The apparatus has a power supply unit (10) which is branched to a main power supply line (L13a) and a power supply line (L13b) for back-up . Power from the power supply unit is supplied to a load connection unit (20) through the main power supply line. A power supply controller (205) in the load connection unit detects the short circuit of the main power supply line.    A interruption unit disconnects the main power supply line when short circuit is detected. The power supply through a load connection unit, is performed through the power supply line for back-up after disconnection of the main power supply line.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables power supply to load connection unit, even when it is impossible through main power supply line
The electrolyte includes a polymer which comprises polyacrylonitrile or polyethylene oxide which is mixed along with a plasticiser. A polarisable electrode is placed in the mixture, which constitutes double layered capacitor.    ADVANTAGE -   Inhibits spilling of electrolyte with high conductivity from capacitor. Improves reliability of capacitor.
The apparatus has a supporting unit (13) that supports a battery jar (4) horizontally. A vent (4a) of the battery jar is maintained in invertible state. A battery jar cell (38) is moved vertically and positioned at the plate insertion position. An extension unit (14) is arranged adjacent to the vent of the battery jar. The opening edge of the battery jar cell is extended by the extension unit. A plate group (2) is supported in a chucking head (12) vertically. The head is rotated and moved towards the supporting unit. The plate group is inserted in the battery jar cell by a slide pushing member (31) in the head.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents drop-out of plate group. Prevents rupture and damage of separator. Facilitates correct insertion of plate group.
The battery (20) includes multiple single cells layered stack structure (24). Each of the electrode of a single cell (22) receives the supply of a fuel gas. The emf is developed in the cells according to the electrochemical reaction resulting due to a predetermined component in the gas. A fuel gas passage (35P) is provided in each of the single cell to discharge gas supplied by a manifold (56). A gas allocation unit is provided to stop the supply of gas temporarily,    ADVANTAGE -   Improves drainage. Avoids complications in gas supply. Eases removal of water drop. Restrains deterioration of battery performance. Saves energy. Prevents steam condensation in oxidation gas passage. Improves drive performance of vehicle.
The device includes number of fuel batteries (1) which comprises a fuel/air pole (2,3) and an electrolyte (4). The exhaust gas such as hydrogen ejected out from the fuel pole is supplied to the air pole through a shut line (7) with a valve (8). A control unit (10) controls the opening/closing of the valve. Thus, a hydrogen flow path is established between cells of fuel battery stack.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves safety of power generating device. Improves hydrogen utilisation efficiency.
The collector object (2) has a beryllium copper alloy foil. The foil includes 0.2-2.5 wt% of cobalt or 0.1-3.0 wt% of nickel along with copper. The foil is provided for holding active material of an electrochemical element.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves energy density per unit weight. Improves corrosion resistance and endurance.
The method involves using a predefined aromatic compound which is made to react with a cross linked substance, in the presence of an acid catalyst. Thereby, a carbonaceous front body is obtained which is subjected to crushing process. Then, the product is heated in an oxidising atmosphere and is carbonised so that it does not melt further.    ADVANTAGE -   Possesses large discharge capacity per unit weight. Improves frequency of charging and discharging.
The controller has a failure judging unit (10) that judges the failure of the vehicle. A battery judging unit (12) judges the life of a battery. An abnormality is generated when the power supplied by the battery is not sufficient. A control unit (18) controls the display of the abnormality for a constant time. A motor drive judging unit (14) judges whether the motor has stopped for a predetermined time.    When the motor is stopped, then a low power consumption mode is set. Until, the abnormality is finalised by the control unit, a decision stop function withholds the process of setting the motor to a low power consumption mode. When the display of abnormality is cancelled, a decision restart function restarts the setting process to low power consumption mode.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces power consumption. Facilitates beforehand abnormality display, reliably.
The DC-DC converter has a switching circuit for smoothing the DC input signal and the smoothened signal is given as input to the switching regulator controller IC (IC1).    Switching is done by the PWM switching system. The output of switching regulator controller IC is controlled by an output control circuit.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces installation space. Protects from heat injury.
The power supply consists of counter balancing circuits (B1-Bn) which are provided corresponding to the connected electrical-charging apparatuses (C1-Cn). The counter balancing circuit limits the terminal voltage of the electrical-charging apparatuses. An amplifier with transistors (Q1,Q2) and a resistor (R1) amplifies the leakage current of the Zener diode in the counter balancing circuit.    The amplified current passes through the positive and negative terminals of a corresponding electrical-charging apparatus (C1). When comparing the volt-amp characteristic in the Zener diode the volt-amp characteristic of the counter balancing circuit is shifted to a high voltage side. The leakage current is reduced and the discharge of electrical-charging apparatus is controlled. The Zener diode and the resistor are selectively used according to the temperature of corresponding electrical-charging apparatus.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves usability of vehicles. Enables to extend period of usage of electrical-charging apparatus. Enables to control discharge of electrical-charging apparatus through counter balancing circuit.
The apparatus has an estimation unit which estimates the    current flowing in a battery (10) based on the value of a control    command output by a controller to an electric power converter.    The converter is arranged between the battery and the load and    controls the value of current flowing in the load based on the    control command. An integrator integrates the estimated current    value to obtain the remnant capacity of the battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables to know remnant capacity of battery    correctly. Eliminates need for using current sensor.
The apparatus has a P channel power MOSFET (11) whose drain terminal is connected to a horn drive circuit (4). The positive electrode of a vehicle mounted battery (1) is connected to the horn drive circuit. The source of the P channel power MOSFET is connected to the ground terminal of the vehicle mounted battery. An ON/OFF switch (5) is provided which is connected between the positive terminal of the battery and the gate of the P channel power MOSFET.    The load circuit emits a sound or light when the circuit is energized between the positive terminal and negative terminal of the battery in series. The ON/OFF switch is used for switching the load ON and OFF, between the gate of power MOSFET and ground electrode of battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Emits sound while reverse connection of batteries. Utilizes parasitic diode.
The power controller (1) consists of a condenser array (2) formed by combining condenser modules, which include electrical double layered condensers. A set of switching elements is connected in series and in parallel to the various condenser modules.    A control unit (3) monitors the quantity of charge stored in the individual electrical double layered condensers, based on which the ON/OFF switching off each switching element is carried out. Accordingly, series/parallel connection of the condensers and switching elements is changed.    ADVANTAGE -   Utilizes conserved electrical energy, efficiently. Offers stable performance.
The device (1) has multiple semiconductor conductor modules (2a,2b,3) and smoothing capacitors (4a-4c) which are connected in parallel, by a pair of DC terminal boards (5a,5b). The electric charge from the capacitors is discharged out through an electric supply electrode (206) and resistor of a discharging unit (61). The electrodes are connected with the semiconductor modules that are configured inside a non-conducting covering unit.    The discharged voltage at the electric supply electrodes in the modules, is detected by a detector circuit (62) to control the voltage at the predetermined level.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids use of wiring configuration between voltage detector and discharge circuit.
The battery includes an electrode (2) made of magnetic    material which is demagnetised during manufacture.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves accuracy of position control of    automatic conveyance vehicle. Improves reliability.
The heat exchanger exchanges heat so as to make fixed temperature zone at region with chemical reaction operating heat accumulating material, of which the melting point is near the fixed reaction temperature zone and the material positioned near the region.    USE -   The modification device is a device which generates fuel gas for a fuel battery of a vehicle.    ADVANTAGE -   Temperature down of a modification reacting part can be compensated at sharp increasing of necessary heat with rapid load increasing of an electric automobile etc..
The system supplies electric power externally, using a fuel battery. A fuel gas forming unit forms heating gas for the fuel battery. A gas supply passage extends from the fuel gas forming unit. An exhaust gas passage extends from the fuel battery. A tank (50) for buffering action, is interposed between the supply passage of the piping path. The tank stores the heating gas. A demand amount detector detects the temporary increase in the external electric power demand to the fuel battery. When a temporary increase in the electric power demand is detected, the gas quantity supplied to the fuel battery is increased temporarily.    ADVANTAGE -   Raises electricity generation efficiency of fuel battery.
In the generator, fuel gas modified by a fuel modification device is supplied to a fuel pole of a fuel battery and air is supplied to an air pole with an air compressor and electric energy is obtained by an electric chemical reaction. The nitrogen gas production system for gas replacement of gas conduction line or for pressurising hold of the fuel battery comprises a nitrogen supplying system which has a liquid nitrogen storage tank and a vaporiser of the liquid nitrogen and an adsorption type nitrogen gas generator and air is supplied to the absorption type nitrogen gas generator with the air compressor.    ADVANTAGE -   The liquid storage tank can be of reduced size and the nitrogen gas production cost can be controlled.
The method involves supplying a paste containing hydrogen storing metal alloy (3), on both sides of 2D collector object. The 2D collector object is levelled such that a paste of predetermined thickness is provided on the surface of the 2D collector object. A first set of spacers (2) of same thickness is provided on the top of the 2D collector object. A punching metal (5) is placed on the surface and a second spacer (6) is positioned corresponding to the first spacer. The hydrogen storing metal alloy paste (7) is supplied to the area between two spacers of punching metal.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces deterioration in performance of hydrogen-storing metal alloy.
The battery has a band electrode board with a plied timber layer, formed on a strip-shaped collector object (11). The plied timber layer is provided on the surface of the collector object except at the area on both side edges.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves electrode density. Prevents curvature of electrode board even during pressing. Reduces fraction defect even for high capacitance. Offers high discharge. Prevents generation of spike-like metal piece at edge of collector object.
The structure includes a connection board (13) to which a nut (4) is fastened with a pressure detector. According to the fastening power of the nut, a detector always outputs a signal. The signal from the detector is detected. When the output of detector is reduced from the standard value, it is detected that the nut is slackened. Then, the rebolting is given to the nut.    ADVANTAGE -   Inhibits loss of energy by detecting slack of nut, automatically.
The battery includes an electrode aggregate which comprises a positive electrode board (8) and a negative electrode board (6) wound in the shape of swirl through a separator (5,7). This electrode aggregate is accommodated in a cylindrical container with an electrolyte. A positive electrode collector terminal is connected to upper end or lower end of positive electrode board. Similarly, a negative electrode collector terminal is connected to lower end or upper end of negative electrode board. The number of connection places, where positive electrode board is connected to positive electrode collector terminal and the number of connection places, where negative electrode board is connected to the negative electrode collector terminal is made to increase from maximum internal circumference side of electrode aggregate towards most external periphery side in diameter direction of electrode aggregate.    ADVANTAGE -   The battery improves life of battery, provides high output density, ensures uniform current distribution in each electrode board and improves utilisation factor of active material, by avoiding maldistribution of reaction part of active material.
The structure includes a cylindrical can (4), made of light metal such as aluminium, which accommodates anode and cathode, arranged with a separator impregnated with a non-aqueous electrolyte in-between them. The anode and cathode are immersed into a non-aqueous electrolyte. The cylindrical can is made airtight. An insulated gasket (3), is arranged inside a vent (5) of the cylindrical can. A reinforcement member (2) made-up of metal, is pinched to the peripheral cover part of the cylindrical can, outside the vent.    ADVANTAGE -   The battery structure ensures sufficient air-tight nature, enables usage of cylindrical can made of aluminium, reduces environmental pollution, by waste gas of motor vehicle, has high industrial value and offers compact secondary battery.
The structure includes a cylindrical armoured can (2), which accommodates anodes and cathodes (7,8) that are wound in swirl shape, with a separator (9), in-between them. The electrodes are immersed into an electrolyte. A set of anode and cathode collector terminals, which are connected to the end of respective electrodes individually are arranged at the inner bottom part of the armoured can.    ADVANTAGE -   The battery offers compact secondary battery, which offers small connection resistance and avoids spot welding during manufacture, thereby enabling to form hole of small size.
The storage battery has a heat dissipation limitation member (4) which is arranged on a battery jar (1) outer wall. The heat dissipation limitation member limits the heat dissipation of the cell and the temperature of each cell is almost equal.    USE -   Used for backup in computer.    ADVANTAGE -   The battery reduces variation in temperature between cells and attains long life of battery.
The fuel battery has a pair of electrode boards which carry catalyst on each surface. A unit battery (1) is formed by making an electrolyte layer (2) to support between catalyst surface of a pair of electrodes. A reaction gas circulation part is provided at both sides of this unit battery. A number of such unit battery are laminated through a gas division plate (9) to form a partial multilayered body (11).    A number of such partial multilayered bodies and cooling plates (12) are alternately laminated to form a multilayer body. A number of tubes (13) are distributed internally in each cooling plate. The adjoining pates are laminated such that axial direction of straight run of pipe of tubes arranged internally crosses orthogonally and mutually.    ADVANTAGE -   Offers reliable battery. Prevents deterioration of battery property by crossover phenomenon.
The accumulator has an anode formed with a body of pressed carbon fibres developed in the vapour phase, graphitised, and having a specific surface area of 5 square metre per gram with an aspect ratio of 2 to 30, and a density between 1.2 and 2.0 gram per cubic centimetre. The cathode is a complex oxide containing lithium.    The electrolyte is a mixture of a cyclic carbon and a linear carbonate with a lithium salt dissolved. The complex oxide used for the cathode contains lithium and a metal chosen from Groups 3B, 6A, 7A and 8 of the periodic table.    USE -   Lithium ion accumulators for electric vehicles or domestic energy storage.    ADVANTAGE -   Improved reliability and improved charge capacity, extended life, avoids decomposition of solvent, resistant to bursting and with reduced flammability. Good cyclic behaviour.
The accumulator is formed with a number of electrode plates (6), with each electrode plate enclosed in a sleeve (2) made of a fibrous polymer material. The plate has a tab (5) extending beyond the sleeve to allow electrical connection.    The sleeve is formed by folding strip material to construct a sleeve closed along all sides and with a slot (4) at the top to allow passage of the connection tab. The tab passes through the fold. The edges are welded (9,10) at points along their length. The sleeve extends beyond the electrode plate on three sides, leaving a narrow margin of about 4 mm round three edges of the electrode plate. The sleeve is impregnated with electrolyte and comes in contact with the electrode plate.    USE -   Alkaline accumulators for use in transport.    ADVANTAGE -   Improved thermal exchange without increased mass and with reduced height.
