(US5976726-A)      The fuel cell consists of a pair of fluid impermeable separator plates, a pair of fluid distribution layers between the plates, an ion exchange membrane between at least part of the fluid distribution layers, and electrocatalyst between the fluid distribution layers and membrane to define an active region. At least one fluid distribution layer has a sealing region and an electroconductive region, and comprises a preformed sheet extending into the sealing and active regions. Compression of the preformed sheet by urging the plates towards each other renders the fluid distribution layer fluid impermeable parallel to its major planar surfaces in the sealing region.    ADVANTAGE -   Improved sealing. The fuel cell can be manufactured with less additional processing or assembly steps, more simply and at lower cost.    (EP979534-A1)      The fuel cell consists of a pair of fluid impermeable separator plates, a pair of fluid distribution layers between the plates, an ion exchange membrane between at least part of the fluid distribution layers, and electrocatalyst between the fluid distribution layers and membrane to define an active region. At least one fluid distribution layer has a sealing region and an electroconductive region, and comprises a preformed sheet extending into the sealing and active regions. Compression of the preformed sheet by urging the plates towards each other renders the fluid distribution layer fluid impermeable parallel to its major planar surfaces in the sealing region.    ADVANTAGE -   Improved sealing. The fuel cell can be manufactured with less additional processing or assembly steps, more simply and at lower cost.
(JP10321040-A)      A solid electrolyte (I) is prepared by cross-linking a composition comprising essentially of a polymer compound having four functional polymer chains of formula (I), a solvent and an electrolyte salt, by exposure to active radiation and/or heat. In (I): R1 and R2 = H or lower alkyl; R3 = H or methyl; and m and n = 0, 1 or an integer greater than 1, where m + n 35.    USE -   The solid electrolyte (I) is used for the manufacture of batteries, capacitors, electrochromic devices and sensors.    ADVANTAGE -   The solid electrolyte (I) has good film forming properties and is cured rapidly. The cured product has improved storage stability and good ionic conductivity.    (JP3104127-B2)      A solid electrolyte (I) is prepared by cross-linking a composition comprising essentially of a polymer compound having four functional polymer chains of formula (I), a solvent and an electrolyte salt, by exposure to active radiation and/or heat. In (I): R1 and R2 = H or lower alkyl; R3 = H or methyl; and m and n = 0, 1 or an integer greater than 1, where m + n 35.    USE -   The solid electrolyte (I) is used for the manufacture of batteries, capacitors, electrochromic devices and sensors.    ADVANTAGE -   The solid electrolyte (I) has good film forming properties and is cured rapidly. The cured product has improved storage stability and good ionic conductivity.
(JP11031520-A)      NOVELTY - An anode catalyst and a cathode catalyst are arranged on both sides of a solid polymer electrolyte film. The heating gas is supplied to the anode catalyst and oxidation gas is supplied to the cathode catalyst. The thickness of the electrolyte film is 20-80 microns and operating temperature is 50-70 C. The moisture content of hydrogen humidifier (9) to balance moisture content of the electrolyte film during oxidation/reduction reaction of the battery.    USE -   For electric vehicle.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces size of fuel battery system by avoiding use of humidifier for oxidation gas. Improves output characteristic of battery by maintaining proper thickness of electrolyte film. DESCRIPTION OF DRAWING(S) - The figure shows schematic block diagram of fuel battery system. (9) Hydrogen humidifier.    (US6103412-A)      The fuel cell has an anode catalytic electrode supplied with fuel gas and a cathode catalytic electrode supplied with oxide gas on opposite sides of a polymer electrolyte membrane and a means to control the reduction amount of water from the cathode together with the oxidation gas to the sum of after increased at the cathode transported from the anode through the membrane during cell operation and water produced by oxidation in the cathode.    USE -   For mobile power source of for powering electric automobile.    ADVANTAGE -   Fuel cell system is compact, while retaining good energy conversion efficiency.
(WO9941796-A1)      A solid electrolyte fuel cell has its two cell electrodes (4, 8) and solid electrolyte (6) arranged as plate-like elements between two external housing plates (2, 3), one (2) of which is provided with a hydrogen connection (17) and the other (3) of which is provided with an ambient air entry opening (20) for pressure-less oxygen supply to one (4) of the electrodes. Preferably, the solid electrolyte consists of a polyethylene membrane and the cell housing is made of a clear transparent material or plastic, preferably acrylic glass. Also claimed is a fuel cell arrangement consisting of several such fuel cells, preferably connected in series and supplied with hydrogen in series and/or parallel.    USE -   Especially as a low power fuel cell for schools, leisure activities or demonstration of fuel cell technology.    ADVANTAGE -   The fuel cell is inexpensive to manufacture and operates safely.
(JP10294015-A)      A solid polymer electrolyte comprises polymer, electrolytic salt, ethylene carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate in an organic solvent together with inorganic particles.    Also claimed is a similar electrolyte but without the inorganic particles added.    USE -   The solid polymer electrolyte is particularly useful for fabricating lithium secondary battery (claimed) and other electrochemical elements.    ADVANTAGE -   The material has good stability, mouldability, handleability, high ionic conductivity, long service life and superior current characteristics, applicable in a wide temperature range down to -10C. Lithium secondary battery made with it is very safe, reliable and workable as well.
(TW375846-A)      An electrochemical cell has a positive and negative electrode (1) and an absorber-separator (2). Either of the electrodes (1) and/or (2) comprise a vinylidene fluoride polymer (3) with an electrolyte combined with it. The vinylidene fluoride polymer is vinylidene fluoride homopolymer with a bimodal mw distribution; vinylidene fluoride/chlorotrifluoroethylene copolymer with a homogeneous monomer distribution; or a vinylidene fluoride/hexafluoropropylene copolymer with up to 24 wt.% hexafluoropropylene.    For copolymer with up to 8 wt.% HFP extractably are 1.5 wt.% of a value given by (a) 1.7 (HFP mol.%) minus 3.2; and (b) minus 1.2 plus 1.5 (HFP mol.%) minus 8 x 10-6 (Mn). For copolymers with over 8 wt.% HFP the OSC m.pt. is at least 2.5C lower than prior art HFP contg. copolymers. The solns. of the vinylidene fluoride polymer have improved fluidity and clarity.    Also claimed is the electrochemical cell having (1), (2) and (3) wherein (3) is a UDF/HFP copolymer with up to 8 wt.% HFP and having extractables content as defined above.    USE -   The UDF/HFP copolymers are especially useful in lithium batteries and show low extractables, good clarity and fluidity, little gel formation.
(JP3069306-B2)      The method involves opening an used battery under controlled condition and immersing it in a solution or opening the battery in an immersed state. An organic solvent containing an electrolyte in a battery is leached in the solution and then the battery is taken out. The battery is heated and crushed. The active material containing cobalt is inactivated by grinding. The ground particles with maximum particle size less than 5 times compared to active material particles are shifted out.    ADVANTAGE -   Recovers cobalt effectively and conveniently. Enhances recovering efficiency in presence of magnetic field. Secures high industrial value.
(JP3078235-B2)      The fuel battery includes a gas division plate (1) which comprises a single cell, a fuel gas passageway (2) and an oxidising agent gas passage way. Multiple cooling plates comprising cooling water flow path is laminated and a hexagonal pillar-shaped multilayer body is formed. The entrance (4,6,11) and outlet side external manifolds (5,7,12) of the heating gas, oxidising gas and cooling water, respectively are arranged on the diagonal position of the sides of the hexagonal pillar-shaped multilayer body. The heating gas reaction area domain of the single cell of the gas division plate is divided to several heating gas supply zones and are made to face the heating gas entrance side and outlet side external manifold.    Multiple fuel gas passage base each having a bellow shape is arranged on each heating gas supply zone. The oxidising agent gas reaction domain of the single cell is divided into several oxidising agent gas supply zones facing the oxidising gas entrance side and outlet side external manifold. Multiple oxidising agent gas passage ways having bellow shape is arranged on oxidising agent gas supply zone. The direction of fuel gas passage way and oxidising agent gas passage way is made to cross orthogonally.    ADVANTAGE -   Attains size reduction by forming reaction gas passageway of heating gas and oxidising gas in bellow shape. Prevents shortage of reaction gas due to increase in temperature and reaction. Maintains gas seal property. Reduces influence of CO poisoning by oxidising it, effectively.
(US6096234-A)      A new composite solid electrolyte for solid electrochemical devices comprises at least: (a) an electrical insulating material; (b) alkali metal salt; (c) a specific blocked grafted copolymer; and (d) an aprotic organic solvent. (c) consists of a blocked chain-A which is made from the repeating unit of formula (I) and has a polymerisation degree of up to 10 and another blocked chain-B which is made from the repeating unit of formula (II) and has a polymerisation degree of at least 300. The ratio of chain-A : chain-B is 1:30 to 30:1. The copolymer has a polymerisation degree of at least 310. R1, R4 = H, methyl or ethyl gp; R2 = H or methyl gp; R3 = H, alkyl, aryl, acyl, or silyl gp; n = an integer of 1-45; the number average molecular weight of the grafted chain of formula (2) is 45-2,000; M = -CH=CH2, -CH(CH3)=CH2, -COOCH3, -COOC2H5, or (substituted) phenyl gp.. Thin solid state (secondary) batteries, primary batteries, capacitors, electrochromic displays, or sensors which employ the new composite solid electrolyte are also claimed. A thin solid state battery consisting of a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and the new composite solid electrolyte is also claimed, where the negative electrode comprises a solid electrolyte consisting of the blocked grafted copolymer and alkali metal salt and a negative electrode active material.    ADVANTAGE -   The new electrolyte is formed into a self-supporting thin film with a higher mechanical strength. It has a good adhesion to an insulating porous plastic film used as a separator. It contains no acryl gps., so that it is electrochemically stable.
(JP10261421-A)      Gaseous diffusion layer for solid polymer electrolyte fuel battery includes a base material comprising fluororesin and carbon black that is arranged on a carbon fibre cloth.    ADVANTAGE -   Secures electric contact easily.    (US6127059-A)      The gas diffusion layer (14) for a solid polymer electrolyte fuel cell having a catalyst layer (11a,b) adjacent to the polymer electrolyte (11) comprises a carbon fibre woven cloth (14a) coated with a fluoro-resin (14b) containing carbon black on its surface. The cloth is placed so that the coating is adjacent to the catalyst layer in the fuel cell. Also claimed is a solid polymer electrolyte fuel cell comprising the solid electrolyte with a catalyst layer on both surfaces and the gas diffusion layer disposed as above.    USE -   As gas diffusion layers for solid polymer electrolyte fuel cells and as fuel cells    ADVANTAGE -   Gas diffusion capability is good so that cell performance is maintained at high gas utilisation rates, the layer is easy to manufacture.
(US5849433-A)      A polymer gel electrolyte system (I) for use in an electrochemical cell comprises a polymer blend gel electrolyte support structure containing at least two different grades of a similar polymer material.    Also claimed is an electrochemical cell comprising an anode, a cathode and polymer gel electrolyte system having an electrolyte active species dispersed within.    USE -   The polymer gel electrolyte system is useful for the production of rechargeable batteries for mobile telephones, portable computers and electric vehicles.    ADVANTAGE -   The polymer gel electrolyte system has good mechanical properties and is capable of absorbing sufficient quantities of electrolyte active species to produce a high ionic conductivity.
(JP10538368-X)      A binder for batteries contains composite polymer particles formed by two or more polymers having different chemical structures which form a heterogeneous phase.    Also claimed are:    (1) a binder composition containing the binder and a liquid substance;    (2) a slurry for battery electrodes containing (1) and an active substance; and    (3) a Li secondary battery by forming a slurry film of (2) and then removing the liquid substance by drying.    The polymers have a Tg difference of 5 C (especially 30 C) or more. The particles contain 30 % gels.    ADVANTAGE -   The binder imparts well-balanced binding power and binding persistence.
(EP896195-A2)      Expansion tank in plastic, used typically for heating equipment. The tank contains gas and water volumes, separated by a blow moulded membrane. The water space connects via a fitting, to the water pipework system. The gas space is pressurised. The outer expansion tank (1) is blow moulded in one piece. The water connection fitting (5) is moulded onto this, one piece. The blow moulded membrane (2) is joined with and sealed to this connector (5), where it has a similar shape (7).    Also claimed is the method of making the expansion tank.    USE -   Used to make a plastic expansion tank, especially suitable for heating circuits.    ADVANTAGE -   The vessel is made in an extremely simple manner. Only two blow moulding stages are involved, one for the membrane and one for the tank. Reliable operation and sealing are assured. No additional mounting or construction stages are required, the tank emerges fully functional. The materials used are selected for immediate bonding in the neck region, when the membrane is introduced as an inlay in the second blowing stage. The threaded connection external to the neck, is formed on the tank preform, or alternatively machined after blow moulding. Tank connection points and a gas valve can conveniently be built in as a part of the process.
(WO9913136-A1)      Making a large area single crystal silicon sheet (10) comprises: (a) mixing silicon powder with a binder and a solvent to form a silicon slurry; (b) spreading the slurry in a uniform layer on a flat surface; (c) drying the layer to remove the solvent; (d) moistening the layer to cause it to expand and separate from the surface to form a sheet; (e) heating the sheet to remove the binder; (f) heating a localised area (25) of the sheet to cause the silicon at that location to melt; (g) contacting this molten silicon with a silicon seed crystal (28) to define the crystallographic orientation of the molten silicon; (h) moving the heated area and resulting melted area through a portion of the sheet to refine it to form a single crystal structure and move impurities to edges (32) of that refined portion of the sheet; (i) cooling the sheet; and (j) removing the portion with impurities to have a single crystal sheet of silicon. Also claimed is a large area single crystal silicon sheet made with the above method.    USE -   For producing single crystal silicon sheets for semiconductor manufacture, e.g. for use as solar cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The sheets can be made to any desired dimensions and for any desired purpose. For example, sheets of four feet by eight feet can be made for use as solar cells which can produce higher power (kilowatt range) than the small wafers (fraction of a watt range) currently available.
(JP10275633-A)      A lithium ion secondary battery comprises: (a) a positive electrode (1); (b) a negative electrode (4); (c) an electrolyte (7); and (d) adhesive layers (8), which bond the electrodes to the electrolyte. The adhesive (8) contains an ionically conducting polymer.    USE -   For powering portable electronic equipment.    ADVANTAGE -   The adhesive layers have the desired adhesive strength and high ionic conductivity required to provide a thin secondary battery with excellent properties, e.g. charge-discharge characteristics, high capacity and safety, without the need for a rigid case.
(DE19807811-A1)      A solar collector and heat exchanger tubing consists of an elastomeric or plastics inner layer adhesively bonded to a thermally conductive reinforcing support. Preferably, the inner layer is a 0.1-2.5 (preferably 0.1-0.5) mm thick layer of material based on EPDM, butyl rubber, silicone rubber, fluorinated rubber, fluorine-containing plastic or a brominated copolymer of isobutylene and methyl styrene or consists of a (preferably fluorine-containing) plastic foil bearing a thin elastomeric adhesive layer preferably based on CR, NBR or EPDM.    ADVANTAGE -   The tubing is fully compatible with extreme solar collector operating conditions (temperatures of up to 200C and pressures of up to 6 bars).
(TW358245-A)      A non-aqueous electrolyte battery has a positive electrode and a negative electrode and formed by integrating at least a positive electrode active material or a negative electrode active material by a binder. The binder consists of a mixt. of imide formation-terminated polyimide exerting solubility to an organic solvent, and a fluorine-based polymer.    ADVANTAGE -   The polyimide increases a binding property to a mix and a collector. No mix is therefore desorbed from the collector. The result decreases no battery capacity even if the battery is repeatedly used under a rapid temp. change state. The battery has high reliability and superior productivity. The use of the battery for a sec. battery yields superior charge discharge cycle characteristics.    (US6001507-A)      A non-aqueous electrolyte battery has a positive electrode and a negative electrode and formed by integrating at least a positive electrode active material or a negative electrode active material by a binder. The binder consists of a mixt. of imide formation-terminated polyimide exerting solubility to an organic solvent, and a fluorine-based polymer.    ADVANTAGE -   The polyimide increases a binding property to a mix and a collector. No mix is therefore desorbed from the collector. The result decreases no battery capacity even if the battery is repeatedly used under a rapid temp. change state. The battery has high reliability and superior productivity. The use of the battery for a sec. battery yields superior charge discharge cycle characteristics.
(WO9836433-A2)      A regenerative photovoltaic cell has current collector areas (32, 33, 34) insulated from each other on a substrate (36), one of the areas being a conductive porous material encapsulated with a dye-coated semiconductor functional coating to form interconnected nano-cells. The layer faces the incident light (30) and the current collector areas are insulated from each other by ion-permeable means and are in ionic contact via an electrolyte (34). The conductive porous material is preferably a metal (oxide) and substrate (36) may be glass or a polymer layer.    USE -   Used as a photovoltaic cell for the conversion of daylight, etc..    ADVANTAGE -   The cell can be manufactured economically and is capable of high conversion efficiency.
(FR2759786-A1)      A sunshine recorder and wind gauge consists of an anemometer with vanes (2) and a collector (3,6) for the sun's rays. The collector is situated above the vanes of the anemometer and in the middle of the instrument, so that the rays of the sun are not interrupted by the rotating vanes.    The solar ray collector is in the form of an optical dome (3) extended by a well (6) which carries the rays to a light-sensitive cell (7) or, in a variant having a diffusing membrane over a cylinder, and a collector to deliver the rays to the cell, which has a printed circuit. The dome is made from polymethacrylate, and the diffusing membrane of polycarbonate.    ADVANTAGE -   Ensures accurate measurement of hours of sunshine.
(JP10261437-A)      A gel polymer electrolyte (I) comprises an organic electrolytic solution and a polymer alloy film comprising a phase separation where the film comprises at least one polymer slightly swelling in the solution and a polymer soluble in it, having less than 100nm phase separation. Also claimed is an electrolyte as (I) where the film is formed by mixing or mutual dissolution of a poly(methyl methacrylate) and at least one poly(vinylidene fluoride) or copolymer of vinylidene fluoride. Also claimed is a lithium polymer battery comprising a negative and positive electrode with an electrolyte as (I) between them.    USE -   Used within lithium ion secondary batteries of e.g. 4V.    ADVANTAGE -   The electrolyte prevents dendrite at the lithium cathode thereby preventing internal short circuit and providing high cycle efficiency and safety.
(JP10209474-A)      A photovoltaic device has an electrostatic withstand voltage of not less than 5 kV.    Also claimed are: (i) an array of the above devices produced by electrically connecting several devices; and (ii) a solar cell module producing by sealing the above device with a filler resin.    USE -   The photovoltaic device is used for the production of electrical energy.    ADVANTAGE -   The photovoltaic device is protected from electrostatic voltage when touched by a charged worker. The device has a high reliability and achieves a high yield in production processes.    (US5973258-A)      A photovoltaic device has an electrostatic withstand voltage of not less than 5 kV.    Also claimed are: (i) an array of the above devices produced by electrically connecting several devices; and (ii) a solar cell module producing by sealing the above device with a filler resin.    USE -   The photovoltaic device is used for the production of electrical energy.    ADVANTAGE -   The photovoltaic device is protected from electrostatic voltage when touched by a charged worker. The device has a high reliability and achieves a high yield in production processes.
(US6051343-A)      The high polymer solid electrolyte comprises electrolyte salt, solvent, and high polymer having principal chain of vinylidene fluoride copolymer, and branched chain of polyvinylidene fluoride.    USE -   The high polymer solid electrolyte is used for Li secondary cells for note-type personal computers, video cameras, and portable telephones; or for electric double layer capacitors.    ADVANTAGE -   High polymer solid electrolyte having improved bondability to collectors or electrodes, can be obtd. Applied films of the electrolyte can be continuously multilayered with reduced internal resistance.
(US5863673-A)      A porous electrode substrate for an electrochemical fuel cell, the substrate comprising preformed web(s) having low electrical conductivity containing an electrically conductive filler.    Also claimed are: (1) an electrochemical fuel cell comprising a pair of electrically conductive separator plates and a membrane electrode assembly interposed between them which comprises a pair of electrodes and an ion exchange membrane interposed between them, the electrode(s) comprising the above porous electrode substrate; (2) preparation of a porous electrode substrate for an electrochemical fuel cell, comprising filling a preformed web having low electrical conductivity with an electrically conductive filler; and (3) preparing a multilayer porous electrode substrate, comprising: (i) filling at least 2 preformed webs having low electrical conductivity with an electrically conductive filler; and (ii) laminating the webs together.    USE -   The electrode substrates are particularly suitable for use in solid polymer electrochemical fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The electrode substrates have performance characteristics in fuel cells approaching those of conventional substrates and can provide reduced cost, improved chemical compatibility and resistance to degradation and corrosion in fuel cell operation, improved mechanical properties including strength, durability and dimensional stability, and improved manufacture.
(JP10177865-A)      A lithium ion secondary battery comprises a positive electrode, a negative electrode and a separator which holds an electrolytic solution. An adhesive resin layer bonds the positive and negative electrodes to corresponding surfaces of the separator. This layer comprises a mixed phase of electrolytic solution, polymer gel containing an electrolytic solution, and polymer solid phases.    Also claimed is a method of fabricating a lithium secondary battery involving: (a) preparing an adhesive resin soln by dissolving different polymer materials having different average molecular weights, and (b) bonding each a positive and a negative electrode to a corresponding surface of a separator by coating with the adhesive resin solution described above.    ADVANTAGE -   The battery is thin and has excellent charge and discharge characteristics.    (US6051342-A)      A lithium ion secondary battery comprises a positive electrode, a negative electrode and a separator which holds an electrolytic solution. An adhesive resin layer bonds the positive and negative electrodes to corresponding surfaces of the separator. This layer comprises a mixed phase of electrolytic solution, polymer gel containing an electrolytic solution, and polymer solid phases.    Also claimed is a method of fabricating a lithium secondary battery involving: (a) preparing an adhesive resin soln by dissolving different polymer materials having different average molecular weights, and (b) bonding each a positive and a negative electrode to a corresponding surface of a separator by coating with the adhesive resin solution described above.    ADVANTAGE -   The battery is thin and has excellent charge and discharge characteristics.
(US5958997-A)      Ion-conductive thin film manufacturing composition comprises an alkali salt of formula A+B- (I) in amt. of 1-50 wt% of the total compsn., a photocuring initiator 0.1-20 wt%, polyethyleneglycolate of formula R1-C(CH2)-COO-(CH2CH2O)m-R1 (II) in amount of 1-60 wt%, a crosslinking agent of formula R1-C(CH2)-COO-(CH(R2)CH2O)n-CO-CR1=CH2 (III) in amt. of 1-60 wt% per wt. of above cpd. (II) and a vinyl monomer of formula R1-CR3=CH2 (IV) in amt. of 1-50 wt%. A+ = alkali ion of Li, Na, etc.; B- = ion of Cl, Br, SCN, ClO4, AsF6, BF4, etc.; R1 = H or 1-20C lower alkyl; m = integer 200-1000; R2 = same as R1 or a group of formula (V); R3 = phenyl or a group of formula (VI). Also claimed is the manufacture of the thin film comprising curing the compsn. by irradiating UV beam of 200-400nm to form a polymer network.    USE -   Used in solid electrochemical element (chemical cell).    ADVANTAGE -   Product excels in mechanical strength, adhesivity and high ion conductivity at ordinary temperature.
(JP10199574-A)      An organic electrolyte battery comprises positive and negative plates comprising an active material contained in an electroconductive substrate and a resistor layer of higher resistance than the substrate.    USE -   Used for electric vehicles, storing night-generated electricity.    ADVANTAGE -   The battery has good safety under extreme conditions e.g. nailing and breakage while maintaining high energy density.    (US6051341-A)      An organic electrolyte battery comprises positive and negative plates comprising an active material contained in an electroconductive substrate and a resistor layer of higher resistance than the substrate.    USE -   Used for electric vehicles, storing night-generated electricity.    ADVANTAGE -   The battery has good safety under extreme conditions e.g. nailing and breakage while maintaining high energy density.
(JP10189050-A)      The lithium ion battery comprises a positive collector (2) with an electroconductive thin film and a positive compound layer (1), and a negative collector (4) with an electroconductive thin film and a negative compound layer (5) sandwiching an electrically insulating film (3) with an electrolyte film (6) in contact with at least one of the positive and negative compound layers.    USE -   Used for portable apparatus e.g. telephone, PCs, video cameras, etc..    ADVANTAGE -   The battery has high energy density, is lightweight and has good safety. The use of the battery allows the reduction of portable apparatus weight.    (US6022642-A)      The lithium ion battery comprises a positive collector (2) with an electroconductive thin film and a positive compound layer (1), and a negative collector (4) with an electroconductive thin film and a negative compound layer (5) sandwiching an electrically insulating film (3) with an electrolyte film (6) in contact with at least one of the positive and negative compound layers.    USE -   Used for portable apparatus e.g. telephone, PCs, video cameras, etc..    ADVANTAGE -   The battery has high energy density, is lightweight and has good safety. The use of the battery allows the reduction of portable apparatus weight.
(US5768090-A)      A bipolar electrochemical capacitor device comprises at least one bipolar capacitor subassembly comprising first and second electrode layers disposed on opposite sides of a layer of solid electrolyte material. The bipolar capacitor subassembly is disposed between a pair of current collecting electrodes.    USE -   The device is used in rechargeable electrochemical batteries and/or electrochemical capacitors, used in digital communication devices, power tools, portable computers, etc..    ADVANTAGE -   The device has reduced size and weight, and is simple, inexpensive and readily repeatable.
(JP10154824-A)      A photoelectric transfer device comprises a photoelectric transfer element, a cholesteric liquid crystal (LC) layer and an ultraviolet (UV) cut-off layer which is arranged at the side for the incidence of light. The LC layer is arranged between the transfer element and the cut-off layer.    USE -   Used for the production of solar batteries, desktop calculators and watches.    ADVANTAGE -   The device has improved brilliance and a vivid external appearance.    (US6015951-A)      A photoelectric transfer device comprises a photoelectric transfer element, a cholesteric liquid crystal (LC) layer and an ultraviolet (UV) cut-off layer which is arranged at the side for the incidence of light. The LC layer is arranged between the transfer element and the cut-off layer.    USE -   Used for the production of solar batteries, desktop calculators and watches.    ADVANTAGE -   The device has improved brilliance and a vivid external appearance.
(JP10199494-A)      The barrel type non-aqueous electrolyte cell comprises: a bottomed barrel type case made of a material comprising mainly aluminium; an anode and a cathode placed together with a non- aqueous electrolyte in the case and having a separator placed between them; and a sealing member having anode and cathode terminals and sealing an opening of the case. The sealing member is made of material comprising a vulcanisate obtained by subjecting a copolymer (A) comprising polymer units based on isobutylene and on isoprene, to peroxide vulcanisation and-or resin vulcanisation.    USE -   As a power source in small sized, lightweight, high performance, portable electronic equipment.    ADVANTAGE -   The weight of the case is light, providing a high weight energy density. Sealing can be readily carried out without requiring a high strength sealing machine, which improves productivity. The case may be provided with a thin wall portion to function as an explosion-preventive valve in case of increased internal pressure due to overcharging, and the cell has high reliability.
(EP841709-B1)      The label comprises a layer (1) of synthetic material on the external face (S), comprising a transparent impression layer (3) on the underface. On the underface of the impression layer is a metallised layer (4) and below this an adhesive layer (6) protected by a siliconised counterfoil for adherence of the label to a receptor support (7), i.e. the bulk of the battery. The system also comprises a layer (5) between the metallised layer and adhesive layer comprising a primary coupling varnish, which protects the metallised layer from possible attack initiated by electrolyte deposits on the body of the battery.    Also claimed, is a cylindrical electrical battery labelled according to the invention.    USE -   For protection and display, particularly useful for the application of a label to a cylindrical disposable battery.    ADVANTAGES -   Has staircase disposition which provides greater pliability and facilitates the wrapping of the label to the outer casing of the battery.
(DE19628926-C2)       Producing a Li ion free energy excess, primarily for lithium secondary batteries involves adding additives to (optionally solid) polymer solutions. ATP, ADP and P anions are added as Li co-ions, ATP preferably being added at the cathode side and ADP and P being added at the anode side. For discharged systems (e.g. a C6//PeO//Li cathode), a positive derivation of the first Ohm's law is provided.    ADVANTAGE -   The additives increase electrolyte conductivity and Li ion transport capacity, resulting in increased energy density and output current.
(US5989458-A)      The conductive material comprises high polymer compound and alkali-siloxy- aluminate.    USE -   The conductive material is used as solid electrolyte for non- aqueous secondary cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The conductive material, having sufficient ion conductivity and improvedly higher transference number, can be obtained.
(WO9815783-A1)      An air cooling device comprises at least one evaporation element and a means for steeping this element in liquids such as agents for producing an air stream contacting the element.    The novelty is that the element comprises paper impregnated with a (co)polymer or polymer mixture of styrene, vinyl chloride and/or (meth)acrylates.    Also claimed is the use of impregnated paper as above in an air cooling device.    The apparatus comprises several elements arranged to form an evaporation block. The paper is battery separator or filter paper and is preferably 0.1-1.5 mm thick. The paper is impregnated with 5-50 wt.% of the (co)polymer or polymer mixture.    USE -   Used for batteries and filters.    ADVANTAGE -   The impregnated paper does not contain free formaldehyde and has improved mechanical properties, such as increased edge breakage resistance and hence reduced damage compared to prior art phenol-formaldehyde resin impregnated paper.
(JP10112549-A)      The module has a covering material which seals the light incident side surface of a photovoltaic cell (101). The covering material comprises a surface sealing resin layer (102) and a surface protection film (103). The oxygen permeability of the surface protection film ranges between 10cc-50cc/m2*24hr under atmospheric condition of temperature of about 21degC and relative humidity of about 90%.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents yellow colouration of surface coating material due to prolonged exposure. Reduces loss of light. Improves reliability of battery module.
(US6008451-A)      The cell has an electrode member and an electrode equipped with conductive resin layer, which are bonded together through the conductive resin layer. The electrode member has a compound structure equipped with a core part (101) and a peripheral part (102).    The average crystalline particle diameter of the material of peripheral part of the electrode member, is less than or equal to 2micrometer. The thickness of the electrode member is set in the range of 1-20% of the diameter of electrode member.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves adhesion strength of electrode. Operates reliably for long period. Improves first stage characteristic.
(EP947007-A1)      Sterilisable enclosure for a battery (14) installed on a surgical drive assembly (10) comprising battery sleeve (13,35) with open proximal end and closed distal end, conforming to the outside dimensions of the battery; and bridging means (13), either a flexible resilient boot or an adapter, that tightly couples the sleeve and surgical drive assembly to prevent battery being exposed to surrounding environment.    Two methods of isolating batteries are also claimed.    USE -   Enclosing non-disposable battery for surgical drive assembly.    ADVANTAGE -   By isolating the battery, it does not need to be sterilised by, for example, autoclaving; the battery life is increased.    (JP2000516019-W)      Sterilisable enclosure for a battery (14) installed on a surgical drive assembly (10) comprising battery sleeve (13,35) with open proximal end and closed distal end, conforming to the outside dimensions of the battery; and bridging means (13), either a flexible resilient boot or an adapter, that tightly couples the sleeve and surgical drive assembly to prevent battery being exposed to surrounding environment.    Two methods of isolating batteries are also claimed.    USE -   Enclosing non-disposable battery for surgical drive assembly.    ADVANTAGE -   By isolating the battery, it does not need to be sterilised by, for example, autoclaving; the battery life is increased.
(US6087031-A)      High mol. electrolyte comprises sulphonated polyether sulphone (SPES) having an ion exchange gp. equiv. wt. of 800-5000 g/mole obtd. by sulphonating (a) polyether sulphone (PES) contg. repeating unit of formula shown on claim 1.    formula shown on claim 1-p    The high mol. electrolyte is suitable for fuel batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   The high mol. electrolyte is produced at low cost and moulded easily and has high water resistance.
(GB2318127-B)      The physical vapour deposition (PVD) apparatus for coating web (W) with lithium nitride in a vacuum, comprises a vacuum chamber, sources of lithium and nitrogen in the chamber, and a device for drawing the web past the lithium and nitrogen sources to effect deposition.    Also claimed is a process for coating a web with lithium nitride by introducing nitrogen into the vacuum chamber, evaporating lithium or lithium nitride from a source within the chamber and moving the web past the source to form the coating.    USE -   The apparatus can be use din the production of lithium dry cell batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   The whole process of manufacturing lithium dry cell batteries can be carried out inside the vacuum chamber without exposing the coated web to air. Stripe metallising may be applied to produce narrow, clear lanes on the moving web to enable electrical connections to be made to the finished battery cell in vacuum.
(WO9826463-A1)      An electrolyte for an electrochemical cell comprises an admixture of an ion conducting electrolyte with a boiling point or decomposition temperature of &gt;100(C and at least one polymer selected from polybenzimidazole, polyacrylamide, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinylpyridine, polyethyleneimine, polyacrylic acid and poly-amino-silicate in a ratio of 2:1-50:1 together with 0.2-8 wt.% fumed silica. Also claimed are an electrochemical cell including the electrolyte above and an electrochemical capacitor.    ADVANTAGE -   The electrochemical cell has improved adhesion between the electrolyte and the electrode.
(DE19639068-A1)      A demonstration apparatus for energy production from hydrogen, having a hydrogen reservoir and a fuel cell with a housing (16) divided by a membrane/electrode unit (11) associated at both sides with perforated collector plates (12) and contacts (15) leading to an external consumer, includes a transparent gas supply element (13) which has open channels (10) for gas supply over the membrane/electrode unit (11) and which is held under constant pressure by pre-tensioned transparent elastic material (14) in the space between each wall of the housing (16) and the gas supply element (13). Preferably, the elastic material (14) is silicone and the gas supply elements (13) and the housing (16) consist of plastic, especially acrylic glass.    USE -   For demonstrating hydrogen-energy production technology in schools, universities, etc.    ADVANTAGE -   The apparatus provides clear visibility of the water formation process at the fuel cell electrode, has low manufacturing cost, provides effective current output and has a long operating life.
(JP10093124-A)      The battery module has a photovoltaic cell (101). A light receiving side surface of the cell is sealed by a transparent organic polymer resin (103) containing a fibrous inorganic compound (102).    At the non-light reception side of the cell, a layer of reinforcing material (107) is provided whose area is larger than the cell area. The area of the light reception side of the photovoltaic cell is convex-shaped.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables twisting reduction of electrical insulation. Facilitates control of moisture penetration inside module. Simplifies bending process. Offers module with high reliability. Excels in fire retardancy.
(US5858573-A)      Electric current producing, rechargeable electrochemical cell comprises an anode and a cathode in contact with an electrolyte containing thianthrene or a derivative as redox shuffle reagent to provide overcharge protection to the cell.    The anode is Li and the cathode is LiMn2O4, LiNiO2, LiV2O5, LiVS2, LiCrO0.5V0.5S2, mixtures or similar oxides or sulphides. Alternatively the anode is an insertion electrode selected from C, metal alloys, metal oxides, metal sulphides and metal nitrides.
(JP10232168-A)      The chopper (20) consists of a disk (40) which is formed by thermal transmitter. The disk performs scattering of thermal radiation around field by operating a structure formed on it.    USE -   For detecting overheat and fire of industrial machine, aeroplane, motor vehicle.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves quality of visual image. Normalizes scattering.
(US5741609-A)      An electrochemical cell capable of reversibly intercalating and de-intercalating lithium ions comprises: (a) 2 electrode assemblies, each having a thickness of less than 300 m; (b) an electrolyte layer placed between the electrode assemblies; and (c) an ionically conductive adhesive layer placed between the electrolyte layer and at least one of the electrode assemblies.    USE -   As a rechargeable energy source for radio communication, satellites, portable computers, electric vehicles, etc.    ADVANTAGE -   The cell has enhanced mechanical integrity and excellent adhesion at the electrode/adhesive and electrolyte/adhesive interfaces.
(JP10177814-A)      The polymeric gel electrolyte comprises a polymer matrix, a solvent and an electrolytic salt. The solvent used for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution contains one or more kinds of halogen-substituted carbonic ester.    By careful selection of the ester for the solvent, the elastic modulus of the solid electrolyte is increased and retention of solvent is improved without lowering the ionic conductivity. The relative dielectric constant for the ester is preferably not less than 4.    USE -   Provides a highly reliable, ionically conductive polymeric gel electrolyte for batteries with high ionic conductivity and sufficiently high solid strength and able to prevent internal short circuit even if no diaphragm is used.    (US5925283-A)      The polymeric gel electrolyte comprises a polymer matrix, a solvent and an electrolytic salt. The solvent used for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution contains one or more kinds of halogen-substituted carbonic ester.    By careful selection of the ester for the solvent, the elastic modulus of the solid electrolyte is increased and retention of solvent is improved without lowering the ionic conductivity. The relative dielectric constant for the ester is preferably not less than 4.    USE -   Provides a highly reliable, ionically conductive polymeric gel electrolyte for batteries with high ionic conductivity and sufficiently high solid strength and able to prevent internal short circuit even if no diaphragm is used.
(DE29623749-U1)      The collector has meandering metal pipes (2) containing a heating medium. The pipes are joined by sheet metal discs (3) attached to separate bends in the pipes. The pipes have an internal diameter of roughly 6 mm.    The pipes preferably correspond in size and composition to a condenser of a refrigerator or freezer through which coolant is conveyed, and can be re-cycled. The pipes and discs sit between two light-permeable polycarbonate panes (4,5) superimposed along the edges by a spacer piece (6) and held together by an outer angled frame (7).    ADVANTAGE -   The solar collector can be made at a low cost from mass-produced products.
(EP849815-A1)      A secondary cell in which a flexible wiring board which has a through-hole and is mounted with a safety circuit, an anode for controlled input/output and a cathode for safety circuit which respectively have gas vent holes and are in face contact with the upper surface of the wiring board, a PTC element which is in face contact with the lower surface of the wiring board, and a slitted valve body are united using inner gasket in one body. A sealing section is constituted at the central part by caulking a sub-filter which is welded to the valve body and has a through-hole and the inner gasket at the periphery of a filter having a through-hole. The cell can be handled similarly to the conventional single cell. When the gas pressure in the cell becomes abnormally high, the bursting of the cell is prevented by quickly discharging the gas.    (JP10275612-A)      A secondary cell in which a flexible wiring board which has a through-hole and is mounted with a safety circuit, an anode for controlled input/output and a cathode for safety circuit which respectively have gas vent holes and are in face contact with the upper surface of the wiring board, a PTC element which is in face contact with the lower surface of the wiring board, and a slitted valve body are united using inner gasket in one body. A sealing section is constituted at the central part by caulking a sub-filter which is welded to the valve body and has a through-hole and the inner gasket at the periphery of a filter having a through-hole. The cell can be handled similarly to the conventional single cell. When the gas pressure in the cell becomes abnormally high, the bursting of the cell is prevented by quickly discharging the gas.
(JP3078229-B2)      The battery includes an anode (1) and a cathode (2) immersed in an electrolyte (4) containing organic fluorine with lithium salt. The cathode comprises insoluble non fusing base containing aromatic polymer with polyacene chain structure. The nuclear ratio between the number of hydrogen and carbon atoms in the aromatic polymer is in the range of 0.05-0.5.    ADVANTAGE -   The capacity is improved.
(WO9834293-A1)      A composite (semi-) solid state polymer alloy electrolyte (I) for batteries, capacitors and other electrochemical devices comprises a mixture containing polyethylene oxide, polyvinylidene fluoride/hexafluoropropylene (PVDF/HFP), an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal salt and an aprotic liquid(s).    USE -   For batteries, capacitors and fuel cells, e.g. lithium ion polymer batteries. Also useful for the construction of electrodes.    ADVANTAGE -   The electrolyte is easily to handle and produce, and is highly ion conductive. It provides a thin, tough, flexible layer having good adherence to electrodes and that is resistant to compressive forces and resists shorting.
(FR2750800-A1)      Rechargeable electrochemical battery, with organic liquid electrolyte has average discharge voltage of 3 volts. Battery contains at least one electrode which comprises a current collector coating in paste form containing active electrochemical material and binder which is a polymer partially neutralised by a basic compound chosen from e.g. quaternary ammonium hydroxide, ethanolamine, or tetraalkyl-phosphonium hydroxide.    The polymer is selected from polymers of e.g. acrylic acid, sulphonic acid or acrylamide, their copolymers and their mixtures.    Electrode is made by adding active material in powder form to solution of binder, forming electrode by spreading paste on foil of metal, e.g. copper, nickel or aluminium, drying electrode at 60-120C, and treating electrode to obtain porosity of 20-60%. Paste used may contain additives.    USE -   For production of rechargeable battery (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   Binder used in electrode is not attacked by electrolyte. Voltage is maintained at about 3 volts, and working temperature of battery does not exceed ambient temperatures.
(US5830600-A)      A battery has an electrolyte which includes a compound (I) which generates a fire retardant gas on decomposition.    Preferably, (I) is a dicarbonate, especially di(t-butyl) dicarbonate, ester, perester, dioxalate, acyl peroxide, peroxodicarbonate or a Diels-Alder adduct of carbon dioxide    USE -   The battery is e.g. a lithium battery used in fuel cells, sensors, super capacitors or electrochromic devices.    (EP906641-A1)      A battery has an electrolyte which includes a compound (I) which generates a fire retardant gas on decomposition.    Preferably, (I) is a dicarbonate, especially di(t-butyl) dicarbonate, ester, perester, dioxalate, acyl peroxide, peroxodicarbonate or a Diels-Alder adduct of carbon dioxide    USE -   The battery is e.g. a lithium battery used in fuel cells, sensors, super capacitors or electrochromic devices.    (CN1220029-A)      A battery has an electrolyte which includes a compound (I) which generates a fire retardant gas on decomposition.    Preferably, (I) is a dicarbonate, especially di(t-butyl) dicarbonate, ester, perester, dioxalate, acyl peroxide, peroxodicarbonate or a Diels-Alder adduct of carbon dioxide    USE -   The battery is e.g. a lithium battery used in fuel cells, sensors, super capacitors or electrochromic devices.
(US5976726-A)      The fuel cell consists of a pair of fluid impermeable separator plates, a pair of fluid distribution layers between the plates, an ion exchange membrane between at least part of the fluid distribution layers, and electrocatalyst between the fluid distribution layers and membrane to define an active region. At least one fluid distribution layer has a sealing region and an electroconductive region, and comprises a preformed sheet extending into the sealing and active regions. Compression of the preformed sheet by urging the plates towards each other renders the fluid distribution layer fluid impermeable parallel to its major planar surfaces in the sealing region.    ADVANTAGE -   Improved sealing. The fuel cell can be manufactured with less additional processing or assembly steps, more simply and at lower cost.    (EP979534-A1)      The fuel cell consists of a pair of fluid impermeable separator plates, a pair of fluid distribution layers between the plates, an ion exchange membrane between at least part of the fluid distribution layers, and electrocatalyst between the fluid distribution layers and membrane to define an active region. At least one fluid distribution layer has a sealing region and an electroconductive region, and comprises a preformed sheet extending into the sealing and active regions. Compression of the preformed sheet by urging the plates towards each other renders the fluid distribution layer fluid impermeable parallel to its major planar surfaces in the sealing region.    ADVANTAGE -   Improved sealing. The fuel cell can be manufactured with less additional processing or assembly steps, more simply and at lower cost.
(US5910336-A)      NOVELTY - A thin film is formed on a substrate by applying two organic compound solutions containing one metal chosen from 1B and 3B groups respectively. The film is heat treated in inert or reduced atmosphere in the presence of an element or compound of 6B group DETAILED DESCRIPTION - The method involves forming a thin film on a substrate by applying solutions of organic compounds (a,b) containing one metal chosen from 1B and 3B group respectively. Each solution is applied more than one time. The thin film is heat treated in a inert gas atmosphere or reduced atmosphere in the presence of an element or compound from 6B group, to form a chalcopyrite thin film.    USE -   Used as semiconductor material for photoelectric conversions in solar batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   The method offers mass-production of superior solar battery light absorption plate with sufficient reproducibility. Installation space and the cost is reduced. The problem of composition of the film or the thickness control is solved.
(JP3143599-B2)      The separator (30) includes a base material (32) and a surface protection layer (40) containing a conductive ceramic powder and glass.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides superior conductivity and oxidation resistance. Provides fuel battery with high output, high efficiency. Improves durability.
(NL1005926-C2)      A photovoltaic solar panel comprises a plate like carrier (1) with flat elongated photovoltaic units (3, 4) connected together in series by an electrical conductor (6). The units are fabricated individually and have a length ratio long side / short side 5 and preferably 20. The substrate is glass, metal, plastic, semiconductor or ceramic material, the solar cell material is based on silicon, copper indium sulphide, cadmium telluride, or nano-crystalline titanium dioxide, or preferably thin film crystalline silicon (f-Si). The (7) conductor has a zig zag profile (8) for reflecting incident light to one of the photovoltaic units.    USE -   Solar cells.    ADVANTAGE -   Since the individual units are fabricated separately the problems of scale up are avoided and the functional surface area relative to non-functional is increased.
(JP3190593-B2)      The method involves supplying solution containing copper acetate with reduced sugar on a substrate. The substrate is then heated to 220-300 deg. C to form galvanised copper film on it.    ADVANTAGE -   Manufactures thin film which essentially consists of cuprous oxide with simple operation and simple apparatus. Manufactures solar battery cheaply and efficiently.
(JP11031520-A)      NOVELTY - An anode catalyst and a cathode catalyst are arranged on both sides of a solid polymer electrolyte film. The heating gas is supplied to the anode catalyst and oxidation gas is supplied to the cathode catalyst. The thickness of the electrolyte film is 20-80 microns and operating temperature is 50-70 C. The moisture content of hydrogen humidifier (9) to balance moisture content of the electrolyte film during oxidation/reduction reaction of the battery.    USE -   For electric vehicle.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces size of fuel battery system by avoiding use of humidifier for oxidation gas. Improves output characteristic of battery by maintaining proper thickness of electrolyte film. DESCRIPTION OF DRAWING(S) - The figure shows schematic block diagram of fuel battery system. (9) Hydrogen humidifier.    (US6103412-A)      The fuel cell has an anode catalytic electrode supplied with fuel gas and a cathode catalytic electrode supplied with oxide gas on opposite sides of a polymer electrolyte membrane and a means to control the reduction amount of water from the cathode together with the oxidation gas to the sum of after increased at the cathode transported from the anode through the membrane during cell operation and water produced by oxidation in the cathode.    USE -   For mobile power source of for powering electric automobile.    ADVANTAGE -   Fuel cell system is compact, while retaining good energy conversion efficiency.
(JP10321249-A)      A fuel cell system in which H2 fuel and O2 oxidiser are supplied to the cells has an O2 enrichment unit (34) which includes a magnetic field generator. The enriched O2 supply is taken from the magnetic field between two magnetic poles and fed to the fuel cells, preferably under compression. The magnetic poles are preferably located on the axis of rotation of the compressor shaft.    ADVANTAGE -   The O2 molecules migrate to the magnetic poles so that O2 enrichment is enhanced using a highly compact device.    (US6106963-A)      A fuel cell system in which H2 fuel and O2 oxidiser are supplied to the cells has an O2 enrichment unit (34) which includes a magnetic field generator. The enriched O2 supply is taken from the magnetic field between two magnetic poles and fed to the fuel cells, preferably under compression. The magnetic poles are preferably located on the axis of rotation of the compressor shaft.    ADVANTAGE -   The O2 molecules migrate to the magnetic poles so that O2 enrichment is enhanced using a highly compact device.    (EP878859-B1)      A fuel cell system in which H2 fuel and O2 oxidiser are supplied to the cells has an O2 enrichment unit (34) which includes a magnetic field generator. The enriched O2 supply is taken from the magnetic field between two magnetic poles and fed to the fuel cells, preferably under compression. The magnetic poles are preferably located on the axis of rotation of the compressor shaft.    ADVANTAGE -   The O2 molecules migrate to the magnetic poles so that O2 enrichment is enhanced using a highly compact device.
(DE19720294-C1)      Reformer comprises a reaction zone (2) containing a reforming catalyst and to which is fed a hydrocarbonaceous gas mixture. The novelty is that the reactor has a vaporising body (1) bordering the reaction zone (2) and having a porous heat conducting structure to prepare the gas mixture to be reformed by mixing and vaporising the gas mixture components and injecting into the reaction zone over the vaporising body reaction zone boundary surface (3). Also claimed is a process for operating the reformer.    USE -   For recovering hydrogen from methanol, e.g. in vehicles operated by fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The reactor has a compact structure.
(WO9941796-A1)      A solid electrolyte fuel cell has its two cell electrodes (4, 8) and solid electrolyte (6) arranged as plate-like elements between two external housing plates (2, 3), one (2) of which is provided with a hydrogen connection (17) and the other (3) of which is provided with an ambient air entry opening (20) for pressure-less oxygen supply to one (4) of the electrodes. Preferably, the solid electrolyte consists of a polyethylene membrane and the cell housing is made of a clear transparent material or plastic, preferably acrylic glass. Also claimed is a fuel cell arrangement consisting of several such fuel cells, preferably connected in series and supplied with hydrogen in series and/or parallel.    USE -   Especially as a low power fuel cell for schools, leisure activities or demonstration of fuel cell technology.    ADVANTAGE -   The fuel cell is inexpensive to manufacture and operates safely.
(US5871630-A)      A photovoltaic cell (10) with an overall conversion efficiency of 13.6 % is prepared by simultaneously electrodepositing Cu, In, Ga, and Se onto a glass / Mo substrate (12)(14). The electrodeposition voltage is a high frequency AC voltage ( 1 V at 1 kHz) superimposed on a DC voltage ( 0.5 V) to improve the morphology and growth rate of the film (18). After electrodeposition, a physical vapour deposition is used to adjust the final stoichiometry of the film to Cu(In1-xGax)Se2 with a ratio of Ga/(In+Ga} 0.39. The solution for electrodeposition contains ions at concentrations 0.01 - 0.02M Cu; 0.05 - 0.15M In; 0.05 - 0.15M Ga; and 0.01 - 0.03M Se and 0.3 M LiCl.    USE -   Copper alloy electrodeposits for solar cell and other applications.    ADVANTAGE -   The two step deposition gives precise control over stoichiometry and results in high conversion efficiency.
(JP10297993-A)      Directionally solidified polycrystalline silicon, with an arsenic and/or antimony content of 1013-1017 atoms/cm3, is new. Preferably, the silicon also has an oxygen content of 1016-2x1018 atoms/cm3, a resistivity of 100-10000 milli-ohm.cm and a minority charge carrier free diffusion path length of 10 . Also claimed is production of the above polycrystalline silicon by subjecting single crystal or polycrystalline As- and/or Sb-containing silicon to melting and then directional solidification. Further claimed are solar cells, containing the above directionally solidified polycrystalline silicon, and a process for producing such solar cells.    USE -   As material for solar cells (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   The directionally solidified polycrystalline silicon is inexpensive to produce and provides solar cells with high efficiency.    (US6013872-A)      Directionally solidified polycrystalline silicon, with an arsenic and/or antimony content of 1013-1017 atoms/cm3, is new. Preferably, the silicon also has an oxygen content of 1016-2x1018 atoms/cm3, a resistivity of 100-10000 milli-ohm.cm and a minority charge carrier free diffusion path length of 10 . Also claimed is production of the above polycrystalline silicon by subjecting single crystal or polycrystalline As- and/or Sb-containing silicon to melting and then directional solidification. Further claimed are solar cells, containing the above directionally solidified polycrystalline silicon, and a process for producing such solar cells.    USE -   As material for solar cells (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   The directionally solidified polycrystalline silicon is inexpensive to produce and provides solar cells with high efficiency.
