemical process or photosynthesis in the reactor and other space(s) containing a layer (4b) of temperature control medium.    USE -   The cell is used for controlling the temperature of the reactor medium in solar reactors (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   The temperature of known solar cells can vary widely, depending on the intensity of the sunlight and other weather conditions. As a result, the cells do not usually operate at the optimum temperature for the relevant (photo)chemical reaction or photosynthesis. The present construction is simple and allows effective temperature control. It avoids the need for costly shading systems.
Fuel cell comprises: (a) a separate anode comprising an electrolyte tank (1) with an immersed anode (4), means to supply electrolyte and means to supply fuel; (b) a separate cathode cell including an electrolyte tank (2) with an immersed cathode (21), means to supply electrolyte and means to supply oxidant; (c) means to withdraw reacted electrolyte from anode tank and supply to cathode tank; (d) means to withdraw reacted electrolyte from cathode tank and supply it to the anode tank; (e) a 1st electrode (5) immersed in anode tank next to anode and a 2nd electrode (22) immersed in cathode tank next to cathode, the two being externally electrically connected; and (f) means to connect anode and cathode to electrical load (30) of cell.    Also claimed are: (i) a fuel cell as above but including a reaction vessel; and (ii) a continuous process for producing electrical power and heat using the fuel cell above.    ADVANTAGE -   The process avoids the use of a diaphragm between he anode and cathode sections so giving faster reaction rates.
The material includes a laminated arrangement of ceramic members, on whose surface fibre like particle is formed. The flocculation between ceramic members, is blocked, by forming a lubricant layer on each surface of the ceramic member.    ADVANTAGE -   Block gas generation is reliable. Improves mechanical strength. Simplifies manufacture. Enables to obtain homogeneous ceramic member.
Device (A) is equipped with a reaction tube (6) in which catalytic layer (11) is installed. Raw gas is introduced into (6) then on passing through (11) it is denatured sufficient for use by fuel cells. Inner space of (6) is divided into multiple spaces with multiple porous and thermal conductive dishes (8) on which catalyst (10) is installed to form catalytic layers (11). Spaces (12) are installed between adjacent (11). Catalyst (10) is packed with more dense as it approaches to the outlet and the spaces (12) get more long as they approach to the outlet.    USE -   Used for denaturing raw fuel for fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -   This method is able to keep the temp. difference between inside and the surface of the catalytic layers, so that minimise facilities and lower the energy cost.
(1) A device (A), equipped with a reaction tube (6) in which catalytic layer (11) is installed. Raw gas is introduced into (6) then on passing through (11) it is denatured sufficient for use by fuel cells. Multiple (11)s are installed from (6)'s inlet to its outlet with fixed paces between them. (2) Catalysts in (11)s are packed with more dense as it approaches to the outlet and the space between (11)s becomes longer as it approaches to the outlet.    USE -   Used for denaturing raw fuel for fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -   This method is able to prevent the deterioration of catalytic layers by their compression load caused by their and reaction tube's thermal expansion.
The solar battery includes a semiconductor substrate which is made up of III-V group mixed crystal semiconductor. A p type and n type semiconductor layers are formed on the semiconductor substrate.    ADVANTAGE -   Obtains highly efficient and inexpensive solar battery. Attains good lattice matching property.
The method involves forming several mask film (2) over thin film forming face of an insulated substrate (1). First and second electrode layers (10,30) are laminated over the mask and are separated by a thin film semiconductor layer (20).    After forming several semiconductor devices simultaneously, the mask film is stripped off from the insulated substrate so that the devices are separated mutually.    ADVANTAGE -   The method offers highly precise pattern and improves productivity.
The method involves forming a PN junction on a transparent electrically conductive film of a substrate (1). A cadmium sulphide film (4) is formed on the substrate. A carbon film (5) with desired pattern is formed on the cadmium sulphide film. Then, a cadmium-telluride film (6) is formed on the carbon film.    An electrode which extracts current from the cadmium sulphide semiconductor film, is formed on side surface of the cadmium- telluride film.    ADVANTAGE -   Offers inexpensive and highly efficient solar battery. Improves productivity.
The apparatus has a set of nozzles (15,15A-15C), each of which consists of multiple gas blowing pores (16a,16b) provided at equal intervals, along the length direction of a tube inside which multiple wafers (13) are arranged. Impurity gas is injected into the tube through the nozzle.    ADVANTAGE -   Performs uniform injection of impurity gas.Performs uniform and stabilised processing.
The battery has an electrode group (14) that is formed by laminating a positive electrode (7) and a negative electrode (5) through a separator (6). The electrode group is accommodated in an U-shaped accommodation unit (8) that has multiple projections (9) and a laminated electrode object (15) is formed. The laminated electrode object is inserted in a case (10).    ADVANTAGE -   Obtains excellent load characteristic and charging/discharging characteristic. Reduces damage caused to electrodes during insertion. Improves reliability and productivity.
The battery includes a tube (1) that is divided into two sections by a solid electrolyte material (2) which selectively passes sodium ions. A positive active material (5) and a negative electrode active material (4) are arranged in the two sections of the tube. The positive active material includes sodium as principal component to which 10 mol% or less of barium chloride is added. The negative electrode active material includes mixed salt and sulphur of metal chloride as principal component. The battery releasing temperature is set to be 180 C.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables low temperature releasing of battery.
The battery includes an electrical insulator (2) made of ceramics, which is joined between an anodised part (3) and cathode part (1). The electrical insulator is joined to a solid electrolytic ceramics bag pipe (4). Titanium is made to be the subject at junction between anodised part and insulator, and cathode part and insulator. A soldering material which contains either or all of zirconium, copper and nickel, is interposed in the junction part.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves safety and reliability of battery. Prevents sodium corrosion at junction part, when operating at high temperature.
The structure includes a set of fuel cells laminated with a separator in between them to form a multilayered body. A heating gas and an oxidising agent gas supplied to the fuel cells through a gas conduction path in the separator to generate DC power. A pressure plate (2) provided at either ends of the multilayered body presses it along the lamination direction. A heating unit (5) with an inlet/discharge piping for heating medium is provided for maintaining the temperature of the multilayered body constant. The heating medium is supplied from the external of the multilayered body through the inlet piping and discharged through the respective piping. The heating unit heats the oxidising agent gas and the heating gas.    ADVANTAGE -   Maintains stable electricity generation characteristic for long time.
The plant has a condensation heat exchanger part (8a)provided in exhaust gas entrance which condenses phosphoric acid contained in exhaust gas. A water recuperator part (8b) is provided in the downstream side of the exchanger part, for condensing water contained in the exhaust gas. A cleaner (10) cleans the heat exchanger part. A flow controller (16) controls flow of fluid supplied to the cleaner.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids reduction in condensation recovery property. Prevents corrosion damage of connection piping. Improves maintenance property of plant.
The fuel battery module has an electricity generation chamber (11) with a fuel battery stack (12) in which solid electrolyte fuel batteries are connected serially. A fuel supply chamber (13) supplies natural gas and steam as a fuel (22) to the fuel battery in the electricity generation chamber. A fuel ejection chamber (14) discharges the fuel exhaust gas and non- converted gas generated by fuel battery reaction, to the external as ejection fuel (25). A heat exchanger (17) performs heat exchange of air (24) and ejection air (26) which are supplied to the electricity generation chamber. A heat insulating material (19) surrounds the electricity generation chamber. A pre- reformer (31) with a steam reforming catalyst is arranged on the fuel supply chamber. The reforming reaction of the natural gas of the fuel and the steam, is performed. The deheat generated at the time of electricity generation by endothermic reaction is absorbed.    ADVANTAGE -   The module eliminates need for apparatus to perform reforming of electrical power generating device, thereby simplifying plant composition.
The installation includes a fuel battery. A heat exchanger (22) is arranged on the upstream side of the fuel battery. The heat exchanger exchanges heat of anode gas (2) and cathode gas (3). The temperature of the fuel battery inlet is adjusted by circulating predetermined amount of cathode and anode gas.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids separate temperature control.
The structure includes a base pipe (1) which has two or more concave shaped groove (1a) on its external surface. A fuel pole (2), an electrolyte (3) and an air pole (4) are formed on the surface of a base pipe. A single element (5) is formed on the external surface of the base pipe. Projections (5a) are formed on the single element corresponding to the concave shaped groove.    ADVANTAGE -   Realises high output density. Reduces number of cells in module.
The fuel cell has a battery cell which comprises a solid electrolyte (13) on upper surface of which a fuel pole (14) is provided. An air pole (11) is provided on lower surface of the solid electrolyte. A separator (15) is mounted on the solid electrolyte through the fuel pole. A seal part having a sealant (17) seals the edge of interface boundary of battery cell and separator. The sealant consists of sintered compact of raw material powder with an average grain size of 0.5 m or less and melting point higher than battery operating temperature.    ADVANTAGE -   Inhibits generation of thermal stress in seal part. Raises chemical stability of seal part. Plans at air-tight conservation. Raises endurance of battery towards thermocycle.
The fuel battery has an electrode film contact piece which comprises an electrolyte film at either surface of which an electrode is provided. A separator (1) having a number of ribs on its surface is provided. A fluorine polymer is coated in the clearance formed between the ribs. The fluorine polymer does not contain ion exchange group.    ADVANTAGE -   High output. Stabilizes output. Avoids need for removing surface active agent in rib, since lump is not generated. Obtains water repellent property of rib.
The method involves forming a cylindrical compact (11) containing air pole formation powder. A solid electrolyte compact (13) containing solid electrolyte formation powder and a collector object compact (15) containing collector object formation powder, are also formed. The contraction level of solid electrolyte compact and that of collector object compact is about 10-16% and 10.5-20% respectively, while baking the cylindrical compact. The contraction level of both these compacts is larger than that of the cylindrical compact.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves junction strength of air electrode, solid electrolyte and collector object. Avoids crack generation.
The method involves forming an airtight film (12) on an electricity generating element which is constituted by a fuel pole (13), an electrolyte (14) and an air pole (16). The film is formed on a porous base pipe (1) by screen printing along the axial direction and is then dried. The film is formed such that both ends of the fuel pole do not overlap with both the ends of the airtight film. Subsequently, the film is formed on the fuel pole and dried such that both ends of the electrolyte overlap with the airtight film. Both ends of the peripheral direction of the interconnector, overlaps the airtight film and the electrolyte. The obtained compact is baked. The air pole covers the electrolyte and interconnector.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents generation of pin hole during film formation. Enables uniform film formation.
The battery contains a solid electrolyte (1) with an electrode (2) on two side surfaces. An electrode material grain (6) is arranged on the plane of the solid electrolyte and the electrode. The electrode material grain is deeply embedded in the solid electrolyte.    ADVANTAGE -   Restrains generation of blowhole. Improves electricity generation characteristics. Enables expansion of effective electrode area of boundary surface of solid electrolyte and electrode. Simplifies roughening of boundary surface at contact portion of solid electrolyte and electrode.
The method involves applying coating liquid dispersed with electrically conductive oxide ultra-small particles on surface of a base.    The electrically conductive oxide ultra small particle has grain size of a about 5nm-250nm. Then hardening is done to the dispersed electrically conductive film.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces manufacturing cost and improves yield of battery. Obtains high haze by hardening. Obtains low sheet resistance. Reduces surface roughness degree.
(I) Photovoltaic device having a plurality of pin structures each comprising first, second, and third, pin structures in sequence from the light incident side, each having an i-type semiconductor layer the first pin structure being amorphous silicon, the second microcrystalline silicon, and the third amorphous silicon germanium.    Also claimed (II) is the device as (I) in which the third pin structure i-type layer is microcrystalline silicon germanium.    Preferably the i-type layer in the second pin structure is 300 - 2200 nm thick, and contains 8 ppm B. The n-type layer of the second pin structure is microcrystalline Si or a laminate of microcrystalline and amorphous Si layers. The amorphous Si-Ge i-type layer in the third pin structure contains 45 at% Ge, and is 60 - 250 nm thick formed by microwave plasma-assisted chemical vapour deposition and has on at least one interface layer, a buffer layer containing no Ge.    USE -   Fabrication of solar cells and sensors.    ADVANTAGE -   The structure provides for increased photoelectric conversion efficiency with less photo-deterioration.
Method of fabricating integrated thin film solar cells comprises: (a) forming a transparent conductive film on a transparent substrate having an insulative surface; (b) scribing for segmenting the transparent conductive film to form electrodes; (c) forming amorphous semiconductor layer overall; (d) scribing for segmenting the semiconductor layer to form amorphous semiconductor photoelectric conversion layers; and (e) forming a rear electrode layer and scribing it to form rear electrodes by forming a resist film and forming trenches in it by laser scribing and etching off portions of the rear electrode using the remaining resist as a mask.    USE -   Fabrication of thin film solar cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The method allows for segmentation of the rear electrode without loss in effective power generation area.
The centre post electrochemical cell stack (10) for the generation of a product gas from a supply fluid has a frame (12) with a base plate (14) with a wall (16) affixed to it to define a cell chamber (18) to house an electrochemical cell. A T-cap (22) with a top plate (24) and centre post (26) extends away from the top plate which is secured to the wall of the frame (12) to close the cell chamber (18) and the centre post (26) passes through a central through-bore (127) in the cell and is adjustably secured to the base plate (14) so that the T-cap (22) and frame (12) cooperate to contain pressure generated by operation of the cell.    USE -   Used for the production of oxygen gas for use in air or spacecraft. A further use is as a fuel cell configured to produce electrical energy from gaseous supply fuels.    ADVANTAGE -   The cell stack has enhanced sealing properties w.r.t leakage under an internal operating pressure of approximately 2000 psi and does not have large heavy frame components.
The production of a polycrystalline thin film comprises forming a film on a substrate such that the temperature does not exceed 450C for a time period greater than 100 microseconds and irradiating at least a part of the film so formed with at least one energy pulse to cause heating and recrystallisation of the film in a time period such that the substrate temperature does not exceed 180C for more than 100 microseconds. Also claimed are: (i) a process as above for making thin films for use in solar cells using laser pulses to cause recrystallisation and increased grain size; and (ii) polycrystalline thin films formed as above.    USE -   Used in the production of thin films for solar cells, especially for high altitude long endurance planes, satellites and vehicles.    ADVANTAGE -   The cost and weight of solar cell substrates are decreased while maintaining or increasing efficiency, since low-temperature, low-cost substrates/superstrates may be used.
The cation group Au ethylenediamine complex is adsorbed by a cation exchange membrane and immersed in a reducing agent soln. to deposit Au on the surface of the membrane.    USE -   The combined matter of Au and ion exchange membrane is used for electrolysis apparatus and fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The combined matter of Au and ion exchange membrane has good adhesion, low contact resistance and small relative surface resistance.
The method involves filling a metallic vessel with gas atomised powder of cobalt-chromium-thallium alloy and enclosing. Pressure application of the vessel is done in a die at high temperature by which it is moulded on solidification and is then cooled to room temperature. The heat treatment for the formation of a low radio magnetic rate is done at 800- 1250 degC which is then cooled and is cut to predetermined shape.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces radio magnetic rate of target material. Avoids distortion. Inhibits curvature generation during sputtering at target material. Enables to produce thin film efficiently.
Production of oxytitanium phthalocyanine comprises attrition-treating dihalogenophthalocyanine in the presence of water. Also claimed are electrophotographic receptors with a photosensitive layer contg. the oxytitanium phthalocyanine.    USE -   The oxytitanium phthalocyanine is useful for electrophotographic receptors, solar batteries, sensors and switching devices.    ADVANTAGE -   The method can give oxytitanium phthalocyanine with excellent photoconductive function on the industrial scale facilely and the electrophotographic receptors have a high sensitivity at around 800 nm, improved voltage stability on repeated use and excellent durability.
Semiconductor material is filled into the crucible which Si seed crystals are arranged at the bottom, and melted and solidified to give the Si semiconductor substrate.    USE -   Si semiconductor substrate is used for solar cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The Si semiconductor substrate and substrate for solar cells having uniform crystal orientation, can be manufactured at low cost.
Vacuum lamination system has a number of vacuum applying assemblies (101 to 114) each of which has a lower support member (101) and a top cover sheet (102) between which the device to be laminated, sandwiched between upper and low filler sheets, is placed to be subjected to vacuum applied through a pipe (103) prior to applying heat to the assembly. The vacuum applying assemblies are stacked vertically prior to subjecting the assemblies to vacuum and heat, before the stack is dis-assembled and the sealed products taken out from the assemblies. Also claimed are the systems in which a number of stacks are cycled between loading, vacuum applying, heating, and unloading stations in succession; an apparatus for the vacuum laminating system as above in which the support member (101) is a steel plate with a vacuum pipe (103) arranged in a loop on and connected by intermittent welds to its surface, with perforations through the pipe wall at the inner circumference of the loop, and with a sealant sealing the junction between the pipe and the plate; and a process for vacuum laminating a stacked body using the apparatus.    USE -   Particularly in the mass production of solar cell modules.    ADVANTAGE -   Vacuum piping is firmly fixed and sealed to the support plate to provide a strong, durable, apparatus which requires no excessive care in handling. The apparatus is operable at high efficiency .
(I) Photo-active region for generation of free carriers when an optical radiation is present at a light incident surface is claimed. The photo-active region comprises a conducting transparent matrix with embedded within it clusters of semiconductor material arranged so as to define at least one distribution ranging from smaller at the light incident surface to larger near an oppositely facing surface of the photo-active region.    Also claimed (II) the device as (I) with a plurality of cluster layers as (I) with the clusters in any layer being smaller than the clusters in the next lower layer.    Also claimed (III) is the method of manufacture of (I) or (II) by forming the layers of transparent matrix material and semiconductor clusters in sequence.    Also claimed (IV) is a solar cell including the photo-active material with current electrodes formed on opposite sides of it and field electrodes formed adjacent to them with a transparent insulating layer between them.    USE -   Fabrication of solar cells.    ADVANTAGE -   Using layers containing clusters of semiconductor in a range of sizes gives a range of band gaps allowing solar energy over a wider wavelength to be converted to useable electricity.
A multi-stage fuel cell arrangement of dissimilar solid state electrolyte elements, which includes a first fuel cell stage (10) having spaced apart electrolyte elements incorporating thin flat plates constructed from a first solid state electrolyte material having a low ion conductivity, and having a first electrode material adhering to at least one of the first flat surfaces. The first fuel cell stage positioned and arranged within an electrochemical power system to initially receive a flow (40) of a gaseous fuel through the spaces between the spaced apart first cell electrolyte elements. A second fuel cell stage (20) has similar spaced-apart cell electrolyte elements but made of a second solid state electrolyte material having a greater ion conductivity. The second fuel cell stage is positioned and arranged adjacent to the first fuel cell stage within the electrochemical power system to receive the flow of the gaseous fuel discharged from the first fuel cell stage.    Also claimed is a modular multi-stage fuel cell construction incorporating the above arrangement for electrochemical power systems utilising reactant gaseous fuel.    USE -   The fuel cell us used in electrochemical power systems utilising a reactant gaseous fuel (claimed), in solid oxide fuel cells.
Production of a nickel oxide coating (14) comprises providing a nickel substrate (12) having crystallites with preferred orientations of Ni{100} and Ni{111}, and forming the oxide coating using a sol-gel/thermal process. The oxide coating acquires crystallographic orientations other than Ni{110} due to the influence of the preferred substrate orientations.    USE -   The method is useful in the production of catalysts, cathodes for lithium ion and nickel-cadmium batteries, photoelectrochemical printed circuits, high temperature electronic devices, flat panel displays, solar cells and sensors.    ADVANTAGE -   The process can be used to produce oxide coatings having a desired crystallographic texture over a large surface area. The texture modification improves the photoreponse of the nickel oxide coating.
The method involves forming a CdS thin film (2) on a glass substrate (1) based on the heat decomposition of an organic cadmium sulphide mixture. A CdTe thin film (3) is formed on the CdS film. The CdTe film is coated with a solution containing water or an organic solvent in which cadmium chloride is dissolved.    The CdTe film is heat treated in an inert atmosphere in which the concentration of the oxygen mole is within range of 1000- 10,000ppm.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents corrosion of Cds film due to etching process. Enables to form good quality CdTe film at high speed. Eliminates need to perform etching process. Enables to update compound semiconductor battery with high conversion efficiency.
The method involves forming a n-type layer (12) on a p-type silicon substrate (11). A hydrogenated non-crystal silicon film layers (18,19) are formed on both the front and back sides of the substrate by CVD technique at temperature below 350degC. The substrate is heated in the range of 300-500degC at the first stage.    The substrate is heated above 800degC in the second stage to form thermally activated silicon oxide film layers (13,16) which are used as passivation film. Moreover, the thermal oxidation of the hydrogenated non-crystal silicon film layers are varied in forming the passivation film.    ADVANTAGE -   The method avoids formation and removal of Al layer, improves productivity, enables to obtain solar battery with excellent conversion efficiency, enables to de-activate defect on boundary surface, satisfactorily and enables to increase passivation effect.
The structure includes a heat resistant substrate (1) on which an electrically conductive layer (2) with antimony as principle component, is formed. An antimony diffused polycrystalline silicon layer (3') and a polycrystalline silicon semiconductor layer (5) with a homogeneous NP junction, are formed on the conductive layer, orderly. An electrode (6) is formed on the polycrystalline silicon semiconductor layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents impurity diffusion in polycrystalline silicon film. Improves photoelectric conversion efficiency. Eliminates need for peeling off of diffusion prevention film.
The system includes a modifier (2) which does the steam reforming of the raw material and forms hydrogen rich reformed gas. The reformed gas is utilised for power generation. Steam flows into a fuel battery (6) and moisturises the solid state polymer film with reformed gas via modifier during power generation. A steam supplier supplies excessive amount of steam.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies assembly. Raises practicality. Does not reduce voltage even on operation for long time. Restrains precipitation of carbon in modifier.
The system includes several cooling plates (1a) which are laminated along with unit cells in the main body (1) of a fuel battery. A fuel modifier (2) reforms the amount of fuel supplied to the fuel electrode of an unit cell. A pump (4) circulates the cooling water to the cooling plates. A steam separator (3) introduces the discharged gas liquid phase medium for circulation. A recovery unit (6) collects the formation water contained in the discharged combustion gas discharged from the fuel modifier. The impurity in the collected water is then removed.    A water-treating unit (10) treats the water supplied to the steam generator. A blowdown piping controlled by a valve (7) releases the water downwards, from the steam separator. A heat exchanger (5) performs heat exchange process between the blowdown water at the primary side and the low temperature coolant at the secondary side. A thermosensor (15) at the secondary side of the heat exchanger, outputs a secondary side temperature detection signal. When the temperature detected by the thermosensor is below a predetermined temperature, during the open state of the blowdown pipe controlling valve, a controller (16) emits an alarm signal.    ADVANTAGE -   Restrains danger of packing of blowdown piping and detects generation of discrepancy, exactly. Improves durability of battery. Inhibits pressure fluctuation of steam separator and deterioration of filter characteristics due to bacteria.
The device includes a fuel battery main body (1) in which unit cells and cooling plates (2) are laminated. The unit cell has a fuel electrode to which reformed fuel is supplied. The cooling plate is supplied with cool water from a steam separator (7) using a circulating unit (5). Water discharged from the cooling plate is again returned to steam separator by a circulatory pump (8).    A water recovery unit (9) collects water contained in air discharged from air electrode of the unit cell and combustion gas discharged from a fuel modifier (3). Impurities in the recovered water are removed. The steam separator has a recovery water treatment unit (12) from which treated water is output. A blow down piping (11) that releases cool water form steam separator has a cooler (16). The cooler uses treated water for recovery water treating unit, to cool water in blowdown piping to temperature less than 100C.    ADVANTAGE -   Inhibits scale adhesion to blowdown piping. Avoids generation of discrepancy by packing. Simplifies maintenance check.
The battery includes a set of electricity-generating elements (25) that are electrically connected through an interconnector (26). The electricity-generating element includes a fuel pole, an air pole and an electrolyte. Each electricity-generating element and the interconnector are formed on a porous base pipe. The edge part of the pipe is electrically conductive.    ADVANTAGE -   Restrains resistance of lead part, thereby reducing influence on capacity of battery.
The glass panel has an air space (7) among some plate glass (6). The air space is formed with a spacer (2), which interrupts from the open air by sealing along the perimeter using a sealing material. One or more solar batteries (1) are formed on each plate glass or a transparent resin which is used as a substrate provided in the air space. The spacer is formed of a conductive material. An external terminal (4) of the spacer is suitably connected with the terminal and the battery or the load of a solar battery. A predetermined conductive circuit is formed on the spacer by forming an insulated part on a location suitably.    USE -   For street light, building.    ADVANTAGE -   Secures large area. Does not ruin heat insulation and sound insulation effects.
Production of a chromium material, especially for a metallic component of a high temperature fuel cell, involves (a) mechanically alloying a powder mixture of chromium and another metal (preferably iron) and/or a metal oxide (preferably yttrium or lanthanum oxide) under air; and (b) pressing and then sintering at 1200-1400C for 1-4 hrs. in a reducing atmosphere for removal of oxygen and/or nitrogen incorporated from the air.    ADVANTAGE -    Mechanical alloying is carried out inexpensively in air instead of a protective gas such as H2 or a noble gas, thus avoiding the expensive safety measures required for H2or the incorporation of noble gas which is difficult to remove and which causes physical property changes. The oxygen and/or nitrogen, incorporated from the air, is removed by use of a reducing sintering atmosphere which also removes additional oxygen and/or nitrogen incorporated during the production process. Thus, the chromium material is free from undesired impurities which affect its corrosion resistance and thermal expansion coefficient.
A production method for a hydrogen-containing gas for fuel cells comprises: (a) adding oxygen-containing gas to a hydrogen-containing gas containing carbon monoxide (CO), prepared by the reforming reaction of an organic compound, to give a mixed gas; and (b) bringing the mixed gas into contact with a catalyst composed mainly of ruthenium metal and having not less than 1 mmol/g-ruthenium CO adsorption and not less than 0.5 CO adsorption index, to oxidise and remove the CO. The CO adsorption index is given by: adsorption index = ~EX1/~EX = ~EX1/(~EX1 +~EX2); where X = adsorbed amount/pulse; ~EX = adsorbed amount; when (X + B)/A 0.9, X = X1; when (X + B)/A less than 0.9, X = X2; A = amount of CO introduced/pulse = 0.002 mmol/pulse = 0.4 mmol/g-ruthenium/pulse; B = reversibly adsorbed amount.    USE -   For fuel cells, in particular solid macromolecular electrolyte fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The method reduces the concentration of CO in hydrogen-containing gas prepared by reforming reaction of an organic compound, allowing the operation of fuel cells at low temperatures with high efficiency.
The module has a thin film solar battery (1) provided on a first transparent substrate (5). An insulating layer (3) is provided over the solar battery.    The transparent substrate (T) is bonded to the first substrate using a synthetic resin layer (9). The first and second substrates are of same size.    ADVANTAGE -   Increases reliability. Improves rigidity.
The battery comprises a transparent electrically conductive film (2) provided on a glass substrate (1). An N-type and a    P-type semiconductor film (3,4) are sequentially formed on the electrically conductive film.    A non-doped tin oxide film serves as the electrically conductive film.    ADVANTAGE -   Increases short circuit current density. Improves conversion efficiency.
In the preparation method of solar cells, (1) stratiform ion implantation of designated elements is done at designated depth of the first conductive type crystal semiconductor, (2) then the crystal semiconductor is bonded onto the substrate, (3) then the designated elements are made to come out of the crystal semiconductor by heat-treatment to form pores distributed stratifiedly in the crystal semiconductor, (4) the crystal semiconductor is cut at the zone of the pores distributed stratifiedly, by heat-treatment, to form the first conductive type semiconductor layer on the substrate, and (5) to form the second conductive type semiconductor layer in or on the first conductive type semiconductor layer.    USE -   The method is used for prepn. of crystal type solar cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The crystal type solar cells can be cheaply prepd. with reduced loss of crystal semiconductor.
CO2 gas contained in a combustion exhaust is fixed and Ar and N2 gases are recovered from the exhaust in a fuel cell power plant where H2 -contg. gas converted from fuel with a fuel converter and air are reacted separately at electrodes to generate electricity. The combustion exhaust is generated as follows: the N2 -concentrated gas generated at the air electrode is cooled; water is separated from it; it is separated into O2 and N2 by PSA (press. swing adsorption); unreacted fuel contained in the CO2 -concentrated gas generated at the fuel electrode is combusted in an oxygen-enriched condition with the O2 separated from the N2 -concentrated gas so as to supply heat for the fuel converter while the combustion exhaust is generated which contains CO2 , steam, Ar, and small amt. of N2 . In another method fixing CO2 gas in a fuel cell power plants claimed, N2 gas separated from the N2 -concentrated gas and the combustion exhaust is used as a source for NH3 prodn; the CO2 gas recovered or fixed from the CO2 -concentrated gas is supplied to the urea prodn. factories with the N2 gas, so that the CO2is fixed as urea.    USE -    For recovering or fixing CO2gas generated in fuel cell power plants.    ADVANTAGE -    CO2 gas by-produced in fuel cell power plants is recovered and fixed in a cost- effective manner while N2 gas and Ar gas with higher purity are recovered. CO2 gas and N2gas recovered are used as source material for urea synthesis.
The separator comprises a vessel main body over which cyclic tube having uniform diameter is provided. Cooling water is circulated through the cyclic tube.    ADVANTAGE -   Dead space is reduced. The steam separator is compact.
The battery comprises several single cells which are laminated together in the form of a matrix, to form a multilayered body (10). Each single cell comprises a fuel electrode and an oxidising agent electrode, with phosphoric acid between them. A heating gas, such as an inert gas, is supplied to the fuel electrode, by an inert gas injection unit (23). A sampling unit (37) extracts part of the exhaust gas flowing to the oxidising agent electrode for discharging. An inert gas detector (39) detects the amount of inert gas extracted from the exhaust gas. A control signal is output for controlling the sampling rate of flow and the inert gas injection rate of flow. A service condition is established based on the received detection signal of the inert gas detector. A controller (40A) emits an alarm signal, when the obtained inert gas concentration is more than a tolerance limit value.    ADVANTAGE -   Preventive maintenance for gas leakage or gas mixing is possible. Gas cross is detected at an early stage.
The battery comprises a matrix (2) which maintains phosphoric acid. A fuel electrode (3) and an oxidising agent electrode (4) are installed in the top and bottom sides of the matrix. An oxidising agent gas flow through a board (18) is formed on the external surface of the oxidising agent electrode, which comprises an oxidising agent gas passageway (12). A heating gas flow through a further board (17) contains a fuel gas passage way, which is distributed on the external surface of the fuel electrode. The gas flow through the board comprises porous carbon base material. A pair of separators (9) are provided, distributed in the external surface sides of both through boards, respectively. A phosphoric acid content part (20) is formed at the entrance side of oxidising agent gas flow through board. The phosphoric acid content part of the oxidising agent gas flow through board faces downstream. A water repellent process (21) blocks porous carbon base material diffusion of phosphoric acid.    ADVANTAGE -   A sufficient amount of phosphoric acid is maintained over a long period. Scattering of phosphoric acid is prevented.
Mfg. high sinterability lanthanum calcium dolomite powder including calcining raw lanthanum calcium dolomite material at 900 deg.C or lower, and removing Cr(VI) by extraction to reduce its content to 0.30 % or lower.    USE -   For solid electrolytic type fuel battery separator material.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides the powder with high sintering density, stable sinterability, and its sinterability immune to firing conditions.
A novel composite material (I), for resonance amplification of optical signals, consists of metallic particles (II) which are anchored vertically in a planar solid state matrix (III) phase and which are arranged laterally to quasi-two-dimensional arrays of surface heterogeneities fixed by the matrix. Preferably (II) consist of silver, gold, copper, aluminium, titanium or platinum and (III) is a dielectric, semiconductor or optically transparent material, preferably silicon dioxide, silicon nitride, titanium dioxide, tantalum pentoxide, aluminium oxide, glass or optically transparent silicon. Also claimed is a method of producing (I), in which (II) are spontaneously formed, arranged and anchored in the solid state matrix by bombarding the matrix surface with an ion beam containing at least components of (III).    USE -   E.g. in spectroscopic chemical analysis, biomaterial and biomedical sensors, electro-optical systems and laser and solar technology.    ADVANTAGE -   (I) has high stability and reproducibility; can be reused; has high coupling capability with various structures; permits a wide choice of metal and matrix material combinations; and can be produced easily and inexpensively as large area structures, microstructures or integrated structures by currently available standard technologies.
(I) Process for growing a crystalline silicon plate comprising; a) Placing a melt of silicon into a planar growth crucible which has a melt draw-out opening at its lower side and a tip portion located under the draw-out opening. b) Drawing out the melt from the crucible through the draw-out opening bringing the melt into contact with the tip portion of the growth member. c) Growing the crystal plate by pulling down the melt through the tip portion of the growth member. Also claimed (II) is an apparatus for growing crystalline plate comprising; growth crucible with a melt draw-out opening, planar growth member with a driving mechanism adapted to bring the melt through tip portion of the draw-out opening. Also claimed is a crystalline plate 5 - 200 m thick with a reinforcing projection 30 - 1500 m thick made by the process using the apparatus. Also claimed (III) is the process as one used to produce a silicon plate with N or P doping on one side of the plate by arranging a diffusion member under at least the tip portion of the growth plate with control of temperature such that a dopant in the diffusion member diffuses into the surface of the plate while it is being pulled.    USE -   Silicon substrates for solar cells.    ADVANTAGE -   Method produces plates with aggregates of single crystals 10 -70 mm diameter which when used in solar cells gives 18% efficiency with a variation of only 1%.
Using a nickel-hydrogen battery comprises: (i) measuring the hydrogen pressure in the battery and carrying out charging-discharging cycles during the deviation of the magnitude of the measurement parameter from the assigned value; (ii) measuring the temperature of the battery and calculating the density of hydrogen according to the obtained data; and (iii) comparing the hydrogen density to an assigned value. Charging the battery is discontinued if the measured density of hydrogen is equal to or exceeds the assigned value and charging of the battery is continued during reduction of the density of hydrogen by 5-10 % below the assigned value. The density of the gaseous hydrogen is proportional to the actual capacity of the battery and this parameter is independent of the external conditions. Several temperature and pressure sensors are used, to determine the mean temperature and pressure.    USE -   In the operation of hermetic nickel-hydrogen batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   The effect of ambient temperature on the battery during the control or regulation of its capacity are avoided.
A reducing agent is passed to an anode (2) in an amount not greater than that combining with oxygen and, in the form of atoms, is moved to the anode under the action of the difference of concentrations of ions in the areas of a cathode (1) and the anode with granules (3) between them. The oxygen ions can be obtained during the corresponding distance between the anode and cathode made on a common substrate and having a filled valency jacket. The ions are applied only along the ion wires (3) to the catalytic anode.    Excess electrons are passed to the anode and then pass through an active load back to the cathode, are emitted and movement of the electrons is terminated. The potentials of the cathode and anode can be different as chemical energy and not thermal energy is being converted and the layer of emitted electrons on the anode for reduction is not significant. Passage of the reagent to the electrodes is carried out under pressure, to eliminate a chain chemical reaction in the gas phase.    Measurement of composition of substances using measuring converter of concentration of oxidiser or reducer    Better reliability of electrochemical element
The method involves using a transparent glass substrate (5) which is held by a holder (6) inside a vacuum housing (1). An n- type cadmium-tellurium film containing predetermined amount of cadmium is formed on the glass substrate under argon and nitrogen gas atmosphere. Then, a p-type cadmium-tellurium film containing predefined amount of cadmium is formed on the n-type cadmium- tellurium film in argon gas atmosphere. Then, an ohmic electrode is formed on the n-type and p-type cadmium-tellurium films.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces number of processes involved. Reduces manufacturing days and thereby reduces manufacturing cost.
The battery includes a fuel electrode and an air electrode (4) provided such that a solid electrolyte layer (2) is sandwiched between them. A reaction gas introduction hole is provided in each electrode surface. A separator equipped with gas rectification member is laminated alternately between gas reaction zones of electrode and it consists of a gas introduction hole.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves cell characteristics. Reduces in plane temperature difference. Avoids need for groove formation in separator.
Solid electrolyte film formation comprises forming an electrolyte film similar to the solid electrolyte film that is to be formed on an electrode substrate by an electrophoresis electrodeposition process, then a solid electrolyte film is formed by CVD-EVD process and the films are baked at a temperature of not more than 1,300C.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents deterioration of electrode substrate.
The battery comprises a cylindrical cell (1) with one end (23) sealed and the other end serving as a release end (21). A film-like air pole (11), a solid electrolyte layer (13) and a fuel pole (15) are laminated sequentially. An interconnector (17) is provided for the solid electrolyte layer. An air introduction pipe (5) is inserted from the release end such that its tip (25) reaches the sealed end. A non-electricity generation region (31,35), where a fuel pole is not provided, is formed near the sealing end and/or the release end.    ADVANTAGE -   Crack generation due to heat spot is prevented. Endurance and durability are improved. Electricity generation performance is improved.
The system includes a fuel supply line (7) which supplies fuel. A desulphuriser (12) eliminates sulphur content from the fuel. A modifier (3) performs reforming of the fuel from the fuel supply line. The fuel adsorption of the desulphuriser is maintained at equilibrium state, by connecting a temporary fuel supply line (8) at the entrance side of the desulphuriser. A heat exchanger (9) which heats the fuel is arranged along the temporary fuel supply line.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables to maintain fuel adsorption in desulphuriser in equilibrium state, always. Prevents fuel storage reliably by supplying necessary fuel even under unsteady service condition during starting time. Enables stable operation of battery main body.
The method involves mixing an aluminium compound and a lithium compound within a predetermined temperature limit from the room temperature with specific solvent, to form a slurry. Subsequently, the slurry is dried at a temperature between 50- 100degC for a short time, by which (beta) lithium aluminate powder is formed. After an appropriate time interval, the (beta) lithium aluminate powder is baked, to obtain (gamma) lithium aluminate powder.    ADVANTAGE -   Shortens drying time. Improves thermal stability. Enables to utilise for blanket material for nuclear fusion reactor.
A system for producing hydrogen gas in an electrochemical cell and using the hydrogen gas for powering a fuel cell, comprises: (a) an electrochemical cell, including: (i) means for oxidising hydrogen halide to produce hydrogen gas and protons, (ii) means for transporting the cations, one side of which is in contact with the oxidising means, (iii) means for reducing the protons to produce hydrogen gas, which is in contact with the other side of the cation- transporting, and (iv) outlet means for releasing the hydrogen gas from the electrochemical cell; and (b) a fuel cell connected to the outlet and powered by the hydrogen gas.    Also claimed is a process for powering a fuel cell from hydrogen gas produced in an electrochemical cell.    USE -   The process is useful for the conversion of aqueous or anhydrous hydrogen chloride (claimed), which is a largely unwanted by-product of processes which use chlorine, e.g. to manufacture polyvinyl chloride, isocyanates and chlorinated hydrocarbons/fluorinated hydrocarbons.    ADVANTAGE -   The DC power produced by the fuel cell is used to supplement the total power required to run the electrochemical cell (claimed) and the system may be used to convert anhydrous, aqueous or liquid hydrogen halide to halogen gas, avoiding the environmental problems of disposing of HCl or other hydrogen halide by-product. Electrical power is produced without consuming fossil or nuclear fuels or producing atmospheric pollutants.
A low melting metal layer, a Si layer, and a surface protecting layer are formed on a substrate, and the Si layer is crystallised, and the low melting metal is melted to release Si layer from the substrate to give a solar battery.    USE -   Plate type Si crystal is used for solar battery.    ADVANTAGE -   The plate type Si crystal is manufactured with high quality, high precision, low cost, and high productivity.
The amorphous semiconductor contains 0.01-10 atomic % rare gas and 15-55 atomic % hydrogen. The ratio of number of hydrogen atoms bonding to the principal component element X of the amorphous semiconductor in the form of X-H2 and that in the form of X-H, XH2/XH, is up to 0.5.    USE -   A thin film of the amorphous semiconductor can be used as a power generating layer of a solar cell.    ADVANTAGE -   Degradation of the amorphous semiconductor due to light is reduced.
A new electrolyte membrane for fuel cells is of a specific polysulphone which has repeating units of formula (1) and sulphonic acid groups which are introduced into the aromatic rings of the repeating unit. The membrane has an ion-exchanging capacity of 1.6-3.2 meq/g-resin and a pressing resistant load of 80 kgf/cm2. The production of the new electrolyte membrane is also claimed, where (i) the aromatic rings of the repeating unit are sulphonated so as to introduce sulphonic acid groups; (ii) a solution of the resultant sulphonated polysulphone which has an ion-exchanging capacity of 1.6-3.2 meq/g-resin is applied to a support; and (iii) the coating is heated at 40-80C for 12 hours to obtain a membrane.    USE -   For polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells. The fuel cells are used as a power source for electric vehicles.    ADVANTAGE -   The new membrane has a higher ion-exchange capacity as compared with conventional membranes, e.g., Nafion ((RTM) Dupont Corp.) with 0.91 meq/g-resin.
Unit cells using phosphoric acid as an electrolyte layer are laminated in a laminate body of a fuel battery with separators interposed. A cooling plate including a cooling tube is incorporated into the laminate body of the fuel battery. A coolant entrance side temperature sensor is set inside a coolant supplying tube which may be connected at one end of the cooling tube through a header for supplying coolant. A coolant exit side temperature sensor is set inside a coolant exhausting tube which is connected to another end of the cooling tube through a header for exhausting coolant. Outputs of the temperature sensors are guided to an abnormality detection circuit. When a difference in temperature exceeds a reference value, an abnormal signal is generated.    USE -   Used as a generating apparatus for a phosphoric acid type fuel battery which is includes the rapid detection of a shortage of phosphoric acid which may occur in unit cells without stopping generating operation.
Bipolar electrode-electrolyte unit (13) comprises an electrode having a barrier layer (2) and at least two carrier layers (3) and two active layers (1). The active layers (1) are made of a material made of an electroactive material with low resistance and high capacity. The barrier layer (2) is electrically conducting and material impermeable, and is made of sealed and/or impregnated carbon, plastic-bound carbon or carbon-coated metal sheet. An electrically conducting porous three-dimensioned structure of specific geometric surface is formed between barrier layer (2) and carrier layers, which contains carbon fibre paper/foil/mat/web, sealed graphite flakes and carbon fibres, conducting plastic or carbon produced by pyrolysing or dehydrating organic material. The electrolyte (4) is a good conductor.    USE -   Used in electrochemical cells, e.g. double layer capacitors, fuel cells, and gas sensors (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   The unit has improved conductivity, capacity, electrochemical activity and integration capability and high energy and performance density.