The accumulator is formed with a number of electrode plates (6), with each electrode plate enclosed in a sleeve (2) made of a fibrous polymer material. The plate has a tab (5) extending beyond the sleeve to allow electrical connection.    The sleeve is formed by folding strip material to construct a sleeve closed along all sides and with a slot at the top to allow passage of the connection tab. The tab passes through the fold. The edges are welded (9,10) at points along their length. The sleeve extends beyond the electrode plate on three sides. The sleeve is impregnated with electrolyte and comes in contact with the electrode plate.    USE -   Alkaline accumulators for use in transport.    ADVANTAGE -   Improved thermal exchange without increased mass and with reduced height.
The charger is first switched into a test routing on being connected to the battery to check for correct polarity and to measure the current battery charge. If the voltage is less than a defined residual voltage the charger is switched on until a defined charge termination voltage is reached.    At a defined time after recharging a maintenance charge is conducted. The front panel carries a control key pad and display. Protrusions are formed on the corners (3) of the housing (2). The rear (5) of the housing carries a cooling body (6) and a removable ball head (8) is mounted on the top of the housing.    USE -   Esp. for charging the batteries of vehicles stored or laid-up in large parking lots    ADVANTAGE -   Improved wrt. conventional devices in terms of functional reliability and operational readiness.
A power supply method for power supply system subdivided into groups of battery cells [4a,4b,4c,4d] . In addition there is a central unit [6] that connects with a main battery [8].    Each of the groups of batteries has associated switching stages [16,18] that are coupled to the central unit that controls and monitors the charging and discharging and ensures that the supply of the braking system is ensured.    ADVANTAGE -   Maintains safe operation against failure of battery cells
The active power tuning scheme uses the correlation between changes in the input and corresponding changes in the output of a circuit to tune the operating point of the circuit. The scheme uses a correlation function between a controlled variable (206) and a perturbed waveform (202). When the system reaches the desired operating point, the correlation (208) goes to zero and the system converges. This corresponds to the point at which the derivative of the output with respect to the input is zero. A tuning scheme based on correlation usually requires an excitation input, but the switching action in the controlled circuit (200) perturbs all the states and provides this excitation. This makes the tuning scheme suitable for switching power applications, such as the control of power converters in solar arrays.    ADVANTAGE -   Desired operating point is reached by using only input and output information, no energy is wasted, and efficiency is improved
The residual capacity of a nickel/metal hydride cell is determined from the measured electrical resistivity based on a predetermined functional relation between the resistivity and residual capacity of a 2nd cell of the same composition. The relation is a linear proportionality between the resistivity and the log value of the residual capacity.    USE -   For use with miniaturised electronic equipment and as a power supply for electric automobiles.    ADVANTAGE -   Residual capacity is easily measured in a reproducible manner.
The structure includes the cross direction frame (2) provided on the right and left side, and the side direction frame provided in the front and back that constitute a closed frame which is attached to the bottom of the vehicle floor panel (10).    The junction box (13) which provides the electrical connection between a battery (5) and a motor controller is fixed to the frame. A bottom board (4) which accommodates two or more batteries is provided.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents reduction in battery accommodation space due to junction box. Increases habitation space of vehicle. Facilitates repair or checking of controller safely.
The rapid connection system for heavy duty batteries e.g. road vehicle batteries has individual connectors [7.1] attached to the end of cables [7] that connect to equipment. Each connector locates on a tapered locating holder [9.1]. The connector has a base section and hinged to this is a top cover that is pushed down and locks into position on the holder. The holder has a centre hole for a screw.    USE -   Battery connectors e.g. for road vehicles and for battery-powered industrial plant    ADVANTAGE -   rapid and safe connection
The hand-grip/handle system uses a releasable carrying handle (8) which is secured to the battery housing via at least one locating recess (7) provided by the latter. The handle may be provided by a U-shaped hoop which is secured to the battery housing so that it is free to pivot, by insertion in a respective locating recess at either end, the carrying section (10) at the centre of the hoop being ergonomically shaped.    USE -   For easy handling of vehicle starter motor battery    ADVANTAGE -   simple fitting and removal of carrying handle.
The battery housing (2) has a notch in one of its sidewalls, adjacent the top edge, for reception of a cable termination (1), with the rear side of the latter provided with an angled stop nose (3) cooperating with a stop opening (8) provided by the battery housing.    The cable is secured via a clamp screw (4) and a cooperating clamp nut (5), with the screw head held by the cable termination and the screw shaft fitted with a metal spacer (7) on the opposite side of the cable shoe (6) to the clamp nut.    USE -   For vehicle propulsion battery or starter-motor battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Reliable connection of battery cable lead.
Production of a chromium material comprises: (a) forming a powder mixture of chromium, a further metal (oxide) and additive comprising a metallic component; (b) mechanically alloying the powder mixture; (c) pressing to a green body; and (d) sintering so that the metallic component of the additive melts to a liquid phase.    USE -   The chromium material is used for a metallic part of a high temperature fuel cell.    ADVANTAGE -   Additionally sealing of the chromium material is not required, without reducing the quality of the product.
The fuel cell contains an electrolyte enclosed on both sides by electrocatalyser particles and by two porous electrodes around which a medium is flowed which contains an increased mixture of the medium and electrocatalyser particles in the pores of the electrodes.    The mechanism for producing the increased mixture of the medium and electrocatalyser particles contains a medium for producing pressure fluctuations of the working pressure in the medium, whereby the medium is washed around only one or both electrodes and the associated electrocatalyser particles.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables optimum supply of catalyser particles with medium i.e. fuel and/or oxidant, independently of absolute temp. or pressure and of conc. of medium.
A method of operating a PEM (polymer electrolyte membrane) fuel-cell installation (2) having at least one PEM-fuel cell module (4) comprising a hydrogen inlet valve (14) and an oxygen (18) inlet valve, and in which, for switching off the PEM-fuel cell module in a first step, the oxygen inlet valve is closed and, in a second step, the hydrogen inlet valve is closed, at a given partial oxygen pressure at a cathode part of the PEM-fuel cell module (4).    Instead of the oxygen inlet valve (18), an air compressor is used for operating the PEM-fuel cell module (4) with air, and in which the partial oxygen pressure is measured indirectly from the voltage of the PEM-fuel cell module (4).    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For application as current generation source to provide emission-gas-free electrical propulsion of motor vehicles. Low operating temp, long operating life and absence of liquid, corrosive electrolyte.
The power supply has a battery connection unit (1) which includes several batteries (1a) connected in series. Each battery is connected to a charger (3) through a relay switch (2).    A control unit (5) switches and controls the relay switch to orderly and repeatedly charge each connected battery in predetermined time.    ADVANTAGE -   Sets several batteries in series as source voltage. Ensures power supply of large capacity and with high performance since charging quantity and charging efficient variation are eliminated. Ensures high power conversion without electric power loss through simple structure. Reduces electric power load of power supply.
The method involves mounting two batteries, one has a big output density while the other has a big energy density, in an electric vehicle. Either one of the battery is selected according to the size of a requested discharging current.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces size and weight. Obtains big discharge capacity of electric power. Improves acceleration of electric vehicle.
The battery comprises an electrode aggregate (3) which is formed by winding a positive electrode board and a negative electrode board in the shape of a swirl through a separator. The electrode aggregate is accommodated in a cylindrical container along with an electrolyte. A positive electrode collector terminal is connected to the upper or lower end of the positive electrode board. Similarly, a negative electrode collector terminal is connected to the lower or upper end of the negative electrode board. Tabs (4a-4d, 5a-5d) are formed in the periphery of positive and negative electrode boards, respectively and are connected to the respective positive and negative electrode collector terminals.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces connection resistance of electrode board and collector object. Improves utilisation factor of active material by avoiding mal distribution of reaction part. Reduces internal resistance, thereby improving output density, energy density and capacitive grade.
The composition includes a perovskite type oxide, which is expressed with a general formula Ba1-x Lx Ce1-y My O3-a. In this formula M is either magnesium or calcium and L is chosen from either of elements among Sr, La, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sn, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb and Y. The values of X and Y are in the range of 0&lt;x0.2 and 0.05y0.26, respectively.    ADVANTAGE -   Ensures stability of ionic conductor in carbon di:oxide and high steam atmosphere. Ensures high ionic conductivity for long period. Improves acid proof nature. Offers highly efficient fuel battery and sensors, for electrical devices with high reliability.
The apparatus has a decarboxylation tower (4) which decarbonises raw water. This treated water is subjected to a reverse osmosis process in a RO unit (1). The resulting water undergoes a deionisation process in an electric DI unit (2). Concentration water from the DI unit is sent to the decarboxylation tower whereas remaining ionised water is subjected to dechlorination process in an activated carbon tower (5) and then to the decarboxylation tower.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves water recovery process. Obtains high quality water stably and continuously.
The structure includes a planar cell which comprises an air and a fuel electrode arranged at both sides of a planar solid state electrolytic layer. A separator is provided which connects adjacent cell electrically in series and allocates oxidising agent gas and heating gas to each cell laminated alternately. A metal mesh is situated between fuel electrode side and fuel gas flow passage side of separation. A gasket is situated between the solid state electrolytic layer of cell and separator. An electricity generator (X) is notched alternately in a gas flow group arranged in two or more rows. A sleeve part is connected to both sides of the electricity generator. A cover member is arranged on a part of sleeve part in piles. The oxidising agent gas or heating gas is ejected to electricity generator through a supply part of sleeve and cover.    ADVANTAGE -   Inhibits cross leakage of gas. Improves battery characteristics. Improves utilisation factor of battery.
A method for balancing charging-rates for constituent batteries (20A......20n inclusive) of a vehicle battery-pack determines actual/estimated self-discharge rates for each battery, and individually shunts across each assembly to compensate, at least partially for rate differences. A further aspect measures battery temperatures and shunts appropriately.    In addition, terminal voltages may be measured on-load/off-load. All three aspects may be incorporated in the algorithm developed, to contribute to balancing charging of the overall battery-pack.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Continuous charge-rate balancing for component batteries in pack assembly for electrically-powered vehicle. Imbalance magnitudes are minimised, allowing completion of charging in minimum time, ceasing effective charging of each battery at full-charge, using low-power rated components in control modules (26A......26n inclusive) and not requiring uniform discharging of all batteries in pack before re-charging.
The method involves using a start-up phase and a current generating operating state. Hot combustion gases (50'') stored in the device or generated in an auxiliary burner (5) form the auxiliary heat source during the start-up phase. Air (20') fed to the device is heated during the start-up phase in a heat exchanger (6) by a mixture (60') formed from the hot combustion gases and the exhaust air and fed in separately from the air.    The fuel cells are heated by the preheated air and the exhaust air (120') from the cells is mixed with the hot combustion gases, which heat a pre-reformer in a second heat exchanger (7) to operating temp. In the operating state the exhaust gas (120'') from an afterburner is used in the second heat exchanger as a heat source for the pre-reformer.    ADVANTAGE -   Ensures that the cells are not damaged during the start-up phase.
The cable connection clamp is formed as a slot clamp electrically connected with a cable, with ring-shaped, bent clamp thighs (2,2') which are mounted and fastened on a conical pole bolt by device of a screw (4). The screw is operated from the top, and a clamping sheath (3) surrounds the rounded clamp limbs.    The clamping sheath engages with a guide peg (5) in a horizontal slot (7) of one clamp limb (2'), and acts on one towards the outside sloped edge (9) of the other limb (2) by device of a screw arranged on a flattening (8) on the upper side.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables simple and cost-effective manufacture, and assures resiliency at excessive stress.
Gas separation device is a composite of an H2 diffusion membrane and a methanation catalyst for removal of C oxides from H2 streams. The device preferably includes a (micro)porous support, preferably of alumina or an alumino-silicate, with an H2 diffusion membrane on the upstream surface and a methanation catalyst on the downstream surface.    Process for purifying H2 using the device is claimed.    Fuel cell for a vehicle including the device as an H2 purification unit is claimed.    USE -   Used in purification of H2 for a wide range of chemical processes, including vehicle fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The device is especially suitable for small scale operations, eg less than 600 litres/minute of feed gas, and involves a single pass through the device. CO and CO2 are removed and pin-hole leakages of C oxide through the membrane are prevented.
The method involves applying a predetermined voltage to a battery to be charged and increasing the voltage applied to the battery to a known maximum battery charging voltage. A current supplied to the battery at the maximum battery charging voltage is measured. A predetermined set of constant current charging levels are supplied to be stored in a memory of the battery.    A charging current level is set approximately equal to one of the set of predetermined constant current charging levels based on the current supplied to the battery at the maximum battery charging voltage. The battery is charged at one of a highest constant current charging level not exceeding the maximum charging voltage or the maximum power level not exceeding the maximum charging voltage, whichever supplies the greatest amount of current.    ADVANTAGE -   Minimises amount of time needed to charge battery and maximises amount of power delivered to battery at any time during charging.
An apparatus (10) provides electrical power between a seat-mounted appliance (14) in a vehicle and a source of electrical energy in the vehicle without the use of electrical connectors. The vehicle seat (28) being mounted in a vehicle (26), a transformer (12) transmits electrical energy to the electrical appliance (14) and includes a first portion (18) mounted to the vehicle (26) and a second portion (20) mounted to the vehicle seat (28). The second portion (20) is electrically connected to the electrical appliance (14).    A drive circuit (32) for energizing the transformer (12) is electrically connected to the first portion (18) and has an oscillator. Preferably, the first portion (18) of the transformer (12) comprises a primary winding and the second portion (20) of the transformer (12) comprises a secondary winding.    USE -   For supplying electrical power to a seat installed in a vehicle, and more specifically for supplying power to electrical appliances, such as a seat adjustment mechanism, an electric seat belt retractor etc, installed in a vehicle seat.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides electrical power to the seat appliances without a plug-in connection
The apparatus has a set of battery units (11-1 - 11-n) arranged in parallel. Each battery unit has a set of batteries (12-1 - 12-n). A set of switches (14-1 - 14-n) are connected in series that switch the connection between the unit batteries.    When the abnormality of one battery is detected by a monitoring unit (15), the switch switches the connection of the battery unit corresponding to the abnormal battery with the adjacent battery unit through the corresponding bypass line (13-1 - 13-n).    ADVANTAGE -   Judges abnormal battery at early stages. Improves maintenance efficiency. Eliminates influence of defective battery on normal battery. Improves durability.