(DE19717067-C2)      A methanol/steam reforming reactor (1a) holds a quantity of a catalytic material (3). The reactor (1a) has an inlet (4) admitting the mixture of gas and steam (6) which is to be re-combined. The improvement is that: (a) the reforming reactor (1a) inlet (4) surrenders the mixture to a droplet catcher (8), preventing their direct contact with the catalytic material (3).    USE -   The reactor reforms esp. methanol to generate hydrogen for use in vehicles powered by fuel cell.    ADVANTAGE -   The reactor is suitable for use in mobile esp. automotive applications and minimises the damage to the catalytic material.    (US6090499-A)      A methanol/steam reforming reactor (1a) holds a quantity of a catalytic material (3). The reactor (1a) has an inlet (4) admitting the mixture of gas and steam (6) which is to be re-combined. The improvement is that: (a) the reforming reactor (1a) inlet (4) surrenders the mixture to a droplet catcher (8), preventing their direct contact with the catalytic material (3).    USE -   The reactor reforms esp. methanol to generate hydrogen for use in vehicles powered by fuel cell.    ADVANTAGE -   The reactor is suitable for use in mobile esp. automotive applications and minimises the damage to the catalytic material.
(US6168968-B1)      The method involves laminating a transparent insulated substrate by a transparent electrode film layer and an amorphous semiconductor photoelectric conversion layer. A rear side reflecting electrode layer containing silver is formed on the semiconductor photoelectric conversion layer.    The rear side reflecting electrode layer is irradiated by fourth harmonic (FHG) of Nd-YAG laser light. FHG with uniform energy layer is irradiated diagonally, and FHG with tapering energy density is irradiated vertically. This patterns the rear side electrode layer and is divided, selectively removing sediment of silver contained in it.    ADVANTAGE -   Produces a solar battery without short circuit. Improves photoelectric conversion efficiency.
(JP10302805-A)      Electrodes are formed on both sides of a solid polymer electrolyte membrane by coating with a mixed liquid containing an organic solvent, a noble metal catalyst-supporting C powder and a colloid of a solid polymer electrolyte of size at least 1 nm and less than 400 nm and adsorbed to the C powder. A gas diffusible layer is present between the membrane and the electrode. The produced assembly and a fuel cell made using it are also claimed.    (US6060187-A)      Electrodes are formed on both sides of a solid polymer electrolyte membrane by coating with a mixed liquid containing an organic solvent, a noble metal catalyst-supporting C powder and a colloid of a solid polymer electrolyte of size at least 1 nm and less than 400 nm and adsorbed to the C powder. A gas diffusible layer is present between the membrane and the electrode. The produced assembly and a fuel cell made using it are also claimed.
(EP875487-A1)      A reforming reactor, especially for steam reforming of methanol, has a catalyst bed-containing reaction space (1) in constant communication with a catalyst supply container (6) for automatic topping up of catalyst material (2a) in the reaction space (1).    USE -   Especially for steam reforming methanol to produce hydrogen, e.g. in a fuel cell-driven vehicle.    ADVANTAGE -   The reactor is inexpensively and automatically topped up with fresh catalyst to compensate for catalyst bed volume shrinkage.
(US5899175-A)      A hybrid power generation system comprises: (a) a hydrocarbonaceous fuel pyrolysis unit to form a first gaseous stream comprising H2 and a partially dehydrogenated fuel stream; (b) converting H2 to an electrical current; (c) an electrical conversion unit for generating a first motion from the current; and (d) a combustion engine for converting partially dehydrogenated fuel stream to a second motion.    USE -   For producing mechanical power from a hybrid power generation unit.    ADVANTAGE -   The combination of pyrolysis, fuel cell, and high efficiency heat engine results in a procedure and device that is significantly more efficient in terms of utilising the energy present in the feedstock hydrocarbon fuel.
(JP3078235-B2)      The fuel battery includes a gas division plate (1) which comprises a single cell, a fuel gas passageway (2) and an oxidising agent gas passage way. Multiple cooling plates comprising cooling water flow path is laminated and a hexagonal pillar-shaped multilayer body is formed. The entrance (4,6,11) and outlet side external manifolds (5,7,12) of the heating gas, oxidising gas and cooling water, respectively are arranged on the diagonal position of the sides of the hexagonal pillar-shaped multilayer body. The heating gas reaction area domain of the single cell of the gas division plate is divided to several heating gas supply zones and are made to face the heating gas entrance side and outlet side external manifold.    Multiple fuel gas passage base each having a bellow shape is arranged on each heating gas supply zone. The oxidising agent gas reaction domain of the single cell is divided into several oxidising agent gas supply zones facing the oxidising gas entrance side and outlet side external manifold. Multiple oxidising agent gas passage ways having bellow shape is arranged on oxidising agent gas supply zone. The direction of fuel gas passage way and oxidising agent gas passage way is made to cross orthogonally.    ADVANTAGE -   Attains size reduction by forming reaction gas passageway of heating gas and oxidising gas in bellow shape. Prevents shortage of reaction gas due to increase in temperature and reaction. Maintains gas seal property. Reduces influence of CO poisoning by oxidising it, effectively.
(JP10261421-A)      Gaseous diffusion layer for solid polymer electrolyte fuel battery includes a base material comprising fluororesin and carbon black that is arranged on a carbon fibre cloth.    ADVANTAGE -   Secures electric contact easily.    (US6127059-A)      The gas diffusion layer (14) for a solid polymer electrolyte fuel cell having a catalyst layer (11a,b) adjacent to the polymer electrolyte (11) comprises a carbon fibre woven cloth (14a) coated with a fluoro-resin (14b) containing carbon black on its surface. The cloth is placed so that the coating is adjacent to the catalyst layer in the fuel cell. Also claimed is a solid polymer electrolyte fuel cell comprising the solid electrolyte with a catalyst layer on both surfaces and the gas diffusion layer disposed as above.    USE -   As gas diffusion layers for solid polymer electrolyte fuel cells and as fuel cells    ADVANTAGE -   Gas diffusion capability is good so that cell performance is maintained at high gas utilisation rates, the layer is easy to manufacture.
(US5856036-A)      A catalyst composition for use in electrochemical reactor devices comprises: platinum, ruthenium and osmium and has a single phase crystal structure comprising a face centred cubic unit cell.    Also claimed is a direct-oxidation fuel cell having an anode, a cathode and an electrolyte between them, where the anode has a catalyst composition as above.    USE -   Useful in the construction of direct-oxidation fuel cells operating in the range up to about 200C. It is also useful in electrochemical reactors or synthesisers for producing chemical by electro-oxidation of organic feedstock, e.g., alcohols.    ADVANTAGE -   The platinum catalyst is capable of adsorption and dehydrogenation of methanol molecules without poisoning by adsorbed intermediates such as carbon monoxide. The performance of the invented platinum based catalyst is superior to known platinum-ruthenium direct oxidation fuel cell catalysts.
(DE19713242-A1)      A reactor for the water vapour reforming of methanol operates in two stages (7, 8) accommodated within a single reactor housing (1). The 1st stage (7) is on the gas inlet (3) side and the 2nd stage (8) is directly connected to it. Both stages are filled with catalyst (13). One of the stages is heated and the other remains unheated.    USE -    Used as a methanol reforming reactor to generate H2for fuel cell applications.    ADVANTAGE -   The construction is relatively simple. The reactor can be used in mobile applications and can tolerate frequent load variations.    (EP867962-B1)      A reactor for the water vapour reforming of methanol operates in two stages (7, 8) accommodated within a single reactor housing (1). The 1st stage (7) is on the gas inlet (3) side and the 2nd stage (8) is directly connected to it. Both stages are filled with catalyst (13). One of the stages is heated and the other remains unheated.    USE -    Used as a methanol reforming reactor to generate H2for fuel cell applications.    ADVANTAGE -   The construction is relatively simple. The reactor can be used in mobile applications and can tolerate frequent load variations.
(WO9913136-A1)      Making a large area single crystal silicon sheet (10) comprises: (a) mixing silicon powder with a binder and a solvent to form a silicon slurry; (b) spreading the slurry in a uniform layer on a flat surface; (c) drying the layer to remove the solvent; (d) moistening the layer to cause it to expand and separate from the surface to form a sheet; (e) heating the sheet to remove the binder; (f) heating a localised area (25) of the sheet to cause the silicon at that location to melt; (g) contacting this molten silicon with a silicon seed crystal (28) to define the crystallographic orientation of the molten silicon; (h) moving the heated area and resulting melted area through a portion of the sheet to refine it to form a single crystal structure and move impurities to edges (32) of that refined portion of the sheet; (i) cooling the sheet; and (j) removing the portion with impurities to have a single crystal sheet of silicon. Also claimed is a large area single crystal silicon sheet made with the above method.    USE -   For producing single crystal silicon sheets for semiconductor manufacture, e.g. for use as solar cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The sheets can be made to any desired dimensions and for any desired purpose. For example, sheets of four feet by eight feet can be made for use as solar cells which can produce higher power (kilowatt range) than the small wafers (fraction of a watt range) currently available.
(JP3133264-B2)      The converter has a glass substrate (4) formed on a light- incidence side of an opto-electric transducer (1) through a semi- transparent resin (5). An antireflecting layer of MgF2 (7) with amorphous surface is formed on the glass substrate.    ADVANTAGE -   Increases light reception efficiency by amorphous surface of antireflecting layer. Improves hydrophobicity and acid resistance of antireflecting layer.
(EP963266-A1)      A porous metal with a regular structure and uniform pore size is produced by reducing a mixture of metal, solvent and a structure-directing agent in amount sufficient to form a liquid crystalline phase in the mixture, then optionally removing the organic matter from the produced organic-metal composite.    The porous metal produced is also claimed.    USE -   The porous metal is used in filtration, gas flow control, catalysis, fuel cells and batteries, electrochemical capacitors, quantum confinement effect devices, optical devices, sensors, electrocatalysis, etc.    ADVANTAGE -   A regular structure and a uniform pore size are obtained (claimed), which provide improved properties and performance in the above applications.    (US6203925-B1)      A porous metal with a regular structure and uniform pore size is produced by reducing a mixture of metal, solvent and a structure-directing agent in amount sufficient to form a liquid crystalline phase in the mixture, then optionally removing the organic matter from the produced organic-metal composite.    The porous metal produced is also claimed.    USE -   The porous metal is used in filtration, gas flow control, catalysis, fuel cells and batteries, electrochemical capacitors, quantum confinement effect devices, optical devices, sensors, electrocatalysis, etc.    ADVANTAGE -   A regular structure and a uniform pore size are obtained (claimed), which provide improved properties and performance in the above applications.
(JP3012918-B2)      The membrane (A) of antimonic acid with high proton conductivity, made of amorphous antimonic acid and cubic antimonic acid single crystals (B) which are dispersed into it. (2) (A) in (1), in which (B) are oriented. (3) Method of producing (A) i.e., metal antimony or its oxygen bearing compound is made to react with hydrogen peroxide to form soln., which is developed on insulating base plates then they are dried. (4) (A), produced by (3), is thermally treated. (5) Thermal treatment in (4) is carried out at the temp. lower than 500C.    USE -   Used as humidity sensor, hydrogen sensor, or as a part of hydrogen fuel cell.    ADVANTAGE -   This method is able to produce membranes of antimonic acid with excellent conductivity and with high response to humidity.    (US6159624-A)      The membrane (A) of antimonic acid with high proton conductivity, made of amorphous antimonic acid and cubic antimonic acid single crystals (B) which are dispersed into it. (2) (A) in (1), in which (B) are oriented. (3) Method of producing (A) i.e., metal antimony or its oxygen bearing compound is made to react with hydrogen peroxide to form soln., which is developed on insulating base plates then they are dried. (4) (A), produced by (3), is thermally treated. (5) Thermal treatment in (4) is carried out at the temp. lower than 500C.    USE -   Used as humidity sensor, hydrogen sensor, or as a part of hydrogen fuel cell.    ADVANTAGE -   This method is able to produce membranes of antimonic acid with excellent conductivity and with high response to humidity.
(JP11330033-A)      NOVELTY - The system includes a source that generates charged cluster beam (34) onto surface of wafer from which contaminants are to be removed. A feeding mechanism feeds liquid to an opening of a capillary tube of the source.The diameter of the opening ranges between 0.001-0.04 inches. Electric field is generated between the source and an extraction electrode (30) placed near the opening.    USE -   For removal of organic film from surface of semiconductor wafer. For cleaning wafer processing tools in vacuum cleaning, space craft thermal control surface and solar panel. For cleaning critical surface relevant to computer, such as magnetic disk storage media. For surface cleaning of micro machine and microsensors. For cleaning of ground or spacecraft optics such lens, windows.    ADVANTAGE -   Facilitates to remove contaminants from semiconductor wafers with high efficiency irrespective of size, composition or morphology within short time. Prevents substrate from which contaminants to be removed, from getting charged thereby net charge buildup on target substrate is reduced substantially to zero. Prevents reintroduction of removed contaminants on to cleaned surface. Avoids causing damage to substrate under cleaning. Avoids usage of hazardous chemicals or large quantity of highly purified de-ionised and expensive water.    DETAILS OF DRAWINGS - The drawing shows a semiconductor wafer cleaning apparatus.    Charged cluster beam (34)    Extraction electrode (30)
(DE19707384-C2)      Process for reforming methanol comprises: (a) preparing an apparatus comprising an anode, cathode and proton-conducting electrolyte; (b) applying an electrical voltage between the anode and cathode; (c) feeding a mixture of methanol and oxygen-containing compound to the anode; and (d) reducing protons to H2 on the cathode side. The H2 produced is stored in a tank under pressure. Also claimed is the apparatus for carrying out the process.    USE -   The H2 is used for operating fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -   H2 can be cheaply formed from methanol.
(US5920798-A)      The method involves forming a p-n junction of a p-type semiconductor layer and an n-type semiconductor layer consisting of the elements selected from group II, group VI. Group II elements include any one of the elements chosen form S and Te. Group VI elements include any one of the elements chosen from Cd, Zn and Hg. The p-type or the n-type semiconductor layer contains an organic metal compound with a band between II group element and VI group element. A heat decomposition is done to the p- type and n-type semiconductor layer.    ADVANTAGE -   The method reduces film forming time by quick heat decomposition and offers highly efficient solar battery manufacture.
(JP2852320-B2)       The method involves performing reforming reaction of methanol in presence of nickel catalyst at a fixed temperature which is maintained in the range of 240-250 degC. The space velocity of carbon monoxide is maintained in the range of 300- 500h-1. Heat emission by methanation reaction is restrained by mixing a catalyst particle with a ceramic ball or adjusting nickel content in the catalyst.    ADVANTAGE -   Removes carbon monoxide efficiently from reforming gas, without using additives. Suppresses side reaction reliably. Achieves simplification of apparatus.
(JP3193991-B2)      The battery comprises an electrolyser (1) which is formed by connecting several voltage cells. The electrolyser has a anode and cathode chambers (1b,1a) which are separated by a diaphragm (10). The first and second pumps (5,6) circulates the anode and cathode electrolyte stored in respective tanks (2,3) to anode and cathode chambers respectively. Electric power supply is performed by electric power storage and discharge by charging the active material. The potential measurement unit measures the potential of reference electrode which are connected to the piping (51,53).    Electrolyte supply measuring unit measures the amount of electrolyte supplied to the electrolyser. Current detector (8) detects the charging and discharging current value. Liquid level detectors (14,15) detects the electrolyte quantity in the storage tanks. A calculation unit computes the charging capacity of cathode electrolyte from the measured value of reference electrode pair potential.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves system efficiency, remarkably. Maintains high battery efficiency. Attains labour saving of pump power.
(JP3193990-B2)      The system includes an electrolyser (1) that is formed by connecting multiple battery cells and which includes a positive electrode chamber (1a) and a negative electrode chamber (1b) separated by a diaphragm (1c). A positive electrode electrolyte and a negative electrode electrolyte are circulated in the electrolyser by a set of pumps (5,6). A first detector (7) detects the voltage value of the electrolyser.    A second detector (8) detects the open circuit voltage of the electrolyte. A third detector (9) detects the value of charging or discharging current flowing in an external circuit (4). A calculation unit (11) calculates the battery cell resistance factor based on the detection values. The supply of electrolyte is fluctuated such that the battery cell resistance factor becomes a standard.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces power consumption. Improves voltage efficiency and operativity.
(US6100464-A)      A method of producing a solar cell, having a semiconductor layer with an internal p-n barrier layer, involves grinding semiconductor material to powder (8), heating the powder and sintering in a sintering press (2, 4) to produce the semiconductor layer (10). Preferably, the semiconductor material is high purity silicon and is doped before sintering.    Also claimed is a solar cell including a semiconductor layer with a p-n barrier layer and a contact on each side of the barrier layer for electrically contacting the semiconductor layer, the novelty being that the semiconductor layer consists of sintered semiconductor material, preferably sintered on a metal plate (6) to which one of the contacts is connected.    ADVANTAGE -   The method permits inexpensive production of solar cells having satisfactory efficiency.    (RU2148876-C1)      A method of producing a solar cell, having a semiconductor layer with an internal p-n barrier layer, involves grinding semiconductor material to powder (8), heating the powder and sintering in a sintering press (2, 4) to produce the semiconductor layer (10). Preferably, the semiconductor material is high purity silicon and is doped before sintering.    Also claimed is a solar cell including a semiconductor layer with a p-n barrier layer and a contact on each side of the barrier layer for electrically contacting the semiconductor layer, the novelty being that the semiconductor layer consists of sintered semiconductor material, preferably sintered on a metal plate (6) to which one of the contacts is connected.    ADVANTAGE -   The method permits inexpensive production of solar cells having satisfactory efficiency.
(WO9927163-A1)      Device has a closed walled hollow container where at least part of one wall comprises an oxygen separation material to transport all the O2 into the container at a temperature at least equal to the O2 transport temperature of the separation material. A dense multi phase membrane which can conduct both O2 ions and electrons and comprises at least one ionic and electronic conductor in a volume fraction of 0.3 : 0.7 to 0.7 : 0.3 forms the O2 separation material.    USE -   Separation of O2 from gas or liquid mixtures for storage and delivery. O2 filled container stores O2 indefinitely below 300 - 600C. At destination the molecular O2 is released by exposing the container to a temperature to initiate electrochemical decomposition or O2 is released through a capped port or by rupturing a container wall. Noble gases containing O2 can be purified by exposing the device to a fluid containing the O2 and the gas.    ADVANTAGE -   Danger of O2 release from the container is low and containers can be stored in bins, tanks etc. the O2 filled containers can be transported dry or in a slurry or by a conveyor.
(EP957523-A1)      A semiconductor particle is doped by: mixing it with a solution of a boron compound; drying; diffusing the boron into the particle; and melting the particle to form a uniformly doped particle.    USE -   For the manufacture of uniformly B-doped Si spherical (powder) particles for use in photovoltaic and solar cells.    ADVANTAGE -   A uniformly B-doped Si particle is obtained in a single low-cost process which does not leave a B-rich glass on the particle surface. Boric acid is used as a dopant source and is diluted with deionised water. Boric acid is a low cost commercially available product, it does not pose any special shipping, handling or disposal requirements.
(US5776624-A)      A liquid cooled bipolar plate (8) separating adjacent cells of a PEM fuel cell comprises corrosion resistant metal sheets (58,60) brazed together so as to provide a passage between the sheets through which a dielectric coolant flows (82).    The brazement comprises a metal (85) is substantially insoluble in the coolant. The corrosion resistant sheets and spacer sheet (62) are preferably titanium and the brazement (85) an alloy of nickel, preferably NiCr.    ADVANTAGE -   The bipolar plates are less brittle than the conventional graphite and gas impermeable.    (EP851518-B1)      A liquid cooled bipolar plate (8) separating adjacent cells of a PEM fuel cell comprises corrosion resistant metal sheets (58,60) brazed together so as to provide a passage between the sheets through which a dielectric coolant flows (82).    The brazement comprises a metal (85) is substantially insoluble in the coolant. The corrosion resistant sheets and spacer sheet (62) are preferably titanium and the brazement (85) an alloy of nickel, preferably NiCr.    ADVANTAGE -   The bipolar plates are less brittle than the conventional graphite and gas impermeable.
(JP2922466-B2)      The battery includes a p-type compound semiconductor thin film acting as optical absorption layer. The compound semiconductor film contains IB group element, III group element, VIB group element and IA group element. The ratio of content of III group element and IB group element is 0.22-0.75.    ADVANTAGE -   Solar battery with novel composition is obtained.
(JP10190017-A)      A photoelectric conversion element comprises two electrodes on an electrically connected silicon layer. An IR shielding film of IR reflective or absorptive material is placed on the light incident side of the element. The IR shielding film is preferably an oxide dispersed in a binder to form coating film which is cured. The oxides were preferably ZnO containing Al, In or Ga.    USE -   For fabrication of solar cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The infra red shielding layer counters output reduction due to environmental temperature rises.
(DE19650704-C2)      A material, for the interconnectors (18) of a fuel cell stack (26), consists of an iron alloy which contains 13-24 wt.% Cr as well as 3 wt.% Mn, 2 wt.% Al and/or 1.5 wt.% Si.    Preferably, the alloy contains: (a) 0-0.12 wt.% C, 12-14 wt.% Cr, 0-1 wt.% Mn, 0.7-1.2 wt.% Al and 0.7-1.4 wt.% Si; (b) 0-0.12 wt.% C, 17-19 wt.% Cr, 0-1 wt.% Mn, 0.7-1.2 wt.% Al and 0.7-1.4 wt.% Si; or (c) 0-0.12 wt.% C, 23-26 wt.% Cr, 0-1 wt.% Mn, 1.2-1.7 wt.% Al and 0.7-1.4 wt.% Si.    Also claimed is an interconnector of the above material for electrically connecting the fuel cells (10) of a fuel cell stack (26).    USE -   Used for the production of an interconnector for electrically connecting the fuel cells, especially substrate-supported high temperature fuel cells, of a fuel cell stack, in which the material is exposed to operating temperatures of 900 C (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   The interconnector material has a thermal expansion coefficient closely matching that of the individual cells, is inexpensive to produce, has high electrical conductivity and is resistant to high temperatures and conditions at the cathode side (e.g. highly oxidising atmosphere) and at the anode side (e.g. presence of hot steam).
(US6132902-A)      The system includes a laminated type lithium ion secondarybattery (3) as a main power supply for driving. A composite metallic oxide dispersed with lithium is used as the negative electrode active material in the secondary battery. A temperature controller (4) is also provided in the secondary battery. An auxiliary power supply (9) such as solar battery or fuel battery supplies power for a regenerative braking device (8).    ADVANTAGE -   Improves charging capacity. Improves safety.
(US5853497-A)      The photovoltaic device for converting photons into electrical energy, comprises gallium indium phosphide (GaInP) (10, 10') and gallium arsenide (GaAs) (12, 12') cells and gallium indium arsenide phosphide (GaInAsP) (14, 15) cells. The GaInP, GaAs and GaInAsP cells are connected to each other in a tandem configuration so that photons enter the GaInP (10), GaAs (12) and GaInAsP (14) cells in turn.    Also claimed is a further photovoltaic device for converting photons into electrical energy.    USE -   The device is a multi-junctioned solar cell that efficiently convert solar radiation into electrical energy.    ADVANTAGE -   The device improves upon existing solar energy to electrical energy conversion efficiencies by using materials that are more efficient than prior art combinations in converting the infrared.
(US5902417-A)      A spectrum-partitioning photovoltaic device has (i) first (16) and second (18) solar cells for converting photons (10) into electrical energy, the cells (16, 18) having different effective band gaps; and (ii) a spectrally selective photon partitioner (14, 43, 44) positioned to receive incoming photons (10) and to direct photons (10) with energies between the effective band gaps towards that solar cell (18) having the smaller effective band gap and photons (10) more energetic than either of the effective band gaps towards that cell (16) having the larger effective band gap. Also claimed is a method of generating electricity by photovoltaic device.    USE -   Used as tandem solar cells that convert solar energy to electrical energy.    ADVANTAGE -   The device is highly efficient photovoltaic device in which photons are directed towards different solar cells depending upon their wavelength. Absorption losses are reduced since photons are imaged towards those semiconductor layers that convert into electricity.
(JP10173210-A)      The electrode includes either electrically conductive filler or polymer resin at less proportion. The cylindrical metal body (102) is mounted on a laminated thin film electric conduction layer (101). The electric conduction layer includes a hardener where thermosetting is performed.    ADVANTAGE -   Increases adhesive property. Offers adhesion strength in superior electrode. Provides small resistance.    (US6051778-A)      An electrode structure comprises an electroconductive layer comprising a polymeric resin and a dispersed electroconductive filler, and a bar-shaped or linear metal member superposed on the electroconductive layer.    Also claimed are: (i) the production of an electrode structure; and (ii) a photo-electricity generating device comprising a semiconductor region, a transparent upper electrode on the semiconductor region and an electrode structure.    USE -   The structure is especially used for providing a collector electrode structure on a photo-electricity generating device for solar cells etc..    ADVANTAGE -   The structure shows a low resistance, a high adhesion and a high reliability. A solar cell is provided having solved the problems of shunt and insufficient reliability of the photo-electricity generating device.
(US5998055-A)      The board (11) includes inlet and outlet conduction paths (16A,16B) connected between gas diffusion electrodes. A solid electrolytic film is formed over the diffusion electrodes. The inlet and outlet paths are interconnected through a conductive intermediate path. Lattice-shaped inlet and outlet grooves are formed in respective conduction paths. A set of parallelly bent intermediate grooves are formed in the intermediate conduction path.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves output capacity and gas utilisation efficiency. Improves passage resistance.
(US5840414-A)      A structural component for use in a fuel cell, the component being formed from particles of a size which provides fine pores in the component. The component is rendered hydrophilic by incorporating a metal oxide or metal hydroxide into the pores. The metal oxide or metal hydroxide has a solubility in water of &lt;10-6 moles/litre. A method for forming a hydrophilic component with fine pores for use in a fuel cell, comprising the steps: (a) providing a fine-pore particulate having a pore-size in the range 1-2 m; (b) providing an aqueous solution of a salt of a metal, the oxide or hydroxide of which has a solubility in water of &lt;10-6 moles/litre; (c) impregnating the pores with the salt solution; and (d) hydrolysing the impregnated metal salt in the pores of the component to convert the metal salt to a metal hydroxide.    USE -   Useful in solid polymer fuel cells for power plants for removing the ''product'' and ''drag'' water from the active surface of the cathode.    ADVANTAGE -   The plate of the invention can be highly wetted by water. The gas pressure differential which may be applied to the plate is increased without the danger of the reactant gas breaking through. The plate has an extended useful life and is not degraded under cell operating conditions.
(JP2955647-B2)      The electrode includes a substrate with an electrically conductive surface, which is laminated with a semiconductor oxide film. The organic colouring matter is absorbed by the surface of the semiconductor oxide film. The organic colouring matter including pigment with a triphenyl methane structure, coumarin structure or an acridine structure.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves battery capability and safety during mass production. Reduces cost of production.
(JP2955646-B2)      The electrode includes a semiconductor oxide film which is formed on a transparent substrate has an electrically conductive surface. The thickness of the semiconductor oxide film formed from baked semiconductor oxide fine particle aggregate and consisting of organic colouring matter, is 10 nm. The organic colouring matter contains the pigment having 9-phenyl xanthene structure. The ratio of real surface area to appearance surface area is 10 or more.    ADVANTAGE -   Increased capacity of solar battery. Improved safety.
(JP2871577-B2)      A mfg. method for copper phthalocyanine crystals comprises making copper phthalocyanine crystals into fine particles by in-gas evaporation method heating the crystals in a container with the pressure adjusted to a specific level with an inactive gas, treating with benzene by dispersing the fine particles into benzene and removing the benzene from the particles by evaporation.    Also claimed are the obtd. copper phthalocyanine crystals with a strong absorption in the near IR region.    USE -   The copper phthalocyanine crystals are useful as charge generation materials for solar batteries and electrophotographic receptors and also for inks, toners and coatings.    ADVANTAGE -   The copper phthalocyanine crystals have high purity and absorb light in the near IR region effectively. The mfg. method is simple and economical.
(JP10200080-A)      The method involves forming a non-porous semiconductor layer (12) on a first silicon substrate (11) on which an ion implantation layer (14) is formed. The first substrate with the non-porous semiconductor layer is bonded with a second silicon substrate (15) through an insulating layer (13) and a multilayer structure is formed.    The two substrates are separated from the multilayer structure. The remaining ion implantation layer provided in the second substrate, is then removed.    USE -   For e.g. solar battery, semiconductor laser, light emitting diode.    ADVANTAGE -   Eliminates influence of flow pattern defect and originated crystal particles. Excels in productivity. Widens application range.    (US5966620-A)      The production of a semiconductor article comprises: (a) preparing a silicon substrate with a non-porous semiconductor layer on it and an ion implantation layer on at least on of them; (b) bonding the first substrate to a second substrate with the non-porous layer on the bonded surface; and (c) separating the structure at the ion implantation layer and then removing the remaining ion implantation layer on the second substrate.    Also claimed are: (i) processes as above in which the remaining ion implantation layer is removed from the first substrate after step (c) and the substrate reused as a first or second substrate material; and (ii) articles made by the above processes.    USE -   Used for the production of semiconductor articles that are used for producing semiconductor devices, e.g. semiconductor integrated circuits, solar cells, semiconductor laser devices or light emitting diodes.    ADVANTAGE -   After bonding and separation the remaining portion of the first substrate can be reused giving resource and cost savings.
(US6133119-A)      The method involves heating a crystalline semiconductor substrate (101) which has a layer containing catalyst element positioned over its surface. During the first stage of heat treatment, the catalysts move into the defective areas of the semiconductor substrate. The heating is done in an atmosphere containing halogen element. During the second stage of heating the defect is removed and the catalysts are brought out. During the third stage, the oxide films formed on the semiconductor substrate during the second stage is removed by etching. The catalyst concentration in semiconductor substrate is less than or equal to 5 * 1018/cm3 and that of halogen element is 1*1016 - 1 * 1020/cm3.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces manufacturing cost. Provides solar cell with high conversion efficiency. Provides solar cell with small recombination centre.
(JP2952660-B2)      The method involves setting the rolling rate and velocity of a stainless steel board to 20% or more and more than 400m/min respectively, during finish cold rolling. Then, polishing and final rolling are carried out. Following the atmospheric air annealing, electrolytic pickling of the stainless steel board is performed by immersing it into nitric acid solution. The surface roughness of the board along predetermined rolling direction is in the range of 0.3-1.4micrometers and 0.5-1.7micrometers, respectively.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves photoelectric conversion efficiency.    (US5986205-A)      The method involves setting the rolling rate and velocity of a stainless steel board to 20% or more and more than 400m/min respectively, during finish cold rolling. Then, polishing and final rolling are carried out. Following the atmospheric air annealing, electrolytic pickling of the stainless steel board is performed by immersing it into nitric acid solution. The surface roughness of the board along predetermined rolling direction is in the range of 0.3-1.4micrometers and 0.5-1.7micrometers, respectively.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves photoelectric conversion efficiency.
(JP10144946-A)      Thin-film solar cell has a metal back electrode coated with, in order, a p-type CuInGaSe2 light absorbing layer, an interfacial layer, an n-window layer and an upper electrode. The window layer is formed of a stack of three transparent conductive films. The solar cell is formed by depositing the three transparent conductive films by, respectively RF, DC and DC magnetron sputtering.    ADVANTAGE -   a large area transparent conductive ZnO film can be deposited at a high rate, equal in performance to an MOCVD ZnO film while diminishing the influence of sputtering bombardment.    (US6040521-A)      Thin-film solar cell has a metal back electrode coated with, in order, a p-type CuInGaSe2 light absorbing layer, an interfacial layer, an n-window layer and an upper electrode. The window layer is formed of a stack of three transparent conductive films. The solar cell is formed by depositing the three transparent conductive films by, respectively RF, DC and DC magnetron sputtering.    ADVANTAGE -   a large area transparent conductive ZnO film can be deposited at a high rate, equal in performance to an MOCVD ZnO film while diminishing the influence of sputtering bombardment.
(EP839890-A2)      Process for completely utilising pure synthesis gas obtained by high temperature recycling of waste comprises bombarding the synthesis gas obtained with water vapour in a catalytic process to convert CO in the synthesis gas into CO2 and H2, to feed the remaining residual gas back to the high temperature reactor, to separate the main product consisting of H2, CO and CO2 by pressure swing adsorption into H2, CO and CO2 and utilise.    USE -   For completely utilising pure synthesis gas obtained by recycling waste.    ADVANTAGE -   No emissions are produced.    (JP10231488-A)      Process for completely utilising pure synthesis gas obtained by high temperature recycling of waste comprises bombarding the synthesis gas obtained with water vapour in a catalytic process to convert CO in the synthesis gas into CO2 and H2, to feed the remaining residual gas back to the high temperature reactor, to separate the main product consisting of H2, CO and CO2 by pressure swing adsorption into H2, CO and CO2 and utilise.    USE -   For completely utilising pure synthesis gas obtained by recycling waste.    ADVANTAGE -   No emissions are produced.
(JP2869525-B2)      The method comprises cooling reformed gas at the exits of catalyst layers to a proper temperature for reaction and distributing and supplying oxidant to the catalyst layers.    ADVANTAGE -   Carbon monoxide contained in reformed gas is selectively and efficiently removed and electrodes in a fuel cell are prevented from being poisoned by carbon monoxide.
(EP946406-A1)      CO is removed from a gas stream also containing H2 and CO2 by a process comprising (i) high temperature selective catalytic methanation to lower the concentration to a level above which CO2 methanation can occur, and (ii) low temperature selective catalytic methanation to reduce the residual CO to below 40 ppm.    USE -   is in the hydrogen clean-up unit for fuel cells based on a hydrogen production unit.    ADVANTAGE -   The high temperature stage removes CO without the occurrence of CO2 methanation to cause loss of H2 which can only occur if all of the CO is removed; there is very little loss of H2 in the low temperature step. Compared to single-step processes significantly less catalyst is required and to enable the provision of a very compact unit.    (US6207307-B1)      CO is removed from a gas stream also containing H2 and CO2 by a process comprising (i) high temperature selective catalytic methanation to lower the concentration to a level above which CO2 methanation can occur, and (ii) low temperature selective catalytic methanation to reduce the residual CO to below 40 ppm.    USE -   is in the hydrogen clean-up unit for fuel cells based on a hydrogen production unit.    ADVANTAGE -   The high temperature stage removes CO without the occurrence of CO2 methanation to cause loss of H2 which can only occur if all of the CO is removed; there is very little loss of H2 in the low temperature step. Compared to single-step processes significantly less catalyst is required and to enable the provision of a very compact unit.
(TW324117-A)      An electrochemical fuel cell generator configuration (10) is made having a generator section which contains a plurality of axially elongated fuel cells (26), each cell containing a fuel electrode (28), air electrode (30), and solid oxide electrolyte (32) between the electrodes, in which axially elongated dividers (58) separate portions of the fuel cells f4rom each other, and where at least one divider (60) also reforms a reformable fuel gas mixture prior to electricity generation reactions, the at least one reformer-devider (62) is hollow (64) having a closed end (70) and an open end (68) entrance (72) for a reformable fuel mixture to pass to the closed end of the divider and then reverse flow and pass back along the hollowed walls to be reformed, and then finally to pass as reformed fuel out of the open end (88) of the divider to contact the fuel cells, and further where the reformer-divider is a composite structure having a gas diffusion barrier for fuel mixture between divider and fuel cells.
(JP10112549-A)      The module has a covering material which seals the light incident side surface of a photovoltaic cell (101). The covering material comprises a surface sealing resin layer (102) and a surface protection film (103). The oxygen permeability of the surface protection film ranges between 10cc-50cc/m2*24hr under atmospheric condition of temperature of about 21degC and relative humidity of about 90%.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents yellow colouration of surface coating material due to prolonged exposure. Reduces loss of light. Improves reliability of battery module.
(JP10101303-A)      An apparatus for reducing concentration of carbon monoxide in a hydrogen-rich gas comprises a means for introducing oxidising gas; a catalytic oxidising unit to enable preferential bonding of oxidising gas to CO; and a water supply means. Also claimed is a fuels-cell generator including a reformer unit for converting crude fuel to a hydrogen-containing gas.    USE -   In a fuel-cells generator system for reducing CO concentration.    ADVANTAGE -   To enable all catalysts packed in a cooling layer to be kept within an active temperature range, thereby reducing the carbon monoxide concentration in a hydrogen-rich gas. Also enhances efficiency of power generation of a fuel-cells generator system.    (US6120925-A)      An apparatus for reducing concentration of carbon monoxide in a hydrogen-rich gas comprises a means for introducing oxidising gas; a catalytic oxidising unit to enable preferential bonding of oxidising gas to CO; and a water supply means. Also claimed is a fuels-cell generator including a reformer unit for converting crude fuel to a hydrogen-containing gas.    USE -   In a fuel-cells generator system for reducing CO concentration.    ADVANTAGE -   To enable all catalysts packed in a cooling layer to be kept within an active temperature range, thereby reducing the carbon monoxide concentration in a hydrogen-rich gas. Also enhances efficiency of power generation of a fuel-cells generator system.
(DE19640065-C2)      The cell with a dye converts photons into electrons and has an arrangement for generating useful electric current from the electrons. The dye is free of metal complex compositions.    Preferably, the dyestuff used for the solar cell is that used in dyestuff laser, typically nitrogen-pumped dyestuff laser. Stilbene (1,2-diphenyl-ethylene), rhodamine, coumarin, Nile blue, or their mixtures may be used.    ADVANTAGE -   Stable, commercially low-cost dye, easy to handle and having high conversion efficiency.
(DE19637261-A1)      Production of a cermet anode for high temperature fuel cells involves producing a sol containing the metallic component of the cermet as oxide, converting the sol into a powder containing the metal oxide and ceramic and producing the anode from the powder. Preferably, a sol with the components Ni, Zr and Y is produced and then converted into a xerogel which is then calcined.    USE -   Especially for producing a Ni - yttrium-stabilised zirconia cermet anode for a high temperature solid oxide fuel cell.    ADVANTAGE -   The process permits inexpensive commercial production of the starting powder, since expensive powder grinding is not used, and produces anodes with satisfactory porosity, homogeneous metal and ceramic distribution and good electrochemical properties.    (DE19637261-C2)      Production of a cermet anode for high temperature fuel cells involves producing a sol containing the metallic component of the cermet as oxide, converting the sol into a powder containing the metal oxide and ceramic and producing the anode from the powder. Preferably, a sol with the components Ni, Zr and Y is produced and then converted into a xerogel which is then calcined.    USE -   Especially for producing a Ni - yttrium-stabilised zirconia cermet anode for a high temperature solid oxide fuel cell.    ADVANTAGE -   The process permits inexpensive commercial production of the starting powder, since expensive powder grinding is not used, and produces anodes with satisfactory porosity, homogeneous metal and ceramic distribution and good electrochemical properties.
(US5859397-A)      The method involves laminating an aluminium compound layer, a transparent electric conduction layer, a semiconductor layer and a transparent electrode on a substrate for forming a photovoltaic cell. The photovoltaic cell is immersed in an electrolyte (207) which has a chlorine ion concentration in the range of 0.03 mols. The short circuit current path formed due to the defect in the photovoltaic cell is electrically severed by applying voltage to photovoltaic cell.    ADVANTAGE -   Excels in voltage characteristics during low illuminance. Enables large scale manufacture.
(US6090228-A)      The method involves forming a nickel layer (52) of thickness of 5-20 m on a base metal (51) of a division plate made of stainless steel. An aluminium thin film (53) of thickness 5-20 m is formed on the nickel plating. The temperature of the base metal is raised to 660-700 degrees C at the rate of 1-3 degrees C/minute in a hydrogen gas atmosphere. Subsequently the temperature is raised to 900-1000 degrees C at the rate of 1-3 degrees C/minute. Nickel-aluminium metal compound is formed on the base metal by diffusion of aluminium and nickel by maintaining the temperature for 2-10 hours.    ADVANTAGE -   Heat deformation of the division plate is prevented. The endurance of resistance is improved for a long period of the fuel battery. The production is simplified.
(JP3126925-B2)      The composition includes 15-35 wt.% chromium, 3-10 wt.% molybdenum and a specific amount of nickel.    ADVANTAGE -   Corrosion resistance is good.
(JP3111166-B2)      The fuel battery has multiple cells (C) held by a cell holding member (F). A power supply terminal (L) is provided on either sides of corresponding cell modules which are arranged at predetermined interval. The terminal of the adjacent cell modules are connected electrically. An oxygen gas passage (s) is formed on one side of the cell module. An oxygen pole and a fuel pole are provided on either surfaces of an electrolyte layer. A fuel gas passage (f) is formed facing the fuel pole.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves productivity.
(JP10233226-A)      In a bio-fuel cell, a microorganism which can react directly with an electrode without a mediator is used as microbial catalyst.    USE -   The bio-fuel cell converts reducing equivalents generated from oxidisation of a substrate by an organism into electric energy.Thus organic or inorganic matter in waste water can be used as fuel.    ADVANTAGE -   Possible toxicity and environmental problems associated with use of an electron transfer mediator are avoided. Efficiency of catabolisation of organics is increased, and sludge production reduced.    (US5976719-A)      In a bio-fuel cell, a microorganism which can react directly with an electrode without a mediator is used as microbial catalyst.    USE -   The bio-fuel cell converts reducing equivalents generated from oxidisation of a substrate by an organism into electric energy.Thus organic or inorganic matter in waste water can be used as fuel.    ADVANTAGE -   Possible toxicity and environmental problems associated with use of an electron transfer mediator are avoided. Efficiency of catabolisation of organics is increased, and sludge production reduced.    (JP3022431-B2)      In a bio-fuel cell, a microorganism which can react directly with an electrode without a mediator is used as microbial catalyst.    USE -   The bio-fuel cell converts reducing equivalents generated from oxidisation of a substrate by an organism into electric energy.Thus organic or inorganic matter in waste water can be used as fuel.    ADVANTAGE -   Possible toxicity and environmental problems associated with use of an electron transfer mediator are avoided. Efficiency of catabolisation of organics is increased, and sludge production reduced.
(US6087031-A)      High mol. electrolyte comprises sulphonated polyether sulphone (SPES) having an ion exchange gp. equiv. wt. of 800-5000 g/mole obtd. by sulphonating (a) polyether sulphone (PES) contg. repeating unit of formula shown on claim 1.    formula shown on claim 1-p    The high mol. electrolyte is suitable for fuel batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   The high mol. electrolyte is produced at low cost and moulded easily and has high water resistance.
(JP10098205-A)      The method involves forming a silicon layer (107) using a metal solvent on a crystalline silicon base (104). The crystalline silicon base is formed by casting, fusing and solidification of metal grade silicon particles. The total impurity concentration of crystalline silicon base is about 10ppm or more by using indium (106) as metal solvent.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies manufacturing process. Offers inexpensive and good quality solar battery.
(WO9949523-A1)      In a process for producing a solar cell support wafer, consisting of a reaction bonded silicon carbide-based ceramic substrate layer, a crystalline silicon top layer and optionally an intermediate barrier layer, reaction bonding of the substrate layer and formation of the silicon top layer are carried out in a single heat treatment operation. Also claimed is a solar cell support wafer consisting of a reaction bonded silicon carbide-based ceramic substrate layer, a crystalline silicon top layer and optionally an intermediate barrier layer.    USE -   In the production of crystalline silicon thin film solar cells (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   Substrate production costs are reduced by avoiding the need for a separate ceramic firing operation. Additionally, the ceramic substrate can be produced over a wide composition range and fulfils the strength, thermal expansion, electrical conductivity and silicon top layer adhesion requirements.
(US6071561-A)      A process for forming transparent, electrically conductive and infrared reflective, fluorine-doped zinc oxide comprises reacting a vapour mixture comprising the vapour of a chelate of a dialkylzinc, an oxygen-containing vapour and a fluorine-containing vapour. Also claimed is a process for forming a layer comprising zinc oxide by reaction of a vapour mixture comprising the vapour of an amine chelate of a dialkylzinc and an oxygen-containing vapour.    USE -   In solar cells, flat-panel display devices, electrochromic absorbers and reflectors, energy-conserving heat mirrors and anti-static coatings.    ADVANTAGE -   The doped zinc oxide layer is formed from precursors that are not pyrophoric [liable to spontaneous combustion under the process conditions]. The zinc chelates are easily vaporised [either liquid themselves or readily soluble in xylene] for use in a chemical vapour deposition process (CVD). The process is relatively insensitive to leaks of air into the deposition region. All of the reactant vapours may be mixed homogeneously before delivery to the heated surface of the substrate, and all of the reactants are commercially available, stable and relatively non-hazardous.
(DE19639068-A1)      A demonstration apparatus for energy production from hydrogen, having a hydrogen reservoir and a fuel cell with a housing (16) divided by a membrane/electrode unit (11) associated at both sides with perforated collector plates (12) and contacts (15) leading to an external consumer, includes a transparent gas supply element (13) which has open channels (10) for gas supply over the membrane/electrode unit (11) and which is held under constant pressure by pre-tensioned transparent elastic material (14) in the space between each wall of the housing (16) and the gas supply element (13). Preferably, the elastic material (14) is silicone and the gas supply elements (13) and the housing (16) consist of plastic, especially acrylic glass.    USE -   For demonstrating hydrogen-energy production technology in schools, universities, etc.    ADVANTAGE -   The apparatus provides clear visibility of the water formation process at the fuel cell electrode, has low manufacturing cost, provides effective current output and has a long operating life.
(JP10093124-A)      The battery module has a photovoltaic cell (101). A light receiving side surface of the cell is sealed by a transparent organic polymer resin (103) containing a fibrous inorganic compound (102).    At the non-light reception side of the cell, a layer of reinforcing material (107) is provided whose area is larger than the cell area. The area of the light reception side of the photovoltaic cell is convex-shaped.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables twisting reduction of electrical insulation. Facilitates control of moisture penetration inside module. Simplifies bending process. Offers module with high reliability. Excels in fire retardancy.
(US6172296-B1)      The photovoltaic cell includes lamination of a non- monocrystal n type layer containing silicon atom, a non- monocrystal i type layer and a non-monocrystal p type layer on a substrate.    Thereby, a pin substrate (100) is comprised over which a reflecting layer (101) is laminated. The principal composition of the reflecting layer is aluminium magnesium alloy or aluminium titanium alloy.    ADVANTAGE -   Possesses environmental resistant property. Offers superior photovoltaic cell with high durability. Improves photoelectric conversion efficiency.
(WO9818903-A1)      Temperature-controlled solar cell (1) for solar reactors has a multi-web plate of translucent or transparent plastics through which liquid can flow, which has not less than 3 bands (2) with webs (3) between them. The novelty is that the spaces between 2 bands and the webs comprise space(s) containing a functional layer (4a) of reaction medium for the photochemical process or photosynthesis in the reactor and other space(s) containing a layer (4b) of temperature control medium.    USE -   The cell is used for controlling the temperature of the reactor medium in solar reactors (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   The temperature of known solar cells can vary widely, depending on the intensity of the sunlight and other weather conditions. As a result, the cells do not usually operate at the optimum temperature for the relevant (photo)chemical reaction or photosynthesis. The present construction is simple and allows effective temperature control. It avoids the need for costly shading systems.
(JP10125944-A)      The structure includes multiple pin junction. The i-type semiconductor layer of the first pin junction has amorphous silicon. The i-type semiconductor layer of the second pin junction includes fine crystal silicon.    The i-type semiconductor layer of third pin junction has amorphous silicon germanium or fine crystal silicon germanium. The film thickness of i-type semiconductor layer of second pin junction lies between 300-2200nm.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves photoelectric conversion efficiency. Reduces photodegradation.    (US6180870-B1)      (I) Photovoltaic device having a plurality of pin structures each comprising first, second, and third, pin structures in sequence from the light incident side, each having an i-type semiconductor layer the first pin structure being amorphous silicon, the second microcrystalline silicon, and the third amorphous silicon germanium.    Also claimed (II) is the device as (I) in which the third pin structure i-type layer is microcrystalline silicon germanium.    Preferably the i-type layer in the second pin structure is 300 - 2200 nm thick, and contains 8 ppm B. The n-type layer of the second pin structure is microcrystalline Si or a laminate of microcrystalline and amorphous Si layers. The amorphous Si-Ge i-type layer in the third pin structure contains 45 at% Ge, and is 60 - 250 nm thick formed by microwave plasma-assisted chemical vapour deposition and has on at least one interface layer, a buffer layer containing no Ge.    USE -   Fabrication of solar cells and sensors.    ADVANTAGE -   The structure provides for increased photoelectric conversion efficiency with less photo-deterioration.
(JP10070295-A)      The method involves forming a transparent electrically conducting film electrode (3) on an insulated transparent substrate (1) through a silicon dioxide film (2). The transparent electrode is divided suitably. A non-crystal semiconductor photoelectric conversion layer (4) is formed on the transparent electrode.    The conversion layer is then divided suitably. A pair of electrode layers (5,6) are formed on the photoelectric conversion layer. A resist film (7) is formed on the electrode layers. Laser is irradiated on the resist film. The electrode layers are patterned by dissolution removing process using etching liquid and resist film as the mask layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves conversion efficiency. Prevents reduction in film quality. Reduces electricity generation effective area loss by integration. Improves product yield and characteristics. Does not reduce shunt resistance.    (US5956572-A)      Method of fabricating integrated thin film solar cells comprises: (a) forming a transparent conductive film on a transparent substrate having an insulative surface; (b) scribing for segmenting the transparent conductive film to form electrodes; (c) forming amorphous semiconductor layer overall; (d) scribing for segmenting the semiconductor layer to form amorphous semiconductor photoelectric conversion layers; and (e) forming a rear electrode layer and scribing it to form rear electrodes by forming a resist film and forming trenches in it by laser scribing and etching off portions of the rear electrode using the remaining resist as a mask.    USE -   Fabrication of thin film solar cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The method allows for segmentation of the rear electrode without loss in effective power generation area.
(JP2863831-B2)      The cation group Au ethylenediamine complex is adsorbed by a cation exchange membrane and immersed in a reducing agent soln. to deposit Au on the surface of the membrane.    USE -   The combined matter of Au and ion exchange membrane is used for electrolysis apparatus and fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The combined matter of Au and ion exchange membrane has good adhesion, low contact resistance and small relative surface resistance.
(US5720827-A)      (I) Photo-active region for generation of free carriers when an optical radiation is present at a light incident surface is claimed. The photo-active region comprises a conducting transparent matrix with embedded within it clusters of semiconductor material arranged so as to define at least one distribution ranging from smaller at the light incident surface to larger near an oppositely facing surface of the photo-active region.    Also claimed (II) the device as (I) with a plurality of cluster layers as (I) with the clusters in any layer being smaller than the clusters in the next lower layer.    Also claimed (III) is the method of manufacture of (I) or (II) by forming the layers of transparent matrix material and semiconductor clusters in sequence.    Also claimed (IV) is a solar cell including the photo-active material with current electrodes formed on opposite sides of it and field electrodes formed adjacent to them with a transparent insulating layer between them.    USE -   Fabrication of solar cells.    ADVANTAGE -   Using layers containing clusters of semiconductor in a range of sizes gives a range of band gaps allowing solar energy over a wider wavelength to be converted to useable electricity.
(US6093297-A)      Solid electrolyte film formation comprises forming an electrolyte film similar to the solid electrolyte film that is to be formed on an electrode substrate by an electrophoresis electrodeposition process, then a solid electrolyte film is formed by CVD-EVD process and the films are baked at a temperature of not more than 1,300C.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents deterioration of electrode substrate.
(US5955215-A)      Bipolar electrode-electrolyte unit (13) comprises an electrode having a barrier layer (2) and at least two carrier layers (3) and two active layers (1). The active layers (1) are made of a material made of an electroactive material with low resistance and high capacity. The barrier layer (2) is electrically conducting and material impermeable, and is made of sealed and/or impregnated carbon, plastic-bound carbon or carbon-coated metal sheet. An electrically conducting porous three-dimensioned structure of specific geometric surface is formed between barrier layer (2) and carrier layers, which contains carbon fibre paper/foil/mat/web, sealed graphite flakes and carbon fibres, conducting plastic or carbon produced by pyrolysing or dehydrating organic material. The electrolyte (4) is a good conductor.    USE -   Used in electrochemical cells, e.g. double layer capacitors, fuel cells, and gas sensors (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   The unit has improved conductivity, capacity, electrochemical activity and integration capability and high energy and performance density.