Process is for continuous production of membrane electrode units (ME) for polymer-electrolyte-membrane (PEM) fuel cells, in which (a) a continuous strip of PEM (membrane strip) is drawn through a solution of a salt of the electrode material so that the required amount of salt adheres to both sides of the membrane, and (b) the salt is reduced on the membrane.    ADVANTAGE -   An automatable process for the continuous mass production of ME units for fuel cells. The elimination of discontinuous process stages and time-determining diffusion-controlled steps ensures high rates of production and low costs.
In a direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) having fuel and oxidant supply and discharge channels, a membrane-electrode unit and bipolar plates, the fuel supply channel is preceded by an evaporator so that the fuel is supplied in gaseous form for reaction at the anode. Preferably, the moisture content is greater than 70% and the methanol, water and/or inert gas concentration in the fuel can be adjusted by pumps preceding the evaporator. Also claimed is a fuel cell battery comprising a stack of the above DMFCs, the evaporator and optionally one to three pumps in the fuel feed line, as well as a CO2 separator or heat exchanger provided in the fuel exhaust line for physically or chemically separating unconsumed fuel from the CO2 reaction product. Further claimed is a method of operating a DMFC, in which the fuel is fed in gaseous form to the anode.    USE -   In a fuel cell battery useful as a mobile energy source, e.g. in automobiles, or as a large stationary energy source, e.g. in power stations or for electric current and heat supply to dwellings or office buildings.    ADVANTAGE -   The DMFC has (i) increased Faraday efficiency, even at low current density, since the cell employs load-dependent methanol supply and consumption in the anode space so that the methanol concentration is insufficient to produce a high methanol diffusion pressure towards the cathode; (ii) increased voltage since the operating temperature can be increased to minimise kinetic inhibition of the anodic reaction; and (iii) extremely low water transport through the polymeric electrolyte by addition of an inert gas (e.g. CO2 and/or N2) to reduce the water content at the anode side.
A polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell comprises polymer electrolyte membranes, gas diffusion electrodes sandwiching the membranes, and bipolar plates operating as gas separation plates and current collectors with fuel/oxidising agent supply and discharge passages, wherein the bipolar plate has a frame of melt-processable polymer of good fluidity and high acid and hydrolytic resistance, and a carbon plate or corrosion-resistant conductive plate integrally moulded into the frame, wherein the plate has concave and convex parts on both surfaces which provide the fuel/oxidising agent supply and discharge passages when the bipolar plate contacts the gas diffusion electrodes.    USE -   For direct generation of electrical energy from fuel and an oxidising agent.    ADVANTAGE -   The bipolar plate is easily made at reduced manufacturing cost. It has high resistance against corrosive electrolyte, good current collection function, a high degree of structural integrity, high strength, high elasticity, good dimensional stability and good core properties.
A polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell comprises polymer electrolyte membranes, gas diffusion electrodes sandwiching the membranes, and bipolar plates operating as gas separation plates and current collectors with fuel/oxidising agent supply and discharge passages provided by projections on both surfaces. At least the projections of the bipolar plate are formed with a melt-processible polymer having good fluidity, and the surface of the bipolar plate is coated with metal, metal nitride or metal carbide.    USE -   For direct generation of electrical energy from fuel and an oxidising agent.    ADVANTAGE -   The bipolar plate has a simple structure and is made by a simple production process at reduced manufacturing cost. It has high resistance against corrosive electrolyte, good current collection function, a high degree of structural integrity, and reduced size and weight.
A laminated solar cell module (30) comprises (i) a front support layer (32) formed of light transmitting material and having first and second surfaces (32a, 32b); (ii) a transparent encapsulant layer (34) adjacent the second surface (32b) of the front support layer (32); (iii) a number of interconnected solar cells (36) having a first surface (36a) adjacent the transparent encapsulant layer (34); (iv) a back skin layer (38) formed of a thermoplastic olefin and having a first surface (38a) adjacent a second surface (36b) of the interconnected solar cells (36); and (v) 1 mounting bracket (92) bonded directly to a second surface of the back skin layer. Also claimed is the manufacture of the solar cell module.    USE -   Used especially for forming solar cell modules with an integral mounting structure.    ADVANTAGE -   Mounting each bracket directly to the back skin material can eliminate the need for other mounting hardware and simplifies the module mounting procedure. Costs associated with an Al frame and an edge sealing material and the difficulties of installing hardware in remote locations are all eliminated.
A laminated solar cell module (44) comprises: (i) a front support layer (32) formed of light transmitting material and having first and second surfaces; (ii) a transparent encapsulant layer (34) adjacent the second surface of the front support layer (32); (iii) a number of interconnected solar cells (36) adjacent the transparent encapsulant layer (34); and (iv) a backskin layer (38) formed of a thermoplastic olefin and having a first surface adjacent a second surface of the interconnected solar cells (36). The transparent encapsulant (34) and the backskin layer (38) together encapsulate the interconnected solar cells.    Also claimed is the manufacture of a solar cell module.    USE -   Used especially for forming the backskin of solar cell modules.    ADVANTAGE -   The backskin provides (a) a strong and weatherable backing for the module, (b) an edging which can eliminate the need for an aluminium frame, (c) an edge seal that eliminates the need for any additional seal materials, (d) a rear encapsulant that eliminates the need for a separate rear sheet of encapsulant material; and (e) the elimination of the need for a scrim layer to remove air during lamination. The backskin layer is easily formed and moulded in situ during the module manufacturing process. Manufacturing costs and module mounting costs are reduced.
Iron oxide is added to a solution containing platinum then an oxidising agent added under mixing to form electrocatalyst particles(I) comprising an inner iron oxide core and an outer platinum oxide shell. An electrocatalyst(II) comprising several bimetallic colloidal particles(I).    USE -   (II) are used in fuel cells for oxidising alcohols (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   (I) are lightweight and manufacturing costs are lowered by using a non Pt core.
A hydride(I) is charged to a thermally isolated container, hydrolysed after attaining a predetermined temperature then hydrogen product recovered from the container.    (I) is a metal hydride e.g. lithium aluminium hydride. Container is a dewar (12). Hydration of the hydride prior to attaining predetermined temperature is avoided by positioning a chemical composition, which reacts exothermally with a water supply (32) fed to the dewar, between the water outlet of the conduit and the hydride (14) to generate heat to raise the hydride to it's predetermined temperature to prevent the hydride from forming unstable products when it is hydrolysed.    USE -   Controllable H2 generation typically for use in fuel cells, space craft thrusters, H2 burners or storage vessels.    ADVANTAGE -   Generator is portable, lightweight, small and temperature safe. Need for a H2 storage tank at output point of generator is avoided.
A new plastics material used for assembling solar cell modules is a transparent, non-yellow colouring thermoplastic polyurethane having a curing performance of (A) hardness (Hs) as defined by JIS (Japan Industrial Standard) is up to 90 deg.    USE -   For assembling solar cell modules. They are carried on solar cars.    ADVANTAGE -   Light weight solar cell modules resistant to mechanical shocks are obtd.
The method involves forming a semiconductor thin film (6) of chalcopyrite structure containing copper, indium and gallium, selenium and sulphur which are I, III and VI group elements respectively on the surface of a glass substrate (4). During thin film formation, the deposition period of selenium and sulphur is varied. The evaporation rate of the copper and indium and gallium are set constant and that of selenium and sulphur differs, mutually so as to control the rate at which the elements are converted into solution.    ADVANTAGE -   Forms semiconductor thin film with uniform element composition. Improves reproducibility, sufficiently. Obtains high quality semiconductor thin film, thereby enabling manufacture of highly efficient solar battery.
The multilayer body has a oriented polycrystalline silicon thin film formed on the surface of the substrate (2).    ADVANTAGE -   Improved efficiency of solar battery.
The structure includes a pair of metal electrodes (24,26) formed at both sides of a plastic film substrate (21). An amorphous silicon layer (23) is formed on the first metal electrode.    A key electrode (29) is formed on the surface of the substrate. A transparent electrode (24) is formed on the amorphous silicon layer. A solar battery is arranged adjacent to the key electrode.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies manufacturing process of IC card. Improves reliability.
A fuel reformer for a fuel cell comprises a reforming cylinder, catalyst layer, and heating medium generator; the reforming cylinder consists of a vertical intermediate cylinder and inside and outside cylinders placed concentrically inside and outside the intermediate cylinder respectively and apart from it, and the inside and outside cylinders are connected each other with a top plate which is also connected to the intermediate cylinder and with a bottom plate which is apart from the end of the intermediate cylinder; the catalyst layer consists of a granular reforming catalyst packed at least in a ring-shaped space between the intermediate cylinder and the inside cylinder; the heating medium generator generates a heating medium for heating the catalyst layer and supplies the heating medium to at least the inside wall of the inside cylinder and the outside wall of the outside cylinder; a hydrocarbon fuel to which steam has been added is passed through the catalyst layer from a ri ng-shaped space between the intermediate cylinder and the outside cylinder and steam-reformed with the catalyst layer heated with the heating medium into a gas with high hydrogen content; and the fuel reformer is characterised in that the catalyst layer consists of both a noble metal type granular reforming catalyst and a nickel type granular reforming catalyst, the parts of the catalyst layer filled with the noble metal type granular reforming catalyst are located where the fuel is flowed in and where the reformed gas is flowed out, and the part of the catalyst layer filled with the nickel type granular reforming catalyst is located between the noble metal type granular catalyst layers.    ADVANTAGE -   Squeezing of the granular reforming catalyst and deposition of carbon on the granular reforming catalyst are prevented. Also the fuel reformer can be made smaller and lighter and produced at low cost.
A new semiconductor device consists of a photovoltaic element which is formed on a transparent substrate and is sealed with resin layer. The resin layer contains a resin having polyisoprene as a main chain.    The production of the semiconductor device is also claimed, where the resin layer is formed by coating a liquid resin for sealing; heating the coating so as to cure it by developing crosslinking structure.    USE -   For solar cell modules whose rear face is sealed with resin layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Solar cell modules with an improved reliability are fabricated in a simple manner.
The solar battery includes a photoelectric conversion layer (6) that is formed on the whole surface of an insulating substrate (1). First and second electrode layers (4,5) are formed at the surface side of the substrate. A third electrode layer (7) which consists of a third electrode inside layer (71), a third electrode outer layer (72) and an interface layer (73) is formed on the other surface side of the substrate. The third electrode outer layer consists of nickel or nickel alloy. A part of the first electrode layer and a part of the third electrode layer are connected through a first through-hole (2) of the substrate. The part of the second electrode layer and the other part of the third electrode layer are connected through a second through-hole (3).    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents alloy reaction of electrode layer and semiconductor layer.
The device has a silicon thin film formed on an insulating substrate. The carrier density of the thin film is 1 x 1020 cm-3.    USE -   Used for solar batteries and thin film transistors.    ADVANTAGE -   Production is simplified.
The heat exchanger exchanges heat so as to make fixed temperature zone at region with chemical reaction operating heat accumulating material, of which the melting point is near the fixed reaction temperature zone and the material positioned near the region.    USE -   The modification device is a device which generates fuel gas for a fuel battery of a vehicle.    ADVANTAGE -   Temperature down of a modification reacting part can be compensated at sharp increasing of necessary heat with rapid load increasing of an electric automobile etc..
The battery has a battery stack which has multiple battery units (14,15). Each battery unit has an electrolyte layer pinched between a pair of electrodes, catalyst layers of a fuel pole (2,17) and an oxidising agent pole (3,18). The two poles are arranged on an electrode base material. A manifold supplies heating gas and oxidising agent gas to the fuel pole and oxidising agent pole of each battery, respectively. A regulation unit adjusts the steam partial pressure of heating gas and agent gas such that they become equal.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents movement of fuel pole. Prevents precipitate of phosphate on electrode surface. Improves characteristic.
The method involves supplying a fixed quantity of phosphoric acid (20) on the top of an electrode base material (3) of a fuel electrode and an oxidizing agent electrode. The electrode base material is provided on a catalyst layer (2). The phosphoric acid permeates the electrode base material. Heat processing of the fuel electrode and the oxidizing agent electrode is done. The phosphoric acid in the electrode base material, is made to permeate a catalyst layer (4).    ADVANTAGE -   Enables uniform permeation of phosphoric acid into catalyst layer of each electrode. Eliminates heat emission accompanied by cell reaction, thereby maintaining constant temperature.
The module has a casing (9) in which two or more cylindrical cells (3) are arranged. An air pole, a solid electrolyte and a fuel pole are arranged sequentially from the outer side, on the cells. Fuel and air are supplied to the fuel pole and air pole respectively. An electromotive force is obtained by ionising oxygen in air under high temperature. The oxygen passes through the solid electrolyte and reacts with fuel. Each fuel feed zone and air feed zone extend from the outside of the casing to the fuel pole and air pole at one end of each cell. A barrier plate (2) is extended between each cell and between the cell and the casing. The barrier plate divides a fuel outlet and an air outlet through which unreacted fuel and air are separately ejected out of the casing.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables changing fuel utilisation factor such that temperature in module does not reach abnormal value creating danger. Improves electricity generation efficiency. Eliminates need for continuously supplying highly pure water.
The battery has a rectangular multilayer body (2) that consists of a number of cells. Each cell has a fuel electrode and an oxidizing agent electrode. A flat matrix that has phosphoric acid is supported by the electrode. A fuel gas passageway is provided in a first base material. The oxidizing agent gas passageway is provided in a second base material. The fuel gas is supplied from one side of the multilayer body to the other side through the fuel gas passageway. The oxidizing agent gas is supplied from the outer side face of the multilayer body to the first side through the oxidizing agent gas passageway. The electric power is obtained by electrochemical reaction between the fuel gas and oxidizing agent gas. The flow of gas is interrupted by a separator. A set of sampling ports (3a-3c) are arranged at the outlet surface of the fuel gas passageway. A set of measurement units (4a-4c) measures the hydrogen density in a gas obtained from each sampling part. A data processor (5) receives the output signals of the measurement units. The data processor outputs the abnormal signal when the absolute value of difference of measured hydrogen density exceeds the reference value.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables correct detection of shortage of fuel gas. Reduces damage by corrosion of carbon material.
The battery has a set of cells provided on an electrode (3) surface. The electrode surface contacts a first collector object (4) via a gas separator (5). Then, felt-shaped fibre-like conductive ceramic collector object (6) is introduced in the gap between the electrode and the first collector object.    ADVANTAGE -   Enhances electricity generation, collection capacity of collector and conductivity. Simplifies manufacturing process. Prevents rupture of single cell. Improves product yield.
The battery comprises an electrolyte board (13) which is arranged between a fuel pole (11) and oxidising agent pole (12). An alkali carbonate is mixed with a porous article of the electrolyte board. The porous article comprises a hold material and a reinforcing material. A surface lubricant layer is provided at the reinforcing material surface of the porous article.    ADVANTAGE -   The generation of cracks in the electrolyte is reliably prevented.
The fuel battery has a fuel electrode side collector board formed on a fuel electrode of a single cell (4). The single cell consists of the fuel electrode and an oxidizing agent electrode (3) arranged on either side of an electrolyte matrix (1). An oxidising agent electrode side collector board (8) is formed on the oxidizing agent electrode. A wet seal part (13) is provided between the single cell and the separator board. A fuel and an oxidising agent are supplied through a manifold seal part (14). The oxidising agent collector board is made of stainless steel with chromium content of 23% or less. The electrolyte of the electrolyte matrix contains 60-75 mol% of lithium carbonate. The rest of the electrolyte amount contains 50 mol% or more of sodium carbonate.    ADVANTAGE -   Inhibits corrosion of oxidising agent electrode side collector board.
The battery comprises a single cell which includes a solid state electrolytic film on either surface of which an electrode is provided. A collector object is in contact with one of the electrodes through a gas separator. A junction material (6) made of fibre-like conductive ceramic is interposed between each component member.    ADVANTAGE -   Battery performance is improved. A reliable electric connection is ensured. Electrical resistance is reduced. The battery is highly conductive. The electricity generation efficiency is improved. The production cost is reduced by simplifying processes.
The process comprises connecting a set of cells serially to form a battery pack. The cell has a solid electrolyte layer in which an air pole is arranged on one side and a fuel pole on the opposite side. The air pole comprises (Mn(La1-p Cp )1-q Dq )O3 , where C is a combination of one or more elements selected from strontium, barium and calcium, D is one or more elements selected from cerium, manganese, nickel, magnesium, cobalt, zirconium, iron and aluminium, 0 p 0.5 and 0 q 0.5. The cell has a separator which allocates fuel gas and oxidising agent gas. The separator comprises ((La1-x Ax )(Cr1-y By ))O3, where A is a combination of one or more elements selected from strontium, barium and calcium, B is a combination of one or more elements selected from cerium, chromium, nickel, magnesium, cobalt, zirconium, iron and aluminium, 0 x 0.5 and 0 y 0.5. On the surface of the separator an air pole raw material is applied and baked. A slurry containing the air pole raw material and an octyl acid salt is applied between the separator and the air pole on an adhesive and a second baking is carried out at 1000-1500C and a junction is formed.    ADVANTAGE -   Internal resistance is reduced.
The fuel battery has a pair of electrode boards which carry catalyst on each surface. A unit battery (1) is formed by making an electrolyte layer (2) to support between catalyst surface of a pair of electrodes. A reaction gas circulation part is provided at both sides of this unit battery. A number of such unit battery are laminated through a gas division plate (9) to form a partial multilayered body (11).    A number of such partial multilayered bodies and cooling plates (12) are alternately laminated to form a multilayer body. A number of tubes (13) are distributed internally in each cooling plate. The adjoining pates are laminated such that axial direction of straight run of pipe of tubes arranged internally crosses orthogonally and mutually.    ADVANTAGE -   Offers reliable battery. Prevents deterioration of battery property by crossover phenomenon.
Protonically conducting material comprising mineral compound dispersed in matrix polymer is claimed. Mineral compound is selected from Bronsted acids, insoluble in acid media, which have laminar structure capable of being inflated in water or polar solvent; specific surface area about 100m2 g-1 ; sub-micro granular structure which is stable up to about 150C; and electrical conductivity10-2 Scm-1at 100% relative humidity. Matrix polymer is polyelectrolyte or ionomer which has suitable properties for making film of thickness150m; which is impermeable to water, hydrogen, and oxygen; and which is stable up to 150C in acid medium, and electrochemically and mechanically stable. Also claimed is exchange membrane made from claimed material, after inflation by water, for use in fuel cell and super-capacitor.    USE -   For exchange membranes in fuel cells and super-capacitors (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   Membranes produced from claimed material are less expensive to produce than "Nafion" (RTM) type and possess at least equal if not superior properties.
Thin film transistor is manufactured by: depositing an amorphous film (11) on a substrate (10); patterning the film to form an island (11) with sidewalls (12); forming a mask (20) over the edge regions and adjacent substrate areas; and irradiating (50) the exposed amorphous film area to convert it to a crystalline channel region (1).    USE -   As a TFT in a liquid crystal display or other flat panel display or large-area image sensor etc. The structure is especially useful for reducing leakage currents in TFTs which have a top gate.    ADVANTAGE -   Thin-film TFT islands with amorphous edges are more efficiently formed than in the prior art. The film is initially deposited as a low-temperature amorphous film (so that e.g., polymer substrates can be used) and is then converted to a crystalline film at the centre regions.
The preparation for making a high specific surface ceramic powder comprises, first, admixing an oxide with an aqueous solution of a cation salt to form a slurry comprising hydroxides and cations salts and having a pH of 2-8.    Then the slurry is subjected to spray-freezing and freeze-drying, or spray-drying. Then the dried particles are calcined.    USE -   Used for producing fine ceramic powders, particularly perovskite powders. Used as electro-catalysts for oxygen reduction in fuel cells or batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   Process is shorter and less energy demanding, producing less waste gases from precursor decomposition.
A fuel cell comprises: (a) oxidant and fuel reactant gas streams on cathode and anode sides of a solid polymer electrolyte membrane respectively; (b) a circulating water coolant stream on the cathode side of the membrane; (c) a fine pore plate between the oxidant gas stream and coolant stream; and (d) means to pressurise the oxidant gas stream and coolant water stream to 1st and 2nd pressures respectively, the 2nd pressure being lower, the positive target pressure differential (~DP) between the streams pumping product water formed on the cathode side of the membrane through the fine pore plate and into the circulating water coolant stream. The operation of the fuel cell is also claimed.    ADVANTAGE -   Efficient operation, using plates of uniform thickness and uniform pressure.
The joining method involves laying plane of compositions(15,25) of a metal i.e. copper board (2) and ceramics i.e. alumina substrate (1) mutually and subsequently in an inert atmosphere. Then, microwave is irradiated from the ceramic side to heat the plane of composition of ceramics to the junction temperature not more than the melting point of metal. Thus, a junction is formed between metal and ceramics. Before irradiating a microwave, the metal and ceramics are preheated to a temperature lower than junction temperature in the inert atmosphere.    ADVANTAGE -   Controls junction temperature directly and forms junction reliably.
Electrochemical cell comprises two end plates (7), metal (alloy) bipolar plates (1), gas permeable metal distributors (2), metal current collectors (3), gasket frames (4) with channels for feeding gaseous reactants and discharging excess reactants and condensates, two gas diffusion electrodes (5) and an ion exchange membrane (6). The collectors have a highly distributed segmented contact area, free of peaks and protrusions, which is porous and permeable to gas flow. Also claimed are a stack of the cells described above which are connected in series and a process for preparing the current collector.    ADVANTAGE -
Production of a chalcopyrite semiconductor film comprises: (a) depositing a Group I-III-VI2chalcopyrite compound film on a substrate; and (b) heat treating the film in an atmosphere containing vapour of a Group VII element or its compound to dope the film. Also claimed is a process as above using a gaseous group VII element or its compound.    USE -   Solar cells and light emitting devices.    ADVANTAGE -   Since the stoichiometry is controlled, less defects occur. With control of the p-n conduction types and carrier concentration, device performance does not deteriorate as much as devices made conventionally.
Production of a chromium material comprises: (a) forming a powder mixture of chromium, a further metal (oxide) and additive comprising a metallic component; (b) mechanically alloying the powder mixture; (c) pressing to a green body; and (d) sintering so that the metallic component of the additive melts to a liquid phase.    USE -   The chromium material is used for a metallic part of a high temperature fuel cell.    ADVANTAGE -   Additionally sealing of the chromium material is not required, without reducing the quality of the product.
The operation of a fuel cell stack for electric power generation involves supplying current from the fuel cell stack to an external circuit such that at least a portion of a membrane electrode assembly which has a temperature below the freezing point of water is raised above the freezing point. The stack consists of 1 fuel cell, each comprising the membrane electrode assembly consisting of anode and cathode, a water permeable ion exchange membrane between anode and cathode, and fuel and oxidant supply streams. Also claimed are: (1) a method of ceasing and commencing operation of the fuel cell stack by interrupting the current flow, reducing the temperature of the membrane electrode assembly below the freezing point of water, then carrying out the above process; and (2) a freeze tolerant fuel cell system.    ADVANTAGE -   The fuel cell does not need to be heated before operation.
A transparent conductive film contains a transparent conductive layer made from two kinds of metal up to 10 wt.% in total. Also claimed is a low-reflection transparent conductive film comprising a transparent conductive layer composed of the above transparent conductive film and a transparent film of a different refractive index formed over or/and under the former.    USE -   The transparent conductive film can be used to make low-reflection transparent conductive film and subsequently display such as those in cathode-ray tubes of TVs and computers, plasma display, liquid-crystal device, touch panel, electrodes of solar cells, transparent electrical components, machinery transmitting electromagnetic radiation, glass, windows, office automation equipment, cars and electronic lenses.    ADVANTAGE -   All the transparent conductive film, low-reflection transparent conductive film and display obtained have high transparency, toning properties and conductivity, exhibit superior antistatic and electromagnetic wave shielding effects, and enable adjustment of the colour tone of the picture transmitted through the film etc., and furthermore they are very durable including to salt water, and resistant to oxidation and ultraviolet ray.
Manufacture of a solid state photovoltaic solar cell comprises (a) providing a polycrystalline Si substrate having (i) oppositely-facing first and second surfaces, (ii) a p-n junction adjacent the first surface, and (iii) a layer of silicon nitride on the first surface; (b) selectively covering the layer of Si nitride with a paste containing silver in particle form, a glass frit based on a borosilicate glass and an organic vehicle so as to define a front contact pattern; and (c) heating the substrate in an oxygen-containing atmosphere to a temperature of 760-810C for 20 seconds so the paste will not diffuse into the substrate and alter the p-n junction.    Also claimed is a method of forming a silver front contact and an aluminium rear contact on a solar cell substrate.    USE -   Method is used for solid state semiconductor devices, especially solar cells. The method is used to form conductive metal contacts on both sides of a silicon wafer coated with silicon nitride.    ADVANTAGE -   This is a low cost method of forming a solar cell. The contacts are formed without etching a grid pattern in the silicon nitride layer and without degradation of cell performance during contact formation. The cells have as good characteristics as those produced by conventional methods.
The method involves coating one side an electrode (2) with a coating material at a temperature of 150 C or more.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces adhesion of particles to processed object surface.
The composition includes a perovskite type oxide, which is expressed with a general formula Ba1-x Lx Ce1-y My O3-a. In this formula M is either magnesium or calcium and L is chosen from either of elements among Sr, La, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sn, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb and Y. The values of X and Y are in the range of 0&lt;x0.2 and 0.05y0.26, respectively.    ADVANTAGE -   Ensures stability of ionic conductor in carbon di:oxide and high steam atmosphere. Ensures high ionic conductivity for long period. Improves acid proof nature. Offers highly efficient fuel battery and sensors, for electrical devices with high reliability.
The apparatus has a decarboxylation tower (4) which decarbonises raw water. This treated water is subjected to a reverse osmosis process in a RO unit (1). The resulting water undergoes a deionisation process in an electric DI unit (2). Concentration water from the DI unit is sent to the decarboxylation tower whereas remaining ionised water is subjected to dechlorination process in an activated carbon tower (5) and then to the decarboxylation tower.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves water recovery process. Obtains high quality water stably and continuously.
The structure includes a planar cell which comprises an air and a fuel electrode arranged at both sides of a planar solid state electrolytic layer. A separator is provided which connects adjacent cell electrically in series and allocates oxidising agent gas and heating gas to each cell laminated alternately. A metal mesh is situated between fuel electrode side and fuel gas flow passage side of separation. A gasket is situated between the solid state electrolytic layer of cell and separator. An electricity generator (X) is notched alternately in a gas flow group arranged in two or more rows. A sleeve part is connected to both sides of the electricity generator. A cover member is arranged on a part of sleeve part in piles. The oxidising agent gas or heating gas is ejected to electricity generator through a supply part of sleeve and cover.    ADVANTAGE -   Inhibits cross leakage of gas. Improves battery characteristics. Improves utilisation factor of battery.
Preparing crosslinked polymers comprises removing the solvent from solutions of sulphinic acid- or sulphinic acid salt (-SO2Me) modified polymers and crosslinking to form crosslinked polymers, optionally in the presence of organic di-halogen or oligo-halogen compounds [R(Hal)x], (where Me = a metal cation with one or more valencies, R = optionally substituted alkyl or aryl residue with 1-20 C and Hal = F, Cl, Br or I).    USE -   Especially used for the fabrication of crosslinked cation exchange membranes for use e.g. in electrodialysis or membrane type fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The process can be used for crosslinking of any sulphinic acid (salt) modified polymer; other polymers may be mixed with the sulphinic acid (salt) modified polymer to give crosslinked polymers with a wide range of tailored microstructures and crosslink densities; the crosslinked polymers have improved chemical and thermochemical resistance in comparison to the starting polymers; the crosslinked polymers and membranes have improved resistance to hydrolysis in comparison to materials crosslinked by other methods, e.g. sulphonate-modified polymers crosslinked by way of sulphonamide bridges.
Gas separation device is a composite of an H2 diffusion membrane and a methanation catalyst for removal of C oxides from H2 streams. The device preferably includes a (micro)porous support, preferably of alumina or an alumino-silicate, with an H2 diffusion membrane on the upstream surface and a methanation catalyst on the downstream surface.    Process for purifying H2 using the device is claimed.    Fuel cell for a vehicle including the device as an H2 purification unit is claimed.    USE -   Used in purification of H2 for a wide range of chemical processes, including vehicle fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The device is especially suitable for small scale operations, eg less than 600 litres/minute of feed gas, and involves a single pass through the device. CO and CO2 are removed and pin-hole leakages of C oxide through the membrane are prevented.
The method involves forming an insulating material (15) on the laser light projection part of an electrically conductive film (11). When, a non-crystalline semiconductor film (12) and a metal film (13) are sequentially adhered to the insulated part of the electrically conductive film. Then, laser light LB is irradiated on the metal film located on the insulated part, thereby removing it.    ADVANTAGE -   The battery offers solar battery with favourable photoelectric conversion characteristics.
The method involves forming an amorphous like thin film (11) on a substrate by annealing process. The annealing process is repeated and another thin film is formed on the layer.    A crystalline film (11a) is then grown along the horizontal direction and a polycrystal is grown in the vertical direction.    ADVANTAGE -   The efficiency of solar batteries is increased.
The battery includes a pair of oxidising agent pole and a fuel pole (12) between which two or more unit cells interposing laminated electrolyte layer forming a multilayer body, is formed. A gas manifold (7a) is arranged on a side face of the multilayer body, connecting the gas supply unit and gas pipe through which oxidising and heat gas is passed. The density of gas which is supplied through a reaction gas entrance side and is supplied through an outlet is uniform.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents deviation of gas density. Equalises amount of gas flowing in up and down directions.
The method involves arranging a pair of electrode board carrying a catalyst on a catalyst surface. An unit battery (20) is formed between the catalyst surface of the pair of electrode board sandwiching an electrolyte layer impregnating phosphoric acid. Two or more unit batteries are laminated to form a multilayered body (11) in a receipt container (21). Before transportation, the phosphoric acid in the electrolyte layer of the unit battery is diluted.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents degradation of fuel battery caused due to freezing of phosphoric acid, reliably and easily. Offers cheap and superior method of transportation.
The heat insulation container (1) consists of an outside container (3) arranged outside an inner container (4) provided with a vacuum insulation layer (6) in-between. A first heat insulating material (5) is filled in the vacuum insulation layer. A vent (2) on top of the inner container and the outside container is closed by a heat insulation cover (8). The middle part of the heat insulation cover enters the inner container with part extending at top. The remaining space between the inner container and the outside container where the heat insulation cover do not enter, is filled with a multilayered body (13). The multilayered body consists of alternately arranged metallic foils (15) and inorganic sheets (14).    ADVANTAGE -   Improves heat insulation property. Prevents deformation when second insulation body is inserted instead of multilayered body. Prevents heat dissipation at vent by arranging two insulation material.
Fuel cell system has: a fuel cell (1) of solid polymer type; a rectangular parallelepiped sealing container (2) for holding an H2 occlusion alloy; connector (3) for connecting an H2 passage (6) between container and cell de-touchably; a valve (4) in the H2 passage (6); and an H2 flow rate controller and/or H2 pressure controller (5) in the H2 passage (6).    Fuel feed system for a fuel cell comprises: a sealing container for supplying the fuel; and a fuel passage between container and cell. The container has: a chamber for holding water or aqueous acid and a chamber containing an H2-generator, preferably a hydride which reacts with the water or aqueous acid; an isolator between the chambers; and a switch for opening a hole in the isolator so that H2 is generated and supplied to the cell.    USE -   Used as a small-sized fuel cell system power supply for office automation equipment and other portable appliances. Portable electric appliance containing the system is claimed.    ADVANTAGE -   portable system is capable of operation for prolonged periods and has low size and weight.
A process for modifying thermoplastic polymers insoluble in organic dispersants, comprises: (i) metallising a slurry of the polymer in an organic dispersant with organometallic compounds; and (ii) reacting the carbanions with electrophites and/or anionically polymerisable monomers.    USE -   The cation exchange polymers formed are used as ion exchange membranes for micro- and ultra-filtration, reverse osmosis, pervaporation, gas separation, and electromembrane processes, especially electrodialysis, fuel cells, polymer electrolyte electrolysis (all claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   The metallised polymers can be subjected to a number of further chemical modifying reactions.
Hydrocarbon fuel gas hydro-desulphuriser has: an inlet manifold (22) for a mixture of the fuel gas and H2; a bed (44) containing a catalyst for converting the S content to H2S and an absorbent for removing the H2S; a heat exchanger (64) adjacent the bed to pre-heat the fuel gas/H2 stream; a gas conduit (32) for passing a high temperature reformed process gas stream through the heat exchanger to cool the gas stream; and a shift converter (6) adjacent the heat exchanger receiving the cooled gas stream and removing CO exothermically to produce heat taken up in the heat exchanger.    A method for hydro-desulphurisation using the assembly is also claimed.    ADVANTAGE -   The assembly uses the gas stream at various process stages to control the temperature of the hydro-desulphuriser and shift converter beds. A high temperature process gas stream transfers heat to the incoming raw fuel gas stream and also to the steam which flows through the assembly.
Formation of a high-quality CdTe film by an improved proximity sublimation method includes: (i) a step in which a film containing a CdTe semiconductor material is formed on the surface of a support by applying paste containing the semiconductor material to the surface of the support; (ii) a second step in which the support and a substrate on which the CdTe film is to be formed are placed closely to each other so that the film faces the surface of the substrate; and (iii) a third step in which the CdTe film is formed on the substrate by vaporising the semiconductor material in the film by heating the film and the substrate.
A method for preparing a polyimide film for manufacturing flexible amorphous silicon solar cells, comprises: (a) adding 2 aromatic diamines to a mixture of aprotic and aromatic solvents; (b) adding 2 aromatic dianhydrides to the above solution; (c) reacting the solution produced under nitrogen at below 50C to obtain a random copolymeric polyamic acid; (d) applying a varnish coating of the polyamic acid on a glass substrate; (e) imidizing the varnish coating into a polyimide (PI) film by multiple heat treatments; (f) depositing in a vacuum, a metal film on the PI film and patterning the metal film; (g) depositing in a vacuum, an amorphous silicon film on the metal film and patterning the silicon film; (h) depositing in a vacuum, a transparent electrode film on the silicon film and patterning the electrode film; (i) applying a transparent protective film over the electrode film; (j) separating the PI film from the glass substrate; and (k) applying a protective film to the back side of the PI film.    USE -   In solar cells used in consumer electronic products and in power systems.    ADVANTAGE -   The solar cells are manufactured by a simple and cost-effective method. The PI film has a suitable thermal expansion coefficient and it can be easily peeled off a glass plate. No modifications are required to plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition (PECVD) and laser-scribing processes, which provides cost savings.
The battery comprises a pair of anode and cathode, sandwiched with an electrolyte layer, which are arranged with a separator in-between. These anodes and cathodes are laminated between a pair of cooling plates, thereby constituting a multilayered body (1). A manifold (5) for supply/expulsion of reaction gas is arranged on the side face of the multilayered body. The corners of the multilayered body are at an angle of 45, resulting in the formation of notch parts (4). A sealant (8) is arranged at the outer surface of each notch part. The circumferential portion of the manifold is fixed to the sealant, thus a sealing surface is formed between the gas manifold and the multilayered body.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents adhesion of foreign material with multilayered body. Avoids leakage of phosphorous acid from notch parts of multilayered body.
The structure (1) includes several solid state polymer electrolytic films, which are arranged individually, between opposing surfaces of a pair of gas plates, comprising grooves for oxidising agent gas and heating gas respectively. The electrolytic film contains a catalyst layer and a porous substrate. The perimeters of the polymer electrolytic film and the gas plates, are bonded through an adhesive or a sheet-like double sided adhesive.    USE -   The structure is used for solid polymer type fuel battery.    ADVANTAGE -   The structure simplifies assembly so reducing manhour for assembly work, offers reliable structure for gas sealing, avoids usage of O-rings and reduces size so reducing cost.
The fabric contains manifold holes for gas inlet (3) and outlet (4) and for cooling water inflow (5) and outflow (6). These holes constitute a gas permeable part. The remaining part constitutes a gas impermeable part. A water repellent part is formed on a centre section part (9). A catalyst layer (11) is formed on the surface of the centre section part. Using this arrangement many units for a fuel battery are laminated to make a stack structure.    USE -   The fabric is used for fuel batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   The fabric provides thin and light weight fuel battery and excels in output voltage.
The battery is constituted by several battery units (1a-1f) and gas division plates (9a-9e), which are arranged alternately, thereby forming a partial multilayered body (11). Two or more such partial multilayered bodies are arranged sequentially to form a multilayered body. The battery units comprise a pair of electrodes, with which stratification coating is carried out. These electrodes are arranged, opposing catalyst layers, individually. A gas circulation unit circulates a reaction gas on both sides of the unit batteries, vertically. A cooling plate (12) is arranged on either sides of the partial multilayered body. The thermal conductivity of gas division plates along planar direction is greater than that along laminated direction.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves electricity generation efficiency and reliability of the fuel cell.
The panel (1) consists of a transparent substrate (2) made of amorphous semiconductor material such as hydrogenation amorphous silicon and thin film polycrystal silicon. A solar battery element layer (3) is laminated on the back side of the substrate.    A heat accumulation object (6) and heat insulating material (7) are laminated sequentially on the solar battery element layer. The heat accumulation object is changed from solid state to liquid state and vice versa at predetermined temperature ranges.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables to maintain solar battery element at high temperature for long time. Prevents reduction of electricity generation efficiency due to a photodegradation and temperature rise.
The solar battery has a Si-doped p-type area (1) and a Be doped n-type area (2). A low density impurity area (3) is arranged between the p-type and n-type areas. A barrier layer (4) which consists of semiconductor material is formed in the low density impurity area. A second semiconductor material layer (5) having narrow forbidden band width is also formed in the low density impurity area.    The second semiconductor material layer has higher quantum level energy in predetermined range of conduction band.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides high photoelectric conversion efficiency by reducing recombination probability.
The battery includes the first compound semiconductor layer comprising III-V group element. A second compound semiconductor layer of III-V group element different from the first layer, is formed on it. A third compound layer (9) of III-V group element is formed on boundary surface of first and second compound semiconductor layer.    The forbidden band width of third compound semiconductor layer is set to be larger than that of first or second compound semiconductor layers.    ADVANTAGE -   Obtains solar battery with high efficiency. Reduces recombination loss considerably.
The method involves producing a non-crystal silicon solar battery.    The battery is then subjected to heat processing in atmospheric air.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves solar battery characteristic.
The electrolytic film (1) has inner central portion, whose film thickness is made thin, corresponding to an electrode part of the fuel battery cell. The film thickness of the peripheral portion (3) which does not correspond the electrode part is not made thin.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves battery characteristics. Improves tensile strength and reliability of film remarkably. Enables manufacturing superior electrolytic film, accurately and easily. Facilitates gas sealing of fuel battery, reliably.
The battery (1) has a solid state polymer electrolyte film which is arranged between a cathode electrode (4) and an anode electrode (3). This arrangement comprises an electrolyte film electrode contact piece. An anode side gas and a cathode side gas are supplied to the contact piece through anode gas passageway and cathode gas passageway, respectively. The passageways are formed on the two sides of the contact piece parallel to each other in which gases are circulated in the same direction.    ADVANTAGE -   Performs moisture control. Improves quality of battery. Inhibits expansion of apparatus.
The method involves electro coating the outer surface of a tubular air pole body (11) or a tubular fuel pole body with yttrium stabilised zirconium powder (25) by electrophoresis. the tubular bodies are connected to the negative electrode (17) terminal and are surround by a cylinder object of copper board (13) which is connected to the positive electrode terminal (19). the fine particles which are suspended in the electrolyte (15) form a film on the outer surface of the tubular pole bodies and on the inner surface of the air pole or fuel pole cylinder objects.    ADVANTAGE -   Forms uniform film at low cost. Reduces internal cell resistance and improves fuel utilisation.
The battery consists of certain cells (7) which are separated by a separator. Each cell contains a solid state polymer electrolyte film (1) which is sandwiched between an oxygen pole and a fuel pole. An oxidising agent and a heating gas supplied to the oxygen pole and fuel pole sides, respectively. The oxygen pole includes a gas inlet (I) and a gas outlet (O) and a carbon substrate. Fluororesin (8) which has water repellent property is mixed with the electrode layer inside and the inlet and outlet sides of the carbon paper substrate. The amount of mixing of the fluororesin varies from inlet to outlet side. Since, a quantity of water formed by an electrode process is low in the gas inlet side, the fluororesin mixing is low at the inlet side. Due to the increase of water quantity at the outlet side, the fluororesin mixing is also high at the outlet side.    USE -   In e.g. ships.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents reduction of battery property. Increases effective surface area of electrode.
Production of a copper-indium-selenium (CIS) solar cell comprises depositing a Se layer or a layer containing selenium in contact with an electrically conducting layer. The selenium layer or layer containing selenium is produced by galvanising.    USE -   Used as a solar cell to convert light energy into electrical energy.    ADVANTAGE -   A uniform selenium layer is formed. The degree of conversion of photoelectric energy by the solar cell is high.
Shift converter for reducing the amount of carbon monoxide in a process gas has a chamber, and an outlet for exit of a low temperature effluent from the chamber. The outlet is disposed downstream of the inlet.    The shift converter comprises:    (a) an adiabatic catalytic reaction zone having shift converter catalyst disposed therein for exothermally converting a major portion of the carbon monoxide in the process gas into carbon dioxide and hydrogen, thereby producing a high temperature effluent; and    (b) an actively-cooled catalytic reaction zone positioned downstream from the adiabatic catalytic reaction zone for cooling the high temperature effluent and for creating the low temperature effluent, the actively cooled zone having a shift converter catalyst disposed therein for converting a minor portion of the carbon monoxide remaining within the high temperature effluent into carbon dioxide and hydrogen, and the actively-cooled zone including a heat exchanger utilising a pressurised liquid coolant stream which enters the activated cooled zone as a single-phase liquid coolant, and is converted in the actively-cooled zone to a two-phase liquid-gas coolant without a significant temperature increase due to boiling of the single phase liquid coolant in the actively cooled zone.    Also claimed is a method for lowering the percentage of carbon monoxide in a process gas stream by means of an exothermic shift conversion reaction.    USE -   Compact and efficient shift converter with desired process gas stream.    ADVANTAGE -   Shift converter has chosen carbon monoxide levels and temperatures. Its active zone is cooled by boiling pressurised water so that the temperature of the actively-cooled zone is not raised significantly.