The capacitor has a pair of polarizable electrodes with a separator (8) in between. Electrolyte having alkali aqueous solution is injected in between separators.    The polarizable electrode is made to fill in a collector object having 3D structure consisting of electrically conductive agent powder, electrically conductive binder of porous nickel and stainless steel fibre or nickel fibre whose end is coated with active charcoal powder.    ADVANTAGE -   The capacitor provides large utilization value in industry, reliably; improves energy efficiency of electric vehicle, effectively; improves memory capacity, notably and provides rapid charging/discharging.
The battery comprises a cathode active material of e.g. LiCoO2 , an anode active material of e.g. graphite, a microporous separator and a non-aqueous electrolyte of LiPF6containing 0.5-30 wt% of fluorine-containing alkane as an incombustible represented by formula (1).    Formula (1)-p    x,y= fluorine and hydrogen atoms respectively: n= an integer of 5-8.    ADVANTAGE -   Operational safety is good.
The material of anode container (1) includes nickel and 1- 10 wt% of Mo and/or W along with 0.2-2 wt% of Mn, 20-35 wt% of Cr and 10-30 wt% of Fe. The composition includes predefined unescapable impurities and about 35% or more of nickel alloy. Any one of 0.5-5 wt% of Cu, 1-5 wt% of Co, 0.5-3 wt% of Nb and/or Ta are added to the above composition.    ADVANTAGE -   Excellent corrosion resistance characteristics.
The accumulator has an electrically conductive compound oxide, (M1 + M2 )1-y M3 x Pb1-x O3-y (where M1 = 1 of K, Rb and Cs; M2 = 1 of Ca, Sr and Ba; M3 = 1 of Sn, Sb and Bi; x= 0 - 0.15; y = 0-0.05 : and M2 /M1 +M2= 0.95-1.0), interposed between each of anode active lead/cathode active lead dioxide and a current collecting grid.    ADVANTAGE -   Excellent in electric capacity and charge/discharge cycle characteristics.
The electrode material includes sulphur as simple substance along with an organic substance which has S-S coupling.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves charging/discharging capacity of battery.
The composition includes 70-90wt% of lithium content transition metal oxides and 10-30wt% of carbon.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies manufacture of anode. Improves charging and discharging characteristic of battery.
The composition includes 91-99wt% of lithium and nickel oxides and 1-9wt% of carbon.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies manufacture of anode. Improves charging and discharging characteristic of battery.
The battery terminal comprises a stationary portion (33) formed with a pair of half tube shaped division components which is a two piece housing, passing along a central axis. A maintenance board (49) articulated at one edge of each division component and bent along a planar direction perpendicular to the central axis of the stationary portion, is provided.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves yield in blanking. Prevents deformation and rupture during bending. Improves productivity.
The battery terminal (31) is attached to a tapering shaped battery post (3) which is inserted in a post insertion hole. The hole comprises a pair of circular parts (35a,35b) at the bottom side which is disengaged by a bolting clearance (39) that divides the internal circumference of the insertion hole. A contact part (53) which is of the shape of a hilt, bends the hole edge along the circular part for fixing from one side end to the other end side of the battery post.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents deformation during bolting. Obtains high bolting power. Improves contact reliability.
The battery includes a square-shaped jar into which planar electrodes are embedded and separated by a separator. An emboss press stamping is performed to the jar surface, parallel to the planar electrode.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves durability. Has high industrial value.
The controller controls a main power supply (2) which provides power for supplement machines VH. The power supply is connected in series with electrical double layer capacitor (C1- CNs), an electricity detector (3), a control unit (4), a selector (5) and a DC-DC converter (6). The control unit controls selection operation of the selector based on quantity of electricity.    The selector chooses the quantity of electricity of the capacitor. The control unit controls the selection operation of the selector based on the detected quantity of electricity. The DC-DC converter converts the quantity of electricity chosen by the selector into low quantity of electricity.    ADVANTAGE -   Minimises electrical energy supplied from main power supply. Enables efficient and stable power supply for supplement machines.
The power supply unit comprises a group of batteries including several rows of cells (1) arranged in parallel, each row of cells including cylindrical cells connected in series. Refrigerant passages pass a refrigerant through space portions formed between the rows of cells.    The refrigerant passages include main passages (5) exposed to the cells arranged in the row of cells, and auxiliary refrigerant passages (4). The upstream sides of the auxiliary passages are isolated from the rows of cells, and the downstream sides are connected to the main passages at positions corresponding to the midstream or downstream sides of the rows of cells.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides highly reliable power supply unit having small variations in characteristics among cells by decreasing temperature difference among cells. Has relatively high output voltage and large output current.
(I) Metal sheet for use as an electrode substrate of a battery, comprises solid or porous metal base sheet which is deformed upward and downward at predetermined intervals with respect to a reference plane, to form a plurality of conic, quadrangular, pyramidal, or wave shaped projections having a large number of pores on their faces, and to use the spaces surrounded by the projections as spaces for active substance application.    Also claimed is an electrode made by the method filled with electrically conductive active material, and a battery containing the electrode.    USE -   The metal sheet is used in batteries for electric cars.    ADVANTAGE -   The deformation of the metal sheet allows more active material to be held firmly on the electrode substrate.
A process for modifying thermoplastic polymers insoluble in organic dispersants, comprises: (i) metallising a slurry of the polymer in an organic dispersant with organometallic compounds; and (ii) reacting the carbanions with electrophites and/or anionically polymerisable monomers.    USE -   The cation exchange polymers formed are used as ion exchange membranes for micro- and ultra-filtration, reverse osmosis, pervaporation, gas separation, and electromembrane processes, especially electrodialysis, fuel cells, polymer electrolyte electrolysis (all claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   The metallised polymers can be subjected to a number of further chemical modifying reactions.
The electric breakdown set has a current generator (1), consisting of a dynamo (8) with a gear change unit, which is accommodated in the generator housing (1). The electric breakdown set is fixed on the vehicle by at least four powerful magnets. Two holding struts at least are fixed at the current generator.    The drive wheel (4) is held by the holding struts, and the wheel itself is coated with rubber. The drive wheel drives the current generator across a drive shaft. The drive wheel can be mounted spring loaded on the struts, so that the springs of the vehicle and the ground waves are matched.    ADVANTAGE -   Facilitates towing away of a vehicle not able to move under own engine power, and simultaneously provides electric current for necessary lighting and-or makes use of power in battery of disabled vehicle if available.
The movement of the piston in the shock absorber is used to channel auxiliary liquids or gases through energy reclaiming devices. Alternatively, the movement itself is coupled to magnetic elements which induce electrical currents.    If the energy reclaimed is mechanical it can be stored by a flywheel or used to create potential energy, e.g. by pumping fluids to a higher level. If electrical energy is produced it can be stored in conventional batteries.    USE -   In automobiles, goods vehicles, etc.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduction of fuel use and consequent reduction of environmental damage.
Hydrocarbon fuel gas hydro-desulphuriser has: an inlet manifold (22) for a mixture of the fuel gas and H2; a bed (44) containing a catalyst for converting the S content to H2S and an absorbent for removing the H2S; a heat exchanger (64) adjacent the bed to pre-heat the fuel gas/H2 stream; a gas conduit (32) for passing a high temperature reformed process gas stream through the heat exchanger to cool the gas stream; and a shift converter (6) adjacent the heat exchanger receiving the cooled gas stream and removing CO exothermically to produce heat taken up in the heat exchanger.    A method for hydro-desulphurisation using the assembly is also claimed.    ADVANTAGE -   The assembly uses the gas stream at various process stages to control the temperature of the hydro-desulphuriser and shift converter beds. A high temperature process gas stream transfers heat to the incoming raw fuel gas stream and also to the steam which flows through the assembly.
Plate-shaped components are produced by tape casting a suspension comprising the base material for the plates, fibres, binders/gelling agents and an alcohol and removing the alcohol. The suspension is prepared by mixing a first suspension comprising an alcohol or dispersion medium and the base material with a second suspension comprising the binder and water/alcohol as dispersant/gelling agent.    USE -   The process is used to manufacture electrodes or matrix plates for a fuel cell used at high temperature e.g. an MCFC cell.    ADVANTAGE -   By mixing two suspensions, agglomeration and inhomogeneities are avoided and any suspensions not meeting requirements can easily be recycled. The product requires less after treatment (e.g. rolling) and rejects and waste can be reused as starting materials (impossible with previously used acrylate binders). The only organic solvent required is an alcohol. Vacuum is not required to precisely regulate the viscosity of the suspension. Thin components can be produced cheaply and simply and can be held in intermediate storage for considerably longer than previously.
A composite ceramic powder is composed of composite particles, each comprising primary particle clusters existing unevenly on surface of secondary particle clusters.    Also claimed is a production method for the above composite ceramic powder.    Pref. the composite particles are spherical; the primary particles comprise yttria-stabilised zirconia and the secondary particles comprise NiO; and in the mist, the primary particle raw material is solidified, and the secondary particle raw material is in solution, or both the primary and secondary particle raw materials are in solution and the concentration of the primary particle raw material is higher than that of the secondary particle raw material.    USE -   For solid electrolytic fuel cell electrodes (claimed), solid electrolytic fuel cells (claimed), and as a material for other ceramic products, such as catalyst materials.    ADVANTAGE -   The fuel electrode has high performance, excellent long-term stability, and a smaller polarisation value than fuel electrodes made from powders prepared by normal mixing methods or drip pyrolysis.
A method for forming a flame retardant composition for a battery casing comprises blending a homopolymer, copolymer and ammonium polyphosphate together at 340 - 410 F to form the flame retardant composition. Also claimed is a mixer for thermoplastic compositions.    USE -   The battery casing (claimed) is included in a photovoltaic- (claimed), motive- (claimed) or backup battery (claimed) used in phone or computer systems or electrically powered vehicles.    ADVANTAGE -   The low smoke, low corrosive, fire resistant composition has improved mechanical properties, giving batteries meeting standards for durability and strength, and structural integrity, with improved rigidity and flexural modulus, and the batteries are sealed relative to the environment.
The reference frame controller includes a low pass filter electrically connected to the drive motor for eliminating high frequency components of the alternating currents. A coordinate transformer electrically connected to the low pass filter receives the alternating current and defines a moving reference frame based on the phase of the alternating current. A controller electrically connected to the coordinate transformer drives the alternating current to a proper phase relative to a flux of the rotor of the motor.    An inverse coordinate transformer electrically connected to the controller receives the controller outputs and transforms them into a stationary reference frame. A reference frame shifter operatively connected to the coordinate transformer and the inverse coordinate transformer defines a shift in the moving reference frame based on time delays created by a low pass filter and the controller.    ADVANTAGE -   Can always be accurately reference frame controlled.
The charger (10) has a current sensor (15) which detects a charging current (1b) flowing in a battery (12). A voltage sensor (14) detects a terminal voltage of the battery and a temperature sensor (16) detects temperature of the battery. The battery is charged through a charging output unit (18) which is controlled by a charging controller (20). Based on the results of temperature, current and voltage sensors, the charging control unit decides a charging voltage and a charging time for the battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves durability. Charges battery with optimum voltage.
The power supply system has a high voltage battery (5) that supplies power to the electrical vehicle, is divided into three power supply groups (10,20,30). These power supply groups are provided with DC-DC converters (11,21,31) and double layered capacitors (12,22,32), respectively in the power supply groups.    A converter converts high DC voltage to low DC voltage. When there is a load fluctuation, electrical power is supplied by the double layered capacitors.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces installation cost and space. Provides reliable power supply even when part of power supply groups fail. Shortens wiring length between load and power supply. Reduces burden of power supply. Simplifies maintenance and repair operation. Supplies power even during load fluctuation, reliably.
The power feeder includes a double- layered capacitor (6) and a control circuit (9). The capacitor charges up, and during time of braking, the stored electrical energy is discharged, based on engine temperature.    The control circuit supplies the discharged energy from the capacitor to the electrical equipment load when the engine temperature measured by a pair of sensors (10,11) is found to be within a predetermined control range.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For electrical equipment such as head lamp, brake lamp, blinder, horn, heating apparatus, motor. Eliminates exclusive use of generator. Reduces use of vehicle mounted battery.
The cooler has an air blower (20) which blows cool air inside a ventilation duct (10) where the battery is accommodated. A temperature sensor (30) detects the temperature of the battery. A calculation unit (40) calculates the rate of variation of battery temperature based on detected temperature. An air blower controller controls the amount of cool air blown by the air blower based on calculated rate of variation in temperature.    USE -   For Ni-Cd, Pb storage, Li ion batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces power consumption by fan since output duty ratio of air blower is controlled according to requirement. Enables to release air blower efficiently. Provides sufficient cooling effect. Avoids deterioration of battery thereby increasing lifetime of battery. Increases transit time of electric vehicle.
The battery comprises a pair of anode and cathode, sandwiched with an electrolyte layer, which are arranged with a separator in-between. These anodes and cathodes are laminated between a pair of cooling plates, thereby constituting a multilayered body (1). A manifold (5) for supply/expulsion of reaction gas is arranged on the side face of the multilayered body. The corners of the multilayered body are at an angle of 45, resulting in the formation of notch parts (4). A sealant (8) is arranged at the outer surface of each notch part. The circumferential portion of the manifold is fixed to the sealant, thus a sealing surface is formed between the gas manifold and the multilayered body.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents adhesion of foreign material with multilayered body. Avoids leakage of phosphorous acid from notch parts of multilayered body.
The battery is constituted by several battery units (1a-1f) and gas division plates (9a-9e), which are arranged alternately, thereby forming a partial multilayered body (11). Two or more such partial multilayered bodies are arranged sequentially to form a multilayered body. The battery units comprise a pair of electrodes, with which stratification coating is carried out. These electrodes are arranged, opposing catalyst layers, individually. A gas circulation unit circulates a reaction gas on both sides of the unit batteries, vertically. A cooling plate (12) is arranged on either sides of the partial multilayered body. The thermal conductivity of gas division plates along planar direction is greater than that along laminated direction.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves electricity generation efficiency and reliability of the fuel cell.
The structure includes a grating expansion part made of a lead alloy sheet. The expansion part has a triangular area (A) surrounded by sash bars. This are is arranged in relation to another cross section area (5) of the expansion part. The two areas are attached by the inequality, 0.1&lt;A/S1.0.    ADVANTAGE -   Prolongs life time of battery. Excels in mechanical strength.