(EP907980-A1)      Process is for continuous production of membrane electrode units (ME) for polymer-electrolyte-membrane (PEM) fuel cells, in which (a) a continuous strip of PEM (membrane strip) is drawn through a solution of a salt of the electrode material so that the required amount of salt adheres to both sides of the membrane, and (b) the salt is reduced on the membrane.    ADVANTAGE -   An automatable process for the continuous mass production of ME units for fuel cells. The elimination of discontinuous process stages and time-determining diffusion-controlled steps ensures high rates of production and low costs.    (EP907980-B1)      Process is for continuous production of membrane electrode units (ME) for polymer-electrolyte-membrane (PEM) fuel cells, in which (a) a continuous strip of PEM (membrane strip) is drawn through a solution of a salt of the electrode material so that the required amount of salt adheres to both sides of the membrane, and (b) the salt is reduced on the membrane.    ADVANTAGE -   An automatable process for the continuous mass production of ME units for fuel cells. The elimination of discontinuous process stages and time-determining diffusion-controlled steps ensures high rates of production and low costs.    (JP2000512798-W)      Process is for continuous production of membrane electrode units (ME) for polymer-electrolyte-membrane (PEM) fuel cells, in which (a) a continuous strip of PEM (membrane strip) is drawn through a solution of a salt of the electrode material so that the required amount of salt adheres to both sides of the membrane, and (b) the salt is reduced on the membrane.    ADVANTAGE -   An automatable process for the continuous mass production of ME units for fuel cells. The elimination of discontinuous process stages and time-determining diffusion-controlled steps ensures high rates of production and low costs.
(JP10012246-A)      A polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell comprises polymer electrolyte membranes, gas diffusion electrodes sandwiching the membranes, and bipolar plates operating as gas separation plates and current collectors with fuel/oxidising agent supply and discharge passages provided by projections on both surfaces. At least the projections of the bipolar plate are formed with a melt-processible polymer having good fluidity, and the surface of the bipolar plate is coated with metal, metal nitride or metal carbide.    USE -   For direct generation of electrical energy from fuel and an oxidising agent.    ADVANTAGE -   The bipolar plate has a simple structure and is made by a simple production process at reduced manufacturing cost. It has high resistance against corrosive electrolyte, good current collection function, a high degree of structural integrity, and reduced size and weight.    (EP956604-A1)      A polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell comprises polymer electrolyte membranes, gas diffusion electrodes sandwiching the membranes, and bipolar plates operating as gas separation plates and current collectors with fuel/oxidising agent supply and discharge passages provided by projections on both surfaces. At least the projections of the bipolar plate are formed with a melt-processible polymer having good fluidity, and the surface of the bipolar plate is coated with metal, metal nitride or metal carbide.    USE -   For direct generation of electrical energy from fuel and an oxidising agent.    ADVANTAGE -   The bipolar plate has a simple structure and is made by a simple production process at reduced manufacturing cost. It has high resistance against corrosive electrolyte, good current collection function, a high degree of structural integrity, and reduced size and weight.
(FR2751119-A1)       Protonically conducting material comprising mineral compound dispersed in matrix polymer is claimed. Mineral compound is selected from Bronsted acids, insoluble in acid media, which have laminar structure capable of being inflated in water or polar solvent; specific surface area about 100m2 g-1 ; sub-micro granular structure which is stable up to about 150C; and electrical conductivity10-2 Scm-1at 100% relative humidity. Matrix polymer is polyelectrolyte or ionomer which has suitable properties for making film of thickness150m; which is impermeable to water, hydrogen, and oxygen; and which is stable up to 150C in acid medium, and electrochemically and mechanically stable. Also claimed is exchange membrane made from claimed material, after inflation by water, for use in fuel cell and super-capacitor.    USE -   For exchange membranes in fuel cells and super-capacitors (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   Membranes produced from claimed material are less expensive to produce than "Nafion" (RTM) type and possess at least equal if not superior properties.
(US5981445-A)      The preparation for making a high specific surface ceramic powder comprises, first, admixing an oxide with an aqueous solution of a cation salt to form a slurry comprising hydroxides and cations salts and having a pH of 2-8.    Then the slurry is subjected to spray-freezing and freeze-drying, or spray-drying. Then the dried particles are calcined.    USE -   Used for producing fine ceramic powders, particularly perovskite powders. Used as electro-catalysts for oxygen reduction in fuel cells or batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   Process is shorter and less energy demanding, producing less waste gases from precursor decomposition.
(JP10055805-A)      Electrochemical cell comprises two end plates (7), metal (alloy) bipolar plates (1), gas permeable metal distributors (2), metal current collectors (3), gasket frames (4) with channels for feeding gaseous reactants and discharging excess reactants and condensates, two gas diffusion electrodes (5) and an ion exchange membrane (6). The collectors have a highly distributed segmented contact area, free of peaks and protrusions, which is porous and permeable to gas flow. Also claimed are a stack of the cells described above which are connected in series and a process for preparing the current collector.    (US6022634-A)      Electrochemical cell comprises two end plates (7), metal (alloy) bipolar plates (1), gas permeable metal distributors (2), metal current collectors (3), gasket frames (4) with channels for feeding gaseous reactants and discharging excess reactants and condensates, two gas diffusion electrodes (5) and an ion exchange membrane (6). The collectors have a highly distributed segmented contact area, free of peaks and protrusions, which is porous and permeable to gas flow. Also claimed are a stack of the cells described above which are connected in series and a process for preparing the current collector.    ADVANTAGE -
(JP2951887-B2)       The composition includes a perovskite type oxide, which is expressed with a general formula Ba1-x Lx Ce1-y My O3-a. In this formula M is either magnesium or calcium and L is chosen from either of elements among Sr, La, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sn, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb and Y. The values of X and Y are in the range of 0&lt;x0.2 and 0.05y0.26, respectively.    ADVANTAGE -   Ensures stability of ionic conductor in carbon di:oxide and high steam atmosphere. Ensures high ionic conductivity for long period. Improves acid proof nature. Offers highly efficient fuel battery and sensors, for electrical devices with high reliability.
(EP902755-A1)      Gas separation device is a composite of an H2 diffusion membrane and a methanation catalyst for removal of C oxides from H2 streams. The device preferably includes a (micro)porous support, preferably of alumina or an alumino-silicate, with an H2 diffusion membrane on the upstream surface and a methanation catalyst on the downstream surface.    Process for purifying H2 using the device is claimed.    Fuel cell for a vehicle including the device as an H2 purification unit is claimed.    USE -   Used in purification of H2 for a wide range of chemical processes, including vehicle fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The device is especially suitable for small scale operations, eg less than 600 litres/minute of feed gas, and involves a single pass through the device. CO and CO2 are removed and pin-hole leakages of C oxide through the membrane are prevented.    (EP902755-B1)      Gas separation device is a composite of an H2 diffusion membrane and a methanation catalyst for removal of C oxides from H2 streams. The device preferably includes a (micro)porous support, preferably of alumina or an alumino-silicate, with an H2 diffusion membrane on the upstream surface and a methanation catalyst on the downstream surface.    Process for purifying H2 using the device is claimed.    Fuel cell for a vehicle including the device as an H2 purification unit is claimed.    USE -   Used in purification of H2 for a wide range of chemical processes, including vehicle fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The device is especially suitable for small scale operations, eg less than 600 litres/minute of feed gas, and involves a single pass through the device. CO and CO2 are removed and pin-hole leakages of C oxide through the membrane are prevented.
(JP9321326-A)      Production of a copper-indium-selenium (CIS) solar cell comprises depositing a Se layer or a layer containing selenium in contact with an electrically conducting layer. The selenium layer or layer containing selenium is produced by galvanising.    USE -   Used as a solar cell to convert light energy into electrical energy.    ADVANTAGE -   A uniform selenium layer is formed. The degree of conversion of photoelectric energy by the solar cell is high.
(US5792572-A)      A processed fuel cell power plant gas stream(I) is passed through a scrubber bed containing phosphoric acid to lower the NH3 concentration in (I) to below 1ppm by conversion to ammonium phosphate compounds. Sufficient H3PO4 is evaporated from the bed to replenish all H3PO4 electrolyte lost from the active area of the power plant cell stack during it's operation. A system for treating the above stream comprising a reformer for forming (I), a scrubber containing H3PO4, a cooler for lowering the temperature of (I) to above 400F and lines for directing (I) from the reformer to the cooler to the scrubber is also claimed.    USE -   In treating a fuel gas stream in a H3PO4 fuel cell power plant to remove NH3 while at the same time adding acid electrolyte to the fuel gas stream.    ADVANTAGE -   System is compact and can be retrofitted to existing fuel cell power plant.    (JP11003721-A)      A processed fuel cell power plant gas stream(I) is passed through a scrubber bed containing phosphoric acid to lower the NH3 concentration in (I) to below 1ppm by conversion to ammonium phosphate compounds. Sufficient H3PO4 is evaporated from the bed to replenish all H3PO4 electrolyte lost from the active area of the power plant cell stack during it's operation. A system for treating the above stream comprising a reformer for forming (I), a scrubber containing H3PO4, a cooler for lowering the temperature of (I) to above 400F and lines for directing (I) from the reformer to the cooler to the scrubber is also claimed.    USE -   In treating a fuel gas stream in a H3PO4 fuel cell power plant to remove NH3 while at the same time adding acid electrolyte to the fuel gas stream.    ADVANTAGE -   System is compact and can be retrofitted to existing fuel cell power plant.
(EP814054-A2)      Reformer comprises three serially arranged reactor stages (1a), (1b), (1c), each charged with a catalyst pellet charge (2). The middle reactor stage (1b) is maintained by heating to a temperature suitable for reforming, while the other two reactor steps remain unheated.    USE -   Used for steam reforming methanol.    ADVANTAGE -   The reformer is mobile.    (EP814054-B1)      Reformer comprises three serially arranged reactor stages (1a), (1b), (1c), each charged with a catalyst pellet charge (2). The middle reactor stage (1b) is maintained by heating to a temperature suitable for reforming, while the other two reactor steps remain unheated.    USE -   Used for steam reforming methanol.    ADVANTAGE -   The reformer is mobile.    (US6264856-B1)      Reformer comprises three serially arranged reactor stages (1a), (1b), (1c), each charged with a catalyst pellet charge (2). The middle reactor stage (1b) is maintained by heating to a temperature suitable for reforming, while the other two reactor steps remain unheated.    USE -   Used for steam reforming methanol.    ADVANTAGE -   The reformer is mobile.
(EP813262-A2)      Operating an apparatus for steam reforming methanol comprises preparing a steam/methanol mixture from water and methanol in a mixture preparation step, and feeding the mixture into a reformer. The steam/methanol ratio of the steam/methanol mixture is influenced by short-term charge changing to control or regulate the theoretical value.    USE -   Used in a mobile apparatus for steam reforming methanol in fuel cell operated vehicles to recover hydrocarbon for the storage of the fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The production of unwanted high CO concentrations in the reformate can be avoided.    (US6048473-A)      Operating an apparatus for steam reforming methanol comprises preparing a steam/methanol mixture from water and methanol in a mixture preparation step, and feeding the mixture into a reformer. The steam/methanol ratio of the steam/methanol mixture is influenced by short-term charge changing to control or regulate the theoretical value.    USE -   Used in a mobile apparatus for steam reforming methanol in fuel cell operated vehicles to recover hydrocarbon for the storage of the fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The production of unwanted high CO concentrations in the reformate can be avoided.    (EP813262-B1)      Operating an apparatus for steam reforming methanol comprises preparing a steam/methanol mixture from water and methanol in a mixture preparation step, and feeding the mixture into a reformer. The steam/methanol ratio of the steam/methanol mixture is influenced by short-term charge changing to control or regulate the theoretical value.    USE -   Used in a mobile apparatus for steam reforming methanol in fuel cell operated vehicles to recover hydrocarbon for the storage of the fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The production of unwanted high CO concentrations in the reformate can be avoided.
(EP998336-A1)      An interactive exercise pad system [10] receives exercise data from a user [24] stepping on and off an exercise pad. The exercise data is optionally pre-processed in a data acquisition unit [14] before being communicated to a communications port [30] of a computer [16], the computer obtaining prestored data files. The prestored data files include video files, optional audio files and table files of location and terrain information collected from a real exercise course. The computer processes the exercise data and the data files to playback the video files and the optional audio files so that the user experiences a realistic simulation of the real exercise course.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides system which realistically simulates exercise in a natural environment to relieve exercise boredom in convenient manner and at a relatively inexpensive cost.
(JP3174531-B2)      The method involves forming a laminated member (7) by sequential arrangement of a lower member (6), a perforated lower sealing material (5), several solar battery elements (4), a perforated upper sealing material (2) and an upper member (1). The two sealing materials are coated with adhesive. Then, the laminated member is heated and pressure is applied on it.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves moisture resistance of battery module. Prevents trapping of air bubbles during manufacture. Improves appearance of battery.
(US6211038-B1)      The method begins by forming a porous layer (101), which has several minute holes and predetermined thickness, on the surface of a crystalline base (100). A part of the porous layer on a crystalline smooth layer (102), which does not contain holes, is denatured.    The remaining part (103) of the smooth layer is then peeled off from the porous layer on the crystalline base, without denaturing in the smooth layer. Preferably, a semiconductor junction (104) is formed inside the smooth layer before peeling the smooth layer from the crystalline base.    ADVANTAGE -   Extends application of solar battery since thin film crystal solar battery with high conversion efficiency can be formed on inexpensive and flexible substrate. Reduces manufacturing cost due to effective use of materials and repeated use of substrate.
(US6038494-A)      Each of three hydroelectric generation installations (10) includes a dam (12), generating plant (16) with turbine equipment (18) and fish and water management features including a fish bypass (23a), spillway (23b) and flow control gates (25a,25b).    A controller (48) and facility controllers (48a, 48b) are coupled to fish location and movement sensors, instruments and control actuators to co-ordinate the facilities and monitor overall system parameters. Fish bypass and spill way structures are controlled.    ADVANTAGE -   Adapts a hydroelectric generation installation to provide an overall water, fish and power management system, improving the survival of fish detected in the facility while optimising power production levels.
(ZA9803208-A)      The element can be fitted with an intermediate heat absorption plate of metal, plastics, ceramics, etc. of sandwich structure containing outer structure similar to roof appearing, or inner structure of an interconnected chamber or duct system for the heat carrier liquid.    Preferably the outer layer side of the metal etc. plate comprises a heat radiation reducing layer. Typically the coating plates are of refined steel, copper, aluminium or other metals, or their alloys. Sheet metal, plastics, ceramic etc. bands may be used of technically acceptable width, endless length of minimum roof or wall length.    USE -   For newly developed solar systems for roofs and wall facades.    ADVANTAGE -   Cost reduction in improved installation.
(NL1005926-C2)      A photovoltaic solar panel comprises a plate like carrier (1) with flat elongated photovoltaic units (3, 4) connected together in series by an electrical conductor (6). The units are fabricated individually and have a length ratio long side / short side 5 and preferably 20. The substrate is glass, metal, plastic, semiconductor or ceramic material, the solar cell material is based on silicon, copper indium sulphide, cadmium telluride, or nano-crystalline titanium dioxide, or preferably thin film crystalline silicon (f-Si). The (7) conductor has a zig zag profile (8) for reflecting incident light to one of the photovoltaic units.    USE -   Solar cells.    ADVANTAGE -   Since the individual units are fabricated separately the problems of scale up are avoided and the functional surface area relative to non-functional is increased.
(JP3070912-B2)      The battery comprises a silicon crystal (1) which is partially injected with an impurity thereby several independent island shaped impurity layers (5,5') which comprise two different kinds of impurity layers are formed. A contact hole is formed between the impurity layers of a specific kind and an electrode layer (8). The impurity layer of specific kind are not linked with the electrode layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves life of substrate portion covered by heat oxide film. Enables manufacturing superior battery using existing manufacturing technique. Eliminates gettering effect of diffusion layer.
(US6133521-A)      The structure includes an output terminal that is formed on surface of a substrate (10) and penetrates through an opening formed at the bottom of the substrate. A metallic foil (220) arranged at the back side of the substrate covers the opening.    An electrically conducting material filled in the opening connects the output terminal and the metallic foil, electrically. A protection resin layer (251), is formed on the substrate. A lead wire is soldered onto the metallic foil.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids peeling of protection resin layer since fusing of protection resin film due to heat is avoided. Improves operability. Reduces restrictions for selecting soldering place of lead wire.
(GB2326916-A)      The device has a rotational hub structure within a circular rail (8), the structure having a flexible walled chamber on each end of a diametral spoke (10). An output shaft (14) is connected to the centre of the spoke, and the chambers are in fluid communication. The output of the shaft can be offset from the centre of the circular rail, causing one chamber to expand and the other to decrease in volume by an equal amount.    In use, the device is immersed in a liquid and the shaft output is offset such that the larger volume chamber is more deeply immersed and more buoyant than the other chamber. Rotation of the output shaft is produced by the differential buoyancy of the chambers.    ADVANTAGE -   Power is generated without any pollution, and the device can be used in remote areas due to its low cost.    (JP11037035-A)      The device has a rotational hub structure within a circular rail (8), the structure having a flexible walled chamber on each end of a diametral spoke (10). An output shaft (14) is connected to the centre of the spoke, and the chambers are in fluid communication. The output of the shaft can be offset from the centre of the circular rail, causing one chamber to expand and the other to decrease in volume by an equal amount.    In use, the device is immersed in a liquid and the shaft output is offset such that the larger volume chamber is more deeply immersed and more buoyant than the other chamber. Rotation of the output shaft is produced by the differential buoyancy of the chambers.    ADVANTAGE -   Power is generated without any pollution, and the device can be used in remote areas due to its low cost.
(JP3202641-B2)      The apparatus includes a glass pane (2) arranged on the light incidence side of an photoelectric transducer (1). A strip-shaped unit (21) is formed inside the glass pane.    The surface angle of the strip-shaped unit and the principal plane near the incidence side of the glass pane are formed near the LAT of the battery installation surface.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces reflection of incident light. Enables effective utilisation of light during high noon. Improves light conversion efficiency.
(JP3133269-B2)      The battery has a substrate (10) on which layer structure of electricity generating layers (12a-12c) are formed. The electricity generating layers are mutually connected.    Ejection electrodes (14a,14b) are provided at the side edge portions of the substrate. Preferably, the side edge of the substrate has a predetermined angle from one principal plane.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides superior exterior for solar panel that can be produced easily in sufficient yield.
(JP10341013-A)      NOVELTY - An optoelectric transducer is provided on a sensor base (1). A fluorescent material (2) is bonded with the sensor base through an adhesive agent (4) for enabling wavelength transformation in the optoelectric transducer. A thin metal plate (3) is bonded to the fluorescent material by the adhesive agent, for preventing foreign radiation noise. A wavelength transformation body is provided between the optoelectric transducer and thin metal plate.    USE -   For X-ray image pick up apparatus, image scanner, facsimile, digital copier.    ADVANTAGE -   The influence of radiation noise is eliminated by inexpensive and simple mounting structure DESCRIPTION OF DRAWING(S) - This figure shows the sectional view of the photoelectric converter. (1) Sensor base; (2) Fluorescent material; (3) Thin metal plate; (4) Adhesive agent.
(DE19916008-A1)      the skate is an adaptation of a conventional in-line skating shoe whereby the shoe is fitted with illumination in the direction of travel and in the reverse direction.    An illumination arrangement is built into each skating shoe. The illumination arrangement receives power from a battery or accumulator and/or a dynamo in each wheel.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   The skate contains integral illumination which lights the path ahead and the skater above, reducing the risk of skating in the dark.
(JP10259780-A)      The water turbine has a slide vane (4) whose diameter is changed for controlling the rotating speed which inturn operates a generator. The slide vane slides inside a cylinder (12).    USE -   For ship.    ADVANTAGE -   Maintains constant rotating speed for generator.
(DE19710134-C2)      The parent patent (Application No. 19637126) describes an amorphous silicon (alloy) based photosensitive electronic device having blocking contacts with adjacent radiation absorbing intrinsically conductive layers, each active layer being arranged normal to the light propagation direction. Charge carriers, generated by varied spectral radiation, are collected at different externally applied voltages. At least one of the intrinsically conductive layers consists of two sub-layers of different collection lengths (drift lengths) for photo-generated charge carriers, the leading and trailing (in the light incidence direction) sub-layers (I, II) having respectively longer and shorter collection lengths for producing different electric field strengths so that multiplied charge carriers are collected at short and long wave light irradiation, respectively. In this patent of addition, the novelty is that at least one of the intrinsically conductive layers has an additional third sub-layer (III) having a collection length (drift length) which differs from those of the other two sub-layers (I, II) so that multiplied charge carriers of different respective spectral regions are collected in each of the three sub-layers. Preferably, the device has a glass substrate bearing (a) a p-conductive (or n-conductive) a-Si:H layer; (b) an intrinsically conductive a-Si:H layer consisting of three sub-layers (I, II, III) of different dielectric constants increasing in the light incidence direction; and (c) an n-conductive (or p-conductive) a-Si:H layer.    USE -   As a variable spectral multicolour diode.    ADVANTAGE -   The device has excellent spectral selectivity, a linearity over more than five orders of magnitude of the illumination intensity, a low dark current and thus a high dynamic range and does not require additional optical filters for spectral fraction selection.
(JP10270734-A)      The terminal box (103), filled with a filler, contains an electrical connector connecting a solar cell and an outer lead wire (105). The box is attached to a solar cell module (100) by a pressure-sensitive adhesive (102), double-sided adhesive tape. A lid (100) is attached to the module using adhesive (107) to cover the box such that the lid can be locked shut.    The solar cell module and an inverter may be included in a solar power generator. The inverter controls the output from the module.    ADVANTAGE -   High adhesion workability, high productivity, and high reliability.    (US6066797-A)      The terminal box (103), filled with a filler, contains an electrical connector connecting a solar cell and an outer lead wire (105). The box is attached to a solar cell module (100) by a pressure-sensitive adhesive (102), double-sided adhesive tape. A lid (100) is attached to the module using adhesive (107) to cover the box such that the lid can be locked shut.    The solar cell module and an inverter may be included in a solar power generator. The inverter controls the output from the module.    ADVANTAGE -   High adhesion workability, high productivity, and high reliability.
(DE19708861-C2)      A refrigerator or a freezer has 1 photovoltaic element (16,18,20) which is integrated into the appliance surface (6,8,10) for covering electric energy demand. The appliance features six planar surface sections (6,8,10) into which the photovoltaic element (16,18,20) can be integrated.    ADVANTAGE -   The photovoltaic element (solar cell) covers part of the electricity consumption of the appliance so that demand on mains electricity is reduced.
(JP3137914-B2)      The photo voltaic cell has a `p' layer (P), `n' layer (n) and three `i' layers (i1,i2,i3) in between p and n layers. In the conduction band (Ec) a sudden fall in energy level (2) is carried out from the central valve thereby forming a trough near `n' layer. In the valance band (Ev) a sudden rise in energy level (3) is carried out near the `p' layer due to the junction of i1 and i2 layers.    ADVANTAGE -   Generates higher voltage with good conversion efficiency by preventing electron hole combination.
(JP2905872-B2)      The method involves adding sodium ion to a neutral metal complex. The neutral metal complex contains heterocyclic compound with one ligand. The molecular weight of the sodium ion added neutral metal complex is determined by electro spray mass spectrometry.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies measurement of molecular weight of neutral metal complex.
(JP10260381-A)      The semiconductor device includes a quantum well lamination structure with at least one quantum well layer and at least two barrier layers alternately laminated. The quantum well layer forms a quantum well relative to electrons and holes and the barrier layer forms a potential barrier relative to electrons and holes.    The thickness of the quantum well layer and the height of the potential barrier of the valence band at the interface between the quantum well layer and the barrier layer are set so that the number of quantum levels relative to holes on the valence band side of the quantum well layer is two or three in the state that the intensity of an electric field generated in the quantum well layer is zero. A mechanism applies an electric field in the quantum well lamination structure in the thickness direction.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces chirp parameter so that laser can be used for long distance transmission at 1.55m.
(JP10256575-A)      The transducer has a multilayer body with several semiconductor joints with mutually different spectral sensitivity and rate of degradation. The photoelectric current passing through the semiconductor joint with minimum rate of degradation, is larger than that of the semiconductor joint with maximum rate of degradation.    A light incidence surface is made to absorb spectral sensitivity area light of the semiconductor joint with minimum rate of degradation. A surface member makes the photoelectric current passing through the semiconductor joint of minimum degradation rate smaller than that of semiconductor joint with maximum degradation rate.    USE -   For sensor, electrical power generator used in building.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves optoelectric conversion efficiency. Suppresses photodegradation. Maintains conversion efficiency uniformly.    (US6153823-A)      The photoelectric conversion element includes a substrate. Several semiconductor junctions are made of non-single-crystalline semiconductors formed on the substrate. A surface material covers the semiconductor junctions. The semiconductor junctions have respective absorption spectra different from each other and respective photo-deterioration rates different from each other.    A photo-current generated by the semiconductor junction of the least deterioration rate is larger than that by the semiconductor junction of the greatest deterioration rate in a state of absence of the surface material. The surface material absorbs light in a range corresponding to a part of the absorption spectrum of the semiconductor junction of the least deterioration rate. The photo-current generated by the semiconductor junction of the least deterioration rate becomes smaller than that by the semiconductor junction of the greatest deterioration rate.    USE -   Also for building material and power generation apparatus.    ADVANTAGE -   Increases conversion efficiency and maintains it over long term.
(US6002139-A)      The device has a light guide (1) which propagates a light beams radiated from a source (10). A pair of low refractive index layers (2,3) with refractive index lower than that of the light guide is formed on the opposite surfaces of the light guide. An optical unit projects the light beams so that total reflection is performed at the boundary of the light guide and the refractive index layers. A photoelectric converter performs photoelectric conversion of the reflected light.    A lens array (4) is optically coupled with one side of the light guide through the low refractive index layer (2). An optical unit extracts the light beams propagating through the light guide and irradiates it on a document (11). The light beams reflected from the document are condensed by the lens array and converted by the photoelectric converter.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves signal output characteristic and high S/N ratio and contrast ratio.    (JP3180043-B2)      The device has a light guide (1) which propagates a light beams radiated from a source (10). A pair of low refractive index layers (2,3) with refractive index lower than that of the light guide is formed on the opposite surfaces of the light guide. An optical unit projects the light beams so that total reflection is performed at the boundary of the light guide and the refractive index layers. A photoelectric converter performs photoelectric conversion of the reflected light.    A lens array (4) is optically coupled with one side of the light guide through the low refractive index layer (2). An optical unit extracts the light beams propagating through the light guide and irradiates it on a document (11). The light beams reflected from the document are condensed by the lens array and converted by the photoelectric converter.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves signal output characteristic and high S/N ratio and contrast ratio.
(EP870520-A2)      the mechanism includes a pulley (2) fixedly mounted on an output shaft (11) of a bidirectional electric motor (1) that is installed on a frame (100). One end of two belts (5,6) are connected with respective parallel circular grooves (21,22) provided in the pulley. The belts are wound in mutually opposite directions. The second belt is engaged with an idle wheel rotatably arranged on the frame.    An axle (90) of an exercising device is pivotably connected with front end (41) of an oscillating arm (4). A rear end (42) of the oscillating arm is fixedly connected with another end of the belts. A resistance force is applied to the axle when the motor is operated    ADVANTAGE -   Provides resistance in two opposite directions to exercising device.    (EP870520-B1)      the mechanism includes a pulley (2) fixedly mounted on an output shaft (11) of a bidirectional electric motor (1) that is installed on a frame (100). One end of two belts (5,6) are connected with respective parallel circular grooves (21,22) provided in the pulley. The belts are wound in mutually opposite directions. The second belt is engaged with an idle wheel rotatably arranged on the frame.    An axle (90) of an exercising device is pivotably connected with front end (41) of an oscillating arm (4). A rear end (42) of the oscillating arm is fixedly connected with another end of the belts. A resistance force is applied to the axle when the motor is operated    ADVANTAGE -   Provides resistance in two opposite directions to exercising device.
(US5920798-A)      The method involves forming a p-n junction of a p-type semiconductor layer and an n-type semiconductor layer consisting of the elements selected from group II, group VI. Group II elements include any one of the elements chosen form S and Te. Group VI elements include any one of the elements chosen from Cd, Zn and Hg. The p-type or the n-type semiconductor layer contains an organic metal compound with a band between II group element and VI group element. A heat decomposition is done to the p- type and n-type semiconductor layer.    ADVANTAGE -   The method reduces film forming time by quick heat decomposition and offers highly efficient solar battery manufacture.
(WO9836434-A1)      A photovoltaic cell is produced by applying a photovoltaic ink to a substrate carrying conductor patterns to form at not above 180C a semiconductor functional layer for the cell. The ink is a suspension of dye-coated semiconductor particles of the functional layer, a hydrolysable semiconductor precursor, such as a metal alkoxide, and an inert solvent.    USE -   Used as a regenerative photovoltaic cell using a wide range of light sources.    ADVANTAGE -   A simple reliable process is provided which is quick and does not require extreme conditions of temperature or a controlled atmosphere.    (ZA9801742-A)      A photovoltaic cell is produced by applying a photovoltaic ink to a substrate carrying conductor patterns to form at not above 180C a semiconductor functional layer for the cell. The ink is a suspension of dye-coated semiconductor particles of the functional layer, a hydrolysable semiconductor precursor, such as a metal alkoxide, and an inert solvent.    USE -   Used as a regenerative photovoltaic cell using a wide range of light sources.    ADVANTAGE -   A simple reliable process is provided which is quick and does not require extreme conditions of temperature or a controlled atmosphere.
(US6080979-A)      The transducer has a substrate (2) with conducting tracks (4) on both sides, a large area radiation sensitive sensor (1) stuck onto the front of the substrate and a component (3) attached to the rear of the substrate. The conducting tracks only have interconnections in the central region of the sensor and are otherwise crossing-free. The conducting tracks can be arranged in a star formation.    They are rectangular, whereby sections of the tracks in the main axis have different angles. The right angles of the tracks are essentially arranged in the region of the substrate's diagonal.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents or reduces to tolerable minimum ingress of gas to ensure optimal adhesion of adhesive.
(JP3173400-B2)      The module includes multiple transparent spherical members (14) arranged on a movable plate (16). The transparent member consists of a condenser lens (10) and solar battery cell (12) arranged in its inner side.    The movable plate is driven by a drive unit (24) which makes the transparent spherical members to rotate. A position detector is provided to detect the solar ray position. Based on the position detected by the sensor, the condenser lens is adjusted to that corresponding position.    ADVANTAGE -   Performs rotation of transparent spherical body, correctly. Saves power. Has simplified structure. Tracks solar light, efficiently.
(JP10219950-A)      The roof member includes a solar cell and a metal reinforcing member, the member being placed on at least one conductive member. The conductive member is electrically connected with the metal reinforcing member and the conductive member, being a metal sheet mounted on a wood rafter, is electrically grounded.    The reinforcing support and the conductive sheet are made electrically conductive through a retaining clip which is at least partially conductive. The retaining clip has a screw which tightens the connection between the reinforcing support of the solar cell and the clip.    ADVANTAGE -   Easy to install, with improved safety, is cost-effective and efficient.    (US6269596-B1)      The roof member includes a solar cell and a metal reinforcing member, the member being placed on at least one conductive member. The conductive member is electrically connected with the metal reinforcing member and the conductive member, being a metal sheet mounted on a wood rafter, is electrically grounded.    The reinforcing support and the conductive sheet are made electrically conductive through a retaining clip which is at least partially conductive. The retaining clip has a screw which tightens the connection between the reinforcing support of the solar cell and the clip.    ADVANTAGE -   Easy to install, with improved safety, is cost-effective and efficient.
(NL1005204-C2)      The support has a rear wall (2) extending up from a rear side of a bottom wall (8) and two opposite side walls (4) integrally joined to the bottom and side walls. Each side wall slopes from the rear wall to a front edge of the bottom wall. The support may be injection moulded or vacuum formed from recycled polyethylene. Also claimed is the combination of solar panels mounted on a support as above.    USE -   Installing solar panels, particularly on flat roofs (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   The lightweight and functional design of the support speeds up installation of the panels.    (US6105316-A)      The support has a rear wall (2) extending up from a rear side of a bottom wall (8) and two opposite side walls (4) integrally joined to the bottom and side walls. Each side wall slopes from the rear wall to a front edge of the bottom wall. The support may be injection moulded or vacuum formed from recycled polyethylene. Also claimed is the combination of solar panels mounted on a support as above.    USE -   Installing solar panels, particularly on flat roofs (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   The lightweight and functional design of the support speeds up installation of the panels.
(JP3087831-B2)      The device includes a substrate layer (1) as the first layer which has first and second principal planes. An n type layer (2) of nitride material is formed below the substrate layer. Below the n type layer, a p type layer of nitride material is formed. The p type nitride layer is laminated below the n type nitride layer. N type electrodes (10a,10a') and a first electrode (10b) are formed on the surface of first principal plane side of the substrate.    A p type electrode (11a) is formed below the p type nitride layer and a second electrode (11b) is formed on the surface area covering the p type nitride layer. Below the second electrode layer, an electroconductive glue layer (31) is provided. The whole structure is placed on a support body (30).    ADVANTAGE -   Increases heat dissipation property. Offers high stability.
(JP10530717-X)      The transducer (3) has several units attached to it on a flat or curved surface. Each unit has a semiconductor photoelectric transducer element (5), a biaxial refraction system (4) and a biaxial reflection system (6). The refraction system has an aperture whose diameter is larger than the semiconductor's.    The reflection system faces the refractive one, and sits between the refractive system's focal point and the edge of the semiconductor element. The distance between the two systems is shorter than the refractive system's focal length.    USE -   For uses as power source, high voltage power source, or sensor.    ADVANTAGE -   Transducer has low cost and takes up small area.
(EP966314-A1)      The equipment has a drive producing a variable resistance force and an operating mechanism which moves depending on this force. The drive has two weight magazines (2 and 4) and a motor (26). The operating mechanism has a lift (10) connected to the first magazine applying muscle force to move the first magazine, from rest and to a working position.    The second magazine has a second lift connected to the motor producing a machine force to move the second magazine from rest to a working position. The magazines each comprise a second line (12) and the outgoing parts of the lines are located near to each other. The magazines are mutually connected together by a connector through which parts of the lines run.    USE -   For exercising muscles.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides training equipment which is simpler, cheaper and more reliable than earlier equipment and provides positive experience that training is being performed in correct manner.    (US6095954-A)      The equipment has a drive producing a variable resistance force and an operating mechanism which moves depending on this force. The drive has two weight magazines (2 and 4) and a motor (26). The operating mechanism has a lift (10) connected to the first magazine applying muscle force to move the first magazine, from rest and to a working position.    The second magazine has a second lift connected to the motor producing a machine force to move the second magazine from rest to a working position. The magazines each comprise a second line (12) and the outgoing parts of the lines are located near to each other. The magazines are mutually connected together by a connector through which parts of the lines run.    USE -   For exercising muscles.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides training equipment which is simpler, cheaper and more reliable than earlier equipment and provides positive experience that training is being performed in correct manner.
(US5975865-A)      The tidal pump (1A) has a hollow piston pipe (3) whose lower section is connected to a water supply pipe (17) provided in the underwater. The peripheral cylinder (6a) which accommodates the piston (4) is slidably arranged in the cylinder chamber (5a). The cylinder of piston divides the cylinder chamber into upper and lower sections. The piston is provided in the upper periphery region of the hollow piston pipe.    The upper portion of hollow piston pipe extends towards the water surface (S). A float (7b) for performing vertical motion of cylinder is provided in the cylinder and made to float in the water surface. The hollow piston pipe connecting water surface and underwater, mixes the surface water with underwater rising wave energy.    USE -   For supplying desalinated water for hydroponics.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves efficiency of water pump. Performs water changing between different water beds. Provides drinking water.
(JP10270739-A)      The array includes several solar batteries which are arranged parallelly. The rated voltage of each solar battery is mutually different.    ADVANTAGE -   Increases degree of freedom for designing. Enlarges output of solar battery array. Excels surface designing. Simplifies installation and wiring.    (US6111188-A)      The array comprises several solar cell strings connected in parallel, the array having two or more rated voltages of the solar cell strings. A voltage-power characteristic of the solar cell array has one power peak with the solar cell array having two or more numbers of series solar cells forming the solar cell strings.    The array has two numbers of series solar cell modules forming the solar cell strings. The array has the solar cell strings where the numbers of series solar cell modules are n, (n + m), (n + 2m),..., and (n + Am) (where n, m, and A are positive integers). The array has a solar cell array having a solar cell string where a number of series solar cell modules is n and a solar cell string where a number of series solar cell modules is (n + 1), where n is a positive integer.    ADVANTAGE -   Allows maximum output capacity of solar cell array to be designed in possible installation area of solar cell which gives high degrees of freedom of design.
(JP10281860-A)      The system has a module (1) which forms parameters relevant to diagnosis from machine state-related measurement parameters (5). An origin module (7) diagnoses an origin for detected vibration measurement values (3) from the parameters.    The origin module computes an origin probability for at least one possible origin. The computation of the origin probability involves at least one combination of parameters as well as individual parameters.    USE -   E.g. to monitor vibrations of hydroelectric power machine for early fault detection and to optimise machine operation.    ADVANTAGE -   The costs of diagnosis are reduced and diagnosis reliability is increased.    (US6144923-A)      The system has a module (1) which forms parameters relevant to diagnosis from machine state-related measurement parameters (5). An origin module (7) diagnoses an origin for detected vibration measurement values (3) from the parameters.    The origin module computes an origin probability for at least one possible origin. The computation of the origin probability involves at least one combination of parameters as well as individual parameters.    USE -   E.g. to monitor vibrations of hydroelectric power machine for early fault detection and to optimise machine operation.    ADVANTAGE -   The costs of diagnosis are reduced and diagnosis reliability is increased.
(NL1004973-C2)      The structure comprises a tubular body (2) which is provided close to one end with a mounting for joining to a foundation (3) and which is provided close to the other end with a mounting for a solar panel (9). The tubular body is designed that in the position of use it is curved in a plane perpendicular to the ground surface and perpendicular to the solar panel.    One mounting for the solar panel is mounted on the curved section, remote from the end of it. The mounting for the solar panels is provided at a point on the tubular body such that the plane of the solar panel at that point is essentially parallel to a tangent to the tubular body at the location of the mounting.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides single surface where solar panel sections are mounted with surface extending at desired angle with respect to ground surface. Mounting for solar panels is provided at point on tubular body such that plane of solar panel at that point is parallel to tangent to tubular body close to mounting.
(US6100464-A)      A method of producing a solar cell, having a semiconductor layer with an internal p-n barrier layer, involves grinding semiconductor material to powder (8), heating the powder and sintering in a sintering press (2, 4) to produce the semiconductor layer (10). Preferably, the semiconductor material is high purity silicon and is doped before sintering.    Also claimed is a solar cell including a semiconductor layer with a p-n barrier layer and a contact on each side of the barrier layer for electrically contacting the semiconductor layer, the novelty being that the semiconductor layer consists of sintered semiconductor material, preferably sintered on a metal plate (6) to which one of the contacts is connected.    ADVANTAGE -   The method permits inexpensive production of solar cells having satisfactory efficiency.    (RU2148876-C1)      A method of producing a solar cell, having a semiconductor layer with an internal p-n barrier layer, involves grinding semiconductor material to powder (8), heating the powder and sintering in a sintering press (2, 4) to produce the semiconductor layer (10). Preferably, the semiconductor material is high purity silicon and is doped before sintering.    Also claimed is a solar cell including a semiconductor layer with a p-n barrier layer and a contact on each side of the barrier layer for electrically contacting the semiconductor layer, the novelty being that the semiconductor layer consists of sintered semiconductor material, preferably sintered on a metal plate (6) to which one of the contacts is connected.    ADVANTAGE -   The method permits inexpensive production of solar cells having satisfactory efficiency.
(FR2757574-A1)      The generator is housed in a sealed hub compartment within the water-wheel (ROU) - opt., separately mounted and belt-driven. The paddles (AUB) are carried at adjustable angles on the hub flanges by shock-absorbing fixings. Flotation bars along the blade edges, and end floats, give buoyancy to the assembly, which rotates within an end-fork on the trailing arm, about a horizontal transverse axis.    The trailing arm pivots about a horizontal transverse axis in a support-plate freely rotatable about a fore-and-aft axis, its pivot being fixed to a rectangular base-plate sliding on two vertical rails (30, 32) - eg. outboard motor mounting rails. Two methods of controlling arm movement, during rolling and pitching, are proposed.    ADVANTAGE -   More easily fitted, efficient and inexpensive than screw-driven generators.
(EP853961-A1)      The training device has a torque generator with an electric motor (2) and a reduction transmission (3) and whose output interacts with at least one exercise element (1) selected by the trainer.    The three-phase motor has a frequency inverter (5) as load , which enables the frequency and the amplitude of the three-phase current fed to the motor to be adjusted. The frequency can be adjusted so that the revolution rate of the rotary field deviates from the actual measured revolution rate of the motor by a defined slip revolution rate.    ADVANTAGE -   The device is relatively simple and cost-effective yet achieves a high level of training effect.
(US6015367-A)      The device consists of two slides (1) with a series of dumbbells (2), the dumbbells provide a hole (3) for insertion on carriage pin (4) integrally bearing the carriage (4') to which the dumbbells must be selectively hooked. Within the carriage pin in the home position electromagnetic elements (5) are provided, in number corresponding to that of the dumbbells. Each one of the elements has metallic pins (6) movable between two positions, for connection and disconnection, with each dumbbell having seats (7) for the connection position.    Changing the polarisation of the electromagnets will determine the position of the metallic pins. A computer can manage with the aid of position sensors to pick the different dumbbells required to be hooked in a pre-established sequence.    ADVANTAGE -   Allows for automatic selection and hooking of dumbbells on basis of previously set out instructions without need for user to intervene during exercising.
(JP3121786-B2)      The module consists of a solar panel (9) inserted into a frame (1). The solar panel is mounted on the upper surface of the kicking rail (5) of the frame or on the horizontal wall (27) of an in-horizontal rail. A spacer (21) with electric insulation is provided which holds the solar panel.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents short circuit of opto electric transducer. Raises endurance of solar panel.
(US5876586-A)      High conductive polymer compsn.(I) is prepared by electrochemical oxidation of polysilane(s)(II).    USE -   (I) is useful as material used in electric, electronic, communication industries, esp. for preparation of battery electrodes, solar battery, electromagnetic wave masking material etc.    ADVANTAGE -   (I) is soluble in organic solvent, (I) can be moulded to opt.forms. (I) gives covering layer, coating layer etc having good flexibility and resistance to corrosion and embrittlement.
(JP2922466-B2)      The battery includes a p-type compound semiconductor thin film acting as optical absorption layer. The compound semiconductor film contains IB group element, III group element, VIB group element and IA group element. The ratio of content of III group element and IB group element is 0.22-0.75.    ADVANTAGE -   Solar battery with novel composition is obtained.
(JP3087829-B2)      The method involves forming an n-type semiconductor layer of thickness 20 or more on upper surface of a substrate (10). A nitride layer containing acceptor impurity is formed on the upper surface of the n-type nitride semiconductor layer. After formation of nitride layer, the substrate is removed.    ADVANTAGE -   Widens utilisation value of industry.
(US5853497-A)      The photovoltaic device for converting photons into electrical energy, comprises gallium indium phosphide (GaInP) (10, 10') and gallium arsenide (GaAs) (12, 12') cells and gallium indium arsenide phosphide (GaInAsP) (14, 15) cells. The GaInP, GaAs and GaInAsP cells are connected to each other in a tandem configuration so that photons enter the GaInP (10), GaAs (12) and GaInAsP (14) cells in turn.    Also claimed is a further photovoltaic device for converting photons into electrical energy.    USE -   The device is a multi-junctioned solar cell that efficiently convert solar radiation into electrical energy.    ADVANTAGE -   The device improves upon existing solar energy to electrical energy conversion efficiencies by using materials that are more efficient than prior art combinations in converting the infrared.
(DE29623808-U1)      The unit includes a current generator (2) and a storage unit which feeds a current storage unit (4) via a charging guard (3). The current storage unit is coupled to a switch (5) which acts together with a multichannel radio receiver (6).    The radio receiver is controlled by a stationary transmitter or by a mobile transmitter (7). The switch couples the current storage unit to the motor (M) of a garage door drive of a desired garage.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides self-sufficient operation and is cost effective. Provides optimum security.
(JP10154824-A)      A photoelectric transfer device comprises a photoelectric transfer element, a cholesteric liquid crystal (LC) layer and an ultraviolet (UV) cut-off layer which is arranged at the side for the incidence of light. The LC layer is arranged between the transfer element and the cut-off layer.    USE -   Used for the production of solar batteries, desktop calculators and watches.    ADVANTAGE -   The device has improved brilliance and a vivid external appearance.    (US6015951-A)      A photoelectric transfer device comprises a photoelectric transfer element, a cholesteric liquid crystal (LC) layer and an ultraviolet (UV) cut-off layer which is arranged at the side for the incidence of light. The LC layer is arranged between the transfer element and the cut-off layer.    USE -   Used for the production of solar batteries, desktop calculators and watches.    ADVANTAGE -   The device has improved brilliance and a vivid external appearance.
(EP947006-A1)      The detector is characterised by having a hole-conductor material in its charge transport layer, preferably an amorphous solid consisting of a spiro compound of formula (I) where = C (especially preferred), Si, Ge or Sn; and K1 and K2 = conjugated systems. Production of the detector is by applying the following layers in turn onto a conductive substrate or electrode : (a) a semiconductor colloid; (b) a charge transport layer containing the hole conductor; (c) a counter-electrode; and (d) an insulating layer.    ADVANTAGE -   The detector determines wavelengths accurately and does not suffer from photo-corrosion. It has a wide sensitivity and is easily controlled.    (JP2001503570-W)      The detector is characterised by having a hole-conductor material in its charge transport layer, preferably an amorphous solid consisting of a spiro compound of formula (I) where = C (especially preferred), Si, Ge or Sn; and K1 and K2 = conjugated systems. Production of the detector is by applying the following layers in turn onto a conductive substrate or electrode : (a) a semiconductor colloid; (b) a charge transport layer containing the hole conductor; (c) a counter-electrode; and (d) an insulating layer.    ADVANTAGE -   The detector determines wavelengths accurately and does not suffer from photo-corrosion. It has a wide sensitivity and is easily controlled.
(US6133119-A)      The method involves heating a crystalline semiconductor substrate (101) which has a layer containing catalyst element positioned over its surface. During the first stage of heat treatment, the catalysts move into the defective areas of the semiconductor substrate. The heating is done in an atmosphere containing halogen element. During the second stage of heating the defect is removed and the catalysts are brought out. During the third stage, the oxide films formed on the semiconductor substrate during the second stage is removed by etching. The catalyst concentration in semiconductor substrate is less than or equal to 5 * 1018/cm3 and that of halogen element is 1*1016 - 1 * 1020/cm3.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces manufacturing cost. Provides solar cell with high conversion efficiency. Provides solar cell with small recombination centre.
(JP3163015-B2)      The transparent conductive film consists of combined metal oxide of In, Sn, and Zn.    The mixt. of In2O3, SnO2, and ZnO was fired at 1000C, and filled into stainless steel dish to give the sputtering target. The transparent conductive film was formed by sputtering process using this sputtering target.    USE -   The transparent conductive film is used for several displays, solar batteries and energy saving windows.    ADVANTAGE -   The transparent conductive film has high permeability for visible light, and its etching speed can be simply varied by changing its composition.
(JP2952660-B2)      The method involves setting the rolling rate and velocity of a stainless steel board to 20% or more and more than 400m/min respectively, during finish cold rolling. Then, polishing and final rolling are carried out. Following the atmospheric air annealing, electrolytic pickling of the stainless steel board is performed by immersing it into nitric acid solution. The surface roughness of the board along predetermined rolling direction is in the range of 0.3-1.4micrometers and 0.5-1.7micrometers, respectively.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves photoelectric conversion efficiency.    (US5986205-A)      The method involves setting the rolling rate and velocity of a stainless steel board to 20% or more and more than 400m/min respectively, during finish cold rolling. Then, polishing and final rolling are carried out. Following the atmospheric air annealing, electrolytic pickling of the stainless steel board is performed by immersing it into nitric acid solution. The surface roughness of the board along predetermined rolling direction is in the range of 0.3-1.4micrometers and 0.5-1.7micrometers, respectively.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves photoelectric conversion efficiency.
(JP2998069-B2)      The structure includes a coupling discarded board (1). A cover (2) comprising several solar batteries (22) arranged on its surface (21) is coupled with the coupling discarded board, along the solar light progressing direction. Eaves edges (13) are formed on one ridge side of the board.    Ridge edges (12) with water expelling part (121), are formed along the other ridge side of the board. A groove (14) for wiring is formed at the centre, along the width direction of the board, to accommodate a connection cable (221) of the solar batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   Performs wiring of solar batteries at groove, easily and simply. Improves workability and capability. Offers superior outer cladding structure.
(JP2924810-B2)      In an organic electroluminescent (EL) device forming a luminescent layer or multilayers containing a luminescent layer of an organic compound thin film(s) between a pair of electrodes, the improvement which comprises that the luminescent layer is a layer containing a luminescent material of formula (I).     A1 -A4 =optionally substituted 6-16C aryl; R1 -R8 =H, halogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkoxy, optionally substituted aryl or optionally substituted amino with two of neighbouring R1 -R8optionally fusing with each other to form a new 6-membered aryl ring.    USE -   The organic EL devices are useful for flat panel displays such as wall TV sets, surface illuminants as light sources for copying machines and printers, light sources for liq. crystal displays and measuring instruments, indicator panels and pilot lamps. The luminescent material is also useful for electrophotographic receptors, photoelectric conversion devices, solar batteries and image sensors.    ADVANTAGE -   The organic EL devices have high luminance, high luminescent efficacy, little luminescent deterioration and thus high reliability and a long life.
(JP10189932-A)      The apparatus includes a number of photoelectric conversion elements two-dimensionally arranged on substrate, and a shielding member with a transmittance of 0% or 0% to an X-ray or light, disposed on the x-ray or light incidence part of photoelectric conversion elements at a location corresponding to an arbitrary photoelectric conversion element.    The shielding member includes a filter which has a colour component complementary to the colour of light incident on the filter. The device further includes a second shielding member having a transmittance m to light, satisfying the condition that m lies between 0 and 100%.    ADVANTAGE -   Compensates for variation in light sensitivity of photoelectric conversion element and variation in output level.    (US6034406-A)      The apparatus includes a number of photoelectric conversion elements two-dimensionally arranged on substrate, and a shielding member with a transmittance of 0% or 0% to an X-ray or light, disposed on the x-ray or light incidence part of photoelectric conversion elements at a location corresponding to an arbitrary photoelectric conversion element.    The shielding member includes a filter which has a colour component complementary to the colour of light incident on the filter. The device further includes a second shielding member having a transmittance m to light, satisfying the condition that m lies between 0 and 100%.    ADVANTAGE -   Compensates for variation in light sensitivity of photoelectric conversion element and variation in output level.