The reformer comprises a burner provided corresponding to the centre axis on the opening side of a bottomed cylindrical container to eject flames toward the container and a catalyst container arranged on the burner in a coaxially cylindrical manner, formed with at least two partition walls and filled with catalyst to promote chemical reaction, so that material gas can flow into the catalyst container for reforming.    ADVANTAGE -   As there is a small temperature difference between the inside and the outside of the catalyst container filled with catalyst when the partition walls are activated, a shorter activating time is required.
The body has a transparent base (10) whose one principal plane interrupts the UV radiation. A transparency electric conduction layer (20) which consists of the oxide of an indium and tin is formed on the transparent base in sequence.    USE -   For electromagnetic wave shield film of window electrode of opto-electric transducers, electrode of display units, such as LCD electrochromic display object, solar battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Inhibits brightness reduction by UV radiation remarkably.
A processed fuel cell power plant gas stream(I) is passed through a scrubber bed containing phosphoric acid to lower the NH3 concentration in (I) to below 1ppm by conversion to ammonium phosphate compounds. Sufficient H3PO4 is evaporated from the bed to replenish all H3PO4 electrolyte lost from the active area of the power plant cell stack during it's operation. A system for treating the above stream comprising a reformer for forming (I), a scrubber containing H3PO4, a cooler for lowering the temperature of (I) to above 400F and lines for directing (I) from the reformer to the cooler to the scrubber is also claimed.    USE -   In treating a fuel gas stream in a H3PO4 fuel cell power plant to remove NH3 while at the same time adding acid electrolyte to the fuel gas stream.    ADVANTAGE -   System is compact and can be retrofitted to existing fuel cell power plant.
Reformer comprises three serially arranged reactor stages (1a), (1b), (1c), each charged with a catalyst pellet charge (2). The middle reactor stage (1b) is maintained by heating to a temperature suitable for reforming, while the other two reactor steps remain unheated.    USE -   Used for steam reforming methanol.    ADVANTAGE -   The reformer is mobile.
Operating an apparatus for steam reforming methanol comprises preparing a steam/methanol mixture from water and methanol in a mixture preparation step, and feeding the mixture into a reformer. The steam/methanol ratio of the steam/methanol mixture is influenced by short-term charge changing to control or regulate the theoretical value.    USE -   Used in a mobile apparatus for steam reforming methanol in fuel cell operated vehicles to recover hydrocarbon for the storage of the fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The production of unwanted high CO concentrations in the reformate can be avoided.
Process for operating a plant for the steam reforming of methanol comprises preparing a steam/methanol mixture and feeding this mixture (2) into a reformer (1). The novelty is that the steam/methanol ratio () of the mixture (2) is adjusted depending on the charge state (B) and charge changes of the plant so that a co-concentration (Ks) remaining over the whole charge region is produced in the reformate (3).    USE -   For steam reforming methanol in fuel cell operated vehicles to recover hydrogen.    ADVANTAGE -   The process is simple.
A gas stream containing hydrogen, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide is purified by a process comprising: (i) one or more oxidation stages using a selective oxidation catalyst to oxidise CO to CO2 such that the CO concentration is reduced to less than 100 ppm, and (ii) methanation of the residual CO to less than 40 ppm using a selective methanation catalyst to convert CO to CH4 in a temperature where the catalyst acts on CO in preference to CO2.    USE -   The process is used to purify hydrogen for use in vehicle fuel cells, ammonia synthesis, methanol synthesis and chemical hydrogenations.    ADVANTAGE -   The process operates at high space velocity such that the total size is less than 20 % of the reformer volume, and the oxidation and reduction stages operate at similar temperatures which are compatible with the output of the reformer so as to avoid the need for heat transfer stages.
The composition includes silver powder, a glass frit, a photopolymer and a coupling agent which is mixed in an organic solvent.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables use of photolithography. Enables formation of extremely small line electrode.
The semiconductor thin film is made by hydrogenation of silicon germanium with chlorine in the proportion 1-200atom ppm.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves optical absorption capacity of battery.
The cell has a cathode made of a stable chlorophyll composite. The anode is made of an oxidising agent.    ADVANTAGE -   High transformation efficiency is attained.
The battery (4) has multilayered cells with fuel electrode and oxidising electrode arranged in two principal planes. A cooling plate is arranged between each cell. A pair of voltage computing leads (5) is connected to two cells. The other ends of the leads are connected to voltage measuring device.    ADVANTAGE -   Ensures stability and longevity. Eases refilling of phosphoric acid.
The battery has a pair of electrodes (4) constituted by an electrode catalyst layer (2) and an electrode base material (3), formed on either sides of a polymer electrolyte film (1). A pair of separator (5A) with multiple ribs (52A) are arranged facing the external surface of the electrode base material of the polymer electrolyte film. The separator comprises multiple grooves serving as a gas conduction part (51) formed in-between the adjacent ribs. The end part of the rib is equipped with an electrically conductive elastic structure consisting of electrically conductive silicone rubber.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents gas leakage by compression of polymer electrolyte film. Inhibits increase of resistance loss in cell effectively.
The fuel cell consists of carbon paper with a fuel pole catalyst (6) and the carbon paper with an air pole catalyst (7). The catalysts are distributed to both sides of principal plane of a matrix (3). The external surface of fuel pole catalyst is equipped with a porous charcoal base plate (5) with rib having heating gas conduction path (14) and external surface of the air pole catalyst is equipped with a porous charcoal base plate (9) with rib having an air conduction path (15). The base plates are laminated by a separator (1). The water repeller process layer (16) which consists of poly-tetra fluoro ethylene, is formed on the surface of the base plate with the air pole side rib. This layer is formed in such a way that it faces the separator. An electrically conductive liquid junction cut-off unit is provided which interrupts the liquid junction by phosphoric acid between the separators at the air pole side.    ADVANTAGE -   Ensures sufficient phosphoric acid maintenance function. Prevents corrosion of separator. Enables to use battery for long period.
The method involves supplying a slurry containing an indium compound and a tin compound to a shaping die (1) constituted with a lower mould (2) of absorbent plaster and an upper mould (3) of non absorbent synthetic resin like vinyl chloride. The lower mould is formed with a rectangular recess (4) for shaping at the upper surface. The upper mould is fixed to cover the top of the lower mould. A couple of gates (5) of shallow concave shape are formed on both sides of the recess along the longitudinal direction in the upper surface of the lower mould. A couple of casting openings (6) are formed like holes piercing from the bottom of the lower mould and led to both the gates individually. The internal circumferential surfaces of the gates and the casting openings are covered with non absorbent liners (7,8) made from vinyl chloride. The slurry is supplied through one of the casting openings till it fills the shaping space (9) between the lower and upper moulds and overflows through the other casting opening. The compact obtained with the die is baked to form the sintered compact.    USE -   In manufacture of solar batteries and LCD by slurry casting technique.    ADVANTAGE -   Achieves high yield of sintered compact.
Electrochemical cell comprises at least one dense solid electrolyte body, at least two dense interconnectors acting as current collectors, cathodes and anodes. 1st gas flow channels (6A) and 2nd gas flow channels (7A) extend through a structure (1A) defined by at least one dense solid electrolyte body and at least two dense interconnectors. The anodes (5A) are formed on the walls of the 1st gas channels and the cathodes (4A) are formed on the walls of the 2nd gas channels with electrolyte bodies (3A) separating adjacent or opposing electrodes    Also claimed is the production of the cell by forming a green moulded body by simultaneous moulding of the electrolyte body and interconnectors, firing, then forming the anodes and cathodes.    Also claimed is an electrochemical device using the cells described above.    USE -   Used as solid oxide fuel cells, steam electrolysis cells, oxygen pumps, NOx decomposition cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The cells have large electrode area per unit volume and high efficiency. The cell has a simple structure, needs no special sealing mechanism and can be produced by simultaneous sintering.
An electrolytic module comprises (a) an electrolytic membrane (20) in the form of a strip-like membrane (21) of solid high polymer having hydrogen or hydroxyl ions as charge carriers, an anode (23) and a cathode being formed along opposite sides of the membrane; (b) a number of rectangular frames (30), each formed of electrical insulation with an opening (32) at one side, the frames being stacked such that the openings alternately face upwards and downwards; and (c) leads (33a, b; 34a, b) for current supply from a constant voltage source to the membrane. The membrane is folded at counter-edges opposite the openings of the frames so that the anode and cathode are held between adjacent frames to form a stereoscopic undulating structure in the frame stacking direction. Also claimed are processes for producing the above electrolytic module.    USE -   E.g. for an electrochemical cell used for air dehumidifying.    ADVANTAGE -   The design provides a highly compact three dimensionally formed electrolytic membrane so that the module width can be reduced e.g. by one-twentieth while increasing the electrolytic surface area.
Anode-electrolyte unit comprises a ceramic electrolyte and an anode made of a composite material. The composite material has a metallic and a ceramic phase. The metal content in the composite material continuously decreases in the direction of the electrolyte so that the transition flows between anode and electrolyte. Production of the unit is also claimed comprising: (a) forming a porous surface on a ceramic electrolyte material; and (b) coating the porous surface with metal.    USE -   Used for high temperature fuel cells (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   Thermal stress between anode and electrolyte is avoided.
The voltaic cell reflecting surface (2) has a number of voltaic cells (4) embedded in it. The voltaic cells have a first protection layer transparent to electromagnetic waves and solar radiation, and a second metallic layer.    Solar radiation is collected by the voltaic cells and converted to electrical energy. RF communications radiation is reflected from the rear surface of the reflecting surface and collected in an electronic head (6), allowing Radio frequency communications transmission and reception.    ADVANTAGE -   The reflector system provides enough electrical power to feed the frequency convertor and electronic processing digital word exchange whilst providing good transmission and or reception of electromagnetic waves.
An interactive exercise pad system [10] receives exercise data from a user [24] stepping on and off an exercise pad. The exercise data is optionally pre-processed in a data acquisition unit [14] before being communicated to a communications port [30] of a computer [16], the computer obtaining prestored data files. The prestored data files include video files, optional audio files and table files of location and terrain information collected from a real exercise course. The computer processes the exercise data and the data files to playback the video files and the optional audio files so that the user experiences a realistic simulation of the real exercise course.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides system which realistically simulates exercise in a natural environment to relieve exercise boredom in convenient manner and at a relatively inexpensive cost.
The machine (10) includes three rotatable foot platforms (14,16,18) provided on a horizontal base (12). Two hand levers (20,22) projecting vertically from the base is provided such that it is equidistant from two of the platforms (14,16) and remote from the platform (18). Positional sensors consisting of a magnet (102) attached to each platform and a transducer (104) arranged on the base, near the platform periphery are provided for sensing the amount of rotation of each platform.    A microprocessor (42) calculates the number of repetitive motions and the amount of energy expended during exercise period, and displays them on a display unit (38). The sensor signals are also fed to a sound synthesiser (90) which generates music in accordance with platform rotation. Controllers (88,92,94) adjust the output characteristics of music.    ADVANTAGE -   Gives psychic encouragement and stimulus to user. Enables adjustment of output characteristics of generated music in accordance with individual taste. Enables user to determine progress of his/her physical condition.
The method involves forming a laminated member (7) by sequential arrangement of a lower member (6), a perforated lower sealing material (5), several solar battery elements (4), a perforated upper sealing material (2) and an upper member (1). The two sealing materials are coated with adhesive. Then, the laminated member is heated and pressure is applied on it.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves moisture resistance of battery module. Prevents trapping of air bubbles during manufacture. Improves appearance of battery.
The method involves forming a permeable lower electrode (3), semiconductor portion (4) and a surface electrode (5) sequentially onto the surface of a substrate (2). Then, a collector pole (6) is heated by irradiation of EM waves and then attached onto the surface electrode.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents thermal degradation. Prevents short circuit between surface and lower electrodes.
The device includes several non-crystalline photovoltaic cells arranged on an electricity generating layer. Several heat emitting bodies (6) such as heating wires are provided as heat supply units for each photovoltaic cell.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents degradation in characteristics of photovoltaic cells.
The ventilator has a solar battery module (6) which is arranged in external side of building. An inlet and exhaust port (2,3) are distributed either at indoor or outdoor sides. The two ports are connected by a duct (4) which penetrates the outdoor and indoor sides.    A fan (5) is provided corresponding to the duct. The fan is driven by the output of solar battery module and air is circulated between indoor and outdoor sides the inlet and exhaust port.    USE -   In kitchen, bathroom, toilet.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces weight and noise generation. Simplifies attachment work.
The device includes a sluice batholith (8) which a larger width than a sluice (2) is installed on an investigated ocean bed. A shaft water turbine (4) that generates a starting power is installed on the batholith through the left and right revolving shafts.    A transmission corrects the rotary power of the normal rotation inversion of the shaft water turbine before a generator starts rotating. Preferably, the installation space of the shaft water turbine is secured to a position which does not obstruct the vertical slide of a sluice door (3) on the batholith.    ADVANTAGE -   Lessens damage due to typhoon and wave and decreases marine production cost.
The module (1) has solar battery elements (2) arranged on its light receiving surface. The elements generate electricity from solar energy. Sensors (4) are arranged between battery elements, to detect the de-icing condition in the light reception surface.    ADVANTAGE -   Detects de-icing condition of module, reliably. Reduces power consumed for de-icing detection. Improves power generation capacity.
NOVELTY - The method involves irradiating an electron beam on molten silicon provided in a mould. The molten silicon surface is divided into various domains whose energy depends on amount of electron beam falling on them.    DETAILED DESCRIPTION - The method involves heating of fused molten silicon provided in a mould. Heating is performed by irradiation of an electron beam, using an electron gun. The surface of the molten silicon is divided into various domains which differ in their energy. The energy of each domain depends on the amount of electron beam irradiated on it. The molten silicon gets solidified from the bottom to the upper surface of the mould.    USE -   Used in the manufacture of solar batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   The impurities present in the molten silicon are removed efficiently. Since purification cost is reduced, inexpensive solar batteries are manufactured using the silicon ingot.
The element converts light incident on optical receiving surface to corresponding electrical signal based on photoelectric effect. The optical receiving surface has porous gallium phosphorus.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves sensitivity. Improves optical absorption factor. Attains improvement in Raman's scattered light intensity.
The module (10A-10D) has a terminal with a receptacle fitting for connecting several modules. The solar cell modules are formed by several solar cells (11) on its light receiving surface.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces cost since electric connectors are eliminated. Improves efficiency of installation and increases output voltage per area since size of solar panel are reduced. Simplifies construction and handling since outside dimensions is small.
The mechanism has a substrate (20) to which the lead wires (21) from solar cells (11) are connected. A supporting plate (13) holds the solar cell base (12) in which the solar cells are provided. The lead wire is sagged along the lower surface of the supporting plate.    The supporting plate and a solar plate attachment base (15) form a cylindrical space that encloses the sagged part of the lead wire. A lead wire cover (16) covers the release surface formed by the supporting plate and the attachment base. A lead wire pipe (23) that holds the lead wire is fixed to a fitting (22) on the top of a housing. The lead wire is fitted tightly in the lead wire pipe after passing through the supporting plate.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves water dripping properties since lead wire is fitted lead wire pipe after passing through supporting plate.
The mechanism has a substrate (20) in which lead wire (21) from solar cells (11) are connected. A supporting plate (13) holds the solar cell base (12) in which the solar cells are provided. The lead wire is sagged along the lower surface of the supporting plate.    The supporting plate and a solar plate attachment base (15) forms a cylindrical space that encloses the sagged part of the lead wire. A lead wire cover (16) covers the release surface formed by the supporting plate and the attachment base.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves water dripping properties since lead wires are sagged to guide waterdrops on lead wires away from substrate.
The structure includes solar battery cell which is connected in series in the shape of laminated tube. A rear side electrode is formed in the cell, in the shape of thin line.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids need for solar battery cell on rear side of cell.
The solar battery (10) includes several layers (11,12) on its surface. A photocatalyst layer (13) with titanium oxide is provided as the outermost layer. Air polluting substances and organic substances adhering to the photocatalyst layer are decomposed by photocatalysis.    USE -   For unmanned weather observation place, beacons. Is also used in clocks, radios.    ADVANTAGE -   Decomposes pollutant substances by photocatalysis thereby prevents atmospheric contamination and air pollution. Enhances light receiving efficiency of solar battery hence improves durability. Unnecessary for manual or machine cleaning as remaining mineral matter on solar battery surface are removed naturally by air.
The apparatus includes several power generating elements (9) in which a transparent electrode film (2), a semiconductor film (5) and a metal electrode film (7) are laminated sequentially. A divided area (18) provided in the metal electrode film which divides the power generating element mutually with high resistance.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents short circuit between electrodes by scattering object. Improves manufacturing yield. Divides metal electrode film completely.
The module has a flexible substrate (1) which has an optoelectric transducer (U). The optoelectric transducer has a first electrode layer (2), a photoelectric conversion layer (3) and a second electrode layer (4). The optoelectric transducer is laminated with a moisture proof film (7) through an adhesive film (6). The light incidence side of the optoelectric transducer is covered by an IR shading layer (9).    ADVANTAGE -   Maintains photoelectric conversion efficiency. Suppresses temperature rise even under solar light irradiation.
The battery includes an electrode consisting of an amorphous-silicon electricity generation layer (3), a transparent electrically conductive film (2) and a metal electrode (4) which are formed on a glass substrate. A protective layer (7) protects the electrode. The substrate serves as a clock dial (9).    ADVANTAGE -   Excels reliability. Performs light weight thus simplifies manufacturing process.
The thin line (10) has a substrate (1) on which a silicon thin line portion (11) is formed in the longitudinal direction. At the free end of the silicon thin line portion, a silicon dioxide thin line portion (12) is formed, through a metal portion (13).    ADVANTAGE -   Observes minute area accurately by reducing size of optical input-output unit.
The device has an SOI substrate formed on a support-body silicon substrate (1) through insulating layers (2). A light receiving element is formed on the support body silicon substrate. The light receiving element includes an anode area (6) and a cathode area (7).    Semiconductor components e.g. insulated gate type power component and a control circuit are formed on an active silicon layer (3) which is provided in the SOI substrate.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents increase in chip size since capability of each element is not reduced by integration, thus preventing reduction in light receiving efficiency.
The method begins by forming a porous layer (101), which has several minute holes and predetermined thickness, on the surface of a crystalline base (100). A part of the porous layer on a crystalline smooth layer (102), which does not contain holes, is denatured.    The remaining part (103) of the smooth layer is then peeled off from the porous layer on the crystalline base, without denaturing in the smooth layer. Preferably, a semiconductor junction (104) is formed inside the smooth layer before peeling the smooth layer from the crystalline base.    ADVANTAGE -   Extends application of solar battery since thin film crystal solar battery with high conversion efficiency can be formed on inexpensive and flexible substrate. Reduces manufacturing cost due to effective use of materials and repeated use of substrate.
The method begins by forming insulating films (3,5,7) on both sides of two or more layers of thin-film semiconductors (4,6). The thin-film semiconductors are then fused and continuously recrystallised.    ADVANTAGE -   Holds thin-film semiconductors with substrate without reducing crystal quality. Simplifies solar battery production process while raising capacity of fusion recrystallisation. Reduces internal stress on thin-film semiconductor since thin-film semiconductor is heated uniformly; reduces cracks, curving and peeling of thin-film semiconductor and substrate. Shortens adjustment heating time since sample is preheated at low value.
Each of three hydroelectric generation installations (10) includes a dam (12), generating plant (16) with turbine equipment (18) and fish and water management features including a fish bypass (23a), spillway (23b) and flow control gates (25a,25b).    A controller (48) and facility controllers (48a, 48b) are coupled to fish location and movement sensors, instruments and control actuators to co-ordinate the facilities and monitor overall system parameters. Fish bypass and spill way structures are controlled.    ADVANTAGE -   Adapts a hydroelectric generation installation to provide an overall water, fish and power management system, improving the survival of fish detected in the facility while optimising power production levels.
The element can be fitted with an intermediate heat absorption plate of metal, plastics, ceramics, etc. of sandwich structure containing outer structure similar to roof appearing, or inner structure of an interconnected chamber or duct system for the heat carrier liquid.    Preferably the outer layer side of the metal etc. plate comprises a heat radiation reducing layer. Typically the coating plates are of refined steel, copper, aluminium or other metals, or their alloys. Sheet metal, plastics, ceramic etc. bands may be used of technically acceptable width, endless length of minimum roof or wall length.    USE -   For newly developed solar systems for roofs and wall facades.    ADVANTAGE -   Cost reduction in improved installation.
The device includes a deck (18) having ball aperture (25) formed in it, a ball reservoir spaced below the deck, a teeing mechanism (14) spaced below the deck and in communication with the ball reservoir, and having at least a tee connected to a drive mechanism that retracts the tee into a load position so that the ball is loaded from the ball reservoir onto the tee and moves the tee into an at-rest position where a ball positioned on the tee protrudes through the aperture, and an actuator connected to the teeing mechanism for moving the tee to the load position.    The tee mechanism includes a ball elevator connected to the drive mechanism that moves a ball from a lower position at the exit from the ball reservoir when the teeing mechanism is in the at-rest position to a higher position when the teeing mechanism is in the load position. The elevator includes a sloping ramp in communication with the tee when the teeing mechanism is in the load position and a ball located in the ball elevator rolls down the ramp and is positioned on the tee.    ADVANTAGE -   Allows user to hit large number of golf balls without changing their grip or stance, and allows user to make small predictable changes to grip and stance effectively improving their swing and making practice more enjoyable.
A photovoltaic solar panel comprises a plate like carrier (1) with flat elongated photovoltaic units (3, 4) connected together in series by an electrical conductor (6). The units are fabricated individually and have a length ratio long side / short side 5 and preferably 20. The substrate is glass, metal, plastic, semiconductor or ceramic material, the solar cell material is based on silicon, copper indium sulphide, cadmium telluride, or nano-crystalline titanium dioxide, or preferably thin film crystalline silicon (f-Si). The (7) conductor has a zig zag profile (8) for reflecting incident light to one of the photovoltaic units.    USE -   Solar cells.    ADVANTAGE -   Since the individual units are fabricated separately the problems of scale up are avoided and the functional surface area relative to non-functional is increased.
The system includes a porous silicon layer formed on a transparent substrate for down converting electromagnetic energy characterised by a first wavelength W1 to electromagnetic energy characterised by a second wavelength W2, where W2&gt;W1.    The electromagnetic energy characterised by the first wavelength is beyond the detectable range of an electromagnetic detector. The detector detects the electromagnetic energy characterised by the second wavelength.    USE -   For an optical detector such as a charge coupled device (CCD), a photo multiplier tube, a CMOS optical detector, a charge injection device, a solar cell, a photo transistor or a PIN diode detector. Also for an infrared (IR) detector.    ADVANTAGE -   Allows the detector to detect electromagnetic energy which is outside its detectable range.
A constant speed in movements can follow during a training session whilst the loads vary. A given constant speed of movements can be controlled, and at the same time an exchange between varying eccentric and concentric loads can be effected completely automatically, with the loads increasing or diminishing automatically in order to match fixed speeds in the movements.    The equipment comprises a linear module (6) with corresponding weight magazine (9), working in conjunction with a training device (1) and a control system (12), which regulates the speed in the movements. With deviations in the movements the load is adjusted to a level, which makes it possible for a user to maintain speed in the movements with the control system (12) emitting signals to the linear module (6) to move the weight magazine (9) to the appropriate position for reducing or increasing the load.    USE -   For muscular training purposes, both in sports training and physiotherapy.    ADVANTAGE -   The equipment corrects the situation with known such apparatus with which during a training session the process has to be interrupted in order to match the load to the status of the muscles. This detracts from the optimal effectivity and muscle building.
The turbine has a runner which is rotated in the reverse direction during a generating mode and a pumping mode. A draft tube (6) connects the runner and a tailrace. A rotator rotates in the rotation direction of the runner and in the reverse direction with the flow of the vane entrance side of the runner during the pumping mode. A diffuser (8) is connected to a bent pipe (7) so that the bisection line (Lo) of the diffuser will deviate for only a predetermined distance (D) from the runner rotation centre (La).    The centre of gravity is on the bisection line, since the boundary cross section (10) of the diffuser is a rectangle, and also deviates from the runner rotation centre for the predetermined distance. Due to the gap of the predetermined distance, the watercourse from the diffuser to the bent pipe generates the rotation style in the direction opposite to the runner rotation direction in the runner inlet port during the pumping mode.    ADVANTAGE -   Q-H characteristic of pump can be moved in direction where net pump head is high, thus preventing reduction of pumping mode efficiency.
The turbine comprises a rotary shaft (1) arranged orthogonal to the flow direction (F) of a fluid. A number of vane shaft (4) is attached orthogonally to the rotary shaft separated by equal angle. A moving blade (2) having a vane surface (2a) is mounted on each of the vane shaft. The vane shaft is rotated by a rotating unit (3).    The moving blade rotates by 180deg about the vane shaft for every 90deg rotation of the rotatory shaft. The vane surface on one side of the rotary shaft, is parallel to a rotation locus surface (K). The vane surface is perpendicular to the rotation locus surface on the other side of the rotary shaft.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables efficient turning of vane. Prevents need for installing large scale apparatus.
The turbine has a runner (5) at one end of a main revolving shaft (1) arranged sideways. Water is blown off from the peripheral upper portion of the runner and diffused around. A water guide (20) guides the diffused water below.    The water guide has a first water guide (21) on the exterior and a second water guide (22) in the inside. The dissipated water is guided below and flows through between the first water guide and second water guide.    ADVANTAGE -   Efficiency of water turbine does not reduce near maximum output since water flows below smoothly without stagnation even when flow is heavy. Housing accommodating runner, can be made small and combined with water guide. Reduces watercourse noise since diffused water flows smoothly without colliding with housing.
The structure includes a frame (2) which mounts a solar battery board (1), that provides reinforcement support of peripheral portion of the board. A coupling unit (5B) which directs and inserts a coupling member (12) for coupling adjacent longitudinal frames, from the eaves side to a ridge side, is provided on both sides of the longitudinal frames.    A projection unit (3d) is laid from the eaves side and is vertically fitted to the upper part of ridge side, under solar battery board piled up state. An insertion unit (4a) is distributed to the lower surface and upper surface of the eaves side and ridge side frames, respectively. The insertion coupling unit is arranged on the upper side of the projection and insertion units, under mutually fit condition.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves waterproof nature and attachment strength of solar battery board. Improves external appearance of roof surface.
The structure includes a ridge side horizontal rail (2a) containing a solar battery module (1), is provided in parallel with a ridge. A long hole (24a) for stepping board fixation, is provided in the ridge side horizontal rail fixed to the roof foundation portion through a front side horizontal rail (3a). A groove (31a) for stepping board fixation is provided in the front side horizontal rail.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves safety during working on roof. Prevents rupture of solar battery module. Eases attachment and repair work of solar battery module.
The structure includes a connector (10A) provided in a mainbody (1) of the roof sheathing, which is connected with a connection part (64) provided in the roof surface. The connector is arranged, so that modification of it's sliding position along the width direction is performed.    ADVANTAGE -   Eases attachment operation of roof sheathing material. Improves operativity.
The module has a container base (5) which supports several blankets (1) with several solar cells connected in series with the solar collectors and protected from environment with a pressure plate (4). The container is mounted axially with a solar test jig. A drive mechanism (9) ensures that the collector faces the sun to enable collection of solar energy.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents short circuit. Ensures confirmed electrical power connection.
The system includes a cycling device whose main body (1) is operated with a pedal (12) rotated by bicycle stroke action of an user. A detector (15) and a load controller (14) are provided to detect the pedal speed and control the pedaling load. A storage unit (21) that stores video data of actual cycling scene is connected to main body through a calculation unit (20).    The reproduction velocity of video data is decided depending on pedal speed and corresponding video signals are generated using the calculation unit. Moreover the magnitude of load is decided by the calculation unit based on video data and conveyed to a load controller (14). A superimposing unit (32) enables layer- wise display of information pertaining to the operation of cycling device main body, using a display unit (3).    ADVANTAGE -   Enhances ambiance of display. Excels in imitating cycle motion. Facilitates multiple scene display thereby alleviating monotony for user. Excels in versatility by permitting velocity variation depending on tempo. Enables display and storage of voluminous video data.
The device includes a float (1) which consists of a hollow pipe. A frame (2) is fixed to the float and forms the frame for an electricity generation unit. A top plate (5) is fixed to the frame.    A solar battery module (4) is mounted on the top plate using a module fixing plate (6). A number of lead wires from the solar battery module are collectively provided in a terminal box which is used for connection with load.    ADVANTAGE -   Raises operativity. Suppresses effect of wind and wave.
The photovoltaic power generation apparatus includes a solar cell array. A non-insulated type inverter converts direct-current electric power output from the solar cell array into alternating-current electric power. An earth leakage circuit breaker is provided between the non-insulated type inverter and the commercial AC power system. Stray capacitance Ca(f) of the solar cell array with respect to a ground potential and circuit breaker interrupting rating EL(ma) of the earth leakage circuit breaker have a relationship of Ca &lt; EL/3.    The solar cell array includes several solar cell modules each of which has solar cells fixed on a reinforcing plate which is made of metal. The solar cells are formed on a metal substrate. The solar cells have non-crystalline semiconductor. The solar cell module forms a builds material.    USE -   For use in connection with commercial AC power system.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents spurious operation of circuit breaker when current flows through earth capacitance.
The cleaner comprises an elongated body which supports a long rotating brush and a series of injectors for cleaning fluid. The brush shaft is turned by a motor, preferably a variable speed pneumatic motor.    The cleaner can have its length changed via a pneumatic actuator. The injectors connect to a conduit in the body for the cleaning fluid.    USE -   For the plant's electromagnetic stator.    ADVANTAGE -   The cleaner can rapidly clean the stator, giving a low downtime.
The horizontal power wheel has panels on opposing spokes. the panels are connected by a linkage enabling each set of panels to assist he other set in opening and closing in response to wind or water currents.    The panels on the spokes may be bi-fold or a single panel. The panels may be curved for aerodynamic efficiencies. In the bi-fold panel system the panels may stand vertically or lay horizontally.    ADVANTAGE -   The wheel produces a much higher magnitude of torque than known methods.
The module (10) has an upper housing (12) with generators connected to a lower base sector (14) with water flow paths (16) extending from upstream end to downstream end. Each water flow path comprises a water inlet near the upstream end connected to the downstream end by a draft tube of predetermined length. A distributor is provided between the draft tube and the water inlet.    The water inlets have horizontal and vertical partitions (24,26,28,30) to form an array of water tubes with parallel axis. Turbines (122A,122B) having runners (124A,124B) rotatably mounted within associated water flow paths (86A,86B) downstream of distributors are provided. One of runners is mechanically coupled to a generator (126) for generating hydro-electric power by rotating when water travels through a flow path.    USE -   For dams, dikes.    ADVANTAGE -   Minimizes flow losses. Withstands loads in horizontal direction due to water pressure without need for external reinforcement at dam site.
The turbine (10) has a rotatably mounted runner (20) having a crown (36), a band (40) concentric with the crown and blade (38) extending between the crown and band at spaced intervals along the crown. The band is bound by spaced apart and oppositely facing inner and outer edges (42,44), an upstream edge and a downstream edge. Each blade is fixed to the crown at an inner edge to the inner surface of the band at the outer edge. A stationery discharging is concentric with the band and is spaced outwards.    A band seal (56) is provided adjacent the upstream edge of the band between the discharge ring and the band to limit water leakage into a band mixing chamber (60). The chamber is maintained flooded during turbine operation. A gas admission aperture (64) injects gas into the chamber to promote mixing of gas and water leaking into it during turbine operation thus increasing level of dissolved gas in the water discharged from the downstream port.    ADVANTAGE -   Enhances gas to liquid transfer in water flowing through casing. Permits rotation of band relative to discharge ring and limits water leakage into band mixing chamber using band seal. Minimises power losses.
The S-doped InP substrate for long wave length light receiving element is manufactures by liquid encapsulated Czochralski process, and has a carrier concentration of more than 5x1018/cc, and a solidifying ratio of more than 0.3.    ADVANTAGE -   Dark current of the S-doped InP substrate can be controlled.
The sheet is laminated with a transparent film whose surface is coated with a wavelength conversion substance so as to convert short wavelength light into a visible light.    ADVANTAGE -   Enhances efficiency of solar battery by 10%. Eliminates damage to solar battery due to low wavelength light. Reduces reflection of light from film.
The battery comprises a silicon crystal (1) which is partially injected with an impurity thereby several independent island shaped impurity layers (5,5') which comprise two different kinds of impurity layers are formed. A contact hole is formed between the impurity layers of a specific kind and an electrode layer (8). The impurity layer of specific kind are not linked with the electrode layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves life of substrate portion covered by heat oxide film. Enables manufacturing superior battery using existing manufacturing technique. Eliminates gettering effect of diffusion layer.
The method involves performing a water level adjustment operation which regulates the water quantity that flows into a water turbine (3). The water level adjustment operation maintains the water, in the upstream side water reservoir tank (1), within a predetermined limit.    The previous detected value is held, when the water level detecting signal is lost due to a water level detection trouble. The water quantity of the previous detected value is fixed and the water level adjustment operation is continued.    USE -   For e.g. water turbine control apparatus.    ADVANTAGE -   Suppresses oscillation of servomotor by abrupt change of water level signal, thus improving safety and stabilising operation.
The panel structure (10) includes panel (1) with concentric polygonal cyclic components. A solar battery (2) is attached to a predetermined portion on the surface of the concentric polygonal cyclic component. Several radiators (3-5) are attached to the other portions on the surface of the concentric polygonal cyclic component.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves heat dissipation efficiency.
The device consists of an insulating substrate with thickness of 60micrometer or less. A buffer layer (2) with film thickness of 0.5micrometer or less is formed on the substrate.    A nitride semiconductor layer with total film thickness of 6micrometer or less is formed on the insulating substrate, via the buffer layer. A portion of the nitride semiconductor layer is removed, so as to adjust the thickness of the insulating substrate.    USE -   Other types are solar battery, photosensor, blue and green LED for traffic signal.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents crack generation. Improves heat dissipation property. Suppresses raise of threshold value.
The method involves forming an electrically conductive film (24b) on a p-type cadmium mercury tellurium substrate (21). An electrically conductive film (24b) covered by an insulating film (29) is formed on the surface of the substrate. An etching resistant film (30) with an opening (31c) is formed on an electrode connection area.    Dry etching of insulating film is performed through the opening of the etching resistant film. An opening (32c) is formed on electrically conductive film (24b). An electrode is formed in the opening (32c) in contact with electrically conductive film.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents inversion in electrode connection. Facilitates to form electrically conductive film on required location.
The element includes a first conductivity semiconductor substrate (11). A first conductivity buffer layer (14) is formed on the light receiving layer formation surface of the substrate. First and second optical absorption layers (21) are formed on the buffer layer separately. The first optical absorption layer receives the light beam projected from a parallel direction and generates a carrier signal. The size of the second optical absorption layer is larger than that of first optical absorption layer.    The second optical absorption layer receives the light beam that is projected from another parallel direction which is different from first parallel direction. Cap layers (22) of second conductivity type are formed on the first and second light absorption layers. Electrodes (24A,24B) are formed on the cap layers. An electrode (B) is formed on the other surface of substrate which is on reverse side of light reception layer forming face of substrate.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents influence due to other incident light beam. Enables detection of each light signal independently.
The structure includes a pair of output terminal boards (17,18) provided in the modules (SM1,SM2) respectively. The output terminal board (17) has a guide section (24) which forms a recess. The output terminal board (18) has a slide section (2a) inform of a projection, which is inserted in a up-down direction into the guide section.    Electric contacts (25,30) are arranged near the guide and the slide sections, respectively. The electric contact enables electric connection between the two adjacency modules via the two output terminal boards.    ADVANTAGE -   Facilitates wiring work while assembling module. Raises work ability and attains maintenance property.
The converter converts the angle of a solar panel moving rod (3), for moving a solar panel (1).    ADVANTAGE -   Improves electricity generation efficiency. Reduces installation area.
The module consists of several solar batteries (4) arranged between a pair of surface members (1,2). The surface members have mutually differing sizes.    ADVANTAGE -   Offers improved module.
The method involves forming a polymer film on a metal or glass substrate (1). The uniaxial stretching processing of polymer film is performed.    An excimer laser light is radiated onto the polymer film, thereby forming semicircular grooves (42). Then, a Si layer (43) is formed on the semicircular groove.    ADVANTAGE -   Increases photoelectric conversion efficiency. Improves mass production nature.
The method involves forming V-shaped and U-shaped grooves on the light receiving surface of a crystalline silicon substrate (21). The substrate surface is processed using a diamond wire saw, such that whole light receiving surface of silicon substrate is coated with diamond.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides solar battery with high efficiency. Enables mass production of solar battery.
The transducer has first electrode (11) consists of linear electrically conductive material, over which N,i and P type semiconductor layers (12-14) are layered, coaxially. Electrical potential is caused between the semiconductor layers during irradiation of light. Finally, a transparent outer electrode (15) is layered over the P type semiconductor layer.    USE -   LCD.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves efficiency. Improves productivity.
The structure includes an output terminal that is formed on surface of a substrate (10) and penetrates through an opening formed at the bottom of the substrate. A metallic foil (220) arranged at the back side of the substrate covers the opening.    An electrically conducting material filled in the opening connects the output terminal and the metallic foil, electrically. A protection resin layer (251), is formed on the substrate. A lead wire is soldered onto the metallic foil.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids peeling of protection resin layer since fusing of protection resin film due to heat is avoided. Improves operability. Reduces restrictions for selecting soldering place of lead wire.
The sheet consists of a plastic magnet sheet of 0.1mm thickness integrally attached to either of its surfaces.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents accident by evoking road sign.
The base (11) has a semiconductor substrate (16), on which a cavity layer (13) is formed. Multiple columnar bodies (15) are dispersed in the cavity layer. A single crystal semiconductor layer (14) is formed on the cavity layer.    A porous layer (12) is formed on the single crystal semiconductor layer. A film made of predetermined material is formed on the porous layer.    USE -   For semiconductor IC    ADVANTAGE -   Improves product yield. Improves substrate strength and structure.
The method involves immersing a thin-film substrate in the fluoride deuterium solution. The surface of the thin film substrate is made porous. The fluoride deuterium solution is made of DF and H2O in the ratio of 1:(10-200).    ADVANTAGE -   Improves reliability. Improves photo-luminescence characteristics.
The member (16) includes a transparent layer (17) with upper surface covered by a first ornamental pattern (18) partially. A second ornamental pattern (19) covers the lower surface of the transparent layer partially. The two ornamental patterns are arranged such that a solar battery is covered.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves external appearance. Prevents reduction in electricity generation capability.
The system includes several plate type heat exchangers (1a-1c). The water which is heated due to heat removal from power plant, is cooled initially in a collecting tank (7). The water from collecting tank flows into heat exchangers through pipes (5a-5c) which is cooled by sea water.    The collecting tank, an auxiliary tank, a drain tank and a vapour tank are provided from which water is supplied to either cooling water supply side or cooled water supply side of the heat exchanger. The cooled water reflows through pipes (6a-6c) into the collecting tank to cool further the water in the cooling tank.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves cooling function of heat exchangers. Removes impurities such as marine organism included in sea water thereby avoids clogging in heat transfer elements.
NOVELTY - The solidification speed during initial stage of solidification is higher than that of the average speed R.    DETAILED DESCRIPTION - The method involves removing phosphorus, boron and carbon from fused silicon metal followed by unidirectional solidification of pure silicon. During the process, the average solidification speed is set to R which depends upon the concentration of impurities present in the silicon metal. The solidification speed is higher than R at initial solidification stage and is gradually decreased during the progress of solidification.    USE -   For manufacturing silicon substrate for solar batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   Metal impurities are removed efficiently. Silicon yield is enhanced and refining cost is reduced. Manufacture of inexpensive silicon substrate is enabled.
The assembly includes a tube put-through system, mounted with suitable spacing in two lines such that solar collectors, or photovoltaic modules can be simply blocked-on. For this purpose there are Z-brackets or U-brackets secured at the collector tube anchor.    The precise fixing of the tube anchor at the collector is assisted by a template and also safeguards precise location of the collectors.    USE -   Also for mounting on roof rafters, solid roofs, shingle, and other roofs.    ADVANTAGE -   Easy and fast assembly with only few assembly steps.
Two metal plates (1,3) are joined to an elastic side cladding (4) and have hook and pile fastener strips (2) for attaching the feet. A stack of springs consisting of plastics plates (5,6), spiral springs (7) and contacts (8,8a) are between the metal plates.    Positive and negative cable connections end in a signal transmitter. Two plastics plates joined to spiral springs or rubber pads (19) form a stack of springs.    ADVANTAGE -   The indicator detects stress on operated fractures to a leg, knee or pelvis.
The device has a rotational hub structure within a circular rail (8), the structure having a flexible walled chamber on each end of a diametral spoke (10). An output shaft (14) is connected to the centre of the spoke, and the chambers are in fluid communication. The output of the shaft can be offset from the centre of the circular rail, causing one chamber to expand and the other to decrease in volume by an equal amount.    In use, the device is immersed in a liquid and the shaft output is offset such that the larger volume chamber is more deeply immersed and more buoyant than the other chamber. Rotation of the output shaft is produced by the differential buoyancy of the chambers.    ADVANTAGE -   Power is generated without any pollution, and the device can be used in remote areas due to its low cost.
The apparatus (10) has a motor (32) that drives a belt (18) which is movable between an use position (86) and a storage position (88). A control panel (14) has several signal producing units (20-30). The signal producing units produce several signals including an initiation signal and a mode selection signal. A signal detecting unit (36) detects each of the produced signals. A position determining unit (85) determines whether the belt is in the use position.    An inhibiting unit coupled to the position determining unit, inhibits the motor operation, when belt is not in a use position. A shut off unit (38) coupled to the signal detecting unit, shuts off power to motor, when time period between production of initiation signal and mode selection signal exceeds specific level.    ADVANTAGE -   Ensures non-operation of treadmill at inaccurate position.