The battery structure includes a frame structure (2) and an inner rib (3). The frame structure has a longitudinal and horizontal parts (2a,2b). One inner bone (3b) is arranged parallel to the longitudinal frame structure part and two other inner bones (3c,3d) are in a slanting direction crossing each other mutually. While crossing mutually, these inner bones cross the first inner bone also creating many cross parts (6). Cross section of each components formed between these cross parts is almost equal.    ADVANTAGE -   Excels in overcharge and voltage characteristics. Avoids short circuit. Facilitates efficient casting lead storage battery arrangement.
The principal component is the lithium ion, in which occlusion release is possible. The lithium ion is bonded with a group VIIA element.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces over voltage of lithium ions. Offers highly efficient non-aqueous electrolytic secondary battery. Has high industrial value.
The electrode comprises an acid-proof first sheet (2) having oxidation resistant property, is formed with several through holes (2a), at predetermined intervals. A lead or lead alloy sheet (1) is laminated on the first sheet, selectively. A substance layer (4) having conductivity and oxidation resistant property is laminated on both side walls of the through hole of the first sheet. An active material (5) is filled up into the through holes of the first sheet.    ADVANTAGE -   The electrode prevents corrosion of lead or lead alloy sheet by providing substance layer, improves contact area of active material and collective object, improves reliability of battery and increases energy density by forming substance layer thinly.
The battery comprises a plate group (A) which includes a fibre matter (3) and a synthetic resin separator (4) which are combinedly arranged between positive and negative electrode boards (1,2). By this arrangement, the fibre matter contacts the positive electrode board. The positive electrode board includes paste-like positive active material, which is filled up into a substrate formed in the shape of lattice. This substrate is cast with an alloy containing 0.03-0.09wt% of calcium, 1.05- 1.5wt% of tin and remainder of lead.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves reliability and temperature resistant nature.
The separator has mean hole diameter and thickness of 0.01-1 micrometer and 0.5-1mm respectively, or 1-5micrometer and 0.75-1mm.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents generation of short circuit by overdischarge. Has high industrial value.
The apparatus comprises a battery storage area provided in the middle of an electrically driven bicycle. A circular projection (46) is provided at the lower end of the battery storage part. A battery unit (38) consists of a circular recess part (48) which corresponds to the projection part of the battery storage area. The recess part of the battery unit is press-fitted into the projection part of the battery storage part.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides effective usage of space. Enables reduction in number of parts and coil.
The power supply uses switches (SW1-SW5) individually set between each capacitor battery (C1-C5) and each terminal of a storage battery (BAT). The capacitor batteries, which have identical breakdown voltage, are individually adjoined to the terminals of the storage battery via a diode (D1-D5) and resistors (R1-R9).    The capacitor battery is connected in series with the storage battery during switch ON by which the capacitor battery supplies electric power for heating to an EHC. On the other hand, when the capacitor is switched OFF, the capacitor battery is in parallel with the storage battery. At this time, the capacitor battery receives electric power for charging for the EHC from the storage battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces burden on storage battery by which it can supply    large amount electric power to EHC.
The holder has a battery case (16) in which a set of batteries (10) connected serially, are arranged. Between adjoining cells, isolation springs (46) are placed which are linked to a cover (26) in the edge of the case. When collision of the vehicle is detected by a collision unit, a pin (42) is removed from the edge of the case and the cover is opened. As a result, each battery is detached and a supply is interrupted. When normality is restored, the cover is closed by a cover closing unit (56). This results in the restoration of connection state of batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents electric leakage. Restores electric connection after collision.
The battery includes a cylindrical container (1). An alumina pipe (5) divides the container into an anode chamber (3) and a cathode chamber (4). An insulating alumina pellet (7) penetrates towards the centre of an anode terminal pipe (6). A first junction material seals the upper end of the alumina pipe and the lower surface of the alumina pellet and makes the anode chamber airtight. A second junction material forms a junction of the top and side face of container and the alumina pellet and makes the cathode chamber airtight.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves performance and durability.
The fuel battery has a number of cells (C), the circumferential part of each cell held by a cell holding member (F) individually. These cells are connected in series to form a cell multilayered body. A collector part holding member which holds a collector part (G) is provided which contacts edge of cell multilayered body. The electric power is taken out by a collector part (11) from the edge of cell multilayered body in laminate direction. A collector part support member (13) which is electrically insulated is electrically connected to edge of cell multilayered body in laminate direction. The collector part support member also contacts with the collector part holding member in orthogonal direction to the laminate direction.    ADVANTAGE -   Inhibits loss in electric power taken from cell multilayered body by collector part.
The device has a header (2) and a bolster (3). The header supports a fuel battery stack (1). The bolster includes a flexible plate. The header and the bolster are connected with a rod (4) by which the bolster is pulled towards the header. While drawing the bolster close to the header a convex curvature formed first is made linear. As a result an even surface of the bolster makes a press contact with the stack.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables application of uniform load to inplane.
The unit attaches one end of an output terminal (6) to the holes (4) formed on the carbon plates of each cell of fuel battery through a clip (5). The other end of the output terminal is connected to a voltage measuring unit through a connector.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies processing. Improves reliability of attachment part. Enables reliable connection of output terminal with voltage measuring apparatus, simply. Enables connection/disconnection of fuel battery during voltage measurement easily. Improves attachment operativity of output terminal, remarkably.
The battery consists of a cell multilayer body which is comprised with certain serially connected cells (C) arranged one over the other. An electric power generated in the multilayer body is taken by a collector part (L) which contacts an edge part of the multilayer body. At this contact part an electrically conductive felt-like material (12) is also provided. The felt- like material is in contact with a surface of a collector board (11). The board is made of a metal and is provided in the multilayer body. The felt-like material makes a contact to both the collector board and the end face of the multilayer body at the same part.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents electric power loss. Increases density. Maintains satisfactory contact state between felt-like material and cell multilayered body.
The battery has a gas separator (31) which is formed between a pair of cells (10). Each cell consists of an electrolyte film (5a) sandwiched between two electrodes (3a,4a). The film is a non conductor of electricity and the electrodes are conductors of electricity. Between two such cells the gas separator equipped with a thin conductive plate (32) is formed with certain rough parts (34). The thin plate surface is having many through holes (32h) which are sealed by a resin (33). The resin is water permeable and gas non permeable. A space formed between the gas separator and the cells is divided into oxidizing agent gas passageways (11) and fuel gas passageways (12) by means of the rough parts.    ADVANTAGE -   Obtains compact fuel battery. Lowers electric resistance. Reduces short circuit current. Reduces cost of maintenance. Supplies moderate amount of moisture. Maintains high conductivity.
The battery consists of certain cells (7) which are separated by a separator. Each cell contains a solid state polymer electrolyte film (1) which is sandwiched between an oxygen pole and a fuel pole. An oxidising agent and a heating gas supplied to the oxygen pole and fuel pole sides, respectively. The oxygen pole includes a gas inlet (I) and a gas outlet (O) and a carbon substrate. Fluororesin (8) which has water repellent property is mixed with the electrode layer inside and the inlet and outlet sides of the carbon paper substrate. The amount of mixing of the fluororesin varies from inlet to outlet side. Since, a quantity of water formed by an electrode process is low in the gas inlet side, the fluororesin mixing is low at the inlet side. Due to the increase of water quantity at the outlet side, the fluororesin mixing is also high at the outlet side.    USE -   In e.g. ships.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents reduction of battery property. Increases effective surface area of electrode.
The method involves performing electrolytic oxidation of collector object base material (1) consisting of lead or lead alloy, using dilute sulphuric acid, at predetermined potential. The dilute sulphuric acid includes minimum one or more metal ions among barium, strontium, bismuth, tin, titanium, germanium and selenium.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves overcharge-proof property of anode plate. Improves reliability of battery.
The battery comprises a cathode which includes 0.01-1 wt% of carbon fibre and/or carbon whisker with addition of 0.01-10 wt% of carbon powder as an active material.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves charging and discharging characteristics and reliability of battery. Avoids reduction capacity of battery.
The battery includes an anode and a cathode made from paste of respective active materials. The active material paste consists of lead alloy. The composition of the lead alloy includes 0.0002-0.002 wt% of antimony, 0.0002-0.002 wt% of arsenic, 0.0005-0.003 wt% of copper, 0.0005-0.002 wt% of silver, 0.0001-0.003 wt% of tin, 0.002-0.03 wt% of bismuth and 0.0001- 0.0003 wt% of nickel.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves reliability. Promotes recycling of battery. Has high industrial value.
The system (10) has a connection path (18), which is connected to an exhaust hole (16) of a battery (14). A controlling valve (28) is provided in the connection path. A pressure detector (22) detects the pressure in the connection path. According to the output of the pressure detector, a controller (24) opens a controlling valve (28), for expelling the exhaust gas of battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves water-proof damping nature and endurance of battery.
Hydrogen (2) and oxygen (3) electrodes are formed on a hollow circular cylinder (4). Wire gauze (18) of nickel steel, used as the electrode terminal, is mounted in the hollow inside of the cylinder. The two hollow inner areas of the cylinder are connected mutually via a porous layer. A gas introduction pipe (17) is introduced at the bottom. Electrolyte is accommodated inside the hollow area. An oxygen catalyst is also added. Oxygen is conducted through the electrolyte material.    USE -   The construction is for a fluidised bed type electrode, specifically for a fuel cell.
Car battery at least partially encased in layer of material with high thermal capacity is claimed. Preferably, two types of battery are preferred, one in which battery is partially encased with the top uncovered and one in which it is totally encased with the casing containing access to the top of the battery.    USE -   In providing a car battery which can perform in extreme weather conditions.    ADVANTAGE -   The claimed system does not consume large quantities of energy from the battery in attempting to maintain its working temperature.
The liquid electrolytic battery has the internal volume filled to a level just above the top of the plates [2] that are arranged in parallel. Within the housing is an angular structure [4-6] with the side forming a narrow channel [5] with the housing.    When the battery is subjected to forces due to acceleration of the vehicle the surface of the liquid first of all inclines [3a] and this causes flow to spill over from the side channel before resettling.    USE -   Automobiles, ships, boats etc.    ADVANTAGE -   good mixing of electrolyte fluid
The method detects a leak (38) in a high temperature fuel cell (2) which is in operation. The relative humidity of an operating device for the fuel cell (2) is detected at an output (14,22) of the fuel cell. The relative humidity may be detected for the cathode gas chamber at an input and output of the fuel cell (2) and the difference between the humidity at the input and at the output derived.    Alternatively, the humidity for the cathode gas chamber may be detected at the output and the humidity for the anode gas chamber may be detected at the input, and the difference derived. A fuel cell (2) has an anode gas chamber (6) and a cathode gas chamber (4) and an arrangement (30,32,34) for detecting the relative humidities. A humidity sensor (30,34) may be provided at an input and at an output.    ADVANTAGE -   Guarantees reliable detection of leaks without need to measure electric voltage.
The method detects a gas leak (30,32) in a high temperature fuel cell (2) in operation. The fuel cell (2) is arranged in a pressure chamber (18). The relative humidity of a gas mixture containing oxygen, inside the pressure chamber (18), is detected outside the fuel cell (2).    Preferably the gas mixture flows through the pressure chamber (18) and the humidity of the gas mixture flowing out of the chamber is detected. The humidity of the gas mixture flowing into the pressure chamber (18) may also be detected and compared with the humidity of the gas flowing out of the chamber.    ADVANTAGE -   Has high sensitivity to gas leaks and so greater reliability.. Does not require measurement of electric voltage.
An apparatus for decomposing water to obtain hydrogen and oxygen comprises a superconducting shell, seamless pure iron tube, lead tube, collision substance and liquid-delivering pipeline, all of which constitute a working pipeline, which can block part of external electromagnetic particles, so the hydrogen and oxygen atoms in water are decomposed because of their unbalanced stressing. Decomposed hydrogen and oxygen are collected in first and second hydrogen and oxygen decomposing tanks. All the electrons are further decomposed into free ones in second working pipeline, which are the raw materials to make superconductor.
The switched capacitor system (10) can be used with series coupled batteries (B) as well as primary and backup batteries which are alternately coupled to a load. The system includes multiple capacitors (14) and switching elements (16), each capacitor being switched back and forth between a predetermined pair of batteries for the purpose of transferring charge between them and equalising their output voltages. The control unit (12) is simply a clock signal to command the switches to take their upper and lower positions sequentially. The up and down clock phases are connected to the switches through control lines (18) but their durations need not match and no particular durations are required. A brief dead time is provided between phases to prevent any possible overlap or momentary short circuits.    ADVANTAGE -   Achieves precise equalisation, simple and inexpensive, modular construction for arbitrary number of batteries.
A battery has an electrolyte which includes a compound (I) which generates a fire retardant gas on decomposition.    Preferably, (I) is a dicarbonate, especially di(t-butyl) dicarbonate, ester, perester, dioxalate, acyl peroxide, peroxodicarbonate or a Diels-Alder adduct of carbon dioxide    USE -   The battery is e.g. a lithium battery used in fuel cells, sensors, super capacitors or electrochromic devices.
The apparatus is able to detect a bad cell in a storage battery (12) having a number of cells. Input circuitry (54) electrically couples to first and second terminals (22,24) of the storage battery. Voltage measuring circuitry (70) coupled to the input circuitry provides a voltage output related to a voltage potential between the first and second terminals of the storage battery.    Conductance measuring circuitry (50,56,70) coupled to the input circuitry provides a conductance output related to conductance of the storage battery. Voltage and conductance comparison circuitry (56) compares the measured voltage and conductance to references and provides outputs. Output circuitry (56) provides a bad cell output based upon the results of the comparisons.    USE -   E.g. for lead-acid batteries used in automobile industry.    ADVANTAGE -   The detecting apparatus provides a quick and convenient method for detecting if a bad cell exists in a battery which does require the battery to be charged in order to make an accurate determination.
The automatic safety switch is connected in series with at least one of the power cables connecting the battery to the fuse box of a vehicle. The choice of power cable is made based on where the circuits to be protected are connected inside the fuse box itself. The automatic safety switch is connected as close to the fuse box as possible, since all necessary connection points are available in the immediate vicinity of the fuse box. The automatic safety switch comprises circuitry that impedes a current flow to its protected output loads when the battery voltage has diminished to a minimum voltage that can safely start a vehicle.    The automatic safety switch remains in its current impeded state until reset by the ignition switch. The ignition switch unconditionally resets the automatic safety switch. The automatic safety switch further comprises safety features that prevents it from turning off during reset, even if the battery voltage would diminish to an extremely low voltage. A timer further protects against battery discharge from small electrical loads such as the automatic safety switch itself.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides an automotive battery with protection against accidental discharge due to operator neglect such as inadvertent use of electrical circuits such as headlights, parking lights, or interior lights subsequently to turning the ignition off.