(JP10127813-A)      The controller includes a command circuit (2) which generates and stores motor speed command signals. Motor control circuits (3) include a microcontroller (11). They receive the motor speed command signals from the command circuit and drive the motor through a modulating switch (10) which modulates the power being supplied. A switching-off switch (5) brings about a rapid interruption in the power supply to the motor (1).    The motor control circuits (3) have first circuits (7) and a microcontroller which detect the voltage and the current of the motor driving a walking/running surface and/or possible circuit failures or irregular conditions occurring in the control circuits or in the connections between the circuits and the command circuit.    USE -   Also for people undergoing clinical tests under specified and controlled fatigue conditions.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents run-away speed condition of driving belt.    (US6160955-A)      The controller includes a command circuit (2) which generates and stores motor speed command signals. Motor control circuits (3) include a microcontroller (11). They receive the motor speed command signals from the command circuit and drive the motor through a modulating switch (10) which modulates the power being supplied. A switching-off switch (5) brings about a rapid interruption in the power supply to the motor (1).    The motor control circuits (3) have first circuits (7) and a microcontroller which detect the voltage and the current of the motor driving a walking/running surface and/or possible circuit failures or irregular conditions occurring in the control circuits or in the connections between the circuits and the command circuit.    USE -   Also for people undergoing clinical tests under specified and controlled fatigue conditions.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents run-away speed condition of driving belt.
(JP10173207-A)      The module includes a light emitting element emitting signal light. A photoreceptor element is disposed inclined with respect to the optical axis and has an optical branching element formed on its surface. The branching element partially reflects the signal light from the light emitting element and a signal light from the optical fibre and allows the remaining part of the signal light to pass through it.    The signal light from the light emitting element is reflected on the optical branching element on the photoreceptor element surface and is optically coupled with the optical fibre. The signal light from the optical fibre passes through the optical branching element on the photoreceptor element surface, enters the photoreceptor element.    USE -   In optical communication system using single optical fibre.    ADVANTAGE -   Compact, high performance, easy produced at low cost that allows to be used on subscriber side of communication system.
(US5859397-A)      The method involves laminating an aluminium compound layer, a transparent electric conduction layer, a semiconductor layer and a transparent electrode on a substrate for forming a photovoltaic cell. The photovoltaic cell is immersed in an electrolyte (207) which has a chlorine ion concentration in the range of 0.03 mols. The short circuit current path formed due to the defect in the photovoltaic cell is electrically severed by applying voltage to photovoltaic cell.    ADVANTAGE -   Excels in voltage characteristics during low illuminance. Enables large scale manufacture.
(US5942749-A)      The element includes a P type silicon substrate (1) on which N type epitaxial layer (2) is formed. A PN junction area is formed in the silicon substrate and epitaxial layer. A detector provided inside main body calculates an optical input signal.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces power consumption.    (JP2998646-B2)      The element includes a P type silicon substrate (1) on which N type epitaxial layer (2) is formed. A PN junction area is formed in the silicon substrate and epitaxial layer. A detector provided inside main body calculates an optical input signal.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces power consumption.
(JP10093124-A)      The battery module has a photovoltaic cell (101). A light receiving side surface of the cell is sealed by a transparent organic polymer resin (103) containing a fibrous inorganic compound (102).    At the non-light reception side of the cell, a layer of reinforcing material (107) is provided whose area is larger than the cell area. The area of the light reception side of the photovoltaic cell is convex-shaped.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables twisting reduction of electrical insulation. Facilitates control of moisture penetration inside module. Simplifies bending process. Offers module with high reliability. Excels in fire retardancy.
(JP10072910-A)      The roof has the upper-end engaging portion of a downstream roof panel seam-jointed with a lower-end engaging portion of an upstream roof panel. At least the lower-end engaging portion has flexural rigidity enough to disengage the seam joint. The upper-end engaging portion of the downstream roof panel is fixed to a roof bed material by a retaining clip which can be exposed by disengaging the seam joint and lifting the upstream roof panel.    In a section of the seam joint, the downstream roof panel and the upstream roof panel are coupled with each other by a fastener, such as a rivet. A screw fixing member is provided at the upper-end engaging portion of the downstream roof panel, so that in the section of the seam joint, the downstream and upstream roof panels, and the screw fixing member are fixed by a screw.    ADVANTAGE -   Joint member has opening portion which allows wiring to be drawn through.    (US6155006-A)      The roof has the upper-end engaging portion of a downstream roof panel seam-jointed with a lower-end engaging portion of an upstream roof panel. At least the lower-end engaging portion has flexural rigidity enough to disengage the seam joint. The upper-end engaging portion of the downstream roof panel is fixed to a roof bed material by a retaining clip which can be exposed by disengaging the seam joint and lifting the upstream roof panel.    In a section of the seam joint, the downstream roof panel and the upstream roof panel are coupled with each other by a fastener, such as a rivet. A screw fixing member is provided at the upper-end engaging portion of the downstream roof panel, so that in the section of the seam joint, the downstream and upstream roof panels, and the screw fixing member are fixed by a screw.    ADVANTAGE -   Joint member has opening portion which allows wiring to be drawn through.
(JP3142483-B2)      The sensor includes a sensor substrate (4) on which a conductor pattern (10) is formed. The conductor pattern is electrically connected to a bare sensor IC (5) through a wire. A transparent resin of low viscosity (12) is formed covering the sensor IC in the shape of a film.    The scattering of transparent resin of low viscosity along thickness direction is set to be 10micrometer or less.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces scattering in optical distance remarkably. Improves reading resolution of document. Enables accurate reading.
(DE19855136-A1)      The energy created by a person using an exercise machine is used to generate electricity. The muscular force used on exercise and fitness appliances such as bicycle ergometers, moving walkways, steppers, arm ergometers produces an electrical constant voltage of up to a maximum of 15 Volts.    Each piece of equipment incorporates a disc flywheel and variable gear driving a direct voltage permanent magnet generator and a regulating electronic system. The electrical energy generated can drive 12 Volt appliances via an overvoltage protection, or alternatively a battery can be charged via a load regulator with integrated polarity and overvoltage protection.    USE -   Electrical energy generated by human muscular force on exercise machine is used directly or stored in accumulator battery.    ADVANTAGE -   For use in lighting or entertainment combines sport and health with environmental responsibility.
(JP10054118-A)      The module has a photovoltaic element (2) fixed on a reinforcing sheet with several junction boxes (10), for drawing power out from the element to the outside, provided on an anti-light receiving surface side of the sheet.    Spacer members (9a), having a height higher than the height of the junction boxes, are placed along two opposite sides of the sheet. A second spacer member (9b) is placed between the junction boxes, the boxes being placed in a space defined by the second spacer member.    ADVANTAGE -   Eliminates difficulties arising from fitting of spacer members in accurate position in working site on roof of poor foothold. Prevents panel from becoming deformed when subject to stress and prevents junction boxes from breaking.
(NL1003516-C6)      The energy converter comprises a dam (3) placed generally perpendicular to the direction of flow of the tidal current (2). One or more passages (5) are incorporated through which water can flow to perform useful work e.g. by turning the blades of a hydroelectric generator.    The dam, which rests on the sea bed, is placed in the open sea perpendicular to the coast (1). The length of the dam () is made sufficient for the dam to interfere actively with the natural course of the local tidal waves.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides a tidal power station suitable for areas with a smaller tidal range without losing its profitability.    (EP909365-A1)      The energy converter comprises a dam (3) placed generally perpendicular to the direction of flow of the tidal current (2). One or more passages (5) are incorporated through which water can flow to perform useful work e.g. by turning the blades of a hydroelectric generator.    The dam, which rests on the sea bed, is placed in the open sea perpendicular to the coast (1). The length of the dam () is made sufficient for the dam to interfere actively with the natural course of the local tidal waves.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides a tidal power station suitable for areas with a smaller tidal range without losing its profitability.    (CN1225155-A)      The energy converter comprises a dam (3) placed generally perpendicular to the direction of flow of the tidal current (2). One or more passages (5) are incorporated through which water can flow to perform useful work e.g. by turning the blades of a hydroelectric generator.    The dam, which rests on the sea bed, is placed in the open sea perpendicular to the coast (1). The length of the dam () is made sufficient for the dam to interfere actively with the natural course of the local tidal waves.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides a tidal power station suitable for areas with a smaller tidal range without losing its profitability.
(JP3040346-B2)      The running machine has a main body frame (1) that supports a drum (6) which rotates at the front-rear edge along longitudinal direction and suspends a transit belt (5) inside the drum. The front part of the main body frame is coupled to a front part frame (10) and is mounted by a source of drive (12) and a controller.    A hand rail part (2) is installed on the main body frame over which a console panel (29) is fixed and electrically connected with the source of drive and the controller. The transit belt controls the gradual velocity raise in the source of drive through the controller.    ADVANTAGE -   Performs velocity regulation of transit belt stepwise, reliably. Improves versatility. Improves safety.
(EP923406-A1)      The device includes loading device, or barbell bar (5), a stand (2,3), a manoeuvring arrangement or hydraulic piston cylinder (12) and a manoeuvring beam (11)). There are connecting elements (6,7) and a control and regulation unit (14).    The manoeuvring arrangement regulates the loading device vertically between the upper and lower positions through the connecting element (6,7).    USE -   For testing and training knee and leg muscles in rehabilitation of athletes such as basketball players, and for training such as eccentric training, concentric training, bench presses, floor lifts, and forward thrusts.    ADVANTAGE -   Device overcomes disadvantages of training with barbells, in that heavy weights cannot be lifted easily in eccentric phase, now enabling lifting of heavier weights. Weightlifting user can now retard downward movement of weights to greatest possible extent and control them at turning point without being afraid that bar will fall across.    (US6224512-B1)      The device includes loading device, or barbell bar (5), a stand (2,3), a manoeuvring arrangement or hydraulic piston cylinder (12) and a manoeuvring beam (11)). There are connecting elements (6,7) and a control and regulation unit (14).    The manoeuvring arrangement regulates the loading device vertically between the upper and lower positions through the connecting element (6,7).    USE -   For testing and training knee and leg muscles in rehabilitation of athletes such as basketball players, and for training such as eccentric training, concentric training, bench presses, floor lifts, and forward thrusts.    ADVANTAGE -   Device overcomes disadvantages of training with barbells, in that heavy weights cannot be lifted easily in eccentric phase, now enabling lifting of heavier weights. Weightlifting user can now retard downward movement of weights to greatest possible extent and control them at turning point without being afraid that bar will fall across.
(JP3082189-B2)      The relay has an LED (1) which irradiates light emitting signal to a photodiode array (2). The output of the photodiode serves as a gate signal to a DMOS (3). A drain layer (7) is formed on a semiconductor substrate (5) having low concentration of impurities. The drain layer is long and slender with a predetermined width.    A drift layer (6) is formed on the drain layer, which has a predetermined withstand voltage. A source electrode (12) and a gate electrode are installed on the external surface of the drift layer.    USE -   LSI tester.    ADVANTAGE -   Switches weak signals at high speed, and exhibits high withstand voltage capacity.
(JP3060003-B2)      The collector (10) has a drive unit (20) immersed in channel, which converts a flowing water energy to a rotary driving force. A recovery unit (30) captures the solid substrates in the channel and collects them from the channel. An ejection unit (40) receives and ejects the solid substances collected by the recovery unit in a predetermined place.    The drive connection of the drive unit, recovery unit and ejection unit is done via a deceleration unit (53). A drive transmission unit (50) does the deceleration of the driving force of recovery unit and ejection unit by drive unit.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces burden of operation. Enables easy maintenance.
(JP9308130-A)      The power feeder includes a solar battery (30) which generates electricity and a secondary battery (40) is used as an electrical charging member. A quick-charge (50) charges the external electrical charging member with the electrical energy.    This stored energy is supplied to an external electronic device (20) for a short time. The supplied energy is stored in a secondary battery (80) provided inside the electronic device.    ADVANTAGE -   Automates operations. Makes effective use of energy.
(BE1010161-A6)      One coupling disc (23) is keyed to, the pedal shaft (22); the other (24), concentrically mounted, drives e.g. by belt a flywheel with variable braking. Torque is transmitted by a series of springs (31) inserted between pairs of stops in a circumferential channel separating the discs, one stop (33) in each pair on the driving disc, the other (34) on the driven (24).    Torque changes alter the spring compression, causing relative rotation of the discs. The amount and direction of the rotation, interpretable as torque variation, are input to a controlling microprocessor by an optical sensor directed at gaps between successive segmental plates (25,28) fixed to adjacent disc faces.    ADVANTAGE -   Controller uses measurements to monitor and implement range of programs simulating road rides of various degrees of difficulty.
(US5821540-A)      The detector includes a first semiconductor substrate e.g. PIN diode (1) which has second conductivity type impurity area. The first semiconductor substrate is laminated with a first conductivity type silicon semiconductor substrate.    A high energy radiation is vertically projected on the surface of first semiconductor substrate. The reflected rays from the substrate is detected independently and the radiation of differing energy band region is detected.    ADVANTAGE -   Obtains superior detector that detects radiation from differing energy band region.
(US5807215-A)      The apparatus includes a rotor mechanism which has a rotor (1) rotated by a high speed rotary driving unit. An input torque is made to act on the circumference of an input shaft at right angles with respect to the shaft. Based on the input torque, the rotor generates stretching power torque by gyro effects.    The torsional force is sensed by the weight and the stretching power torque of the weight including the rotor mechanism at the same time. The twist force caused by the stretching power torque is added to the weight.    ADVANTAGE -   Generates differential torque based on which twisting forces added to weight.
(GB2313879-B)      The energy generator includes a container (1) having a lower part which is provided with e.g. openable slats (3) for producing a controlled opening which when fully opened will open the major part of the underside of the container and in its closed position closes off effectively the entire base of the container. A turbine (7) is seated in the lower part of the container and accessible to the slats, and a lifting device (11) lift the container, with an electricity generator connected to the turbine.    When the container is placed in a volume of water, with the slats providing a small opening (9) at the turbine, the container sinks allowing water to pass into the container by flowing through the turbine and thus generating electricity. When the container reaches a lower level, the slats are opened to their fullest extent and the lifting device lifts the container to its original position, without the necessity of lifting the water contents of the container for a repeat of the operation.    ADVANTAGE -   Is environmentally friendly in that is does not cause pollution or consume planetary resources, while being relatively inexpensive especially with respect to cost of initial generating apparatus.
(EP983436-A1)      The apparatus includes a buoyancy assembly (13) coupled to a stationary assembly (9) which is rigidly mounted to the ground beneath the water. The buoyancy assembly is pivoted via arms (25,27) for freedom of vertical movement and carries a fin (79) to keep the floating buoy facing the waves.    Waves cause movement of the buoyancy assembly which alternately pushes and pulls a piston to transfer hydraulic fluid via a piping system (57) with valves (69) to a hydraulic motor (53) which may be used to drive equipment such as an electric generator.    USE -   Provides improved, inexpensive and efficient means of converting sea wave energy e.g. into electrical energy.    (CN1253610-A)      The apparatus includes a buoyancy assembly (13) coupled to a stationary assembly (9) which is rigidly mounted to the ground beneath the water. The buoyancy assembly is pivoted via arms (25,27) for freedom of vertical movement and carries a fin (79) to keep the floating buoy facing the waves.    Waves cause movement of the buoyancy assembly which alternately pushes and pulls a piston to transfer hydraulic fluid via a piping system (57) with valves (69) to a hydraulic motor (53) which may be used to drive equipment such as an electric generator.    USE -   Provides improved, inexpensive and efficient means of converting sea wave energy e.g. into electrical energy.
(JP3174531-B2)      The method involves forming a laminated member (7) by sequential arrangement of a lower member (6), a perforated lower sealing material (5), several solar battery elements (4), a perforated upper sealing material (2) and an upper member (1). The two sealing materials are coated with adhesive. Then, the laminated member is heated and pressure is applied on it.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves moisture resistance of battery module. Prevents trapping of air bubbles during manufacture. Improves appearance of battery.
(JP3137594-B2)      The generator consists of a bullet unit which is coupled in between a piston (12) and multiple cylindrical shaped memory alloys (8). The shape memory alloy has one fixed end (9) and another movable end (11). The bullet unit has a cyclic hot water tank which causes expansion and contraction by passing hot water and cold water, alternatively.    ADVANTAGE -   Facilitates obtaining micro displacement. Ensure durability.
(WO9855764-A1)      The columns or tubes (1) have one open end placed beneath the surface of the water, and the other end connected to a blower/exauster (4) or latching valves. This is then connected to a cross flow radial turbine (25).    The valves can be used to vary the pressure in the tubes so that the mean average water level may be varied. The tubes may be of different lengths or telescopically adjustable, and may be straight or helical.    ADVANTAGE -   The efficiency is improved by making the system more flexible to varying wave frequencies and conditions.
(JP10321921-A)      A thermoelectric conversion module comprises: a honeycomb body (3) of insulating material; n-type semiconductor elements (1) in passages of a first group and p-type elements (2) in alternate passages of a second group; electrodes (7) connecting adjacent n and p elements in series on both end surfaces of the honeycomb body; and insulating filler members (4) in spaces between the elements and the inner walls of the honeycomb passages made of an inorganic adhesive of alkali metal silicate or sol-gel glass.    USE -   Especially as an electric power generating apparatus in e.g a vehicle exhaust system.    ADVANTAGE -   The insulating filler members prevent undesired heat dissipation through adjacent elements so that higher output power can be attained with good stability over a prolonged period. The module can be manufactured in an easy, precise and low-cost manner.    (US6005182-A)      A thermoelectric conversion module comprises: a honeycomb body (3) of insulating material; n-type semiconductor elements (1) in passages of a first group and p-type elements (2) in alternate passages of a second group; electrodes (7) connecting adjacent n and p elements in series on both end surfaces of the honeycomb body; and insulating filler members (4) in spaces between the elements and the inner walls of the honeycomb passages made of an inorganic adhesive of alkali metal silicate or sol-gel glass.    USE -   Especially as an electric power generating apparatus in e.g a vehicle exhaust system.    ADVANTAGE -   The insulating filler members prevent undesired heat dissipation through adjacent elements so that higher output power can be attained with good stability over a prolonged period. The module can be manufactured in an easy, precise and low-cost manner.
(NL1005926-C2)      A photovoltaic solar panel comprises a plate like carrier (1) with flat elongated photovoltaic units (3, 4) connected together in series by an electrical conductor (6). The units are fabricated individually and have a length ratio long side / short side 5 and preferably 20. The substrate is glass, metal, plastic, semiconductor or ceramic material, the solar cell material is based on silicon, copper indium sulphide, cadmium telluride, or nano-crystalline titanium dioxide, or preferably thin film crystalline silicon (f-Si). The (7) conductor has a zig zag profile (8) for reflecting incident light to one of the photovoltaic units.    USE -   Solar cells.    ADVANTAGE -   Since the individual units are fabricated separately the problems of scale up are avoided and the functional surface area relative to non-functional is increased.
(GB2325708-B)      The system has a wave follower to track rising and falling waves. The reciprocating wave follower interacts with a driven device, such as a pump or generator through an optional lever arm and also through a drive member such as a reciprocating shaft. The driven device is incorporated into an immovable floating or fixed support member so that work is accomplished.    The system comprises a buoyant upper body portion for tracking the rise of waves, and a lower body portion incorporating at least one ballast fillable chamber for tracking the fall of waves. The lower chamber is either enclosed on the top and sides with a mouth opening on the bottom, or alternately it is fully enclosed.    ADVANTAGE -   By increasing the work producing travel distance of the driving member, the system produces significantly more work.    (US6109029-A)      The system has a wave follower to track rising and falling waves. The reciprocating wave follower interacts with a driven device, such as a pump or generator through an optional lever arm and also through a drive member such as a reciprocating shaft. The driven device is incorporated into an immovable floating or fixed support member so that work is accomplished.    The system comprises a buoyant upper body portion for tracking the rise of waves, and a lower body portion incorporating at least one ballast fillable chamber for tracking the fall of waves. The lower chamber is either enclosed on the top and sides with a mouth opening on the bottom, or alternately it is fully enclosed.    ADVANTAGE -   By increasing the work producing travel distance of the driving member, the system produces significantly more work.
(JP3070912-B2)      The battery comprises a silicon crystal (1) which is partially injected with an impurity thereby several independent island shaped impurity layers (5,5') which comprise two different kinds of impurity layers are formed. A contact hole is formed between the impurity layers of a specific kind and an electrode layer (8). The impurity layer of specific kind are not linked with the electrode layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves life of substrate portion covered by heat oxide film. Enables manufacturing superior battery using existing manufacturing technique. Eliminates gettering effect of diffusion layer.
(EP940637-A2)      The energy generation plant has at least one drive unit (2) for driving at least one generator (5), the drive unit enclosed by a sound and/or heat insulating housing (1), allowing utilisation of the waste heat.    The housing may have a fresh air inlet and at least one heat exchanger (11.1,11.2) for utilising the heat removed from the air fed to a ventilation duct (12) above the drive unit.    ADVANTAGE -   Utilisation of waste heat for improved energy efficiency.    (DE19829192-A1)      The energy generation plant has at least one drive unit (2) for driving at least one generator (5), the drive unit enclosed by a sound and/or heat insulating housing (1), allowing utilisation of the waste heat.    The housing may have a fresh air inlet and at least one heat exchanger (11.1,11.2) for utilising the heat removed from the air fed to a ventilation duct (12) above the drive unit.    ADVANTAGE -   Utilisation of waste heat for improved energy efficiency.
(JP3202641-B2)      The apparatus includes a glass pane (2) arranged on the light incidence side of an photoelectric transducer (1). A strip-shaped unit (21) is formed inside the glass pane.    The surface angle of the strip-shaped unit and the principal plane near the incidence side of the glass pane are formed near the LAT of the battery installation surface.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces reflection of incident light. Enables effective utilisation of light during high noon. Improves light conversion efficiency.
(JP3133269-B2)      The battery has a substrate (10) on which layer structure of electricity generating layers (12a-12c) are formed. The electricity generating layers are mutually connected.    Ejection electrodes (14a,14b) are provided at the side edge portions of the substrate. Preferably, the side edge of the substrate has a predetermined angle from one principal plane.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides superior exterior for solar panel that can be produced easily in sufficient yield.
(US6066796-A)      The module has a terminal which is provided in its circumference, for extracting electric power. A covering material (107) covers the terminal. A cable fixed by a fixing member (104), is connected with electrically conductive member, electrically.    USE -   For building.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves durability. Facilitates installation by eliminating projection of module to backside of fixing surface. Eliminates peeling of covering material even during outdoor installation.
(WO9845598-A1)      The apparatus includes a water transfer vessel (3) which travels between a station (2), on the surface of the ocean, and the ocean depths, where the vessel collects cool water and subsequently brings it to the surface. The station has reservoirs (4,16) from which cool and warm water is supplied respectively to a condenser (5), and an evaporator (8), of a low boiling point fluid circuit incorporating a heat engine (turbine) (1).    Warm exhaust water is discharged via the vessel (3) at the ocean depths. A single transfer vessel (3), may be used and the or each vessel may be propelled between levels by a variety of means including propellers, water jets, cables or chains, buoyancy control, and impulse drive (piston or catapult). Alternatively the vessel may be propelled along the surface between an offshore location and a land based energy conversion facility.    ADVANTAGe - Obviates or mitigates engineering difficulties related to provision of a cold water pipe of such a size and with the structural integrity to withstand not only its own weight but the mechanical loading from ocean currents and surface waves.
(JP10270734-A)      The terminal box (103), filled with a filler, contains an electrical connector connecting a solar cell and an outer lead wire (105). The box is attached to a solar cell module (100) by a pressure-sensitive adhesive (102), double-sided adhesive tape. A lid (100) is attached to the module using adhesive (107) to cover the box such that the lid can be locked shut.    The solar cell module and an inverter may be included in a solar power generator. The inverter controls the output from the module.    ADVANTAGE -   High adhesion workability, high productivity, and high reliability.    (US6066797-A)      The terminal box (103), filled with a filler, contains an electrical connector connecting a solar cell and an outer lead wire (105). The box is attached to a solar cell module (100) by a pressure-sensitive adhesive (102), double-sided adhesive tape. A lid (100) is attached to the module using adhesive (107) to cover the box such that the lid can be locked shut.    The solar cell module and an inverter may be included in a solar power generator. The inverter controls the output from the module.    ADVANTAGE -   High adhesion workability, high productivity, and high reliability.
(JP3137914-B2)      The photo voltaic cell has a `p' layer (P), `n' layer (n) and three `i' layers (i1,i2,i3) in between p and n layers. In the conduction band (Ec) a sudden fall in energy level (2) is carried out from the central valve thereby forming a trough near `n' layer. In the valance band (Ev) a sudden rise in energy level (3) is carried out near the `p' layer due to the junction of i1 and i2 layers.    ADVANTAGE -   Generates higher voltage with good conversion efficiency by preventing electron hole combination.
(US6184456-B1)      The cell consists of a polycrystalline thin film formed on a substrate (101). A non-crystal semiconductor is formed on the polycrystalline film.    The surface of each crystal grain of the polycrystalline thin film has a difference in flat property. The polycrystalline grain with rough surface and the polycrystalline grain with flat surface are made to mix.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves weather resistance and endurance. Improves photoelectric conversion efficiency. Improves fill factor and release voltage. Reduces leak current.
(JP10256575-A)      The transducer has a multilayer body with several semiconductor joints with mutually different spectral sensitivity and rate of degradation. The photoelectric current passing through the semiconductor joint with minimum rate of degradation, is larger than that of the semiconductor joint with maximum rate of degradation.    A light incidence surface is made to absorb spectral sensitivity area light of the semiconductor joint with minimum rate of degradation. A surface member makes the photoelectric current passing through the semiconductor joint of minimum degradation rate smaller than that of semiconductor joint with maximum degradation rate.    USE -   For sensor, electrical power generator used in building.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves optoelectric conversion efficiency. Suppresses photodegradation. Maintains conversion efficiency uniformly.    (US6153823-A)      The photoelectric conversion element includes a substrate. Several semiconductor junctions are made of non-single-crystalline semiconductors formed on the substrate. A surface material covers the semiconductor junctions. The semiconductor junctions have respective absorption spectra different from each other and respective photo-deterioration rates different from each other.    A photo-current generated by the semiconductor junction of the least deterioration rate is larger than that by the semiconductor junction of the greatest deterioration rate in a state of absence of the surface material. The surface material absorbs light in a range corresponding to a part of the absorption spectrum of the semiconductor junction of the least deterioration rate. The photo-current generated by the semiconductor junction of the least deterioration rate becomes smaller than that by the semiconductor junction of the greatest deterioration rate.    USE -   Also for building material and power generation apparatus.    ADVANTAGE -   Increases conversion efficiency and maintains it over long term.
(JP10238728-A)      The refuse processing plant has a pyrolysis reactor (4) through which the refuse (A) is transported in the longitudinal direction (6), with a refuse entry point at one side (10) of the reactor and a pyrolysis residue removal point at the other side (14).    The pyrolysis reactor is supplied with a gas (G) containing oxygen via a supply line (30) incorporating a heat exchanger (34) for pre-heating the gas, with a flue (24) for the process gas (SG) within the pyrolysis reactor provided at the same side as the refuse entry point.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduced operating energy requirement.
(EP907973-A1)      P and n-type thermoelectric cylindrical elements(1) are alternately connected in series by metal connectors(2). The connectors are plates which have semi-cylindrical parallel seats(3) on one side for the thermoelectric elements.    The connectors are placed with the seats facing each other on either side of a row of elements. Opposed plates are mutually offset one seat width alongside the row, forming a continuous winding serial path for the generated current. The plates on one side face a heat source whilst those on the other face a heat sink.    ADVANTAGE -   reduced number of component parts, allows mass manufacture    (US6034318-A)      P and n-type thermoelectric cylindrical elements(1) are alternately connected in series by metal connectors(2). The connectors are plates which have semi-cylindrical parallel seats(3) on one side for the thermoelectric elements.    The connectors are placed with the seats facing each other on either side of a row of elements. Opposed plates are mutually offset one seat width alongside the row, forming a continuous winding serial path for the generated current. The plates on one side face a heat source whilst those on the other face a heat sink.    ADVANTAGE -   reduced number of component parts, allows mass manufacture
(US5920798-A)      The method involves forming a p-n junction of a p-type semiconductor layer and an n-type semiconductor layer consisting of the elements selected from group II, group VI. Group II elements include any one of the elements chosen form S and Te. Group VI elements include any one of the elements chosen from Cd, Zn and Hg. The p-type or the n-type semiconductor layer contains an organic metal compound with a band between II group element and VI group element. A heat decomposition is done to the p- type and n-type semiconductor layer.    ADVANTAGE -   The method reduces film forming time by quick heat decomposition and offers highly efficient solar battery manufacture.
(JP3087165-B2)      The process involves plasmifying raw material gas under high-frequency microwave electric power. A selectively covered object (10) is kept under plasma (13). A thin plasma film is formed on the surface of the object. An ion beam is radiated on the object surface.    ADVANTAGE -   Improved yield and film forming speed. Offers good productivity under low temperature and good crystallinity of film.
(WO9836434-A1)      A photovoltaic cell is produced by applying a photovoltaic ink to a substrate carrying conductor patterns to form at not above 180C a semiconductor functional layer for the cell. The ink is a suspension of dye-coated semiconductor particles of the functional layer, a hydrolysable semiconductor precursor, such as a metal alkoxide, and an inert solvent.    USE -   Used as a regenerative photovoltaic cell using a wide range of light sources.    ADVANTAGE -   A simple reliable process is provided which is quick and does not require extreme conditions of temperature or a controlled atmosphere.    (ZA9801742-A)      A photovoltaic cell is produced by applying a photovoltaic ink to a substrate carrying conductor patterns to form at not above 180C a semiconductor functional layer for the cell. The ink is a suspension of dye-coated semiconductor particles of the functional layer, a hydrolysable semiconductor precursor, such as a metal alkoxide, and an inert solvent.    USE -   Used as a regenerative photovoltaic cell using a wide range of light sources.    ADVANTAGE -   A simple reliable process is provided which is quick and does not require extreme conditions of temperature or a controlled atmosphere.
(JP10219950-A)      The roof member includes a solar cell and a metal reinforcing member, the member being placed on at least one conductive member. The conductive member is electrically connected with the metal reinforcing member and the conductive member, being a metal sheet mounted on a wood rafter, is electrically grounded.    The reinforcing support and the conductive sheet are made electrically conductive through a retaining clip which is at least partially conductive. The retaining clip has a screw which tightens the connection between the reinforcing support of the solar cell and the clip.    ADVANTAGE -   Easy to install, with improved safety, is cost-effective and efficient.    (US6269596-B1)      The roof member includes a solar cell and a metal reinforcing member, the member being placed on at least one conductive member. The conductive member is electrically connected with the metal reinforcing member and the conductive member, being a metal sheet mounted on a wood rafter, is electrically grounded.    The reinforcing support and the conductive sheet are made electrically conductive through a retaining clip which is at least partially conductive. The retaining clip has a screw which tightens the connection between the reinforcing support of the solar cell and the clip.    ADVANTAGE -   Easy to install, with improved safety, is cost-effective and efficient.
(NL1005204-C2)      The support has a rear wall (2) extending up from a rear side of a bottom wall (8) and two opposite side walls (4) integrally joined to the bottom and side walls. Each side wall slopes from the rear wall to a front edge of the bottom wall. The support may be injection moulded or vacuum formed from recycled polyethylene. Also claimed is the combination of solar panels mounted on a support as above.    USE -   Installing solar panels, particularly on flat roofs (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   The lightweight and functional design of the support speeds up installation of the panels.    (US6105316-A)      The support has a rear wall (2) extending up from a rear side of a bottom wall (8) and two opposite side walls (4) integrally joined to the bottom and side walls. Each side wall slopes from the rear wall to a front edge of the bottom wall. The support may be injection moulded or vacuum formed from recycled polyethylene. Also claimed is the combination of solar panels mounted on a support as above.    USE -   Installing solar panels, particularly on flat roofs (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   The lightweight and functional design of the support speeds up installation of the panels.
(US5959240-A)      The converter has an insulated substrate whose high temperature side is provided at each end-face of a number of thermoelectric elements. The thermoelectric elements are placed in a heat exchanger (8), in the area where the fluid flows at high temperature.    The substrate and the elements are placed in a thermoelectric conversion module. The low temperature side of the insulated substrate is provided in the area where the fluid flows at low temperature and is attached to a heat-transfer wall of the heat exchanger.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables utilization of exhaust gas. Enables economic generation of electricity, without requiring special low temperature side cooling system. Reduces device size. Avoids noise and oscillation. Avoids need for maintenance for long period of time.
(US5965063-A)      A charge transporting material comprises charge transporting fine particles composed of charge transporting organic compound as an essential component.    USE -   Effectively used in an organic electronic device such as an electrophotographic photoreceptor, an organic EL element, an organic solar battery or the like.    (JP3173395-B2)      A charge transporting material comprises charge transporting fine particles composed of charge transporting organic compound as an essential component.    USE -   Effectively used in an organic electronic device such as an electrophotographic photoreceptor, an organic EL element, an organic solar battery or the like.
(JP2967186-B2)      Fresh water extraction machine (40) for shore based open cycle thermal power plant inlets a part of vapour (2) which drives a turbo generator, from an evaporator. The vapour contacts the surface of a tubular cold fresh water film formed around a heat exchanger tube (4). The fresh water film is formed by reverse osmosis pressure created by a deep inlet tube of a condenser. The film condenses the vapour to form fresh water.    ADVANTAGE -   Thermal resistance of solid state heating surface is eliminated. The efficiency of condensation is improved. Handling is easy and fresh water production efficiency is improved.
(EP956483-A1)      The solar energy collector includes a cover penetrable by light, an absorber, a system of flow ducts in the absorber and a frame formed of edge profiles (15). The frame has joints each with an insert (17) fitted inside the edge profile of a prebent lock pin (18).    An intermediate support or projection and the insert have a hole for the lock pin. One or more of the holes has a plane face (18a) and the lock pin has a plane face. In this way the joint can be tightened by turning the lock pins so that the plane face of the pins is locked to the plane face in the hole.    USE -   Relates to solar energy collector with system of flow ducts in absorber and frame structure formed of edge profile.    ADVANTAGE -   Servicing, replaceability of components and appearance of solar energy collector are considerably improved.
(JP10270739-A)      The array includes several solar batteries which are arranged parallelly. The rated voltage of each solar battery is mutually different.    ADVANTAGE -   Increases degree of freedom for designing. Enlarges output of solar battery array. Excels surface designing. Simplifies installation and wiring.    (US6111188-A)      The array comprises several solar cell strings connected in parallel, the array having two or more rated voltages of the solar cell strings. A voltage-power characteristic of the solar cell array has one power peak with the solar cell array having two or more numbers of series solar cells forming the solar cell strings.    The array has two numbers of series solar cell modules forming the solar cell strings. The array has the solar cell strings where the numbers of series solar cell modules are n, (n + m), (n + 2m),..., and (n + Am) (where n, m, and A are positive integers). The array has a solar cell array having a solar cell string where a number of series solar cell modules is n and a solar cell string where a number of series solar cell modules is (n + 1), where n is a positive integer.    ADVANTAGE -   Allows maximum output capacity of solar cell array to be designed in possible installation area of solar cell which gives high degrees of freedom of design.
(WO9911927-A1)      The method and system includes a thermal process developed inside the generator assemblies. It forms an air vol. flow with upward propulsive power, flowing put through the cylindrically shaped shaft (3). Which drives the generators (4) with impeller driven and stepless regulated gear units. That the water regenerated with the water regeneration and irrigation plant (14) uses water obtained from the atmosphere.    The water regenerated from the atmosphere is used partly for the prodn. of steam, and the remainder is used for land irrigation or in a collected condition, is used as drinking water for humans and animals. The prodn. of steam is carried out using solar collectors (7).    ADVANTAGE -   Different sets are combined and work together and with applying solar energy, wind power and steam creates bifunctional solar/wind-power plant.    (DE19881574-T)      The method and system includes a thermal process developed inside the generator assemblies. It forms an air vol. flow with upward propulsive power, flowing put through the cylindrically shaped shaft (3). Which drives the generators (4) with impeller driven and stepless regulated gear units. That the water regenerated with the water regeneration and irrigation plant (14) uses water obtained from the atmosphere.    The water regenerated from the atmosphere is used partly for the prodn. of steam, and the remainder is used for land irrigation or in a collected condition, is used as drinking water for humans and animals. The prodn. of steam is carried out using solar collectors (7).    ADVANTAGE -   Different sets are combined and work together and with applying solar energy, wind power and steam creates bifunctional solar/wind-power plant.
(JP3173392-B2)      The element has an electrode (16) formed on backside of a light receiving unit (24). A reinforcement member (18) is formed on periphery of the light receiving unit. A defect concentration area (12) formed in the center of a silicon substrate (10) is concentrated only in the reinforcement member by gettering.    ADVANTAGE -   Eliminates defects in electricity generation area. Improves carrier moving characteristic. Attains high conversion efficiency.
(WO200005769-A1)      The cell includes a number of units which each comprise a photovoltaic device (2) and a thermoelectric Peltier device (4). The devices are separated by a layer of thermally conducting but electrically insulating material (3).    The Peltier device is thermally connected by a layer (5) to a heat sink or a heat exchanger (6). The outputs (8,9,10,11) of the two devices are connected together. A lens (1) may be used to concentrate sunlight onto the photovoltaic device.    USE -   For heating or cooling a house. For powering an electric car.    ADVANTAGE -   Increases output/efficiency of the voltage cell as the temperature generated in the photovoltaic device, which would otherwise be wasted, creates a temperature difference which provides an electrical output from the thermoelectric device.    (GB2354637-A)      The cell includes a number of units which each comprise a photovoltaic device (2) and a thermoelectric Peltier device (4). The devices are separated by a layer of thermally conducting but electrically insulating material (3).    The Peltier device is thermally connected by a layer (5) to a heat sink or a heat exchanger (6). The outputs (8,9,10,11) of the two devices are connected together. A lens (1) may be used to concentrate sunlight onto the photovoltaic device.    USE -   For heating or cooling a house. For powering an electric car.    ADVANTAGE -   Increases output/efficiency of the voltage cell as the temperature generated in the photovoltaic device, which would otherwise be wasted, creates a temperature difference which provides an electrical output from the thermoelectric device.
(EP957523-A1)      A semiconductor particle is doped by: mixing it with a solution of a boron compound; drying; diffusing the boron into the particle; and melting the particle to form a uniformly doped particle.    USE -   For the manufacture of uniformly B-doped Si spherical (powder) particles for use in photovoltaic and solar cells.    ADVANTAGE -   A uniformly B-doped Si particle is obtained in a single low-cost process which does not leave a B-rich glass on the particle surface. Boric acid is used as a dopant source and is diluted with deionised water. Boric acid is a low cost commercially available product, it does not pose any special shipping, handling or disposal requirements.
(US5974803-A)      The thermo-generator has the hot contact points of at least one thermoelement (9,10) for the thermo-generator associated with the flue of the combustion heating device, with the cold contact points associated with the flow channel for the heat exchange medium for the heating device.    The block-shaped thermo-generator module has plate-shaped thermoelements, which are sandwiched between the flue line for the heating device and the flow channel for the heat exchange medium.    ADVANTAGE -   Efficient operation of thermo-generator. Has compact structure.
(WO9961849-A1)      The system includes a subterranean heat exchanger (1) that is installed in the earth. The phase changeable heat transfer fluid is circulated by a conduit circuit to transfer the thermal energy from the subterranean heat exchanger to the dynamic load heat exchanger (70). The gaseous heat transfer fluid is compressed by a compressor (13) in the conduit circuit. The heat transfer fluid is supplied in-between the heat exchangers through an expansion valve, when the system is operated in heating mode or cooling mode.    The liquid phase heat transfer fluid is trapped in a trap vessel. The liquid phase heat transfer fluid is stored in a reservoir in the conduit circuit. The heat transfer fluid is transferred from the gas compressor to the subterranean heat exchanger through the reservoir during heating mode. The heat transfer fluid is transferred from the heat exchanger to the gas compressor in cooling mode through the reservoir.    ADVANTAGE -   Stabilises heating and cooling operation in wide range of soil and climatic conditions. Improves heating and cooling efficiency.
(JP3121786-B2)      The module consists of a solar panel (9) inserted into a frame (1). The solar panel is mounted on the upper surface of the kicking rail (5) of the frame or on the horizontal wall (27) of an in-horizontal rail. A spacer (21) with electric insulation is provided which holds the solar panel.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents short circuit of opto electric transducer. Raises endurance of solar panel.
(JP2922466-B2)      The battery includes a p-type compound semiconductor thin film acting as optical absorption layer. The compound semiconductor film contains IB group element, III group element, VIB group element and IA group element. The ratio of content of III group element and IB group element is 0.22-0.75.    ADVANTAGE -   Solar battery with novel composition is obtained.
(DE19720969-A1)      The solar motor has a round heat-proof glass disc (1) which rotates and a fixed magnetic chain (3). The surface of the glass disc is coated with a ferrite granular layer, which in turn is coated with a black light absorbing layer of at least 2mm and a part of the disc.    The surface of the disc (1) is heated by the rays of the sun, and a part (2) of the disc is prevented from heating (cooled) by a mirror. A surface (3) results, which is not attracted, yet the cold surface (2) of the disc is drawn in a counter clockwise direction. The large disc rotates counterclockwise and the wheel (4) runs quicker and in a clockwise direction.    ADVANTAGE -   Designed to operate using Curie temp. effect and motor moves under 125 deg. C without large cost or energy consumption.
(JP10221528-A)      The module has each prism (16) comprising a component with a refraction index larger than that of air and of triangular cross-section. The prisms form a V-shape. On the underside of an extended section (30), continuing from an apex of the V-shape, is located a solar cell (12).    At an apex of the V-shape is formed a longitudinally extending V-shaped recess. The extended section has a higher refraction index than the prisms. The boundary of the extended section and the prisms is convex at the prism side. The rear side of each prism may be mirrored.    ADVANTAGE -   Fixed solar concentrator with high concentration capacity.    (US5977478-A)      The module has each prism (16) comprising a component with a refraction index larger than that of air and of triangular cross-section. The prisms form a V-shape. On the underside of an extended section (30), continuing from an apex of the V-shape, is located a solar cell (12).    At an apex of the V-shape is formed a longitudinally extending V-shaped recess. The extended section has a higher refraction index than the prisms. The boundary of the extended section and the prisms is convex at the prism side. The rear side of each prism may be mirrored.    ADVANTAGE -   Fixed solar concentrator with high concentration capacity.
(US5853497-A)      The photovoltaic device for converting photons into electrical energy, comprises gallium indium phosphide (GaInP) (10, 10') and gallium arsenide (GaAs) (12, 12') cells and gallium indium arsenide phosphide (GaInAsP) (14, 15) cells. The GaInP, GaAs and GaInAsP cells are connected to each other in a tandem configuration so that photons enter the GaInP (10), GaAs (12) and GaInAsP (14) cells in turn.    Also claimed is a further photovoltaic device for converting photons into electrical energy.    USE -   The device is a multi-junctioned solar cell that efficiently convert solar radiation into electrical energy.    ADVANTAGE -   The device improves upon existing solar energy to electrical energy conversion efficiencies by using materials that are more efficient than prior art combinations in converting the infrared.
(JP3054933-B2)      The wrist watch consists of a trunk (1) which is attached to a back cover (9) through a heat insulation ring (10). A thermally conductive low resin material is provided in this heat insulation ring which enables heat from the back cover conduct on a trunk. A glass (2) is attached by the side of trunk. On the internal diameter portion of the trunk, a needle (4) and heat dissipation ring are arranged. The heat dissipation ring consists of thermally conductive material. A thermoelectric generating element (12) which combines a number of thermocouples is inserted between heat dissipation rings and back cover through a protective material (13).    The protective material consists of flat spring like material of high elasticity. The heat radiated from thermoelectric generating element through the protective material is radiated to the trunk and a dial (3) of watch through the heat dissipation ring. The micro thermo-electromotive force caused by the generation of heat is utilised as main power supply or auxiliary power supply of main body of timepiece.    ADVANTAGE -   Utilises voltage of trace as power supply and starts timepiece.
(JP2972596-B2)      The method involves estimating intensity of global solar radiation from atmospheric air transmittance, intensity of direct and scattered sunlight. The solar battery operation temperature is obtained from the estimated intensity of global solar radiation and the daily minimum temperature. The quantity of DC power and AC power generated from solar battery is estimated for every arbitrary time interval from the detected operation temperature.    ADVANTAGE -   Estimates energy generated from solar power generation system in arbitrary installation points, precisely.
(JP2871577-B2)      A mfg. method for copper phthalocyanine crystals comprises making copper phthalocyanine crystals into fine particles by in-gas evaporation method heating the crystals in a container with the pressure adjusted to a specific level with an inactive gas, treating with benzene by dispersing the fine particles into benzene and removing the benzene from the particles by evaporation.    Also claimed are the obtd. copper phthalocyanine crystals with a strong absorption in the near IR region.    USE -   The copper phthalocyanine crystals are useful as charge generation materials for solar batteries and electrophotographic receptors and also for inks, toners and coatings.    ADVANTAGE -   The copper phthalocyanine crystals have high purity and absorb light in the near IR region effectively. The mfg. method is simple and economical.
(EP868607-A1)      The oscillating sluice valve (1) has a plane rectangular surface set facing the oncoming waves. It has a hinge (3) at its base fastened to a concrete block (21). A helical spring (2) causes the surface to return while waiting for the next wave to arrive.    A pump (11,12,13) with buffer springs (8,9) is connected to the slice valve at a sliding hinge (4,5). Transmitting and suction pipes (16,17) with safety valves (14,15) connect with collector pipes (18,19) connecting several generators in parallel.    USE -   Converts wave energy into fluid pressure which may be used in electrical generator, for pumping water or compression of refrigerating gasses.
(US6133119-A)      The method involves heating a crystalline semiconductor substrate (101) which has a layer containing catalyst element positioned over its surface. During the first stage of heat treatment, the catalysts move into the defective areas of the semiconductor substrate. The heating is done in an atmosphere containing halogen element. During the second stage of heating the defect is removed and the catalysts are brought out. During the third stage, the oxide films formed on the semiconductor substrate during the second stage is removed by etching. The catalyst concentration in semiconductor substrate is less than or equal to 5 * 1018/cm3 and that of halogen element is 1*1016 - 1 * 1020/cm3.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces manufacturing cost. Provides solar cell with high conversion efficiency. Provides solar cell with small recombination centre.
(JP3163015-B2)      The transparent conductive film consists of combined metal oxide of In, Sn, and Zn.    The mixt. of In2O3, SnO2, and ZnO was fired at 1000C, and filled into stainless steel dish to give the sputtering target. The transparent conductive film was formed by sputtering process using this sputtering target.    USE -   The transparent conductive film is used for several displays, solar batteries and energy saving windows.    ADVANTAGE -   The transparent conductive film has high permeability for visible light, and its etching speed can be simply varied by changing its composition.
(JP2952660-B2)      The method involves setting the rolling rate and velocity of a stainless steel board to 20% or more and more than 400m/min respectively, during finish cold rolling. Then, polishing and final rolling are carried out. Following the atmospheric air annealing, electrolytic pickling of the stainless steel board is performed by immersing it into nitric acid solution. The surface roughness of the board along predetermined rolling direction is in the range of 0.3-1.4micrometers and 0.5-1.7micrometers, respectively.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves photoelectric conversion efficiency.    (US5986205-A)      The method involves setting the rolling rate and velocity of a stainless steel board to 20% or more and more than 400m/min respectively, during finish cold rolling. Then, polishing and final rolling are carried out. Following the atmospheric air annealing, electrolytic pickling of the stainless steel board is performed by immersing it into nitric acid solution. The surface roughness of the board along predetermined rolling direction is in the range of 0.3-1.4micrometers and 0.5-1.7micrometers, respectively.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves photoelectric conversion efficiency.
(JP2998069-B2)      The structure includes a coupling discarded board (1). A cover (2) comprising several solar batteries (22) arranged on its surface (21) is coupled with the coupling discarded board, along the solar light progressing direction. Eaves edges (13) are formed on one ridge side of the board.    Ridge edges (12) with water expelling part (121), are formed along the other ridge side of the board. A groove (14) for wiring is formed at the centre, along the width direction of the board, to accommodate a connection cable (221) of the solar batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   Performs wiring of solar batteries at groove, easily and simply. Improves workability and capability. Offers superior outer cladding structure.
(JP2924810-B2)      In an organic electroluminescent (EL) device forming a luminescent layer or multilayers containing a luminescent layer of an organic compound thin film(s) between a pair of electrodes, the improvement which comprises that the luminescent layer is a layer containing a luminescent material of formula (I).     A1 -A4 =optionally substituted 6-16C aryl; R1 -R8 =H, halogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkoxy, optionally substituted aryl or optionally substituted amino with two of neighbouring R1 -R8optionally fusing with each other to form a new 6-membered aryl ring.    USE -   The organic EL devices are useful for flat panel displays such as wall TV sets, surface illuminants as light sources for copying machines and printers, light sources for liq. crystal displays and measuring instruments, indicator panels and pilot lamps. The luminescent material is also useful for electrophotographic receptors, photoelectric conversion devices, solar batteries and image sensors.    ADVANTAGE -   The organic EL devices have high luminance, high luminescent efficacy, little luminescent deterioration and thus high reliability and a long life.
(EP856398-A1)      A solar module (100), for mounting on a house roof, has a trough-like support (10) dimensioned for insertion in a water channel of a roof tile.    Also claimed is a combination of a solar module and a roof tile, in which the solar module is as described above.    Preferably, the support (10) is formed of thin extruded or rolled, tin-clad, lead-containing base material sheets or plates which are intimately joined together by plastic deformation, intercrystalline fracture during deformation being prevented by using, as the lead-containing base material, a tin-containing lead alloy of composition 0.15-0.85% Sn, 0.05-0.15% Sb, 0.03-0.06% Cu, 0.01-0.10% Bi, 0.10% other additions and balance Pb.    ADVANTAGE -   The solar module can be easily, rapidly and inexpensively mounted on an existing roof, without roof conversion and irrespective of the type of tiles present.    (EP856398-B1)      A solar module (100), for mounting on a house roof, has a trough-like support (10) dimensioned for insertion in a water channel of a roof tile.    Also claimed is a combination of a solar module and a roof tile, in which the solar module is as described above.    Preferably, the support (10) is formed of thin extruded or rolled, tin-clad, lead-containing base material sheets or plates which are intimately joined together by plastic deformation, intercrystalline fracture during deformation being prevented by using, as the lead-containing base material, a tin-containing lead alloy of composition 0.15-0.85% Sn, 0.05-0.15% Sb, 0.03-0.06% Cu, 0.01-0.10% Bi, 0.10% other additions and balance Pb.    ADVANTAGE -   The solar module can be easily, rapidly and inexpensively mounted on an existing roof, without roof conversion and irrespective of the type of tiles present.
(JP10117007-A)      Near the focal plane of the position detecting collector lens (40) is fitted a position detecting sensor (42) on the lens peripheral surface. An electricity generating collector lens (10) is flat and made of resin. Near this collector lens focal plane is located a solar cell (12).    A drive (18-24) actuates the electricity generating collector lens and the solar cell as a unit, reacting to a signal from the position detecting sensor to align the electricity generating collector lens onto the sun. Preferably this collector lens is of Fresnel type with a linear focal plane.    USE -   For effective solar rays focussing.    ADVANTAGE -   Simple design, facility for precise sun following, and effective electricity generation.    (US5977475-A)      Near the focal plane of the position detecting collector lens (40) is fitted a position detecting sensor (42) on the lens peripheral surface. An electricity generating collector lens (10) is flat and made of resin. Near this collector lens focal plane is located a solar cell (12).    A drive (18-24) actuates the electricity generating collector lens and the solar cell as a unit, reacting to a signal from the position detecting sensor to align the electricity generating collector lens onto the sun. Preferably this collector lens is of Fresnel type with a linear focal plane.    USE -   For effective solar rays focussing.    ADVANTAGE -   Simple design, facility for precise sun following, and effective electricity generation.