The apparatus includes multiple parallel protective walls (2) installed at a sunk ship (1). An electricity generation water turbine (6) is attached to the ship through channels (4). An inclined surface is attached to the inlet port of each channel in order to increase the velocity of the inflow water.    A wave cutoff board (3) prevents the passing of waves at the exterior surface of the protective wall and overflowing of water in the channel, such that the inflow water is maintained at a constant surface line. A pushing board attached to the protective wall enables normal electricity generation of the water turbine, when trough of water enters the channel.    USE -   Windmill.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids environmental destruction and generation of noise. Enables large scale generation of electric power.
The system comprises a guide blade (2) which controls flow of water quantity to a runner (1). The runner coupled to the drive shaft (13) of a rotary machine, is arranged on a channel (5) between an arm top cover (3) and discharge ring (4) at the bottom. The shaft of the guide blade is made to rotate in the discharge ring by an operation mechanism (14) in the lower side of an accommodation chamber (19).    The periphery of the discharge ring is fixed to a speed ring (6). A draft tube (8) which is firmly fixed in a concrete base (10) is made to support the internal circumference of the discharge ring. The pressure exerted on the discharge ring is received on both sides of the speed ring and the draft tube.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides sufficient strength of discharge ring with simple structure. Offers cheap bottom heating structure.
The silicon compound contains less than 10 ppm concentration of carbon and oxygen. Other elements like B, P, Fe, Al, Ti and Ca are also included which satisfy the following equations. [P]/[B]&lt;1.0, 0.06 ppm[B]0.3 ppm. [Mi]/[C+O]&lt;0.2, ([P]/[B])([Mi]/[C+O])&lt;0.05, where [P], [B] are concentration of P and B respectively. [Mi] is the concentration of Fe+Al+Ti+Ca and [C+O] is the concentration of carbon and oxygen. The remaining composition contains silicon.    USE -   Used for high purity solar batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   The silicon compound has excellent transformation efficiency. The cost is reduced and utilisation of solar battery is increased.
NOVELTY - The method involves fusing metallic silicon by heating its surface using an electron beam (5) and pouring the molten metal (4) into a rotating mould (3) under vacuum. The molten metal in the top portion of the mould is maintained in the fused state while the bottom portion is solidified. The volatile impurities in the molten metal escapes out and pure silicon ingot (8) is obtained.    USE -   The method is used for manufacturing silicon substrate for solar batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   The method offers effective removal of impurities like P, Ca, Al etc from metallic silicon. An inexpensive silicon substrate for solar batteries can be produced.
The photovoltaic cell system has a number of photovoltaic solar cells (3) mounted around the brim of a hat (1). The arrangement can be adapted to different hat types.    The solar cells are arranged in series and parallel, adaptable to the hat inclination. An output cable (2) connects the solar current produced to the user device.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides the user with a body portable electrical generator which is easy to carry. The available current can be adjusted for different orientations of the hat to the sun.
The roller shutter for a room window is assembled from a number of solar cell profile elements , electrically connected in series or parallel, for providing electrical energy. Each of the profile elements is assembled from a number of thin-film or monocrystalline solar cells, or is provided with a number of attached solar cells.    The elements have a height of between 30 and 150 mm and a length of at least 600 mm, with one element provided with a rubber or plastics closure edge.    USE -   For provision of electrical energy from solar radiation incident on surface of roller shutter.    ADVANTAGE -   Simple replacement of existing roller shutter.
Production of a series-connected solar cell array, which is contacted at only one side, involves (a) producing and structuring an initially continuous semiconductor layer on an insulating substrate to produce individual cells, each having a selective emitter and being contacted at one side; (b) electrically separating the individual cells before or after production; and (c) connecting the cells in series. Preferably, the individual cells are electrically separated by high energy laser beams, sawing, sand blasting, wet etching or plasma ion bombardment, resulting in separation trenches between and around the individual cells.    USE -   Especially as a one-side contacted, thin film solar cell array.    ADVANTAGE -   The array employs an insulating substrate (e.g. a ceramic wafer) instead of an expensive single crystal silicon substrate and has high efficiency.
The exercise apparatus has a resistance assembly driven by a helical drive mechanism (fig 1). This mechanism has a helical member and a slider sliding linearly along it and is driven in response to a force provided by the user. An opposing resistance force is provided by the resistance assembly controlled manually or electronically by a controller.    This controller is connected to a user recognition and authorisation device, body monitoring devices, a microprocessor and or a tracking device for monitoring the slider's position. The helical drive mechanism is used in equipment that simulates exercises such as weightlifting, rowing, stair climbing and cycle riding. An optional adjustable frame allows multiple exercises to be performed using a single piece of equipment.    USE -   For allowing user to carry out exercise and fitness training.    ADVANTAGE -   Dispenses with need for complex system of sprocket gears and chains and allows smooth anf fluid exercise motion.
The sensor has several pixels arranged in the shape of a plane. Each pixel can be chosen through a horizontal address line (X1,X2) and a vertical address line (Y1,Y2). The pixels are connected to the corresponding data lines (DL1,DL2).    Each pixel includes a light receiving component (D), and switching components (S1,S2) that connect the light receiving component to the corresponding data line when the pixel is chosen through the horizontal and vertical address lines. A reading component (B1) having a low impedance is connected between each data line and an output line (OL).    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents increase in parasitic capacitance of output line thereby preventing smearing and shading. Discharges electric charge remaining in first switching component when horizontal and vertical address lines are not chosen. Circuitry is simplified since output of reading component or amplifier can be directly connected to output line.
The method involves forming a fluorescent film on a light receiving surface of the solar battery, to increase the energy conversion efficiency.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables simple and safe utilisation of fluorescent material. Enables increase in energy conversion efficiency.
The apparatus includes a glass pane (2) arranged on the light incidence side of an photoelectric transducer (1). A strip-shaped unit (21) is formed inside the glass pane.    The surface angle of the strip-shaped unit and the principal plane near the incidence side of the glass pane are formed near the LAT of the battery installation surface.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces reflection of incident light. Enables effective utilisation of light during high noon. Improves light conversion efficiency.
The process comprises forming a heat resistance substrate comprising cadmium and telluride, in a 0.5 or more inert gas atmospheric pressure. The surface of the substrate is heated to generate gas. Cadmium telluride is precipitated from the surface of heat resistance substrate.    ADVANTAGE -   The utilisation characteristics are improved. A cadmium telluride film of good quality is obtained. The efficiency is improved.
The composition includes Al powder and a resin like cellulose nitrate resin. An organic solvent and glass prit are also added with Al powder and resin.    ADVANTAGE -   Offers electrode with low specific resistance value. Improves characteristics. Promotes sintering degree of Al particle.
The method involves filling the upper surface of a piston (3), which is provided inside a water tank (1), with water. The water tank is provided with a sewage place.    The piston is pulled up by the weights (10L,10R) to contact the sewage place and to generate an effective upward energy which is expanded. A room (4), provided with a weight (6), and the buoyancy of the water returns the piston to its original position. The generation of the effective upward energy is repeated in a vertical cycle.    USE -   For e.g. irrigating farmland, vehicle, aircraft, marine vessel.    ADVANTAGE -   Eliminates use of fossil fuel and nucleus and enables infinite energy generation since gravity is used. Generates power using generated energy. Eliminates problem cause by drying of fossil fuel. Simplifies acquisition of energy since gravity is everywhere. Enables use in surface of earth, underground, underwater and space. Prevents generation of radioactivity and toxic gas when accident occur. Enables boosting food production. Provides no harmful effects on humans, animals and plants.
The fitting has a frame stationary portion (1) which is fixed to a frame (8). The frame is fixed to the lower section of a solar power generation panel (10). An upper plate (2a) is fixed to the lower surface of the frame stationary portion. The slanting upper part of an underplate (2c) is curved in a right angle from the lower end of a falling surface (2b). An opening (2d) coincides with the taper difference of a sarking (4) and a Japanese type tile (3). A tile retainer (A) covers the side edge of the upper Japanese type tile.    A fixing component (2) has a sarking stationary portion (B) which is curved to form a stationary portion (2f). Through holes are provided on the stationary portion. The stationary portion is fixed to a roof tile frame (5) by screws (7) that are inserted in the through holes.    ADVANTAGE -   Attaches solar power generation panel on roof, strongly. Reduces manufacturing cost since structure is simplified. Simplifies attachment to roof or building. Enables fixing frame in horizontal direction or water taper direction to roof surface. Enables permitting longitudinal direction offset of frame since bolt hole is drilled with oblong shape. Performs fixing work of frame easily.
The panel (50) has solar batteries (34) that are arranged between the permeable glasses which are made into multilayers. A gap (A) is opened, mutually, between the solar batteries.    Preferably, the solar batteries are attached to a building by a support component. The support component is also used to support the glass.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables making visibility satisfactory since light passes through gap. Supplies large electric power since light receiving area of panel is enlarged. Obtains sufficient lighting since light receiving angle to skylight is adjusted.
The machine comprises: (a) a pressing unit (30) for interposing and pressing a stacked layer member (10) of a stacked heat reactive film (11) with a predetermined heat reactive temperature and softening temperature and another film (12); (2) a heating unit (20) for heating the stacked layer member (10) to a temperature higher than the softening temperature of the heat reactive film (11) so as to laminate the stacked layer member (10); and (c) a carrying unit for carrying the a stacked layer member (10) intermittently by a predetermined carrying pitch shorter than length of the pressing unit (30) in the carrying direction and pressing and heating the laminated end portion after the every intermittent carrying operation.    The temperature of the both end portions of the heating unit (20) in the carrying direction are set to lower than the softening temperature of the heat reactive film (11).    USE -   The machine is suitable for laminating flexible weather resistance films on a thin film of photoelectric conversion modules incorporating flexible substrates while interposing the photoelectric conversion modules.    ADVANTAGE -   Generation of uneven thickness, ripples, bubbles at overlapped laminated portions in a continuous film of modules is prevented.
The device includes a silicon substrate (11) provided with a recess (12). The recess is surrounded by a three layer body and a linear beam (22) is passed into the recess. The three layer body comprises a SiO2 film, Si3N4 film and SiO2 film (13-15). A single crystal silicon layer (16) is formed on the central portion of recess.    USE -   Other examples infrared-rays sensor, oscillating sensor, acceleration sensor, micro gyroscope.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents formation of curvature and bending. Joins silicon nitride and silicon oxide, directly. Prevents penetration of chemicals during etching of silicon substrate. Obtains element of high sensitivity.
The element has a first conductivity type compound semiconductor substrate (1). A buffer layer (2) of same conductivity as the substrate is provided on the substrate. A first conductivity type light absorption layer (3) is formed on the surface of the buffer layer. The light absorption layer has a light receiving surface (3a) which receives light projected horizontally and generates a carrier.    The projecting point of the light receiving surface is positioned between the uppermost and lowermost layers of the light receiving surface. A second conductivity type cap layer (4) is formed on the upper surface of the light absorption layer. A first electrode (8) is provided at the back side of the substrate and a second electrode (7) is provided at the hole of the cap layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves light receiving efficiency by positioning light receiving surface suitably.
The battery has a substrate (10) on which layer structure of electricity generating layers (12a-12c) are formed. The electricity generating layers are mutually connected.    Ejection electrodes (14a,14b) are provided at the side edge portions of the substrate. Preferably, the side edge of the substrate has a predetermined angle from one principal plane.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides superior exterior for solar panel that can be produced easily in sufficient yield.
The unit (U) has a base (1) on which a electricity generating units (2) is provided. At least two terminals (t1,t2) are provided to extract an output from electricity generating units. Connectors (s1,2) are provided for connecting adjacent electricity generating units in series.    USE -   For e.g. solar power generating system of e.g. residence.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies connection for electricity generating units since positioning unit is not used. Prevents faulty wiring of connection and eliminates unnecessary space for laying wiring. Ensures reliability of output terminals by not connecting electricity generating units directly.
The housing (40) includes an inner cylinder (41a) which is provided in main body (41) of a container and is covered with an outer cylinder (42). The thickness of the inner cylinder is made small and has sufficient mechanical strength. A vacuum space (44) is provided between the inner and outer cylinders.    An IR detector (50) is attached to a detector mounting section (41b) on the upper portion of the inner cylinder. A base (41c) is integrally formed on the inner cylinder. The base is fitted onto a convex shaped mounting section (61) provided in the main body.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves IR detector positioning accuracy. Increases detector cooling efficiency. Maintains vacuum within container.
The device includes a solar battery (11). A storage body is charged by the output of the solar battery. An illumination detector detects surrounding brightness based on the output of the solar battery.    A position detector detects position of an apparatus. A drive controller drives an illumination unit based on the position of the apparatus and the detected result of the illuminance detector.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces power consumption. Detects charging and discharging situation of storage body, reliably.
The clock has a cylindrical transparent case (1) that comprises lower and upper aperture. The upper and lower aperture are respectively covered with a transparent board (2) and a back lid (3). A dial (4) is arranged opposite to the transparent board in the case.    A solar battery (7) which has a light receiving surface (8) on its rear side, is arranged on the back side of the dial. A drive unit (9) which is spaced from the light receiving surface, moves a pointer using the electric power from the battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Enhances design freedom of dial. Prevents yield reduction due to inferior battery exterior.
Semiconductor imaging device has a semiconductor radiation substrate (11). Conductive charge output contacts (13) are formed on one face, and another contact (12) is formed on the other face for applying a bias voltage to form an electric field. It has a covering of a different material (20) which may be a conductive, non-conductive, semiconductor or passivation material, e.g. aluminium nitride, deposited by sputtering, evaporation or electrolysis.    The substrate is made of CdZnTe, CdTe, PbI, HgI, GaAs or Ge. The device comprises a number of detector cells within the substrate, each having a respective charge output contact. A readout substrate with an array of image cell circuits receives charge from the cells. It is bonded to the detector substrate, and they are encapsulated to form the device.    ADVANTAGE -   Linear detector behaviour is retained at all combinations of exposure and x-ray tube voltage.
The drive taps the pressure resulting from the wave motion of water using a metal hopper-shaped device (3) which taps gravitational water pressure via a displacement arrangement under the water line.    The arrangement is connected via a staged transmission to a generator which converts the pressure into electrical energy. If the wave amplitude reaches a certain height, the hopper-shaped device is lowered and does not present an engagement surface to the force of motion of the waves.    ADVANTAGE -   Overcomes technical problems with high waves when absorbing wave motion with floating devices.
The deep water esp. floating combined power station and manufacturing facility generates energy from renewable power sources which are stored within the assembly and consumed as required. The power station extracts the power from two or more renewable energy sources in the immediate vicinity of the installation e.g. differential sea water temperature, wave power, wind power or solar power, depending upon the nature of the natural energy resources present. The power extracted is used to drive one or more industrial processes either within or in the immediate vicinity of the installation. A group of such power stations may drive one or more such processes. The power station is either installed on a floating artificial island or a natural island. The floating power station has an anchorage system whose position may be varied around the artificial island, and which may be rapidly raised or lowered. The power station artificial island is mobile either in combination with a tug, or under its own power.    USE -   Deep water marine-based combined power station using renewable energy sources. Energy generated is stored as e.g. hydrogen or methanol, and or used for the production of industrially-relevant products e.g. ammonia, or sweet water. A group of such floating power stations located in the same area of sea makes better use of a common infrastructure e.g. process guidance systems, weather forecasting and transport systems.    ADVANTAGE -   The floating power station can deliver energy continually from a weather-dependent power source.
The complex consists of at least two groups (n1, n2) of hydraulic generating sets with turbines of different parameters in each group. One group of generating sets uses turbines made for operation in a range of design pressures from minimum to maximum values and boosted unit power from calculated to maximum pressure values.    The other group of generating sets has turbines designed for operation in a pressure range of minimum to intermediate between the calculated and maximum pressure values, and having a maximum output greater than the turbines in the first group. The number of generating sets in the second group is in proportion to the increase over the unit power in the turbines of the first group at maximum pressure.    ADVANTAGE -   Increase in electrical output during period of main use by preventing idle discharge of water when levels are high.
The apparatus has a solar battery (1) placed on an endogenic board (2). The energy of the solar battery is converted into heat energy which is then converted into electrical energy, is stored in one body.    ADVANTAGE -   Obtains electrical and heat energy, simultaneously. Utilises solar energy efficiently.
The apparatus consists of a valve shaft (3) fitted in a boss (5) provided at one end of an arm (4). An actuator rod (8) which is supported at a pivot point (O) making predetermined angle with the arm, is rotated by the reciprocating action of an actuator (7) for opening or closing the water flow path. The peripheral surface of a boss has a notch (15) which contacts rod surface.    The first perpendicular line (H1) which passes through the centre of an arm support (9), a tangential perpendicular line near the actuator of boss surface and the pivot point of the actuator are made to approach towards valve shaft centre (P). The peripheral surface of actuator rod at end of stroke is set at notch such that the rod supports position of arm.    ADVANTAGE -   Operates with smaller effort and high efficiency. Reduces capacity of actuator, pump, oil tank.
The water turbine apparatus has a main shaft (2) installed on a bearing, transmitting power to a driven shaft (7) through a transmission chain (6). A row of water stops (9) and pressure plates (8) are fitted on the upper part of channel structure.    USE -   For installation on irrigation canals.    ADVANTAGE -   Supplements electrical energy from unutilised water resources. Provides vertical adjustment to suit water level.
The turbine includes a runner vane (1) attached to its periphery with a hollow water passage (10) formed in it. The water passage enables partial flow of water. The remaining portion of pressurised water is discharged from a scroll type turbine casing (20) by centrifugal force acting at the periphery of vanes.    ADVANTAGE -   Does not need external power. Enables pumping from lower to higher position. Enhances utility.
NOVELTY - Abrasive includes multiple oxides of cerium and zirconium as grinding particles.    USE -   Glass. Semiconductors.    ADVANTAGE -   The polishing speed of abrasive is improved.
NOVELTY - The method involves subjecting raw material silicon to various refining processes which include oxidizing, vacuum and solidification refining. DETAILED DESCRIPTION - The method involves performing various refining processes of metal silicon raw material. The refining processes are oxidizing, vacuum and solidification refining. The composition of board material also includes less than 30ppm of P, 20ppm of B, 1000ppm of Al, 1000ppm of Fe, 500ppm of C and 60ppm of Ti. The silicon obtained from the refining process is mixed with polycrystalline silicon which is generated by other manufacturing methods.    USE -   Electrical power generation.    ADVANTAGE -   The method enables manufacture of stable product within short time. The manufacturing cost is reduced and an inexpensive silicon substrate for solar batteries is obtained.
The photoelectric conversion device includes a photoelectric conversion element formed on a substrate and a conductor provided by sticking on the photoelectric conversion element. There is also a wavelength converter between the photoelectric conversion element and the conductor. The wavelength converter includes a fluorescent part. The conductor includes an insulating base and a conductive layer on it.    There is also a protective material on a surface of the conductive layer on the side opposite to the base. The conductor includes a metal e.g. aluminium and is grounded. The conductor is electrically connected to a housing that houses at least the substrate, the photoelectric conversion element, and the conductor. The conductor is electrically connected to the ground of an analogue or a digital circuit involved in driving the photoelectric conversion device.    USE -   Also for digital copier, X-ray imaging apparatus for non-destructive inspection etc.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves noise figure without lowering yield. Protects wavelength converter from humidity etc.
the skate is an adaptation of a conventional in-line skating shoe whereby the shoe is fitted with illumination in the direction of travel and in the reverse direction.    An illumination arrangement is built into each skating shoe. The illumination arrangement receives power from a battery or accumulator and/or a dynamo in each wheel.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   The skate contains integral illumination which lights the path ahead and the skater above, reducing the risk of skating in the dark.
The arrangement (1) has elongated electrodes (2), each covered with at least one photovoltaic film (3), arranged at a distance to and parallel with respect to each other on a common mirrored and electrically conducting surface (4) of a carrier film (5).    The elongated electrodes are in the form of wires or braids. The distance (7) between the electrodes lies between the value of the radius of the electrode and six time the radius.    ADVANTAGE -   Photovoltaic film carrier can be mass produced and arranged in modules enabling economical use of photovoltaic film material. Flexible, lightweight modules enable improved use of incident sunlight.
The apparatus has a frame to which a pair of foot platforms are connected through the four bar linkage. The stair stepper is configured by the foot platform. A pair of pedals are connected to the frame through the crank to configure an exercise bicycle. A rhelogical fluid brake is connected between the frame and the foot platforms or foot pedals.    The brake includes the magnetorheological fluid whose viscosity is controlled by magnetic field to resist the movement of the foot platform and the pedals.    ADVANTAGE -   Offers smooth and easily controlled exercise. Facilitates display of cable TV programs during exercise session. Offers aerobic training and strength training.
The assembly (4) includes several reflecting mirrors (2)arranged in its external side. Light beams irradiated on the reflecting mirrors are transmitted to a sun lamp, through holes (5) formed in the mirror. A silicon oxide film is formed on the reflecting mirrors.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids accidents. Facilitates indoor usage.
The photodetector includes an n-type InAs substrate on whose surface an optical absorption layer (2) is formed by epitaxial growth after carrying out doping of low concentration n-type material. A lattice matching p+ type InAsx P1-x-ySby window layer (3) is formed on the optical absorption layer by epitaxial growth.    A SiN anti-reflection film (4) is deposited on the window layer. An n electrode (5) and a p-electrode (6) are formed on the lower and selected upper surface of the substrate and the anti-reflection film respectively. A sapphire window (7) is above the anti-reflection film.    ADVANTAGE -   The manufacturing processes involved are simplified and the sensitivity of the photodetector is high.
The solar battery has an insulation substrate (1) on whose one side a photoelectric element is arranged. The photoelectric element consists of two electrodes (E1,E2) with photoelectric layer (P) inbetween electrodes. On the other side of the substrate charging unit consisting of electrodes (e3,e4) with dielectric element (D) inbetween, is arranged.    Electrode (E1,E4) and electrodes (E2,E3) are interconnected via through holes (h1,h2) to charge the charging element with voltage generated by the photoelectric element. Several charging units are connected either in series or in parallel.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables to make portable solar battery. Eliminates surge suppression capacitor.
The converter has several optoelectric transducers which are connected individually and not serially. A laminated structure consisting of two electrode layers (11-16, u1-u6) and a photoelectric conversion layer (P) is formed at one side of a substrate (1).    In the laminated structure, the photoelectric conversion layer is arranged in between the two electrodes. Several isolation lines (g1-g3) are interposed at the circumference of the substrate between a current terminal (7) and the laminated electrode structure so that the electrode layer and the photo conversion layer does not exists in the isolation area formed by the isolation line.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents migration of electrode material thereby reduces short circuit connection between current terminal and electrodes.
The bearing comprises a rotation board (3) slidably supported with a rest board (4) held by a spring (5), under a thrust collar. External force apparatuses (31,32) apply force to lateral and lower portions of the rest board, for convex deformation of rest board, during the start of rotary machine.    USE -   For pump turbine, water turbine and in hydroelectric installation.    ADVANTAGE -   Stabilises start and running of rotary machine. Enables formation of lubrication oil film quickly.
The machine has a stay ring (32) provided with a stay vane (32a). An arm top cover (33) and a discharge ring (34) are arranged to the internal circumference side of the stay ring. A guide vane (35) is provided with a top spindle (35a) and bottom spindle (35b) that are arranged on a flow path. An upper bearing (36) and an intermediate bearing (37) support the top spindle to the stay ring.    A lower bearing (38), provided in the discharge ring, supports the bottom spindle. The most external circumference diameter of the arm top cover is made smaller than a guide vane bearing mounting pitch diameter. A thrust bearing support stand (50) for supporting the thrust load of a rotation section, is combined with the arm top cover.    ADVANTAGE -   Shortens work time and manufacturing period of arm top cover. Prevents rupture of bearing since weight is reduced. Obtained reliable hydraulic machine without preserving high rigidity to lower section of bearing bracket. Simplifies manufacturing of arm top cover and thrust bearing support stand since bolt is used. Improves safety since guide ring floating up prevention plate is used. Suppresses deformation of arm top cover and prevents floating up of guide ring.
The apparatus (101) has several surface electrodes (107a- 107e) attached to skin on the muscles relating with movement of body. The myoelectric signals in these electrodes are measured by an electromyographic measuring device (102). A constant impedance correction unit (103) in a controller (105), evaluates the measured myoelectric signal.    Based on an evaluation, function impedance (2) is decided for the electromyographic (Vk). A control unit (104) in the controller performs the impedance control of the operation of the device by establishing constant impedance.    ADVANTAGE -   Performs high level body movement. Measures body movement accurately.
The surf board has a cover plate in which there are a number of battery cells that are used to power an electric motor that drives a propeller at the rear.    The drive motor is typically some 2kw and is built in to maintain the aerodynamic shape of the board. A control foot pedal is provided for speed regulation. The battery cells can be in the form of solar energy cells.    ADVANTAGE -   Increases range of uses.
A generator must be operated at a certain revolution speed in order to produce electric power. Since a conventional vertical water wheel is constructed such that vanes are fixed to outer peripheral wheels of the water wheel and a diameter of the water wheel is preset, it has a constructional drawback that its revolution speed is affected by a water flow velocity.    The water wheel comprises lengthy slide vanes (5) slidably mounted to outer peripheral wheels (2). Further, the water wheel, of which vanes are slidable, is provided with a control mechanism and a speed governing mechanism, so that the water wheel itself senses a change of water flow velocity to regulate a slide amount of the slide vanes (5) in accordance with change values, whereby a diameter of the water wheel is modified and an intended revolution speed of the water wheel is constantly maintained.    ADVANTAGE -   Potential energy of water is converted into rotary motion. Provides, as power for generators, a slide vane vertical water wheel, which maintains its constant revolution speed independently of a change in water flow velocity.
The module has a solar battery cell (2) accommodated in a main body (13) and sealed by plastic material. A frame (14) is provided on both sides of the main body.    Moreover the main body is made convex and the frame is cast into curved shape. The curved shape of the frame is cast in the plastic material of thickness above 5mm.    ADVANTAGE -   Secures light weight and compact size. Absorbs large wind pressure.
The photoelectric converter consists of a crystalline silicon substrate (1) of one conductivity type on which a photoelectric conversion area (12) is formed by an opto-electric transducer. A passivation film (4) which consists of a dielectric material is formed in contact with the exposure end face of the substrate.    ADVANTAGE -   Decreases element area. Reduces leak current by leaps and bounds. Improves photoelectric conversion efficiency.
The method involves forming a molybdenum film (2) on a substrate (1). A paste consisting of selenium-indium powder, selenium powder, copper chloride powder and binder is coated on the molybdenum film.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides solar battery of large area.
The turbine has an elbow type casing and a tapered casing (55) which is provided with a rest valve (55a). The valve (56c) of a rotary ring (56) corresponds to the rest valve of the tapered casing.    A guide vane (56b) is provided between the ring valve and a watercourse exit. A runner is provided at the watercourse exit of the rotary ring.    ADVANTAGE -   Ensures high-speed turbine operation since rotational force of runner can be obtained by increase in pressure or speed. Provides cost-effective structure. Minimises load of turbine shaft, and enables reducing thickness of runner. Suppresses generation of noise and vibration during turbine operation.
In an anisotropic thin film particle having diamagnetic anisotropy are aligned with regular order.     Also claimed is that the anisotropic thin film is formed by providing thin film formation to the particles having diamagnetic anisotropy which is present in a magnetic field under xH2 &gt; 1.5kT; (where H = magnetic flux density (G); k = Boltzmann constant; 1.381 x 10-16 (erg.K-1); T = absolute temperature).    USE -   Used in anisotropic conductive thin films used in electrophotographic photoreceptor, solar batteries or memory colour filters.    ADVANTAGE -   Minimises influence of magnetohydrodynamic effect to form thin film by an electrochemical reaction in a magnetic field. Controls the production of the thin film by turning a switch on and off to facilitate the reaction. The film is produced easily and the use of iron phthalocyanine liable to be oxidised producing the iron phthalocyanine thin film in the high magnetic field.
The device includes an armature (2) that is provided in the periphery of a hollow shaft (1). A wire (3) is drawn out of the armature through the hollow shaft.    A number of magnets (4) are provided in the internal circumference wall of the armature (2). An air screw (5) is connected to the outer cylinder (6) of the armature through a bearing (7).    ADVANTAGE -   Tracks direction of current through fluid. Increases efficiency of electrical generation. Reduces resistance for utilizing energy in fluid.
The wave generator (6) has a thin ultrasonic vibrator (1), a thin oscillator (2) and a thin battery (3) which are embedded to a thin flexible card shaped member by resin. The ultrasonic vibrator and the oscillator are connected electrically by a lead wire.    The thin battery supplies electric power to the oscillator which applies HF output to the vibrator. A solar battery (5) is mounted on the whole surface of the card shaped member.    USE -   Is also used as massager.    ADVANTAGE -   Is compact in size.
The pager includes a phototranslator (1) which receives light from external. An interruption signal is input to a CPU (3) which controls a LCD driver (4).    When the surrounding appears as dark, then a LCD indicator (5) is turned OFF. When the surrounding is bright , then the LCD indicator is turned.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces power consumption, considerably. Enhances efficiency, remarkably.
The element has a barrier layer (6) on whose lower and upper surfaces n type and p type light guide layers (5,7) are formed. The light guide layers are made of InxAlyGa1-x-yN where X 0, Y 0 and X+Y 1.    The band gap energy of light guide layer that is adjacent to the barrier layer on both sides is greater than the band gap energy of the barrier layer itself by a predetermined gap.    USE -   For LED, laser diode, solar battery, photosensor.    ADVANTAGE -   Obtains single transverse mode. Attains low threshold current and low threshold voltage. Attains high efficiency with reduced forward direction voltage.
The transducer has an electrically conductive substrate (3) in which an electrically conductive film (2) is formed. The conductive film consists of an alloy of stannic oxide and the indium oxide.    An anatase type titanium oxide powder with an average grain size of 10-100nm is baked to form a titanium oxide film (4). The titanium oxide film is provided as light incidence lateral electrode.    ADVANTAGE -   Enhances photoelectric conversion efficiency. Obtains high quality optoelectric transducer.
The structure includes an n-type layer (13) in which silicon is added to the III-V semiconductor compound as the impurity. A p-type layer (15) is formed on the n-type layer. A carbon impurity is added to the III-V group semiconductor compound of the p-type layer. A duplication addition layer (14) is interposed between the n-type layer and the p-type layer.    The silicon and carbon impurities are added into the duplication addition layer. The concentration of the impurity added in the n- type layer is low compared to the carbon impurity added in the p- type layer. The concentration of the impurities added in the duplication addition layer is mutually different from that in the n-type and p-type layers.    ADVANTAGE -   Obtains high photoelectric conversion efficiency. Obtains desired PN junction boundary surface.
In a solar generator having several solar cells on a support structure comprising a honeycomb structure sandwiched between locally reinforced upper and lower cover skins, an electrically insulating layer is provided on the upper cover skin and damping elements are inserted in corresponding holes in the honeycomb structure.    Preferably, the damping elements consist of a cylindrical outer ring (12) of metal or fibre composite material, an inserted elastomeric ring bonded to the outer ring and an inner ring of metal or fibre composite material inserted in and bonded to the elastomeric ring. Spaced-apart damping foil strips (10) are preferably adhesively bonded onto the outwards-facing exterior of the lower cover skin.    USE -   For satellites, especially communications satellites.    ADVANTAGE -   Compared with conventional solar generators, the new solar generator withstands much higher loads (e.g. during launch), vibrations in the 30-100 Hz frequency range and sound pressures in the 150-500 Hz range.
The parent patent (Application No. 19637126) describes an amorphous silicon (alloy) based photosensitive electronic device having blocking contacts with adjacent radiation absorbing intrinsically conductive layers, each active layer being arranged normal to the light propagation direction. Charge carriers, generated by varied spectral radiation, are collected at different externally applied voltages. At least one of the intrinsically conductive layers consists of two sub-layers of different collection lengths (drift lengths) for photo-generated charge carriers, the leading and trailing (in the light incidence direction) sub-layers (I, II) having respectively longer and shorter collection lengths for producing different electric field strengths so that multiplied charge carriers are collected at short and long wave light irradiation, respectively. In this patent of addition, the novelty is that at least one of the intrinsically conductive layers has an additional third sub-layer (III) having a collection length (drift length) which differs from those of the other two sub-layers (I, II) so that multiplied charge carriers of different respective spectral regions are collected in each of the three sub-layers. Preferably, the device has a glass substrate bearing (a) a p-conductive (or n-conductive) a-Si:H layer; (b) an intrinsically conductive a-Si:H layer consisting of three sub-layers (I, II, III) of different dielectric constants increasing in the light incidence direction; and (c) an n-conductive (or p-conductive) a-Si:H layer.    USE -   As a variable spectral multicolour diode.    ADVANTAGE -   The device has excellent spectral selectivity, a linearity over more than five orders of magnitude of the illumination intensity, a low dark current and thus a high dynamic range and does not require additional optical filters for spectral fraction selection.
The solar collector rests on the module and consists of an outer tube with inner intermediate strap of transparent material with excellent optical properties, high deflecting prism structures, a heat tube, reflector foil, and side closure caps.    The solar module consists of a transparent cover plate, interconnected solar cells, surrounded by hermetically tight set, a support plate, and terminals for the solar cells and an incorporated cooling coil in foam foil. The solar collector and module are pressure and steam diffusion-tightly connected. The prism structures can deflect the solar radiation both at the heat pipe and the solar cells for transducing into electric and heat energy.    USE -   For solar generation of electric energy.    ADVANTAGE -   Improved economy and compact design.
The system includes a controller for providing several visual images and sounds. A first sensor generates a first input to the controller when it is activated by the left hand of the user. A second sensor provides a second input to the controller when this sensor is activated by the left foot of the user.    A third sensor provides a third input to the controller when this sensor is activated by the user's right hand. A fourth sensor provides a fourth input to the controller when this sensor is activated by the user's right foot. Each visual image includes four separate quadrants each of which corresponds to one of the sensors.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves motor skills and concentration of users. Exercises left and right side of brain by exercising right and left sides of body.
The apparatus has a ceramic seal (19) to prevent leakage from main shaft in a water turbine. The ceramic seal is installed between the main shaft and a top cover. A labyrinth seal (20) is installed at the upper area of the ceramic seal.    The seal is used to arrest the leakage of water from the ceramic seal during reduction of a water sealing capability. The leaking water is ejected by a sump pit through a drainage pipe.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents reduction in sealing capacity.
The method involves arranging a cover (1) detachably over a chamber of a hydraulic machine. Then, a guide vane (4) is arranged on the lower portion of the cover. During dismantling, the guide vane is removed first and then the top cover is detached.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves operability by reducing assembly and separation times.
The apparatus has a guide ring rotated for simultaneously opening or closing several guide vanes which adjust the quantity of water flowing inside a water turbine. The guide ring is rotated along the closing direction of the guide vane by the gravitational force of a weight which is attached for providing the power for rotation of the guide ring.    A concrete structure (2) is mounted on a base (991a) in an accommodation hole (991) for limiting the gravitational force of the weight added to the guide ring in the full admission state of the guide vane.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces drive output required for opening and closing operation. Maintains safety during loss of drive energy source.
In a silicon-contg. aromatic amine cpd. bearing an aromatic amine cpd. in the branch with the silicon atoms on the principal chain bonded into a circle, the novelty is that the silicon-contg. aromatic amine cpd. consists of repeating structural units of formula (1), (2), (3) having an aromatic ethylene backbone and (4) with, when ratios of repeating structural unit(s) (1-1) and repeating structural unit(s) (4-4) per total repeating structural units of (1-1) and (4-4) are z and 1-z, z being greater than or equalling 0.125 and being less than or equalling 1 and, when the sum of repeating units of (1-1) and (4-4) is n, n being greater than or equalling 3 and being less than or equalling 8 (where, R1,R2 = opt. substd. 1-20 C alkyl, 3-20 C cycloalkyl, 6-24C aryl or 7-26C aralkyl; Ar1,Ar2 = opt. substd. 6-24C aryl; Ar3=opt. substd. 6-24C arylene; R3, R4 = opt. substd. 1-20 C alkyl, 3-20 C cycloalkyl, 6-24C aryl or 7-26C aralkyl; Ar4 = opt. substd. 6-24C arylene; R5, R6 = H or opt. substd. 1-20 C alkyl, 3-20 C cycloalkyl, 6-24C aryl or 7-26C aralkyl; Ar6 = opt. substd. 6-24C aryl; (Ar1* and Ar2*), (Ar1* and R2*) and (R2* and Ar2*) each opt. fuse with each other to form a ring; R7, R8 = opt. substd. 1-20 C alkyl, 3-20 C cycloalkyl, 6-24C aryl or 7-26C aralkyl). Also claimed are organic electroluminescent (EL) devices, electrophotographic receptors and organic photoconductor devices.    ADVANTAGE -   The silicon-contg. aromatic amine cpds. have excellent hole transport ability, film-forming properties and durability and the organic EL devices, electrophotographic receptors and organic photoconductor devices use the amine cpds. as the hole transport materials.
The terminal box (103), filled with a filler, contains an electrical connector connecting a solar cell and an outer lead wire (105). The box is attached to a solar cell module (100) by a pressure-sensitive adhesive (102), double-sided adhesive tape. A lid (100) is attached to the module using adhesive (107) to cover the box such that the lid can be locked shut.    The solar cell module and an inverter may be included in a solar power generator. The inverter controls the output from the module.    ADVANTAGE -   High adhesion workability, high productivity, and high reliability.
An ir sensitive bolometer is fabricated by forming and patterning sacrificial layer (12) on a substrate (10), and depositing or growing a layer (13) consisting of essentially polycrystalline SiGe on the sacrificial layer. An ir absorber is deposited on the SiGe layer, and the sacrificial layer removed. Also claimed is an ir sensitive bolometer, and an infrared camera.    USE -   Fabrication of an infrared radiation detector and in particular an infrared sensitive bolometer which can be arranged in arrays of pixels for applications, e.g. night cameras, using micro-machining techniques.    ADVANTAGE -   The bolometer has improved thermal insulation, but the material used is compatible with standard IC technologies, and has at least similar electrical and mechanical properties to those of the state of the art.
A semiconductor based device is fabricated by depositing a polycrystalline SiGe layer on a substrate, pref. a silicon substrate. Also claimed is the fabrication of an infrared sensitive bolometer by forming and patterning a sacrificial layer (12) on a substrate (10), and depositing and patterning a layer of polycrystalline SiGe (13) in order to form an active area (16) and supports (15) of the detector. The supports are highly doped and the active area moderately doped, and a stack of layers deposited to form an IR absorber, before removing the sacrificial layer.    USE -   Fabrication of an infrared (IR) radiation detector, particularly an IR sensitive bolometer, using micro-machining techniques.    ADVANTAGE -   The detector is fabricated with a material having a lower thermal conductance, and similar or superior electrical and mechanical properties, but still compatible with standard IC technologies.
The architectural element (E) is in the form of a sloping or ridged roof, used for covering a porch or walkway, with incorporated solar cells (2) for generation of solar power, used for lighting the porch or walkway. The angle of the roof is adjustable via hinges (6) and a horizontally sliding aperture rail (4), the underside of the roof housing a current storage device (S), a lamp (L), a twilight switch (A) and a movement switch (B).    USE -   For covering and illuminating entry porch or walkway.    ADVANTAGE -   Suitable for mass production.
A refrigerator or a freezer has 1 photovoltaic element (16,18,20) which is integrated into the appliance surface (6,8,10) for covering electric energy demand. The appliance features six planar surface sections (6,8,10) into which the photovoltaic element (16,18,20) can be integrated.    ADVANTAGE -   The photovoltaic element (solar cell) covers part of the electricity consumption of the appliance so that demand on mains electricity is reduced.
The exerciser (10) includes a spherical casing with two axes perpendicular to each other. A ring within the casing, is rotatable about one axis. A spherical rotor received within the ring, has a rotational axis co-linear with the other axis. The rotor has an outer surface with a circumferential groove. A flexible rope (56) with a rigid end, is received in a driving hole provided in the circumferential groove.    The rope is wound around the groove such that the rotor is driven to rotate about the second axis by unwinding the rope. A light generator is mounted on the rotor to emit light during rotation of the rotor. A counter (20) is attached to the lower end of the casing, to count the number of rotations of the rotor.    ADVANTAGE -   Emits light depending on rotational speed of rotor, to provide appealing attraction to consumers.
The method involves exerting muscular force against resistance weights (115,116) connected to a movable arm (72) by a subject. The static strength exerted on resistance weight is measured using a computer and displayed in a display screen. The resistance weight is less than static strength of the subject.    The subject exerts muscular forces by moving backward and forward to perform positive, negative work within a specific range of movement of about 72deg against the movement arm. The movement arm is moved to perform positive and negative work, until muscles are fatigued. Based on force applied on moving arm, strength of subject is measured and displayed on the display screen.    ADVANTAGE -   Measures muscular strength in safe and effective manner. Facilitates accurate measurement and display of muscular strength.
The device has a nitride semiconductor layer formed on a substrate. A thin film layer with film thickness of 50 angstroms is formed on the nitride semiconductor layer.    A barrier layer made of nitride semiconductor such as indium is formed in contact with the thin film layer. The lattice constant irregularity difference between nitride semiconductor layer and thin film layer is (+/-)3% or more.    USE -   For e.g. LED, LD, solar battery, photosensor.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves efficiency of device. Enables continuous oscillation at room temperature for long term.
The device has several LED chips (22) which are arranged on the surface of a PWB (21) and are connected to it. The LED chips are sealed with air permeable sealing body (24), individually. The sealing body is made of an epoxy resin with addition of cationic polymerisation system curing catalyst.    USE -   In display device, copier, WP, facsimile,    ADVANTAGE -   The device prevents deformation and destruction of LED chips by external pressure and metal thin as well as destruction, shrinkage or peeling of sealing body by curvature difference. The device reduces number of manufacturing processes, thereby decreases cost.
The laminater has a vacuum chamber which is divided into a lower vacuum area (5) and an upper vacuum area (6) by a diaphragm sheet (3). Several heaters (7) are provided in a heater plate (6). The energizing control of the heater is performed and a battery module (11) is heated at high temperature.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides uniform lamination to battery module. Conserves electric power.
The cover has a transparent surface being made from photocatalyst particle and water repellent silicone. Also, a substance that prevents the hydrophilization of water repellent silicone, by optical amplification of photocatalyst particle.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves conversion efficiency. Maintains water repellent for long time period.
The photo voltaic cell has a `p' layer (P), `n' layer (n) and three `i' layers (i1,i2,i3) in between p and n layers. In the conduction band (Ec) a sudden fall in energy level (2) is carried out from the central valve thereby forming a trough near `n' layer. In the valance band (Ev) a sudden rise in energy level (3) is carried out near the `p' layer due to the junction of i1 and i2 layers.    ADVANTAGE -   Generates higher voltage with good conversion efficiency by preventing electron hole combination.