A sealed lead-acid cell comprises a container containing anode and cathode plates separated by a separator. The container is sealed from the atmosphere and the electrolyte is absorbed in the separator and plates. The anode plate comprises a grid supporting structure having a layer of active material pasted to it. The grid supporting structure comprises a lead-based alloy containing by wt. 0.025-0.06% calcium, 0.3-0.9% tin, 0.025-0.045% silver and the balance lead.    USE -   The batteries are used in automobiles, and for power sources in telecommunications.    ADVANTAGE -   The battery can be operated in relatively high temperature environments, forms a minimum of lead dust, has a high charge voltage stability, is resistant to positive grid corrosion, and has stable float-charge voltages throughout a long service life.
The electronic system for managing batteries formed of series connected bipolar cells has electronic circuit cards (C1, ..., C5) each associated with an individual electrochemical cell (Z1, ..., Z5). Each cell has two terminals (BP, BN) of opposite polarity.    Each circuit card has a substrate (1) with holes at each end to fit over the terminals. The region round the holes is metallised to provide electrical connection to the terminals. The card carries electronic control components (4) with a printed circuit for interconnection. A data connector (6) connects via a communication cable to a central control circuit.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves performance and life of battery by managing individual cells for optimum operation.
The electrode plates (8) are connected to the terminal (1) of a battery by expansion. The tops (7) of the plates are brought out vertically and grouped into two bundles, which are folded through a right angle so they connect horizontally to the base of the terminal.    The folding is done with the aid of a grid of bars that fit between the electrode plates and are shaped to ensure each plate top is positioned correctly relative to the others when they have been folded through a right angle. The tops are then cut to length and pressed together for insertion into horizontal slots in the base of the terminal.    USE -   Batteries for use in electric vehicles, railway train or aeroplane.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces overall volume of battery by reducing the space between the active material of the electrodes and the top cover of the battery.
The battery terminal clamp has a ring shaped section [18] that fits onto the battery post and is split and has a pair of projections [24] through which a clamping bolt [19] passes. The clamp extends [11] into an end section [13] that is used as a main connection point. A screw clamp [25] is also provided as an additional connection point.    USE -   Road vehicle battery connector    ADVANTAGE -   Provides additional connection point
Process for operating a plant for the steam reforming of methanol comprises preparing a steam/methanol mixture and feeding this mixture (2) into a reformer (1). The novelty is that the steam/methanol ratio () of the mixture (2) is adjusted depending on the charge state (B) and charge changes of the plant so that a co-concentration (Ks) remaining over the whole charge region is produced in the reformate (3).    USE -   For steam reforming methanol in fuel cell operated vehicles to recover hydrogen.    ADVANTAGE -   The process is simple.
A capacitor having an electrode comprising nanofibres of surface area &gt; 100 m2/g is new.    Also claimed are: (i) an electrode comprising nanofibres of surface area &gt; 100 m2/g, (ii) a capacitor comprising two such electrodes (optionally of different redox potential) separated by an electrically nonconductive, ionically conductive material, (iii) a capacitor comprising a number of such electrically connected cells and (iv) a wound roll capacitor comprising 2 layers of nanofibre electrode and 2 layers of electrode separator.    USE -   The capacitor is used in high-power applications e.g. in orbital lasers to provide large bursts of driving energy, in CMOS memory backup applications, in electric vehicle (EV) applications to "load-level" the power of the battery system and so increase battery life and vehicle range, and in automotive starting, lighting and ignition (SLI).    ADVANTAGE -   The capacitor has increased geometrical capacitance and can be efficiently charged and discharged in the time specified for high-rate applications.
A refrigerator (10) comprises a cylindrical body (12) with refrigeration compartment (13), inner liner wall (14) and door (16). The body and the door are each made from two layers with a reinforcing joint to produce an enclosure evacuated to a pressure of 10-7 atm or lower. A rotary shelf storage system may be incorporated.    The sealing between the door and inner lining wall (14), which meet on a plane or alternatively curved surface, is made by two parallel-running, sealing gaskets.    USE -   Construction is self supporting, geometrically stable and may be for the protection of products or for maintaining superconductors or fuel cells at particular temperatures to avoid deterioration or ensure effective operation.
A gas stream containing hydrogen, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide is purified by a process comprising: (i) one or more oxidation stages using a selective oxidation catalyst to oxidise CO to CO2 such that the CO concentration is reduced to less than 100 ppm, and (ii) methanation of the residual CO to less than 40 ppm using a selective methanation catalyst to convert CO to CH4 in a temperature where the catalyst acts on CO in preference to CO2.    USE -   The process is used to purify hydrogen for use in vehicle fuel cells, ammonia synthesis, methanol synthesis and chemical hydrogenations.    ADVANTAGE -   The process operates at high space velocity such that the total size is less than 20 % of the reformer volume, and the oxidation and reduction stages operate at similar temperatures which are compatible with the output of the reformer so as to avoid the need for heat transfer stages.
A bipolar plate assembly for a bipolar battery comprises: (a) a frame member (12) with countersunk opening defining a mounting shoulder; (b) a bipolar element (14), comprising a thin electroconductive material substrate (18) with anode and cathode on opposite surfaces, which is mounted in the frame member; and (c) an adhesive resin containing at least one of aliphatic chains with carboxylic acid and carboxylate functional groups and aromatic chains, for securing the marginal edge portion of the substrate, to the mounting shoulder. Also claimed is a bipolar battery comprising 1st and 2nd terminal electrodes, at least one bipolar plate assembly as described above and separators separating the two.    USE -   Used for bipolar lead-acid batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   The batteries have improved mechanical strength and are smaller with no decrease in conductivity.
A vent seal for a vehicle battery comprises: (i) a cylindrical plug (20) fitting into a vent opening with a cylindrical wall; and (ii) an interface seal (28) formed in a recess in either the plug or the wall and forming a gas and liquid tight seal between them. Also claimed are a battery and a battery cover including a vent seal as above.    USE -   Used in wet cell electric batteries for vehicles, etc.    ADVANTAGE -   The vent cap is less susceptible to plastic deformation and so can be repeatedly removed and reliably resealed, particularly where the battery is subject to considerable vibration.
An electrical terminal connector comprising (i) a four-sided flat metal base portion having a preselected thickness and longitudinal and transverse axes; (ii) at least two male terminal connection tabs depending from one side of the portion, parallel to the longitudinal axis and transversely spaced apart from one another.    A slot is provided in the portion extending from the edge of a second side of the portion parallel to the transverse axis, the slot having a preselected width and connecting with and terminating at a centrally positioned hole formed in the portion.    USE -   Serving as connector to side-mount electrical storage battery or as a connector to a terminal on a top-mount electrical storage battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Connector can be used either singly or severally as a means for an electrical connection with a threaded female battery terminal, for either side-mount or top-mount electric storage battery.
The system connects electric power allocation parts allotted to various loads by an allocation power line (30a) which branches from a main power line (30). A voltage conversion part (36) converts the voltage from a power supply into noise free voltage.    Specific electric equipment article loads such as electronic devices are made to derive stabilised electric power from a shielded noise resistant area (53) which has noise resistant connector (54) and noise resistor wire (55) which follows the voltage conversion part.    ADVANTAGE -   Facilitates small size and light weight electronic devices to be installed.
The vehicle has a battery temperature detector (49) which is provided in a battery box (18) for detecting the temperature of a battery (15). An air intake part (65) takes in warm air from an engine through a warm-up intake (61) and cold air from the surrounding through a cold intake (63). The air intake part is connected to a battery accommodation chamber (18a).    A switchable switching damper (66) is connected to warm-up intake and cold intake. When battery temperature detected is below a first predetermined value, the switching damper switches to warm- up intake.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables capability of stabilization of battery. Enables to prevent deterioration of battery.
The battery consists of positive electrode (2) and a negative electrode (3). A positive active material (4) is coated over the positive electrode collector object (5) and the negative active material (6) is coated on the negative electrode collector object (7). Separators (8) are provided in-between the positive and negative electrode collector objects of positive and negative electrodes, respectively.    ADVANTAGE -   Inhibits short circuit. Restrains damage. Improves capacity, reliability and safety of battery.
The structure consists of multiple battery skin which are arranged in a battery case (16), serially. The batteries are connected by a coupling part (20). An isolation springs (46) is provided in between two adjacent batteries. A cover (26) is arranged rotatably at the edge of the battery case. The cover has a contact rod (28) which has a case electrode (30) at its end. The contact rod and the case electrode are energised by an energising spring (36). A connection cancellation unit (44) disconnects the battery when a collision is detected.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids electric leakage. Maintains reliable connection state even if distance between electrodes is varied.
The method involves arranging an array of batteries (6) in an adjacent manner, so that the adjoining terminals of any two batteries are of different polarities. An electrically conductive member is used to connect the adjoining terminals of the adjacent batteries. The wiring is carried out such that reverse current flows through each wiring.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces inductance.
The apparatus includes a housing (1) in the form of a rectangular parallelopiped to accommodate a battery (5). The side face and base of the battery are made air permeable. Frame (7) of the housing suppresses the top of the battery, through a presser- foot in a cover plate (9) thus sealing the battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents reduction in battery life. Avoids current leakage.
The tray (10) includes an air gallery (20) which is formed at lower part of each battery. A small width part (14) is formed in an orthogonal direction of cooling air style. A large width part (16) is formed larger than the small width part. The air gallery has a conductive air path (30) which leads cooling air to part of large width part, which extends from small width part.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables to lead cooling air uniformly to each battery. Inhibits deterioration of battery by heat.
The terminal plate includes a conductor body (2), stamped from metal plate and forming a pair of split rings (3,4) for clamping on the battery pole. The rings are interconnected by a pair of clamping seatings (25,26) and by a coupling connection of end- pieces (9,10,11), which is opposite the pair of seatings in relation to the rings. E.g. one of the rings extends laterally in a vertical bracket (13) which ends in a support shelf (14) provided with device of fastening (15,16,17,37) electric terminals.    The terminal plate also has a base (1) made of insulating material, for partially accommodating the conductor body. The plate is provided with a vertical wall (33) and with a bearing shelf (34), which interact with the bracket and the support shelf.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For mounting conical battery pole for motor vehicle. Ensures reliably and easy clamping and reproducible positioning terminal plate and electric connection cables, excludes possibility of angular rotation of terminal plate in course of installation and subsequent resultant vibrations.
The negative electrode plate for a lead storage battery comprises a negative electrode active material, and graphite powder having a mean particle size not larger than 30 m.    USE -   Used for the manufacture of lead batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   A lower high-rate discharging capacity under high temperature conditions is obtained.
A regenerative fuel cell system comprises a 1st electrochemical cell to oxidise a 1st oxygenated hydrocarbon to CO2 and H2O and having a means to recover the electricity produced, and a 2nd electrochemical cell to reduce CO2 to a 2nd oxygenated hydrocarbon and O2 and having a means to input electricity. The cells are in fluid communication with each other so that the produced CO2 is fed from the 1st cell to the 2nd cell, and the O2 from the 2nd cell is fed to the 1st cell.    Also claimed are: (1) a method of reversibly interconverting oxygenated hydrocarbons and CO2 using the above system; and (2) a method of storing electrical energy as chemical energy, and then recovering the electrical energy, using the above system.    ADVANTAGE -   Off-peak and excess capacity electricity can be effectively stored, and undesirable CO2 emissions effectively utilised.
An apparatus for remediating contaminated material (60) in-situ at a contaminated site, comprises: (a) trenching mechanism (10), comprising in-situ mechanical trenching tool (30) for comminuting contaminated material; (b) injection system (80), for injecting remediation agent into contaminated material in close proximity to trenching tool comprising at least one injection nozzle positioned and adapted to inject remediation agent below surface of contaminated material while material is being comminuted by trenching tool; and (c) remediation agent delivery system (20), to convey and deliver remediation agent to injection system.    USE -   Used in-situ remediation of contaminated soil or sludge.    ADVANTAGE -   The apparatus is highly mobile, capable of remediating contaminated soils and sludges in continuous, non batchwise, manner, and can be used in tight areas such as basements or near above-ground or below-ground storage tanks.
This procedure for the biochemical treatment of chemical and petrochemical industrial waste waters, provides for treating the waste waters in an aeration tank with activated sludge to which is added a species of flocculating bacteria ({IRhodococcusI} sp. BKM Ac-1232D) at a concentration of 1-2% of the total amount of the activated sludge. The novelty of the procedure is that with the aim of increasing the efficiency of the biochemical treatment by improving the structural and sedimentation properties of the activated sludge during variations in the loading of the activated sludge with toxic contaminants, a periodic determination of the toxicity and the treatment efficiency of the treatment may be carried out using {IParamecium caudatumI} as a test substance, such that during the treatment of the waste H2O, a toxicity mortality factor of 40% or greater for the test substance may require a further addition of the flocculating species at the same concentration as described above.    USE -   In biochemical treatment of chemical and petrochemical production waste waters.    ADVANTAGE -   The efficiency of the procedure is improved due to the enhanced structural and sedimentation properties of the activated sludge during variable loading of the activated sludge with toxic contaminants.
(RO113664-B1)      Battery has air duct(8), blower(6), and part(a) of regenerators for cowpers (1,2,3,4). Duct(8) is connected with burning chambers of each cowper(1,2,3,4).    USE -   Device used in burning processes in metallurgical industry.
The fuel battery has a cell consisting of a solid electrolyte board (35) sandwiched between an anode (36) and a cathode (33) separated by a separator (18). The cell is sandwiched between an anode end plate (39) and a cathode end plate (46) provided in the edge portion of a battery. Anode gas passage (37) and cathode gas passage (34) are provided in the anode and cathode end plates to guide anode gas and cathode gas into the multilayered main body. A gas supply discharge tube (41) is provided so as to supply gas to each gas passage provided in the anode and cathode end plates. The gases discharged from the anode and cathode end plates are expelled from the battery by connecting the gas supply discharge tube to an exhaust device (44).    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents corrosion of gas supply discharge tube due to electrolyte. Prevents short circuit of battery. Prevents leakage of electrolyte.