(JP10117004-A)      The element has a p+ diffusion layer (16) formed on the surface of a light receiving unit (10) which in turn is formed on a p type silicon substrate (12). The p+ diffusion layer is also formed on back side of ground fixing portion (14). The ground fixing portion is provided surrounding the light receiving unit.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves photoelectric conversion efficiency. Expands cross-section of bath electrode and reduces internal resistance.    (US5973260-A)      The surface of the solar light reception section carries a P+ or N+-diffusion layer with an impurity concentration in the order of 10 to 100 times larger than that of the used silicon substrate.    Preferably on the surface of the solar light reception section is formed a structure of pyramidal uneven surface. The diffusion layer is linear or punctiform, and a dam section for reinforcing is formed round the light reception section, which may carry the diffusion layer.    USE -   For solar energy generating system.    ADVANTAGE -   Increase photoelectric efficiency due to prevention of carrier recombination.
(JP10112549-A)      The module has a covering material which seals the light incident side surface of a photovoltaic cell (101). The covering material comprises a surface sealing resin layer (102) and a surface protection film (103). The oxygen permeability of the surface protection film ranges between 10cc-50cc/m2*24hr under atmospheric condition of temperature of about 21degC and relative humidity of about 90%.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents yellow colouration of surface coating material due to prolonged exposure. Reduces loss of light. Improves reliability of battery module.
(JP3006711-B2)      The module includes a photoelectric semiconductor layer formed on an electrically conductive base (204). A transparent electrically conductive film (202) is formed on the semiconductor layer. A number of collector electrodes (201) are provided in series on the transparent conductive film, to form a solar battery cell. A connecting member (203) is interposed, between the collector electrodes of one solar cell and the electrically conductive base of the other solar cell.    The connecting member is comprised of a metal layer (203a), a pair of insulating adhesive agents (203c) and an electroconductive glue (203b) connected between the metal layer and the adhesive agent. The collector electrode of one solar cell contacts the electroconductive glue of the connecting member, such that the solar battery cell adjoining the insulated adhesive agent are isolated mutually. The electrically conductive base of the adjoining solar battery cell contacts the electroconductive glue of the connecting member.    ADVANTAGE -   Replaces bus bar connection. Reduces man-day. Increases productivity, reliability, exterior property and industrial utilisation value.
(JP3049547-B2)      The transducer has a junction forming layer (21) formed on a semiconductor substrate (11). A separating groove (31) of predetermined depth is provided in the semiconductor area, from the surface of the junction forming layer. The junction forming layer is divided into an effective area (21a) and an invalid area (21b).    A groove (32) for a first electrode formation is formed at the invalid area of the junction forming layer upto predetermined position of the semiconductor substrate. A first conductive electrode (41) is electrically formed through the groove. A second electrode (42) is formed over the surface of the effective area of the junction forming layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves production efficiency. Simplifies lamination of junction forming layer.
(RU2105407-C1)      A conical nozzle (8) is set at the required angle according to the melting temperature of the plasma-forming material in a body (1) and a pressure of 6.65 x 10 power -3 Pa is formed in the body using a turbo-molecular pump (26). A transformer (20) is connected and a cathode (2) is heated to 1500-1600 deg.C and emits electrons, while the corresponding voltages are passed to a pre-cathode electrode (3), an anode (4) and a magnetic lens (6). High-speed elements of an electron beam (28) pass on to a substrate (15) in a crucible (16) and is ionised and secondary and reflected electrons in a vapour mass with finely-dispersed particles (29) tend to a screen, forming bunches (30) of low temperature plasma with channels (31) necessary for passage of the electron beam.    The electrons are deposited on collectors (14) and the ions on a cone (13), forming part of the screen, during simultaneous introduction of an ionisation flow from a source (19) if required. A high potential difference is formed between the collectors during rotation of the particle flow and is determined by the mass difference of electrons and ions. An electrical energy user (25) is connected to the device and the transformer is disconnected from the external power source, allowing the device to operate on its own power. The plasma bunches are constantly filled with plasma generated by the electron beam and the electrons and ions are separated by the centrifugal force formed during rotation. An internal partition can be placed on cone (13) to create localised rotation of the vapour-gas flow.    USE -   Generation of electrical energy using plasma processes    ADVANTAGE -   Simplified manufacture of device and reliable operation for obtaining cheap electrical power while observing ecological issues.
(GB2317923-B)      The training walls are curved in the horizontal plane and in the vertical plane so as to form a breakwater constructed in steel or concrete utilising the effect of wave phenomenon described as Mach Stem wave, reducing the need for breakwater armour.    The training walls form a device for raising the height of the crest and trough of a wave entering the device and allows for the volume of the water to fall to Kaplan type low head turbines, which are coupled to electricity generators at their exits. The training walls, turbines and generators may be constructed as concrete caissons and founded on the ocean bed, or designed as a floating structure tethered by mooring lines so that its entrance faces oncoming waves.    ADVANTAGE -   Protects installation from wave action by reducing wave impact force and eliminates or reduces Mach-Stem effect which reduces available wave energy in electricity generation installation. floating installation reduces foundation costs and provides improved wave regime siting.
(WO9810144-A1)      A retractable bollard has an electric motor (18) which is controlled by a radio receiver (15) and electronic card (16) and driven by a battery (19) charged by solar panels (3) in the bollard cap. The motor has a pinion (33) which engages with a rack (32). The rack (32) is attached to a central column (31) which is part of the upper section (22,23) of the bollard which is thus raised and lowered as required through a waterproof collar (39). The whole equipment is installed in a pit (4) and has means of reversing it's movement on detecting an obstacle.    ADVANTAGE -   The bollard is equipped with solar panels and avoids the cost and disruption of providing external energy supplies. The simple design allows low maintenance costs.
(JP10093124-A)      The battery module has a photovoltaic cell (101). A light receiving side surface of the cell is sealed by a transparent organic polymer resin (103) containing a fibrous inorganic compound (102).    At the non-light reception side of the cell, a layer of reinforcing material (107) is provided whose area is larger than the cell area. The area of the light reception side of the photovoltaic cell is convex-shaped.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables twisting reduction of electrical insulation. Facilitates control of moisture penetration inside module. Simplifies bending process. Offers module with high reliability. Excels in fire retardancy.
(JP2920202-B2)      Molybdenum or tungsten single crystal contains 0.007-0.090 atm% of at least one of Ca and Mg, and has controlled crystal orientation.    USE -   Mo or W single crystal having controlled crystal orientation is used for thermo-electronic power generating element.    ADVANTAGE -   Mo or W single crystal having controlled crystal orientation is easily manufactured without skilful work likes seeding and without influence of its magnitude and shape.    (US5916363-A)      Molybdenum or tungsten single crystal contains 0.007-0.090 atm% of at least one of Ca and Mg, and has controlled crystal orientation.    USE -   Mo or W single crystal having controlled crystal orientation is used for thermo-electronic power generating element.    ADVANTAGE -   Mo or W single crystal having controlled crystal orientation is easily manufactured without skilful work likes seeding and without influence of its magnitude and shape.
(JP10072910-A)      The roof has the upper-end engaging portion of a downstream roof panel seam-jointed with a lower-end engaging portion of an upstream roof panel. At least the lower-end engaging portion has flexural rigidity enough to disengage the seam joint. The upper-end engaging portion of the downstream roof panel is fixed to a roof bed material by a retaining clip which can be exposed by disengaging the seam joint and lifting the upstream roof panel.    In a section of the seam joint, the downstream roof panel and the upstream roof panel are coupled with each other by a fastener, such as a rivet. A screw fixing member is provided at the upper-end engaging portion of the downstream roof panel, so that in the section of the seam joint, the downstream and upstream roof panels, and the screw fixing member are fixed by a screw.    ADVANTAGE -   Joint member has opening portion which allows wiring to be drawn through.    (US6155006-A)      The roof has the upper-end engaging portion of a downstream roof panel seam-jointed with a lower-end engaging portion of an upstream roof panel. At least the lower-end engaging portion has flexural rigidity enough to disengage the seam joint. The upper-end engaging portion of the downstream roof panel is fixed to a roof bed material by a retaining clip which can be exposed by disengaging the seam joint and lifting the upstream roof panel.    In a section of the seam joint, the downstream roof panel and the upstream roof panel are coupled with each other by a fastener, such as a rivet. A screw fixing member is provided at the upper-end engaging portion of the downstream roof panel, so that in the section of the seam joint, the downstream and upstream roof panels, and the screw fixing member are fixed by a screw.    ADVANTAGE -   Joint member has opening portion which allows wiring to be drawn through.
(JP10073202-A)      The system comprises a waste incinerating furnace (1), fossil fuel boiler (2), air heating heat exchanger apparatus (3,4) and waste inlet (5). Air for incineration is supplied from an inlet (7) to a combustion chamber (9) and to the bottom (8) of the furnace by a blower fan (6).    Combustion residue is taken from an outlet (10). Combustion gas is drawn by a fan (11) and is passed through the exchanger (3). Fresh air is preheated in the other heat exchanger (4). Water (F), purified in an ioniser, is passed to the combustion chamber to produce steam driving a turbine (24) for the electricity generator (25).    ADVANTAGE -   Increases net efficiency of plant under conditions of safe and stable operation.
(US5758938-A)      The solar energy concentrator (18) is pivoted onto a pedestal (16) and uses a single linear actuator (32) for movement between a zenith, horizon and downward facing and intermediate positions. Upper and lower bars (14,12) are pivoted to the pedestal and concentrator and are connected via a slider (44). The slider has a follower nut section driven by the actuator.    A motor (41) drives a lead screw (42) attached to the pedestal or an offset support structure unit of the solar concentrator.    ADVANTAGE -   Uses single actuator and enables efficient tracking of energy source by solar powered electricity generating system which can be placed in a downward facing attitude to avoid precipitation and blown particles damaging reflecting surface when collector is not active.    (EP914582-A1)      The solar energy concentrator (18) is pivoted onto a pedestal (16) and uses a single linear actuator (32) for movement between a zenith, horizon and downward facing and intermediate positions. Upper and lower bars (14,12) are pivoted to the pedestal and concentrator and are connected via a slider (44). The slider has a follower nut section driven by the actuator.    A motor (41) drives a lead screw (42) attached to the pedestal or an offset support structure unit of the solar concentrator.    ADVANTAGE -   Uses single actuator and enables efficient tracking of energy source by solar powered electricity generating system which can be placed in a downward facing attitude to avoid precipitation and blown particles damaging reflecting surface when collector is not active.
(US5735262-A)      The diffuser (10) for a solar energy receiver (12) has energy diffusing cavities (26) so that a portion of the solar energy passing through the cavities is reflected by the cavity walls (30) to be reoriented and diffused before being emitted to the receiver. The geometry of the cavities can be selected to achieve the desired effect.    The diffuser reduces the likelihood of inadvertent hotspot formation and allows the designed maximum receiver energy flux to be closer to the receiver tube material limits.    ADVANTAGE -   Cellular structure restricts exchange of hot air in receiver tube vicinity and reduces convection energy losses in the solar receiver chambers to improve overall system efficiency and reduce overall size of apparatus.    (EP914581-A1)      The diffuser (10) for a solar energy receiver (12) has energy diffusing cavities (26) so that a portion of the solar energy passing through the cavities is reflected by the cavity walls (30) to be reoriented and diffused before being emitted to the receiver. The geometry of the cavities can be selected to achieve the desired effect.    The diffuser reduces the likelihood of inadvertent hotspot formation and allows the designed maximum receiver energy flux to be closer to the receiver tube material limits.    ADVANTAGE -   Cellular structure restricts exchange of hot air in receiver tube vicinity and reduces convection energy losses in the solar receiver chambers to improve overall system efficiency and reduce overall size of apparatus.
(JP10054118-A)      The module has a photovoltaic element (2) fixed on a reinforcing sheet with several junction boxes (10), for drawing power out from the element to the outside, provided on an anti-light receiving surface side of the sheet.    Spacer members (9a), having a height higher than the height of the junction boxes, are placed along two opposite sides of the sheet. A second spacer member (9b) is placed between the junction boxes, the boxes being placed in a space defined by the second spacer member.    ADVANTAGE -   Eliminates difficulties arising from fitting of spacer members in accurate position in working site on roof of poor foothold. Prevents panel from becoming deformed when subject to stress and prevents junction boxes from breaking.
(WO9922137-A1)      The wave energy converter (10) includes a buoyant body (11) with an acceleration tube (14) for submersion in water. The tube is dependent from and attached to the buoyant body. A working piston reciprocates in the acceleration tube. An energy-absorbing device is operatively connected with the piston. A unit in the tube defines a fluid compartment, and another unit passes water into and out of the compartment.    The converter has a control valve provided in the passage unit. The converter further has a unit for assessing the wave conditions in the body of water and controlling the degree of filling of the fluid compartment with water in accordance with the assessed wave conditions.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides operation at different resonant frequencies.    (EP1030970-A1)      The wave energy converter (10) includes a buoyant body (11) with an acceleration tube (14) for submersion in water. The tube is dependent from and attached to the buoyant body. A working piston reciprocates in the acceleration tube. An energy-absorbing device is operatively connected with the piston. A unit in the tube defines a fluid compartment, and another unit passes water into and out of the compartment.    The converter has a control valve provided in the passage unit. The converter further has a unit for assessing the wave conditions in the body of water and controlling the degree of filling of the fluid compartment with water in accordance with the assessed wave conditions.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides operation at different resonant frequencies.
(JP10032345-A)      The module includes a insulating material formed on a base material. A photovoltaic element set (102) includes several photovoltaic elements (103) and a wiring material (104) for interconnecting the elements, formed on the insulating material.    A second insulating material is formed on the photovoltaic element set. The base material has an L sectional shape, and a bent portion formed in a portion where no photovoltaic element is located. The bending radius of the bent portion is not less than 3.00 millimetre.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves heat collection efficiency and power generation of heat collection panel, and panel can be easily assembled and has high mass productivity.    (US6063996-A)      The module includes a insulating material formed on a base material. A photovoltaic element set (102) includes several photovoltaic elements (103) and a wiring material (104) for interconnecting the elements, formed on the insulating material.    A second insulating material is formed on the photovoltaic element set. The base material has an L sectional shape, and a bent portion formed in a portion where no photovoltaic element is located. The bending radius of the bent portion is not less than 3.00 millimetre.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves heat collection efficiency and power generation of heat collection panel, and panel can be easily assembled and has high mass productivity.
(ZA9705572-A)      The collector (2) of the device tracks the sun in two dimensions whether or not the sun is obscured by clouds, and is capable of assembly at a remote location. The collector comprises a base (3), a support frame (4), a movable frame (5) and a target (6). A number of concave mirrors (11) are pivoted on the movable frame.    The target is centred at the focal point of the mirrors. A small pump circulates liquid from a storage tank through the target with the liquid retaining the reflected heat and power for later use. Pivoting of the frame is controlled by an electric motor and gears. The motors and the pump are operated by a light sensor and a photovoltaic panel.    USE -   Suitable for supplying heating and power for industrial, commercial and domestic use.    D21
(US5720452-A)      The orientation error removal structure has a number of solar panels with interconnection mechanisms (316b..316f). The panels are subject to periods of solar radiation and dark conditions.    To prevent panel distortion from bending the panel array, each panel is mounted on a low coefficient of expansion beam (333a..333b). By using this structure any panel distortion is confined to the individual panel and not passed on to the next in the series.    ADVANTAGE -   Allows accurate pointing of panels needed for Communications Satellites where directional antennas aligned to within 1 degree are needed.
(WO9747880-A1)      A generator drive has a vertically moving pressure rail (3) with a return spring(98) that is depressed by a car passing over it. The rail works through a gearbox(93) and a free wheel with a mechanical energy store (91) which in turn is connected to the generator drive. The energy store has at least one spring operating a hydraulic cylinder(81) connected to the generator (10) by an oil-fed hydraulic motor(83) whose outlet goes to a pressureless oil store (85) via a return pipe.    The oil store is connected to the hydraulic cylinder by an inlet valve (86). The spring has a ratchet with release mechanism. The ratchet can be released when the spring is untensioned. All items can be returned to the starting position.    ADVANTAGE -   Overcomes the low efficiency and strongly varying generator speed of other designs.
(JP3100901-B2)       The method involves forming a SiO2 film (2) on a Si substrate (1). A thin polycrystalline Si film (3) is formed on the SiO2film. A first resist pattern (16) having a number of linear openings is formed on the surface of the polycrystalline Si film by first screen printing process. A similar record resist pattern (17) having a number of linear openings is formed on the surface of the polycrystalline Si, perpendicular to the formation of the first resist pattern,    Thereby, the through hole pattern having the shut pattern openings at equal intervals is formed by suspension of the openings of both the resist patterns. A number of through holes are formed at equal intervals by etching removal of the thin polycrystalline Si film. The etching removal of the insulated film is carried out through the through holes and the thin polycrystalline Si is isolated from the substrates.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces levelling amount of resist pattern. Reduces scattering in diameter of opening of shut pattern. Reduces frequency of screen printing. Stabilises resist mask formation method.
(US6051891-A)      The station operates by gas liquefied at cryogenic temperatures being stored in an externally ribbed storage tank exposed to ambient surroundings. The large latent thermal difference between the liquefied gas and the environment is then used to boil the liquefied gas, producing a low temperature high pressure gas stream released into the bottom of a fluid filled tower with inverted buckets fixed to a pulley belt. As the pulley belt is rotated by the buoyant lift of the gas filled buckets through the fluid, a generator coupled to the pulley belt produces electrical power.    The trapped gas is then released from the buckets as they turn over the upper pulley, is collected in the tower upper chamber ullage cavity and returned for recompression by a solar powered compressor. An auxiliary compressor powered by the partial output of the generator may be used to recompress the gas when the solar array is ineffective, under computer control.    ADVANTAGE -   Is capable of generating electrical energy at high efficiency anywhere on Earth competitive with large scale thermal power stations.
(JP3125134-B2)      The device includes an aseismic structure head tank cover (1) supporting a head tank (2) and a lower water tank (10). A perpendicular drop water removal pipe (4) is installed in centre section of the head tank cover. A funnel shaped water receiver (3) is connected to top point of the water removal pipe. A venturi (5) is connected to bottom part of the water removal pipe.    A venturi valve opens/closes the venturi and controls water flow quantity and hydraulic pressure. A cone type water guide with two or more rectification separator is connected to centre of an outer casing (6). A generator (8) is coupled with a turbine using a gear system.    ADVANTAGE -   Ensures development of pollution free power generation.
(GB2313879-B)      The energy generator includes a container (1) having a lower part which is provided with e.g. openable slats (3) for producing a controlled opening which when fully opened will open the major part of the underside of the container and in its closed position closes off effectively the entire base of the container. A turbine (7) is seated in the lower part of the container and accessible to the slats, and a lifting device (11) lift the container, with an electricity generator connected to the turbine.    When the container is placed in a volume of water, with the slats providing a small opening (9) at the turbine, the container sinks allowing water to pass into the container by flowing through the turbine and thus generating electricity. When the container reaches a lower level, the slats are opened to their fullest extent and the lifting device lifts the container to its original position, without the necessity of lifting the water contents of the container for a repeat of the operation.    ADVANTAGE -   Is environmentally friendly in that is does not cause pollution or consume planetary resources, while being relatively inexpensive especially with respect to cost of initial generating apparatus.
(EP1010229-A1)      Inductive power transfer across an extended gap (100) from a primary conductor (119) is provided by means of a resonant intermediate loop comprised of a capacitor (118) with inductor (117), together capable of resonance at the system-wide resonant frequency. The inductor may be a non-coiled wire, carrying a larger resonating current that can in turn generate an inductive field to be collected by a pick-up coil (120).    Preferably, the intermediate resonant loop is extended over a lateral distance so that one or more, spaced-apart, secondary resonant circuits may draw power from the intermediate resonant loop. The intermediate resonant loop may include means, such a saturable inductor, to limit the amount of resonating current flowing.    USE -   For motive power battery charging and lighting e.g. road stud    ADVANTAGE -   Intermediate resonant circuit can reduce amount of primary current required, and/or reduce size of secondary pick-up inductor.    (US2001012208-A1)      Inductive power transfer across an extended gap (100) from a primary conductor (119) is provided by means of a resonant intermediate loop comprised of a capacitor (118) with inductor (117), together capable of resonance at the system-wide resonant frequency. The inductor may be a non-coiled wire, carrying a larger resonating current that can in turn generate an inductive field to be collected by a pick-up coil (120).    Preferably, the intermediate resonant loop is extended over a lateral distance so that one or more, spaced-apart, secondary resonant circuits may draw power from the intermediate resonant loop. The intermediate resonant loop may include means, such a saturable inductor, to limit the amount of resonating current flowing.    USE -   For motive power battery charging and lighting e.g. road stud    ADVANTAGE -   Intermediate resonant circuit can reduce amount of primary current required, and/or reduce size of secondary pick-up inductor.
Battery has air duct(8), blower(6), and part(a) of regenerators for cowpers (1,2,3,4). Duct(8) is connected with burning chambers of each cowper(1,2,3,4).    USE -   Device used in burning processes in metallurgical industry.
(US5982604-A)      The apparatus has a coil (11) connected to a power supply line (10) from a vehicle mounted battery (1), which supplies power to an ECU (3). A switching transistor (12) is provided between the coil and a coil current detection resistor (14). When a starting switch (5) is ON, a control circuit (20) does the ON- OFF control of the switching transistor.    When the switching transistor is turned OFF, the counter voltage generated in the coil is smoothed by smoothing units (15,16), which comprise a diode and a capacitor. When the switching transistor is turned ON, the counter voltage generated in the coil is utilized by the ECU as booster voltage.    USE -   For engine control.    ADVANTAGE -   Supplies stable voltage to operate ECU, efficiently. Operates starter during engine start, effectively.
(JP3143599-B2)      The separator (30) includes a base material (32) and a surface protection layer (40) containing a conductive ceramic powder and glass.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides superior conductivity and oxidation resistance. Provides fuel battery with high output, high efficiency. Improves durability.
(US6100749-A)      The circuit includes a NPN transistor (Q1) and a multi- emitter structure NPN transistor (Q2) connected between a power supply node (11) and a ground node. The transistor (Q1) is connected to a standard current supply unit (13). The collector of transistor (Q1) is connected to its base and the power supply. The base of the transistor (Q1) is connected to a multi-emitter structure NPN transistor (Q3).    The emitter of the transistor (Q3) is connected to the base of the (Q2) transistor and input current unit is connected between the emitter of the transistor (Q3) and the ground node. Another NPN transistor (Q4) is connected between the current output node (12) and ground node. The base of the transistor (Q4) is connected to junction between the emitter of the transistor (Q1) and collector of transistor (Q2) .    USE -   For industrial use.    ADVANTAGE -   Obtains accurate microcurrent output. Reduces IC chip size as required.
(JP10321921-A)      A thermoelectric conversion module comprises: a honeycomb body (3) of insulating material; n-type semiconductor elements (1) in passages of a first group and p-type elements (2) in alternate passages of a second group; electrodes (7) connecting adjacent n and p elements in series on both end surfaces of the honeycomb body; and insulating filler members (4) in spaces between the elements and the inner walls of the honeycomb passages made of an inorganic adhesive of alkali metal silicate or sol-gel glass.    USE -   Especially as an electric power generating apparatus in e.g a vehicle exhaust system.    ADVANTAGE -   The insulating filler members prevent undesired heat dissipation through adjacent elements so that higher output power can be attained with good stability over a prolonged period. The module can be manufactured in an easy, precise and low-cost manner.    (US6005182-A)      A thermoelectric conversion module comprises: a honeycomb body (3) of insulating material; n-type semiconductor elements (1) in passages of a first group and p-type elements (2) in alternate passages of a second group; electrodes (7) connecting adjacent n and p elements in series on both end surfaces of the honeycomb body; and insulating filler members (4) in spaces between the elements and the inner walls of the honeycomb passages made of an inorganic adhesive of alkali metal silicate or sol-gel glass.    USE -   Especially as an electric power generating apparatus in e.g a vehicle exhaust system.    ADVANTAGE -   The insulating filler members prevent undesired heat dissipation through adjacent elements so that higher output power can be attained with good stability over a prolonged period. The module can be manufactured in an easy, precise and low-cost manner.
(JP10316068-A)      The battery supporting apparatus has a battery holder arranged between the lower parts of right and left down pipes (11) hanging from the front and upper side of the engine (3) towards the front of the engine case (4) and also downwards.    The battery holder is arranged in front of the starter motor located on the front part of the engine case. The holder is also located beneath the radiator located on the upper part of the downpipe, and on top of the oil filter projecting forwards from the lower part of the engine case.    ADVANTAGE -   Fuel tank and silencer chamber can be secured efficiently and reliably. Workability of battery maintenance is improved by arranging battery holder between down pipes.
(EP921380-A1)      The device uses a weighing rod (3) supported at one end and attached to the pivot stop (1) for the excavator shovel or the crane grab. The weighing rod is provided by a rotation axis transverse to the pivot axis of the pivot device.    A radio module may be used for transmitting the measured data provided by the weighing device to a remote evaluation device, with the energy supply for the weighing device and the radio module provided by a solar cell independent of the excavator or mobile crane energy supply.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents weighing error caused by load swinging.
(JP10291451-A)      Control modules for various onboard equipment such as BCM (100), VCM (110), FIM (120), DDM (130), RIM (140), CCM (150), and PDM (160) are connected to a power source composed of a battery (10) through a looped power line PL. A power control module (PCM) (20) for controlling an engine is connected to the battery (10) through a power line (22) different from the power line PL.    ADVANTAGE -   Can reduce adverse effects on other control modules.    (DE19882334-T)      Control modules for various onboard equipment such as BCM (100), VCM (110), FIM (120), DDM (130), RIM (140), CCM (150), and PDM (160) are connected to a power source composed of a battery (10) through a looped power line PL. A power control module (PCM) (20) for controlling an engine is connected to the battery (10) through a power line (22) different from the power line PL.    ADVANTAGE -   Can reduce adverse effects on other control modules.
(JP3054600-B2)      The separator comprises a base material (21) which consists of several flexible graphite sheets (16) laminated together. The base material is press moulded by a pair of metal moulds (17,18). The oxidising agent gas supply flow path (1) and heating gas supply flow path (2) are formed on either sides of the base material. An oxidising agent gas supply hole (S) and a heating gas supply hole (7) are connected to respective flow paths. The oxidising agent gas and heating gas ejection holes (8,10), penetrate the whole base material layer and connect with the flow paths.    ADVANTAGE -   Manufactures superior separator for solid body polyelectrolyte fuel battery. Facilitates mass production of separator by simplifying manufacturing process.
(US6040084-A)      The jar for enclosed secondary cells comprises resin compsn. consisting of polyphenylene ether resin contg. phosphoric ester cpd. of formula (1), at amt. of 1-30 wt.parts to 100 wt.parts of the polyphenylene ether resin. R1,R2,R3,R4=respectively, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, alkyl substd. aryl, halogen substd. aryl, aryl substd. alkyl, halogen, or H; X=allylene residue, and n= integer of at least 1. The jar is composed of at least two parts, which are bonded with epoxy resin for which tris(dimethylaminomethyl)phenol and/or organic acid salt of tris(dimethylaminomethyl)phenol is used, as curing agent.    USE -   The jar is used for enclosed secondary cells to be used for cars, various electric and industrial apparatus and machinery.    ADVANTAGE -   The jar for enclosed secondary cells, having improved mechanical strength (stiffness, strength against impact), heat resistance, steam penetration resistance, can be obtd.
(DE19717067-C2)      A methanol/steam reforming reactor (1a) holds a quantity of a catalytic material (3). The reactor (1a) has an inlet (4) admitting the mixture of gas and steam (6) which is to be re-combined. The improvement is that: (a) the reforming reactor (1a) inlet (4) surrenders the mixture to a droplet catcher (8), preventing their direct contact with the catalytic material (3).    USE -   The reactor reforms esp. methanol to generate hydrogen for use in vehicles powered by fuel cell.    ADVANTAGE -   The reactor is suitable for use in mobile esp. automotive applications and minimises the damage to the catalytic material.    (US6090499-A)      A methanol/steam reforming reactor (1a) holds a quantity of a catalytic material (3). The reactor (1a) has an inlet (4) admitting the mixture of gas and steam (6) which is to be re-combined. The improvement is that: (a) the reforming reactor (1a) inlet (4) surrenders the mixture to a droplet catcher (8), preventing their direct contact with the catalytic material (3).    USE -   The reactor reforms esp. methanol to generate hydrogen for use in vehicles powered by fuel cell.    ADVANTAGE -   The reactor is suitable for use in mobile esp. automotive applications and minimises the damage to the catalytic material.
(EP908536-A2)      The use of a palladium alloy membrane foil, produced by the following method, for hydrogen separation from a process gas mixture, is new. The production method involves (a) preparing electroplating baths (1,2) of different types, each containing an electrolytic solution (3,4) for deposition of one of the alloy components; and (b) forming a layer stack for the membrane foil by successive electrodeposition of alternate alloying component layers on the circumference of a rotating cathode roll (7) which is dipped in each bath.    USE -   Especially as membrane foil of palladium alloy with group VIII or Ib metal, used for high purity hydrogen separation especially from methanol reforming product gas for supplying automobile fuel cell systems.    ADVANTAGE -   Compared with rolling process, production method allows production, at comparable cost, of thinner membrane foils to provide much improved hydrogen permeation rate.
(US6057688-A)      The meter comprises a voltage and current measuring units which measures discharge voltage and current of a battery. A discharge amount calculator computes the discharge value of the battery from the measured discharge current. A discharge voltage deciding unit (140) decides the discharge voltage corresponding to the measure discharge value of the battery, based on a first stage discharging characteristics which shows the relationship between discharge value and discharge voltage of the battery.    A discharge characteristics estimating unit estimates the discharge characteristics which includes the measured discharge voltage and discharge value of battery. The estimated discharge characteristics is formed parallel to the first stage discharge characteristics. A remnant charging calculator computes the remnant capacity of the battery from the estimated discharge characteristics.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables charging and discharging of battery efficiently according to degradation of battery power.
(JP3066736-B2)      The stack includes a stand on which several battery modules are mounted. An intermediate pressure board divides the battery modules into top module group (21) and bottom module group (22) in vertical direction. The first pressure additional equipment is installed on the top module group, and upper part of which is attached by the upper pressure board (25) . A coupling member connects the top and middle pressure board surrounding the top module group. A second pressure additional equipment is arranged on lower surface of the stand, and lower end of which is attached by the lower pressure board (27). Another coupling member connects the middle pressure board and bottom pressure board surrounding the bottom module group.    ADVANTAGE -   Secures safety of stack even when pressure bellows gets damaged. Prevents causing damage to pressure additional equipment.
(JP3066461-B2)      The separator consists of a hollow frame (9), a baffle plate (4), a corrugated sheet (5) and a collector board (6). A felt of alumina fibre is soaked in an electrolyte (11) and is used for wet sealing.    ADVANTAGE -   Utilises heating gas efficiently. Refills electrolyte automatically in separator. Prevents reduction of battery capability. Prolongs life of battery. Lowers rigidity of wet sealing portion.
(EP883201-A1)      A textile product, made from active element yarn, active element-coated textile yarn or fibre or their composite and useful as a battery electrode support, is new.    Also claimed is production of a battery electrode support by textile processing of an active element yarn, active element-coated textile yarn or fibre or their composite.    Further claimed are (i) a battery electrode support consisting of the above textile product or made by the above process; and (c) batteries including the above electrode support.    Preferably the product consists of a woven or knitted metal (especially nickel) yarn or filament, nickel-coated textile (e.g. viscose) yarn, composite yarns or especially a filament produced from a metal-coated synthetic material film (e.g. nickel-coated polyethylene film).    USE -   As an electrode support in all types of rechargeable batteries ranging from wrist-watch, telephone or other portable device batteries to automobile starting and traction batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   The electrode support has a geometrically reproducible textile structure forming a skeleton having active material retaining, electron draining and electron collecting functions which can be independently optimised.
(EP972134-A1)      The device supplies an analogue and a digital signal to a processor (10), via a single output line (9) for both signals, coupled to an analogue input (12) and a digital input (11) of the arithmetic unit.    The voltage at the analogue input of the arithmetic unit is monitored for regulating the current flow through a load (1), with the voltage at the digital input detected as a low or high single for disconnection of the load when a low signal is detected.    ADVANTAGE -   Simple, accurate regulation of current through load.    (US6204693-B1)      The device supplies an analogue and a digital signal to a processor (10), via a single output line (9) for both signals, coupled to an analogue input (12) and a digital input (11) of the arithmetic unit.    The voltage at the analogue input of the arithmetic unit is monitored for regulating the current flow through a load (1), with the voltage at the digital input detected as a low or high single for disconnection of the load when a low signal is detected.    ADVANTAGE -   Simple, accurate regulation of current through load.    (KR564086-B1)      The device supplies an analogue and a digital signal to a processor (10), via a single output line (9) for both signals, coupled to an analogue input (12) and a digital input (11) of the arithmetic unit.    The voltage at the analogue input of the arithmetic unit is monitored for regulating the current flow through a load (1), with the voltage at the digital input detected as a low or high single for disconnection of the load when a low signal is detected.    ADVANTAGE -   Simple, accurate regulation of current through load.
(DE19715571-A1)      The method involves regulating or setting the voltage generated by the power supply device (1) so that at least one electronic assembly (60) is supplied with an adequate minimal operating voltage.    An electronic assembly can contains its own energy storage device, pref. a capacitor. The operating voltage can be regulated or set according to the measured quality of the storage device so that the electronic assembly with the lowest quality storage device is supplied with an adequate minimal operating voltage.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables the effects of migration to be reduced.    (DE19715571-C2)      The method involves regulating or setting the voltage generated by the power supply device (1) so that at least one electronic assembly (60) is supplied with an adequate minimal operating voltage.    An electronic assembly can contains its own energy storage device, pref. a capacitor. The operating voltage can be regulated or set according to the measured quality of the storage device so that the electronic assembly with the lowest quality storage device is supplied with an adequate minimal operating voltage.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables the effects of migration to be reduced.
(EP969535-A1)      The battery consists of several anodes (60) and cathode plates (61) which are laminated with a separator (62) in between. The separator is made up of a porous polymer material. Anode and cathode collectors are formed by connecting each anode and cathode plate to respective lead wires (77,65) of a terminal.    USE -   For portable communication apparatus, notebook PC.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces internal resistance of battery since PTC element is not provided.    (US6139986-A)      The battery consists of several anodes (60) and cathode plates (61) which are laminated with a separator (62) in between. The separator is made up of a porous polymer material. Anode and cathode collectors are formed by connecting each anode and cathode plate to respective lead wires (77,65) of a terminal.    USE -   For portable communication apparatus, notebook PC.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces internal resistance of battery since PTC element is not provided.
(US5899175-A)      A hybrid power generation system comprises: (a) a hydrocarbonaceous fuel pyrolysis unit to form a first gaseous stream comprising H2 and a partially dehydrogenated fuel stream; (b) converting H2 to an electrical current; (c) an electrical conversion unit for generating a first motion from the current; and (d) a combustion engine for converting partially dehydrogenated fuel stream to a second motion.    USE -   For producing mechanical power from a hybrid power generation unit.    ADVANTAGE -   The combination of pyrolysis, fuel cell, and high efficiency heat engine results in a procedure and device that is significantly more efficient in terms of utilising the energy present in the feedstock hydrocarbon fuel.
(JP3081547-B2)      The bicycle includes a battery (34) that supplies power to a drive motor (10). The battery is enclosed in a case (3) fixed to an attachment portion (2) of a frame (1). The case has an U-shaped cross-section which surrounds the frame near the case attachment portion.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies structure of case for battery. Enables reliable positioning of case at attachment portion. Prevents projection of battery case to outer side.
(US6033796-A)      The battery consists of two chemical cells (1A,1B)connected in series by a conduction member (6). The first cell has a catalyst which reduces the ion in an electrolyte (4A) and gasifies an anode (2A). The second cell absorbs the gas released from the anode of first cell. The catalyst in the second cell oxidises the gas into cathode active material. The cathode of first cell and anode of second cell are used as electrodes for discharge or charging purpose. An airtight chamber (52) acts as gas discharge surface to anode of first cell and gas absorption surface to cathode of second cell.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids usage of high voltage container.
(JP3078235-B2)      The fuel battery includes a gas division plate (1) which comprises a single cell, a fuel gas passageway (2) and an oxidising agent gas passage way. Multiple cooling plates comprising cooling water flow path is laminated and a hexagonal pillar-shaped multilayer body is formed. The entrance (4,6,11) and outlet side external manifolds (5,7,12) of the heating gas, oxidising gas and cooling water, respectively are arranged on the diagonal position of the sides of the hexagonal pillar-shaped multilayer body. The heating gas reaction area domain of the single cell of the gas division plate is divided to several heating gas supply zones and are made to face the heating gas entrance side and outlet side external manifold.    Multiple fuel gas passage base each having a bellow shape is arranged on each heating gas supply zone. The oxidising agent gas reaction domain of the single cell is divided into several oxidising agent gas supply zones facing the oxidising gas entrance side and outlet side external manifold. Multiple oxidising agent gas passage ways having bellow shape is arranged on oxidising agent gas supply zone. The direction of fuel gas passage way and oxidising agent gas passage way is made to cross orthogonally.    ADVANTAGE -   Attains size reduction by forming reaction gas passageway of heating gas and oxidising gas in bellow shape. Prevents shortage of reaction gas due to increase in temperature and reaction. Maintains gas seal property. Reduces influence of CO poisoning by oxidising it, effectively.
(JP10270048-A)      The non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery comprises a power generating element having a positive electrode, a negative electrode and a separation body. The power generating element is provided with a portion where the negative electrode plate and the positive electrode plate are not opposed to each other.    The positive and negative electrodes are wound or laminated through the separation body so that the side edge portion of one of the electrode plates protrudes from that of the other. A collector connected to the side edge portion has a plurality of grooves bonded by welding or mechanically joining to the side edges of the negative and positive plates.    USE -   Non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery suitable as a driving power supply for electronic apparatuses or as battery for electric vehicles.    ADVANTAGE -   Battery has high rate of dischargeability and is provided with highly reliable collector structure, which can easily be produced.    (US6040086-A)      The non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery comprises a power generating element having a positive electrode, a negative electrode and a separation body. The power generating element is provided with a portion where the negative electrode plate and the positive electrode plate are not opposed to each other.    The positive and negative electrodes are wound or laminated through the separation body so that the side edge portion of one of the electrode plates protrudes from that of the other. A collector connected to the side edge portion has a plurality of grooves bonded by welding or mechanically joining to the side edges of the negative and positive plates.    USE -   Non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery suitable as a driving power supply for electronic apparatuses or as battery for electric vehicles.    ADVANTAGE -   Battery has high rate of dischargeability and is provided with highly reliable collector structure, which can easily be produced.
(US5899081-A)      A truck has an ignition switch, a primary battery (30) to start the engine, and a temperature regulation system (50). The temperature regulation system includes a heat pump and air conditioning unit (55) which comprise a climate control unit capable of delivering hot or cold air to the truck.    One or more secondary batteries (60) are used to power the temperature regulation system. A battery condition meter (97) is connected across the positive (74) and negative (76) terminals of the inverter and provides the operator with information about the charge of the batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides heating and cooling for vehicle whilst engine is switched off thereby reducing engine wear and emissions and without depleting primary battery's charge.
(JP10268951-A)      The voltage stabilizer has at least one supply voltage input (1) and at least one load voltage output (2) with a series regulator (3) connected between them. At least a first switching element (4) is provided, with which a first resistance (4') can be switched in series with the regulator.    The first resistance is arranged between the supply voltage input and the regulator. There is at least a second (5) or a third (6) switching element with which a second (5') or third (6') resistance can be switch in parallel with the first resistance.    ADVANTAGE -   Can be used with high output power whilst maintaining small circuit size.    (US5886509-A)      The voltage stabilizer has at least one supply voltage input (1) and at least one load voltage output (2) with a series regulator (3) connected between them. At least a first switching element (4) is provided, with which a first resistance (4') can be switched in series with the regulator.    The first resistance is arranged between the supply voltage input and the regulator. There is at least a second (5) or a third (6) switching element with which a second (5') or third (6') resistance can be switch in parallel with the first resistance.    ADVANTAGE -   Can be used with high output power whilst maintaining small circuit size.
(EP966783-A1)      The circuit supplies a consumer (10) with electrical energy provided by a battery (11) via a regulator (18), which prevents the battery voltage (Ub) from dropping below a predetermined minimum voltage (Umin), by regulating the power supplied to the consumer.    The regulator provides a setting value in the form of a pulse width modulated signal defining the mean electrical power for the consumer, with disconnection of the latter when the setting value drops to a given minimum.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents excessive charge drainage of vehicle on-board battery.
(US5993983-A)      Two different types of cell (1,3) are connected in parallel to form a power supply contained in a housing (10) with positive and negative terminals (11,13). A carrying handle (14) improves ease of handling.    One battery has a higher peak amperage than the other in relation to their size and weight. The peak amperage from the combination is sufficient for starting an automobile engine several times without electrical recharging. The electrical characteristics of the cells is chosen so that one group can recharge the other during periods of non-use.    USE -   Provides a portable power supply able to provide automobile engine starting current on several occasions without external recharging and to supply a smaller current over longer periods of time and/or recover from large current drain.    (EP968544-A1)      Two different types of cell (1,3) are connected in parallel to form a power supply contained in a housing (10) with positive and negative terminals (11,13). A carrying handle (14) improves ease of handling.    One battery has a higher peak amperage than the other in relation to their size and weight. The peak amperage from the combination is sufficient for starting an automobile engine several times without electrical recharging. The electrical characteristics of the cells is chosen so that one group can recharge the other during periods of non-use.    USE -   Provides a portable power supply able to provide automobile engine starting current on several occasions without external recharging and to supply a smaller current over longer periods of time and/or recover from large current drain.
(DE19713242-A1)      A reactor for the water vapour reforming of methanol operates in two stages (7, 8) accommodated within a single reactor housing (1). The 1st stage (7) is on the gas inlet (3) side and the 2nd stage (8) is directly connected to it. Both stages are filled with catalyst (13). One of the stages is heated and the other remains unheated.    USE -    Used as a methanol reforming reactor to generate H2for fuel cell applications.    ADVANTAGE -   The construction is relatively simple. The reactor can be used in mobile applications and can tolerate frequent load variations.    (EP867962-B1)      A reactor for the water vapour reforming of methanol operates in two stages (7, 8) accommodated within a single reactor housing (1). The 1st stage (7) is on the gas inlet (3) side and the 2nd stage (8) is directly connected to it. Both stages are filled with catalyst (13). One of the stages is heated and the other remains unheated.    USE -    Used as a methanol reforming reactor to generate H2for fuel cell applications.    ADVANTAGE -   The construction is relatively simple. The reactor can be used in mobile applications and can tolerate frequent load variations.
(JP10324904-A)      Metal sheet is manufactured by: spreading metal powders (P) on a continuous moving supporting sheet (2), passing the sheet between rollers (15) and passing the rolled powders to a sintering oven (4) to fuse the powders.    USE -   The method is used to manufacture metal sheet which is especially suitable for the of a substrate for a battery electrode (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   The sheet is manufactured with controlled thickness and pore size and shape in a simple method without any adhesive agent. Active material powders can be charged to the sheet and the sheet has excellent current collecting performance.    (JP3004246-B2)      Metal sheet is manufactured by: spreading metal powders (P) on a continuous moving supporting sheet (2), passing the sheet between rollers (15) and passing the rolled powders to a sintering oven (4) to fuse the powders.    USE -   The method is used to manufacture metal sheet which is especially suitable for the of a substrate for a battery electrode (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   The sheet is manufactured with controlled thickness and pore size and shape in a simple method without any adhesive agent. Active material powders can be charged to the sheet and the sheet has excellent current collecting performance.    (JP2000080406-A)      Metal sheet is manufactured by: spreading metal powders (P) on a continuous moving supporting sheet (2), passing the sheet between rollers (15) and passing the rolled powders to a sintering oven (4) to fuse the powders.    USE -   The method is used to manufacture metal sheet which is especially suitable for the of a substrate for a battery electrode (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   The sheet is manufactured with controlled thickness and pore size and shape in a simple method without any adhesive agent. Active material powders can be charged to the sheet and the sheet has excellent current collecting performance.
(JP3126110-B2)      The battery consists of a metal tank (2) containing electrolyte. A resin piping (3) is connected to the metal tank through a coupling (4). The edge portion of the coupling is provided with an outer flange (5). The internal surface of the tank and the coupling extending to the outer flange are lined by a resin film (6). The resin film is welded to the piping.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents leakage of electrolyte since contact part of piping and resin film are sealed. Has effective liquid seal property and insulation property.
(JP3012918-B2)      The membrane (A) of antimonic acid with high proton conductivity, made of amorphous antimonic acid and cubic antimonic acid single crystals (B) which are dispersed into it. (2) (A) in (1), in which (B) are oriented. (3) Method of producing (A) i.e., metal antimony or its oxygen bearing compound is made to react with hydrogen peroxide to form soln., which is developed on insulating base plates then they are dried. (4) (A), produced by (3), is thermally treated. (5) Thermal treatment in (4) is carried out at the temp. lower than 500C.    USE -   Used as humidity sensor, hydrogen sensor, or as a part of hydrogen fuel cell.    ADVANTAGE -   This method is able to produce membranes of antimonic acid with excellent conductivity and with high response to humidity.    (US6159624-A)      The membrane (A) of antimonic acid with high proton conductivity, made of amorphous antimonic acid and cubic antimonic acid single crystals (B) which are dispersed into it. (2) (A) in (1), in which (B) are oriented. (3) Method of producing (A) i.e., metal antimony or its oxygen bearing compound is made to react with hydrogen peroxide to form soln., which is developed on insulating base plates then they are dried. (4) (A), produced by (3), is thermally treated. (5) Thermal treatment in (4) is carried out at the temp. lower than 500C.    USE -   Used as humidity sensor, hydrogen sensor, or as a part of hydrogen fuel cell.    ADVANTAGE -   This method is able to produce membranes of antimonic acid with excellent conductivity and with high response to humidity.
(FR2760911-A1)      The supply has a supercapacitor (18) connected either to the electric network for charging or to one or more heating resistances (20) through a switch (24) that can be a two-position (CHA,DEC) or three-position (CHA,COM,DEC) switch.    The moving contact (22) of the switch has its position controlled by a logic circuit (26) that responds to a number of parameter values obtained from monitoring temperatures and voltages associated with the resistance heating devices and with the vehicle electrical system. The logic circuit may be a microprocessor, suitably programmed.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces voltage dip on starting when supercapacitor is partly discharged by charging capacitor through resistances used to provide cabin and catalytic converter heating.
(JP10290532-A)      The electrical drive has an electrical energy storage unit (58) for storing electrical energy used for an electrical propulsion motor (14). The storage unit has a number of independently charged storage stages (64,66).    At least one of the storage stages can be fully discharged via a discharger (50), when the energy stored within a further stage of the energy storage unit is above a given threshold value.    USE -   For hybrid vehicle with i.c. engine and electric propulsion motor.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents loss in storage capacity of energy storage unit.    (US6158541-A)      The electrical drive has an electrical energy storage unit (58) for storing electrical energy used for an electrical propulsion motor (14). The storage unit has a number of independently charged storage stages (64,66).    At least one of the storage stages can be fully discharged via a discharger (50), when the energy stored within a further stage of the energy storage unit is above a given threshold value.    USE -   For hybrid vehicle with i.c. engine and electric propulsion motor.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents loss in storage capacity of energy storage unit.
(US6136462-A)      The fuel cell has part of the heat of the gases fed from the anode and cathode used for pre-heating the gases fed to the anode and the cathode, to obtain the required temperature for optimum operation of the fuel cell, using anode and cathode gas circuits (1,2). The quantities of the reaction gases fed to the anode and the cathode are regulated in dependence on the required electrical output of the fuel cell, with an equivalent gas quantity extracted from each circuit for recycling.    USE -   For operation in temperature range between 850 and 1000 degrees C.    ADVANTAGE -   Optimum operating efficiency of fuel cell.
(DE19708368-A1)      The circuit arrangement includes solar cells (14) and a manually activated switch (1) for switching the power supply from the solar cells to the cooling fan motor (11) and/or to the battery (12). An automatic control (15) switches the power supply from the solar cells according to the temperature in the motor vehicle interior measured by a temperature sensor (13) and/or a battery charge condition determined by a voltmeter (16).    The automatic control is overridden through activation of the manually activated switch in a semi-automatic operating mode, and an optic display arrangement (8, 9,10) is provided for the automatic and/or the semi-automatic operating mode. The optic display arrangement is preferably integrated into the activation element of the switch.    USE -   For supply of cooling arrangement of motor vehicle interior or battery of motor vehicle.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables optimized control and indication of operation of arrangement.    (JP10236131-A)      The circuit arrangement includes solar cells (14) and a manually activated switch (1) for switching the power supply from the solar cells to the cooling fan motor (11) and/or to the battery (12). An automatic control (15) switches the power supply from the solar cells according to the temperature in the motor vehicle interior measured by a temperature sensor (13) and/or a battery charge condition determined by a voltmeter (16).    The automatic control is overridden through activation of the manually activated switch in a semi-automatic operating mode, and an optic display arrangement (8, 9,10) is provided for the automatic and/or the semi-automatic operating mode. The optic display arrangement is preferably integrated into the activation element of the switch.    USE -   For supply of cooling arrangement of motor vehicle interior or battery of motor vehicle.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables optimized control and indication of operation of arrangement.
(FR2764434-A3)      The system to control the connection of one or more circuits to a battery, in a vehicle, has a connecting clamp round the pole (P) projecting through the battery housing (2) of an electrically insulating material, with at least one conductor (10) in the housing (2) linked to the connector. At least one connection (29,30), at the housing (2), is a link to external circuits or systems. At least one moving contact in the housing (2), is secured to the conductor (10) to work with at least one connection (29,30). A control unit, moving in the housing (2), is coupled to at least one moving contact, with a spring system to keep it in the working position at a gap from at least one connection (29,30). An electromagnetic solenoid control, in the housing (2), coupled to a retainer, works with the control unit so that when not energised the retainer holds the control is a rest position to force the moving contacts against their spring tension into contact with the connections (29,30). When the solenoid is energised, the moving contacts are withdrawn from the connections (29,30). The solenoid is activated by an external signal.    ADVANTAGE -   The system is for the disconnection of certain circuits and units in the event of a vehicle collision, rapidly and effectively.
(EP960448-A1)      The arrangement comprises disc-shaped fuel cells layered axially in a stack which and secured by a tie rod,. The fuel cell has an aperture (3) for the intake of a first gas and for accommodating the tie rod. The fuel cell arrangement comprises an ion-conducting electrolyte (17) in form of a high-temperature ceramic electrolyte or a low-temperature polymer electrolyte, a porous cathode layer ( 18) as an oxygen electrode, and a porous anode layer (19) as the fuel electrode, on each side of the electrolyte.    A gas-permeable carrier (2) has a first and a second surface and ducts for the passage of gases, a small separator plate (20) of which at least part lies on the first surface of the carrier, and a large electrically conductive separator plate (1) which lies on the second surface of the carrier, and which comprises devices which guide the gases in a targeted manner and cooperate with the ducts in the carrier.    USE -   For converting liquid or gaseous hydrocarbons into electrical DC current.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides compact arrangement with improved utilization of space, as well as increased degree of efficiency.
(US6150874-A)      The output voltage [Uz] is generated based upon a variable input voltage [Ubatt]. After an initial period the voltage is held at a constant value [Unenn] until a specific voltage reduction has been obtained [(U2] relative to the input voltage. The voltage control is provided by a regulating stage coupled to a switching circuit.    ADVANTAGE -   Output protected against sudden changes.