The device has epitaxial growth layers (3A,3B) consisting of III-V group, which are formed on a silicon substrate (1). The silicon concentration of at least one epitaxial growth layer is 1015-1020/cm3.    USE -   For light receiving elements, light emitting elements, semiconductor laser, light emitting diode, photodiode and phototransistor.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves crystallinity of epitaxial growth layer.
The device has a fluorescent screen (5) equipped with a fluorescent layer (4) formed on a support body (2). The support body is arranged on a glass plate (6) such that it comes in contact with the fluorescent layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Evaluates flare ability of image reading device, reliably.
The sensor includes an aluminaised mylar (2) which is arranged to incidence side of the detecting part of a PIN photodiode. The mylar is then ground.    ADVANTAGE -   Measures X-ray accurately, as EM noise from front face of sensor is suppressed.
The generator includes an installation base (S) provided in the main body (12) installed on a sea coast. A wave inlet port (62) is provided at the lower section of the installation base. A hollow inner portion (14) is provided in the upper section of the installation base. The waves admitted through the inlet port are made to move vertically in the hollow portion, under decompressed or pressurised state. During the pressurised state, air is made to flow into one single sided chamber of a partition board (18) in the hollow portion, through a first air inflow opening (30) provided in bottom wall (14f) of the hollow portion.    A fan (24) is rotated and electricity is generated by a generator (26). The air is then ejected through a first air exhaust port (38) provided in the top. During decompressed state, both the air inflow opening and exhaust port are closed and air is made to flow through a second air inflow opening (46), to generate electricity by the rotation of fan. Then, the air is made to flow into the other single sided chamber of the partition board after which it is ejected through a second air exhaust port.    ADVANTAGE -   Converts vertical motion of wave and thereby that of air into electrical energy with high efficiency and simple structure.
The structure has a tower main pillar (4) on which set of solar panels (1) are arranged in step form. The surface depth ratio of both extreme solar panels is set as 2. The distance ratio of steps of the solar panel is set as 31/2 or 21/2.    The main pillar is strengthened by a pair of tension bars (6,7). Two sets of solar panels (2,3) are fixed at east and west surface of each of solar panel set (1). The solar panel sets (2,3) are coupled to the solar panel set (1) by the coupling joint.    USE -   In hospital, government office.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces shadow generation of one solar panel over another. Enables installation of multiple solar panels in less area. Enables effective usage during earthquake and fire extinction.
The drive circuit has a polycrystalline semiconductive crystal (1) to convert light into electric current. A solid state capacitor (4) stores the generated charge and provides power supply for load when power is not generated from the crystal.    A comparator (5) is connected in parallel to the capacitor which energises a relay to close a contact (7) when the voltage across the capacitor falls below a supply level. The switch then closes to serially connect a secondary battery (9) to a voltage converter (10) whose output is given to the load.    ADVANTAGE -   Drives load even with short term recharging. Obtains high power at low cost. Improves life of battery.
The pattern having SiO bond is formed by irradiation of selected ray to the organopolysilane film, and this pattern is dissolved by specified solvent, and remaining parts are irradiated by the ray to form SiO bond, and contacted to Ag salt to form Ag conducting layer.    USE -   The conducting circuit substrate is used for flexible switches, battery electrodes, solar batteries, etc.    ADVANTAGE -   The circuit has high electroconductivity, hardly secular changed, and has fine pattern accuracy.
The element comprises an optical detector (12) and an optical intensity adjustment units (4) which are electrically separated by a transparent electric separator (16). The optical detector includes a pair of light absorption layers (30) which are coupled optically. A pair of electrodes (38) are connected with the optical detector, electrically using which current is supplied onto the absorption layers.    To the optical intensity adjustment unit, an anti-reflection film (50) is coated at both light incidence and light radiation sides. Based on the predetermined saturation characteristics of the optical intensity adjustment unit, the incidence light is limited within predetermined optical range and is given to the optical detector.    USE -   For CATV.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces signal distortion within wide-range dynamic characteristics. Has favourable distortion characteristics.
The apparatus consists of a sensor which includes a small sized solar battery, a motor drive circuit, a motor and a single power supply. The small sized battery connected to both sides of a shading body is connected in series with a transistor. When the solar light falling on the shading area is changed to a different direction, the transistor gets switched ON, using the electrical potential difference of the solar battery.    As a result, the voltage of the battery gets reduced and at the same time the motor is also operated. The motor inturn tracks the solar light equatorially using a timer. Thus, the sensor is always made to face the sun.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies manufacture and repair of apparatus. Does not depend on direction of apparatus for tracking solar light.
The assembly consists of N number of parallelly connected solar battery modules with each module consisting of serially connected solar battery. A solar battery cell group (CG) is formed by extracting a solar battery cell from each module depending on the voltage required. The temperature control of the solar battery cell group is performed by a control circuit (CNT).    ADVANTAGE -   Provides constant current-voltage characteristic under severe space environment.
The solar battery has a flexible substrate over which an amorphous silicon film is formed as the photovoltaic component. The average thickness of the substrate is set within the range of 15-100micrometer. A heat resistant synthetic resin film is formed on the substrate.    The coarse particles of resin film with height ranging between 0.273-0.546micrometer are discharged as 200 or less particles per 100cm2. The particles of resin film with height more than 0.546micrometer are discharged as 20 or less particles per 100cm2. The average surface roughness of the resin film is along the centre line 4nm or less.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves yield of battery. Expands usage range of battery. Improves photoelectric conversion efficiency.
The battery has an anode (1) and a cathode (2). The anode consists of lithium content transition metal compounds such as LiMoS2 , LiTiS2 or LiNbS2. The cathode consists of a material which occludes and releases the lithium ion. An electrolyte (3) having lithium ion conducting property is interposed between the anode and cathode. The light irradiation domain is provided in predefined portion of anode.    ADVANTAGE -   Increases efficiency of energy conversion.
The method involves adding sodium ion to a neutral metal complex. The neutral metal complex contains heterocyclic compound with one ligand. The molecular weight of the sodium ion added neutral metal complex is determined by electro spray mass spectrometry.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies measurement of molecular weight of neutral metal complex.
The semiconductor device includes a quantum well lamination structure with at least one quantum well layer and at least two barrier layers alternately laminated. The quantum well layer forms a quantum well relative to electrons and holes and the barrier layer forms a potential barrier relative to electrons and holes.    The thickness of the quantum well layer and the height of the potential barrier of the valence band at the interface between the quantum well layer and the barrier layer are set so that the number of quantum levels relative to holes on the valence band side of the quantum well layer is two or three in the state that the intensity of an electric field generated in the quantum well layer is zero. A mechanism applies an electric field in the quantum well lamination structure in the thickness direction.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces chirp parameter so that laser can be used for long distance transmission at 1.55m.
The solar panel is formed with a thin carrier plate (1) that has a number of parallel fold lines (8) formed to create strips onto which are mounted interconnected solar cell elements (2). The cells have external connecting points (4).    When not in use the panel can be folded into a compact form by folding the strips into a zig-zag pattern.The panel can be used on such as the rear window of a road vehicle to generate sufficient energy for cooling the vehicle interior when parked.    ADVANTAGE -   Is readily transportable.
The hydropowered operating machine-generator unit has a centrifugal pump (1) operated as a turbine which drives a transmission shaft (2) via which a working machine (3) or machines and a synchronous generator (4) with an electronic load regulator are driven.    A coupling can be arranged in the transmission shaft after the turbine and before the drive for the working machine. A coupling (6) can be arranged between the transmission shaft and the synchronous generator. Surplus energy is passed via the load regulator to a load as electrical energy.    ADVANTAGE -   A mechanical machine, mainly a mill, is developed to enable efficient electrification
The unit comprises a bulb housing (3) in which a rigid frame (23) is provided to support a rotating system. The rotating system consists of hub (1), blades (2), shaft seal (6), turbine shaft bearings (5,7), shaft couplings (8,10), speed increasing transmission (9), and a generator (11).    Several openings (26) are formed in the beams of rigid frame to accommodate cover plates (28) and bolts (29). A removable lock (61) is provided to close the opening of bulb housing. A central terminal block (22) for connecting power and control cables are fixed at one end of rigid frame.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides small opening for bolt fixation so that maximum strength, rigidity is achieved and turbine's hydraulic performance is increased. Facilitates assembling, testing and maintaining generator unit independently from bulb housing so that installation and removal of generator unit out of bulb housing is enabled.
The assembly includes a drain path (11) which ejects water from a priming chamber (B) to the lower portion of a runner chamber (a). The priming chamber is surrounded by a runner (1), and a regulating valve (12).    The regulating valve, which adjusts the drain flow is provided midway through the drain path. The regulating valve is opened when a face modifier switches from a generating mode to a pumping mode. A controller performs opening control of the regulating valve, when the pressure of the priming chamber reduces below a reference value.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents local deformation of draft tube wall surface and generation of cavity erosion-corrosion. Performs mode shifting of phase modifier safely.
The turbine feeds compressed air inside a cover for depressing the water surrounding a runner (1) inside a draft tube (5). A drainage pipe (11) has an upper section (13) connected to the draft tube above the water level for ejecting the compressed air mixed with the water depressed inside the draft tube. The drainage pipe has a lower section (14) connected to the draft tube below the water level for ejecting the residual water in the cover flowing inside the draft tube.    USE -   Water turbine, pump turbine.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents leakage of compressed air inside draft tube. Uses compact compressed air supply installation thereby improves economical efficiency.
The turbine has an arm top cover (3) to which compressed air is fed. The water undergoes phase modifier running along the periphery of a runner (1) in a draft tube (5).    A drainage pipe (11) is provided in the draft tube to eject residual water from the cover and the draft tube during phase modifier running. During drainage, the water runs through a curvature part.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents air leak to downstream side of draft tube. Reduces supply installation of compressed air.
The pump turbine (1) has a runner chamber (4) which accommodates a runner (2) that is rotated around a drive shaft. A draft tube (5) is connected to the lower end portion of the runner chamber. A first runner chamber drainage tube (8) is connected between lateral pressure chamber of runner chamber and the draft tubes. A guide vane is provided, which is arranged at the periphery of the runner chamber.    A second runner chamber drainage pipe (9) connects the draft tube with a peripheral flow path. High pressure air is injected into the runner chamber. The exit diameter of the runner is set to `D'. The diameter of the first drainage pipe satisfies relation 0.35*D.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents excessive air leak. Stabilises slip running over long period of time.
The machine has a load (11) which regulates rotation of a wheel. A detector detects human power input which provides driving force to the wheel.    A memory stores the amount of load based on the human power input value. A controller controls the load based on the contents of the memory.    ADVANTAGE -   Varies workload based on intent of user. Eliminates correlation of variation of human power. Ensures safety.
The system has several distributed power supplies (19a-19d) connected to a common controller (18) through a power distribution line (2). The power supplies consist of static electric power converters (22), which convert the output of the solar cells connected to each of the power supply into AC voltage and supplies a load.    The controller regulates the operation of each power converter. The transfer of control data between the power supply and the controller is done using a communication apparatus (21).    USE -   For factory.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces size by using single controller. Improves operation reliability by providing common controller to several power supplies. Enables easy modification of design.
The method involves forming a P-type HgCdTe layer (2) on a substrate (1). An N-type area (5) is formed in the selected portion of the HgCdTe layer, by implanting specific ions. A first protective ZnS film is formed on the selected portion of the P-type HgCdTe layer.    The exposed surface of the HgCdTe layer is removed. A second protective ZnS layer (7) is formed on the portion of the HgCdTe layer. The exposed surface of the HgCdTe layer is then removed. A metal electrode (8) is formed on the exposed surface of the substrate.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves product yield by reducing dark current.
The battery includes a glass substrate (1) which consists of an amorphous silicon electricity generation layer (3), a transparent electrically conductive film (2), a metal electrode (4) and an insulated protective layer (5). The insulated protective layer consists of an amorphous silicon film (6) made up of either oxide or nitride film.    ADVANTAGE -   Excels in external appearance and reliability. Simplifies manufacture.
The method involves forming copper indium selenide (CIS) film (3) selected from CuInSe2, CuInGaSe2, CuInS2, CuIn(SSe)2, Cu(InGa)(SSe)2 or CuInGaS2, buffer layer (4) like CdS, InXSeY, ZnSe or InX(OH)Y and a transparent electrically conductive film consisting of Al, Indium tin oxide (ITO), In2O3 or SnO2 on a substrate (1). An end mill (10) is rotated at high speed set to 1-50,000rpm, during various film formation process.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids cracking of CIS film. Eliminates inferior connection of unit cell.
The solar battery has a glass substrate (11). A transparent electrically conducting film (12), a non-crystalline semiconductor layer (16), a back plate (19) and a protective film (20) are sequentially formed on the glass substrate.    A fine-crystalline phase growth p,i & n layers (13-15) are sequentially formed in the non-crystalline semiconductor layer. Multiple non-crystalline doping layers (17) and fine crystalline phase growth III group semiconductor layers (18) are alternatively formed in the p-type layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves energy conversion efficiency and photoconversion effect.
The solar battery includes a battery cell (1) that generates electric power using photoelectric effect in junction portion of P and N-type semiconductor devices. A constant voltage signal limitation unit (13) parallelly connected to a constant current source (11) of the battery cell outputs constant voltage signal based on generated electric power. A constant current limitation unit (12) that is serially connected to the current source, outputs constant current signal based on generated electric power.    ADVANTAGE -   Stabilises current voltage characteristics in constant range. Facilitates exhaust heat design of satellite.
The apparatus has a labyrinth seal (5) whose central axial line is displaced from the central axial line of a main shaft (1) when the main shaft stops from rotating. A top gap between the labyrinth seal interior and main shaft external surface is increased by a ratio of two is to one to three is to one with a down-side gap. Even when the main shaft is raised during rotation, it is prevented to contact the labyrinth seal since the top gap becomes large.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides sufficient water sealing effect to suppress amount of leaking to minimum since total gap of labyrinth seal is reduced to minimum. Secures predetermined size of gap between main shaft and labyrinth seal when main shaft is raised.
The turbine has a runner (1) coupled with one edge of a main axial unit (5). An arm top cover (2) is coupled with a main shaft to cover the runner. A water sealing cover (6) is coupled with the main shaft and arm top cover, forming a cyclic clearance (7) on the periphery of the main shaft.    A connection path for connecting the clearance and the lower portion of the runner is formed in the main shaft. A gas is supplied to the clearance under the runner through the connection path.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents gas from affecting axial-thrust characteristic of runner when supplied among central portions of vortex generated in draft tube during direct operation of partial load. Reduces stable running of oscillation.
The photoelectric conversion element includes a substrate. Several semiconductor junctions are made of non-single-crystalline semiconductors formed on the substrate. A surface material covers the semiconductor junctions. The semiconductor junctions have respective absorption spectra different from each other and respective photo-deterioration rates different from each other.    A photo-current generated by the semiconductor junction of the least deterioration rate is larger than that by the semiconductor junction of the greatest deterioration rate in a state of absence of the surface material. The surface material absorbs light in a range corresponding to a part of the absorption spectrum of the semiconductor junction of the least deterioration rate. The photo-current generated by the semiconductor junction of the least deterioration rate becomes smaller than that by the semiconductor junction of the greatest deterioration rate.    USE -   Also for building material and power generation apparatus.    ADVANTAGE -   Increases conversion efficiency and maintains it over long term.
A method for the formation of a thin homogeneous metal silicide layers on a silicon substrate comprises depositing, under high vacuum conditions, a metal layer on the substrate to form a first structure. The first structure is selectively etched in an etchant soln. to form a second structure, which is then heated for a time period at &gt;350C to form the metal silicide layer. Also claimed is the use of the method for forming metal silicide/silicon Schottky barrier junctions for use in an infrared radiation detector.    USE -   Method for the formation of a thin metal silicide layer e.g. a PtSi on a silicon substrate, and its use for the fabrication of infrared detectors.    ADVANTAGE -   There is a relatively broad processing window for metal deposition, and subsequent etching and rapid thermal processing operations are not critical. The uniform and thin (pref. 2-5 nm) silicide layers are suitable for integration into fabrication processes for metal silicide/silicon junctions for use in, e.g. infrared detectors.
At least a first pump-turbine out of the pump-turbines has a rotational speed increase detector, and when it is detected that the rotational speed of the first pump-turbine has exceeded a second predetermined value higher than a rated speed. A command is issued also to at least one of the pump-turbines other than the first pump-turbine to limit the guide vane closing speed to a speed approximately equal to or lower than the speed after the shift to the slow closing in the pump-turbine.    A second predetermined value is set above the range of rotational speed variations which can occur during the normal power generating operation in a connected state of the pump-turbines to an electric power system.    ADVANTAGE -   Remedies an abnormal water hammer interference related to the S-characteristic and occurring between number pump-turbines sharing conduits, especially an abnormal increase of water pressure which occurs when the load of a pump-turbine is shut shown with a time difference.
The training ring is rotated about the body during physical training and incorporates an electrical generator driven by the rotation of the ring, via a drive cog and an intermediate gearing. This provide the electrical operating current for an internal illumination lamp. The current is provided by the generator independent of the direction of rotation of the training ring, with the level of illumination of the lamp dependent on the rotation rate of the ring.    USE -   For physical training exercise.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides optical feedback indication of level of training.
A producing method for wireless light emitted diode apparatus, it includes following steps: (i) providing a substrate, and coating an insulating layer in between two electrodes located on substrate, to fix the light emitted diode die; (ii) putting the LED edge upward, to identify the correct direction of positive-negative electrode, then put and fix the LED die on insulating layer; (iii) putting conductive glue with well conductivity on two electrode surfaces of LED die, to conduct with the electrodes located on substrate.
The system includes an extraction pipe (5) through which raw water from a river (4) is extracted into a reservoir pond (1). The reservoir pond is arranged underground. An electricity generator (6) is arranged midway of the extraction pipe. Raw water is precipitated and filtered and is turned into a recycled waste water. The recycled waste water is sent to a clean water reservoir (2) through a channel tube. Underground water (8) is also extracted into the clean water reservoir through a catchment pipe (7).    A control centre (9) is arranged on an upper pond (10). A floating body type earthquake resistive structure (12) is installed midway between the catchment pipe. A shielding membrane (11) is provided. The purified water is sent and stored in a service reservoir (3) through a second channel tube, from the clean water reservoir. The purified water is sent to the consumers through a network pipe line (18) from the service reservoir.    USE -   For use during earthquake.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables performing optimum site planning of pipe line network. Ensures safety.
The apparatus includes a parallel array of short quantum channels. Each channel traps a predetermined number of ions as quantum computable elements in oblong or elliptically shaped aperture. Optical paths are used to couple quantum computable elements in the selective channels. The channels with the paths are selectively and concurrently illuminated with patterns of coded monochromatic light.    The coded light alters the logical information state of the computable elements. The indicia of logical states of corresponding computable elements is then transferred through the channels and the optical paths. The transmitted indicia is then recognized for the selective computable elements.    ADVANTAGE -   Optimizes architecture of quantum computer. Maintains quantum channel free from interaction with environment.
The solar power generator consists of a solar battery (1) which converts the DC electric power used in power generation into an AC electric power for driving loads by an electric power converter and vice-versa. The electric power converter drives two types of loads.    The AC-DC bidirectional transducer gives an output of constant voltage and a constant frequency and drives a load (4). A DC-AC bidirectional transducer (25) gives an output of variable voltage and variable frequency, and drives a load (3). The whole set-up is connected to a system (6) through a protective device (5).    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents raise of output voltage of solar battery.
The device has a light guide (1) which propagates a light beams radiated from a source (10). A pair of low refractive index layers (2,3) with refractive index lower than that of the light guide is formed on the opposite surfaces of the light guide. An optical unit projects the light beams so that total reflection is performed at the boundary of the light guide and the refractive index layers. A photoelectric converter performs photoelectric conversion of the reflected light.    A lens array (4) is optically coupled with one side of the light guide through the low refractive index layer (2). An optical unit extracts the light beams propagating through the light guide and irradiates it on a document (11). The light beams reflected from the document are condensed by the lens array and converted by the photoelectric converter.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves signal output characteristic and high S/N ratio and contrast ratio.
The method involves bonding a substrate (40) and shielding case (46) using a wire (44). An insertion type die (50) filled with resin (47) is provided to accommodate the shielding case arrangement.    USE -   For remote controller.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables altering position of lead terminal, easily. Widens application range.
The module includes several Fresnel lens (6) arranged on a cover (13) covering the opening of a casing (11). Several solar batteries (4) are arranged on a supporting plate (3) provided in the casing. The solar batteries are arranged opposing the Fresnel lens. The supporting plate is supported by a cam follower (37) positioned on the surface of a mortar shaped cam (7).    The supporting plate is moved along two dimensional direction in the base of the casing by a pair of motors (2A,2B) in an accommodation chamber (12). The supporting plate is moved perpendicular to a cam follower on the upper surface of the cam. The solar batteries are arranged near the focal position of each Fresnel lens.    ADVANTAGE -   Generates electricity efficiently. Simplifies condensing mechanism.
An antireflection film is formed on a silicon solar battery element assembly having a p-n junction formed of a single crystal, or a polycrystal. The antireflection film uses carbon and hydrogen of formula CHx (I) as its principal constituent. In (I), X = atomic ratio; 0.1-0.3.    Also claimed is the production of the solar battery including obtaining the antireflection film by bias application and plasma chemical vapour deposition.    USE -   The method produces the solar battery converting incident light energy into electrical energy.    ADVANTAGE -   Changing the DC bias voltage continuously, easily produces the antireflection films having different densities, and refractive indices and arbitrarily forms a cpd. having given compsn. ratios. The result yields coefft. of thermal expansion close to that of the silicon of the solar battery element assembly, and durability sufficiently withstanding the use of the solar battery at outdoor having severe heat cycle conditions. Film thickness is easily controlled. The method efficiently produces the solar battery having the antireflection film with appropriate film thickness with less variation in film thickness.
The battery includes a pair of transparent electrode layers (108,109) that are formed on light incidence side of a photovoltaic layer (104). The photovoltaic layer is formed on a transparent substrate (101).    Refractive index (n) of first transparent electrode layer is set to be 2.2 for the light beam of wavelength `' which is received for photoelectric conversion. The general expression of the second electrode layer is GaaInbOc where a=1, b=1 and c=3.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves utilisation efficiency of incident light beam. Obtains photovoltaic cell with high conversion efficiency.
The method involves forming a first electrode layer and a third electrode layer on both sides of a photoelectric conversion layer formed on the front surface of an insulating flexible substrate (1a). The first electrode layer is connected to a second electrode layer formed on the back surface of the substrate through a connection hole.    The third electrode layer is connected to a fourth electrode layer formed on the back surface of the substrate through a collector hole penetrating the fourth electrode layer and the substrate. The connection hole or the collector hole is formed in the substrate and an auxiliary film (F) simultaneously using a punch (P) consisting of a material having a hardness higher than the substrate hardness.    ADVANTAGE -   Inhibits distortion of substrate. Suppresses formation of groove at circumferential edge of hole. Inhibits increase in connection resistance. Improves curvilinear factor of battery.
NOVELTY - The material consists of a laminated film containing synthetic resin layer, a cementing layer and a fluorine system resin layer. The Young's modulus (Y) of the synthetic resin layer is given to be 3.0 less than or equal to Yasteriskt where `t' is the thickness of the synthetic resin layer whose value is set less than or equal to 0.5mm.    ADVANTAGE - ADVANTAGE Prevents pollution. Offers weather resistance.
The structure includes a p-type semiconductor film (12). A p-type first electrode (7) is formed on reverse side of the semiconductor film at light incidence surface. The n-type first and second junction layers (14,13) are formed on the peripheral portion of the p-type semiconductor film selectively.    An n-type second electrode (8) is formed in parallel to the first electrode. The second junction layer is formed such that it does not obstruct collection of majority carriers performed by the first electrode.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves conversion efficiency of thin film solar battery. Prevents reduction in collection efficiency of majority carriers.
The device consists of a silicon substrate (1) in which active silicon layer (3) is formed via insulating layers (2) such as an oxide film. A groove (4) is formed in the active silicon layer extending upto the insulating layer.    A light receiving element is formed on each silicon island (5) which consist of active silicon layer insulated electrically and are connected electrically in series with a metal wiring (7).    ADVANTAGE -   Provides enlarged photovoltaic output during optical radiation.
The apparatus includes a vacuum housing (10) having a stand (3) for holding a substrate (2). A gas for neutralisation is injected into the vacuum housing from a gas injection unit (60). An ionising unit (23) neutralises electric charge electrified on a surface (2b) of the substrate by ionising the gas.    The gas injection unit allows the gas to flow between the substrate stand and rear side (2a) of the substrate so as to remove the electric charge electrified at the rear side of the substrate.    USE -   In solar battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Enhances reliability. Avoids conveying trouble of substrate.
The apparatus includes a vacuum housing in which a wafer (4) is accommodated. Fluid containing fine argon particles is spewed on the surface of the wafer through the nozzle. A guide unit (7) arranged in the vacuum housing guides the flow of the argon fine particles from a nozzle. The wafer is held along the fluid spraying direction.    A drive unit (5) drives the nozzle and the wafer along a predetermined direction, relatively. An exhaust unit (8) exhausts the gas inside the vacuum chamber. The argon particle diameter is less than the nozzle diameter.    USE -   For manufacture of magnetic disc, magneto-optical disc, PCB, solar battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents re-adherence of contaminant to wafer.
An optoelectronic system includes a device (12) which has spaced superconductive electrodes (18, 20) coupled together by a crystalline semiconductor (22) and which is intermittently irradiated with monochromatic light having a photonic energy corresponding to the minimal energy difference between electrons and holes of the semiconductor. Preferably, the semiconductor (22) consists of Inx Ga1-xAs, InAs or a heterostructure of alternate crystalline semiconductor layers, the electrodes (18, 20) consist of Nb or a high temperature superconductor; and light irradiation is effected by a fluoride glass-based optical fibre (14).    USE -   Used fr detecting light or for converting light signals into electrical signals in a logic circuit (claimed), especially as a Josephson element for rapid single flux quantum (RSFQ) logic circuits and superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs).    ADVANTAGE -   The critical current strength in the device can be switched between two values in minimal time, by means of instantaneous charge carrier density increase on irradiation and electron-hole pair recombination or diffusion away on terminating irradiation, and no additional measures are required to reset the critical current strength to the dark value.
the mechanism includes a pulley (2) fixedly mounted on an output shaft (11) of a bidirectional electric motor (1) that is installed on a frame (100). One end of two belts (5,6) are connected with respective parallel circular grooves (21,22) provided in the pulley. The belts are wound in mutually opposite directions. The second belt is engaged with an idle wheel rotatably arranged on the frame.    An axle (90) of an exercising device is pivotably connected with front end (41) of an oscillating arm (4). A rear end (42) of the oscillating arm is fixedly connected with another end of the belts. A resistance force is applied to the axle when the motor is operated    ADVANTAGE -   Provides resistance in two opposite directions to exercising device.
The machine consists of a delivery device (101) from which a thin steel sheet metal (106) is continuously conveyed to a roll-up device (102) through a detergent tank (103), a shower tank (104), a couple of rinse tanks (107,108) and a drying tank (111). The sheet metal is continuously rolled through several rollers between the delivery device and the roll-up device from the starting of winding and subjected to a high speed washing process. The sheet metal is subjected to a drying process in the drying tank following the washing process. A couple of air jet holes (112,113) are provided in the drying tank for blowing out air to perform a water drip and air current control during the drying process. The air blown out from the air jet holes protect the sheet metal from adhesion of steam after a water drip.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves drying process following high speed washing. Eliminates need to lengthen drying process. Reduces manufacturing and operating cost of equipments. Ensures stable supply of sheet metal for thin film semiconductor solar batteries with high cleanliness. Facilitates mass production of solar batteries by deposition process.
The apparatus has an electric servo motor (21) provided on a guide ring (31). The guide ring is connected to a guide vane via a link mechanism. The guide vane is switched through the force from servomotor. A rotation driver (22) and a linear driver (27) is provided on the servomotor.    An operation pin mechanism (33), which locks a spring (32) for emergency closure, is provided on one side of a piston (28) of the linear driver. A fluid supply system with a directional control valve (34) and a accumulator (35), releases the locked operation pin mechanism and presses a servo rod (30) on the linear driver using the spring.    ADVANTAGE -   Allows reliable switching of guide vane even when failure occurs since alternating voltage supplied on AC power supply of rotation driver is eliminated. Reduces installation cost and simplifies installation by prolonging service life of switching apparatus.
The vane (1) has airfoil for water course with wing end section asymmetrically formed on wing curvature line. The guide vanes are arranged in several sheets between runners. Preferably, the airfoil section near the runner (1i) has a larger radius of curvature than airfoil section near the stay vane (1o).    ADVANTAGE -   Improves efficiency in electricity generation since hydraulic power loss during partial load operation are reduced.
The structure includes a solar battery (1b) which is positioned to a solar battery sheet (1a). The sheet is wound around a steel pipe (2) by which solar battery and outdoor amplifier are attached. A reinforcement member (1c) is positioned on the peripheral portion of the solar battery sheet.    Several screw holes (5) are provided in the reinforcement member corresponding to which several pillar screw holes (4) are provided in the steel pipe. The solar battery sheet attaches to the steel pipe only when a stop screw is inserted into a screw hole and pillar screw hole.    ADVANTAGE -   Offers simplified solar battery attachment. Reduces assembly time.
The attachment frame includes several vertical and horizontal sills (3,5) formed on roof (9). Several rectangular spaces are formed by the intersection of the horizontal and vertical sills.    Solar battery module (1) is fitted in these spaces. Joint projections (31,51) of the vertical and horizontal sills are made to register into joint recesses of vertical rail head jamb and horizontal rail head jamb, respectively. Groove (53) is formed in both the sills for ejection of rain water.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids need for tiles. Prevents solar battery module from sliding down from roof.
The reed consists of tiles (4) that has a battery element (45) arranged on it. A transparent protection member is provided for the tile. The edge portion of each tile overlaps with a fixing member of an adjacent tile. The fixing member has an electric connecting terminal for supplying the power from a solar battery element (45).    A V-shaped valley is provided in a permeation surface of the transparent protection member. The solar battery element is arranged in the V-shaped valley.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves fixing strength and external appearance.
The method involves forming a p-n junction of a p-type semiconductor layer and an n-type semiconductor layer consisting of the elements selected from group II, group VI. Group II elements include any one of the elements chosen form S and Te. Group VI elements include any one of the elements chosen from Cd, Zn and Hg. The p-type or the n-type semiconductor layer contains an organic metal compound with a band between II group element and VI group element. A heat decomposition is done to the p- type and n-type semiconductor layer.    ADVANTAGE -   The method reduces film forming time by quick heat decomposition and offers highly efficient solar battery manufacture.
The method involves sputtering of oxide film over oxide target. The sputtering is carried out in a carbon dioxide atmosphere. The sputtering forms a oxide transparent film on the base.    USE -   For solar batteries and displays.    ADVANTAGE -   Gives film of uniform characteristic and enables stable reproducibility. Simplifies specific resistance control.
The photovoltaic device has a pin-structure semiconductor layer formed by superposing a p-type semiconductor layer, an i-type semiconductor layer and an n-type semiconductor layer. The i-type semiconductor layer comprises a non-single crystal semiconductor e.g. silicon and average grain size distribution of crystal grains of the i-type semiconductor layer is not uniform in the film thickness direction. The average grain size of the crystal grains in the i-type semiconductor layer in a region near the interface of the i-type semiconductor layer and the p-type semiconductor layer and/or that of the i-type semiconductor layer and the n-type semiconductor layer is greater than the average grain size of the crystal grains in the which remains regions of the i-type semiconductor layer. The hydrogen content of the region with the largest average grain size in the i-type semiconductor layer is 10 % or less and the hydrogen content of the which remains regions of the i-type semiconductor is between 3 and 20 %.    The ratio of the smallest average grain size to the largest average grain size is 0.9 or less. The non-single crystal semiconductor comprises microcrystalline semiconductor with the largest average grain size between 20 angstroms and 1 m, and microcrystalline semiconductor or polycrystalline semiconductor with the largest average grain size between 50 angstroms and 10 mm. The dopant concentration in a region in the i-type semiconductor layer located near the interface of the n-type semiconductor is 2 x1017 cm-3 or less. The i-type semiconductor layer is formed by high frequency plasma CVD under the conditions of a frequency between 50 and 2,450 MHz, pressure between 0.001 and 0.5 Torr and a making power density between 0.001 and 0.5 W/cm3.    ADVANTAGE -   Increases photostability. Increases speed of production while maintaining characteristics of device and materials. Increases short circuit current, open circuit voltage and conversion efficiency.
The arrangement includes an air fan for a supply of air into a combustion chamber, and a turbine fan with air shovels mounted on a shaft. A solar power supply drives a motor for an initial rotation of the shaft.    Wood or coal are used as a combustion medium. The drive cooperates with a hydraulic pump, electric controller and computer.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents fire and accidents caused by use of liquid fuel.
The system has at least one turbine (6) arranged in the liquid (1) and opposed to the direction of flow. The turbine is arranged in a flow aperture (4) located near the base of an end wall (3) of a channel (2)for at least a partial flow of the liquid.    The channel has a base (5) which drops away from the aperture. Inclined lateral channel walls (7.1,7.2) bound on the base of the channel, which consists of individual elements which are assembled in the liquid.    USE -   For generating current using the flow speed of a liquid    ADVANTAGE -   Improved to achieve greater efficiency and to be easier to install.
A universal generator consists of a hollow cylindrical stator (2) fixed rigidly on a fixed axle (1) with an attached facing (3) in which a working wire winding (4) is placed, while a rotor is set around the stator with a gap (8) and can rotate freely about the fixed axle. The rotor is formed of a hollow cylindrical section (5) with permanent magnets (6) fixed to it on the inside.    The rotor is equipped with outer transverse circular ribs (7) and longitudinal ribs (8), to which detachable blades (9) are fixed. The blades can be made with different dimensions and configurations according to the characteristics of alternative working media, i.e. wind or water.    USE -   Generation of energy using alternative energy sources, wind, flowing water etc.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplified construction of generator and increased degree of universality and efficiency.
A charge-transporting copolymer is prepared by block copolymerising or graft copolymerising (A) a charge-transporting block which contains a repeating unit of formula -(X2)(Ar1)N-X1-(N(Ar2)(X3))m -L1n- (I) and/or -L2-(N(Ar3)(Ar4)- (II) and (B) an insulating block having repeat unit of formula -C(R1)(R4)-C(R2)(R3)- (III). Ar1, Ar2, Ar3, Ar4 = opt. substd. aryl; X1 = divalent hydrocarbon or hetero atom-contg. hydrocarbon which may have aromatic ring structure; X2, X3 = opt. substd. arylene; L1 = divalent hydrocarbon or hetero atom-contg. hydrocarbon which may contain branched or cyclic structure; m, n = 0 or 1; L3 = trivalent hydrocarbon or hetero atom-contg. hydrocarbon which may have aromatic ring structure. R1-R3 = H, halogen, opt. substd. alkyl or opt. substd. aryl; R4 = halogen, OH, carboxyl, opt. substd. alkyl, opt. substd. aryl, opt. substd. alkoxyl, opt. substd. acyl, opt substd. acyloxy or opts. substd. alkoxycarbonyl.    USE -   The copolymer is useful for an electrophotographic photoreceptor, an electric field light emission element, a photorefractive element, an optical sensor, an optical battery, etc.    ADVANTAGE -   The compsn. has good charge transporting properties and mechanical characteristics.
The battery has a flexible substrate over which amorphous battery element is laminated. An attachment unit with terminals is provided. The attachment unit has a cross-section with acute angle cross-section, extending towards exterior of the flexible substrate.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies attachment even to curved surface because of its flexibility. Reduces wind cut off sound during transit. Increases adhesive property. Enables simple detachment.
The apparatus has an AC generator (10) by which a pedal (2) is rotated at constant speed. A bridge comprising a parallel combination of diode and a switching element, is connected with the generator. A DC brushless servomotor controller is selectively connected with the bridge.    The vehicle speed corresponding to the load is controlled by a switching element connected with the bridge. When the movement load is less than the mechanical loss, the pulse width modulated control signal is generated from a power controller (11), to select the servomotor. When the movement load is more than the mechanical loss, the generator is selected for speed control.    USE -   For arm massaging device.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves accuracy of load controller. Maintains constant rotating speed of pedal. Improves precision of motor controller. Avoids temperature influence and magnetism of permanent magnet. Reduces external load resistance. Simplifies control circuit configuration without additional sensor. Avoids damage to internal semiconductor element. Improves safety of vehicle. Improves linearity and exact load measurement.
N+ diffusion regions (20, 21, 22) and P+ diffusion regions (25, 26, 27) are formed in a lightly doped P type (or N type) wafer (10). Individual spaced cells or tubs are formed by etching an array of intersecting trenches between the P+ diffusion regions. The trenches extend through the wafer to a predetermined depth and are filled with a dielectric (50, 51) and with polysilicon (52, 53) to insulate each of the tubs. At least one diffusion region of each cell is connected to a diffusion region of an adjacent cell by contact strips (70, 71) to connect each of a predetermined number of the cells. Each cell may comprise a photovoltaic generator for controlling an MOS-gated device integrated into the same chip. The device may be a lateral or vertical MOSFET or a lateral or vertical IGBT.    USE -   For forming an array of planar cells in a single silicon wafer, dielectrically isolated from one another and in which power devices can be integrated. For forming photovoltaic generating cells in a dielectrically bonded silicon wafer. For photovoltaic generators.    ADVANTAGE -   The devices are formed using a simple, relatively inexpensive starting wafer, the cost of the device is reduced. The more expensive processing steps, the trench formation and the trench filling with dielectric and polysilicon, can be formed towards the end of the process after three of the five lithographic steps have been completed and after formation of the P+ and N+ diffusions. Errors in aligning the photolithographic masks and in doping and driving in the diffusions can be detected prior to relatively more expensive trench formation steps.
A photovoltaic cell is produced by applying a photovoltaic ink to a substrate carrying conductor patterns to form at not above 180C a semiconductor functional layer for the cell. The ink is a suspension of dye-coated semiconductor particles of the functional layer, a hydrolysable semiconductor precursor, such as a metal alkoxide, and an inert solvent.    USE -   Used as a regenerative photovoltaic cell using a wide range of light sources.    ADVANTAGE -   A simple reliable process is provided which is quick and does not require extreme conditions of temperature or a controlled atmosphere.
The transducer has a substrate (2) with conducting tracks (4) on both sides, a large area radiation sensitive sensor (1) stuck onto the front of the substrate and a component (3) attached to the rear of the substrate. The conducting tracks only have interconnections in the central region of the sensor and are otherwise crossing-free. The conducting tracks can be arranged in a star formation.    They are rectangular, whereby sections of the tracks in the main axis have different angles. The right angles of the tracks are essentially arranged in the region of the substrate's diagonal.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents or reduces to tolerable minimum ingress of gas to ensure optimal adhesion of adhesive.
The roof tile, incorporating a solar cell to gather solar energy, has a transparent plastics film passing wholly round the solar cell and/or roof tile to give the solar cell a durable protection against mechanical damage and damage through the effects of the environment. It is immovable and durably attached to the tile. The contacts for the solar cells, are at the back of the tile sealed against steam diffusion. The tile is of alternative materials, in a natural appearance, such as of duroplastics, thermoplastics, elastomer or metal materials. The film is resistant to ultra violet, and can have a ceramic coating for self-cleaning.    ADVANTAGE -   The solar tile can use cheaper polycrystalline or amorphous silicon cells, or nano-crystalline injection solar cells.
The conversion of the evoked capacity takes place under the influence of an external voltage. The module is a multi-terminal, multi-layer module, in which the absorption layers of the different superimposed layers of semiconductor transitions have different bandgaps. The different superimposed layers of semiconductor transitions are electrically insulated.    The module has an interface coupled between the photosensitive cells and the output, such that the capacity converter is accommodated in the interface. The interface is arranged to permit the function of each separate layer of series-connected photo-voltaic cells in the maximum power point. The capacity converter is a DC/AC type.    ADVANTAGE -   Arrangement overcomes problem found with known PV and AC modules, in which output is relatively low, with costs of formation of semiconductor transitions being relatively high.
The element has a substrate (2) on which a ridge waveguide type light emitting diode (3) and a photodiode (4) are coaxially formed. The light emitting diode and photodiode have mesa stripe structure. The mesa etching of barrier layer of photodiode is performed so that photodiode structure becomes two stepped mesa stripe structure.    ADVANTAGE -   Raises quantum efficiency of photodiode, remarkably. Improves emission stability.
The detector has several radiation detecting elements (102) which detect the radiation. Each radiation detecting element is connected to a bias power supply (40) and a preamplifier which consists of semiconductor.    When the detecting element detects a radiation, the detected radiation is converted to a voltage signal which is output from the detecting element. When the output voltage signal value is equal to the output voltage of any one preamplifier, all the preamplifiers are reset to the initial state.    ADVANTAGE -   Eliminates noise and prevents malfunctioning. Shortens measurement time. Reduces apparatus size.
The element includes a sapphire substrate (10) on which a HgCdTe crystal layer (12) is formed. The gaps formed between the crystals is filled up by an insulator which has thermal expansion coefficient equal to that of the HgCdTe crystal layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides highly sensitive IR detecting element. Prevents crystal defect generation.
The device has an electrical power generating device (2) with a watercourse guide (1) installed under water. The watercourse guide has passage fences (4,5) which prevent penetration of foreign substances ahead of a guide housing (3).    A filter (6) of several layers is arranged in the guide housing. A power cable is connected to the device.    USE -   For generating electric power using energy of watercourse.    ADVANTAGE -   Utilizes natural power from underwater, effectively. Does not obstruct passage of ship or underwater creatures.
The apparatus is equipped with a nozzle directing high pressure water onto a water turbine runner and rotating the same. The nozzle is held in a turbine housing used as cover for the turbine runner. A tailrace (96) is connected to the turbine housing for discharging the water used.    A sound arrester (2) is mounted on the tailrace. The sound arrester forms a watercourse curtain (29) by injecting the water from a suitable watercourse (31) through a pipe (3) for arresting the sound propagation to exterior.    ADVANTAGE -   Offers simple inexpensive arrangement for restricting noise reliably.