NOVELTY - A vapour jet unit injects a steam into a reforming gas. A CO concentration in shift converter is reduced by blowing the steam. The reformer is operated by lowering the S/C ratio of reforming gas.    DETAILED DESCRIPTION - The generator has a reformer (1) in which unburnt matter in an exhaust gas is burnt and used as heat source. The fuel is heated using the heat source and a reforming gas containing hydrogen is produced. A vapour jet unit (18) blows steam into the reforming gas, thereby CO concentration of a reforming gas in a shift converter (14) is reduced. The reformer is operated by lowering the S/C ratio of the reforming gas. The hydrogen reforming gas is used as an anode gas for a fuel battery. The fuel battery generates electricity by anode gas containing hydrogen and a cathode gas (9) containing oxygen.    USE -   Used for electrical power generation.    ADVANTAGE -   The deterioration of fuel battery is prevented by lowering the S/C ratio. The hydrogen utilisation of factor of the fuel battery is enhanced. Electricity generating efficiency is increased.
Power supply regulation comprises using an optical sensor to detect the sunset time and sunrise time by the variation in environmental illumination. The middle value of the sunset time and sunrise time is calculated to judge the existence of midnight period. A power supply switch is turned ON after specific time interval from the calculated middle value. The heater (41) of the refuse processing apparatus is supplied with the power from a power supply through the switch.    ADVANTAGE -   The method of regulation eliminates the need for clock circuit.
NOVELTY - The discharge material from the exhaust of a waste incinerator (3) is diffused into the excrement at the bottom of the fermentation tank (1) to dry the excrement.    DETAILED DESCRIPTION - Also claimed is a fermentation apparatus having a waste incinerator provided with piping (4) to diffuse the discharge material from the incinerator exhaust to the fermentation tank for drying the excrement and storing.    ADVANTAGE -   The drying of the fermented excrement is promoted by using heat from the discharged material to provide a suitable temperature for the aerobic bacteria of the incinerator.    The incinerator reduces environmental pollution and associated smell.
The method involves mixing of alkaline agent such as quicklime and sodium carbonate with the polluted soil. The soil is neutralised by adding hydrocarbon assimilating bacterium.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves processing of polluted soil.
Organic refuse disposal apparatus consists of a flat belt (52) for loading and conveying refuse and refuse disposal agent. Guide units (56-74,78-82) are provided for guiding the belt. A motor (76) drives the belt. A refuse insertion tube (46) is installed from the refuse insertion opening provided in the upper side of a body (42). The refuse insertion tube is positioned on the flat belt and is provided with doors (84,86) in the lower end. The refuse and the refuse disposal agent are loaded on the flat belt and are discharged after opening the door.    ADVANTAGE -   The apparatus prevents the bad smell of refuse from leaking during pre-processing.
A soil pollutant degrading microorganism is claimed, particularly Escherichia coli S17-1, carrying a soil pollutant degrading gene, particularly shown by restriction enzyme map (1), and a vector capable of transferring the gene to other microorganisms. (Note - Japanese characters in the restriction enzyme map read 'phenol degrading enzymes').    Also claimed are (A) a soil pollutant degrading gene derived from Rhizobiaceae sp. 501 (FERM P-11778) of a 6 kb size DNA fragment containing a phenol degrading enzyme gene and having a restriction enzyme map given in the specification and (B) a method for purification of soil by addition of the soil pollutant degrading microorganism to soil.    ADVANTAGE -   Addition of the microorganism transfers the soil pollutant degrading gene to indigenous microorganisms (e.g. Pseudomonas sp.) and purifies polluted soil.
The compound consists of porous calcium silicate obtained from a mixture of calcium silicate of 100% and moisture absorbent materials such as sand dust, peatmoss, chaff of 90% by weight.    ADVANTAGE -   Controls fermentation of organic garbage. Excels in deodorant property by addition of moisture absorbent materials.
A fuel composition for fuel cells comprises a solution containing water, alcohol(s) of formula CaHbOH where a is an integer 1 to 4 and carboxylic acid(s) of formula CcHd(COOH)f, where e is 1 to 3, f is 1 to 7 and g is 1 to 3. The alcohol concentration is 1-38 to 99.99 wt.% and the concentration of carboxylic acid is 0.01 to 20 wt.%. A fuel composition is also claimed which contains one or more of methanol, ethanol, n-propanol and n-butanol alcohols and one or more carboxylic acids from formic acid, acetic acid, acetic acid propanoic acid, butanoic acid and halogenated alkyl carboxylic acids. A fuel composition for fuel cells composed of water, methanol and formic acid is also claimed.    ADVANTAGE -   Proton transport within the porous anode of the fuel cell is improved without using mineral acids such as sulphuric acid which cause problems due to their highly corrosive nature.
Liquid effluents are treated in a two stage biological process using activated sludge. Effluent for treatment (1) is fed via a holding tank (2) to the first reactor (R1), which has been seeded with activated sludge, and is aerated until the BOD5 or COD has dropped to a pre-set level. The mixture is then settled and the supernatant and some of the sludge is transferred to the second reactor (R2) which was emptied previously, the second reactor is then aerated until the BOD and COD of the effluent drop to below the consent level required for discharge to the environment. The activated sludge is separated from the treated effluent by a membrane filter (FM) and recycled to the first reactor.    USE -   Purification of aqueous effluents, particularly those generated during wine making and washing of wine vats (claimed), to make them suitable for discharge into mains drainage or a water course.    ADVANTAGE -   The process operates in batches, which is more appropriate for wine manufacturing effluents which are produced seasonally. Membrane filtration gives good separation of treated effluent and sludge, improving the purity of the effluent.
Composting apparatus for converting compost material in a hall, has conveying system having upwardly extending conveyor belt comprising: (a) at or adjacent to bottom end, at least one digging wheel having a wheel body open on one side; (b) digging wheel comprising, along its circumferential side, digging elements (31) which are open in direction of rotation of digging wheel; (c) the excavated compost material being laterally moved onto the conveyor belt via an opening on the inside of each digging element and via the open side of the wheel body of the digging wheel and discharged by the use of the conveyor belt to be deposited elsewhere in the hall; and (d) the digging elements are open on the side facing the conveyor belt.    USE -   The composting apparatus is used for converting compost material in a hall.    ADVANTAGE -   For efficiency, two digging wheels are present, arranged on either side of conveyor belt with open side of the wheel bodies facing conveyor belt.
Device for the determination of bio-molecules and dissolved substances in liquids, especially liquids from sterile processes, comprises a sampling system (3) in close contact with a container, especially a bioreactor, and an analysing system (8). The analysing system (8) and sampling system (3) are built as compact units which can be connected to a container or a bioreactor.    USE -    The device can be used as a control unit in fermentation and sterilisation processes. It is suitable for use in the analysis of soluble substances (e.g. glucose, nitrate, ammonia, phosphate and heavy metals) and insoluble materials (e.g. proteins, enzymes, antibodies) and may be used in breweries and distilleries (for the determination of sugar, alcohol or CO2); in environmental biotechnology processes (purification of waste water and flue gas, water purification, biogas and clarification plants); in food production (yeast, cheese, dairy products); in the recovery of pharmaceuticals, carboxylic acids , solvents, enzymes and amino acids; in fish farming; in natural water protection, in petrochemicals and generally in chemical processes. The device may also be used in the production of active agents using recombinant cells or enzymes.    ADVANTAGE -   The arrangement gives better sterile process control.
Tunnel fermentation process comprises combining anaerobic and aerobic treatment of biogenic materials, wastes and residues. It uses bio-boxes or tunnel fermenters producing biogas and compost. The tunnel fermenter is double-walled. Solid, viscous and liquid substrates are degraded together. A pump extracts aqueous sludge, recycling it for further decomposition.    USE -   The tunnel fermentation plant is used to treat organic wastes.    ADVANTAGE -   The process applies both aerobic and anaerobic treatments in batch operation, handling a largely solid waste. Solids are employed as a fixed bed. The advantages of treating solids aerobically, and of anaerobic treatment of fluids and sludges are realised, with simple circuitry.
Digester for liquid and solid wastes which produces biogas is new.    Liquid and solid feed enters a reaction path, and is mixed and extracted at the far end. In this process, homogenised material passes through in plug flow. Charging is effected batchwise, each batch being uniformly processed, avoiding mixing with the next charge. Each batch is continuously and thoroughly mixed over the entire reaction path. It is heated to reaction temperature near the inlet. Both processed material and biogas are extracted at the end. Variations in the percentage of biogas are detected and used as a control parameter for the continuously-running reaction process.    USE -   The process is used to digest mixed organic materials containing inert matter.    ADVANTAGE -   Gas production and sterilisation are enhanced at higher temperatures. The process is generally self-supporting, once the operating temperature has been reached. The material is inoculated by introduction through the sludge bed at the inlet. Removal of inert materials , prevents interference with operation. Glass, metal, sand and stone are taken out at the inlet. Plug flow operation, more completely reacts all parts of the charge. No proportion bypasses the process, as can occur in stirred continuous digesters.
Reducing bioavailability of environmental lead comprises adding Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain CHL004 (I) in presence of phosphate to provide stoichiometrically equivalent amounts of phosphate to lead.    Also claimed are: (1) a method for reducing bioavailability of a heavy metal (HM) other than lead in the environment by the addition of (I); (2) a method for reducing a HM in a contaminated environment comprising: (a) growing (I) on a solid matrix; (b) adding the matrix to the contaminated environment; (c) allowing sufficient time for mobile bacteria to scavenge and sequester HM in salt form from environmental material; and (d) separating the matrix with the bacteria sequestering HM from the environment; and (3) a composition comprising (I) growing on a solid, porous matrix (preferably activated carbon or a synthetic polymer).    USE -   The methods are useful for removal of HM contaminants such as lead, cadmium and arsenic from the environment, both from soil and from liquids (e.g. rivers and streams). (I) can also be placed in a mixer or reactor with contaminated soil or mine tailings or it can be added to municipal and hazardous solid waste to immobilise lead.    ADVANTAGE -   The new economical, adaptable methods provide improved means of converting bioavailable HM (e.g. lead) to non-bioavailable compounds by the conversion of metals to salts (e.g. formation of lead phosphate) in order to decrease the danger of HM poisoning. They are particularly useful when the environment is contaminated by more than one HM at the same time. Due to the mobility and scavenging abilities of (I), the process is active and can occur over a greater area of soil. Unlike the prior art method (US5512702) which required mixing and contacting lead with large quantities of phosphates, the new methods are suitable for use in fast running rivers and in streams with delicate ecosystems.
Production of biohumus from organic waste comprises preparing organic compost, forming a compost bed and populating it with worms, ensuring the worms growth and population increase by maintaining the compost temperature, humidity and aeration parameters, increasing the compost layer to ensure migration of the worms upwards and forming a bed from the increased layer with migrated worms. The compost layer increase is carried out by gradual addition of compost directly onto the surface layer while saving the bed until the worms become sexually mature and total migration from the initial layer of old and young worms. Only the bottom fully treated layer is removed. The new bed is formed from the remaining upper layer containing different age worms and late cocoons. The bed is formed from compost with an initial layer of 100-300 mm with a worm population of 3000-15000 per 1 m2. The compost layer is increased each 7-10 days by 50-100 mm and the treatment cycle is 105-115 days. Also claimed is a unit for o organic waste treatment.    The unit preferably has multi-stage racks with stages with trays used as bases for the compost beds for the worms and vertical stands with guides for positioning of additional trays which are used as bases for new beds for worms. The stages are formed from rows of trays with joints at the vertical stands lines. The stages are located above each other at a height which ensures growing of the compost layers for total migration of worms from the primary bed and their growth to sexual maturity. The guides on the vertical stands for the additional trays are on the level with the primary beds. The trays have a sharp end edge allowing splitting of the primary layer. The unit is located in a greenhouse type building and has heating, humidification, aeration and lighting units.    USE -   The process is used for production of natural organic and mineral fertilisers.    ADVANTAGE -   The optimum conditions for worm development are maintained.
Decomposition of methyl halide for prevention of pollution comprises methane-formation by reaction of (i) methyl halide, and water, using a column contg. activated charcoal.    USE -   For prevention of dioxin harmful for pollution.    ADVANTAGE -   Methane(CH4), carbon monoxide(CO) and hydrogen halide(HX, X=halogen atoms) can be recovered, and used as materials.
NOVELTY - The method involves performing an enzyme decomposition of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin of bark by fermenting below 50degC.    USE -   The compost is useful in agricultural production and in tree plantation.    ADVANTAGE -   An improved bark compost is produced in a shorter time and at reduced manufacturing cost.
NOVELTY - An aeration tube is embedded in a thick base (109) with side walls (104) to form groove type concrete unit (102). An air ejection hole (5) is provided at the base. A compost line (101) is formed by multiple coupling of various groove type units to form a groove type concrete complex (1). The compost line has a portion for fermentation. A collar (103) is provided at the upper end of the groove type concrete complex. An upper transit rail (2) suspends a stir machine for stirring the compost raw material, intermediate and compost and is used to stop and transfer the compost. A lower transit rail (3) supports the stir machine auxiliary on the undersurface of the collar.    ADVANTAGE -   Amount of air supply and moisture content are automatically adjusted. Alteration of compost line capacity and quantity of compost raw material to be processed is enabled at reduced manufacturing cost. Processing time is shortened.
NOVELTY - The reformer has a desulphuriser which is arranged near the exhaust gas duct of fuel combustion gases to enable heat exchange between fuel battery exhaust gases and fuel gas in desulphuriser. DETAILED DESCRIPTION - The reformer for reforming fuel gases supplied to a fuel battery, consists of a desulphuriser (20) which is equipped with a desulphurising catalyst layer (21) for removing sulphur in the hot hydrocarbon fuel gas. The hot gases from the desulphuriser are then passed to a modifier (30) which generates hydrogen rich gas from fuel gases. A CO transformer (40) then reduces CO concentration in the hydrogen rich fuel gas. The battery exhaust gas combustion device (50) in which combustion of unreacted exhaust fuel battery gas (hydrogen gas) takes place, by which heat of modifier gas is also increased, is arranged, near desulphuriser. The desulphuriser is maintained at required optimum temperature by the combustion device. The exhaust gases from the combustion device are discharged externally through an exhaust gas duct (52). The combustion gases from the exhaust gas duct are made to flow through the desulphuriser, while they are discharged.    USE -   For fuel batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   The reformer does not require additional installations like heater for raising temperature of desulphuriser gas and as a result, energy efficiency of battery is enhanced. A quick temperature rise is enabled by heat exchange by combustion device and desulphuriser is heated immediately after starting initiation. Dew formation and corrosion take place due to direct heating of desulphuriser. The temperature of modifier and desulphuriser is sustainable in predetermined range.