(EP971827-A2)      A wheel or track driven mobile vehicle with hydraulically powered articulating boom supported worker platform has a controller (28) and includes an IC engine (18) driving a 48V DC generator (20) connected to two battery packs (22). Drive motors (26) provide propulsion for left and right wheels or tracks.    The positioning assembly for the platform includes an electric motor (37) and hydraulic pump assembly (36) connected via an hydraulic valve (40) to power hydraulic cylinders (43).    USE -   Enables indoor or outdoor working vehicle to provide mobile high access using power from battery which may be charged by IC engine driven generator or external power source. Can be used in battery, hybrid or battery assist (or recharge) mode.    (US6065565-A)      A wheel or track driven mobile vehicle with hydraulically powered articulating boom supported worker platform has a controller (28) and includes an IC engine (18) driving a 48V DC generator (20) connected to two battery packs (22). Drive motors (26) provide propulsion for left and right wheels or tracks.    The positioning assembly for the platform includes an electric motor (37) and hydraulic pump assembly (36) connected via an hydraulic valve (40) to power hydraulic cylinders (43).    USE -   Enables indoor or outdoor working vehicle to provide mobile high access using power from battery which may be charged by IC engine driven generator or external power source. Can be used in battery, hybrid or battery assist (or recharge) mode.
(US6022131-A)      The unit has a main body (1) fixed in the interior of a vehicle room. The main body includes map lamps (11a,11b), switches (12a,12b), and an accommodation section (18).    A detachable sub-unit (2) includes an interior light and a switch (23). The detachable sub-unit is mounted on the accommodation section of the main body. Preferably, the detachable sub-unit is provided with a secondary battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Illuminates arbitrary places since sub-unit is removable from unit main body. Enables using sub-unit outside vehicle. Enables illuminating anywhere depending on length of connecting wire. Reduces discharge of secondary battery since sub-unit is switched only when required. Enables lighting interior light even when switch is in OFF state since door switch can be used. Reduces power consumption of map lamp. Performs electric connection easily since sub-unit is inserted and removed simply.
(DE19758681-A1)      A vehicle has an IC engine and an energy source assigned to it plus electrical loads which are supplied by a current generating device. The latter is a fuel cell aggregate which can be activated independently of the operation of the engine. The aggregate contains two stacks of fuel cells (1,2) which can be wired selectively in parallel or series. The aggregate is connected to a buffer battery (4).    ADVANTAGE -   Electrical loads can be supplied at good efficiency independently of engine operation.
(JP10215502-A)      The wind power generator (2) is installed on the roof of a motorcar (1). It takes in an air stream and generates electric power. A battery (3) and a controller for controlling the wind power generator are installed in the motorcar (1). When the motorcar is driven, air stream is taken in the generator and electric power is generated and stored in the battery.    USE -   Also for lorry, tram.    (JP2992242-B2)      The wind power generator (2) is installed on the roof of a motorcar (1). It takes in an air stream and generates electric power. A battery (3) and a controller for controlling the wind power generator are installed in the motorcar (1). When the motorcar is driven, air stream is taken in the generator and electric power is generated and stored in the battery.    USE -   Also for lorry, tram.
(US6087042-A)      The positive electrode material has multiple oxides of lithium and manganese with spinel type crystal structure. The composition formula of the multiple oxide is Li1+xMn2-xO4-yFz; where x = 0.0133-0.3333; y = 0-0.2; and z = 0.01-0.2; and z y.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves charging and discharging cycle characteristic. Avoids reduction of discharge capacitance by providing oxygen deficiency in crystal lattice. Maintains crystal structure in stable state by introducing fluoride and increases energy density and life of material.
(DE19756178-A1)      The system transmits the power applied to a brake pedal (201) to a master cylinder (202) which generates a hydraulic by the pumping effect of a variable discharge pump unit (300). The transit condition of a vehicle is sensed by a control unit (220) to apply a proper damping force on a wheel (210).    An oil quantity regulation valve (240) is provided for supplying a variable damping force. An electricity generation unit (230) supplies power to the control unit by using the hydraulic generated.    ADVANTAGE -   Utilizes energy generated at time of braking effectively.    (US6102490-A)      The system transmits the power applied to a brake pedal (201) to a master cylinder (202) which generates a hydraulic by the pumping effect of a variable discharge pump unit (300). The transit condition of a vehicle is sensed by a control unit (220) to apply a proper damping force on a wheel (210).    An oil quantity regulation valve (240) is provided for supplying a variable damping force. An electricity generation unit (230) supplies power to the control unit by using the hydraulic generated.    ADVANTAGE -   Utilizes energy generated at time of braking effectively.
(US6087044-A)      The electrode has a carbon porous object (2) which has a resin layer. The resin layer is baked and moulded. A non-crystal carbon layer (3) is formed on at least one side of the carbon porous object under carbide gas atmosphere. The resin acts as an active material (4).    ADVANTAGE -   Improves charging and discharging cycle characteristics.
(JP2001507856-W)      Prismatic-shaped batteries have an optimised thickness to width to height aspect ratio giving maximum capacity and power output. The case allows for unidirectional expansion compensated for by applying an external counterpressure.    The batteries are bound together in a module (32) under external mechanical compression optimised to balance outward pressure due to expansion and provide additional inward pressure to reduce the distance between positive and negative electrodes. The pack includes coolant flow channels formed between the case walls and between modules within the case.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduced weight, improved thermal management, decreased cost, improved reliability.
(JP3193991-B2)      The battery comprises an electrolyser (1) which is formed by connecting several voltage cells. The electrolyser has a anode and cathode chambers (1b,1a) which are separated by a diaphragm (10). The first and second pumps (5,6) circulates the anode and cathode electrolyte stored in respective tanks (2,3) to anode and cathode chambers respectively. Electric power supply is performed by electric power storage and discharge by charging the active material. The potential measurement unit measures the potential of reference electrode which are connected to the piping (51,53).    Electrolyte supply measuring unit measures the amount of electrolyte supplied to the electrolyser. Current detector (8) detects the charging and discharging current value. Liquid level detectors (14,15) detects the electrolyte quantity in the storage tanks. A calculation unit computes the charging capacity of cathode electrolyte from the measured value of reference electrode pair potential.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves system efficiency, remarkably. Maintains high battery efficiency. Attains labour saving of pump power.
(JP3193990-B2)      The system includes an electrolyser (1) that is formed by connecting multiple battery cells and which includes a positive electrode chamber (1a) and a negative electrode chamber (1b) separated by a diaphragm (1c). A positive electrode electrolyte and a negative electrode electrolyte are circulated in the electrolyser by a set of pumps (5,6). A first detector (7) detects the voltage value of the electrolyser.    A second detector (8) detects the open circuit voltage of the electrolyte. A third detector (9) detects the value of charging or discharging current flowing in an external circuit (4). A calculation unit (11) calculates the battery cell resistance factor based on the detection values. The supply of electrolyte is fluctuated such that the battery cell resistance factor becomes a standard.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces power consumption. Improves voltage efficiency and operativity.
(EP867953-A1)      The connector (10) has a terminal clamp (12) with a portion (16) which clamps to a battery terminal. A bracket (14) has a portion (20) that connects with fuses.    The terminal clamp and the bracket are formed of the same material, e.g. brass, and are non-detachably joined together, e.g. by soldering.    USE -   Connecting between terminal of battery an a number of fuses.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides better and permanent electrical connection between terminal clamp and bracket.    (GB2322015-B)      The connector (10) has a terminal clamp (12) with a portion (16) which clamps to a battery terminal. A bracket (14) has a portion (20) that connects with fuses.    The terminal clamp and the bracket are formed of the same material, e.g. brass, and are non-detachably joined together, e.g. by soldering.    USE -   Connecting between terminal of battery an a number of fuses.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides better and permanent electrical connection between terminal clamp and bracket.
(JP3110692-B2)      The battery includes a container (5), in which a multilayered laminating group (4) consisting of several anode boards (1) and cathode plates (2), is formed. The anode board consists of nickel plate. Each anode board and cathode plate is separated by a separator (3). A predefined additive agent is added to inner area of the laminating group along the lamination direction of anode board.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves charging efficiency at high temperature. Increases storage capacity. Simplifies assembly.
(EP1040563-A1)      The device includes several receptacles that are arranged in predetermined interval. The fuel cell of each parked vehicle is connected to the receptacles through the cables. A collection grid is electrically connected to the receptacles to transfer the DC power from the fuel cells, to a collection station.    An inverter is electrically connected to the collection station to convert the DC power to the AC power. The AC power is passed to the load and an utility grid that supplies power to various loads.    USE -   For use in school, airport, shopping centre, stadium, theatre, hotels, restaurants.    ADVANTAGE -   Facilitates usage of fuel cell powered cars to supply power to large commercial-industrial building. Facilitates usage of fuel power of even scooter or motor cycle. Facilitates supply of power required for computer, TV and consumer electrical products. Reduces cost of power generation.
(JP10199574-A)      An organic electrolyte battery comprises positive and negative plates comprising an active material contained in an electroconductive substrate and a resistor layer of higher resistance than the substrate.    USE -   Used for electric vehicles, storing night-generated electricity.    ADVANTAGE -   The battery has good safety under extreme conditions e.g. nailing and breakage while maintaining high energy density.    (US6051341-A)      An organic electrolyte battery comprises positive and negative plates comprising an active material contained in an electroconductive substrate and a resistor layer of higher resistance than the substrate.    USE -   Used for electric vehicles, storing night-generated electricity.    ADVANTAGE -   The battery has good safety under extreme conditions e.g. nailing and breakage while maintaining high energy density.
(US5776624-A)      A liquid cooled bipolar plate (8) separating adjacent cells of a PEM fuel cell comprises corrosion resistant metal sheets (58,60) brazed together so as to provide a passage between the sheets through which a dielectric coolant flows (82).    The brazement comprises a metal (85) is substantially insoluble in the coolant. The corrosion resistant sheets and spacer sheet (62) are preferably titanium and the brazement (85) an alloy of nickel, preferably NiCr.    ADVANTAGE -   The bipolar plates are less brittle than the conventional graphite and gas impermeable.    (EP851518-B1)      A liquid cooled bipolar plate (8) separating adjacent cells of a PEM fuel cell comprises corrosion resistant metal sheets (58,60) brazed together so as to provide a passage between the sheets through which a dielectric coolant flows (82).    The brazement comprises a metal (85) is substantially insoluble in the coolant. The corrosion resistant sheets and spacer sheet (62) are preferably titanium and the brazement (85) an alloy of nickel, preferably NiCr.    ADVANTAGE -   The bipolar plates are less brittle than the conventional graphite and gas impermeable.
(JP10189010-A)      The fuel cell generating set includes a fuel cell (14) and a Lysholm compressor (16) and a gas liquid separation apparatus which condenses the humidity generated in the fuel cell into water and retaining the water in it. An injection pump injects water to an intake port of the compressor.    The water exchanges heat with air under pressure in the compressor to cool the air to be discharged from the compressor by latent heat by vaporisation. The water injected from the injection pump seals the leakage path in the compressor.    ADVANTAGE -   Enhances volumetric and temperature efficiency and decreases power required. Allows compact, light weight implementation.    (US5958614-A)      The fuel cell generating set includes a fuel cell (14) and a Lysholm compressor (16) and a gas liquid separation apparatus which condenses the humidity generated in the fuel cell into water and retaining the water in it. An injection pump injects water to an intake port of the compressor.    The water exchanges heat with air under pressure in the compressor to cool the air to be discharged from the compressor by latent heat by vaporisation. The water injected from the injection pump seals the leakage path in the compressor.    ADVANTAGE -   Enhances volumetric and temperature efficiency and decreases power required. Allows compact, light weight implementation.
(EP858118-A2)      The battery has several individual cells connected electrically in series, arranged in a common block case. The block case contains nine individual cells, and the positive and negative electrode plates in the individual cells, have a ratio of height:width of 0.3 to 0.6.    The height-width ratio of the electrode plates lies between 0.45 and 0.55. The height of the electrode plates lies between 60 and 80 mm. The starter battery specifically comprises of two accumulators connected one behind the other.    ADVANTAGE -   Starter battery esp. suitable for use in motor vehicle with vehicle electric system of higher voltage.
(US6132902-A)      The system includes a laminated type lithium ion secondarybattery (3) as a main power supply for driving. A composite metallic oxide dispersed with lithium is used as the negative electrode active material in the secondary battery. A temperature controller (4) is also provided in the secondary battery. An auxiliary power supply (9) such as solar battery or fuel battery supplies power for a regenerative braking device (8).    ADVANTAGE -   Improves charging capacity. Improves safety.
(DE19652175-A1)      A method for casting connecting straps on the plate lugs of electrode plates for lead accumulators comprises immersing the plate lugs into a connecting strap mould and recasting the plate lugs with liquid lead. The plate lugs are melted in a melt bath at high temperatures before casting the connecting straps.    USE -   In the manufacture of starter batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   The quality of the lugs in the connecting straps is improved.
(US5898282-A)      The control system comprises a voltage control which sets system voltage to charging voltage in low load condition and regenerative braking condition and regenerative braking condition, and sets system voltage to output voltage from the energy storage device for the high load condition.    A current control system sets output power from the auxiliary power unit to a charging level in the low load condition an regenerative braking condition, and sets the power level from the auxiliary power unit based on vehicle speed, motor load and state of charge of the energy storage device for the high load condition. A control unit switches on the auxiliary power unit when the state of charge of the energy storage device is below a predetermined level and switches off the auxiliary power unit when the energy storage device is fully charged.    ADVANTAGE -   Ensures best possible utilisation of onboard energy resources for different operating conditions of vehicle. Utilises strategy modified in real time depending on input from sensors measuring speed, current and voltage levels at different locations in system.
(US5793603-A)      A capacitor comprises an anode and a cathode, each with an electrode layer, and a dielectric separator between the electrodes which permits an electrostatic field to be developed between them. The anode, separator and cathode form an elongated capacitor stack, and multiple stacks are connected together in a honeycomb structure.    Also claimed is a method of assembling the components into a stack and assembling the stacks together, and wetting the separator with an electrolyte.    USE -   In electric or hybrid vehicles, to satisfy peak power demands.    ADVANTAGE -   Increased energy density, increased current collecting material reduces internal impedance and increases capacitor efficiency, and less highly optimised capacitive materials can be used thus allowing easier and less expensive manufacture. The capacitor system is integral with the vehicle structure, thus saving weight and allowing storage of large amounts of energy.
(US5880951-A)      The unit (1) has a capacitor block (3), in which several capacitor cells (27-1 - 27-5) are connected serially by a busbar (30). Several electronic circuits (40) are provided to control the operation of a capacitor cell. The electronic circuits and busbar are mounted on the capacitor cell.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces wiring impedance between capacitor cell and electronic circuit. Reduces voltage drop in capacitor cell. Reduces length of busbar and wirings formed between capacitor cell and electronic circuit. Prevents temperature use of capacitor cell.
(WO9927593-A1)      An assembly has a current collector and carrier included in at least one of the electrodes of an alkali metal polymer electrolyte electrochemical device which includes a negative electrode, a polymer ion conductive layer and a positive electrode. The current collector comprises a ribbon of expanded or perforated metallised plastic with the metal selected from nickel, copper, aluminium, and chromium.    USE -   Used as a lightweight current collector and carrier for use in electrodes of electrochemical devices.    ADVANTAGE -   The assembly is lightweight, with a long shelf and operating life. It increases energy density, reduces the cost and weight considerably, is suitable for mass production etc.    (EP1034573-A1)      An assembly has a current collector and carrier included in at least one of the electrodes of an alkali metal polymer electrolyte electrochemical device which includes a negative electrode, a polymer ion conductive layer and a positive electrode. The current collector comprises a ribbon of expanded or perforated metallised plastic with the metal selected from nickel, copper, aluminium, and chromium.    USE -   Used as a lightweight current collector and carrier for use in electrodes of electrochemical devices.    ADVANTAGE -   The assembly is lightweight, with a long shelf and operating life. It increases energy density, reduces the cost and weight considerably, is suitable for mass production etc.
(WO9831058-A2)      The following are claimed: (A) An electrolyte system for a rechargeable electrochemical cell having a C-containing anode and a lithiated transition metal cathode. The system comprises a polymeric support containing an electrolyte salt dispersed in an organic solvent. The solvent is a ternary system comprising 90% diethyl carbonate (DEC), propylene carbonate (PC) and at least one additional solvent selected from ethylene carbonate (EC), dimethyl carbonate, dipropyl carbonate, dimethylsulphoxide, acetonitrile, dimethoxyethane, tetrahydrofuran and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone. The amount of PC is always greater than the additional solvent. (B) An electrolyte which remains liquid to -20C comprising an electrolyte salt dispersed in a ternary solvent system consisting of 70% DEC, 10% EC, and PC with the amount of PC being greater than that of EC. (C) An electrochemical cell comprising an anode, a cathode and an electrolyte salt dispersed in as ternary solvent system consisting of either (i) 70% DEC, PC and at least one of the above additional solvents such that the amount of PC is always greater than the additional solvent, or (ii) 60% DEC, 10% EC and 10% PC.    USE -   The electrolyte is used in high performance batteries liable to be exposed to low temperatures e.g. in cellular communications, satellites, portable computers and electric vehicles.    ADVANTAGE -   The electrolyte combines high ionic conductivity with excellent low temperature performance e.g. its capacity at -20C is 55% of total capacity. Performance at higher temperatures is not compromised and the electrolyte is economical and easy to produce.
(EP857699-A2)      The glass includes 0.5-12% of SiO2, 5-10% of M2O3, 10-18% of Li2O and predetermined percent of P2O and TiO2. The element `M' is represented by Al or Ga. The above mentioned composition is heat treated such that the composition Li1+x+yMxTi2-xSiyP3- yO12 is precipitated. The value of x lies between 0-0.4 and that of y lies between 0-0.6.    USE -   Used in various electrochemical devices, gas sensor.    ADVANTAGE -   Exhibits stable and strong thermal characteristics.    (JP3012211-B2)      The glass includes 0.5-12% of SiO2, 5-10% of M2O3, 10-18% of Li2O and predetermined percent of P2O and TiO2. The element `M' is represented by Al or Ga. The above mentioned composition is heat treated such that the composition Li1+x+yMxTi2-xSiyP3- yO12 is precipitated. The value of x lies between 0-0.4 and that of y lies between 0-0.6.    USE -   Used in various electrochemical devices, gas sensor.    ADVANTAGE -   Exhibits stable and strong thermal characteristics.
(US5960898-A)      The power supply unit (1) consists of a pair of capacitor block (3,4) having double layer capacitor cells (27a,28a) along with bypass switches (27b,28b), respectively.    A capacitor management unit ECU (21) detects the voltage of capacitor blocks and connects them in series if the voltage is found to be less than the preset value. If the load requires more electrical power, a motor control unit ECU (25) gives signal to the capacitor management unit which inturn connects the capacitors in parallel via change over switches (7,8). The switching regulator delivers power to motor (16) via a PWM unit (14).    ADVANTAGE -   Improves system efficiency.
(US5905000-A)      Nanoscale powders are pressed into discs and sintered to an appropriate density when constructing ion conducting solid electrolytes from nanoscale precursor material. Metallic material is mixed with nanostructured electrolytic powders to form a cermet mix and coated on each side of the disk and fitted with electrical leads.    The electrical conductivity of such an Ag/YSZ/Ag cell shows an order of magnitude enhancement in oxygen ion conductivity.    USE -   Electrolytes can be used for wide range of applications including sensors, oxygen pumps, fuel cells, batteries, electrosynthesis reactors and catalytic membranes. Electrolyte thickness can be reduced and concentration of triple points in ion conducting devices is enhanced.
(JP3120145-B2)      The structure includes an intermediate holder (5) which has several stacks that are laminated and contain single cells. A set of gas pipings which perform supply and exhaust of gas to and from the stack along the height direction, is connected to the intermediate holder. The upper and lower ends of the stack are fastened by a tie rod (4) through the intermediate holder. The tie rod penetrates through a through hole formed in the intermediate holder. An insulating sleeve (17) is provided in the through-hole. The tie rod penetrates through the insulating sleeve. The tie rod is screwed at its upper and lower ends with a nut (13), sandwiching the intermediate holder. An electric insulating material is provided between the nut and the intermediate holder.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves safety and reliability of battery.
(GB2319653-B)      The battery has positive and negative terminals (10,2) and a control circuit sealed within the battery. A heavy duty switch is provided between the positive terminal and a dummy terminal (3). The negative and dummy terminals are accessible from the battery exterior.    Terminal posts are provided on the battery exterior for connecting the normal positive and negative cables. The control circuit is in turn controlled by an external device sending a coded signal to a receiver which is part of the control circuit.    USE -   The battery could also be used for a motor cycle or marine craft.    ADVANTAGE -   Can be switched off internally so that no power is available to the positive terminal, improving security.
(EP839890-A2)      Process for completely utilising pure synthesis gas obtained by high temperature recycling of waste comprises bombarding the synthesis gas obtained with water vapour in a catalytic process to convert CO in the synthesis gas into CO2 and H2, to feed the remaining residual gas back to the high temperature reactor, to separate the main product consisting of H2, CO and CO2 by pressure swing adsorption into H2, CO and CO2 and utilise.    USE -   For completely utilising pure synthesis gas obtained by recycling waste.    ADVANTAGE -   No emissions are produced.    (JP10231488-A)      Process for completely utilising pure synthesis gas obtained by high temperature recycling of waste comprises bombarding the synthesis gas obtained with water vapour in a catalytic process to convert CO in the synthesis gas into CO2 and H2, to feed the remaining residual gas back to the high temperature reactor, to separate the main product consisting of H2, CO and CO2 by pressure swing adsorption into H2, CO and CO2 and utilise.    USE -   For completely utilising pure synthesis gas obtained by recycling waste.    ADVANTAGE -   No emissions are produced.
(US5773164-A)      A prismatic battery with electrodes (6) and tabs (8) has robust positive and negative terminals (2). The connector strap (11) is mechanically joined to one end of the cylindrical terminal post (10). The post is made of any electrically conductive material inert to battery chemistry e.g. copper, nickel-plated copper or nickel-plated copper alloy.    The strap base (12), with legs (14), is mechanically joined to a protrusion of (16) of the post. Electrode tabs (8) are collected into bundles (17) welded together and welded to the connector strap.    USE -   Enables reduction in battery weight and battery case head space by bringing separate electrode plate connections out of case for connection to external circuit using robust terminal especially for nickel-metal hydride prismatic batteries for electric vehicles.
(US6116763-A)      A coil (4) on a shaft (15) is mounted within a magnet (16) which has an inner casing (6) to which it is attached. Currents produced in the coil when it rotates are delivered via leads (3). The coil shaft is mounted on one end of the magnet via a bearing (8) and the connection end of the coil is mounted in a bearing (1) in an end cap (2) fixed to the open end of the magnet.    A weight (7) attached to the outer surface of the inner casing is shaped to allow the magnet to rotate about the shaft within an outer casing (9) and keeps the magnet oriented.    USE -   Improves road vehicle and rolling stock safety by illumination powered from motion of wheels.
(JP3111349-B2)      The structure has a power supply chamber (F) that is mounted on a chassis frame and provided with outer walls that surround an engine generator. Power supply cables (C) are pulled from the power supply chamber through a bumper (1) at the rear of a mobile power-supply vehicle (T) to supply power.    A recess (1a) is formed on the upper central part of the bumper to expose part of the power supply chamber. A power-cable drawing opening with an openable lid (2) is formed on the rear bottom of the exposed part of the power supply chamber. The power supply cables are pulled out through the power-cable drawing opening and the recess.    ADVANTAGE -   Does not need to lower position and reduce size of bumper thereby preventing lowering impact-absorption characteristic of bumper and maintaining safety. Enables bumper to be used as step to rear door. Prevents unexpected accidents caused by electrical shocks.
(US5977744-A)      The controller (1) includes a first comparison device to connect the auxiliary battery to the main battery during engine starting if the auxiliary battery voltage is greater than a first threshold. A second comparing device disconnects the auxiliary battery from the main battery during engine running if a battery voltage is less than a second threshold.    The second comparing device is arranged, after disconnection of the auxiliary battery from the main battery, to connect the auxiliary battery to the main battery if the main battery voltage is greater than a third threshold. The third threshold is equal to the second threshold.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents discharge of auxiliary battery by isolating it.
(EP870343-A1)      The fuel cell installation uses high temperature fuel cells, provided by rotationally symmetrical fuel cell elements (1), supplied on the inside with combustion air as the cathode gas (2a) on the cathode side (2) and on the outside with a fuel gas as the anode gas (3a) on the anode side (3).    The fuel cell elements are contacted on the anode side by a high-temperature stable conductive metal fibre mat, e.g. a nickel fibre mat (4), for providing a voltage plane.    USE -   For fuel cell power plant.    ADVANTAGE -   Simple serial connection of individual fuel cell elements.
(EP946406-A1)      CO is removed from a gas stream also containing H2 and CO2 by a process comprising (i) high temperature selective catalytic methanation to lower the concentration to a level above which CO2 methanation can occur, and (ii) low temperature selective catalytic methanation to reduce the residual CO to below 40 ppm.    USE -   is in the hydrogen clean-up unit for fuel cells based on a hydrogen production unit.    ADVANTAGE -   The high temperature stage removes CO without the occurrence of CO2 methanation to cause loss of H2 which can only occur if all of the CO is removed; there is very little loss of H2 in the low temperature step. Compared to single-step processes significantly less catalyst is required and to enable the provision of a very compact unit.    (US6207307-B1)      CO is removed from a gas stream also containing H2 and CO2 by a process comprising (i) high temperature selective catalytic methanation to lower the concentration to a level above which CO2 methanation can occur, and (ii) low temperature selective catalytic methanation to reduce the residual CO to below 40 ppm.    USE -   is in the hydrogen clean-up unit for fuel cells based on a hydrogen production unit.    ADVANTAGE -   The high temperature stage removes CO without the occurrence of CO2 methanation to cause loss of H2 which can only occur if all of the CO is removed; there is very little loss of H2 in the low temperature step. Compared to single-step processes significantly less catalyst is required and to enable the provision of a very compact unit.
(JP3192972-B2)      The installation consists of a cooling water piping (44) with a pump (29) which circulates cooling water inside a fuel battery main body (21) in a submarine (20). The piping is connected to an external heat radiator (27). A regenerator (26) with a piping (26a) for thermal storage is also connected to the cooling water piping to absorb heat from the circulating water.    ADVANTAGE -   Absorbs heat from cooling water and radiates it efficiently.
(DE19643014-C1)      The supply installation has a number of electrical loads (3) spaced along a voltage supply bus (1), connected to a central device (9) with at least one supply voltage input and supply voltage output (A,B).    Each supply voltage output is checked for detection of a short-circuit, with a switching device controlled to allow the voltage to be supplied to the output only after verification that a short-circuit is not present.    USE -   For automobile air-bag or seat belt locking passenger restraint.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents failure of entire system due to single short-circuit.    (JP10304564-A)      The supply installation has a number of electrical loads (3) spaced along a voltage supply bus (1), connected to a central device (9) with at least one supply voltage input and supply voltage output (A,B).    Each supply voltage output is checked for detection of a short-circuit, with a switching device controlled to allow the voltage to be supplied to the output only after verification that a short-circuit is not present.    USE -   For automobile air-bag or seat belt locking passenger restraint.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents failure of entire system due to single short-circuit.    (US5962934-A)      The supply installation has a number of electrical loads (3) spaced along a voltage supply bus (1), connected to a central device (9) with at least one supply voltage input and supply voltage output (A,B).    Each supply voltage output is checked for detection of a short-circuit, with a switching device controlled to allow the voltage to be supplied to the output only after verification that a short-circuit is not present.    USE -   For automobile air-bag or seat belt locking passenger restraint.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents failure of entire system due to single short-circuit.
(FR2767234-A1)      The circuit is connected between a microprocessor (1) and a control element in a motor vehicle. It contains a comparator (2) circuit whose input (21) is connected to the microprocessor output (11).    When a defined voltage level is reached at the input the comparator switches a voltage between a high and a low level which is applied to the control element (3). An energy storage device (C) buffers the input of the comparator circuit.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables maintenance of functionality of microprocessor controlled element when microprocessor is reset because of voltage supply drop-out.
(WO9925053-A1)      A 240v vehicle battery comprises four series connected groups (G1-G4) of five 12v units. An on-board charger (11) operating from standard one-phase 220 v/16A AC mains (Va) is connectable, via any one of four switches (S1,S3,S5,S7) on the positive side, and any one of four (S2,S4,S6,S8) on the negative, to the positive and negative terminals, respectively, of each group.    A sequencer (12), receiving output current (I) and voltage (V) signals from the charger, and monitoring battery temperature (T), issues control signals (C1-C8) to open and close the switches selectively, charging each group in succession for, e.g. 10 seconds at 40A, the other three groups remaining open-circuit. Series-parallel applications, and other variants, are also described.    ADVANTAGE -   Battery recharged without specialised facilities, e.g. at user's residence. Relaxation between charging pulses extends service life.    (TW366622-A)      A 240v vehicle battery comprises four series connected groups (G1-G4) of five 12v units. An on-board charger (11) operating from standard one-phase 220 v/16A AC mains (Va) is connectable, via any one of four switches (S1,S3,S5,S7) on the positive side, and any one of four (S2,S4,S6,S8) on the negative, to the positive and negative terminals, respectively, of each group.    A sequencer (12), receiving output current (I) and voltage (V) signals from the charger, and monitoring battery temperature (T), issues control signals (C1-C8) to open and close the switches selectively, charging each group in succession for, e.g. 10 seconds at 40A, the other three groups remaining open-circuit. Series-parallel applications, and other variants, are also described.    ADVANTAGE -   Battery recharged without specialised facilities, e.g. at user's residence. Relaxation between charging pulses extends service life.
(JP10101303-A)      An apparatus for reducing concentration of carbon monoxide in a hydrogen-rich gas comprises a means for introducing oxidising gas; a catalytic oxidising unit to enable preferential bonding of oxidising gas to CO; and a water supply means. Also claimed is a fuels-cell generator including a reformer unit for converting crude fuel to a hydrogen-containing gas.    USE -   In a fuel-cells generator system for reducing CO concentration.    ADVANTAGE -   To enable all catalysts packed in a cooling layer to be kept within an active temperature range, thereby reducing the carbon monoxide concentration in a hydrogen-rich gas. Also enhances efficiency of power generation of a fuel-cells generator system.    (US6120925-A)      An apparatus for reducing concentration of carbon monoxide in a hydrogen-rich gas comprises a means for introducing oxidising gas; a catalytic oxidising unit to enable preferential bonding of oxidising gas to CO; and a water supply means. Also claimed is a fuels-cell generator including a reformer unit for converting crude fuel to a hydrogen-containing gas.    USE -   In a fuel-cells generator system for reducing CO concentration.    ADVANTAGE -   To enable all catalysts packed in a cooling layer to be kept within an active temperature range, thereby reducing the carbon monoxide concentration in a hydrogen-rich gas. Also enhances efficiency of power generation of a fuel-cells generator system.
(JP10094192-A)      The control system is for a power supply changeover switch with a generator (3), a battery (11), and an electrical load (21). A changeover switch (25) joins the battery to the generator in one position and the load to the generator in the other position. A power supply controller (5) ends the generator action when the changeover switch needs to be activated.    A switch actuator (30) moves the switch between the two positions when the current flowing in it is less than a predetermined value after the generator action has been stopped by the power supply controller. It determines this after a certain time has elapsed since the ending of the generator action.    USE -   For vehicle components with a high electric load, such as heaters and defrosters.    ADVANTAGE -   The welding together of the metal contacts on a mechanical relay and dielectric failure of a semiconducting switch can both be avoided.    (US5994787-A)      The control system is for a power supply changeover switch with a generator (3), a battery (11), and an electrical load (21). A changeover switch (25) joins the battery to the generator in one position and the load to the generator in the other position. A power supply controller (5) ends the generator action when the changeover switch needs to be activated.    A switch actuator (30) moves the switch between the two positions when the current flowing in it is less than a predetermined value after the generator action has been stopped by the power supply controller. It determines this after a certain time has elapsed since the ending of the generator action.    USE -   For vehicle components with a high electric load, such as heaters and defrosters.    ADVANTAGE -   The welding together of the metal contacts on a mechanical relay and dielectric failure of a semiconducting switch can both be avoided.
(WO9928027-A1)      (1) Catalyst (A) made of porous alpha alumina (B) catalyst carrier and ruthenium (C). (A)'s specific surface area is 8-50 square meter per gram. (2) Ratio of specific surface of (A)/(B) is 3-50. (3) Micro pores in (A) has a peak in their dia. distribution in 5-1000 angstrom. (4) Four more clauses are also claimed.    USE -   Used as catalysts for denaturing processes in hydrogen production.    ADVANTAGE -   Owing to its high compression strength fragmentation of the catalyst as in conventional products can be avoided, besides it holds high activity at high temperature.    (EP1048347-A1)      (1) Catalyst (A) made of porous alpha alumina (B) catalyst carrier and ruthenium (C). (A)'s specific surface area is 8-50 square meter per gram. (2) Ratio of specific surface of (A)/(B) is 3-50. (3) Micro pores in (A) has a peak in their dia. distribution in 5-1000 angstrom. (4) Four more clauses are also claimed.    USE -   Used as catalysts for denaturing processes in hydrogen production.    ADVANTAGE -   Owing to its high compression strength fragmentation of the catalyst as in conventional products can be avoided, besides it holds high activity at high temperature.    (CN1286648-A)      (1) Catalyst (A) made of porous alpha alumina (B) catalyst carrier and ruthenium (C). (A)'s specific surface area is 8-50 square meter per gram. (2) Ratio of specific surface of (A)/(B) is 3-50. (3) Micro pores in (A) has a peak in their dia. distribution in 5-1000 angstrom. (4) Four more clauses are also claimed.    USE -   Used as catalysts for denaturing processes in hydrogen production.    ADVANTAGE -   Owing to its high compression strength fragmentation of the catalyst as in conventional products can be avoided, besides it holds high activity at high temperature.
(JP3111166-B2)      The fuel battery has multiple cells (C) held by a cell holding member (F). A power supply terminal (L) is provided on either sides of corresponding cell modules which are arranged at predetermined interval. The terminal of the adjacent cell modules are connected electrically. An oxygen gas passage (s) is formed on one side of the cell module. An oxygen pole and a fuel pole are provided on either surfaces of an electrolyte layer. A fuel gas passage (f) is formed facing the fuel pole.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves productivity.
(JP10233226-A)      In a bio-fuel cell, a microorganism which can react directly with an electrode without a mediator is used as microbial catalyst.    USE -   The bio-fuel cell converts reducing equivalents generated from oxidisation of a substrate by an organism into electric energy.Thus organic or inorganic matter in waste water can be used as fuel.    ADVANTAGE -   Possible toxicity and environmental problems associated with use of an electron transfer mediator are avoided. Efficiency of catabolisation of organics is increased, and sludge production reduced.    (US5976719-A)      In a bio-fuel cell, a microorganism which can react directly with an electrode without a mediator is used as microbial catalyst.    USE -   The bio-fuel cell converts reducing equivalents generated from oxidisation of a substrate by an organism into electric energy.Thus organic or inorganic matter in waste water can be used as fuel.    ADVANTAGE -   Possible toxicity and environmental problems associated with use of an electron transfer mediator are avoided. Efficiency of catabolisation of organics is increased, and sludge production reduced.    (JP3022431-B2)      In a bio-fuel cell, a microorganism which can react directly with an electrode without a mediator is used as microbial catalyst.    USE -   The bio-fuel cell converts reducing equivalents generated from oxidisation of a substrate by an organism into electric energy.Thus organic or inorganic matter in waste water can be used as fuel.    ADVANTAGE -   Possible toxicity and environmental problems associated with use of an electron transfer mediator are avoided. Efficiency of catabolisation of organics is increased, and sludge production reduced.
(DE19637207-C2)      A power generating plant having at least two fuel-cell stacks in which the first stack (1) comprises an internal or an external reformer thermally coupled on to the stack and with at least one gas treatment plant (10) arranged in the combustion gas feed line of the second stack (2).    At least three further lines are provided next to the usual output and/or the anode chamber input of the first stack (1) to the input of the gas treatment-plant (10), a second line (9) joining the latter's output to the combustion gas line of the first and/or second stack (1,2) and a third line (5) joining the output of the anode chamber of the second stack to the combustion gas line (14) of the first stack and/or to the first line (4). A further line (6) is specifically provided and joins the cathode off-gas to the oxidant feed line (8) of the first stack so that the off-gas is fed out of the cathode space into the oxidant in feed line (8).    USE -   Electrical power generation.    ADVANTAGE -   Increased efficiency obtained for low power (less than 3 MW) systems.
(EP925613-A1)      A corrugated or rippled intermediate element, or bipolar plate, for thermal, mechanical and electrical joining of two elements, in which each wave alternately juts up and down to form slotted wave-crest/wave-trough profiles.    The intermediate element is specifically made of metal, the surface of which is coated with a precious metal, such as gold.    USE -   As cooling- and contact-plate in fuel cell stack and for mutually supporting discrete fuel cells of stack.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides exchange of flow media on active surface of plate from centre of media flow out to outer zones. Capable of uniformly transmitting mechanical pressure.    (JP2000517466-W)      A corrugated or rippled intermediate element, or bipolar plate, for thermal, mechanical and electrical joining of two elements, in which each wave alternately juts up and down to form slotted wave-crest/wave-trough profiles.    The intermediate element is specifically made of metal, the surface of which is coated with a precious metal, such as gold.    USE -   As cooling- and contact-plate in fuel cell stack and for mutually supporting discrete fuel cells of stack.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides exchange of flow media on active surface of plate from centre of media flow out to outer zones. Capable of uniformly transmitting mechanical pressure.
(WO9842038-A1)      The fuel cell (1) has an anode-electrolyte-cathode unit (2,3,4) with an anode catalyst, which has a device (5,6), for impressing a positive voltage pulse on the anode (2). The preferred time duration of the pulse is from 10 to 200 ms, and the electric current amounts to a few A/cm.squared, e.g. up to 10 A/cm.squared.    ADVANTAGE -   Creation of fuel cell, with which power loss due to adsorbed impurities at anode catalyser can be prevented reliably and cost-effectively.    (EP968541-A1)      The fuel cell (1) has an anode-electrolyte-cathode unit (2,3,4) with an anode catalyst, which has a device (5,6), for impressing a positive voltage pulse on the anode (2). The preferred time duration of the pulse is from 10 to 200 ms, and the electric current amounts to a few A/cm.squared, e.g. up to 10 A/cm.squared.    ADVANTAGE -   Creation of fuel cell, with which power loss due to adsorbed impurities at anode catalyser can be prevented reliably and cost-effectively.
(GB2317445-B)      The system includes a photovoltaic solar power module (3) which is mounted on the vehicle exterior, e.g. roof, for generating electrical power from solar radiation incident on the vehicle exterior to power the solid state peltier effect heat exchanger (9), mounted in the luggage compartment of the vehicle, to add heat to or absorb heat from air circulating within the vehicle (1).    A controller (7) is adapted to sense the air temperature (13) within the vehicle and to cause the heat exchanger to add/absorb heat to/from the air within the vehicle according to the sensed temperature, and according to a measured outside temperature (15). The heat exchanger can be deactivated and the power from the solar module directed to other vehicle systems, e.g. battery charger, if required. The heat exchanger comprises a refrigeration circuit having a rotary compressor or a non-rotating compressor driven by a swing motor.    USE -   For heating or cooling interior of car, bus, truck, train, aircraft, boat or for refrigerated van or container.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables interior temperature to be maintained at comfortable level for extended period of time, e.g. when vehicle is left unattended, without having to use large batteries.
(DE19639068-A1)      A demonstration apparatus for energy production from hydrogen, having a hydrogen reservoir and a fuel cell with a housing (16) divided by a membrane/electrode unit (11) associated at both sides with perforated collector plates (12) and contacts (15) leading to an external consumer, includes a transparent gas supply element (13) which has open channels (10) for gas supply over the membrane/electrode unit (11) and which is held under constant pressure by pre-tensioned transparent elastic material (14) in the space between each wall of the housing (16) and the gas supply element (13). Preferably, the elastic material (14) is silicone and the gas supply elements (13) and the housing (16) consist of plastic, especially acrylic glass.    USE -   For demonstrating hydrogen-energy production technology in schools, universities, etc.    ADVANTAGE -   The apparatus provides clear visibility of the water formation process at the fuel cell electrode, has low manufacturing cost, provides effective current output and has a long operating life.
(JP10150701-A)      The power output apparatus has a motor for outputting power to the drive shaft, an engine, a generator, and a battery.    A state of the battery is detected and a driving condition of the vehicle is predicted.    A target state of the battery is set based on the predicted driving conditio and the engine and the generator are controlled, in order to enable the state of the battery to become equal to the target state.    ADVANTAGE -   Enhances charge-discharge efficiency of battery and ensures sufficient supply of electric power required for driving vehicle.    (US6166449-A)      The power output apparatus has a motor for outputting power to the drive shaft, an engine, a generator, and a battery.    A state of the battery is detected and a driving condition of the vehicle is predicted.    A target state of the battery is set based on the predicted driving conditio and the engine and the generator are controlled, in order to enable the state of the battery to become equal to the target state.    ADVANTAGE -   Enhances charge-discharge efficiency of battery and ensures sufficient supply of electric power required for driving vehicle.
(JP10074533-A)      A fuel cell system with a stack of cells (20) and a storage battery (30) in parallel and joined to a load has power to the load coming from both the battery and the cells. There is a device (46) to measure the remanent charge of the battery and an output controller (50) which limits the power delivered from the battery to the load when the remanent charge is below a certain threshold.    The load comprises several individual loads and the power limitation is achieved by interrupting the power to some of the loads. The controller also limits the power to a certain maximum value to allow the cells to charge the battery.    ADVANTAGE -   The remanent charge of the battery is prevented from falling too low and the fuel cells are protected against too high a power drain.    (US5929594-A)      A fuel cell system with a stack of cells (20) and a storage battery (30) in parallel and joined to a load has power to the load coming from both the battery and the cells. There is a device (46) to measure the remanent charge of the battery and an output controller (50) which limits the power delivered from the battery to the load when the remanent charge is below a certain threshold.    The load comprises several individual loads and the power limitation is achieved by interrupting the power to some of the loads. The controller also limits the power to a certain maximum value to allow the cells to charge the battery.    ADVANTAGE -   The remanent charge of the battery is prevented from falling too low and the fuel cells are protected against too high a power drain.
(US5839656-A)      The apparatus includes an expelling unit (3) that expels fluid using a pump (2), which is heated with a heater (1). The expelling unit is connected to a heat exchanger (4) through a pair of fluid paths (5,6). A by-pass path (7) is connected to the pair of fluid paths through a pair of control valves (8,9). A battery (10) provided along the by-pass path is also heated.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves battery capacity. Prevents fall of generated voltage.
(US5793211-A)      The apparatus includes a data collection equalisation unit (17) which collects the currents and voltages flowing from a battery (3) to a load (2) as obtained by a data reading circuit (10) through a current sensor (6) and a voltage sensor (7). An area particle number decision circuit (26) judges the number of particles of the collection data in each area.    A correlating coefficient decision circuit (19) decides the correlating coefficient of the collection data when the number of particles is more than a predetermined value. An approximate linearity calculator (21) obtains an approximate linearity based on the collection data if the high correlating coefficient is shown. A remaining charge calculator (22) shows the remaining charge of the battery on a display (16) based on the approximate linearity.    ADVANTAGE -   Obtains accurate remaining charge of battery since it is specified by approximate linearity produced with high accuracy because high correlating coefficient is shown.
(JP3091689-B2)      The method involves performing surface preparation of a barium cerium group oxide layer (1) and removing its surface impurity using acid aqueous solution or organic acid. An anode electrode (3) and a cathode electrode (2) are then formed on opposing layers of the oxide layer. The electrodes are formed using metal and platinum. The metal has thermal expansion coefficient equal to that of the oxide layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves flouring of electrode electrolyte boundary surface. Increases life and reliability.
(DE19638872-A1)      The method involves transmitting a train of a first or second state which represent a high bit or a low bit on a transmission line (15). A third state can be generated on the transmission line. The third state is different from the first and second states and is used as a synchronisation signal.    In an alternative method signals of the first and second state are transmitted on the transmission line. A synchronisation pulse and two information pulses are formed from the two states. The periods of the pulses are different from each other.    ADVANTAGE -   Eliminates need for both stations to generate synchronisation signal.    (EP852859-A1)      The method involves transmitting a train of a first or second state which represent a high bit or a low bit on a transmission line (15). A third state can be generated on the transmission line. The third state is different from the first and second states and is used as a synchronisation signal.    In an alternative method signals of the first and second state are transmitted on the transmission line. A synchronisation pulse and two information pulses are formed from the two states. The periods of the pulses are different from each other.    ADVANTAGE -   Eliminates need for both stations to generate synchronisation signal.    (JP11513231-W)      The method involves transmitting a train of a first or second state which represent a high bit or a low bit on a transmission line (15). A third state can be generated on the transmission line. The third state is different from the first and second states and is used as a synchronisation signal.    In an alternative method signals of the first and second state are transmitted on the transmission line. A synchronisation pulse and two information pulses are formed from the two states. The periods of the pulses are different from each other.    ADVANTAGE -   Eliminates need for both stations to generate synchronisation signal.
(US5916709-A)      The battery apparatus comprises a housing (100) with an external case and two external terminals (101,102), and a number of bipolar plates (104) located in the housing and stacked relative to one another. The plates, forming battery cells, and physically stacked together and bounded at the end by first and second end collectors. The plates include an electrical conducting core plate with positive and negative sides having a positive active material and a negative active material, respectively.    The plates also include an edge portion, extending in a direction that is perpendicular to a direction extending of the plates, and is inclined relative to the perpendicular, so that the stacked plates have an outer stacking surface of a first bipolar plate stacked against an inner surface of a second adjacent bipolar plate, forming a sliding seal for a battery cell that is formed by the first and second plates. A compression element biases the stack of bipolar plates relative to the housing.    ADVANTAGE -   Achieves optimal performance by maintaining high uniform, separate pressure of optimum value.
(JP2863831-B2)      The cation group Au ethylenediamine complex is adsorbed by a cation exchange membrane and immersed in a reducing agent soln. to deposit Au on the surface of the membrane.    USE -   The combined matter of Au and ion exchange membrane is used for electrolysis apparatus and fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The combined matter of Au and ion exchange membrane has good adhesion, low contact resistance and small relative surface resistance.
(JP10064507-A)      The metallic terminals of adjacent single battery cells are electrically connected by a connecting bar(8). Both sides of the connecting bar are covered with an insulating protective layer(9) of either natural rubber, synthetic rubber or synthetic resin. The electrical connection is left exposed.    The surfaces of the metallic parts for electrical connection are also insulated and protected. This prevents corrosion of the connecting bar and metallic connections and prevents capacity fluctuation due to leakage current.    ADVANTAGE -   Is usable under severe conditions for long periods at high operating voltages with improved reliability and reducing maintenance load.    (US5985480-A)      The metallic terminals of adjacent single battery cells are electrically connected by a connecting bar(8). Both sides of the connecting bar are covered with an insulating protective layer(9) of either natural rubber, synthetic rubber or synthetic resin. The electrical connection is left exposed.    The surfaces of the metallic parts for electrical connection are also insulated and protected. This prevents corrosion of the connecting bar and metallic connections and prevents capacity fluctuation due to leakage current.    ADVANTAGE -   Is usable under severe conditions for long periods at high operating voltages with improved reliability and reducing maintenance load.
(JP3035701-B2)      The battery (9) includes a goods card (1) which is provided with a transverse plane wall (2), a side face wall (3) and a top wall (4). Receipt pockets such as an operation instruction manual is provided inside the side face wall of the goods card. A through-hole (6) is provided at the top wall of the goods card. A terminal (10) is pierced into the card via the through hole. Each wall of the goods card is made to cross mutually in an orthogonal manner.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies attachment work of operation instruction manual to storage battery.
(JP10040962-A)      A power supply system with a stack of fuel cells 920) and a storage battery (30) in parallel across the load, electric motor, has a remanent charge monitor (42) for the battery and a device to evaluate the total electrical load.    A device estimates the battery state of charge on the basis of these two. Another device determines the fuel flow to the fuel cells, based on the estimated battery state of charge.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents fuel shortage to the fuel cells which would otherwise lead to voltage drops and heat emissions.    (US5964309-A)      A power supply system with a stack of fuel cells 920) and a storage battery (30) in parallel across the load, electric motor, has a remanent charge monitor (42) for the battery and a device to evaluate the total electrical load.    A device estimates the battery state of charge on the basis of these two. Another device determines the fuel flow to the fuel cells, based on the estimated battery state of charge.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents fuel shortage to the fuel cells which would otherwise lead to voltage drops and heat emissions.
(JP10040931-A)      The power supply system has a fuel cell stack (20) and a storage battery (30), so that at least the stack or the battery can supply the load (motor) with electric power. A residual charge monitoring unit (46) determines the charge remaining in the battery.    A charging unit facilitates a re-charging of the battery. The recharging is carried out, if the residual charge of the storage battery determined by the residual charge monitoring unit, is lower than a predetermined first level up to the time of a stop operation of the power supply system (10), and the fuel stack then charges the battery, until the residual charge of the battery reaches a predetermined second level.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides sufficient power output without increasing size of power supply system, to ensure stable output power up to start of power supply system.    (US6158537-A)      The power supply system has a fuel cell stack (20) and a storage battery (30), so that at least the stack or the battery can supply the load (motor) with electric power. A residual charge monitoring unit (46) determines the charge remaining in the battery.    A charging unit facilitates a re-charging of the battery. The recharging is carried out, if the residual charge of the storage battery determined by the residual charge monitoring unit, is lower than a predetermined first level up to the time of a stop operation of the power supply system (10), and the fuel stack then charges the battery, until the residual charge of the battery reaches a predetermined second level.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides sufficient power output without increasing size of power supply system, to ensure stable output power up to start of power supply system.
(EP847097-A1)      A Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM)/Solid Polymer Electrolyte (SPE) fuel-cell having at least one cell comprising a pair of opposite polarity electrodes each having a first face for exposure to a gaseous reactant, a membrane electrolyte bonded to and interjacent the electrodes for conducting protons between the electrodes when discharging the cell, and an electrically conductive contact element having a second face engaging a first face for conducting electrical current from the electrode through the first face.    The second face comprises a number of lands engaging the first face and defining a number of grooves between them for distributing a gaseous reactant uniformly across the first face, the improvement comprising a number of electrically conductive filaments embedded longitudinally in the first face, the filaments extending across a number of the lands in a direction transverse the lands and grooves.    USE -   As power source e.g. for electric vehicles    ADVANTAGE -   Designed to eliminate the use of carbon/graphite paper otherwise resulting in e.g. impeded outflow of water from the membrane electrode assembly (MEA).
(JP3059933-B2)      The battery includes a number of cells (C). A flow path (4)    is provided between adjacent cells. An interval holding member    (G) is provided between the cells to maintain predetermined    interval between them. A gas passage way is connected to each    flow path. A projection part (6a) which projects in the shape of    a rectangle is formed at either end faces of each cell. An    insinuating member (P) having thickness almost equal to that of    the cell is formed on each projection part. A gas passage way    formation member which forms gas passage way is provided in the    projection part and insinuating member of interval holding    member.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces cost by rational modification.
(US5963016-A)      The apparatus (1) has a data collection unit, which collects data relating to amount of discharge of a battery (3),for every fixed period, during transit state of the electric vehicle. A remnant capacity notification unit (15) obtains remnant capacity of the battery, from the collection data instantaneously. The notified remnant capacity value is displayed on a display unit (14). A voltage integrator (19) integrates the voltage of the battery, for every fixed period. At the time of high load, the integrated voltage value of the battery, is subtracted from the displayed remnant capacity value, when it becomes more than a predetermined integrated voltage value. The    subtracted value is also displayed on a capacity display unit (22).    ADVANTAGE -   Offers remnant capacity of battery, even during transit state of the vehicle, exactly.    (JP3200364-B2)      The apparatus (1) has a data collection unit, which collects data relating to amount of discharge of a battery (3),for every fixed period, during transit state of the electric vehicle. A remnant capacity notification unit (15) obtains remnant capacity of the battery, from the collection data instantaneously. The notified remnant capacity value is displayed on a display unit (14). A voltage integrator (19) integrates the voltage of the battery, for every fixed period. At the time of high load, the integrated voltage value of the battery, is subtracted from the displayed remnant capacity value, when it becomes more than a predetermined integrated voltage value. The    subtracted value is also displayed on a capacity display unit (22).    ADVANTAGE -   Offers remnant capacity of battery, even during transit state of the vehicle, exactly.