The method involves fixing an attachment unit (3) on a sarking (4) along the taper of a roof. A support fixture (2) is fitted to the attachment unit using screw. A part of frame (1a) of a solar battery module (1) is fitted to a bottom plate (2a) of the support fixture.    The attachment unit is provided with a hole through which a presser foot board (11) is inserted and is fitted using bolt and nut.    ADVANTAGE -   Performs maintenance inspection easily. Improves workability and operativity.
The power system includes a first motor (1) and a second motor (21) for performing pumping operation. The motors are operated as generators during power generation period. A first disconnector (6) and a second disconnector (7) is turned on respectively when the first motor operates as a generator and a motor respectively. A third disconnector (26) and a fourth disconnector (27) is turned on respectively when the second motor acts as a generator or a motor respectively.    When the first motor acting as generator supplies electrical power to the second motor, a power supply path is formed by the first disconnector, a circuit breaker (8) and the fourth disconnector. When the second motor acting as generator supplies the power, the power supply path is formed by the third disconnector, the circuit breaker and the second disconnector.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces installation space.
The method involves coating an electron beam resist film on an optical element. The two dimensional parameter of the optical element which is to be patterned by an electron beam is measured. The patterning line is calculated using the measured parameter.    The electron beam is irradiated on the optical element along the patterning line and a substrate is developed and etching process is performed. The electron beam resist film coating is then removed.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables to obtain highly efficient integrated optical element. Improves yield. Lowers cost of optical element.
The cell has a substrate (101) with polycrystalline material, over which a polycrystalline semiconductor is formed. The surface of each crystal grain of polycrystal which is exposed along surface of substrate, is flat shaped. The substrate has upheaval or dents with the grain boundary of polycrystal which contacts the surface of the substrate.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves photoelectric conversion efficiency and weather resistance of cell. Improves fill factor and yield of photovoltaic cell. Reduces series resistance of cell. Prevents peeling off of thin film from substrate. Improves degree of freedom and control of manufacturing process of cell. Reduces leakage current of cell.
The apparatus includes a by-pass circuit (13) which consists of a change over switches (14a,14b). An electric power which is obtained from a solar battery module (8) is transmitted to a power conditioner (9). The power conditioner converts the electric power from DC to AC. This alternating current is converted to an AC electric power by an electric power system (10). The AC electric power is converted to a predetermined voltage by a voltage conversion part. A diode matrix (15) performs a full wave rectification of this voltage converted by the voltage conversion part.    At the time of snow when an ice deposits on the solar-battery module the diode matrix and the solar battery module are connected by the change over switches. The solar battery module performs a forward direction energizing. This forward current heats solar battery module. The snow deposited on the solar battery module is made to remove.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves reliability. Operates efficiently.
The module includes multiple transparent spherical members (14) arranged on a movable plate (16). The transparent member consists of a condenser lens (10) and solar battery cell (12) arranged in its inner side.    The movable plate is driven by a drive unit (24) which makes the transparent spherical members to rotate. A position detector is provided to detect the solar ray position. Based on the position detected by the sensor, the condenser lens is adjusted to that corresponding position.    ADVANTAGE -   Performs rotation of transparent spherical body, correctly. Saves power. Has simplified structure. Tracks solar light, efficiently.
The device has a first electrode (11) with carbon fibre (1), forming a support body. A semiconductor layer (2) is formed on this support body.    An oxide layer (3) is formed over the semiconductor layer surface. A part of the oxide layer is in contact with a second electrode (12).    USE -   In e.g. solar battery, light emitting diode and EL element.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves energy efficiency.
The device includes a frame (2) that has a square shaped panel on a float (1) for water surface levitation, is fixed with a bolt (7). The float is madeup of foaming resin. An arc shaped top plate (5) containing aluminium alloy is mounted on the frame.    Several flexible solar battery modules (4) are fixed with a module stationary plate (6). The module stationary plate is mounted on the top plate using bolt. A lead wire is provided in the solar battery module which acts as a terminal for connecting to an other apparatus.    USE -   For installation on water surface such as lake, dam, river.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves electricity generation efficiency. Reduces manufacturing cost and assembly cost. Reduces weight and power consumption.
The module has an internal wiring (3) connected to a solar battery element (1t). The internal wiring is covered with a pair of flexible protective sheet (41,42). The internal wiring is connected to a wire (61) of an external lead (6) via a terminal fitting (5).    The terminal fitting is covered by front and rear coating sealing sheets (81,82). A thermobonding is performed between the protective sheet of the internal wiring and the coating sealing sheet of the terminal fitting, without interposing adhesive agent.    ADVANTAGE -   Offers favourable operability with high tensile strength. Simplifies installation work of solar battery module. Offers reliable water resistance.
The package includes a base (1) which has a mounting unit (1a) on whose upper surface a semiconductor device (4) is mounted. A frame (2) is fixed at the sides of the base and has a through hole (2a) at one side for accommodation of a cylindrical fixing member (9). A cover (3) is attached at the upper surface of the frame, thus the semiconductor device is sealed hermetically.    A cylindrical metallic fixing member fixes an optical fibre (10). A transparent window (12) is provided at one-end side of the fixing member. The window is made of non-crystal glass. A ceramic ring (11) is attached to the end side of the fixing member adjoining the window through a glass attachment.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves reliability of attachment member. Offers transmission efficiency of light signal.
The unit has a coolant path (24) and a collector (10) which are fixed by a frame (20) using a fixing member (38). A coolant supply pipe (30) is provided in the coolant path containing a V-shaped vertex of the collector.    A solar cell (18) is fixed in the radiation opening (33) of the collector. An insolation member separates the solar cell from the coolant. The solar cell is made to contact the radiation opening using flow pressure of the coolant circulated between the collector and the isolation member.    ADVANTAGE -   Eliminates leakage of solar rays and temperature of rise in cell. Improves durability and efficiency.
The element includes a lens system (L) and a light emitting or receiving member. The diffraction surface (r3) of a protective layer (P) protects the surface (S) of the light receiving or emitting member. The lens system has atleast one diffraction surface or aspherical surfaces (r1,r2).    ADVANTAGE -   Improves light transmission angle. Obtains lens system of high specification.
The valve has a cylindrical shell plate (11). A valve case (10) having a flange (12) projects from the shell plate. A shaft (23) rotating with an interception board (21) as centre is provided inside the case perpendicular to the case axis.    A valve sheet surface (22) is formed on the interception board for the contact. The sheet plate has sufficient thickness to withstand the pressure in the interior of the valve case, without additional reinforcing ribs. The deformation of the shell plate due to internal pressure is uniform over whole circumference.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves water-tightness, significantly.
The roof member includes a solar cell and a metal reinforcing member, the member being placed on at least one conductive member. The conductive member is electrically connected with the metal reinforcing member and the conductive member, being a metal sheet mounted on a wood rafter, is electrically grounded.    The reinforcing support and the conductive sheet are made electrically conductive through a retaining clip which is at least partially conductive. The retaining clip has a screw which tightens the connection between the reinforcing support of the solar cell and the clip.    ADVANTAGE -   Easy to install, with improved safety, is cost-effective and efficient.
The support has a rear wall (2) extending up from a rear side of a bottom wall (8) and two opposite side walls (4) integrally joined to the bottom and side walls. Each side wall slopes from the rear wall to a front edge of the bottom wall. The support may be injection moulded or vacuum formed from recycled polyethylene. Also claimed is the combination of solar panels mounted on a support as above.    USE -   Installing solar panels, particularly on flat roofs (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   The lightweight and functional design of the support speeds up installation of the panels.
The production of a radiation detector, consisting of a scintillator and a photosensitive structure of spaced panel units (10a , b ) with active elements or pixels (RMa , b ), involves placing the panel units alongside one another at a predetermined spacing (e) on a positioning substrate (8) to form a large composite panel, in which the active elements or pixels (RMa , b) face the substrate, and then bonding the composite panel onto a common support (7).     The novelty is that the bonding operation comprises: (a) filling the inter-panel spaces (e) with an adhesive bead (6') leaving a free zone between its lower end and the positioning substrate (8); and then (b) spreading an adhesive film (6") over the panel units (10a , b) and the bead (6').    Also claimed is a radiographic detector produced by the above process.    USE -   Used for producing a large solid state x-radiation detector panel useful in radiology.    ADVANTAGE -   The process retains the advantages of prior art bonding processes (especially optical transparency, mechanical flexibility and optionally thermal properties), while the bead adhesive prevents migration of the less viscous film adhesive and thus avoids degradation of the cleanness and topography of the faces onto which the scintillator material is to be deposited.
A process is claimed for sealing a radiation detector array consisting of an amorphous silicon-coated glass panel including a scintillator material layer (24) and an array (RM) of elementary detectors (pmn) which are formed on a central zone of an insulating substrate (10) and which are connected to peripheral connection zones (3), on which flexible multi-conductor cables are fixed. The process involves depositing a layer (6) of atmosphere humidity-tight material which simultaneously covers the peripheral connection zones (3) and at least the periphery of the scintillator material layer (24).    Preferably, the sealing layer (6) is deposited by screen printing or by a mechanical dispenser. Also claimed is a radiation detector array which is sealed by the above process.    USE -   Especially for hermetically sealing a large X-ray detector array (e.g. as described in FR2687494), used in radiology.    ADVANTAGE -   Process permits simultaneous protection of connection zone and scintillator against ingress of atmospheric humidity.
The method is incorporated in to a hydroturbine arrangement comprising a supporting foundation [12] in the tailwater [14] located beneath a retaining dam [18] to drive a generator [28] by a vertical shaft [30]. The turbine [10] is positioned with respect to a tailwater surface (16) so that the blades are partially submerged. The tailwater surface is partially extended above and the blades cause water droplet to be propelled upwards and outward over the tailwater surface surrounding the discharge outlet.    Turbulent water is mixed simultaneously below the tailwater surface around the discharge outlet to aerate the turbulent mixed water and the water droplets are discharged which are mixed in the water around the discharge outlet.    ADVANTAGE -   Enhances aeration induced by turbulent mixing effectively. Parabolic plane provides high theoretical kinetic energy recovery. Turbine construction permits easier servicing and maintenance and the blade edges can be easily adjusted, The arrangement reduces mortality to fish.
The mechanism includes a remote control housing enclosing a spatial portion. The first end of an arm is pivotally coupled to the housing, at its rear edge. The arm is movable between a collapsed orientation at which it abuts the housing and an erect orientation at which it is held perpendicular to the housing. The housing with the arm held in erect orientation is set between the legs of an user during exercise. A motion detector (212) coupled to the second end of the arm generates an activation signal, when the user's leg passes through a detection zone. A counter (214) provided in the housing is electrically connected to the motion detector, which generates a deactivation signal when predefined time period is elapsed.    An exercising speed controller (222) electrically connected to the housing, is provided within the housing, for allowing the user to selectively determine the predefined time period. A control circuitry (226) provided in the housing is electrically connected to the counter and the motion detector. The control circuitry resets the counter and transmits a remote activation signal and remote deactivation signal, when activation signal and deactivation signal are received, respectively. A VCR operates in playback mode and pause mode when remote first IR signal and remote second IR signal are received respectively. A television connected to the VCR displays the video information stored in the video cassette during playback mode of VCR and pauses the video information during pause mode of VCR. A remote controller (234) provided in the housing is electrically connected to the control circuitry, which generates remote first IR signal and remote second IR signal, corresponding to reception of remote activation and deactivation signals respectively.    ADVANTAGE -   Obtains durability. Enables easy and efficient manufacture. Saves labour.
The semiconductor substrate (2) of a photoelectric element is pressed from a magnetised powder substance and the semiconductor substrates of a cathode (3) and an anode (4) are also pressed on substrate (2) with donor dopants. The photoelectric elements are connected by wires (7) and 3 elements are placed in each recess of a panel (1), having zig-zag electric heaters made on both sides and vacuum hollows (8) in the lower section.    The panel also contains a protective transparent polished heat resistant film (5), forming an air pocket between itself and the cathode (3). The partitions of the photoelectric element are in the form of honeycomb hollows and contain electric connection contacts (6) for contact of each cathode and each anode to each other. Impellers are used to transport water from underground reservoirs and from ice reservoirs.    USE -   Conversion of solar energy for slow thawing of ice during drift of icebergs and obtaining of high quality water.    ADVANTAGE -   Collection of maximum amount of solar radiation.
The apparatus fixes a solar battery unit (36) consisting of modules between a pair of frames (10). A bolt (11) is used to fix a lower overhanging fixed piece of the frame to a roof structure. The upper part of the bolt is covered from the frames by an overhanging cover piece (26).    ADVANTAGE -   Improves waterproof nature. Reduces on-site construction labour.
The structure includes a cover board (9) which is arranged on the roof material (4) such as purline. A pair of frames (10) are arranged on the cover board. A pair of upper pieces (15) at the cover board are covered by the fixed pieces from the external of the frames. A fitting is installed on the surface of the fixed pieces.    A fixing bolt (11) is inserted into the gap (21) between the fixed pieces and upper pieces, after installating the solar battery module (28) on the frame. The fixed piece is fixed to the purline by the bolt through the fitting.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents rain water invasion reliably. Simplifies assembly process by reducing number of components. Eliminates need for notch work. Improves water proof ability.
The structure includes a board (9) on which several batten seam caps (45) are mounted. The batten seam cap is fixed to the board using a bolt (15).    A metal plate covers the top portion of bolt and batten seam caps. A solar battery module (28) is attached to the batten seam cap. The ends of solar battery are fixed to the batten seam cap.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces stages in construction process. Reduces number of components. Provides batten seam roof with favourable characteristics.
The structure includes a first purline (4) of a solar- battery installation roof whose height is less than the height of a second purline (3) of a general roof. A frame (10) mounting a solar battery is installed on sarkings (6,7). The solar battery is installed on the frame through a metal plate.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces number of parts involved thereby offers inexpensive roof structure. Reduces number of installation processes involved. Avoids rejection of solar battery from general roof. Improves waterproofness.
The converter includes several solar-energy conversion panels (2) which are fixed by upper and lower frames (3,4) installed along inclination surfaces of a roof. A pipe (33) for collecting rain water is provided on the lower portion of a covering unit (42). A water-drip member (44) provided at lower surface of a covering unit (42) directs rain water collected between solar panels to the pipe.    ADVANTAGE -   Eases installation. Ensures perfect water proofing. Simplifies assembly of solar conversion panels.
The attachment tool attaches a frame-less solar-battery module on a roof material. The module consists of several interconnected solar cells which are aligned along planar direction of the roof material. A frame is attached on the roof material at its lower portion through a stationary member.    A holder is fixed to the frame, through a coupling member (23) provided in the upper portion of the roof material. A projection (11a) provided in the lower portion of the roof material, fixes the holder with coupling member. Several grooves (11d) are formed on the upper portion of the roof material, which lead to the side edge of the module.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents generation of break of rafter. Avoids performing screw fixation. Simplifies solar battery module fixation.
The method involves etching by-product generated during formation of film by deposition process on a base (103) installed inside a reaction container (102). The film is formed on the base by decomposition of raw material gas by supply of electric power to the reaction container after exhausting the reaction container. The reaction container and the exhaust gas valve (111) are separated during cleaning process and cleaning process is carried out to them individually.    USE -   In manufacture of electrophotographic photoreceptor, solar battery, line sensor for image input, image pickup device, thin film transistor,    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces cleaning time remarkably. Shortens maintenance time. Improves productivity. Reduces processing cost, remarkably.
In the purification of silicon by melting it with electron beams, the melting part is provided with a filter and the molten silicon is filtered.    USE -   The method can be applied to the removal of impurities such as P, Al, and Ca from silicon for solar batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   Since impurities are removed effectively with the filter, the downstream silicon purificn. process is conducted efficiently and the yields are improved.
The apparatus includes solar-battery modules fixed in a frame (12) which is installed in the hull by a vertical support (11). A bearing (13) provided at the bottom of the support enables the modules to lie along maximum sunlight direction and during the absence of sunlight the modules receive the wind force to produce power.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables efficient power generation. Produces power continuously.
The device includes a substrate layer (1) as the first layer which has first and second principal planes. An n type layer (2) of nitride material is formed below the substrate layer. Below the n type layer, a p type layer of nitride material is formed. The p type nitride layer is laminated below the n type nitride layer. N type electrodes (10a,10a') and a first electrode (10b) are formed on the surface of first principal plane side of the substrate.    A p type electrode (11a) is formed below the p type nitride layer and a second electrode (11b) is formed on the surface area covering the p type nitride layer. Below the second electrode layer, an electroconductive glue layer (31) is provided. The whole structure is placed on a support body (30).    ADVANTAGE -   Increases heat dissipation property. Offers high stability.
The solar battery is made of silicon whose crystals are oriented suitably. The silicon has a specific principal plane [111].    A part of the principal plane is directed towards the surface [100]. A triangular recess is formed along this surface.    ADVANTAGE -   Increases efficiency of solar battery by enabling effective collection of available solar energy.
The detecting element comprises a light receiving unit (1) whose temperature is changed according to the intensity of incident infrared rays. A specific composition which changes resistance value due to temperature change is provided.    The composition contains a divalent alkaline material (A), a trivalent rare earth material (R), oxygen and manganese. The composition is made to satisfy the relation. R1-XAXMnO3 where X ranges between 0 and 1. The manganese oxide contained in the composition has a perovskite type crystal structure.    ADVANTAGE -   Obtains IR detecting element of high sensitivity.
The device has a detector substrate (3), e.g. CdZnTe, exposable to incident radiation with a number of charge collection contacts (27,28). The detector substrate is arranged in front of a readout substrate (4) in the form of an integrated circuit. The integrated circuit has a region (20) containing pixel cell readout circuits (19) with metal inputs (21), an edge region (22) which contains circuitry such as control, decoding and multiplexing circuitry, and another edge region (24) to which wire connections are made.    Each contact is coupled to an input of a respective circuit of the array of readout cell circuits. The contacts include a regular arrangement of contacts (27) over the majority of the substrates area, positioned to be directly in register with the inputs of the respective readout circuits and the other contacts (28) are coupled via a conductive path (30) to an intermediate terminal position (34) which is in register with an input of a respective readout circuit (19a).    USE -   Medical diagnosis, biotechnology or industrial non-destructive testing and quality control for imaging ionising radiation, e.g. gamma or beta rays.    ADVANTAGE -   Eliminates inactive areas between active imaging areas of adjacent detector devices, increasing resolution and preventing blind regions.
The valve (1) includes a body (2), a stem (3) and a valving member (4). Ports (9-11) connect hydraulically to two side chambers (6,7), either side of the central chamber (8). The valve walls between the side and central chamber slope back to form valve seats (12,13), to relieve the movable valve elements (18,19); the angle of slope is about thirty degrees.    Two cup springs (22) force up two valve elements against the opposing shoulders (23,24) closing the valve. The end (16) of the stem (3) can be operated to open and close the valve elements.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces erosion effects, so that water can be used to replace oil as a lubricant.
The computer includes sound and picture reproduction units, such as a tape cassette recorder and a display. Preferably, a CD player and a radio apparatus are provided. Optical storage discs can be used and the stored information can be displayed using the display provided.    Switches are provided for operating the reproduction units. The switches are preferably waterproofly coupled to the housing of the training computer.    USE -   E.g. stationary cycle.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides acoustic output for entertainment and prevents damage of reproduction units by integrating units in computer. Avoids vibrations of reproduction units.
The element with multifunctional properties is used as a banister, or parapet. One banister element is fitted on the sun-facing side with a solar installation for the bridge illumination and road surface heating. On the road surface side it locates sound absorbing panels for noise damping.    Preferably the banister, solar cell sets and sound-absorbing element form an integral module, which is typically U-shaped and can be additionally installed on existing banisters, or parapets.    ADVANTAGE -   Facility for meeting several functional requirements.
The generator is combined with a control, storage and consumer appliances. It has a solar module (2) which generates electricity and a controller, switch (4), accumulator, and lamp. The solar modules, accumulator, and headlamp (10) are contained in a casing.    The generator installation may be releasably fitted to the bicycle (1). Other consumer appliances may be added and installed in a common container. The installation may be fitted to any suitable bicycle component.    ADVANTAGE -   Ecologically friendly generation of electricity.
The transducer (3) has several units attached to it on a flat or curved surface. Each unit has a semiconductor photoelectric transducer element (5), a biaxial refraction system (4) and a biaxial reflection system (6). The refraction system has an aperture whose diameter is larger than the semiconductor's.    The reflection system faces the refractive one, and sits between the refractive system's focal point and the edge of the semiconductor element. The distance between the two systems is shorter than the refractive system's focal length.    USE -   For uses as power source, high voltage power source, or sensor.    ADVANTAGE -   Transducer has low cost and takes up small area.
The equipment has a drive producing a variable resistance force and an operating mechanism which moves depending on this force. The drive has two weight magazines (2 and 4) and a motor (26). The operating mechanism has a lift (10) connected to the first magazine applying muscle force to move the first magazine, from rest and to a working position.    The second magazine has a second lift connected to the motor producing a machine force to move the second magazine from rest to a working position. The magazines each comprise a second line (12) and the outgoing parts of the lines are located near to each other. The magazines are mutually connected together by a connector through which parts of the lines run.    USE -   For exercising muscles.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides training equipment which is simpler, cheaper and more reliable than earlier equipment and provides positive experience that training is being performed in correct manner.
The tidal pump (1A) has a hollow piston pipe (3) whose lower section is connected to a water supply pipe (17) provided in the underwater. The peripheral cylinder (6a) which accommodates the piston (4) is slidably arranged in the cylinder chamber (5a). The cylinder of piston divides the cylinder chamber into upper and lower sections. The piston is provided in the upper periphery region of the hollow piston pipe.    The upper portion of hollow piston pipe extends towards the water surface (S). A float (7b) for performing vertical motion of cylinder is provided in the cylinder and made to float in the water surface. The hollow piston pipe connecting water surface and underwater, mixes the surface water with underwater rising wave energy.    USE -   For supplying desalinated water for hydroponics.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves efficiency of water pump. Performs water changing between different water beds. Provides drinking water.
The device (1) has an inspection channel which functions as a worker's path or a component transfer path during an inspection process or an assembling process respectively. A brake unit (5) performs the mechanical braking of a rotor (921) when the device's operation is stopped.    Clamping plates (21) are individually provided at a valve nose (2) and a stator frame (931). The brake unit is attached to each clamping plate's side facing the rotor.    ADVANTAGE -   Shortens assembling time and maintenance service time of brake unit by using internal space of inspection channel, thus improving safety of workers. Enables installation of brake unit without being affected by existing rotor.
The turbine has a runner (1) which is rotated by feeding compressed air and depressing water in the periphery of the runner, during the switching of an operation mode.    A water-feeding pipe (17) is connected to the runner to supply water into the centre of the runner. Several aqueducts (19) radially extend from the centre of the runner.    ADVANTAGE -   Ensures uniform distribution of water in periphery of runner, due to function of aqueducts, thus preventing imbalance and generation of vibration of e.g. runner, main shaft. Economical, since need for large-capacity starter is made unnecessary.
The device (1) has a valve nose which adjoins the anti-turbine side of a stator frame. A drain container (939) is provided at the bottom of a watertight main container (93).    An oil guide (94) leads oil, that serves as a drive source for adjusting the angle of the blade of a water turbine, to the water turbine. A drain pipe (21) externally discharges waste water through the supporting section (937) of the main container.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies assembling of generator since water drain pipe and oil drain pipe do not pass through between stator frame and stator, thus manufacturing cost can be reduced. Prevents reduction in electrical insulation of generator caused by failure of drainage pump, thus long-term reliability is improved.
The frame has a main material (11,31) with inner side (11c,31c) with a ditch (11a,31a). The periphery of a solar panel (5) is fitted to the ditch.    A wiring space (11b,31b) is also formed in the main materials. A cover (12,323) closes or opens the wiring space. The cover is released from the main material through fixing unit (13,33). Preferably, the fixing unit is provided with a clamp.    ADVANTAGE -   Uses detachable cover for easy installation and exchange of wiring. Wiring inspection is performed without extracting wiring.
The structure uses solar battery module (10) which includes solar battery main body (16). Each solar battery main body unit is formed with planar solar cells. The solar battery module has a frame (20).    The C-type frames (37) are arranged between adjacent solar battery modules. Preferably, the base of the C-type frame and the base of the solar battery module are on the same surface.    USE -   For installing solar power generation system on roof of residential building.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies maintenance, inspection and exchange of damaged solar battery module since removal through simple attachment of whole structure. Shortens construction time since solar battery modules can be set in parallel easily. Offers cost effectiveness and reduces size since inside space of C-type frame is used as electrical wiring space.
The structure uses horizontal rails (2) fixed on a roof (10). Each rail has a vertical side and a curved side.    The tiles are mounted on the roof in overlapping structure. Each tile has a joint clamp protrusion (43a) at the downward portion and a fixed auxiliary protrusion (44a) at the upward portion. The joint clamp protrusion of the preceding tile is clamped to the curved side of the rail. The fixed auxiliary protrusion of the subsequent lower tile is pushed against the vertical side of rail.    ADVANTAGE -   Ensures simple and firm roof tile attachment.
The structure has an attachment frame formed by vertical and horizontal rails (41-45) mounted on the roof surface of a building. A solar battery array (2) is formed after mounting solar battery modules (2a).    An air-passage layer (A) is provided between the reverse side of the solar battery array and the roof surface. Cold air flows from an external to air-passage layer through an intake hole (He). A ventilation hole (Hc) is provided on the roof surface arbitrarily. The cold air is heated by the solar battery modules. An air blower sucks the heated air to the reverse side of the roof and led between walls, before discharging from discharge hole of floor structure.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces power consumption since heated air is used for heating building. Cost effective and shortens construction time since header duct is not provided in attic side. Ensures uniform cooling of solar battery modules.
The method involves using several vacuum housings (301-305) which are connected by a gas path (306). The vacuum housings are provided with a gas introduction opening for introducing scavenging gas to a slit-like separation passage. By introducing the gas, a strip-shaped member (307) is moved continuously along longitudinal direction. A semiconductor thin film is sequentially laminated on the strip shaped member, from each vacuum housing. Then, the stripe-shaped member is rolled up. While rolling round, the temperature of the member is controlled .    ADVANTAGE -   Improves reproducibility. Improves yield. Performs efficient photovoltaic conversion with superior uniformity.
The display unit has a sensor (18) which detects whether campaigner's first leg is trodden in. A calculator (40) computes a treading-in space of the campaigner's second leg based on the signal from the sensor. The actual treading-in space is altered close to a predetermined target space based on the computed treading-in space.    Treading-in indication space which shows the time interval between treading-in of the first and second leg of the campaigner. A drive unit (44) drives an indicator (28) which indicates the treading-in operation to the campaigner based on the computed time interval.    ADVANTAGE -   Performs treading-in operation at predetermined constant space easily.
The structure has two tidal propellers (1,2) each having a shaft and unidirectional slanting blades on its outer periphery, and each being provided with a propeller gear. The structure also has two unidirectional ratchet clutches (3,4) each having a drive gear and a driven gear coaxially mounted on the clutch shaft. The propeller gears of the propellers are respectively coupled to one of the drive gears of the ratchet clutches.    A main power shaft (7) has an input gear engaging the driven gear of the first ratchet clutch. A power transmission shaft has a transmission gear (6) engaging the input gear of the main power shaft. The driven gear of the second ratchet clutch engages the transmission gear of the power transmission shaft.    ADVANTAGE -   The structure is not restricted in terms of its installation site.
The divided photodiode includes an N-type semiconductor layer (4) formed on a P-type semiconductor substrate (11). Several isolating P-type diffusion regions (2,5) are each constituted by at least one layer. The isolating regions are formed in several regions in the semiconductor layer so as to respectively extend from a surface of the semiconductor layer opposite to the other surface in contact with a surface of the semiconductor substrate and to reach regions under the surface of the semiconductor substrate. The isolating regions divide the semiconductor layer into at least three N-type semiconductor regions.    Light is irradiated onto the vicinity of an isolating section in a combination of several semiconductor regions which are next to each other via the isolating section while light is irradiated onto a centre of the semiconductor region other than the combination of semiconductor regions. A first buried P-type diffusion region is further formed under the other isolating diffusion regions except for a particular one located in the isolating section in the combination of semiconductor regions, and a depletion of the semiconductor substrate in a region under the other isolating diffusion region by the application of a reverse bias to it is suppressed.    USE -   For pick-up used in CD-ROM, DVD etc.    ADVANTAGE -   Increases response speed.
A photoelectric potentiometer contains a body with a cover and an axle (3) placed in bearings in the body, having a light flow forming element set coaxially with the axle and in the form of a light-protective cylinder enclosing a light source and made with a slot.    The potentiometer also contains segments (5) of a rotation paraboloid and a section of the light-sensitive surface of an element (7) becomes conductive when exposed to light, producing an electric signal.    USE -   Manufacture of angular and linear movement sensors.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduced dimensions, weight and cost of photoelectric potentiometer.
The sensor includes a set of light emitting elements (L1-L4) which emit light. This light is received by light receiving elements. Based on detection signal output by Nth light receiving element, a light emission control unit sequentially controls the light emission of the (N+1)th light emitting element.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves detection accuracy.
The method involves rotating a silicon wafer (100) on which dispersing agent (1) is dropped by spin coat process. The dispersing agent is coated on the wafer surface for bonding plane formation. Only required amount of dispersing agent is coated on the surface of silicon wafer, whereas unwanted dispersing agent is removed by rotation of wafer.    ADVANTAGE -   Obtains desired photoelectric conversion efficiency. Minimises refractive index of anti-reflection film. Simplifies construction. Improves efficiency.
The cell has a bar electrode (13) and a grid electrode (14) formed on the surface of a comb-shaped electrode. The comb- shaped electrode is arranged on a wafer (1). The edges of the bar electrode are curved to correspond with edges of wafer.    ADVANTAGE -   Eliminates need for removal of oxide film. Increases output of solar battery.
The system includes a transmittance control apparatus (2), to which power is supplied by a solar battery (3). The transmittance control apparatus varies transmittance of a light control glass (1).    The variation in transmittance of light of the light control glass by the transmittance control apparatus, is based on the charge received from the solar battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents raise in room temperature,reliably. Avoids need for room temperature sensor and external energiser.
The structure (1) has a solar battery (3), which is fixed on a substrate (2). A pair of polymerisation members (5,6) are formed on the vertical end of the substrate. The solar battery is connected to a pair of connectors (7,8) provided in the polymerisation members. A projection (9) is formed on the side end of the substrate.    ADVANTAGE -   Offers simple construction. Enables to clean, easily. Obtains high electricity generation efficiency.
Water purification apparatus for deep lakes and marshes has light condensing unit (3) and solar battery (18) for solar light loaded into floats on lakes and marshes. The beam condensing unit is coupled with a light transmission unit (11) submerged under water by an optical fibre cable. Inside a protective cover (4) of the light condensing unit, the solar battery is coupled with a drive motor (6) of the wiper (5) for permeability of light transmission unit, and also with the drive motor of a wash water pump (20) for washing the protective cover.    ADVANTAGE -   Solar energy is used so that the running cost is low. The apparatus has high efficiency for purification of waste water by solar light.
The array comprises several solar cell strings connected in parallel, the array having two or more rated voltages of the solar cell strings. A voltage-power characteristic of the solar cell array has one power peak with the solar cell array having two or more numbers of series solar cells forming the solar cell strings.    The array has two numbers of series solar cell modules forming the solar cell strings. The array has the solar cell strings where the numbers of series solar cell modules are n, (n + m), (n + 2m),..., and (n + Am) (where n, m, and A are positive integers). The array has a solar cell array having a solar cell string where a number of series solar cell modules is n and a solar cell string where a number of series solar cell modules is (n + 1), where n is a positive integer.    ADVANTAGE -   Allows maximum output capacity of solar cell array to be designed in possible installation area of solar cell which gives high degrees of freedom of design.
The system has a module (1) which forms parameters relevant to diagnosis from machine state-related measurement parameters (5). An origin module (7) diagnoses an origin for detected vibration measurement values (3) from the parameters.    The origin module computes an origin probability for at least one possible origin. The computation of the origin probability involves at least one combination of parameters as well as individual parameters.    USE -   E.g. to monitor vibrations of hydroelectric power machine for early fault detection and to optimise machine operation.    ADVANTAGE -   The costs of diagnosis are reduced and diagnosis reliability is increased.
A thermophotovoltaic energy conversion device comprises a substrate selected from AlInAs, AlInSb, GaAsSb, GaInAs, GaInSb or InPAs with a band gap (Eg) of 0.4 &lt; Eg &lt; 0.7 eV with an n-type or p-type emitter layer formed by doping its upper layer by ion implantation or diffusion. The substrate may also have lattice matched layers epitaxially grown on it.    USE -   Thermophotovoltaic energy conversion devices.    ADVANTAGE -   Method allows the synthesis of crystal material of a desired band gap and using ternary crystal substrates allows the epitaxial growth of lattice matched ternary and quaternary base and emitter layers.
The system has an input unit for inputting relevant physiological information about a user. The calculator calculates appropriate exercise intensity levels for the particular user based on the input information. A sensor detects the physiological condition of the user during exercise. The calculator uses the physiological condition of the user to determine particular zone within which user is currently performing.    A display unit displays the user's exercise intensity based on the detected physiological condition during exercising. The display unit includes a scale of levels of possible exercise intensities. The scale is composed of major subdivisions corresponding to the zones calculated by the calculator and includes indicia indicating the benefits of each zone.    USE -   For a person training for a marathon.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables user to understand their current exercise intensity and adjust and maintain their exertion level to a desired level.
Converter comprises the face and back metallic electrodes (1,5) and p-n-junction placed between the electrodes (1,5). The p-n-junction consists of the semiconducting layer (4) of the first conductivity type and the semiconducting layer (3) of the second conductivity type opposite to the first one. The semiconductor layer (2) of the second conductivity type alloyed relative to the layers (3,4) of the first and second conductivity type is arranged between the semiconducting layer (3) and the face electrode forming an isotope surface hetero-junction with the semiconducting layer (3). The alloyed semiconductor layer (2) also acts as the anti-reflection coating relative to the semiconducting layer of the second conductivity type, collector of charge carriers from the whole of the converter surface and generator of electron-hole pairs due to light absorption. The alloying level and the semiconducting layer (3) thickness are so selected that the p-n-junction and the surface isotope hetero- junction spatial charge areas overlap. The semiconductor layer (2) is made of material including CdSnO, CdZnOx N1-x, CdO, CdS.    ADVANTAGE -   Luminous energy into electric energy conversion efficiency is increased.
The device has a first electrode over which an organic material layer is formed. An organic thin film with a second electrode layer is provided on the organic material layer. The junction boundary surface of the organic thin film is of fractal shape and has a length in the range of 1.5 D 2.    USE -   For e.g. electro chemical light emitting element, thin film secondary battery, gel actuator    ADVANTAGE -   Improves electron emission efficiency. Improves operating speed of gel actuator. Improves light emission speed and display speed.
The generator has a condenser lens (1) to receive and condense the solar light. The condensed light passes through a light guide (2).    The light from the light emission surface (4) of the light guide enters luminous radiation body (5). A solar battery (10) is arranged on the circumference of the luminous radiation body to receive the solar light and to produce electrical energy.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents solar battery from ultra violet rays. Suits for any situation.
The module array has many solar battery modules (101) arranged one above the other. The lower end of upper solar battery module is piled upon upper end of lower solar battery module.    A cover board is piled up at overlap portion of upper and lower solar battery modules. The cover board is fixed by a fixing tool.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents fire spread between internally arranged solar battery module. Generates large scale of electricity. Protects from external environment.
The method involves laminating thin films of varying characteristic on a strip shaped flexible film substrate continuously while conveying the substrate. The substrate is sequentially conveyed through several independent film forming chambers to form each of the layers constituting the laminated structure. A cassette has rolls around which the flexible film substrate is formed.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids exposure to atmospheric air. Prevents diffusion of raw material gas from other film forming chamber. Achieves uniform film forming on large area.
The device has a solar panel (3) positioned inside a case (10) such that its light receiving surface is in face opposition to the light guide display surface of a light guide display board (1). A gap exists between the solar panel and the light guide display board which is coated with a material having diffused reflection characteristics.    USE -   For guide display, direction display, refuge place display during disaster.    ADVANTAGE -   Performs information display during day and night. Provides efficient display. Prevents leakage of light from light source. Requires less storage space.
The system stores the height, body weight , birth rate of individuals based on their sex. The physical strength information like body-fat rate are also stored. The information is analysed and a training program is produced for the individual by adjusting the capability of a training tool.    ADVANTAGE -   Produces effective training program. Enables training to be performed at home.
The method involves covering a solar battery module (10) with multiple solar batteries (13), with a sheet member(20). The sheet member is made of flexible sheet which comprises protective film and sealing resin. The sheet member is fixed to edges of the module using a string (21)    USE -   For tents, galvanised roof sheets.    ADVANTAGE -   Performs reliable fixation of battery. Simplifies operation.
The detector (1) has a scintillator (2) for converting the radiation to ultraviolet. An ultraviolet detector (3) detects irradiated ultraviolet rays from the scintillator. The ultraviolet detector has a semiconductor layer with source and drain of second conductivity type and channel of first conductivity type. A silicon oxide film is formed on this semiconductor layer. A floating gate formed on this silicon oxide film is exposed. The ultraviolet detector is sealed by a container (4) using electroconductive glue. A wire (9) is used to bond each electrode to ejection pins (6,7,8,).    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids using power supply. Reduces size. Increases sensitivity.
The structure comprises a tubular body (2) which is provided close to one end with a mounting for joining to a foundation (3) and which is provided close to the other end with a mounting for a solar panel (9). The tubular body is designed that in the position of use it is curved in a plane perpendicular to the ground surface and perpendicular to the solar panel.    One mounting for the solar panel is mounted on the curved section, remote from the end of it. The mounting for the solar panels is provided at a point on the tubular body such that the plane of the solar panel at that point is essentially parallel to a tangent to the tubular body at the location of the mounting.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides single surface where solar panel sections are mounted with surface extending at desired angle with respect to ground surface. Mounting for solar panels is provided at point on tubular body such that plane of solar panel at that point is parallel to tangent to tubular body close to mounting.
The system is provided as a transport case, which has at least four solar modules (5-8), and which can be folded out when the case is opened, connected to an integrated charge and voltage regulator (4).    Each half of the case may have two similar solar modules folded one on top of the other, each provided by laminated polycrystalline solar cells attached to a lightweight flexible carrier.    ADVANTAGE -   Lightweight system. Easily transported to required location.
The sensor assembly comprises a pair of tubular sensors (1) in the shape of hand grips which are pushed on to the handlebars (81) of an exercise cycle. The sensors have a tubular electrically insulated inner layer (12), which is mounted on the handlebars.    The sensors also have a conductive outer layer (11) with an outer surface, which at least partly covers the inner layer, and which is intended for gripping by the user's hand to induce the pulse or a potential difference of the hand in the sensor. The outer layer has a number of grooves (114) on its surface, for perspiration drainage, and is electrically connected to a lead (116) to transmit the signal.    ADVANTAGE -   Sweating action does not interfere with signal.
A method of producing a solar cell, having a semiconductor layer with an internal p-n barrier layer, involves grinding semiconductor material to powder (8), heating the powder and sintering in a sintering press (2, 4) to produce the semiconductor layer (10). Preferably, the semiconductor material is high purity silicon and is doped before sintering.    Also claimed is a solar cell including a semiconductor layer with a p-n barrier layer and a contact on each side of the barrier layer for electrically contacting the semiconductor layer, the novelty being that the semiconductor layer consists of sintered semiconductor material, preferably sintered on a metal plate (6) to which one of the contacts is connected.    ADVANTAGE -   The method permits inexpensive production of solar cells having satisfactory efficiency.
A method of producing a solar cell, which has a semiconductor layer (2) which contains a p-n barrier layer and which is provided with metallic strip contacts (4) on its light irradiated upper face and with one or more metallic surface contacts (6) on its back face, involves:    (a) sandwiching the semiconductor layer (2) between a non-conductive bottom foil (10), having a conductor line (14) for contacting the surface contact (6), and a top foil (8), having a conductor line (12) for contacting the strip contacts (4); and    (b) joining the foils together around the semiconductor layer for electrically connecting the semiconductor layer to the conductor lines.    Preferably, the foils (8, 10) are made of thermoplastic material.    Also claimed is a method of producing a solar module consisting of several solar cells produced as described above.    Further claimed are a solar cell and a solar module having a structure as described above.    ADVANTAGE -   The method permits inexpensive industrial manufacture of solar cells and solar modules.
The generator is housed in a sealed hub compartment within the water-wheel (ROU) - opt., separately mounted and belt-driven. The paddles (AUB) are carried at adjustable angles on the hub flanges by shock-absorbing fixings. Flotation bars along the blade edges, and end floats, give buoyancy to the assembly, which rotates within an end-fork on the trailing arm, about a horizontal transverse axis.    The trailing arm pivots about a horizontal transverse axis in a support-plate freely rotatable about a fore-and-aft axis, its pivot being fixed to a rectangular base-plate sliding on two vertical rails (30, 32) - eg. outboard motor mounting rails. Two methods of controlling arm movement, during rolling and pitching, are proposed.    ADVANTAGE -   More easily fitted, efficient and inexpensive than screw-driven generators.
Unit comprises a water-resistant fabric heat resistant polished transparent film base (1), pn junction (2) highly sensitive to electron and hole conductance, powdered, magnetised and e.g. biconvex lens-pressed square surface, semiconductor cathode (3) (p) facing the radiation, lens (4), strong heat resistant polished film (5), fabric base (6) absorbing the radiation e.g. a spacesuit plus an air cushion between anode (4) and base (6). The battery can be rolled up and is mounted whole.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables ground-based direction of solar battery assembly and dismantling in space with less force and time.
The method involves setting the output rotational speed of a turbine having `N' number of heads, to be equal to `P'. A graph is obtained by plotting `N/H1 /2' against `P/H3 /2*Q/H1/2'. The output of the turbine per unit head is obtained for every guide- vane opening of that head.    A standard characteristic curve which expresses the greatest turbine efficiency in each guide-vane opening, is obtained. An operating characteristic line which passes through the turbine's best efficiency point, is obtained. Adjustable speed operation is performed based on the operation characteristic line.    ADVANTAGE -   Increases operation efficiency. Simplifies operation. Suppresses noise and hydraulic-pressure flow ripple.