New porous filter material contains cristobalite and zeolite and has open micropores with a radius of 1-20 . Also claimed is production of the new porous filter material, where a combustible material which is classified with sieves having different meshes within 0.59-1.19 mm.    USE -   As a bacteria support for biological water treatment.    ADVANTAGE -   The new filter material has an improved mechanical strength, especially collapsing strength. Pore size and shape are regulated by controlling the property of wood powder.
A granular support is made of a hydrated polymer gel in which bacteria are enclosed and fixed. The support is used for biological purification of waste water where the support is contacted to waste water in a reactor. The number of bacteria in the support is 6 multiplied by 10 to the 6th to 4 multiplied by 10 to the 8th per ml-support and the number of specific bacteria which decompose sparingly decomposable impurities in waste water is 1/100 to 1/10 time of the total number of bacteria.    USE -   For biological purification of waste water.    ADVANTAGE -   The specific bacteria involved inside of the support are cultured in a short time, e.g., within one month.
The processor comprises casing with hinged cover (1b) on top. An organic waste treatment tank (2) with stirring vanes (3) is housed inside the casing. An air stack (4) which has its upper opening to the upper end of the tank and other end (4b) opened to the bottom of the casing is arranged on one side of the tank. The upper end of the air stack is provided with a filter (4a) and odour absorbent part (4e). An air intake is provided at opposite side of air stack between the casing and the tank. A heating unit is arranged under the tank to heat the refuse to a temperature of 45-60degC.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents bad smell spreading outside. Prevents dew formation under cover.
The processor has a mixing vessel (16) whose bottom side has a tube for supplying organic refuse. The ends of a churning shaft (18) are fixed to a pair of mutually opposing side walls (16a) of the vessel with the aid of bearings (51). The bearing has a convex housing (52) exerted onto each free end side of the shaft through and from outer side of a hole (50a) provided in each side wall. A bearing (60) exerted onto each end of the shaft from outer side and the housing are secured to the respective side wall. An oil seal (58) is provided between the bearing and the housing.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies attachment work of churning shaft by enabling fixing of bearing device to side wall of vessel from outer side. Reduces shaft attachment time since blades are already fitted to shaft.
The tank has an aeration portion consisting of a diffuser (5) located at the lower most position of a ramp (3). The ramp is a downward inclining portion of a side attachment wall (2) and converges at a solid garbage substance setting portion (4). The crushed garbage is decomposed under an aerobic condition.    ADVANTAGE -   Quickens biodegradation process of garbage by maintaining suitable aerobic condition. Suppresses generation of bad smell by fastening biodegradation.
NOVELTY - The apparatus has several fermenters with a main rotation axis perpendicularly provided in the centre of the apparatus and is coupled to a support arm. Multiple support rotation axes, each of which has horizontal and spiral stir vanes are perpendicularly connected to the support arm. DETAILED DESCRIPTION - The apparatus has an ageing tank (4) on which several fermenters (2) are arranged. The fermenter has a main rotation axis (20) which is provided perpendicularly in the centre and connected to the base. A support arm (21) is coupled with the main rotation axis and the plane of rotation of the main axis is parallel to the base of the fermenter. Multiple support rotation axes (30) are perpendicularly coupled with the support arm and are connected to the base of the fermenter. Each support rotation axis has more than one spiral stir vane (31) over which atleast one horizontal stir vane (32) is arranged. The plane of rotation of the horizontal stir vane is parallel to the base of the fermenter. A gas introduction hole (40) is provided between the base of the fermenter and the spiral stir vane to blow off the gas. An opening (50) is provided to transfer the sample to the fermenter or to the ageing tank after fermentation.    USE -   For regenerating fertilizer from organic sludge, dehydrated sludge, food residue and organic waste liquids.    ADVANTAGE -   The apparatus offers uniform fermentation by providing a unique stirrer. By performing the fermentation of the sample in a high temperature tank and transferring the product to treatment tank, the fermentation process progresses sufficiently. The installation space of the apparatus is reduced. Bad smell generation is prevented during fermentation, so fermentation process can be performed even in residential area. Human and animal excrement are also processed. Processing of animal meat and fish is also enabled.
The method involves feeding an antichlor containing sodium substance, carbonic acid group compound and shredder dust in a tank (1). Dry distillation is carried out at a temperature more than 300 deg.C under low oxygen environment. The antichlor reacts with harmful chlorine group gas generated from the dust and produces harmless chloride. The obtained harmless carbonisation gas is collected after separating chlorine group gas. Dechlorination of the tank is done by dissolution process using a solution which cleans the residue.    ADVANTAGE -   Obtains carbonisation gas devoid of shredder dust, harmful chlorine group gas and any residue. Needs less quantity of reactants for rendering chlorine group gas harmless. Enables use of existing of installation without any modification. Avoids generation of dioxine when exhaust gas is discharged to atmosphere. Enables release of process liquid to river and ocean. Enables use of exhaust gas as fuel.
The method involves heating a mixture of waste material and antichlor containing an alkali metal hydroxide at various temperature zones. The temperature in the various temperature zone is set less than the precipitation temperature, of chlorine group gas. The chlorine group gas reacts with metal hydroxide and gets converted into harmless chloride. Then reaction product is pressed and solidified in the shape of a pellet.    USE -   For wastes obtained from home, office, city.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables to obtain pellet without generation ofchlorine group gas. Enables safe removal of harmful chlorine group gas from exhaust gas, effectively. Prevents pollution of atmosphere by avoiding generation of dioxine.
The process comprises feeding waste material containing plastic and antichlor consisting of an alkali metal hydroxide into a mixer (2). The mixed material is heat-treated at a temperature below a value at which chlorine group gas is generated. The chlorine group gas reacts with antichlor and is converted into harmless chloride. The heat pressing of reaction product is carried out. Then, the plastics are solidified to obtain a binder material.    USE -   Used for waste obtained from homes or offices.    ADVANTAGE -   The generation of chlorine is avoided when burning waste. The process enables the production of a stable pellet suitable for conveyance. Dioxine generation is avoided even if exhaust gas is released to the atmosphere. The calorific value of the pellet is improved by ensuring the presence of combustible plastics.
A transducted yeast with a variant of cytochrome P4501A2 gene derived from liver of animal, particularly rat, especially Glu318 is replaced with Ala or Asp, Thr319 is replaced with Ala, Lys250 is replaced with Leu, Arg251 is replaced with Leu, or Lys253 is replaced with Leu, used for decompsn. of environmental pollutants, and a bioreactor tank equipped with a carrier having immobilised transformed yeast.    ADVANTAGE -   Safe and effective intoxication or decomposition of halo compounds and toxic organic compound.
A cyan compound decomposing microorganism Fusarium oxysporum N-10, is new. Also claimed is a method for decomposition of cyan compounds using cells, treated cell products or immobilised cell products.    ADVANTAGE -   The microorganism is highly effective in cleaning of cyan compounds from soil and water.
Polluted medium is remediated by providing a membrane between a first medium containing a pollutant and a second medium containing a microorganism capable of decomposing the pollutant. The membrane is permeable to the pollutant and impermeable to the microorganism. The pollutant is transported from the first medium through the membrane to the second medium to permit the microorganism to decompose the pollutant.    Also claimed is an apparatus for remediation of a polluted medium comprising a housing having a first passage for a first medium containing a pollutant; a second passage (which is in fluid communication with the first passage) for a second medium containing a microorganism for decomposing the pollutant; and a membrane permeable to the pollutant and impermeable to the microorganism interposed between the first and second passages.    The passage for the first medium is a tubular case (801) having an inlet (803) and an outlet (804) at opposite ends. The passage for the second medium is a tubular member (802), preferably spirally spaced in the tubular case, having an outer wall composed of the membrane. The tubular member is spaced to interpose the membrane between the first and second media. The second medium is a liquid flowing from the inlet (805) to the outlet (806) of the tubular case.    USE -   The process is useful for remediation of polluted soil or groundwater. Pollutants include halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons (e.g. dichloroethylene, trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene), dioxin, aromatic compounds (e.g. toluene, xylene or benzene), crude petroleum or gasoline.    ADVANTAGE -   The maintained contact between the pollutant and the microorganism produces enhanced results.
Kerbside bins for collecting general waste are sanitised and deodorised using a product which comprises a mix of enzyme powders and bacteria powders at 0.1-20 wt.% with mineral salts, such that a culture medium was provided for the bacterial strains of the powders.    USE -   The composition is useful for eliminating or reducing fungi or disease-causing bacteria which release fermentation gases which cause unpleasant odours into the environment    ADVANTAGE -   Sanitation is achieved by neutralisation for 7-20 days relative to external weather conditions
This new method recovers methane from subterranean coal formations. It involves penetrating the coal seam (10) by a number of boreholes (14).    In the new process, gaseous oxidant is injected into the formations. Oxidant is left in the formations over a chosen interval, to stimulate fissuring in the coal formations. Methane is then extracted at an increased rate.    USE -   To fissure coal formations to increase rate of methane recovery.    ADVANTAGE -   Underground rock structure is disrupted, causing fissuring and enlargement of both total surface area and cavities. Method is suitable for differing types of coal, ranging from porous, water-filled structures, through to near-impermeable ranks. Fissuring assists penetration and dewatering, which in turn increase permeability to methane. Treatment also assists borehole and cavity formation. Heating is to be anticipated, during oxidant enclosure.
A sensor for detecting oxidising and/or reducing gases or gas mixtures has two electrodes, at least one of which is a Schottky contact, connected to a metal oxide layer which is in the form of parallel-connected strips (1). Preferably, the strips (1) are 30-500 nm thick SnO2 , ZnO, TiO2 , WO3 , Ga2 O3 , SrTiO3 , ZrO2 , V2 O5 , In2 O3 or Sb2 O3strips.    USE -   E.g. for continuous monitoring of work places and domestic appliances, for automobile air quality control systems and for environment analysis.    ADVANTAGE -    The sensor can be simply and precisely adjusted for measuring one or more specific gases (e.g. CO, NO, CH4 and/or H2O) by adjusting the number and/or widths of the metal oxide strips and, since the strips are connected in parallel, the overall resistance is reduced.
In a process and assembly for recycling organic household refuse on a municipal scale and converting this to a product, the refuse is fermented in an enclosed reactor chamber (1) under anaerobic conditions with the controlled introduction (10) of water, using bacteria to generate biogas. Following fermentation, the resulting products, e.g. compost or fertiliser are de-watered, and the water recycled to the fermenter chamber (1). The by-product biogas is used to fuel an electricity generator from which effluent heat warms the fermenter reactor (1). After the fermentation and prior to de-watering, the fermentation products are subjected to anaerobic treatment to remove unpleasant odours.    USE -   The process and assembly are used to convert organic municipal refuse into compost or fertiliser.    ADVANTAGE -   The process and assembly overcome the prior art necessity to repeatedly turn and mix the composting mass, therefore greatly reducing operating costs. The reactor chamber (1) occupies a greatly reduced surface area in comparison to prior art composting assemblies. The process may be automated, minimising labour costs.
The apparatus has a measurement tube (7) that measures a sample (S) supplied via a flow path switching mechanism (1). The sample is separated into a methane group sample (Sm) and a non- methane group sample (Sn). The sample is supplied to analysers (14,15) which analyse the methane and non-methane hydrocarbon respectively. Purge gas (PG) is passed into the flow path switching mechanism and the measurement tube through a purge gas introduction line (27). The purge gas introduction line is connected to a sample introduction line (2) which in turn is connected to the front stage of the flow path switching mechanism via a directional control valve (26).    ADVANTAGE -   Performs quantitative analysis of methane and non-methane hydrocarbon with high precision. Prevents generation of assay error.
Organic waste fermenter for compost production by aerobic fermentation of organic waste comprises a floor (3) and a side attachment wall (4) made of porous concrete having water and gas permeability.    ADVANTAGE -   The amount of moisture adjusting material added to the organic waste is reduced. Evolution of malodour by putrefaction of the organic waste is prevented due to inactivation of microorganisms by the action of aerobic microorganisms. The fermentation process is carried out efficiently at low temperature. The production cost of compost is reduced. The organic waste is recycled.
NOVELTY - The apparatus comprises a feed hopper (3) for heat treated material at one end and a product drain hole (4a) and an exhaust gas drain hole (5a) at the other end of a hot chamber (2). A hot air jet nozzle (6) is present within the chamber which supplies gas for activation reactions. A rotatory stir shaft (8) connected with paddles (7, 7A, 7B) forming an axial space is present within the chamber. The paddle mounts the heat treated material on the stir shaft and rotates in a direction towards product drain hole side. The internal surface of the hot chamber is narrowed to the product drain end. The paddle size varies in accordance with the internal surface and the space between any two paddles are proportional w.r.t. the paddle size.    USE -   Used for organic waste processing.    ADVANTAGE -   Heat and mass transfer are enhanced along with improvement in solid to gas contact process. Uniform heat treatment and effective stirring is provided, yielding homogeneous products. The low temperature gas which is used for activation reactions is also applied to cool the stir shaft and paddle, when the temperature inside the chamber increases, thereby providing resistance during thermal reaction.
NOVELTY - The method involves performing fermentation at high temperature by adding an aerobic microorganism to organic waste with a moisture content of 50-60%. Warm air is blown into the fermentation chamber and continuous heating and stirring are performed at atmospheric pressure. After predetermined time, vacuum drying is performed under reduced pressure. A fermentation product with a moisture content of 15% or less is obtained in a short time of less than 30 hours.    USE -   The fermented product is used as fertiliser.    ADVANTAGE -   The fermentation of organic waste is performed economically in a short time. Fermentation and drying process are performed continuously in the same apparatus. A useful product of good quality is obtained.
The fuel battery has a battery main body (12) which receives supply of reaction gas and performs electricity generation in a first case or chamber called the fuel converter unit (FC unit) (10). A fan (13) supplies air to the fuel battery main body. A second chamber or case called the control unit (CB unit) (20) has an electric power converter (22) which converts electric current input in a particular form and also houses a controller (23) for controlling the fan and the converter. The first and second cases are interconnected by a detachable electric power supply line (41) for sending the current generated in first case to converter in second case. A control line (42) for sending signal to the fan from controller is also provided detachably.    ADVANTAGE -   Facilitates carrying fuel battery from place to place as power lines are detachable and fuel control valve is provided. Improves maintenance of battery during non-operation. Offers effective usage as phosphoric acid fuel battery.