(EP1007841-A1)      The electrical system management has separate supply to the high power consumption components and the low power consumption components. The battery is supplied in the same circuit as the low power consumption components. A controller (2) delivers current to both the high and low power circuits.     The controller delivers a potential U1 to the low power consumption circuit and a potential U2 to the high power circuit. The latter potential (U2) is greater than the low power potential. A filter (6) ensures the low power supply potential is stable regardless of fluctuations in the potential in the high power circuit.    ADVANTAGE -   Improved quality of supply potential in motor vehicle electrical system with heavy load, and control of Joule heating losses in system.
(JP2967711-B2)      Right and left vertical floor joists (20) are fixed on a chassis frame (12) for a vehicle along a longitudinal direction. A battery box containing part (21) is formed between the vertical floor joists (20) and between the chassis frame (12) and a    cargo box (19). A battery box (18) to contain a battery (15) is contained in the battery box containing part (21) by a slide mechanism (20).    ADVANTAGE -   Battery is high-efficiently mounted on car body.
(JP10016868-A)      The bicycle is equipped with auxiliary electric drive in addition to foot pedal power. It includes a first control circuit (2) with a micro-computer for controlling the electric drive (1) and a second control circuit (7) with a microcomputer for a monitoring of the rechargeable battery (5), which supplies the electric drive with power, and/or the control of the electric bicycle by switching.    The first and second control circuits are connected with each other across a communication circuit (15). The auxiliary present. intake is given by an auxiliary present. intake selection switch, and a signal related to this intake is entered across the second control circuit in the first control circuit, in order to control the electric drive.    ADVANTAGE -   Assists human muscle power within certain limits corresponding to pedal power.    (DE19728253-C2)      The bicycle is equipped with auxiliary electric drive in addition to foot pedal power. It includes a first control circuit (2) with a micro-computer for controlling the electric drive (1) and a second control circuit (7) with a microcomputer for a monitoring of the rechargeable battery (5), which supplies the electric drive with power, and/or the control of the electric bicycle by switching.    The first and second control circuits are connected with each other across a communication circuit (15). The auxiliary present. intake is given by an auxiliary present. intake selection switch, and a signal related to this intake is entered across the second control circuit in the first control circuit, in order to control the electric drive.    ADVANTAGE -   Assists human muscle power within certain limits corresponding to pedal power.
(JP3141779-B2)      The apparatus has an estimation unit which estimates the    current flowing in a battery (10) based on the value of a control    command output by a controller to an electric power converter.    The converter is arranged between the battery and the load and    controls the value of current flowing in the load based on the    control command. An integrator integrates the estimated current    value to obtain the remnant capacity of the battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables to know remnant capacity of battery    correctly. Eliminates need for using current sensor.
(US5801519-A)      The active power tuning scheme uses the correlation between changes in the input and corresponding changes in the output of a circuit to tune the operating point of the circuit. The scheme uses a correlation function between a controlled variable (206) and a perturbed waveform (202). When the system reaches the desired operating point, the correlation (208) goes to zero and the system converges. This corresponds to the point at which the derivative of the output with respect to the input is zero. A tuning scheme based on correlation usually requires an excitation input, but the switching action in the controlled circuit (200) perturbs all the states and provides this excitation. This makes the tuning scheme suitable for switching power applications, such as the control of power converters in solar arrays.    ADVANTAGE -   Desired operating point is reached by using only input and output information, no energy is wasted, and efficiency is improved
(EP917219-A1)      The hand-grip/handle system uses a releasable carrying handle (8) which is secured to the battery housing via at least one locating recess (7) provided by the latter. The handle may be provided by a U-shaped hoop which is secured to the battery housing so that it is free to pivot, by insertion in a respective locating recess at either end, the carrying section (10) at the centre of the hoop being ergonomically shaped.    USE -   For easy handling of vehicle starter motor battery    ADVANTAGE -   simple fitting and removal of carrying handle.
(DE19747634-A1)      The battery housing (2) has a notch in one of its sidewalls, adjacent the top edge, for reception of a cable termination (1), with the rear side of the latter provided with an angled stop nose (3) cooperating with a stop opening (8) provided by the battery housing.    The cable is secured via a clamp screw (4) and a cooperating clamp nut (5), with the screw head held by the cable termination and the screw shaft fitted with a metal spacer (7) on the opposite side of the cable shoe (6) to the clamp nut.    USE -   For vehicle propulsion battery or starter-motor battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Reliable connection of battery cable lead.
(WO9804014-A1)      The fuel cell contains an electrolyte enclosed on both sides by electrocatalyser particles and by two porous electrodes around which a medium is flowed which contains an increased mixture of the medium and electrocatalyser particles in the pores of the electrodes.    The mechanism for producing the increased mixture of the medium and electrocatalyser particles contains a medium for producing pressure fluctuations of the working pressure in the medium, whereby the medium is washed around only one or both electrodes and the associated electrocatalyser particles.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables optimum supply of catalyser particles with medium i.e. fuel and/or oxidant, independently of absolute temp. or pressure and of conc. of medium.
(JP2951887-B2)       The composition includes a perovskite type oxide, which is expressed with a general formula Ba1-x Lx Ce1-y My O3-a. In this formula M is either magnesium or calcium and L is chosen from either of elements among Sr, La, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sn, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb and Y. The values of X and Y are in the range of 0&lt;x0.2 and 0.05y0.26, respectively.    ADVANTAGE -   Ensures stability of ionic conductor in carbon di:oxide and high steam atmosphere. Ensures high ionic conductivity for long period. Improves acid proof nature. Offers highly efficient fuel battery and sensors, for electrical devices with high reliability.
(JP10055815-A)      The method involves using a start-up phase and a current generating operating state. Hot combustion gases (50'') stored in the device or generated in an auxiliary burner (5) form the auxiliary heat source during the start-up phase. Air (20') fed to the device is heated during the start-up phase in a heat exchanger (6) by a mixture (60') formed from the hot combustion gases and the exhaust air and fed in separately from the air.    The fuel cells are heated by the preheated air and the exhaust air (120') from the cells is mixed with the hot combustion gases, which heat a pre-reformer in a second heat exchanger (7) to operating temp. In the operating state the exhaust gas (120'') from an afterburner is used in the second heat exchanger as a heat source for the pre-reformer.    ADVANTAGE -   Ensures that the cells are not damaged during the start-up phase.    (US5998053-A)      The method involves using a start-up phase and a current generating operating state. Hot combustion gases (50'') stored in the device or generated in an auxiliary burner (5) form the auxiliary heat source during the start-up phase. Air (20') fed to the device is heated during the start-up phase in a heat exchanger (6) by a mixture (60') formed from the hot combustion gases and the exhaust air and fed in separately from the air.    The fuel cells are heated by the preheated air and the exhaust air (120') from the cells is mixed with the hot combustion gases, which heat a pre-reformer in a second heat exchanger (7) to operating temp. In the operating state the exhaust gas (120'') from an afterburner is used in the second heat exchanger as a heat source for the pre-reformer.    ADVANTAGE -   Ensures that the cells are not damaged during the start-up phase.
(EP902755-A1)      Gas separation device is a composite of an H2 diffusion membrane and a methanation catalyst for removal of C oxides from H2 streams. The device preferably includes a (micro)porous support, preferably of alumina or an alumino-silicate, with an H2 diffusion membrane on the upstream surface and a methanation catalyst on the downstream surface.    Process for purifying H2 using the device is claimed.    Fuel cell for a vehicle including the device as an H2 purification unit is claimed.    USE -   Used in purification of H2 for a wide range of chemical processes, including vehicle fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The device is especially suitable for small scale operations, eg less than 600 litres/minute of feed gas, and involves a single pass through the device. CO and CO2 are removed and pin-hole leakages of C oxide through the membrane are prevented.    (EP902755-B1)      Gas separation device is a composite of an H2 diffusion membrane and a methanation catalyst for removal of C oxides from H2 streams. The device preferably includes a (micro)porous support, preferably of alumina or an alumino-silicate, with an H2 diffusion membrane on the upstream surface and a methanation catalyst on the downstream surface.    Process for purifying H2 using the device is claimed.    Fuel cell for a vehicle including the device as an H2 purification unit is claimed.    USE -   Used in purification of H2 for a wide range of chemical processes, including vehicle fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The device is especially suitable for small scale operations, eg less than 600 litres/minute of feed gas, and involves a single pass through the device. CO and CO2 are removed and pin-hole leakages of C oxide through the membrane are prevented.
(JP10032006-A)      (I) Metal sheet for use as an electrode substrate of a battery, comprises solid or porous metal base sheet which is deformed upward and downward at predetermined intervals with respect to a reference plane, to form a plurality of conic, quadrangular, pyramidal, or wave shaped projections having a large number of pores on their faces, and to use the spaces surrounded by the projections as spaces for active substance application.    Also claimed is an electrode made by the method filled with electrically conductive active material, and a battery containing the electrode.    USE -   The metal sheet is used in batteries for electric cars.    ADVANTAGE -   The deformation of the metal sheet allows more active material to be held firmly on the electrode substrate.    (CA2205470-A)      (I) Metal sheet for use as an electrode substrate of a battery, comprises solid or porous metal base sheet which is deformed upward and downward at predetermined intervals with respect to a reference plane, to form a plurality of conic, quadrangular, pyramidal, or wave shaped projections having a large number of pores on their faces, and to use the spaces surrounded by the projections as spaces for active substance application.    Also claimed is an electrode made by the method filled with electrically conductive active material, and a battery containing the electrode.    USE -   The metal sheet is used in batteries for electric cars.    ADVANTAGE -   The deformation of the metal sheet allows more active material to be held firmly on the electrode substrate.
(EP906639-A2)      A method for forming a flame retardant composition for a battery casing comprises blending a homopolymer, copolymer and ammonium polyphosphate together at 340 - 410 F to form the flame retardant composition. Also claimed is a mixer for thermoplastic compositions.    USE -   The battery casing (claimed) is included in a photovoltaic- (claimed), motive- (claimed) or backup battery (claimed) used in phone or computer systems or electrically powered vehicles.    ADVANTAGE -   The low smoke, low corrosive, fire resistant composition has improved mechanical properties, giving batteries meeting standards for durability and strength, and structural integrity, with improved rigidity and flexural modulus, and the batteries are sealed relative to the environment.    (JP2000511343-W)      A method for forming a flame retardant composition for a battery casing comprises blending a homopolymer, copolymer and ammonium polyphosphate together at 340 - 410 F to form the flame retardant composition. Also claimed is a mixer for thermoplastic compositions.    USE -   The battery casing (claimed) is included in a photovoltaic- (claimed), motive- (claimed) or backup battery (claimed) used in phone or computer systems or electrically powered vehicles.    ADVANTAGE -   The low smoke, low corrosive, fire resistant composition has improved mechanical properties, giving batteries meeting standards for durability and strength, and structural integrity, with improved rigidity and flexural modulus, and the batteries are sealed relative to the environment.
(JP3069289-B2)      The battery comprises a plate group (A) which includes a fibre matter (3) and a synthetic resin separator (4) which are combinedly arranged between positive and negative electrode boards (1,2). By this arrangement, the fibre matter contacts the positive electrode board. The positive electrode board includes paste-like positive active material, which is filled up into a substrate formed in the shape of lattice. This substrate is cast with an alloy containing 0.03-0.09wt% of calcium, 1.05- 1.5wt% of tin and remainder of lead.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves reliability and temperature resistant nature.
(US5736836-A)      The system (10) has a connection path (18), which is connected to an exhaust hole (16) of a battery (14). A controlling valve (28) is provided in the connection path. A pressure detector (22) detects the pressure in the connection path. According to the output of the pressure detector, a controller (24) opens a controlling valve (28), for expelling the exhaust gas of battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves water-proof damping nature and endurance of battery.
(US5830600-A)      A battery has an electrolyte which includes a compound (I) which generates a fire retardant gas on decomposition.    Preferably, (I) is a dicarbonate, especially di(t-butyl) dicarbonate, ester, perester, dioxalate, acyl peroxide, peroxodicarbonate or a Diels-Alder adduct of carbon dioxide    USE -   The battery is e.g. a lithium battery used in fuel cells, sensors, super capacitors or electrochromic devices.    (EP906641-A1)      A battery has an electrolyte which includes a compound (I) which generates a fire retardant gas on decomposition.    Preferably, (I) is a dicarbonate, especially di(t-butyl) dicarbonate, ester, perester, dioxalate, acyl peroxide, peroxodicarbonate or a Diels-Alder adduct of carbon dioxide    USE -   The battery is e.g. a lithium battery used in fuel cells, sensors, super capacitors or electrochromic devices.    (CN1220029-A)      A battery has an electrolyte which includes a compound (I) which generates a fire retardant gas on decomposition.    Preferably, (I) is a dicarbonate, especially di(t-butyl) dicarbonate, ester, perester, dioxalate, acyl peroxide, peroxodicarbonate or a Diels-Alder adduct of carbon dioxide    USE -   The battery is e.g. a lithium battery used in fuel cells, sensors, super capacitors or electrochromic devices.
(GB2318459-A)      The battery terminal clamp has a ring shaped section [18] that fits onto the battery post and is split and has a pair of projections [24] through which a clamping bolt [19] passes. The clamp extends [11] into an end section [13] that is used as a main connection point. A screw clamp [25] is also provided as an additional connection point.    USE -   Road vehicle battery connector    ADVANTAGE -   Provides additional connection point    (FR2754939-A3)      The battery terminal clamp has a ring shaped section [18] that fits onto the battery post and is split and has a pair of projections [24] through which a clamping bolt [19] passes. The clamp extends [11] into an end section [13] that is used as a main connection point. A screw clamp [25] is also provided as an additional connection point.    USE -   Road vehicle battery connector    ADVANTAGE -   Provides additional connection point    (GB2318459-B)      The battery terminal clamp has a ring shaped section [18] that fits onto the battery post and is split and has a pair of projections [24] through which a clamping bolt [19] passes. The clamp extends [11] into an end section [13] that is used as a main connection point. A screw clamp [25] is also provided as an additional connection point.    USE -   Road vehicle battery connector    ADVANTAGE -   Provides additional connection point
(JP3168907-B2)      The vehicle has a battery temperature detector (49) which is provided in a battery box (18) for detecting the temperature of a battery (15). An air intake part (65) takes in warm air from an engine through a warm-up intake (61) and cold air from the surrounding through a cold intake (63). The air intake part is connected to a battery accommodation chamber (18a).    A switchable switching damper (66) is connected to warm-up intake and cold intake. When battery temperature detected is below a first predetermined value, the switching damper switches to warm- up intake.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables capability of stabilization of battery. Enables to prevent deterioration of battery.
(EP809327-B1)      The terminal plate includes a conductor body (2), stamped from metal plate and forming a pair of split rings (3,4) for clamping on the battery pole. The rings are interconnected by a pair of clamping seatings (25,26) and by a coupling connection of end- pieces (9,10,11), which is opposite the pair of seatings in relation to the rings. E.g. one of the rings extends laterally in a vertical bracket (13) which ends in a support shelf (14) provided with device of fastening (15,16,17,37) electric terminals.    The terminal plate also has a base (1) made of insulating material, for partially accommodating the conductor body. The plate is provided with a vertical wall (33) and with a bearing shelf (34), which interact with the bracket and the support shelf.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For mounting conical battery pole for motor vehicle. Ensures reliably and easy clamping and reproducible positioning terminal plate and electric connection cables, excludes possibility of angular rotation of terminal plate in course of installation and subsequent resultant vibrations.
(JP9306497-A)      The negative electrode plate for a lead storage battery comprises a negative electrode active material, and graphite powder having a mean particle size not larger than 30 m.    USE -   Used for the manufacture of lead batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   A lower high-rate discharging capacity under high temperature conditions is obtained.    (EP809311-B1)      The negative electrode plate for a lead storage battery comprises a negative electrode active material, and graphite powder having a mean particle size not larger than 30 m.    USE -   Used for the manufacture of lead batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   A lower high-rate discharging capacity under high temperature conditions is obtained.    (CN1166063-A)      The negative electrode plate for a lead storage battery comprises a negative electrode active material, and graphite powder having a mean particle size not larger than 30 m.    USE -   Used for the manufacture of lead batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   A lower high-rate discharging capacity under high temperature conditions is obtained.
Battery has air duct(8), blower(6), and part(a) of regenerators for cowpers (1,2,3,4). Duct(8) is connected with burning chambers of each cowper(1,2,3,4).    USE -   Device used in burning processes in metallurgical industry.
(NL1006106-C2)      Composting apparatus for converting compost material in a hall, has conveying system having upwardly extending conveyor belt comprising: (a) at or adjacent to bottom end, at least one digging wheel having a wheel body open on one side; (b) digging wheel comprising, along its circumferential side, digging elements (31) which are open in direction of rotation of digging wheel; (c) the excavated compost material being laterally moved onto the conveyor belt via an opening on the inside of each digging element and via the open side of the wheel body of the digging wheel and discharged by the use of the conveyor belt to be deposited elsewhere in the hall; and (d) the digging elements are open on the side facing the conveyor belt.    USE -   The composting apparatus is used for converting compost material in a hall.    ADVANTAGE -   For efficiency, two digging wheels are present, arranged on either side of conveyor belt with open side of the wheel bodies facing conveyor belt.
(JP11285684-A)      Polluted medium is remediated by providing a membrane between a first medium containing a pollutant and a second medium containing a microorganism capable of decomposing the pollutant. The membrane is permeable to the pollutant and impermeable to the microorganism. The pollutant is transported from the first medium through the membrane to the second medium to permit the microorganism to decompose the pollutant.    Also claimed is an apparatus for remediation of a polluted medium comprising a housing having a first passage for a first medium containing a pollutant; a second passage (which is in fluid communication with the first passage) for a second medium containing a microorganism for decomposing the pollutant; and a membrane permeable to the pollutant and impermeable to the microorganism interposed between the first and second passages.    The passage for the first medium is a tubular case (801) having an inlet (803) and an outlet (804) at opposite ends. The passage for the second medium is a tubular member (802), preferably spirally spaced in the tubular case, having an outer wall composed of the membrane. The tubular member is spaced to interpose the membrane between the first and second media. The second medium is a liquid flowing from the inlet (805) to the outlet (806) of the tubular case.    USE -   The process is useful for remediation of polluted soil or groundwater. Pollutants include halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons (e.g. dichloroethylene, trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene), dioxin, aromatic compounds (e.g. toluene, xylene or benzene), crude petroleum or gasoline.    ADVANTAGE -   The maintained contact between the pollutant and the microorganism produces enhanced results.
(DE19719145-C1)      This treatment facility is especially suitable for wastes with an organic content. It has a rotary crushing drum with heavy material rejection. The drum (12) contains grinding balls, retained by an internal partition (16). The drum also includes a solids weir (18). This retains uncrushed waste, up to a predetermined particle size, in the drum. Also claimed is the corresponding treatment process.    USE -   To treat wastes with organic content, e.g. biowastes, residual wastes or domestic wastes.    ADVANTAGE -   The process prepares organic materials for an digestion process, removing problematic inorganic materials. Metals, glass, stone and sand are removed especially, also plastic, leather and similar materials. The process operates fully-automatically and continuously, employing low cost equipment. Energy consumption is low.
(DE19718923-C2)       Electrolytic reduction of H2 SO4 to H2 S takes place in a strongly acidic aqueous solution on a resistant cathode (12) made of electrically conducting carbon, esp. graphite. The terminal voltage (Vk ) is adjusted to split the water and the temp. (Tk ) and H2 SO4 concn. (k) are selected so that the H2 SO4occurs in its undissociated state.     Also claimed is a biomass production process using chemoautotropic bacteria in an energy cycle with H2S, produced electrolytically from a sulphate, as energy source.    USE -   Process is useful in the production of biomass (in a closed water circuit) which can be used to provide directly utilisable materials in arid regions or the biomass may be converted e.g. by fermentation or pyrolysis to give a high value fuel e.g. methane or alcohol.
(DE19716948-C2)      Composting assembly comprises a ventilated chamber (1)with a compost inlet (2) and outlet. The chamber contains a number of stacked horizontal air-permeable conveyer belts (41) on which the composting material rests. The belts (41) rest on rails (8) and are of approximately equal length, but are longitudinally transposed with overhang to the adjacent belt above or below at each end. The spaces between adjacent belts (41) form air preferably conical (29, 30) passages (25) served by side air-inlets (16). A tray (10) is positioned beneath each belt (41) to capture and drain escaping moisture.    USE -   The assembly is used to compost waste vegetable matter.    ADVANTAGE -   The stacked belt arrangement accommodates more composting material per unit surface area. The depth of composting material can be selected to provide optimum conditions, raising the system throughput, providing optimum gas-exchange, shortening the time required and rapidly achieving stabilisation.
(DE19717067-C2)      A methanol/steam reforming reactor (1a) holds a quantity of a catalytic material (3). The reactor (1a) has an inlet (4) admitting the mixture of gas and steam (6) which is to be re-combined. The improvement is that: (a) the reforming reactor (1a) inlet (4) surrenders the mixture to a droplet catcher (8), preventing their direct contact with the catalytic material (3).    USE -   The reactor reforms esp. methanol to generate hydrogen for use in vehicles powered by fuel cell.    ADVANTAGE -   The reactor is suitable for use in mobile esp. automotive applications and minimises the damage to the catalytic material.    (US6090499-A)      A methanol/steam reforming reactor (1a) holds a quantity of a catalytic material (3). The reactor (1a) has an inlet (4) admitting the mixture of gas and steam (6) which is to be re-combined. The improvement is that: (a) the reforming reactor (1a) inlet (4) surrenders the mixture to a droplet catcher (8), preventing their direct contact with the catalytic material (3).    USE -   The reactor reforms esp. methanol to generate hydrogen for use in vehicles powered by fuel cell.    ADVANTAGE -   The reactor is suitable for use in mobile esp. automotive applications and minimises the damage to the catalytic material.
(DE19715889-C2)      Organic residues esp. vegetable matter is reduced in size by rotors (4) ina pref. mobile shredder (1) assembly, discharging through a chute (7) outlet (7a). The improvement is that: (a) the chute (7) outlet (7a) discharges shredded particles to a vibrating sieve (8) which releases (8a) over-sized particles to a return conveyer (9); (b) the return-conveyer (9) returns over-sized particles to the shredding rotor (4); (c) the sieve (8) and return-conveyer (9) form a combined assembly which may be detached from the mobile shredder assembly (1) by quick-release fasteners.    USE -   The detachable sieve and return conveyer is used for organic material shredder assembly. The assembly is suitable for use in e.g. large cemeteries, orchards, forestry and parks.    ADVANTAGE -   The linked sieve and shredder combine two prior art work processes in a single machine, reducing costs.
(EP1012128-A1)      Recycled material is produced from organic waste which is used as feed for earthworms. The recycled material is produced as castings. The feeding conditions are maintained such that part of the castings is produced in liquid form.    USE -   Used for recycling organic waste with collected liquid useful as organic fertiliser. The waste may be residue from food manufacturers or vendors, e.g. vegetable markets and restaurants. It may include vegetable material, waste from bakeries, dairy products, cooked food and cardboard.
(EP957072-A2)      A fertilizer for cultivated plants, especially agricultural crops, comprises an agglomerated mixture of compost (humus) and mineral or organic fertilizer and provides a nutrient utilisation of at least 100%.    USE -   The fertilizer is typically used on winter and summer wheat and barley, winter rye as well as oats and maize.    ADVANTAGE -   The fertilizer optimises nutrient dynamics and up-take. Also, it is environmentally friendly, as complete utilisation means that no harmful substances remain to contaminate the water system, soil or air. Further, over-fertilisation is unnecessary. Moreover, the fertilizer is more economical than conventional mineral fertilizers as e.g. only 50% of the nitrogen (N) is required to produce the same crop yield. This also saves energy by reducing the amount of oil required for the production of mineral fertilizer.
(US5893262-A)      A tracked (14) vehicle mobile compost heap aeration assembly has a chassis supporting a front-mounted mechanical digging bucket (16) by means of which it can both invert and aerate an elongated composting heap, and stack new layers on a localised composting heap. The novelty is that the assembly: (a) has a top-mounted transverse conveyer belt (18) located between the driver cabin (10) and bucket (16); (b) the conveyer belt assembly can be moved from a centre position in which it is transported, extending either to the extreme right or to the extreme left; (c) the conveyer belt can be operated in both directions; (d) the left hand side of the vehicle has a swivel-mounted conveyer (26) belt which is aligned with the chassis in the transport mode, and swung out sideways in the working position; (d) the side-mounted conveyer has three positions for different operating conditions.    USE -   The machine digs up and repositions composting material to aerate esp. an elongated pile, deposits new layers of material on an existing heap, and picks up composted material for sideways transfer to an e.g. truck-mounted container.    ADVANTAGE -   The tracked vehicle is capable of processing both elongated, linear piles of composting material, and non-elongated local stacks or piles.
(GB2324536-B)      A method of improving the recovery of a first hydrocarbon such as ethane from a mixture containing a second hydrocarbon such as methane, involves fractionating the mixture to produce a gaseous stream rich in the second hydrocarbon and a condensate which contains most of the first hydrocarbon from the mixture. The gaseous stream is contacted in a wash zone with a liquid wash stream containing, as a major component, at least one third hydrocarbon, such as propane, butane or a mixture of them, having a boiling point higher than that of the first hydrocarbon. The first hydrocarbon is recovered from the liquid effluent from the wash zone by fractionating the liquid effluent to produce a gaseous stream containing the first hydrocarbon. The mixture of ethane and methane comprises the gaseous overhead stream from a demethaniser and the liquid wash stream is provided from condensate from the fractionation of demethaniser condensate.    USE -   For improving recovery of ethane from gas processing facility e.g. designed to primarily produce sales gas, e.g methane, but having ethane recovery facility.    ADVANTAGE -   Simple to incorporate into existing plant so that down-time is minimised, and provides considerable increase in ethane recovery.
(JP2985819-B2)      The method involves performing dry distillation after adding antichlor to the waste material at a temperature which does not cause chloride precipitation. The resulting product is pressed to form pellets by solidification process. The pellet thus formed are carbonised as fuel chlorine present in the ashes are fixed by antichlor.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents dioxin generation as chlorine is not mixed with exhaust gas. Provides pellets of suitable size and light weight enabling conveyance. Provides improved combustibility. Provides chloride fixed reusable ashes after combustion.
(JP3030370-B2)      The accumulation of organic contaminant-decomposing microorganisms in soil is effected by mixing pulverised highly adsorbent porous material in the soil.    Also claimed is the isolation of the soil organic contaminant-decomposing microorganisms using the above method.    Preferably the process comprises pulverising porous material with numerous pores and high adsorption of organic contaminants, higher than that of the soil, mixing the pulverised porous material in the soil, in which organic contaminant-decomposing microorganisms live, to allow formation of an accumulation soil layer, and then refluxing an inorganic medium contg. the organic contaminants alone as carbon and nitrogen sources in the accumulation soil layer to accumulate the microorganisms in the pulverised porous material.    USE -   For treating organic agrochemical-contaminated soil or preventing agrochemical contamination in underground water.    ADVANTAGE -   Permits high-speed accumulation/isolation of soil organic contaminant-decomposing microorganisms.
(JP10287890-A)      A powdered solid fuel comprises a mixture of pulverised coal and pulverised refuse derived fuel. The refuse derived fuel is made by comminuting municipal refuse, and mixing and reacting with an additive including calcium oxide and a calcium based and/or sodium based bentonite. The refuse derived fuel is pulverised, before or after mixing with the coal. The refuse derived fuel is in the form of pellets which have been dried in an atmosphere containing carbon dioxide.    Also claimed is the manufacture of the powdered fuel in which the comminuted refuse is blended with coal then pulverised.    USE -   The hydrid fuel is particularly suitable for use in electricity generation.    ADVANTAGE -   The hybrid fuel has superior air mixing capability, initial burning stability and burning rate compared to 100% powdered coal. The fuel can be fed to an unmodified boiler usually used for burning only pulverised coal.
(EP894525-A2)      In a biogas-producing digester, a lifting unit raises and lowers an immersed, motor-driven stirrer. A carrier is vertically orientated in the vessel, mounted in upper and lower bearings. The unit is moved up and down on a rope winch. This includes a rope drum fixed to the carrier, and having a horizontal shaft. The rope is connected to the unit at one end, to the drum at the other. The control panel is located outside the vessel. In new design, the rope drum (24) is located in the upper part of the vessel (3). This avoid the need for a gas-tight lifting cable gland in the vessel wall. The operational unit (32) is located outside the vessel, connected to the drive (30) of the rope drum, using a sealed lead-through in the vessel wall.    USE -   The device produces biogas from organic waste.    ADVANTAGE -   The arrangement described, simplifies maintenance. It also avoids passing the lifting rope through a gas seal in the vessel wall. Instead, the motor driven hoist is located inside, and only a cable need be passed through a static lead-through gland, which is easily and durably sealed.
(DE19709965-C2)      A biological aerobic or anaerobic composting process breaks down organic substances in an enclosed vessel (1), emitting gases which circulate (5, 7, 8). The emitted gases pass through a series of chilled cascade traps (13, 14) operated at different temperatures, and in which micro-biological metabolic by-products are captured and are removed from the composting process. A portion of the gas, is removed from the process using a by-pass (11), and is passed through one or more chilled traps (13, 14). The gases are removed from the chilled traps by membranes and the trap temperatures are at below 0 C.    ADVANTAGE -   The process minimises unwanted odour.
(JP2933047-B2)      The method involves performing dry distillation of mixture of antichlor and waste at a temperature less than that at which chlorine component precipitates. The residue of the dry distillation process is pressed to pellet form. The pellets are solidified using plastic as binder.    ADVANTAGE -   The method prevents generation of chlorine component and dioxin and improves combustibility.
(JP3024745-B2)      The incinerator includes a crusher (6) and a drier, to which refuse is conveyed. The crushed and dried refuse is supplied to a magnetic separator (12) to remove the magnetic particles. Then, flammable and inflammable components in the refuse are separated using a separator cum vibration screen machine (13). The flammable components are gathered by a collection machine (14) and delivered to a bulk reduction unit (17) where compression bulk is reduced by adding slaked lime discharged from additive supply apparatus (16). Solid fuel is produced by bulk reduction shaping of the flammable components.    USE -   For processing domestic refuse.    ADVANTAGE -   Excels in high purity of solid fuel. Simplifies recovery of magnetic matter. Ensures reliable separation of flammable and nonflammable components. Enables substantial improvement in purity of flammables.
(JP3029017-B2)      The apparatus has a braking machine (3) which brakes inflammable refuse bags. A crusher (6) which crushes the inflammable refuse is provided. A dryer (8) dries the crushed inflammable refuse. A magnetic separator which removes magnetic matter form the dried inflammable refuse is installed. Inflammable refuse from magnetic separator is supplied to a wind force combined use type vibration screen (11) which sorts out non-flammable and flammables. A collection unit (13) collects dust containing fine flammables surfaced by the wind force. The sorted flammables are dispensed by bulk reducing making machine (17) through a dispensing machine (15). Compression of flammables is done by bulk reducing making machine.    ADVANTAGE -   Sorts out composite and dust of flammables. Manufactures solid fuel of high energy and high efficiency.
(JP3020144-B2)      A catalyst for producing isobutane from carbon monoxide or carbon dioxide, comprising a mixture of zeolite and a composite oxide comprising iron, zinc, and one of IVA group metal, VIA group metal and IIIB group metal.    USE -   The catalyst is useful for producing isobutane from carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and hydrogen.    ADVANTAGES -   By the use of the catalyst of the present invention for catalytic hydrogenation, isobutane can be selectively produced from carbon monoxide or carbon dioxide.
(JP3095256-B2)      Treatment of organic waste comprises mixing pulverised or crushed product of corn-cob with organic waste and the mixture is fermented aerobically under elevating temperature. The fermentation is continued until the fermented product is blackened and fermentation is ceased.    Also claimed are (i) preparation of a fermented product in which pulverised or crushed product of corn-cob is mixed with organic waste and the mixture is fermented aerobically under elevating temperature and the fermentation is continued until the fermented product is blackened and fermentation is ceased; (ii) a soil-improving fertilizer prepared by aerobically fermenting a mixture of pulverised or crushed product of corn-cob and organic waste under elevating temperature and blackening it, (iii) a deodoriser prepared by aerobically fermenting a mixture of pulverised or crushed product of corn-cob and organic waste under elevating temperature and blackening it, and (iv) a detergent prepared by aerobically fermenting a mixture of pulverised or crushed product of corn-cob and organic waste under elevating temperature and blackening it.    ADVANTAGE -   The fermented product is useful as a soil-improving fertilizer, a deodorant and a detergent.
(DE19707384-C2)      Process for reforming methanol comprises: (a) preparing an apparatus comprising an anode, cathode and proton-conducting electrolyte; (b) applying an electrical voltage between the anode and cathode; (c) feeding a mixture of methanol and oxygen-containing compound to the anode; and (d) reducing protons to H2 on the cathode side. The H2 produced is stored in a tank under pressure. Also claimed is the apparatus for carrying out the process.    USE -   The H2 is used for operating fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -   H2 can be cheaply formed from methanol.
(US6136462-A)      The fuel cell has part of the heat of the gases fed from the anode and cathode used for pre-heating the gases fed to the anode and the cathode, to obtain the required temperature for optimum operation of the fuel cell, using anode and cathode gas circuits (1,2). The quantities of the reaction gases fed to the anode and the cathode are regulated in dependence on the required electrical output of the fuel cell, with an equivalent gas quantity extracted from each circuit for recycling.    USE -   For operation in temperature range between 850 and 1000 degrees C.    ADVANTAGE -   Optimum operating efficiency of fuel cell.
(EP961039-A1)      A clip fixture joins the adjacent edges of especially plastic panels (2) assembled to form e.g. refuse containers and composting bunkers. The novelty is that: (a) the clip (15, 16, 17) is T-shaped, and has a central bar (17) extending in both directions (19, 20) at the tip to form an incomplete circle extending through approximately 300; (b) the panel (2) edges bear an L-shaped profile (7, 9, 10) with an upper shank (10) having an angled extension (11), with a rounded tip resting against the clip circle (20) inner face: (c) the panels (2) may be bent at 45 to the base (7) of the L-shaped profile to create a corner, or are straight to form a butt joint.    USE -   The clip fixture joining plastic panels are used in e.g. refuse containers and composting bunkers.    ADVANTAGE -   The panels are more easily assembled than prior art and compensate for panels of varying thickness. The fixture limits the flexibility of the assembled structure.
(EP963969-A1)      Process for total elimination of purines comprises mixing purines with cattle manure, hen manure and sawdust or an equivalent absorbent plant material, in amounts 10-30% cattle manure, 5-10% hen manure (which may be completely replaced by cattle manure), 30-60% purines and 15-40% sawdust; homogenising the mixture in a vat having stirring means, with bacterial seeding; depositing the product as piles of biomass in a solera where it is left for 10-12 days during which it is stirred, turned and aerated, then displaced to one end of the vat for removal. By this time the raw materials have been fermented and converted into a natural fertiliser with high microbial content, which can be deposited on maturation areas or conveyed to a parallel plant for grinding, drying, granulating and/or pelletising. Also claimed are: (a) the apparatus for carrying out the above process, and (b) the natural fertiliser obtained by the process containing 6 fertilising components shared between, depending on the starting materials, N2, P2O5 and K2O, and having humidity 30-35%, percentage organic material 80-85%, pH 7.5-8.5 and C/N ratio = 14.    USE -   The product may be used directly as a fertiliser or as a raw material for other industrial processes, e.g. for obtaining organominerals or substrates for horticulture.    ADVANTAGE -   The product is free of toxic components.
(EP860409-B1)      Assembly to turn over compost and other rotting material, moves along and across the composting area with two horizontal conveyors at a gap from each other. The compost turning edge (9) is between the conveyors (10), with a pointed-roof shaped guide (15) under the edge (9) to direct the compost falling from the turning edge (9) partially to the horizontal conveyors (10).    ADVANTAGE -   The assembly prevents a side shift of the compost while being turned over, so that the composting area is fully used.
(EP952447-A1)      Gas sensor comprises: (a) a substrate (1); (b) a heater (7) on the substrate; (c) a gas-sensitive layer (2) made of semiconductor material on the substrate; (d) a resistance measuring structure (10) interacting with the gas-sensitive layer (2); and (e) a covering plate (3) over the layer (2), which is distanced from the substrate (1) by elements (4) forming an inner space (14). Gas can be fed to the layer (2) through openings (12) in the covering plate (3) or into the elements (4).    The covering plate (3) is coated with catalytically active material. The intermediate layer (9) is made of SiO2. The gas-sensitive layer is made of Ga2O3. The catalyst elements (11) or catalyst layer (8) consist of tempered gallium oxide-ceramic paste, and further catalytically active materials such as Pt, Rh, Pd or Au, or catalytically active oxides such as CeO2 or La2O3.    USE -   For detecting methane.    ADVANTAGE -   The sensor has high long-term stability and improved gas selectivity.
(JP2852320-B2)       The method involves performing reforming reaction of methanol in presence of nickel catalyst at a fixed temperature which is maintained in the range of 240-250 degC. The space velocity of carbon monoxide is maintained in the range of 300- 500h-1. Heat emission by methanation reaction is restrained by mixing a catalyst particle with a ceramic ball or adjusting nickel content in the catalyst.    ADVANTAGE -   Removes carbon monoxide efficiently from reforming gas, without using additives. Suppresses side reaction reliably. Achieves simplification of apparatus.
(US5817504-A)      Digester (A) for accelerating decomposition of petroleum and petro-chemical contaminants (I) within a filter medium (II) comprises an oxidising medium (III) capable of oxidising (I), and a container containing (II) and (III), which is sealed to prevent escape of (I). Also claimed are: (B) use of (A), where (III) comprises petroleum-digesting bacteria and/or catalytic enzymes for oxidising (I) to CO2 and water; and (C) kit for assembling (A), including written instructions.    USE -   The filters are used for treatment for environmental protection of large volume wastes from power stations and factories. They contain insufficient contaminants to warrant recovery for recycling and present disposal problems.
(US5822058-A)      A system for measuring properties of a gas. A light source (24) generates light over a range of wavelengths, and is optically joined to a cell (30) containing the gas that partially transmits the light. A spectrograph (26) is optically joined to the cell and disperses the transmitted light. A solid state sensor array (46) detects at least part of the dispersed light and generates spectral data that is processed by a processing circuit to determine a property of the gas. Also claimed is a method for determining properties of a gas.    USE -   For determining properties of a gas, particularly energy content and composition of natural gas.    ADVANTAGE -   This optical system uses light at near-visible wavelengths, can be installed indoors or outdoors, has a fast time response (10 seconds or less) and complies with Class 1, Division 1 safety requirements. It can be manufactured at low cost and is easily calibrated.    (EP1009998-A1)      A system for measuring properties of a gas. A light source (24) generates light over a range of wavelengths, and is optically joined to a cell (30) containing the gas that partially transmits the light. A spectrograph (26) is optically joined to the cell and disperses the transmitted light. A solid state sensor array (46) detects at least part of the dispersed light and generates spectral data that is processed by a processing circuit to determine a property of the gas. Also claimed is a method for determining properties of a gas.    USE -   For determining properties of a gas, particularly energy content and composition of natural gas.    ADVANTAGE -   This optical system uses light at near-visible wavelengths, can be installed indoors or outdoors, has a fast time response (10 seconds or less) and complies with Class 1, Division 1 safety requirements. It can be manufactured at low cost and is easily calibrated.
(JP3114117-B2)      The apparatus includes three fermenters (2-4) and a pool (5). The base of the first and second fermenters are inclined such that garbage are moved from the first fermenter to the third fermenter due to gravity. A movable gas plate (10) moves vertically based on the discharge of gas generated to the edge of the second fermenter. A liquid transfer unit circulates a supernatant liquid to the pool through the first fermenter.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces amount of sludge produced and improves anaerobic digestive technique.
(NL1004968-C6)      Purification of gases, in particular those that contain polluting compounds that are not very soluble in water, is effected by flowing the gas through a bed that comprises: (a) inert material, and (b) sources containing microorganisms, while a liquid is circulated over the bed to absorb the polluting compounds present in the gas and to break them down biologically by means of the microorganisms. The liquid comprises non-intermiscible organic and aqueous phases. Also claimed is a purified gas obtained by the method above.    USE -   The process is used for purifying gases containing pollutants that are not easily soluble in water (claimed) such as alkanes, alkenes and aromatic compounds.    ADVANTAGE -   The process allows both hydrophilic and hydrophobic pollutants to be removed from a gas, unlike previous bio-trickling filtration processes, which allow removal only of pollutants that are soluble in water. Only one reactor need be used for the absorption and break-down of pollutants. No forced separation, e.g. filtration or centrifugation, is necessary, neither is aeration during the biological breakdown. The method is less complicated than previous processes.
(JP2887746-B2)      Fumigant (I) for killing harmful wood insects, comprises methylisothiocyanate dissolved in a liquefied high-pressure gas.    ADVANTAGES -   The fumigant contains little or no ozone layer depleting compounds, e.g. bromine-containing compounds.
(JP3098987-B2)      Standing type waste treatment machine comprises a fermenter formed in a standing cylindrical shape and a spiral stirring plate at the centre of the cylindrical part of the fermenter to move contents up, so that microorganisms and organic wastes in the fermenter can be stirred for fermentation and decomposition.    A shaft (4) is preferably passed through the vertical centre of a fermenter (1), a handle (2) is positioned on the front side of the fermenter (1) at a handle-operatable height, a stirring room wall (6) is formed in a cylindrical shape around the shaft (4) in the fermenter (1) and a stirring plate (5) is fixed around the shaft (4).    ADVANTAGE -   The waste treatment machine has a large capacity without requiring an installation area.
(US6103124-A)      In the treatment device the organic waste is decomposed with microorganism. The device has treatment material, a treatment vessel containing the treatment material, organic waste, a water content adjusting means and controlled within a range which is able to control formation of conglomerate between the treatment materials.    ADVANTAGE -   Loss of treatment ability by forming of conglomerate can be prevented and the treatment material can be used for a long term because water content of the treatment material is held within a range which is controlled forming of the conglomerate by mutual integration of the treatment materials.
(JP2885737-B2)      Methane fermentation apparatus for high concentration organic drainage contains a methane fermentation tank (2) which circulates methane microbes in the high concentration organic liquid in an anaerobic condition. Fermentation is carried out and generated supernatant liquid is separated by a hollow fibre membrane (3a) into solids and treated water. Before separation, aeration of supernatant liquid is carried out by a bubbler (4). The organic component in raw water is decomposed into biogas of low biochemical oxygen demand. The treated supernatant liquid is sucked by a pump from the fermentation tank and stored in a separation tank (1) via a first circulating pipe. Biogas from the fermentation tank and isolation tank is stored in a high pressure gas storage tank (5) through second circulating pipe and third circulating piping respectively. A return piping returns the remaining digestive supernatant liquid retained in the separation tank back to the fermentation tank.    ADVANTAGE -   Fermentation efficiency of the fermentation tank and process efficiency are uniformly maintained. The apparatus has long life and reduces process time.
(JP2001506182-W)      Degradation of hydrocarbon, optionally halogenated pollutants (A) by contact with butane-utilising bacteria (B) in the presence of oxygen.    Also claimed is a bioreactor for the above process.    USE -   Pollutants are especially chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons, e.g. trichloroethene (TCE); they may be in soil, a gas, e.g. air, or a liquid, e.g. water. The apparatus is easily transported.
(EP1040563-A1)      The device includes several receptacles that are arranged in predetermined interval. The fuel cell of each parked vehicle is connected to the receptacles through the cables. A collection grid is electrically connected to the receptacles to transfer the DC power from the fuel cells, to a collection station.    An inverter is electrically connected to the collection station to convert the DC power to the AC power. The AC power is passed to the load and an utility grid that supplies power to various loads.    USE -   For use in school, airport, shopping centre, stadium, theatre, hotels, restaurants.    ADVANTAGE -   Facilitates usage of fuel cell powered cars to supply power to large commercial-industrial building. Facilitates usage of fuel power of even scooter or motor cycle. Facilitates supply of power required for computer, TV and consumer electrical products. Reduces cost of power generation.
(DE29623562-U1)      A process for producing a compost product comprises mixing additives with sieved compost. The mixture is then supplied with a conditioning agent and compressed to form dehydrated mouldings. The additive is organic dung. The material is compressed into rods or pellets.    ADVANTAGE -   The process enables the additives to be dosed precisely.
(DE19652341-C2)      A procedure for processing the fuel for fuel cells includes the following steps: (a) an oxygen-containing compound is fed into the fuel; (b) the compound is decomposed so that oxygen is released; (c) an impurity in the fuel that can be oxidised is oxidised by this oxygen. The oxygen- containing compound is adsorbed along with the impurity in a reactor.    The compound is a liquid one. A fuel cell has the reactor in the fuel supply line, the reactor having a reactor-catalyst which catalyses the oxidation of the impurity, but not the reaction of hydrogen with oxygen to form water.    ADVANTAGE -   No power loss in the cell caused by fuel impurities.    (US6068943-A)      A procedure for processing the fuel for fuel cells includes the following steps: (a) an oxygen-containing compound is fed into the fuel; (b) the compound is decomposed so that oxygen is released; (c) an impurity in the fuel that can be oxidised is oxidised by this oxygen. The oxygen- containing compound is adsorbed along with the impurity in a reactor.    The compound is a liquid one. A fuel cell has the reactor in the fuel supply line, the reactor having a reactor-catalyst which catalyses the oxidation of the impurity, but not the reaction of hydrogen with oxygen to form water.    ADVANTAGE -   No power loss in the cell caused by fuel impurities.
(JP2000515800-W)      A biogas reactor (1) treats organic waste to produce methane. It consists of a reactor vessel with a feed pipe (5), an outlet pipe (9) for methane, and a discharge opening (3) for humus, sand, etc.. The reactor includes a screw (13) rotatable in the upper part of the reactor for mixing incoming waste with that already in the reactor. The screw is vertical and is positioned so that most of its length is immersed in the waste.    The screw (13) is attached to an actuator (14) and has a bearing (15) at its top end. The screw extends down into the reactor vessel with no bearing or suspension mechanism inside the vessel. The screw is located at the top end of the vessel extending down into the reactor for a distance of about one third of the height of the reactor. It is positioned on the central axis of the reactor. It has a diameter corresponding to one quarter of that of the reactor. The feed pipe directs incoming matter into a receiving tank (6). The lower end of the screw is about level with the top of tank (6). The rotational speed and direction of the screw is selected to lift up or push down the waste in the reactor vessel. Preferably, the lower end of the screw tapers conically.    USE -   For digesting organic waste anaerobically to produce methane gas.    ADVANTAGE -   The mixing of the waste permits digestion of all of the material in the reactor. The mixer prevents the formation of a crust which saves maintenance work for its removal.
(WO9832528-A1)      The device comprises housing (1) with cylindrical chamber (2) divided to two cavities (3, 4) by free piston (5) placed with possibility of periodic translatory motion, blow-openings (6, 7) in side wall of chamber (2) connected to collectors (8, 9), and gas-distribution node (10) in the form of slit throttle at lower end of chamber (2) connected to line (11). Raw material is input through opening (6), and finished product obtained as a result of technological processes is output through opening (7).    A number of variants of the device are proposed. The device can contain two basic gas-distribution nodes (10) at opposite ends of chamber (2). The device can contain an additional gas-distribution node in the form of slit throttle, or additional gas-distribution nodes at both ends of chamber (2). The slit throttle contains grooves on at least one of its surfaces for an increased hydraulic resistance. At least part of inner side surface of cylindrical chamber (2) is with ring grooves. At least part of side surface of piston (5) is with conicity in the limits 1:100-1:1000. At least part of side surface of piston can have ring grooves.    USE -   For conducting of chemical reactions in gaseous media as e.g. synthesis of gaseous products, production of ammonia, vapour-air conversion of methane, etc.; useful in chemical industry, power generation machine-building, and construction of vehicles with internal combustion.
(DE19650301-C2)      Easily decaying, especially organic residues are chilled in a process in which the residue container (14) is placed in a cool box (10) in which the cooling is effected by heat-exchange through circulating air. The air is circulated through an evaporator. The novelty is that: (a) the air is cooled during its approximately horizontal passage over the evaporator (1) cooled heat-exchanger surfaces (3) located in the upper regions of the cool box (10); (b) the air is focused into a concentric downward flow by a shallow funnel (2) and directed at the organic residue (15) at the base of the refuse container (14); (c) the warm residues surrender heat to the cold air, which then rises along the inner container (14) face; (d) on emerging from the container rim, the warm air sub-divides, one portion being chilled again on the heat exchanger surfaces (3). Also claimed is a suitable cooled bin.    USE -   The cooled bin holds especially organic e.g. kitchen residues, minimising unwanted smells.    ADVANTAGE -   The cooling air flow functions entirely by convection, requiring no blower fan.
Preparation of potting compost comprising class I and II sludge with a moisture content of 0-85 (especially 60-85) % and a dry weight of 15-100 (especially 15-40) % comprises heating a mixture of matrixed or layered silicates as earth based minerals and peat as an acidic carbonate based carrier to 80-90 C, together with a chemical disinfectant.    USE -   The compost is useful as a culture medium for food crops.
(EP941306-A1)      Apparatus for enhancing mass transfer of fluid in a porous matrix system (9) comprises: (a) a reaction vessel (13) for containing fluid media (6); (b) a means for applying a series of controlled, releasable compressive forces to region (11) of porous matrix system, which is effective to extrude fluid, but not significant biomass, contained in porous matrix system; and (c) a means for controllably expanding the region of porous matrix system in the fluid system following release of compressive force.    Also claimed is a method for enhancing mass transfer of fluid in a porous matrix system.    USE -   The apparatus harnesses micro-organisms in controlled processes which use oil or petroleum as a substrate and which enhance mass transfer of fluid in porous matrix system.    ADVANTAGE -   Suitable and more efficient reactor which improves mass transfer of gases/liquid to/from cell surfaces of metabolising biomass whilst allowing increased biomass density per unit volume of reactor, improving overall rate of particular reaction concerned.
(US5998055-A)      The board (11) includes inlet and outlet conduction paths (16A,16B) connected between gas diffusion electrodes. A solid electrolytic film is formed over the diffusion electrodes. The inlet and outlet paths are interconnected through a conductive intermediate path. Lattice-shaped inlet and outlet grooves are formed in respective conduction paths. A set of parallelly bent intermediate grooves are formed in the intermediate conduction path.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves output capacity and gas utilisation efficiency. Improves passage resistance.
(US6193776-B1)      Homogeneous calcium/magnesium peroxides containing 2-17 wt.% magnesium are new.    USE -   The peroxides are used as additives for the use, processing, treatment and/or disposal of media containing biological material, preferably as additives for the composting of biological material or the disposal of biological waste (claimed). Examples of these applications include the conversion of grass waste into compost or the conversion of faeces (eg. cow or pig manure) into fertiliser. They eliminate odours and enhance the rotting process.    ADVANTAGE -   Magnesium is quickly taken up by the biological material and readily combines with the calcium peroxide used to supply aerobic microorganisms with oxygen. The preparation of the peroxide is a simple process which uses readily available starting materials.    (US6280495-B1)      Homogeneous calcium/magnesium peroxides containing 2-17 wt.% magnesium are new.    USE -   The peroxides are used as additives for the use, processing, treatment and/or disposal of media containing biological material, preferably as additives for the composting of biological material or the disposal of biological waste (claimed). Examples of these applications include the conversion of grass waste into compost or the conversion of faeces (eg. cow or pig manure) into fertiliser. They eliminate odours and enhance the rotting process.    ADVANTAGE -   Magnesium is quickly taken up by the biological material and readily combines with the calcium peroxide used to supply aerobic microorganisms with oxygen. The preparation of the peroxide is a simple process which uses readily available starting materials.