The method involves installing a water turbine (2) on a floating compact which is made of present material and urethane. The floating compact is anchored at one point and made to float on the water surface. By operating the water turbine, the energy extracted from high speed water flow is converted to rotational energy which is in turn converted to electricity using motors.    ADVANTAGE -   Increases capacity of electricity generation. Prevents environmental pollution. Increases buoyancy since resinous material is used.
The apparatus makes use of an electrically driven servo motor (13) as power source. The servo motor operates a guide vane operating rod (16) through a bell crank (14) and a link. A weight ratchet mechanism (B) is provided for supporting the weight (12) for full closing of water turbine guide vane.    The weight is suspended by a point of a wire (11). The wire is maintained at predetermined tension by a tension providing mechanism (A). During normal operation, the weight is supported by the ratchet mechanism.    ADVANTAGE -   Requires only small capacity servo motor. Adjusts opening-closing time of guide vane simply.
The structure includes a roof with a front surface (A). Multiple solar panels (10) with solar battery elements (17) are arranged on the front surface. A non-flammable member (18) is arranged below the solar battery element.    ADVANTAGE -   Enhances external appearance.
The method involves installing a solar battery (11) in the recess of a tile shaping die (5) used for moulding the solar battery tile. A slurry containing SiO2-Al2O3, alkali metal silicate and water is poured around the solar battery inside the recess, to form a first precise layer (121').    A foaming agent is poured over the first precise layer, covering the rear of the solar battery to form a foaming layer (122'). Above the foaming layer, a second precise layer (123') is formed by pouring the slurry and filling the recess of the tile shaping die. The foaming layer and the precise layers are hardened to form the tile base material.    ADVANTAGE -   Manufactures light weight, crack proof tile base material. Provides durable tile material.
The method involves fixing a tile shaping die at the corner or edge of a projection member. The projection member is turned upwards such that only the group edge of a tile base material projects. A slurry for tile base material formation containing SiO2-Al2O3 system fine particle, alkali metal silicate and water is poured into a form work (3) to form a tile base material forming layer (12').    The tile base material forming layer is then hardened. The tile base material is formed which comprises a solar battery mounting member after the hardening of tile base material forming layer. The tile base material is clamped by a fitting.    ADVANTAGE -   Secures attachment of solar battery to tile base material for long term. Simplifies mounting work. Prevents crack generation tile base material. Reduces weight of tile.
The building includes a solar battery array (2) that is formed by several solar battery modules arranged in a roof surface. An air passage layer is provided in-between the solar battery array and the roof surface for cooling the solar battery array.    The absorbed heat by the roof surface is passed to the air which is then passed through the air passage layer. An air blower (3) provided at backside guides the air from the air passage layer into each habitation chambers (11a,12a) and underfloor surface (15) through inner hollow wall (C).    ADVANTAGE -   Utilises solar energy effectively. Reduces thermal load and cooling load. Reduces power consumption remarkably. Does not reduce efficiency of electricity generation due to temperature rise. Reduces number of installation processes involved thereby reduces cost.
The apparatus consists of an electrified reaction chamber (1) with an electrode pattern (2) into which reaction gas is injected. On the opposite side of the electrode, a heater (3) is provided for mounting and heating a substrate. An evacuation screen (13) is present between the electrode pattern and substrates (9). Hydrogen gas is introduced between the screens and the electrode patterns.    ADVANTAGE -   Offers high performance film formation. Provides good reproducibility.
The method involves mixing Cd and Te powders, after wet- grinding. The mixed powder is then heat treated to form a heat resistant material. The CdTe film is then formed by proximity sublimation.    ADVANTAGE -   Suppresses damage caused due to firing. Improves productivity.
The device has a detector which detects the biological information showing operating state of circulating system of a living body. A decision unit decides the recovery curve which shows the time variation of the detected biological information after completing the predetermined exercise.    A memory stores the recovery curve decided by the decision unit. A display controller displays the recovery curve newly decided by the decision unit in contrast with the recovery curve stored earlier along a common time-axis in the indicator screen (36).    ADVANTAGE -   Indicates post-exercise effect of living body.
The gate includes a light receiving antenna (12a) that receives solar light. At the edge of the light receiving antenna a birds repulsion member is provided for repelling birds. A solar battery (SB) supplies power to a load based on received wireless signal.    ADVANTAGE -   Maintains light receiving surface clean without interruption of human hand.
The apparatus has an electric power conversion unit (5) to convert the DC power coming out from a solar battery (1) into AC power (2). The AC power is supplied to first AC loads (3a,3b) and second AC loads (4a,4b). A first switch (8a,8b) is provided between the electric power conversion unit and the first AC load. A second switch (9a,9b) is provided between the first switch and the AC power and second AC load.    When the output from the solar battery is below the predetermined value, only the AC power output is supplied to several loads containing the AC load, by using switches. The switch is made to stop the output supply for the AC load when the output from the AC power is lower than predetermined value.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces power consumption.
The apparatus consists of a resist removal unit (2) with a wiping roll (T) which is rolled in the shape of a tape. A delivery roller (3) releases the wiping roll. A roll up roller (4) rolls round the wiping roll which is let out from the delivery roller. A press member (6) provided with a press roller (5) presses the wiping roll which contacts a substrate edge between the roll up roller and the delivery roller.    A solvent feed zone (9) supplies a solvent to the wiping roll between the delivery roller and the press member. The resist removal unit is moved along the substrate edge and the resist is wiped off by wiping roll.    ADVANTAGE -   Removes resist formed on edge of substrate by upheaving process, easily.
The apparatus has a solar battery module (10) which consists of several solar battery cells (11a-11e) to generate electric power. When ice adheres to the solar battery module, a de-icing unit applies a bias voltage to the solar battery cell to dissolving the ice. A switching circuit (15) is provided for changing the connection between solar cells during power generation and de-icing.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables efficient heating of solar battery cell. Reduces de-icing electric power.
The method involves serially connecting a set of modules (40) through several blocks. A pair of baselines (43,44) connect the output of the blocks parallelly to a terminal box (45) via a plug (3) and a three branch connector. The plug is connected to a wire terminal of the base lines.    ADVANTAGE -   Ensures safety. Reduces labour.
The module consists of a solar battery element whose backside comprises a crystalline semiconductor substrate. The substrate bears a transparent electrically conductive film. On incidence of sunlight on the film, photo-electromotive force is generated by the battery elements.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids curvature of substrate. Utilises light transmitted from one end of element also.
The apparatus has a first conveying unit for carrying flexible film substrate (1s) on which many photo-electric conversion units (1u) are formed. A second conveying unit transfers a protective film (12). The photo-electric conversion unit is cut from the film substrate with a cutting blade (33) and is positioned on a suction table (32t) on a mounting mechanism (30). The mounting mechanism positions the photo-electric conversion unit set in the suction table on the protective film, which is carried by the conveying unit.    The protective film and the photo-electric conversion unit which are positioned over the conveying unit are bend together by a heating roller (22). A preheating roller (22K) provided between the mounting mechanism and the suction table performs temporary heat bonding of the sides of the photo-electric conversion unit and the flexible film substrate.    ADVANTAGE -   Laminates photo-electric conversion unit and film substrate, reliably. Performs continuous lamination. Facilitates usage of cutting unit of various shapes.
The battery consists of a single crystal substrate made up of Si1-xGex. A compound semiconductor layer with a pn junction is formed over the substrate. The compound semiconductor layer is made up of GaAs composition.    ADVANTAGE -   Increases efficiency of solar battery.
The apparatus includes a first electrode layer, a semiconductor layer and a second electrode layer which are sequentially laminated on an insulated substrate. The laminated structure is divided by several parting lines to form several photoelectric conversion cells.    These cells are electrically connected in series. First scribe lines (37) are provided with scribe groove section (171-173) that are of equal length. Crossing grooves (191,192) are formed at extended length edge of mutually overlapping scribe grooves.    ADVANTAGE -   Offers apparatus with high efficiency and reliability at low cost.
The radiation detector has an insulation tray on which several holes are formed in the shape of a two dimensional matrix. Semiconductor radiation detecting elements are arranged on some of the holes. The semiconductor radiation detecting elements contains cadmium and tellurium.    USE -   For detecting radiation more than several hundred KeV in medical application.    ADVANTAGE -   Measures high energy radiation, effectively. Excels in surface uniformity. Offers simple multilayered structure.
The method involves using a crystal substrate on which partial ion implantation is done linearly. The crystal substrate is annealed. The ion concentration at the periphery is made high by partial ion implantation. A crystal thin film is peeled off from the crystal substrate along the boundary.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves crystal film quality. Increases through put.
A semiconductor (e.g. titanium dioxide or silicon carbide) material (4) is bound by two surfaces (2, 15) one of which (2) is disinfected from time to time.    The novelty is that:    (a) the surface (2) is disinfected by an ultra-violet (UV) (13, 14) radiation source (6, 8);    (b) the UV (13, 14) radiation source is directed towards the second side (15) of the material which is to be disinfected, and    (c) the UV radiation is directed towards the respective surfaces via a transparent material (3).    USE -   Ultra violet disinfecting is used for, e.g. medical, dental or food preparation surfaces.    ADVANTAGE -   The surface may be more easily disinfected than with, e.g. chemical agents.
The method for measuring physical values at training and therapy appliances and a system for carrying out the method. A displacement/angle pick-up system records and computes the lifting movements of the weight plates in a therapy-training appliance.    A displacement/angle pick-up system is provided, bases on the scanning of a rotary coding disc or a translatory coding strip. This operation is based on the establishment of a resistance alteration, or optical, magnetic, inductive, capacitive or other alterations.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides accurate control to ensure safety of user e.g. patient so that targets are not exceeded and results are properly recorded for analysis and possible modification. Simply and cost effectively produced.
The training device has a torque generator with an electric motor (2) and a reduction transmission (3) and whose output interacts with at least one exercise element (1) selected by the trainer.    The three-phase motor has a frequency inverter (5) as load , which enables the frequency and the amplitude of the three-phase current fed to the motor to be adjusted. The frequency can be adjusted so that the revolution rate of the rotary field deviates from the actual measured revolution rate of the motor by a defined slip revolution rate.    ADVANTAGE -   The device is relatively simple and cost-effective yet achieves a high level of training effect.
The plant includes, floating on water (48), a circular platform rotatable about a vertical axis and comprising several oblong concentrator channels (4) each being covered with a linear lens (40). A turning device rotates the platform such that, during sunshine hours, the channels point to the azimuth of the sun.    Each concentrator comprises a trough-like structure having a wall portion (41) running vertically. Photovoltaic cells (3,60), targeted by concentrated solar rays (31,34), are arranged close to the lower end of the wall portion so that a passage of triangular cross-section (44) remains through which ambient air can flow. A mechanical driver turns the platform during no-sun hours to such a position that the channels run parallel to the direction of the wind.    ADVANTAGE -   Allows waste heat from photovoltaic cells, stored in water layer, to be sufficiently dissipated to ambient air.
The exercise resistance device (14) comprises a movable member mounted on a rotatable shaft and bearing a first electrode surface, and a container bearing a second electrode surface. The movable member is disposed within the containers, and the first electrode surface and the second electrode surface define a gap between them. Movement of an operator member causes rotational movement of the first electrode surface relative to the second electrode surface.    The electrorheological fluid is disposed within the gap and has a viscosity that varies as a function of electrical potential applied across the fluid. The fluid provides resistance to rotational movement of the first electrode surface relative to the second electrode surface as a function of the viscosity. An applying device (46) applies an electric potential to the first electrode surface and the second electrode surface. The exercise resistance device further comprises an electrical generator (52) connected to the applying device and the rotatable shaft in such a manner that movement of the operator member generates an electric potential that is available for application to the first electrode surface and the second electrode surface.    USE -   Multi-configurable programmable exercise device to provide variable resistance, to enable isotonic, isokinetic and cardiovascular exercise. Variable resistance device can also be used in machine control, robotics, vibration damping, wire drawing, vehicle shock absorbers and other applications requiring controlled rotational and linear force braking.    ADVANTAGE -   Variably resists user-applied force in two directions so that user can concurrently exercise at least two muscle groups.
The system has a steering wheel (10) on the valve (9) of a main pipe (4), turned to rotate water turbines to drain water from a reservoir (2). The water turbines installed on the concrete shelf of the water tank and a set of generators installed on a loading platform, are coupled with a chain. Three reservoirs in the shape of gradual steps are provided with respective water pumps of power consumption N (KW). A drainage pipe is attached to the reservoir of the highest step for water quality conservation.    A sufficient potential energy obtains the electric power of rated output M (KW) of the generators by the transmission of the chain. Let the value of K be an integer. The total electric power of the generators in the water tank is (4K-1). The total power consumption of the pump is (19k-1). Let (4k-1) be greater than (19K-1).    ADVANTAGE -   Obtains large electric power by increasing number of generators. Reduces water loss by reusing sea water or fresh water to circulate between reservoir and water tank. Utilises sea water for wider preliminary moves. Enables electric power supply at inexpensive cost since external electric power is not needed.
The system (1) has a cooler (2) mounted on the external surface of a water turbine casing (51). This cooler considers using water (3) as coolant for cooling a lubricating oil (59).    The water being used is supplied as a source of a drive for the water turbine. An oil circuit system is provided for circulating this lubricating oil.    USE -   For water turbine vertical shaft.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces water turbine manufacturing cost with simplified apparatus for supplying coolant for lubricating oil. Does not require maintenance work for cool water supply.
The roof sheathing (1) includes an insulating lining material (3) bonded to its rear side. A solar battery module (2) is adhered on the lining material. A tapering air passage ditch (4) is arranged on the adhesive surface of the insulating lining material.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents reduction of energy conversion efficiency. Improves waterproof nature of roof.
The structure (5) includes multiple planar rectangular solar energy conversion panels (4). The conversion panels are arranged adjacent each other along the sloping edge of a roof surface (1), which has an inclination edge (1A) making an acute angle.    The conversion panel arranged adjacent the inclination edge has a plane deformed shape whose first and second peripheries (7,9) corresponds to the inclination edge. The deformed confirmation panels are dummy panels without solar energy conversion ability whose surface shape is similar to the original panel.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces construction cost of roof. Offers favourable exterior surface of roof.
The structure includes multiplanar rectangular main panel (4) with solar energy conversion ability. The main panel is arranged on a roof material (2) along the sloping edge of a roof surface (1). The roof surface has an inclination edge (1A) which makes an acute angle with the roof surface.    An auxiliary panel (5) has its first periphery (7) joined to the main panel and a second periphery (9) corresponds to the inclination edge of the roof surface. The main and auxiliary panels form a waterproof surface on the roof material.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids seepage of rain water into roof material. Eliminates dead space of panel.
Removal of boron from silicon comprises atomising molten silicon into fine powder using high-pressure water while forming an oxide layer of boron and silicon on the surface of the fine powder and treating the oxide layer with an acid solution to dissolve and remove the oxides.    USE -   Production of silicon substrates for solar cells.    ADVANTAGE -   Boron can be removed from silicon in a short time to a level which is acceptable for silicon for solar cells.
The image sensor has a substrate (2) mounted on a case (1). A semiconductor chip (3) with multiple light receiving elements is mounted on the substrate. The light receiving elements receive the reflected light from the document being read and output as an image signal depending on the light and darkness of the reflected light. A principal plane contacts the light receiving element formation area of the semiconductor chip.    A cover object (7) covers a part of the semiconductor chip for image reading. The cover object is in contact with the document. The part of the semiconductor chip not covered by the cover object is covered by a cover projection member (9).    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces size thereby reducing production cost. Increases productivity and quality.
The apparatus consists of an accommodation unit which contains several plate-shaped members (2). The upper surface of the plate-shaped member is provided with a large number of solar battery array (1).    The plate-shaped member is supported by a support unit (5). The plate-shaped structure is extended to the support unit. An accommodation mechanism accommodates the plate-shaped member, when the solar power generation is not carried out.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces installation cost.
The structure includes a rear tray (1) which has a substrate (1a). Several solar batteries (2) are arranged on the substrate. The solar battery has a silicon P-N junction element.    The substrate is made up of non-woven fabric or polyester cloth fibre mixed with zirconium carbide. The substrate along with the solar batteries are packed using transparent material.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents disconnection of leads. Increases photoelectric conversion efficiency. Increases spectral intensity for solar light and spectral sensitivity for IR light.
The transducer comprises a p type amorphous SiC layer. The p type SiC layer contains rare earth metals like neodymium and erbium. An n type amorphous Si layer is formed over the p type SiC layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves conversion efficiency. Improves efficiency during usage of non-crystal semiconductor.
The apparatus includes an XY table (1) on which an LCD substrate (3) is mounted. A synchronous controller (20) controls the forwarding rate of position co-ordinate data by a drive positioning unit (4). Based on the position coordinate data generated, the drive positioning unit drives the substrate either along x or y axis direction.    Stroboscopic light from stroboscopic light source (7) falls onto the LCD substrate. When the stroboscopic light is in sychronisation with the position co-ordinate data, an image data is output from a CCD camera (9). Any defect in the substrate is notified by analysing the image data, by adopting transmission, reflection or scattering process.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies to inspect, correct and remove defect from substrate easily and reliably. Improves reliability of inspection.
The detector includes a matrix (20) of photosensitive points (p1,p2,p3), located on a support (40), exposed to incident radiation (Ri) with an additional light source (6), producing additional radiation (Rd) formed on a face (7) of the support opposite to the face (3) on which the matrix is formed.    The radiation from the additional light source is in a narrow waveband within the waveband of the incident radiation (Ri), centred on a different wavelength. Transmission of the additional radiation is favoured by a transparent dichroic layer and by a coloured layer (9) in varnish, polymer or glass plate.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves contrast without altering power of additional radiation, particularly at low spatial frequencies.
The device consists of two slides (1) with a series of dumbbells (2), the dumbbells provide a hole (3) for insertion on carriage pin (4) integrally bearing the carriage (4') to which the dumbbells must be selectively hooked. Within the carriage pin in the home position electromagnetic elements (5) are provided, in number corresponding to that of the dumbbells. Each one of the elements has metallic pins (6) movable between two positions, for connection and disconnection, with each dumbbell having seats (7) for the connection position.    Changing the polarisation of the electromagnets will determine the position of the metallic pins. A computer can manage with the aid of position sensors to pick the different dumbbells required to be hooked in a pre-established sequence.    ADVANTAGE -   Allows for automatic selection and hooking of dumbbells on basis of previously set out instructions without need for user to intervene during exercising.
CMOS Schottky barrier field effect transistor systems which are a series combination of N and P channel MOSFETs in which source Schottky barrier junctions are electrically interconnected rather than the drains as in conventional diffused junction CMOS. The MOSFET demonstrates regenerative inverting switching characteristics in use. The devices are unique in that they provide operational drain current vs. drain to source voltage as a function of gate voltage only where the polarities of the drain and gate are opposite referenced to the source as common, and the polarity of the voltage supplied to the gate is appropriate to cause channel inversion. The substrate (12) is Si, sources (2b)(3a) and drains (2a)(3b) are Cr or CrSi2.    USE -   In MOSFET technology.    ADVANTAGE -   Fast switching CMOS system because no minority carriers are involve to slow operation and because switching is regenerative.
The apparatus sets a desired guide-vane opening command value corresponding to several components including an output command value during the operation, a hydraulic turbine rotation speed, and an available head. A complete characteristic (21) for providing the desired values of a guide-vane opening command and an output variation command, is produced.    The observed value of several components is input and processed through the produced complete characteristics during the actual operation. The opening of a guide vane (9) is adjusted by an actuator (8) using the set desired guide-vane opening command value corresponding to the observed value of several components during the actual operation.    ADVANTAGE -   Predetermined control with conformity property in feed forward control, can be performed without time lag.
The turbine includes a balance path (13) which equalises a hydraulic pressure and the amount of water in the periphery of a runner (1) during the water depression at the halfway of the runner perimeter to the covers (3,4). A phase-modifier operation in the covers is performed after feeding compressed air.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables uniform distribution of water in periphery of runner, thus preventing big imbalance in hydraulic pressure and water amount in runner periphery. Prevents generation of oscillation in runner and main shaft even when inside of runner can be flooded. Inexpensive since starter of large capacity in underwater becomes unnecessary.
The module consists of a solar panel (9) inserted into a frame (1). The solar panel is mounted on the upper surface of the kicking rail (5) of the frame or on the horizontal wall (27) of an in-horizontal rail. A spacer (21) with electric insulation is provided which holds the solar panel.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents short circuit of opto electric transducer. Raises endurance of solar panel.
The solar battery includes several solar panels (11) arranged on the surface of a taper roof (21) of a building (20). A connector (12) is installed on the hut reverse side (27) in the roof.    The connector receives output from several solar panels. An inverter (13) is installed at the accommodation space (25) provided in the building, which converts output received by the connector.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies wiring and installation work. Improves operability. Protects from wind and rain.
The structure includes a cover (3B) that is mounted over a panel (1). The cover is fitted in a flame (7) of a frame (2), in which the panel is arranged. A groove (9) is formed in the centre of receptacle surface (8) of the frame. A bolt (4) is inserted into groove.    The rotation direction of thread portion of the bolt is set such that a panel fixation fitting (15) is arranged on the rear side of the receptacle surface. Thereby, the panel fixed at predefined position temporarily, is mounted on the receptacle surface firmly.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies fixation structure. Prevents improper mounting state. Eases detection of improper mounting state.
High conductive polymer compsn.(I) is prepared by electrochemical oxidation of polysilane(s)(II).    USE -   (I) is useful as material used in electric, electronic, communication industries, esp. for preparation of battery electrodes, solar battery, electromagnetic wave masking material etc.    ADVANTAGE -   (I) is soluble in organic solvent, (I) can be moulded to opt.forms. (I) gives covering layer, coating layer etc having good flexibility and resistance to corrosion and embrittlement.
High conductive polymer compsn.(I) is prepared by doping (A) polysiloxane(s)with (B) silver salt(s). Preparation of (I) comprising doping (A) with (B) solution is claImed, also.    USE -   (I) is useful as material used in electric, electronic, communication industries, esp. for preparation of battery electrodes, solar battery, electromagnetic wave masking material etc.    ADVANTAGE -   (I) is soluble in organic solvent, (I) can be moulded to opt.forms. (I) gives covering layer, coating layer etc having good flexibility and resistance to corrosion and embrittlement.
The battery includes a p-type compound semiconductor thin film acting as optical absorption layer. The compound semiconductor film contains IB group element, III group element, VIB group element and IA group element. The ratio of content of III group element and IB group element is 0.22-0.75.    ADVANTAGE -   Solar battery with novel composition is obtained.
The cells (2) are embedded in film-film strips and are attached to tapered profiles (5). The shape of the films (1) matches that of the tapered profiles (5).    Leads (3) on the reverse of the film are guided from the film at right angles through the tapered profiles. The solar cell strips may be fastened to the tapered profiles by means of adhesive.    ADVANTAGE -   As protection from weather and environmental effects, for carrying advertising. Has photovoltaic application. Can be adapted to individual use.
The collector (1) has a top cover plate (2) provided with spaced solar cells (3) and underlying flow medium channels (4) embedded in a foam thermal insulation material (5), for independent extraction of current and heat from the incident solar radiation.    The heat may be extracted via a pump for circulating the flow medium heated by the incident solar radiation through a heat storage device.    ADVANTAGE -   Efficient utilisation of incident solar energy.
The battery is provided by a stack of partial batteries, which are each provided by photoelements of different voltages for efficient utilisation of the full spectrum by energy sorting.    The light can be propagated within the partial battery by total internal reflection and/or mirrors, so that the non-utilised parts of the light spectrum are passed on to other photoelements.    ADVANTAGE -   Efficient utilisation of full light spectrum.
The exercise apparatus comprises a vertical post having at least one arm device which is horizontally pivotable. The arm device comprises at least one vertically pivotable portion device that is lockable in position, and two independently vertical pivotable portion devices also lockable in position. The vertically pivotable portion has pad device which comprises light emitting diode mounted on it and pressure operated membrane switch device incorporated. A programmable microprocessor device (1) is included and adapted to measure time intervals, and implements a control panel (72) to select mode and program (activity level, such as stage and type of training).    The microprocessor actuates the light emitting diode integrated into a selected pad device, receives impulses from pressure a switch device built into the selected pad device and displays calculated time interval between actuation of the light emitting diode and the pressure switch. The microprocessor sequentially actuates the light emitting diode of selected pad device, receives impulses from switch device and calculates the time interval between actuation of each light emitting diode and each pressure switch of the same selected pad, and displays each time interval visually.    USE -   For martial arts exercises, weight training, as general device equivalent to a universal gym, and reaction training device.    ADVANTAGE -   Can be used as reaction timing device, and may be used for other related activities.
The health and fitness system includes a seat for supporting a user. A movably supported armrest of connected to the seat for movably supporting a user`s arm on the armrest.    A pivotal support supports the armrest to pivot about a horizontal axis and about a second axis which is parallel to the first. A locking device locks the armrest at selective pivotal positions. A resistance device offers resistance and is releasably connected to the armrest for user exercise by moving armrest against the resistance.    ADVANTAGE -   Helps user avoid pain and injury to back, shoulders, arms and wrist using arm and upper body supports and physical fitness devices, all built into office chair.
The power generator has a standstill power converter to convert the generated DC to AC and is linked to the system power supply. The output current and the output power supplied to the battery are measured. The characteristics are measured before the link operation to the power supply, which is initiated by a switch provided between the front stage capacitor and solar battery. An operation controller is provided to operate the power converter according to measurement results of output voltage and output current such that these are set to desired value.    The variation of output current and voltage during charging is also measured and the operation characteristic is again extracted. The voltage corresponding to the maximum power is computed and the converter is controlled to obtain required characteristics, and the link operation is performed.    ADVANTAGE -   Obtains maximum power. Simplifies operation control. Conserves energy.
The method involves forming an n-type semiconductor layer of thickness 20 or more on upper surface of a substrate (10). A nitride layer containing acceptor impurity is formed on the upper surface of the n-type nitride semiconductor layer. After formation of nitride layer, the substrate is removed.    ADVANTAGE -   Widens utilisation value of industry.
The plant consists of a subject dam (A), a discharged seawater impounding dam (B), and an auxiliary dam (C). Each dam is provided with corresponding gate (4) that are opened during high tide, and closed during low tide.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides alternate source of power.
The device (1) includes a main body (2) consisting of a generator (21d) driven by a reversible, airscrew type water turbine runner (3) enclosed in a watertight container (4). The main body is enclosed in a tube-like exterior casing (5).    Straightening vanes (6) rectify the watercourse which flows along the perimeter of the main body via exterior casing. As a result, the flowing direction becomes parallel with the central rotation axis of the runner.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables highly-efficient collection of tidal current energy. Does not generate energy loss from flow velocity of turbine runner. Ensures easy underwater installation.
The solar battery tile includes a flat frame (2) on which a solar battery (3) is mounted in fluid tight manner. An upward hook (4) is provided at upper side of the frame, at its one edge.    A downward hook (5) is provided at lower side of the frame, at the opposing edge. The hooks are used for fixing the frame with the sarking of the roof and for enabling mutual engagement of adjacent frames.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies structure. Eases mounting work.
The roofing tile (10) has multiple recesses (11a) in which solar batteries (12) are mounted. The recesses are provided in an under tile member (11).    A surface round edge (11b) and a projection (11c) are provided along the periphery of the recesses. The projection projects above the upper surface of the solar batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves exterior design of roof. Prevents dust adhesion to upper surface. Prevents damage of solar battery. Ensures smooth flow of rain water.
The training machine has a main body (1) at whose inner side, an adjustable light emission electric bulb (2) with an openable and closable shutter (4) is arranged. A rotary transparent ball bulb (5) attached to an electric motor (6), is detachedly supported on the optical axis of the light emission electric bulb. A light emitting element (9) and a condenser lens (8) are sequentially arranged in front of the ball bulb. Several electric bulbs (b) are arranged in rows on the sliding surface of an electric light board (11).    The shutter and the ball bulb are electrically connected to a rear frame (10) of the main body, so that a light flash is radiated on the electric bulbs arranged on electric light board. The balls that eject from the electric light board are hit by a bat at the front side of the main body. Several light receiving elements (13) are arranged along the bat surface. The information regarding hitting of balls is transmitted to the display zone of a display board (15) through a transmission element (14).    ADVANTAGE -   Improves training reliability. Simplifies structure.
The device has an endless track belt (1) which has a movable surface on which an user (10) walks. A drive unit (6) drives the endless track belt so that the movable surface moves at a velocity based on the control signal output from external.    A position error detector is provided which detects the position error from the standard position set up on the movable surface to the position of the user. According to the increase in detected position error the output signal is increased continuously. A controller sends out control signal to the drive unit.    USE -   For e.g. athletic rehabilitation.    ADVANTAGE -   Varies speed according to user's choice. Prevents fall of user from movable surface. Provides safe environment to user.
The controller has a calculator (82) which computes mechanical energy which is a product of the blood pressure and pulse rate of the living body. A regulator (84) adjusts the load of an exercise load apparatus (6) so that actual energy computed by the calculator corresponds to a target energy.    A generator (88) generates the increasing target energy which is the energy value rising at a predetermined velocity. A decision unit (92) decides the optimum target energy based on the break point of increase in load of the exercising load apparatus using the increasing target energy value.    ADVANTAGE -   Decides optimum target energy easily and quickly. Eliminates burden of fixing optimum target energy.
The rolling mechanism has a main rolling section (V) which is rotated by a pedaller to provide bicycling exercise. The rolling section has two smaller rollers (R1,R2) providing a braking function, and making the pedaller exercise effort.    The braking rolling brake couple can be varied as a function of the speed of rotation of the roller. Preferably the arrangement for providing the rotation and braking is coupled to a measuring mechanism, for evaluating the speed.    ADVANTAGE -   Overcomes problems found in non motorised phases between operational motorised phases, where pedalling power required could change from maximum to zero at dead point, in simple and effective manner.
The photovoltaic device for converting photons into electrical energy, comprises gallium indium phosphide (GaInP) (10, 10') and gallium arsenide (GaAs) (12, 12') cells and gallium indium arsenide phosphide (GaInAsP) (14, 15) cells. The GaInP, GaAs and GaInAsP cells are connected to each other in a tandem configuration so that photons enter the GaInP (10), GaAs (12) and GaInAsP (14) cells in turn.    Also claimed is a further photovoltaic device for converting photons into electrical energy.    USE -   The device is a multi-junctioned solar cell that efficiently convert solar radiation into electrical energy.    ADVANTAGE -   The device improves upon existing solar energy to electrical energy conversion efficiencies by using materials that are more efficient than prior art combinations in converting the infrared.
The excercise system (110) comprises several devices (10) which are arranged around a central point (112). There may be an inner chamber containing a cycling assembly and a pair of oars. The system has a centralised source of water with a conventional heater. There are valve and pipe arrangements and a controller (116).    There may be an individual controller 120 for each individual device. The controllers are in electrical communication.    ADVANTAGE -   Water temperature can be controlled by the user.
The treadmill (10) includes a pair plastic moulded rotatable pulleys (22,.28) which are positioned parallel to each other and supported by a frame. The pulleys are rotated by an AC motor. A belt (20) is wound between the two pulleys and is operated when pulleys are rotated. A deck member (50) has thickness of about 3/4 inches is positioned at the upper part of the belt and is supported by a horizontal support members. Multiple resilient elastomeric support members (100,102)    having hardness of about 30 - 55 are interposed between the frame and deck member.    The support members are located along length direction of the deck member. The downward motion of the deck member    during exercise is limited by the support members. The horizontal movement of the deck member is limited by the support members in response to the frame during downward motion. The speed of the AC motor in controlled by a speed controller which is equipped with a control panel. The deviation of the deck member along lateral direction is corrected by a correction based on the input of the deviation sensor.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents unnecessary damage to joints. Improves life of belt by decreases tension of belt. Prevents improper adjustment and side loading.
The glass pane (1) has multilayered metal film (2) that is formed on a plate shaped object (1). The multilayered metal film is fixed with a metal hole area of an optical semiconductor package. The multilayered metal film is formed by sequential lamination of a first titanium film (2a), a second film containing metal selected from a chrome, a nickel chrome alloy and a palladium and a gold film (2c).    ADVANTAGE -   Offers reliable optical semiconductor module with high efficiency.
The apparatus includes a vacuum pump (15) connected to a pipe (3) which is introduced into a reservoir (1) filled with water (2). The pipe provided with a valve (16), has its end portion (4) inserted into a water passage groove (5), vertically. The end of the water passage groove is of cylindrical shape.    A water turbine (9) supported to an axle shaft (11) provided with cam (12), is arranged in the lower side of the end portion of the water passage groove. A piston pump (10) for pushing up water (14) is suspended from the cam.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables reusage of water used in electricity generation. Secures generation of electric power with less amount of water.
The condenser includes several condenser lenses (8-1-8-3) that are arranged on a curve surface, for receiving and condensing solar beams (S4-S6). The solar beams from the condenser lenses are irradiated to a light-receiving lens (9).    The light-receiving lens produces and irradiates a condensed solar light (S7) to an optical fibre (10). A support stand (11) supports the curved surface for the condenser lenses.    ADVANTAGE -   Solar light utilization range can be enlarged by condensing solar beams efficiently. Prevents dispersion of solar light.
The unit includes a current generator (2) and a storage unit which feeds a current storage unit (4) via a charging guard (3). The current storage unit is coupled to a switch (5) which acts together with a multichannel radio receiver (6).    The radio receiver is controlled by a stationary transmitter or by a mobile transmitter (7). The switch couples the current storage unit to the motor (M) of a garage door drive of a desired garage.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides self-sufficient operation and is cost effective. Provides optimum security.
The method involves coupling a first capacitor (C1) to a read-out circuit during first portion of read-out period which follows the integration period. A first potential resulting from integrated photocurrent of the first capacitor is stored and amplified. A second capacitor (C2) is coupled to the read-out circuit during second portion of read-out period.    A second potential resulting from integrated photocurrent of the second capacitor is subtracted from stored first potential to generate difference potential. The difference potential is then amplified.    ADVANTAGE -   Ensures simultaneous detection of infrared radiation in two spectral bands. Prevents spectral crosstalk in photocurrent signal. Reduces noise generation and circuit complexity.
An exercise machine with a user selectable resistance has a frame and at least one mechanism operated by the limb of the user. The mechanism is coupled to a rheological fluid brake device that uses a rheological fluid with a variable viscosity. The viscosity is determined by applying a pre-determined field strength to the fluid. The fluid may be a magnetorheological fluid responsive to an applied magnetic field or an electrorheological fluid responsive to an applied electric field. The exercise machine may be configured as a bicycle type exercise device or a treadmill type device.    USE -   To provide aerobic training of the cardiovascular system.    ADVANTAGE -   The resistance is readily and smoothly controlled. The device is quiet in operation. The device provides a display giving feedback and entertainment to the user.
The casing (3) has a flange (4) which consists of a curved flange part (41) and several steps (42). Each step arranges several step units (421) into fan shape using a standard rolling material with curved cyclic. The steps are then welded to the flange part to secure machining allowance.    The steps are formed and arranged avoiding the formed holes (411) on the flange part. The flange part is welded to the rib (76) and casing main body (78) before the arranged steps are welded to the flange part.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces processing cost since large production machines are not used and correction processing for welding distortion is unnecessary.
The turbine (14) has a penstock (16) linked to the inlet port of a water-turbine casing (15). A runner (21) with intermediate path (18), to which the exit and draft tube (17) of the water-turbine casing are connected, is installed with a runner vane (20).    A movement water pipe (29) branches from the penstock, and is linked to the upper side of the runner vane (22) of the intermediate path. A control valve (28) is provided in the movement water pipe to adjust the water spouted to the upper side of the runner vane (22).    ADVANTAGE -   Reliably prevents floating up of rotor by avoiding any reverse axial thrust generated in the rotor, and quick stoppage operation. Suppresses rotational speed increase, which exceeds rated speed of runner vane, through damping operation.
The system has a runner with formed intermediate path to which a casing and a draft tube are connected with the guide vane and runner vane along the flow direction of a liquid supplied from the casing. A main shaft (2), coupled to the runner, has a drilled air passageway (10) to guide air towards the draft tube.    A control valve (13) and an air tank (12) are coupled to the main shaft. A controller (16) provides a gate signal to the control valve.    ADVANTAGE -   Ensures automatic and exact air supply to draft tube since corresponding operation conditions are ensured. Ensures reliable air leak when air supply of draft tube is not needed by closing control valve in watertight using removable bearing supported in air tank.
The module is of plane tile shape with solar battery elements (2) connected in series by means of an interconnector (1). The whole arrangement is sealed by a transparent plastic resin (11). The surface is protected by a weather and moisture resistant film (9). A convex shaped connector (12) is electrically connected with the solar battery element and protrudes from the light non-reception surface. A concave shaped connector receptacle (13) which is electrically connected with the solar battery element, is formed on the light receiving surface.    ADVANTAGE -   Offers light weight structure with sufficient mechanical strength. Simplifies installation.
A film forming device for amorphous silicone comprises a chamber (13): a substrate holder (13) to support a substrate (14) arranged in the chamber (12); and a high frequency electrode (18) arranged opposite to the substrate holder (13) in the chamber (12). Raw material gas is introduced to a plasma region generated on the substrate (14) and an amorphous silicone film is formed on the substrate (14) by a plasma CVD. In the so formed film forming device for amorphous silicone, a mesh-form heater (17) is arranged near the substrate (14) and plasma is heated. A bending preventing mechanism (25) is arranged at the mesh-form heater (17).    USE -   Used in various electronic devices, such as an amorphous silicon solar battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Amorphous silicon is formed into a film without exercising an adverse influence on a preceding formed film.
In a conductive bottom-less crucible, at least part of its axial direction is split in the peripheral direction. The conductive bottom-less crucible is interposed in an induction coil. The casting comprises: (a) dissolving a raw material of silicon, provided in the crucible by electromagnetic induction with the raw material kept away from the inner surface of the crucible; (b) gradually, downwardly pulling down its molten metal; (c) coagulating the molten metal to obtain a polycrystal of silicon. The inner surface of the crucible body consisting of a conductive material is coated by silicon.    USE -   The method casts the silicon used for producing the coagulated ingot of the polycrystal of silicon used in a solar battery.    ADVANTAGE -   The method provides the high-purity silicon coagulated ingot with enhanced purity. The method depresses damage to the crucible and prolongs the life of the crucible.
The structure includes a loading chamber arranged behind a cab (1). A panel (3) which consists of a transparent material such as glass or resin, is arranged in the upper and lower surfaces (2a,2b) of the loading chamber by maintaining a predetermined gap. A heat insulation material (5) is coated on the panel surface which is opposite to the outer surface of the loading chamber. An outlet (6a) of an air pump (6) is connected to the front end portion of the gap between the panel and the loading chamber. A solar cell (7) supplies power to the air pump.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves heat insulation capacity of loading chamber. Prevents reduction of heat insulation capability of loading chamber due to adhesion of foreign materials.
NOVELTY - The machine has endless belts (8A,8B) constituting the walk surface. Also, helping unit (4), walk surface unit (2) and electric motor driver (9A,9B) are provided. A supporting arm (43) assists the trainee. A velocity detector detects the speed of the endless belt and controls the speed of the driver to move at a predetermined speed. Information regarding training is stored digitally in a floppy. A computer display panel displays the stored information.    USE - Walk training machine for rehabilitation of people unable to walk.    ADVANTAGE - Facilitates automatic memory management for each trainee. Improves versatility.
The drive motor system is used with a treadmill having a microprocessor module, and pre-driver and driver modules to provide pulse width modulated signals to a drive motor with a current sensing circuit. The circuit includes a fast sense circuit for detecting the occurrence of a first current exceeding a preset value to prevent rapid damage to the drive motor system.    The fast sense circuit senses the current of the PWM signals between the driver module and the drive motor having controlled cycles, and when the current is greater than a preset threshold, a fault signal is sent to the pre-driver module to close a switch for the remainder of the cycle of the sensed signal. A slow sense circuit detects the occurrence of a second current exceeding a preset value caused by a gradual fault condition in turn resulting from the increased frictional resistance to the rotation of the walk belt of a treadmill on a treadmill deck, as the walk belt and treadmill deck wear out.    ADVANTAGE -   Maintains constant drive flux density of drive motor using cheap and reliable PWM drive voltage generators.
The device has an intrinsic polycrystalline silicon thin film formed on an insulating substrate by gaseous phase method using silicide gas. The oxygen density in the thin film is reduced to below 5x101 8cm- 3. The carbon density is reduced below 4x101 8cm-3.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces oxygen concentration in thin film. Improves reliability and conversion efficiency of semiconductor device.
An adhesive sheet is formed of 2-ethyl hexanoxy carbonyl-t-butyl peroxide in an ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer. Also claimed is that a solar battery module is formed by depositing an ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer layer crosslinked by the 2-ethyl hexanoxy carbonyl-t-butyl peroxide on both the surfaces of a solar battery element. Also claimed is that the prodn. comprises: (a) superimposing a sheet consisting of the ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer layer crosslinked by the 2-ethyl hexanoxy carbonyl-t-butyl peroxide on both the surfaces of the solar battery element; (b) heating and melting the sheet; (c) sticking the sheet to the solar battery element.    ADVANTAGE -   The use of the adhesive sheet dramatically reduces the production period of the solar battery module to yield the solar battery moulded at lower costs. The solar cell module has no reduction in energy conversion efficiency for long periods of time. The method efficiently produces the solar cell module having good quality without changing the constitution of the solar battery module.
The LCD device includes a substrate (2) and an LC layer (3). A solar battery (10) is provided in the substrate. Display of an image is performed using the surrounding light. A photoelectric conversion unit converts the surrounding light into electrical energy.    The solar battery together with usual battery and the electrical energy obtained from conversion unit are used for power supply. The optical property of the LC layer is controlled by the electric field obtained from these sources.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces weight percent and power consumption. Increases display time.
The laminating apparatus including a laminating section (2) capable of freely opening and closing an upper chamber (11) having a downwardly expandable diaphragm(30) and a lower chamber (13) having a heater panel (35), comprises a pre-heater(55) for pre-heating a material (P) to be laminated before the material is delivered to the laminating section.    USE -   Used particularly in the fabrication of thin-sheet shaped laminates such as solar cell panels.    ADVANTAGE -   Capable of minimizing the formation of warps on a material to be laminated due to difference in temperature, resultantly preventing damage to the material to be laminated through the pressure of the diaphragm during the lamination.
The method involves filling an open die with a reinforced cement composition. The reinforced cement composition is made by preparing aqueous solution of water soluable polymer substance and then mixing a mineral filler. Then, reinforced fibre is added to the mixture and subsequently cement is added.    After filling the die with the cement mixture, a recess (11) is formed on the surface by dehydration and press moulding. Then, the surface and sides of tile is coated with a coating material. Then an isomorphic solar battery is inserted into the recess formed on tile.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies manufacturing process thereby reducing time required for manufacture. Eliminates need for change in exterior design of tile.
The module accommodates several solar battery elements (1), that are electrically connected in series by a connection member (4). A portion of the connection member exposed to the light incidence surface, is adhered with a colouring layer (4B).    The colouring layer is hydrophobic in nature. An electrically conductive cementing layer (4C) is adhered to the portion of the connection member. The connection member is in connection with the solar battery elements.    USE -   For use in electrical generation facilities in home.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies manufacture of connection object. Improves productivity. Improves external appearance of solar battery module.
Production comprises: (a) applying ion implantation to the major surface of a silicon substrate; (b) adhering a second substrate to at least part of the silicon substrate; (c) applying heat treatment to a constituent comprising the silicon substrate and the second substrate; and (d) forming a thin film of a silicon crystal having a thickness of 7 m or more on the second substrate by separation from the silicon substrate.    ADVANTAGE -   The process easily yields a thin film of a silicon crystal having a thickness of 7 m or more, preferably ca. 10 m, and a thin film of a polycrystal having a large particle diameter of several cm. The thin film of the silicon crystal has no decrease in efficiency, exerting photoelectric conversion equivalent to that of a solar battery of single crystal of silicon having a thickness of several 100 m. Remaining ingot or wafer is repeatedly used. Sixty solar batteries of the single crystal of silicon having a thickness of 10 m are available from one 6-inch wafer of the silicon single crystal.
The battery has a photosensitiser. The photosensitiser is selected from a polyhalogenide complexity, preferably having polyiodide. The photoelectric conversion efficiency is increased.    ADVANTAGE -   Excels in endurance. Offers good photoelectric conversion efficiency. Simplifies manufacture.
The method involves positioning a deposition source board (8) and a glass substrate (12) in a belljar (6) of a vacuum tank (1), opposite to each other. A temperature control plate (16) is positioned around the board, in which a heater for source board and a substrate heater holder (10) are positioned at two openings. An external heater (18) is positioned around the temperature control plate, for maintaining the temperature of the belljar between 180-300degC.    The source board is heated at a temperature of 1000degC for every 10 seconds, so that the deposition material is evaporated from the board. Then, the substrate is maintained at a temperature below 205degC, on which the source material guided through hollow path from the source board is deposited to form the thin film.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves thin film characteristics. Obtains TFT with large ON-OFF current ratio.
A photoelectric transfer device comprises a photoelectric transfer element, a cholesteric liquid crystal (LC) layer and an ultraviolet (UV) cut-off layer which is arranged at the side for the incidence of light. The LC layer is arranged between the transfer element and the cut-off layer.    USE -   Used for the production of solar batteries, desktop calculators and watches.    ADVANTAGE -   The device has improved brilliance and a vivid external appearance.
The detector is characterised by having a hole-conductor material in its charge transport layer, preferably an amorphous solid consisting of a spiro compound of formula (I) where = C (especially preferred), Si, Ge or Sn; and K1 and K2 = conjugated systems. Production of the detector is by applying the following layers in turn onto a conductive substrate or electrode : (a) a semiconductor colloid; (b) a charge transport layer containing the hole conductor; (c) a counter-electrode; and (d) an insulating layer.    ADVANTAGE -   The detector determines wavelengths accurately and does not suffer from photo-corrosion. It has a wide sensitivity and is easily controlled.
The facility includes a first water tank (9) which is provided with an air valve for starting or stopping its operation. The valve is controlled by inhaling or exhaling air. Water is filled in an external tank and water is pumped into the first tank by a pump (4) from a second water tank (1). Due to the pumped water, the air valve in the first water tank opens, and a float in the tank is pushed up.    Due to energy of water pumped into the first tank, electricity is generated. When water in first tank is not sufficient to generate electricity, water in the external tank is pressurized by supplying air and the pressurized water is injected by a nozzle (25). The water in the nozzle rotates a turbine (26) and as a result, electricity is generated.    ADVANTAGE -   Generates electric power at low cost.
The structure includes panel fixing tools (5,5a) fixed at a predetermined space on a tile roof (2), so that a solar panel (W) on a fixed frame (9) is fixed on a rafter (4,4a). Bearing bars (6,6a) are seperately installed from the panel fixing tool and penetrated into a pottery tile (7) via a through hole (8). The bearing bars are projected upwards into the through holes of the pottery tile.    The solar panel fixed frame (9), on which the solar panel is fixed, is fixed to the projected ends of the bearing bars. Preferably, a sealing material is provided in the gap between the bearing bar and the through hole.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents rupture of pottery file causing water leakage in tile roof. Prevents permeation of rain water in gap between bearing bar and through hole since sealing-material is provided. Bearing bars can be installed regardless of size and shape of pottery tile.
The tile (10) has a solar battery (15) mounted on the recess (13) formed in the center of an under tile (11). A through-hole (14) is connected to the back side of the flow taper of the under tile recess.    Preferably, a ditch is provided and connected to the through-hole.    ADVANTAGE -   Eliminates fault of solar battery and degradation of wiring connection surface due to wetting by ejecting rain water that infiltrated into recess below through-hole.
The tile (10) has a solar battery (14) mounted on the recess (13) formed in the center of an under tile (11). A connection wiring (16) is embedded under the top periphery (12a) of the under tile.    One end of the wiring is extended to the external while the other end is connected to an outlet (17) provided in the inner-side of the top periphery. The plug (18) on the side of the solar battery can be connected to the outlet.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables easy attachment and detachment of solar battery to under tile since solar battery is just plugged-in to outlet of under tile. Reduces cost since replacement of damaged solar battery is simplified.
The tile (10) has a solar battery (12) mounted on the recess (11a) formed at the center of an under tile (11). An L-shaped fittings (13) are fixed in the circumference (11b) of the recess. The solar battery is fixed to the under tile by bending the L-shaped fittings.    Preferably, the fittings are fixed to the under tile using adhesive agent.    ADVANTAGE -   Ensures reliable fixation of solar battery on roofing.
The system has a tidal current suction port provided in the opening of a large electricity-generation mother ship (1). The tidal current already used for electricity generation by a furan cis generator (12) is discharged from the mother ship via a generator exhaust-port steel pipe using a suction force of 3 atmospheric pressure at 5 meters per second.    Preferably, a Pelton wheel is provided in the mother ship and a worm is provided in a ship inner-drainage axle shaft. A worm wheel is provided opposite to the worm.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables electric power generation without using nitrogen oxide.
The float has a hallow-like main body (10) preferably made from a titanium or titanium alloy. A light source (21) is mounted on the top of the float main body. A solar cell (24) is also mounted on the top of the float main body near the light source. A rechargeable battery (22) is placed at the bottom, inside the float main body. The rechargeable battery is connected to the solar cell via a charging-and-discharging controller (23).    The battery supplies electric power and operates the light source through the charging-and-discharging controller. The solar cell charges the battery through the charging-and-discharging controller.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables float to be clearly seen even at night through light source.
The circuit has a battery condition monitoring unit (6) which monitors charging condition of a battery (1) and outputs a signal, according to the temperature of the battery. Based on the condition signal, a dummy load network (8) outputs a dummy load control signal for adjusting connection condition of battery and dummy load. Thus, charging current is consumed, by connecting the dummy load and battery according to dummy load control signal.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents temperature rise of battery by overcharge.
The sensor (1) includes a first electrode (13), a photo conductive layer (14) and an electric charge generation layer (14') that are sequentially formed on a substrate (15). The photo conductive layer is made up of a base current adjustment substance. The photo conductive layer is set over an information recording medium through a spacer (19).    An information recorded in the recording medium is read out for applying a voltage between first electrode and a second electrode (13') provided in the recording medium. Information is recorded in the information recording medium by applying an amplified voltage between first and second electrodes.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves operation stability and sensitivity. Performs continuous recording.
The sides of a bridge decking [K] are formed with a cladding that has solar panel cells [1] that operate together with either electrical storage elements or with hot water heating systems. In the case of a bridge over water the solar energy is reflected off the water surface and onto the panels. The inner surface of the cladding can be in the form of acoustic noise damping material [2]    USE -   bridges    ADVANTAGE -   additional use for energy collection
The method involves heating a crystalline semiconductor substrate (101) which has a layer containing catalyst element positioned over its surface. During the first stage of heat treatment, the catalysts move into the defective areas of the semiconductor substrate. The heating is done in an atmosphere containing halogen element. During the second stage of heating the defect is removed and the catalysts are brought out. During the third stage, the oxide films formed on the semiconductor substrate during the second stage is removed by etching. The catalyst concentration in semiconductor substrate is less than or equal to 5 * 1018/cm3 and that of halogen element is 1*1016 - 1 * 1020/cm3.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces manufacturing cost. Provides solar cell with high conversion efficiency. Provides solar cell with small recombination centre.
An electrode layer is etched. A protective member for protecting the electrode layer is connected to the electrode layer by using a resist having adhesion.    Also claimed is the production comprising: (i) etching the electrode layer by using the resist having a thermoplastic property, or a thermosetting property; (ii) heating the resist by using heating means; and (iii) connecting the electrode layer to the protective member by using the resist.    ADVANTAGE -   Heating the resist having the thermoplastic property, or the thermosetting property yields adhesion. The resulting adhesion serves as an adhesive to connect the electrode layer to the protective member. The method requires no peeling the resist and no adhesive film, simplifying the production processes. The use of no adhesive film reduces production costs, and deposits the thin resist on the solar battery module, achieving the thin solar battery module.
Apparatus has a light receiving element which is coupled optically with an optical fibre. a light receiving surface is formed on the light receiving element, along the optical axis of the optical fibre. A transparent resin (6) seals an optical bonding part (5) of the light receiving element and the optical fibre. A shading type moulded resin (7) covers the periphery of the transparent resin.    ADVANTAGE -   Gives high optical coupling efficiency, simplifies structure of device, reduces noise and provides high integration.
The transparent conductive film consists of combined metal oxide of In, Sn, and Zn.    The mixt. of In2O3, SnO2, and ZnO was fired at 1000C, and filled into stainless steel dish to give the sputtering target. The transparent conductive film was formed by sputtering process using this sputtering target.    USE -   The transparent conductive film is used for several displays, solar batteries and energy saving windows.    ADVANTAGE -   The transparent conductive film has high permeability for visible light, and its etching speed can be simply varied by changing its composition.
The method involves setting the rolling rate and velocity of a stainless steel board to 20% or more and more than 400m/min respectively, during finish cold rolling. Then, polishing and final rolling are carried out. Following the atmospheric air annealing, electrolytic pickling of the stainless steel board is performed by immersing it into nitric acid solution. The surface roughness of the board along predetermined rolling direction is in the range of 0.3-1.4micrometers and 0.5-1.7micrometers, respectively.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves photoelectric conversion efficiency.
The method involves depositing silicon material on a substrate by the electron cyclotron resonance plasma chemical gaseous phase deposition technique. During deposition of the material, RF bias is applied to the substrate. Thus a non-crystalline silicon film or a non-crystalline silicon compound thin film is formed on the substrate surface.    USE -   Used as opto-electric conductive film.    ADVANTAGE -   Produces non-crystal silicon film on non-crystal silicon compound film of high performance. Enables formation of highly pure film.
A metal complex polymer of formula (I) is new. E = Si, Ge or Sn; M = transition metal atom; L = ligand; R = organic gp.; m = 0-3; n = 1-4; x = 1-6; y = 10-100; z = 10 or more; y:z = 0.1:0.9-0.5:0.5.    Preferably in (I), E is Si, M is Ru, L is 2,2'-bipyridine and R is lower alkyl.    USE -   The polymer is suitable as a photoelectric conversion element for a photoconductive element, photodiode, phototransistor, a solar battery, electrophotographic photosensitive material, etc.    ADVANTAGE -   The polymer has optical conductivity to visible lights, film-forming properties and high light resistance.
The instrument (3) for equipment where a drive shaft (1) and drive element (2) are linked by an elastic component for force transmission, uses an optical system for determining the turning movement of the shaft and drive relative to one another. This consists of two bar-coded discs (4,5), one on the shaft and the other on the drive. These have concentric codes in parallel circles.    The optical head reads the codes as they turn. The instrument is then linked to a calculator which converts the movement into a measure of rotation speed. The system is simple to construct and to calibrate and gives trouble-free operation to the highest standards of accuracy.    USE -   For exercise bicycles and ergometers.    ADVANTAGE -   Rotation speed measuring instrument is simple to construct and to calibrate, accurate and trouble-free.
The appts includes an exercise-load applying device which applies an exercise load to a person. An exercise-load changing device changes the exercise load applied to the person by the exercise-load applying device. A pulse-rate meter successively measures a pulse rate of the person in synchronism with a heartbeat of the person. A blood-pressure meter successively in non-invasive mode measures a blood pressure of the person in synchronism with the heartbeat of the person.    A calculator successively calculates a product of the pulse rate and the blood pressure in synchronism with the heartbeat of the person. A control device controls the exercise-load changing device to change the exercise load applied to the person by the exercise-load applying device. As result the products successively calculated by the calculator coincide with a set target value.    ADVANTAGE -   Applies appropriate exercise load to person who is doing exercise on it.
The apparatus includes a rotatable shaft driver for rotating a shaft at a selected speed in a first rotational sense with respect to the shaft driver. A first drum is connected to the shaft driver for rotation. A linkage is provided which connects the first drum to a force generator so that rotation of the first drum causes a change in the level of force generated. The change in force is transmitted via the linkage to the first drum.    At least a second drum is rotatably connected to the shaft via a connection which permits the shaft to rotate in the first directional sense with respect to the second drum but which does not permit the second drum to rotate in that sense with respect to the shaft. A first cable is wound onto the second drum so that the second drum rotates, when cable is extracted from the drum.    The movement of the first cable at a sufficiently high speed causes the second drum about which it is partially wound to rotate faster than the selected speed of rotation of the shaft driver, which causes the first drum to rotate and thereby engage the force generator.    USE -   E.g. for cardiovascular and strength training.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides inexpensive machine and wide array of exercise regimes. Permits user to control both magnitude of machine resistance encountered and speed with which loads are obtained.
The solar battery has a condensing system (1) provided with a curved surface (1a) that reflects and condenses incident light to a predetermined part. A first solar battery group is arranged on the curved surface of the condensing system. A second solar battery group is arranged on the predetermined part.    The optical absorption wavelengths of the first and second solar battery groups are different from each other.    ADVANTAGE -   Does not need component for expensive tandem die. Covers large spectral range and enables effective conversion of solar light energy to electrical energy.
The method involves forming a porous layer (12) on the surface of a semiconductor base (11). A semiconductor film (13) which comprises the barrier layer of solar battery, is formed on the porous layer surface.    Then, the semiconductor film is peeled off from the porous layer. The remnant semiconductor film on the surface of the porous layer is removed by etching process.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves efficiency of solar battery. Shortens energy recovery period of battery. Offers reliable solar battery which is thin and excels in crystallinity.
The method involves forming a first layer (2) containing refractory metal, boron nitride, aluminium nitride, beryllium oxide and silicon carbide on a glass substrate (1). A second layer (4) which consists of chalcopyrite semiconductor film is formed on the first layer.    A third layer (3) containing same elements as those contained in first layer is formed on the second layer. Then, the glass substrate is partially heated by a thermal treatment equipment (10).    ADVANTAGE -   Manufactures thin film solar battery of high efficiency. Prevents layers from being peeled off from glass substrate.
The method involves forming a semiconductor film (13) on a porous layer (12) which is formed on the surface of a semiconductor base (11). The film is peeled off from the base through the porous layer. The porous layer remaining in the base is then removed by etching.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves crystallinity. Enables reusing base effectively by removing porous layer.
The apparatus fixes a solar battery (20) functioning as power supply to a dome shaped illumination unit (1) via a support member (22) and an attachment member (24) of an external frame member (9b). Several prisms arranged at regular intervals in a sheet of the illumination unit are controlled by a drive unit so that their rotation angle is adjusted corresponding to the solar ray position.    A control unit which controls the drive unit and the prisms are encovered by the dome like structure of the illumination unit. The solar battery drives both the drive unit and control unit. The solar battery is inclined at a predetermined angle to enable proper projection of solar light. The bearing direction is adjusted arbitrarily.    ADVANTAGE -   Supports solar battery strongly. Reduces noise level considerably.
The structure includes a revolving shaft (3) which is rotated by an electric motor (14). The shaft is supported by a a bearing (4). A number of wing bodies (6) are radially arranged in the shaft.    A curved cyclic frame (8) is provided, which is coupled with the heel of the wing body. An exterior support unit (10) movably supports the frame through a pair of rollers (26,28). Another electric motor (36) performs rotation drive of the frame.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces burden on revolving shaft and rotation support handle. Provides improved and reliable rotating wing. Imparts compactness to apparatus.
The structure includes a coupling discarded board (1). A cover (2) comprising several solar batteries (22) arranged on its surface (21) is coupled with the coupling discarded board, along the solar light progressing direction. Eaves edges (13) are formed on one ridge side of the board.    Ridge edges (12) with water expelling part (121), are formed along the other ridge side of the board. A groove (14) for wiring is formed at the centre, along the width direction of the board, to accommodate a connection cable (221) of the solar batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   Performs wiring of solar batteries at groove, easily and simply. Improves workability and capability. Offers superior outer cladding structure.
A resin composition comprises 99-1 wt.% of (A) an amorphous thermoplastic resin and 1-99 wt.% of (B) an active energy ray-curable bis(meth)acrylate.    (A) is an amorphous polyolefin (and a copolymer with another cycloolefin).    Also claimed are: (1) parts of the composition cured with an active energy ray; (2) parts having Izod impact strength 0.5 kgf.cm/cm or more; and (3) parts in the sheet or film form having a parallel light transmissivity 80 % or more.    USE -   The composition is useful for transparent plates, optical lenses, optical disk substrates, plastic liquid crystal substrates, plastic colour filters, plastic solar cell substrates, touch panels, and optical elements.    ADVANTAGE -   The composition is useful as a substituent for glass and gives good chemical resistance, heat resistance, and more impact strength than glass.
The method involves moving a chemical solution supply nozzle (1) relatively from starting point of substrate (S) to end point along the width direction. The substrate is installed on the substrate stand. The nozzle applies chemical solution onto the surface of the substrate.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides uniform coating. Prevents generation of chemical solution.
The solar battery includes an optical absorption layer of p-type first semiconductor (2), an interface layer of second semiconductor (3), a window layer of n-type third semiconductor (4) and a transparent electrical conduction layer (5) which are sequentially laminated on a metallic substrate (1). The relationship, (PHI)1&gt;(PHI)2&gt;(PHI)3 and Eg1 &lt;Eg2 &lt;Eg3 are fulfilled, where (PHI)1, (PHI)2 and (PHI)3 are the work functions of the optical absorption, interface and window layers and Eg1,Eg2 and Eg3 are the band gap energies of those layers respectively. The electron affinities [1(chi),2(chi),3(chi)] of the optical absorption, interface and window layers are set to be equal.    ADVANTAGE -   Exhibits high energy conversion efficiency.
The manufacture of a thin film semiconductor device configured to form the thin-film semiconductor device on a first substrate and transfer the thin-film semiconductor device from the first substrate to a second substrate, comprises (i) forming a porous layer containing a separation layer on the first substrate; (ii) forming the thin-film semiconductor device on the porous layer; and (iii) after bonding the second substrate different from the first substrate in contraction coefficient by cooling onto the thin film semiconductor device, cooling the product by cooling unit to produce a shear stress in the separation layer in the porous layer and to separate the thin film semiconductor device from the first substrate along the separation layer.    Also claimed are (1) the apparatus for manufacturing a thin-film semiconductor device configured to transfer the thin-film semiconductor device formed on a first substrate onto a second substrate different from the second coefficient by cooling; and (2) a thin film semiconductor device.    USE -   The method is especially used in the production of solar cells (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   The thin-film semiconductor device is readily separated and transferred from one substrate to another. Problems of separation during the semiconductor device being made are avoided. Large area thin-film semiconductor devices are formed. Quality is improved at reduced cost. Flexibility, miniaturisation etc. are possible. The solar cell formed can be see-through.
The system comprises a reservoir provided with an inlet sealing valve and an outlet sealing valve and with an upper and lower coupling and releasing hydraulic system. The reservoir is placed to rotate about a central transverse rotation axis. A piston slidable without the reservoir and a feeder for the liquid coming from the above by gravity to the inlet sealing valve of the reservoir and an outlet for the pressurised liquid from the outlet valve and connected to a power generation plant.    Several reservoirs are provided, connected in parallel, connected in parallel, using the same liquid feeder and the same liquid outlet device.    ADVANTAGE -   Optimal under ecological viewpoint, being safe and not polluting, without production of radioactive slags.
A wind generator has a first propeller (3) for the rotor of a generator whose stator is also rotated, this being done by a second propeller (4) on the opposite side of the generator. It spins the stator in the reverse direction to that of the rotor. A hydro-generator has the same principle of operation, except that there is a contra-rotating stator turbine wheel on the same side as the rotor turbine wheel as well as a stator turbine wheel on the far side. The rotor and stator shaft ends are joined to their respective turbine wheels inside housings. The rotor runs in stator bearings at its non-turbine wheel end and the stator runs in rotor bearings at the other end.    ADVANTAGE -   Extra propeller or turbine wheel allows more energy to be produced.
This new optical fibre transmitter and/or receiver module (1), has an active opto-electronic element (3) which is connected to a frame (2) and embedded in a transparent housing (10). It includes an optical fibre connector with external connector housing (7) and an inner connector part (6) with an optical fibre end face (11). In the new arrangement, an essentially cylindrical optical-guide section (9), arranged over the active surface of the optoelectronic element, projects beyond the housing and is connected to the optical fibre end face (11) for the purpose of launching light. The housing preferably comprises epoxy resin in which the element is potted.    USE -   A module housing an optical fibre transmitter and/or receiver module.    ADVANTAGE -   The arrangement avoids the exposure of the sensitive optical contract surface at its end region, whilst achieving good optical coupling. It obviates optical fibre projection from the connector to engage in a depression in the injection-coating of the opto-electronic element. The optical guide section makes coupling independent of the nature of the optical fibre connector. A projecting collar protects the sensitive end face of the optical fibre.
(US6004243-A)   NOVELTY - The display rate of sequential frames in a reproduced video frame sequence is varied in response to the detected actual exercise rate of a user (12) such that a recorded frame includes a frame time stamp. A variable time adjustment factor is produced in proportion to the exercise rate signal and applied to the frame time stamp to determine a modified time at which the next video frame is to be displayed.    USE - For use with exercise machine e.g. stationary bicycle, treadmill, ski machine, stair stepper.    ADVANTAGE - Enhances exercise experience of user since movement sensation for user is enabled in proportion to his or her exercise rate and interactive real time exercise monitoring video system is offered. Enables utilization of virtual reality glasses for viewing of reproduced video regarding exercise environment.    DETAILED DESCRIPTION - A compact-disc CD player (20) includes a CPU which receives the transmitted input signal from a remote control pad operated by a user. A prerecorded video frame sequence encoded on a recording medium, is played and reproduced by the CD player. A TV monitor (18) is connected to the CD player, for displaying the reproduced video frame sequence.    An INDEPENDENT CLAIM is also included for a conversion device.    DESCRIPTION OF DRAWING(S) - The figure shows the schematic side view of a dynamic real time exercise video monitoring apparatus.    User (12)    TV monitor (18)    CD player (20)
A substrate for use in the manufacture of photovoltaic cell arrays comprises; (a) conductive substrate portions (23) joined to non-conductive substrate portions (25); (b) a photovoltaic cell (10) comprising a photovoltaic junction (11) supported on a metal foil base (12) connected to the electrically conductive portions of the substrate where part of the electrically conductive substrate and part of the electrically conductive surface of the cell are exposed. Also claimed is a method of assembling a photovoltaic cell array by manufacturing a roll of cells on a metal based foil, each cell being longer than it is wide, manufacturing a substrate as described above and joining the roll of cells to the substrate along the terminal carrying edges of each cell, and leaving a portion of the electrically conductive regions on the substrate exposed. The joining process electrically connects the cell terminals on the bottom surface of the cells to the conductive regions on the surface of t he substrate.    Preferably the metal coating on the substrate is produced by electrodeposition.    USE -   The substrate is used to manufacture large, series connected photovoltaic cell arrays that are used for electrical power generation.    ADVANTAGE -   The use of a metal backed cell roll allows high temperature processing of the cells thus improving the conversion efficiency of amorphous cells. The cells can then be separated and bonded to the substrate which already has the cell interconnections on it making array fabrication easier and cheaper. No metal removal steps during array fabrication are needed thus removing the need to dispose of waste material. The roll of cells and substrate may be automatically bonded together in a continuous process to produce large arrays.
The element has a single layer transparent film. Upto wavelength of 20nm, the reflecting rate of the transparent film varies by 1% or more. The change in tracking characteristics with respect to temperature is reduced.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces temperature variation of tracking characteristic of LD module. Enhances highly precise drive control of LD in large temperature range.
The method involves coating internal wiring (3) of a solar battery module by a pair of protective films (41,42). A terminal fitting (5) is interposed between the internal wiring and an external lead (6). Coating sheets (81,82) cover the protective film and covers external lead with the help of silicone adhesive agents(7,9).    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies installation work of solar battery module. Eliminates penetration of external moisture. Improves operability and weather resistance.
The solar battery has a vacuous growth chamber (2), inside which a substrate holder (1) is arranged. Multiple raw material cells (21-25), each provided with a shutter (11-15) are arranged at the opening of the chamber. A substrate on the substrate holder is heated by evaporation and sublimation separately.    A p type-n type chalcopyrite thin films are formed on the heated substrate by opening and closing the shutters to promote the supply of the raw material element from the raw material cells. A homo pn junction is then formed on the substrate.    ADVANTAGE -   Increases photoelectric conversion effect. Reduces defect by upgrading.
The method involves supplying Ib group element, third group element and VIb group element on a substrate. Then Ia group element is supplied. Again III-Ib group element are supplied with III group element to Ib group element ratio smaller than the previous process thereby forming an optical absorption layer on the substrate.    ADVANTAGE -   Obtains high energy conversion efficiency.
The method involves forming a transparent electrically conducting film on a transparent base (1). A carbon group thin film with thickness less than 3nm is formed on the transparent electrically conducting film. Then, a first doped semiconductor thin film and a first intrinsic semiconductor thin film are formed on the carbon group thin film. A second doped semiconductor thin film having pole opposite to the first doped semiconductor thin film and a reflective electrically conducting film are sequentially laminated on the first internsic semiconductor thin film.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves transmittance rate and reliability of device. Improves conversion efficiency of solar battery. Improves electricity generation capacity.
The structure includes a lead frame (10) on which a mould part (11) and a non-mould part (12) are arranged. The non-mould part is slightly bent.    A hole (21) which is provided in the non-mould part, acts as a light receiving window. A part of the mould part serves as a shielding structure.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents malfunctioning. Reduces penetration of EM wave noise. Offers reliable shielding.
In an organic electroluminescent (EL) device forming a luminescent layer or multilayers containing a luminescent layer of an organic compound thin film(s) between a pair of electrodes, the improvement which comprises that the luminescent layer is a layer containing a luminescent material of formula (I).    A1-A4=optionally substituted 6-16C aryl; R1-R8=H, halogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkoxy, optionally substituted aryl or optionally substituted amino with two of neighbouring R1-R8 optionally fusing with each other to form a new 6-membered aryl ring.    USE -   The organic EL devices are useful for flat panel displays such as wall TV sets, surface illuminants as light sources for copying machines and printers, light sources for liq. crystal displays and measuring instruments, indicator panels and pilot lamps. The luminescent material is also useful for electrophotographic receptors, photoelectric conversion devices, solar batteries and image sensors.    ADVANTAGE -   The organic EL devices have high luminance, high luminescent efficacy, little luminescent deterioration and thus high reliability and a long life.
The treading mill includes an endless belt (24) which is driven in a constant direction by a motor (34), whose rotational speed is controlled by a controller (33). A position sensor (29) detects the front and rear position along with the endless belt driving direction of a runner (21) on the belt.    The signal of position sensor corresponds to the cross-direction motion of the runner. A calculation controller (32) calculates a control variable, for applying to the motor controller.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables to vary travel speed of belt autonomously, corresponding to motion of training runner.
Producing a thin film absorbing layer for a solar cell comprises: (a) forming a stacked precursor film of Cu-Ga alloy and an In layer on a metallic back electrode by sputtering, then (b) heating in an atmosphere of at least S or Se to form a Cu-III-VI2 chalcopyrite multi-element compound semiconductor layer. The stacked precursor film is formed by depositing Cu-Ga first and then In. The light absorbing layer has a Ga concentration gradient which increases from the side closest to an interfacial layer in the solar cell to the side closest to the metallic back electrode. Also claimed (II) is the method as (I) in which during sputtering at least one Cu-Ga alloy target is used with an optional Cu target. The Cu-Ga targets have different Ga content in the range 1 - 40 wt% Ga, and an In or In-Se target. Also claimed is the equipment for the methods comprising a sputtering part for deposition of the films on a metallic back element formed on soda-lime float glass.    USE -   Fabrication of solar cells.    ADVANTAGE -   Cheaper low temperature melting soda lime glass substrates can be used. The thin film light absorbing layer is prevented from peeling off other layers.
The imager (10) has photodiode islands. A common electrode (28) overlies at least a portion of each of the photodiode islands. Photodiode passivation layer (22) is located between adjacent photodiodes and extends over at least a portion of the adjacent photodiodes. Polymer bride members (24) are disposed over photodiode passivation layer (18) and so as to underlie portions of the common electrode extending between adjacent photodiodes. Preferably each polymer bridge member comprises a preimidised polyimide material. Preferably common electrode (28) consists of a conductive material of indium tin oxide, zinc oxide, tin oxide, indium oxide or metal. Preferably photodiode passivation layer consists of a dielectric material selected from silicon oxide, silicon nitride or combinations of these.    USE -   Radiation imager is used for converting incident radiant energy into an electrical signal, for e.g. X-ray imagers and facsimile device arrays.    ADVANTAGE -   Any leakage defects in a polymer bridge such as that resulting in moisture or impurities, only affect the pair of photodiodes. Also the polymer bridge members are typically isolated from one another so that adverse leakage in a given bridge island does not affect other photodiode pairs. Disposing the common electrode (28) over the polymer bridge member provides good dielectric insulation while also reducing the number of shorts between the common electrode and the underlying address line due to the polyimide layer underlying the common electrode between adjacent photodiodes. The imager has diode dielectric layers that reduce diode leakage, reduce the number of shorts between the common electrode and underlying conducting layers, and provide protection against moisture propagation within the layers.
The apparatus includes a number of photoelectric conversion elements two-dimensionally arranged on substrate, and a shielding member with a transmittance of 0% or 0% to an X-ray or light, disposed on the x-ray or light incidence part of photoelectric conversion elements at a location corresponding to an arbitrary photoelectric conversion element.    The shielding member includes a filter which has a colour component complementary to the colour of light incident on the filter. The device further includes a second shielding member having a transmittance m to light, satisfying the condition that m lies between 0 and 100%.    ADVANTAGE -   Compensates for variation in light sensitivity of photoelectric conversion element and variation in output level.
The controller includes a command circuit (2) which generates and stores motor speed command signals. Motor control circuits (3) include a microcontroller (11). They receive the motor speed command signals from the command circuit and drive the motor through a modulating switch (10) which modulates the power being supplied. A switching-off switch (5) brings about a rapid interruption in the power supply to the motor (1).    The motor control circuits (3) have first circuits (7) and a microcontroller which detect the voltage and the current of the motor driving a walking/running surface and/or possible circuit failures or irregular conditions occurring in the control circuits or in the connections between the circuits and the command circuit.    USE -   Also for people undergoing clinical tests under specified and controlled fatigue conditions.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents run-away speed condition of driving belt.
The power generator has a protective weir (6) and a turbine generator system (1-3). The protective weir contains a through-flow channel between the higher and lower water. A trough (4) floating in the lower water holds the turbine generator system and is connected to the weir.    The weir is held between a pair of vertical pillars (10) and can be adjusted in height by means of rollers (7) in lateral guides (9) and associated electromechanical or hydraulic positioning drives.    ADVANTAGE -   Eliminates the need for the conventional pressure-tight concrete construction.
The APD has multiple pixel electrodes (21) of thin shape, is dispersedly arranged on an insulating substrate (10). An amplification layer (13) which amplifies the photo carrier, is formed on the pixel electrode. An optical absorption layer (16) which generates photo carrier, is formed on the amplification layer.    The amplification layer comprises a barrier layer (15) which has a band gap higher than the optical absorption layer. A well layer (14) is provided in the amplification layer with a band gap smaller than barrier layer. The band gap forms a potential barrier area (22) which is bigger than perimeter of gap cut between adjacent pixel electrodes.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents generation of cross-talk between pixels. Improve S/N ratio and sensitivity.
The solar battery module has multiple solar battery units (1u) each equipped with an optoelectric transducer which is arranged on a flexible substrate. A cementing layer encloses the optoelectric transducer.    The exposed part of the cementing layer is sealed with a moistureproof film (4) by a sealing member (51). The solar battery units are connected through a wiring (2).    ADVANTAGE -   Offers long term reliability. Provides moistureproof structure.
The power station has an upper reservoir (10) that is connected to a lower reservoir (18) via a power station (15) and several pipe lines (13,14,17). To increase the flow rate of water in the pipe lines, compressed air is supplied by air compressors (11,11a,11b).    ADVANTAGE -   Obtains predetermined electricity-generation output even when available water has low level, by increasing flow rate of water in pipe lines.
The device has positive and negative electrodes (20,22) formed on the surface of p type and n type contact layer (15), respectively. The boundary surface of the n type contact layer is roughened. On the roughened part of the n type contact layer the negative electrode is formed.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves life of device. Offers continuous oscillation of device like LD at high temperature operation.
The module has several solar battery unit cells. The cells are connected together in series. Several solar battery unit cells of triangular and quadrilateral shape are connected together to form a joint structure of right angled triangular shape.    USE -   Examples are single crystal, polycrystal and non-crystal silicon solar battery module    ADVANTAGE -   Corresponds to various roof shapes such as triangular and trapezoidal shapes. Enables to use solar light effectively.
The method involves roughening the surface of a pair of sealing films (41,42) by a roughening apparatus (100). Then, the pair of sealing films and a pair of mold release characteristic type support films (61,62) are heat bonded to a base film.    Several solar battery units (1u) which includes opto-electric transducer, is formed on the base film. A pair of wiring members (2,3) is also fixed on the sealing films to form a multilayered solar battery module (M). The solar battery module is then rolled.    ADVANTAGE -   Eliminates need for process monitor. Eliminates dispersion in sealing of solar battery module. Performs de- airing of residual air from sealing film by decompression, quickly.
The sensor (1) has a lens (3) which is arranged along a common optical axis (Z) of a light receiving element. The amount of sunshine is measured based on the sunlight received by the lens. The lens has a convex spherical surface (31) at its outer side with a central conical part (32a) at the inner center. A convex part (32c) and a concave part (32b) are arranged at both sides of the conical part.    The gradient of a slanting surface of the conical part with respect to the optical axis is fixed to obtain total internal reflection of the light incident on the conical part. The shape of the convex lens part is in accordance with predefined diameter of the concave lens part. The concave and convex parts project the incident light, and the light reflected by the conical part, on the light receiving surface (2b) of the light receiving element, in inclination to the optical axis.    ADVANTAGE -   Ensures optimum heat receiving level to passenger. Facilitates reliable air conditioning control operation. Improves output characteristic.
The image pick-up element includes multiple light receiving parts arranged on a substrate. The light receiving parts output a voltage signal corresponding to the amount of stored electric charge obtained by photoelectric conversion of the incident light.    An isolation electrode (26) isolates the adjacent light receiving parts. The thickness of a gate insulating film (29) that is arranged under a gate electrode (30) of the light receiving part varies and becomes thicker along the channel width direction.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces degradation of linear sensitivity during low luminance. Suppresses fixed pattern noise.
The film is made up of material with composition which includes a complex salt of first group element. The composition is given as [Cu2(SzSe1-z)]x[(In1-yGay)2(SzSe1-z)3]1-x. The values of x, y and z are given as 0.16 x 0.34, 0.05 y 0.55 and 0 z 1.0, respectively.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves conversion efficiency of solar battery.
The structure (1A) has a solar battery module (2) and a heat panel (3A) which are combined opposite to each other. The battery module comprises multiple solar cells (21) which are arranged on a transparent substrate (22). The heat panel comprises a heat collector (32A) fixed at the rear surface of the battery module.    A coolant path (33A) is formed at inner surface of the heat collector along which the coolant from external unit is circulated. The heat absorbed from the battery module is transmitted out through a heat exchanger. The battery module and the heat panel are supported by a frame (23) at the end surface.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves heat collection efficiency of heat panel. Performs effective cooling of solar battery module. Improves electricity generation efficiency. Prevents usage of hot water supply unit or thermal load. Avoids radiation of heat into building from roof surface.
The exercising equipment comprises a beaded back-massage belt (8) that can be attached to buttons (9) at the ends of hand grips so that as a cranks turn, the primarily transverse rolling action of the beads (10) massage the back area. A steel frame (12), an electric drive motor (13), transmission system of sprockets and chain (14) and pedal axles (15) are enclosed by panels (16) to protect the user.    The drive speed of the motor may be adjusted via a selection switch (6) for a step-down transformer, the switch along with a timer switch and an on-off switch being on a front panel facing the user.    ADVANTAGE -   User can exercise from seated position which needs minimal effort to keep feet and hands on rotating pedals and hand-grips respectively.
The sonification system comprises an input for receiving physiological or medical data (100), and the audio generator (50) for generating a realistic representation of bodily sounds. A device varies acoustic aspects of the realistic representation in accordance with the physiological or medical input data, such that at least one variable of the input data alters the generated representation in a way literally reflective of its state and at least one variable of the input data alters the generated representation in a way only arbitrarily related to its state. An automatic mixer combines the generated sound with sounds from external sources (80), e.g. background music, and controls the amplitude level of the external sounds relative to the generated sounds.    Complex, realistic bodily sounds (e.g., heartbeat sound and/or breathing sound) are synthesised algorithmically, and directly reveal certain physiological variables such as heart rate or breathing rate. Changes in other physiological variables (e.g., blood pressure or carbon dioxide level) are indicated by changes in acoustic parameters of the realistic sound (e.g., pitch or timbre). A large number of these "piggyback" variables can be made audible by controlling a number of acoustic parameters simultaneously, taking advantage of the ability of the auditory system to process large quantities of information in parallel.    USE -   For converting physiological/medical information into sound, suitable for such applications as anesthesiological, intensive-care or exercise monitoring.    ADVANTAGE -   Combines ease of use and instant recognition of realistic sonification with flexibility and extendability of abstract sonification, achieving goals of accessibility and power.
The track includes an endless belt (2) installed on shafts driven by electrical motor. Transducers (4) are located in a training region (3) running start region (13), finishing region (15), start platform (21), finishing platform (22).    The arrangement has opening contacts in running start training (3) and finishing (15) regions ensuring electromechanical safe-rear guard, line training also lowering length of device energy capacity and decreasing number of control circuits for speed feeding endless belt.    USE -   In prophylaxis, medical treatment, training and    teaching in small compartments.    ADVANTAGE -   Increased effectiveness of safe-guard.
The apparatus has a front-stage cylinder pipe with several outlets and provided inside a water supply pipe (1) connected to a pump (5) for driving a generator (16). A latter-stage cylinder pipe, also provided with several outlets, is provided inside a first drainage pipe (3).    A first automatic discharge pipe is provided inside the front-stage cylinder pipe. A second automatic discharge pipe is provided inside the latter-stage cylinder pipe.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents performing hydrolysis when only small quantity of water is supplied to reservoir. Obtains necessary generated output.
The apparatus has a pair of bearings (6) that is horizontally attached to a case (1). A revolving shaft (2) is rotatably attached to the case through the bearings. A bevel gear is perpendicularly attached to the revolving shaft at the centre of the case.    A fixed device (5) provided with an output shaft (3) is rotatably attached to the revolving shaft through the middle of the bearings. The output shaft projects through a window to the external of a passage case (10).    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents axial shaking since revolving shaft is removably supported at sides. Reduces size of revolving shaft thereby reducing overall size. Enables increase in number of rotations of output shaft.
Back irradiation type light-receiving device has a charge-detecting section (110) on a first surface (201) of a thin Si plate (100) for detecting radiation incident on a second surface. The device comprises: a reinforcement member (400), preferably of BSG or BPSG, on the first surface; field oxide (200) contacting the reinforcement member around the charge detecting section; a poly-Si lead (300) formed on the charge-detecting section, extending from the section at the interface between the field oxide and the reinforcement member to an exposed region of the field oxide; and a lead (600) of Al or Al alloy or compound formed on the exposed region of the field oxide and directly connected to the poly-Si lead, the metal lead having a bonding pad (610) for external connection on the first surface. Method for making the device is claimed. In an embodiment, in a radiation sensing device, connections to a charge detecting section are poly-Si leads covered with oxide having vias for connection to metal leads. Method for making this device is claimed.    USE -   As back irradiation type CCD or active pixel sensor devices such as astronomical light-receiving devices.    ADVANTAGE -   the poly-Si and Al lead structure has very low resistance and easy processability so that high efficiency readout is obtained from a large light receiving area while enabling high speed operation. The Al leads may be formed after completion of all high temperature processing steps.
The module includes a light emitting element emitting signal light. A photoreceptor element is disposed inclined with respect to the optical axis and has an optical branching element formed on its surface. The branching element partially reflects the signal light from the light emitting element and a signal light from the optical fibre and allows the remaining part of the signal light to pass through it.    The signal light from the light emitting element is reflected on the optical branching element on the photoreceptor element surface and is optically coupled with the optical fibre. The signal light from the optical fibre passes through the optical branching element on the photoreceptor element surface, enters the photoreceptor element.    USE -   In optical communication system using single optical fibre.    ADVANTAGE -   Compact, high performance, easy produced at low cost that allows to be used on subscriber side of communication system.