(JP2920503-B2)      A catalyst for oxidative condensation of lower hydrocarbon comprises lithium supported on an oxide superstrong acid.     Also claimed is an oxidative condensation of lower hydrocarbon comprising oxidative condensing it in the presence of the catalyst and O2.    Preferably the hydrocarbon is methane.    ADVANTAGE -   The catalyst gives the desired products with high selectivity and yield.
(WO9940263-A1)      An assembly for turning over an elongated compost heap has a rotary skimmer (28, 30). The machine makes a series of passes over the compost heap, during each of which a layer of compost is removed (66) on a conveyer and transferred to a second compost heap. The novelty is that the skimmer has two laterally-arranged rotating skimmer heads (28, 30). The rotational axes (34, 36) of the heads are in the direction of travel, or describe a converging path in their direction of rotation.    USE -   For turning over compost heaps which are several metres high and wide, and hundreds of metres long, consisting primarily of vegetable matter for production of humus.    ADVANTAGE -   The rate at which the machine turns the compost is greatly increased in comparison with prior art. The machine requires no additional space between adjacent lines of compost, and has an extended service life.    (EP1053372-A1)      An assembly for turning over an elongated compost heap has a rotary skimmer (28, 30). The machine makes a series of passes over the compost heap, during each of which a layer of compost is removed (66) on a conveyer and transferred to a second compost heap. The novelty is that the skimmer has two laterally-arranged rotating skimmer heads (28, 30). The rotational axes (34, 36) of the heads are in the direction of travel, or describe a converging path in their direction of rotation.    USE -   For turning over compost heaps which are several metres high and wide, and hundreds of metres long, consisting primarily of vegetable matter for production of humus.    ADVANTAGE -   The rate at which the machine turns the compost is greatly increased in comparison with prior art. The machine requires no additional space between adjacent lines of compost, and has an extended service life.
(JP2955236-B2)      Production of compost from organic industrial waste comprises addition of 0.1-1.5 wt.% of mixtures of calcium and magnesium compounds (Ca/Mg ratio 3-1/1) to organic industrial waste followed by fermentation. Potassium is also added at a weight ratio of 1/2 to that of Mg and cellulose and/or lignin containing substances e.g. sawdust or husks may be added. Also claimed are alkaline treatment agents comprising mixtures of Ca and Mg compounds (Ca/Mg = 3-1/1) for production of compost from organic industrial wastes, optionally containing K (1/2 to Mg).    ADVANTAGE -   The process provides effective fermentation of organic wastes with reduced production of malodour. The produced compost is weakly alkaline. The used Ca, Mg and K bind with organic acids or are taken up in microorganisms and can be easily taken up in cultured vegetables.
(JP3131391-B2)      The machine consists of a rotary mixing vessel (1) which has holes for filling organic waste and garbage. The vessel is arranged in main body housing (2) for agitating the garbage. The joining arrangement is set detachedly to transmit power from a motor (3) to the vessel. The mixing vessel is arranged such that its insertion and removal is enabled through an aperture (14) formed in the main body housing.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables garbage material to be taken out from mixing vessel easily as mixing vessel is possible to be taken out and simplifies change of garbage material.
(JP10177864-A)      A fuel element comprises (a) a device to supply a fuel, (b) a device to reform or decompose the fuel, thereby generating a hydrogen-containing gas and (c) a current-generating device which contains a fuel electrode to which the hydrogen-containing gas is fed, an oxidation electrode lying opposite it and an electrolyte layer between them.    The first device supplies a fuel with a reform temperature that is lower than a first specified one. A temperature control device is provided between the second and the third devices to increase the temperature of the hydrogen- containing gas from a second specified temperature to a third one and to maintain its temperature at the third temperature.    ADVANTAGE -   The precipitation of carbon can be inhibited without reducing the generation efficiency by the reform temperature of methanol being controlled.    (US6099983-A)      A fuel element comprises (a) a device to supply a fuel, (b) a device to reform or decompose the fuel, thereby generating a hydrogen-containing gas and (c) a current-generating device which contains a fuel electrode to which the hydrogen-containing gas is fed, an oxidation electrode lying opposite it and an electrolyte layer between them.    The first device supplies a fuel with a reform temperature that is lower than a first specified one. A temperature control device is provided between the second and the third devices to increase the temperature of the hydrogen- containing gas from a second specified temperature to a third one and to maintain its temperature at the third temperature.    ADVANTAGE -   The precipitation of carbon can be inhibited without reducing the generation efficiency by the reform temperature of methanol being controlled.
(DE19646312-A1)       Preparation of a peat substitute to improve soil quality comprises mixing chopped wood, 2 kg/m3 urea and 10 vol.% first starter, storing, adding 25 g/m3of a second starter and composting over a long time period. The first starter is a fungus substrate, where the fungus has been grown through cellulose material, and the second starter is a compost starter.    ADVANTAGE -   The peat substitute can be used instead of peat which is effectively a non-renewable resource at present rates of consumption and its removal from the environment has ecological implications.
(EP853973-A2)      Apparatus to convert loose material into pellets has two meshing toothed wheels. The space between the teeth is closed axially outwards (11) radially from the radius of the root circle (F) to the radius of the part-circle (T).    USE -   The system is for the prodn. of pellets from loose material such as compost, waste bread, rubbish, horse or chicken manure, and the like.    ADVANTAGE -   The operation is effected by functional and meshed toothed wheels in a simple toothed wheel structure.
(DE19653116-C2)      A composting container has an air inlet in the base surrendering the air to the compost through a perforated floor (14), and overhead air outlets. The novelty is that: (a) air is introduced through an inlet pipe (2, 21, 22, 23) which has a number of inlets; (b) that the inflow of air is controlled by variable throttles or valves (8) located at the air inlets; (c) the space under the perforated floor (14) is sub-divided into a number of chambers; (d) the container cover (16) incorporates a number of air outlets through which air is exhausted, and (e) the inner diameter of the gas inlet pipes (2) narrows towards the respective pipe opening.    USE -   The container is used for composting waste organic material e.g. vegetable matter.    ADVANTAGE -   The supply of air is improved to the heap of composting matter, achieving a uniform process.
(JP2869525-B2)      The method comprises cooling reformed gas at the exits of catalyst layers to a proper temperature for reaction and distributing and supplying oxidant to the catalyst layers.    ADVANTAGE -   Carbon monoxide contained in reformed gas is selectively and efficiently removed and electrodes in a fuel cell are prevented from being poisoned by carbon monoxide.
(DE29623422-U1)      Modular fixed-bed reactor ('bio-refresher') accelerates the removal of especially heavy metals and/or organic residues from contaminated soil.    The novelty is that:    (a) the process of heavy metal removal is accelerated by the application of a defined electrical direct current;    (b) the anode (14) is applied to the upper layer (4) and the cathode (15) to the drainage layer (7) in a drain pipe (10);    (c) the low-voltage direct current is applied either continually, or intermittently, and may be dynamically varied;    (d) the drain (10) discharges to a container (11) filled with iron ore and used as an external filter module;    (e) the iron ore container has an anode in its lower layers and a cathode in the upper layer;    (f) the mobility of e.g. the heavy metals in the contaminated soil is enhanced by the introduction of food industry residues containing organic acids, and    (g) the container reactor (11) containing iron ore is exchanged from time-to-time.    USE -   The heavy metals are liberated from the soil or sludge and drained to the iron ore container where they are absorbed under anaerobic conditions in the external iron ore filter module.    The application of electrical current and the introduction of electrolytes to the fixed-bed reactor enhance the mobility of the heavy metals within the modular soil bed, and their subsequent capture in the iron ore.    ADVANTAGE -   The reactor provides an environmentally-friendly means of removing heavy metals and organic residues from soil or sludge.
(EP946406-A1)      CO is removed from a gas stream also containing H2 and CO2 by a process comprising (i) high temperature selective catalytic methanation to lower the concentration to a level above which CO2 methanation can occur, and (ii) low temperature selective catalytic methanation to reduce the residual CO to below 40 ppm.    USE -   is in the hydrogen clean-up unit for fuel cells based on a hydrogen production unit.    ADVANTAGE -   The high temperature stage removes CO without the occurrence of CO2 methanation to cause loss of H2 which can only occur if all of the CO is removed; there is very little loss of H2 in the low temperature step. Compared to single-step processes significantly less catalyst is required and to enable the provision of a very compact unit.    (US6207307-B1)      CO is removed from a gas stream also containing H2 and CO2 by a process comprising (i) high temperature selective catalytic methanation to lower the concentration to a level above which CO2 methanation can occur, and (ii) low temperature selective catalytic methanation to reduce the residual CO to below 40 ppm.    USE -   is in the hydrogen clean-up unit for fuel cells based on a hydrogen production unit.    ADVANTAGE -   The high temperature stage removes CO without the occurrence of CO2 methanation to cause loss of H2 which can only occur if all of the CO is removed; there is very little loss of H2 in the low temperature step. Compared to single-step processes significantly less catalyst is required and to enable the provision of a very compact unit.
(ZA9708412-A)      A process for the recovery of specified gaseous products (I) from an organic gas steam comprises:(A) applying microwave energy to the gas stream to form (I) at a equilibrium temperature above which (I) are thermodynamically favoured (B) maintaining the gas stream at least the equilibrium temperature and (C) quickly cooling the gas stream to a temperature at which (I) are stabilised.    Also claimed are: (i) a process for the gasification of an organic material by the application of microwave energy in a microwave chamber under conditions sufficient to break down the material to a gaseous stream of predetermined composition and to solid residue. The gaseous stream is maintained at a temperature than thermodynamically favours the pre-determined composition and is withdrawn from the microwave chamber and cooled at a sufficiently fast rate to prevent any significant change in gas stream composition. (ii) an apparatus for the production of stable high heat value gas products from an organic feed material comprising a microwave chamber equipped with a means for feeding organic material and a mean for removing and quenching gaseous products and removing solid products and residue from the microwave chamber.    USE -   The process is useful for the treatment of waste organic materials such as car tyres.    ADVANTAGE -   The process produces a uniform and consistent stable gaseous product and solid residue.
(US6284077-B1)      A foamable composition adapted for storage in a pressurised aerosol container equipped with a valve comprises (a) an aqueous emulsion of a film-forming polymer, (b) a liquid propellant and (c) a solid, lipophilic non-ionic surfactant having an HLB value of 3-8. The dispensed foam is stable and exhibits a volumetric expansion 18-24 hours after dispensing of 0.45.    USE -   The composition is used (i) to fill joints, cracks or spaces or (ii) to provide an insulating layer between structural units and (iii) to form an artificial terrain useful as a structural support or background for a hobby or craft article (all claimed). It may also be used (iv) to encapsulate toxic and/or hazardous materials e.g. asbestos or radioactive waste, (v) as an adhesive, (vi) (as open-celled foams) in sewage treatment, filtration devices, anion/cation exchange resins and microbiological growth media and (vii) in medical applications e.g. in tissue grafting or biomedical implants and in the stabilisation of biological macromolecules.    ADVANTAGE -   The composition does not shrink substantially after application and is easily cleaned with water and soap. The foams are more "toolable" and provide smoother surfaces than urethanes. They are UV stable, can be painted with all paints and exhibit no hydraulic effect to cause buckling or structural failure.
(JP2905177-B2)      The prodn. comprises:    (a) heating and melting polystyrene;    (b) impregnating butane, 2.5-5 pts.wt., consisting of isobutane, 70-100 wt.%, and normal butane, 0-30 wt.%, in the polystyrene, 100 pts.wt.;    (c) extruding and foaming the polystyrene so that the butane may have a residual amt. of 2.0-3.5 pts.wt.; and    (d) obtaining a sec. expansion ratio of 1.78 times or more.    USE -   The method produces a foamed polystyrene sheet suitably used in a food container.    ADVANTAGE -   Unlike conventional foamed polystyrene sheets, the foamed polystyrene sheet has less decrease in the sec. expansion ratio, and superior mouldability. The shelf life of the foamed polystyrene sheet for long periods of time evolves less explosion. Higher compsn. ratio of the isobutane provides a foaming agent with less fly off. The result retains the foaming agent in the sheet for long periods of time, retaining good mouldability.
(JP3035227-B2)      A composting experiment device comprises a container body (2); a cover body (4) being closed; a heat insulation part (6) with which the whole of the container body and a cover body is covered. A ceiling part (43) the cover body (4) of which is inclined is provided and a condensate reservoir (41) in which condensate flowing down along the inner peripheral wall of the cover body (4) is stored is formed around the inner wall. The container body (2) and a cover body (4) to close the container body (2) are removably mounted by a clamp part (5). The heat insulation part (6) is formed of a foam material. An exhaust pipe (45) communicated with the outside is arranged at the ceiling part (43) of the cover body (4).    ADVANTAGE -   The article temperature of the decomposition heat of an organic substance is measured by a small amount of sampling of organic waste and composting is promoted.
(DE19651657-A1)      A process for composting shredded biological wastes (22) comprises mixing the wastes with a pulverised composting accelerator agent. The novelty is that: (a) the shredded biological wastes are deposited on or in a conveyer (18) in a moist condition; (b) the composting agent is distributed in a fine powdered condition onto the moist compost as it is conveyed; (c) after having been conveyed a further distance, the combined moist compost and composting agent are discharged onto a pile; (d) the composting accelerator agent has a grain size 0.09 mm; (e) the agent is e.g. natural stone, volcanic ash, synthetic powder, maritime algae, wood ash, ground animal residues, kieselgur, diatomic earth, sand, ash, residues from food and drinks processing; (f) the biological waste has a moisture content 5-85 (preferably 50-80) %. Also claimed is an assembly for carrying out the process above.    USE -   The process and assembly are used to compost finely shredded organic waste especially as it occurs in market gardening or nurseries.    ADVANTAGE -   The composting process is accelerated, unwanted emissions are minimised, and the quality of the final product (compost) is enhanced.
(WO9812277-A1)      A quasi-azeotropic mixture containing 35-58 wt.% propane and 42-65 wt.% 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFR134a) is claimed.    USE -   Used as a fluid for refrigeration or air conditioning (claimed).    (EP946668-A1)      A quasi-azeotropic mixture containing 35-58 wt.% propane and 42-65 wt.% 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFR134a) is claimed.    USE -   Used as a fluid for refrigeration or air conditioning (claimed).
(WO9842794-A1)      A composition containing a solid hydrocarbon subliming easily at room temperature (or slightly above) together with a carrier of higher vapour pressure comprises:(A) 1-50 wt.% cyclododecane and/or menthol; and (B) a propellant gas comprising butane and/or propane and/or methane and/or ethane as the carrier gas.    USE -   Such aerosol is useful for forming water and weather resistant temporary markings on walls etc.    ADVANTAGE -   The markings evaporate off after a specified time to leave no residue and are suitable for advertising forthcoming events etc.    (EP970159-A1)      A composition containing a solid hydrocarbon subliming easily at room temperature (or slightly above) together with a carrier of higher vapour pressure comprises:(A) 1-50 wt.% cyclododecane and/or menthol; and (B) a propellant gas comprising butane and/or propane and/or methane and/or ethane as the carrier gas.    USE -   Such aerosol is useful for forming water and weather resistant temporary markings on walls etc.    ADVANTAGE -   The markings evaporate off after a specified time to leave no residue and are suitable for advertising forthcoming events etc.
(JP3090056-B2)      The method involves mixing two kinds of predetermined materials which tend to react differently with chlorine component present in waste material at a predetermined temperature zone, is mixed with the waste material. The mixture is subjected to heat processing for fixing the chlorine component in the process ash.    ADVANTAGE -   Eliminates generation of chlorine gas during heat treatment. Enables to use remnant gas as fuel of gas engines and as heating source for water heater.
(JP10101302-A)      An apparatus for reducing concentration of carbon monoxide included in a carbon monoxide-containing hydrogen-rich gas consists of: (i) a carbon monoxide selective oxidation reaction unit including a predetermined amount of a catalyst for accelerating a selective oxidation reaction of carbon monoxide, (ii) oxidising gas introduction unit for introducing an oxidising gas containing oxygen for oxidising carbon monoxide into the reaction unit, (iii) gas supply unit for feeding the hydrogen-rich gas containing carbon monoxide into the reaction unit and (iv) a catalyst amount control unit for regulating an amount of carbon monoxide selective oxidising catalyst actually involved in the selective oxidation reaction of carbon monoxide amount a total amount of catalyst, based on the amount of carbon monoxide included in the hydrogen-rich gas. A method of reducing concentration of carbon monoxide in a hydrogen-rich gas is also claimed and comprises: (a) mixing an oxidising gas containing oxygen for oxidising carbon monoxide with the hydrogen-rich gas; and (b) utilising a carbon monoxide selective oxidation catalyst to accelerate the selective oxidation reaction of carbon monoxide, thus reducing the concentration of carbon monoxide in the hydrogen-rich gas mixture, and further includes (b-1) regulating an amount of the catalyst actually involved in the reaction based on an amount of carbon monoxide in the hydrogen-rich gas.    USE -   For reducing the concentration of carbon monoxide in a hydrogen-rich gas e.g. in a fuel-cell system.    ADVANTAGE -   Ensures sufficient catalyst activity for selective oxidation of carbon monoxide thus significantly reducing the concentration of carbon monoxide in the gas.
(DE19703018-A1)      Process for anaerobic fermentation of clarifier sludge in which the sludge is subjected to physical-chemical deflocculation.    USE -    In the process for treatment of urban effluent waters with aerobic microorganisms, for secondary conversion of clarifier sludge into useful biogas (methane + CO2) and to reduce the amount of sludge for ultimate disposal.    ADVANTAGE -   Deflocculation of the sludge prior to fermentation increases the efficiency of conversion of the sludge, gives higher energy recovery in the form of methane, and reduces the amount of residual sludge for disposal.
(JP3081157-B2)      The method involves feeding mixed raw material (1) consisting of raw sludge (2), pulp incineration ash (3), wood chips (4) and wood vinegar (5) to a primary chamber (6) for primary fermentation. The mixture of raw materials is discharged from the primary chamber to a secondary chamber (8) for secondary fermentation through an inclined chute (7). The mixed raw material from the secondary chamber is introduced to a kiln (9) for third order fermentation. The smoke generated by carbonisation from a carbonisation apparatus (10) is exhausted to the kilns.    ADVANTAGE -   Solves environmental pollution problems for handling contractors and district governing bodies. Provides economy by reducing average work of labour.
(JP3005713-B2)      Oil/fat-decomposing bacteria comprises Hansenula fabianii J640(FERM P-15154).    USE -   Oil/fat-containing waste water(e.g. food-manufacturing water, or machine oil-containing or petroleum-containing waste water) is purified, using Hansenula fabianii J640.
(DE19634741-C2)      Pre-treatment prepares waste for incineration. Light material of high calorific value is separated mechanically. A composing or fermentation process follows. Heavy and inert materials, and residual, high calorific value light materials are screened-off. The remainder is sent for incineration.    USE -   The method is used to prepare mixed wastes for incineration.    ADVANTAGE -   The process reduces the thermal capacity of incineration plant required. It also selects and homogenises the waste, preventing process instability during incineration. The process has the significant advantage of reducing both the mass and energy content of the materials to be incinerated, in a low-cost process. Both these factors reduce the size of incinerator required. The material becomes relatively dry and uniform. Thus highly effective fluidised combustion plant can be used, producing a relatively clean flue gas.
(US5810903-A)      Thermophilic aerobic fermentation of an aqueous mixture of the waste by naturally occurring thermophilic microorganisms is initiated by heating with an external source to a temperature suitable for the growth and proliferation of the thermophilic microorganism. The mixture is continuously oxygenated.    USE -   The process is for the fermentation of organic wastes e.g. animal faecal matter, bakery waste, waste from fruit and vegetables, food wastes from animals, tannery waste, leaves, weeds, trees, shrubs and wood refuse. The wastes are converted into useable end products, e.g. animal feed, animal feed supplements, fertilisers or soil conditioners.    ADVANTAGE -   The process is not initiated by inoculation and therefore uses microorganisms naturally present in the waste which are consequently more compatible with it. The process is relatively insensitive to the pH of the waste and operates over a wide pH range without the necessity of adding pH adjusting agents.    (EP952972-A1)      Thermophilic aerobic fermentation of an aqueous mixture of the waste by naturally occurring thermophilic microorganisms is initiated by heating with an external source to a temperature suitable for the growth and proliferation of the thermophilic microorganism. The mixture is continuously oxygenated.    USE -   The process is for the fermentation of organic wastes e.g. animal faecal matter, bakery waste, waste from fruit and vegetables, food wastes from animals, tannery waste, leaves, weeds, trees, shrubs and wood refuse. The wastes are converted into useable end products, e.g. animal feed, animal feed supplements, fertilisers or soil conditioners.    ADVANTAGE -   The process is not initiated by inoculation and therefore uses microorganisms naturally present in the waste which are consequently more compatible with it. The process is relatively insensitive to the pH of the waste and operates over a wide pH range without the necessity of adding pH adjusting agents.
(FR2753123-A1)      System for burning organic waste materials using a modular assembly held in vacuum without oxygen comprises a washing tunnel (100) containing a washing cylinder (2) where the organic materials are entrained and mixed, a carbonisation tunnel (200) containing a carbonising cylinder (4) heated from outside to a high temperature and in which the organic material is turned into gas and hot soot, and a cooling tunnel (300) containing a cooling cylinder (6) in which the hot soot is cooled. The washing tunnel and the carbonisation tunnel are connected by a first shaft (3) with a rotating distributor (3'). The carbonisation tunnel and the cooling tunnel are connected by a second shaft (5) with a rotating distributor (5').    ADVANTAGE -   This system can be fuelled by treated timber, tyres and other materials that cannot be burned elsewhere.    (WO9810035-A1)      System for burning organic waste materials using a modular assembly held in vacuum without oxygen comprises a washing tunnel (100) containing a washing cylinder (2) where the organic materials are entrained and mixed, a carbonisation tunnel (200) containing a carbonising cylinder (4) heated from outside to a high temperature and in which the organic material is turned into gas and hot soot, and a cooling tunnel (300) containing a cooling cylinder (6) in which the hot soot is cooled. The washing tunnel and the carbonisation tunnel are connected by a first shaft (3) with a rotating distributor (3'). The carbonisation tunnel and the cooling tunnel are connected by a second shaft (5) with a rotating distributor (5').    ADVANTAGE -   This system can be fuelled by treated timber, tyres and other materials that cannot be burned elsewhere.
(US5932472-A)      Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in contaminated soil are degraded into non-hazardous byproducts by:    (a) adding a culture containing at least 6 strains of microorganisms (M) capable of degrading PCBs to the soil; and    (b) mixing soil and (M) together and maintaining under conditions which promote growth of (M) and stimulate ability of (M) to degrade PCBs.    USE -   The soil may be taken from a landfill site, or from near an industrial site. Treated soil can be returned to the original site and the site used for industrial, commercial or residential purposes.    ADVANTAGE -   The method is easy to use, cost effective and adaptable to use on a large commercial basis.
(GB2331297-A)      Apparatus for breaking down organic matter comprises container (1) with base and side walls, supported on legs (7), where each leg provides an open channel-like duct so that air can flow from the duct to the interior of the container, to provide ventilation. The container has a lid with ventilation holes.    USE -   The apparatus is used for composting organic matter or breeding of worms.    ADVANTAGE -   Ventilation is enhanced by having the ventilation channels orientated in different directions so that any breeze is utilised; composting is improved, and a better aerobic breeding environment for worms is maintained.    (GB2331297-B)      Apparatus for breaking down organic matter comprises container (1) with base and side walls, supported on legs (7), where each leg provides an open channel-like duct so that air can flow from the duct to the interior of the container, to provide ventilation. The container has a lid with ventilation holes.    USE -   The apparatus is used for composting organic matter or breeding of worms.    ADVANTAGE -   Ventilation is enhanced by having the ventilation channels orientated in different directions so that any breeze is utilised; composting is improved, and a better aerobic breeding environment for worms is maintained.    (US6218177-B1)      Apparatus for breaking down organic matter comprises container (1) with base and side walls, supported on legs (7), where each leg provides an open channel-like duct so that air can flow from the duct to the interior of the container, to provide ventilation. The container has a lid with ventilation holes.    USE -   The apparatus is used for composting organic matter or breeding of worms.    ADVANTAGE -   Ventilation is enhanced by having the ventilation channels orientated in different directions so that any breeze is utilised; composting is improved, and a better aerobic breeding environment for worms is maintained.
(US5824541-A)      Accelerated bioremediation process and apparatus comprises: (a) generating an air stream from the apparatus; (b) entraining the contaminated material (CM) in the air stream; (c) microenfractionating the CM with the apparatus, and (d) treating the microenfractionated CM with 1 chemical and/or biological amendment, by discharging the amendment from the apparatus, thus facilitating accelerated (bio)remediation.    ADVANTAGE -   The processes are efficient and allow accelerated removal of organic pollutants and other contaminants from contaminated soils.
(JP2758886-B2)      Carbonising appts (1) comprises: (a) a cylindrical carbonising furnace (10) to which solid fuel made from wooden chips, rubber pieces, plastic pieces, and combustible waste, and organic pieces (M1) such as fowl droppings are supplied from above through an air seal valve (13); (b) an ignition furnace (30) in which the organic pieces (M1) and the carbide (M2) being fed from below by a screw conveyor (20) are partially burnt and the combustion gas (G1) is sent to the lower part of the carbonising furnace (10); (c) a combustion air supply pipe (35) that is connected to the ignition furnace (30) and is provided with a valve (36) for controlling combustion air; (d) a port (15) for taking out combustible gas (G2); and (e) a discharge port (40) for taking out a product carbide (M3).    USE -   For producing carbides by baking solid fuel made from com- bustible waste and inorganic pieces such as fowl droppings under a deoxidized condition.    ADVANTAGE -   The inorganic pieces can be converted into carbides of high utility valve and combustible gas without environmental pollution.
(JP3034199-B2)      Garbage is discharged in a drain pipe (2) through a garbage charge port. Moisture content is removed by the passage of the garbage through a position above a draining plate (3) in which holes are formed. By the passage of the garbage through a gap between rollers formed through combination of a lattice-pattern cutter roller (4) and a roller (5), the garbage is cut into fine pieces for removal of moisture content. Moisture is removed again by a draining board (6). The garbage from the moisture content removal step is fed to a mince crusher (7). The moisture removed by the rollers (4, 5) and the draining board (6) flows through a drain groove (43) and drained in a drain pipe (2). A shift gear (31) is regulated and rotated by a motor (30) to rotate the cutter rollers (4, 5) and the mincing crasher (7). Minced garbage minced by the mince crusher (7) is discharged through a discharge port (8).    ADVANTAGE -   Dried garbage is reutilised as a livestock and fertilizer for crops.
(RU2100485-C1)      The apparatus comprises electrodes, an anode and a cathode, inserted into the medium to be cleaned, e.g. soil, earth or slurry contaminated with crude oil or petroleum products, and connected to a 300 V DC power source. It also has a container for the cleaning liquid, i.e. a solution of petroleum-oxidising micro-organisms, a distribution system, and a collector for the liquid which gathers at the cathode. The collector is connected to the distribution system via a centrifugal pump, a centrifuge and a pipeline. The electrodes can be in the form of vertical perforated pipes or horizontal perforated plates set one above the other.    ADVANTAGE -   The apparatus, which decontaminates through an electro-osmotic effect, enables the cleaning liquid to be recycled.
(TW386896-A)      Removing high molecular weight, high melting point hydrocarbon vapours involves condensation from a hydrocarbon-containing offgas vapour produced during the liquefaction of particulate waste plastic material and utilising the remaining uncondensed offgas vapour as heater fuel for the liquefaction. The method comprises: (a) contacting the offgas vapour directly with water at condensation temperature above the melting point of the high molecular weight vapours to produce a first liquid hydrocarbon condensate and a first uncondensed vapour stream; (b) separating the first liquid hydrocarbon condensate from the uncondensed vapour stream; (c) cooling the first uncondensed vapour stream to 180-200 F to produce a second liquid condensate and a second uncondensed vapour stream; (d) separating the second liquid condensate from the second uncondensed vapour stream; (e) contacting the second uncondensed vapour stream with a caustic scrubbing solution to neutralise any halide vapours and to form a hydrogen halide acid-free vapour stream; and (f) passing the hydrogen halide acid-free vapour to the waste plastic liquefaction step so that it serves as a heater fuel to melt the particulate waste plastic material.    USE -   For plastics liquefaction with removal of hydrocarbon vapours and production of synthesis gas.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides treatment of offgases produced during liquefaction and uses uncondensed hydrocarbon vapours to fuel the liquefaction heater.
(RU2122904-C1)      Cleaning capillary/porous media such as soil, earth, slurry and other environmental substances that have become contaminated with crude oil or petroleum products, comprises placing electrodes, i.e. an anode (1) and a cathode (2), in the zone to be cleaned, and passing a DC electric current of 200 V between them to create an electro-osmotic movement of petroleum-oxidising microorganism solution. The anode and cathode are placed, e.g. 1.0 m apart, and are in the form of hollow tubes 60 mm in diameter, perforated below ground level. The solution which collects at the cathode is collected and then returned to the contaminated zone after removing any contaminants from it and restoring the concentration of oxidising microorganisms to the original level. The microorganisms used for the process are e.g. Pseudomonas putide, Pseudomonas fluorescens and Micrococcus species in a medium containing sterile peat, diammophos and carbamide.    ADVANTAGE -   More effective cleaning is obtained, removing heavy metals as well as petroleum products.
(RU2122905-C1)      Cleaning capillary/porous media such as soil, earth, slurry and other environmental substances that have become contaminated with crude oil or petroleum products, comprises placing electrodes, e.g. an anode (1) and a cathode (2), in the zone to be cleaned, and passing a DC electric current between them to create an electro-osmotic movement of a petroleum-oxidising microorganism solution. The solution which collects at the cathode is collected and then returned to the contaminated zone after removing any contaminants from it and restoring the concentration of oxidising microorganisms to the original level. The electro-osmotic flow carries with it cations, including those of heavy metals, together with dissolved organic pollutants such as phenols and partially-dissolved petroleum products.    ADVANTAGE -   More effective cleaning is obtained.
(JP10042862-A)      Microorganisms JM2N (FERM BP-5961), JM7 (-5957) and JM6U (-5962) are mutants of J1 (FERM BP-5102), each constitutively expresses an oxygenase. Also claimed is the biodegradation of aromatic or chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbon compounds by these organisms (I).    USE -   The organisms are useful for remediation of the environment, e.g. of aqueous media, soil and air. (I) can be used to degrade phenol, cresol, toluene, trichlorethylene and dichlorethlylene (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   (I) are effective in presence of other microorganisms.    (US5945331-A)      Microorganisms JM2N (FERM BP-5961), JM7 (-5957) and JM6U (-5962) are mutants of J1 (FERM BP-5102), each constitutively expresses an oxygenase. Also claimed is the biodegradation of aromatic or chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbon compounds by these organisms (I).    USE -   The organisms are useful for remediation of the environment, e.g. of aqueous media, soil and air. (I) can be used to degrade phenol, cresol, toluene, trichlorethylene and dichlorethlylene (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   (I) are effective in presence of other microorganisms.
(WO9846723-A1)      Destroying microorganisms generated by gaseous substance exchange products comprises: (a) introducing the microorganisms into a pressurised vessel; (b) introducing nutrients for the microorganisms into the same vessel to generate gaseous substance exchange products; (c) sealing the vessel to render it pressure-tight ; (d) application of an overpressure for a set length of time, and (e) rapid release of the overpressure in the vessel. Also claimed is the use of gaseous exchange products generated within the microorganism cells at normal pressure to destroy the microorganisms.    USE -   The method is for the treatment of sewage sludge.    ADVANTAGE -   Microorganisms are destroyed relatively quickly using a simple piece of apparatus that requires relatively little power to operate. Wear inside the treatment vessel is relatively low.
(JP3059933-B2)      The battery includes a number of cells (C). A flow path (4)    is provided between adjacent cells. An interval holding member    (G) is provided between the cells to maintain predetermined    interval between them. A gas passage way is connected to each    flow path. A projection part (6a) which projects in the shape of    a rectangle is formed at either end faces of each cell. An    insinuating member (P) having thickness almost equal to that of    the cell is formed on each projection part. A gas passage way    formation member which forms gas passage way is provided in the    projection part and insinuating member of interval holding    member.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces cost by rational modification.
(JP2908365-B2)      The gas sensor has a silicon substrate, on whose upper surface, a silicon dioxide film and a tin oxide film are formed, sequentially. A platinum electrode is arranged on a predetermined portion of the tin oxide film. Platinum or palladium is doped onto the remainder portion of the tin oxide film.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies structure. Performs operation, satisfactorily.    (US6059937-A)      The gas sensor has a silicon substrate, on whose upper surface, a silicon dioxide film and a tin oxide film are formed, sequentially. A platinum electrode is arranged on a predetermined portion of the tin oxide film. Platinum or palladium is doped onto the remainder portion of the tin oxide film.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies structure. Performs operation, satisfactorily.
(DE19636992-C2)      Turning over compost comprises using a mobile or self propelled machine. The machine (1) retains at least part of the airborne material and fumes which are released by turning the compost. Also claimed is a machine (1) for the above process which has an agitator (18) which passes through and turns the compost, and behind which is an enclosure (2) which encloses the space above and retains the fumes and airborne material given off by the freshly turned compost.    The machine (1) preferably has an enclosure (2) which retains the atmosphere around and above the freshly turned compost. The enclosure (2) comprises a closed hood (5) from which is suspended a flexible skirt (4) of overlapping e.g. plastic strips.    USE -   The process is used for turning compost both in the open and especially in composting halls.    ADVANTAGE -   The process recycles water vapour and organic material to enrich and humidify compost and reduces the quantity of water, dust and organic material discharged to the atmosphere to reduce emission of odours. The demand for water from external sources is reduced by recycling emitted water vapour and the load on the filtration and ventilation system of the composting hall is reduced, which reduces operating costs and capital cost of the composting hall. The recycled air is filtered as it passes through the compost.
(DE29623667-U1)      This module for fixed or portable use, bio-recycles materials. The closed container is placed on a surface without foundation and is approximately rectangular in shape. One endwall is re-locatable. The cover (4b) has a filling opening (8) or can be removed entire. In the novel module, the base comprises a grid of ventilated, reversible, walking beams. There is an extraction point, inside, outside or flush with an end wall. The extraction opening is closed by the beams after extraction. Also claimed is use of the modules for: aerobic or anaerobic treatment of biogenic material, mechanical bio-treatment e.g. of residual waste of various types, treatment of contaminated ground and recycling or intermediate storage of materials for processing.    USE -   To carry out a wide range of bio-recycling tasks in fixed or transportable use. Used particularly for synthetic fuel plant adjuncts, formation of bulk storage bunkers, classification and loosening of materials, formation of sorting lines, gravity biofiltration systems.    ADVANTAGE -   The modules may be used individually or in combination for bio-recycling, in continuous processing. No additional conveying or transportation equipment is needed to empty the modules. A very wide range of bio-processes may be carried out, especially of a composting nature, to treat wastes. Heat insulation and leachate handling are included. Conventional processes may be set up, using the containers as building blocks. The units operate quietly, and dust and other emissions are minimal.
(DE19628413-C2)      Modular expandable plant system is for bio-recycling comprises two or more fixed or transportable components (1, 1a, 1b). Each takes the form of a closed, e.g. rectangular container which can be placed on a surface without foundations. The position of one end wall (18) is re-locatable. In the cover, there is at least one filling opening, or the cover may be completely removed. Each vessel has an integral extractor (17), with a point of ejection inside, outside or flush with the extraction-end wall (18). In the novel plant, components are offset in height. Component symmetry axes intersect at an angle of 0-180. Components following the first are of the same, larger or smaller sizes.    USE -   To assemble a flexible, fixed or portable bio-recycling plant.    ADVANTAGE -   This system comprises modular units with integral conveying systems, requiring no additional external units. It offers extreme flexibility in solving problems of organic waste or environmental contamination. The equipment may be highly automated, minimising the need for supervision. Compact erection, low noise and dust emissions are offered. A variety of wastes can be stored and/or treated.
(US5863119-A)      Slurry mixing within large rectangular bioreactor vessels having a supporting structure(62) extending across part of the vessel where 1 fluid inlet conduits(64) are suspended from the structure below the slurry surface. A number of outlet nozzles(66) are also suspended from the structure below the slurry surface. Pumps(68,70) are connected through separate manifolds to the inlet and outlet connections to draw slurry from the vessel and return it through a nozzle to keep the slurry mixed. The structure(62) extending across the bioreactor width may be movable on rails along the reactor length to mix the contents.    USE -   The apparatus keeps a large volume of anaerobic slurry mixed in a large rectangular bioreactor vessel for biological treatment of contaminated soils.
(JP3138208-B2)      Waste fermentation disposal device comprises a pipe body (6) in which the upper end and lower end of a vertically long peripheral wall (7) are closed with an upper wall (8) and a bottom wall (9) and organic waste and fungi for fermentation are contained in the peripheral wall; a vertical type rotary shaft (23) coupled to a rotation drive source and rotated at a low speed in a pipe body (6); a lower agitating blade (32) fixed on the rotary shaft (23) and having a slope to push upward organic waste and fermentation fungi on the bottom wall (9); an air discharge pipe (44) to which injection nozzles (54) are opened; a heater (41) in an air line (40) to intercommunicate the air discharge pipe (44) and a blower (38) and heating air in the air line (40) and a waste charge port (15) and a disposed substance discharge port (20) formed in the upper part and the lower part of the pipe body (40).    ADVANTAGE -   The device is compact and processing is facilitated.
(JP2826294-B2)      Waste disposal device has a partitioning body (6) having a back plate (5) partitioning the interior of a kitchen board (2) into a front release front containing part (3) released at a front and a rear containing part (4) positioned in the rear is arranged in the kitchen board (2). A waste disposal machine body (7) to dispose of charged waste is arranged in the rear containing part (4). The partitioning body (6) is a partitioning box comprising a back plate part (5); an upper plate part (4) extending upward from the upper end of the back plate part and a side plate (47) to interconnect the back plate part (5) and the upper plate part (46). The kitchen board (3) has a side containing part (12) at the side of a side plate part (47) of the containing partitioning box 45 and a discharge duct (24) extending from the waste disposal machine body (7) to a front is positioned in the side containing part (12).    ADVANTAGE -   Reduction of appearance is prevented and waste disposal noise does not leak to the interior of a room.
(JP10012246-A)      A polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell comprises polymer electrolyte membranes, gas diffusion electrodes sandwiching the membranes, and bipolar plates operating as gas separation plates and current collectors with fuel/oxidising agent supply and discharge passages provided by projections on both surfaces. At least the projections of the bipolar plate are formed with a melt-processible polymer having good fluidity, and the surface of the bipolar plate is coated with metal, metal nitride or metal carbide.    USE -   For direct generation of electrical energy from fuel and an oxidising agent.    ADVANTAGE -   The bipolar plate has a simple structure and is made by a simple production process at reduced manufacturing cost. It has high resistance against corrosive electrolyte, good current collection function, a high degree of structural integrity, and reduced size and weight.    (EP956604-A1)      A polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell comprises polymer electrolyte membranes, gas diffusion electrodes sandwiching the membranes, and bipolar plates operating as gas separation plates and current collectors with fuel/oxidising agent supply and discharge passages provided by projections on both surfaces. At least the projections of the bipolar plate are formed with a melt-processible polymer having good fluidity, and the surface of the bipolar plate is coated with metal, metal nitride or metal carbide.    USE -   For direct generation of electrical energy from fuel and an oxidising agent.    ADVANTAGE -   The bipolar plate has a simple structure and is made by a simple production process at reduced manufacturing cost. It has high resistance against corrosive electrolyte, good current collection function, a high degree of structural integrity, and reduced size and weight.
(DE19620378-C2)      Pyrolysis reactor, especially for conversion of waste fat, has a stationary catalyst bed that is charged with the waste fat. The reactor is divided into various zones (1, 2, 3) with separate regulated heating, and at least one zone contains feed and delivery elements for controlled transfer of the charge to another zone. A zeolite is used as catalyst.    USE -   The pyrolyser is used for converting waste fat from restaurants, meat and sausage production, fat deposits from sewage works and recovered bio-hydraulic oils into a uniform product (similar to fuel oil or petrol), to be used in internal combustion engines.    ADVANTAGE -   Starting materials with a wide range of compositions can be converted economically to uniform fuel, even in small amounts, with little gasification and coke formation. Other pyrolysis processes use with starting materials of almost constant composition and none uses waste fat. After separation of cracked gas and water, the reaction mixture consists of hydrocarbons similar to fuel oil or petrol. The catalyst can be regenerated by treatment with oxygen and chlorine and reduction with short-chain hydrocarbons.
(JP3053364-B2)      The gas distribution tube connects a number of gas pipings extended from each cell (1) of a fuel battery to a gas piping (7a) from one side face of fuel battery stack (5) comprising number of fuel battery cells. A number of flat metal members (20) and flat electric insulation gaskets (21) are laminated alternately. A main gas passage way penetrates the metal member and electric insulation gasket in lamination direction. A multilayer body (22) is provided on which a sub gas passage way branches from main gas passage way to each of metal member. A main coupling (24) connects the gas piping and gas passage way by external side. A sub coupling (23) connects gas piping extended from fuel battery stack and sub gas passage ways. A fastening part performs fastening combination of multilayered body.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves reliability and reduces cost by reducing number of parts. Obtains compact fuel battery. Improves gas seal property.
(DE29623399-U1)      Ready to plug in refrigerated cabinet for storing and/or displaying products in at least one cool space - contains a hermetically sealed coolant circulation cycle through which propane and/or propene flows.    The use of propane and/or propene as a coolant for these type of cabinets is also claimed.    USE -   The cabinets are most frequently used in small shops or petrol stations    ADVANTAGE -   The coolant is halogen-free for environmental reasons, non-toxic and more energy efficient than CFC`s or fluorocarbons, reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
(US5894780-A)      Compost producing container has vertically opening upper and bottom covers (3, 2) for a drum part (1) to contain agricultural waste and produce compost. The outer periphery of the drum at the lower half part of the container drum part (6) is squeezable by a specified amount. The outer periphery of the drum part (6) is squeezed by 1-2 narrow bands (8) or the outer periphery of the drum part is squeezed by 1-2 wide bands (8a).    Band rings (7) are preferably arranged in 2-4 rows on the periphery of the lower half part of a drum part at intervals of 100-250 (preferably 150) mm from a lower bottom toward above. A rope and other non-elastic narrow bands (8) are insertable externally of the band ring row at each stage. The lower half part of the drum before or after raw compost is contained is bound by the narrow bands (8) and brought into a contracted state.    ADVANTAGE -   The total amount of compost is rapidly and reliably discharged.    (JP3004914-B2)      Compost producing container has vertically opening upper and bottom covers (3, 2) for a drum part (1) to contain agricultural waste and produce compost. The outer periphery of the drum at the lower half part of the container drum part (6) is squeezable by a specified amount. The outer periphery of the drum part (6) is squeezed by 1-2 narrow bands (8) or the outer periphery of the drum part is squeezed by 1-2 wide bands (8a).    Band rings (7) are preferably arranged in 2-4 rows on the periphery of the lower half part of a drum part at intervals of 100-250 (preferably 150) mm from a lower bottom toward above. A rope and other non-elastic narrow bands (8) are insertable externally of the band ring row at each stage. The lower half part of the drum before or after raw compost is contained is bound by the narrow bands (8) and brought into a contracted state.    ADVANTAGE -   The total amount of compost is rapidly and reliably discharged.
(JP2811168-B2)      Compost producing device has plate members (2) to support a compost producing substance (a) arranged vertically in a multistage in a cylindrical containing body (1) to contain a compost producing substance, such as waste, grass and dead leaves. The compost producing substance (a) is supported by a lower plate member and the plate member above the supported compost producing substance (a) functions as a cover, and the interior of the containing body (1) is partitioned into two stages of upper and lower stages. The plate member (2) is at least downwardly movably arranged. A stopper mechanism (3) to lock and hold a lowest stage plate member (2), situated in the containing body (1), in the containing body (1) is arranged in the containing body (1). By releasing the stopper mechanism (3), produced compost is dropped and discharged to the outside of the containing body together with the lower stage plate member (2). The plate member (2) positioned on the lowermost layer producing compost dropped in the containing body is simultaneously locked and held in the containing body (1) by the stopper mechanism (3) without dropping to the outside of the containing body (1).    ADVANTAGE -   The efficiency of compost production is improved.
(DE19621922-C2)       Process for processing waste for fixed bed gasification comprises pressing the waste with known pressing apparatus to a grain size of 10-100 mm and a crude density of &gt; 1 t/m3. After heating to 800 C and subsequent centrifuging at 25 revolutions for 1 minute the fine grain amount &lt; 1 mm is &lt; 25 %, and the compacted waste converted in fixed bed gasification to crude gas and liquid hydrocarbons.    USE -   Used for processing household and commercial waste, shredded residues and electronic scrap. The gas produced can be used for operating gas turbines and gas motors. The liquid hydrocarbons can be directly marketed. The solid slag produced can be used in the building industry.    ADVANTAGE -   The process is economically friendly.
(EP840715-A1)      Plant and vegetable waste treated in a thermo-mechanical process which comprises: (a) pre-sorting plant and vegetable wastes which are moistened and dried before being grated in a double helical press to produce a quasi-homogenous mixture; (b) a grating process which increases the temperature and changes the content of micro-organisms in the waste to create waste which is practically germ-free, hygienic and inoffensive, free of smell, and has a springy aerated consistency; (c) using the waste is used as a feed for a compost heap, the consistency being retained as composting progresses; (d) covering the waste water with a sheet of material which permits respiration and is subject to forced ventilation without mechanical distress to the pile or malodorous discharge; (e) completing composting to Grade V standard in 2-3 weeks, after which the compost is recycled, and (f) sorting and excluding from the process wastes other than those from plants and vegetables.    USE -   The process is suitable for the automated municipal composting of plant and vegetable wastes.
(EP814054-A2)      Reformer comprises three serially arranged reactor stages (1a), (1b), (1c), each charged with a catalyst pellet charge (2). The middle reactor stage (1b) is maintained by heating to a temperature suitable for reforming, while the other two reactor steps remain unheated.    USE -   Used for steam reforming methanol.    ADVANTAGE -   The reformer is mobile.    (EP814054-B1)      Reformer comprises three serially arranged reactor stages (1a), (1b), (1c), each charged with a catalyst pellet charge (2). The middle reactor stage (1b) is maintained by heating to a temperature suitable for reforming, while the other two reactor steps remain unheated.    USE -   Used for steam reforming methanol.    ADVANTAGE -   The reformer is mobile.    (US6264856-B1)      Reformer comprises three serially arranged reactor stages (1a), (1b), (1c), each charged with a catalyst pellet charge (2). The middle reactor stage (1b) is maintained by heating to a temperature suitable for reforming, while the other two reactor steps remain unheated.    USE -   Used for steam reforming methanol.    ADVANTAGE -   The reformer is mobile.
(EP813262-A2)      Operating an apparatus for steam reforming methanol comprises preparing a steam/methanol mixture from water and methanol in a mixture preparation step, and feeding the mixture into a reformer. The steam/methanol ratio of the steam/methanol mixture is influenced by short-term charge changing to control or regulate the theoretical value.    USE -   Used in a mobile apparatus for steam reforming methanol in fuel cell operated vehicles to recover hydrocarbon for the storage of the fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The production of unwanted high CO concentrations in the reformate can be avoided.    (US6048473-A)      Operating an apparatus for steam reforming methanol comprises preparing a steam/methanol mixture from water and methanol in a mixture preparation step, and feeding the mixture into a reformer. The steam/methanol ratio of the steam/methanol mixture is influenced by short-term charge changing to control or regulate the theoretical value.    USE -   Used in a mobile apparatus for steam reforming methanol in fuel cell operated vehicles to recover hydrocarbon for the storage of the fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The production of unwanted high CO concentrations in the reformate can be avoided.    (EP813262-B1)      Operating an apparatus for steam reforming methanol comprises preparing a steam/methanol mixture from water and methanol in a mixture preparation step, and feeding the mixture into a reformer. The steam/methanol ratio of the steam/methanol mixture is influenced by short-term charge changing to control or regulate the theoretical value.    USE -   Used in a mobile apparatus for steam reforming methanol in fuel cell operated vehicles to recover hydrocarbon for the storage of the fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The production of unwanted high CO concentrations in the reformate can be avoided.
(US5786294-A)      A catalyst material comprises: (a) a zirconium dioxide matrix with mesopores having walls with a tetragonal crystalline structure; and (b) a stabilizing chemical species disposed on the surface of the matrix.    Also claimed is a method of preparing a mesoporous zirconium dioxide having a tetragonal crystalline pore wall structure comprising: (i) providing an alkanolic solution of a zirconium alkoxide; (ii) combining the solution with a mesopore template to form an insoluble solid; (iii) treating the solid with a mesopore stabilizing agent comprising a sulphur oxide and/or a transition metal oxide; and (iv) calcining the solid.    USE -   As a heterogeneous catalyst, optionally as a support for platinum, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium or nickel metals, e.g. for n-butane isomerisation.    ADVANTAGE -   The precursors can be crystallised without losing their mesoporous morphology, i.e. a tetragonal crystalline structure. The stabilizer delays crystallisation of the mesoporous walls and/or delays their transformation from a tetragonal to a monoclinic structure at the calcination temperature. The relatively large pore diameter allows the catalyst to used with relatively large reactant molecules, which are otherwise unsuitable for systems using microporous zirconia materials.
(JP3159300-B2)      The equipment consists of a grinder (2) formed with the rough grinding part which converts the organic refuse (1) into an upper slurry by cutting to granules and a pulverising part (30) which rubs and crushes the granules between the opposed surfaces of a pair of blow hole grindstones. An anaerobic micro-organism is loaded into an aversion process tank (4) which receives the slurry from the grinder through an intake (4a), heats it in a heater (5) and ejects a digestive liquor through a tap-hole (4b). A gas holder (6) is connected to the upper surface of the aversion process tank above the heater and to the upper part of the heater. The combustible gas (6a) processed during the slurry decomposition process by the micro-organism within the aversion process tank is led to the gas holder and supplied to the heater for combustion from the gas holder. The slurry decomposition process is carried out by combustion in the heater and heating of the slurry to 50-60degC. The digestive liquor of decomposition is made to flow out through the tap-hole.    ADVANTAGE -   Obtains methane for combustion from refuse by thermophilic bacteria in process tank and heats process tank with same methane. Eliminates need for combustion of external energy or water resources. Prevents sludge from being sent out to external. Obtains high speed process of organic refuse. Miniaturises garbage disposal equipment remarkably by combining process tank with aerator of film separator sludge activation process. Prevents generation of bad smell by automatic washing of organic refuse transport part.
(GB2313833-B)      Fermentation of microorganisms comprises adding an inoculum of concentrated mass of microorganisms to water in a fermenter, adding a growing medium and a buffer as nutrient source, aerating the mixture, heating and optionally monitoring the pH and oxygen content. The method is characterised in that the growing medium is homogenised by addition of non-ionic surfactant. Also claimed is apparatus for carrying out the fermentation comprising a tank having a mains water supply controlled by a motorised valve, a heater chamber, a sensor for switching on the circulation pump and the heater, a return from the upper regions of the tank to below the water level including an aerator, an outlet from the lower regions of the tank having a discharge pump, reservoirs for microorganisms and nutrients, dosing pumps for inoculating the tank, a water temperature sensor for activating the pumps when the water reaches the required temperature and a microprocessor for regulating operation of the valves, pumps and heater.    USE -   The process is used for managing waste effluents and other contaminants. Natural organisms are used to metabolise toxic or hazardous organic substances in an effluent stream or other polluted environment.    ADVANTAGE -   The process is totally automated and overcomes the problems of prior art processes e.g. reliance on human input on a daily basis to rehydrate the microorganisms prior to operation. The apparatus is comparatively inexpensive, less bulky and more readily manageable than prior art equipment.