The method involves supplying gas through a gas supply passage (14) to the battery main body in which anode and cathode are sandwiched through an electrolyte film (30). A detector (16) detects the amount of flow rate of gas supplied through the passage. Pure water is supplied to the gas supply passage through a pure water injection unit (20). A temperature detector (22) detects the temperature of the supplied pure water. A battery load detector (24) detects load of battery main body. An internal temperature detector (26) detects internal temperature of the fuel battery main body. A controller (28) controls the amount of pure water injection into the gas supply passage, based on the signal output from the battery load detector and internal temperature detector.    ADVANTAGE -   Obtains desired battery output, reliably. Humidifies gas depending on operating state of battery. Improves operability.
The detector has a combustion tube (103) with an exhaust port (104) in the upper side and a sample gas inlet mouth (5) in the lower side. A burner (108) is arranged in the combustion tube. A power supply (177) is connected to a pair of electrodes (111,113) provided inside the combustion tube. An air pipe (28) and a fuel-gas pipe (29) are connected to a heating gas inlet mouth (114) of the burner.    USE -   For hydrogen flame ionization detector.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids use of non-methane hydrocarbon removal device. Performs methane detection within practical range with enhanced accuracy. Enables measuring non-methane hydrocarbon and total hydrocarbon concentration by operating switch.
Liquid pig slurry (14) is spread over a solid medium (17)and mixed to help impregnation. The mixture is allowed to ferment and become compost. Mixing and fermentation takes place in two parallel enclosures (3 and 5), separated by a third enclosure (4) where the mixture is held for maturation. All three enclosures have sealed floors (10) and are under cover (2).    USE -    Treatment of pig slurry to produce a useful compost.Slurry produced by 100 pigs can be treated in a fermentation area of 400 m2.    ADVANTAGE -   Operating costs are lower than existing methods as chemical additives are not required and handling is reduced. The compost produced after two months maturation has a high solids content, is practically odourless and its nitrogen content is less than half that originally present in the slurry.
This treatment facility is especially suitable for wastes with an organic content. It has a rotary crushing drum with heavy material rejection. The drum (12) contains grinding balls, retained by an internal partition (16). The drum also includes a solids weir (18). This retains uncrushed waste, up to a predetermined particle size, in the drum. Also claimed is the corresponding treatment process.    USE -   To treat wastes with organic content, e.g. biowastes, residual wastes or domestic wastes.    ADVANTAGE -   The process prepares organic materials for an digestion process, removing problematic inorganic materials. Metals, glass, stone and sand are removed especially, also plastic, leather and similar materials. The process operates fully-automatically and continuously, employing low cost equipment. Energy consumption is low.
Electrolytic reduction of H2 SO4 to H2 S takes place in a strongly acidic aqueous solution on a resistant cathode (12) made of electrically conducting carbon, esp. graphite. The terminal voltage (Vk ) is adjusted to split the water and the temp. (Tk ) and H2 SO4 concn. (k) are selected so that the H2 SO4occurs in its undissociated state.     Also claimed is a biomass production process using chemoautotropic bacteria in an energy cycle with H2S, produced electrolytically from a sulphate, as energy source.    USE -   Process is useful in the production of biomass (in a closed water circuit) which can be used to provide directly utilisable materials in arid regions or the biomass may be converted e.g. by fermentation or pyrolysis to give a high value fuel e.g. methane or alcohol.
Co-fermentation with recovery of valuable material for microbial treatment comprises working up and utilisation of biogenic waste and raw materials from the production of services and agricultural products in agriculture, food technology, waste treatment and industry. Fermentation is carried out in 2 stages, in the pre-fermentation stage, specific amounts of co-substrate (I) are added to a basic fermentation liquor (II) to give the optimum ratio and homogenised. The mixture, which contains an increased fraction of methanogenic substances, gives off gas containing carbon dioxide (CO2 ) spontaneously, so that only residual CO2 needed in the process remains. The second stage of actual methane (CH4 ) fermentation takes place continuously under very stable process and medium conditions, giving bio-gas with a higher CH4 content, which increases the CH4yield (amount per g dry organic substances of the co-substrate) and productivity (amount per unit time and fermenter volume).    ADVANTAGE -   The methane yield and productivity are much higher than usual and the cost of energy and apparatus for pre-fermentation much lower (all claimed). The process is simple and economical.
Reducing heavy metal content of biogenic-organic substrates (I) comprises electrolysis using special sacrificial anodes. (I) are mixed with 0.7 part weight animal excrement with respect to dry organic matter. Process water is added, before or after mixing, so that the dry content is 13 wt.%. The mixture is subjected to anaerobic treatment and he fermented residue is electrolysed to deposit the harmful heavy metals at the cathode.    USE -   The process is useful in the utilisation of raw materials, residues and waste.    ADVANTAGE -   Prior art processes using contaminated organic substrates comprise combustion/slow combustion (which produces flue gases) or vegetation, which requires much time and space. Treatment with mineral acids, flocculants and neutralising additives is hazardous as well as costly. The present process avoids these drawbacks and allows the substrate to be recycled.
Composting assembly comprises a ventilated chamber (1)with a compost inlet (2) and outlet. The chamber contains a number of stacked horizontal air-permeable conveyer belts (41) on which the composting material rests. The belts (41) rest on rails (8) and are of approximately equal length, but are longitudinally transposed with overhang to the adjacent belt above or below at each end. The spaces between adjacent belts (41) form air preferably conical (29, 30) passages (25) served by side air-inlets (16). A tray (10) is positioned beneath each belt (41) to capture and drain escaping moisture.    USE -   The assembly is used to compost waste vegetable matter.    ADVANTAGE -   The stacked belt arrangement accommodates more composting material per unit surface area. The depth of composting material can be selected to provide optimum conditions, raising the system throughput, providing optimum gas-exchange, shortening the time required and rapidly achieving stabilisation.
Bacterial compositions comprising:    (1) 1 Nitrosomonas spp. (I) capable of converting NH3 into nitrite;    (2) 1 Nitrobacter spp. (II) capable of converting nitrite into nitrate;    (3) 1 Pseudomonas spp. (III) capable of converting nitrate into nitrite, and capable of metabolising urea;    (4) 1 Enterobacter spp. (IV) capable of metabolising bacterial waste products, and    (5) an acclimated mixed bacterial culture which comprises:    (a) 1 Pseudomonas spp. (V) capable of converting nitrate into nitrite and metabolising organic waste,    (b) 1 Acinetobacter spp. (VI) capable of metabolising organic waste, and    (c) 1 Enterobacter spp. (VII) capable of metabolising bacterial waste products.    Also claimed is an animal litter for absorbing animal organic waste which comprises an absorptive material and the above bacterial composition.    USE -   The liquid composition may be used to reduce the odour and partially degrade both human and animal wastes.    ADVANTAGE -   The composition, which is convenient, versatile and economical may be sprayed onto the most inexpensive animal litter in an amount determined by the user.    The composition may be used on carpets, upholstery, and floors.
A biologically pure culture of the microorganism Bacillus smithii ERIH2 with all the identifying characteristics of ATCC no. 55404, is new.    USE -   ERIH2 is used to produce hydrogen under anaerobic conditions upon fermentation in an aqueous nutrient medium containing synthesis gas, such as CO2, CO and H2, as substrate (all claimed). The process is used as part of a process that converts waste materials, e.g. municipal solid waste, sewage sludge, plastic, tires, agricultural residues and coal into useful products, e.g. hydrogen and ethanol.    ADVANTAGE -   ERIH2 isolated from natural sources, rapidly catalyses the water gas shift reaction with stoichiometric H2 yields and without requiring light for growth.
Organic fermented fertiliser is prepared by mixing organic substances of excreta of fowl, cattle and pigs, rice straw and fallen leaves, particularly heat sterilised at 85-95C and a mixture of microorganisms of AT-3 (FERM P-16073) comprising Bacillus subtilis AT-3 and Bacillus stearothermophilus AT-3, fermenting, particularly in 2 steps at 60-70C and then at 45-30C.    USE -   The fertiliser is used on fields which may be diseased or damaged by continuous cropping, control of weeds, lodging and nematodes.    ADVANTAGE -   Synergistic fermentation with a mixture of 2 Bacillus spp. microorganisms (FERM P-16073) with different optimal growth temperatures may be effected.
A mixer (A) churns the material (M) to be processed by rotating along the axial line inclined by any angle. A container (1) is provided with blades (12) along the internal circumference for churning the material to be processed. A cylinder (2) provided at suitable distance from inner edges of the blade to indirectly heat the container using a heater (B).    USE -   Decomposes organic refuse to produce fertiliser and feed.    ADVANTAGE -   The churning and mixing effect is improved. The cylinder is heated with a supply of heating oil which provides a conductive environment for bacterial activity, thereby the organic refuse is decomposed.
The method involves processing the organic waster derived from the foodstuff using the composite activ microorganism group containing ferment group and aerobic microorganism. The organic waste to be processed and composite active microorganism group are introduced into a processing tank (10) containing sea water maintained at a predetermined temperature. Processing is performed in a conceited environment at predetermined aeration rate. The organic waste is decomposed or dissolved by strong stir suspension of the organic waste and composite active microorganisms group mixed with water.    ADVANTAGE -   Eases maintenance management. Facilitates to disposal raw refuse containing oil and waste fluid.
An organic refuse processor has a storage container (1). Organic refuse is filled into the storage container through an opening (3). The organic refuse is stirred thoroughly by a churning device (4) built in the storage container. Forward or reverse rotation control of the churning device is achieved by a controller (8).    ADVANTAGE -   Scatters and contains organic refuse within storage container more reliably. Ensures uniform drying of refuse by avoiding deviation within storage container and uniform sprinkling. Enables easy and accurate detection of refuse quantity in container. Enhances safety of motor by avoiding overload.
Prepn. of a biodegradable polymer comprises microbial prodn. of the polymer with a microorganism capable of producing organic acids or lactic acid in a fermented soln. of sludge or a soln. prepd. by treating the fermented soln. with specified procedures. Pref. the fermented soln. used is the supernatant obtd. by fermenting sludge and centrifuging the fermented prod. Pref. the method has a process of recovering the prod. discharged from the cell in which the polymer is accumulated by the self-bacteriolysing action and coagulated.    ADVANTAGE -   The method permits prodn. of environmentally friendly, biodegradable polymers from sludge at low costs. It eliminates the need of removal of nitrogen sources from sludge and sterilising processes.
Treating domestic waste, sludge and fat from a purification process comprises mixing and homogenising 60% domestic waste, 20% sludge and fats and 20% quicklime in a mixing tank (5) using an endless screw in tank until the temperature reaches 250-300C and material is dry. It is then optionally ground.    Preferably, before mixing the domestic waste is treated to remove metals (3) and ground to a particle size of 8-10 cm. The quicklime is in the form of a powder or small granules.    USE -   The product can be used as agricultural fertiliser.    ADVANTAGE -   Waste materials are converted into a useful product.
A methanol/steam reforming reactor (1a) holds a quantity of a catalytic material (3). The reactor (1a) has an inlet (4) admitting the mixture of gas and steam (6) which is to be re-combined. The improvement is that: (a) the reforming reactor (1a) inlet (4) surrenders the mixture to a droplet catcher (8), preventing their direct contact with the catalytic material (3).    USE -   The reactor reforms esp. methanol to generate hydrogen for use in vehicles powered by fuel cell.    ADVANTAGE -   The reactor is suitable for use in mobile esp. automotive applications and minimises the damage to the catalytic material.
A composted mass is formed into a shape, e.g. a pebble shape, which may be both compact and porous. The composted mass comprises: (a) the shape consists of mature compost with a maximum moisture content of 20 %, and a minimum organic content of 30 %; (b) the grain size of the compost used does not exceed five times that of the smallest grain; and (c) the bio-degradable additives are included in the material which enhance the utility and physical integrity of the end-product.    USE -   The composted mass has a pebble shape which is suitable for use in e.g. gardens. Suitable bio-degradable additives include e.g. linseed oil, starch and paraffin.    ADVANTAGE -   The, e.g. pebble-shaped bodies, may be used as a garden fertiliser or as a starter material for a new compost heap. The bodies greatly simplify the composting process for the user.
Organic residues esp. vegetable matter is reduced in size by rotors (4) ina pref. mobile shredder (1) assembly, discharging through a chute (7) outlet (7a). The improvement is that: (a) the chute (7) outlet (7a) discharges shredded particles to a vibrating sieve (8) which releases (8a) over-sized particles to a return conveyer (9); (b) the return-conveyer (9) returns over-sized particles to the shredding rotor (4); (c) the sieve (8) and return-conveyer (9) form a combined assembly which may be detached from the mobile shredder assembly (1) by quick-release fasteners.    USE -   The detachable sieve and return conveyer is used for organic material shredder assembly. The assembly is suitable for use in e.g. large cemeteries, orchards, forestry and parks.    ADVANTAGE -   The linked sieve and shredder combine two prior art work processes in a single machine, reducing costs.
Recycled material is produced from organic waste which is used as feed for earthworms. The recycled material is produced as castings. The feeding conditions are maintained such that part of the castings is produced in liquid form.    USE -   Used for recycling organic waste with collected liquid useful as organic fertiliser. The waste may be residue from food manufacturers or vendors, e.g. vegetable markets and restaurants. It may include vegetable material, waste from bakeries, dairy products, cooked food and cardboard.
Conversion of methane to longer chain hydrocarbons comprises co-feeding methane and oxygen (in a methane/oxygen ratio of about 4) continuously into a reaction zone, and contacting the mixture under oxidative coupling conditions with a solid catalyst. The catalyst comprises manganese oxide and silicon oxide promoted with potassium and phosphorus. The molar ratio of Mn:SiO2:K:P is 0-0.5:93.2-93.7:4.2:2.1.    USE -   For the conversion of methane to longer chain hydrocarbons such as ethylene and ethane (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   High yields of C2+ hydrocarbons and high selectivity to ethylene and ethane. The reaction may be carried out without diluent and under relatively moderate conditions (i.e. low temperature and atmospheric pressure).
A method for reducing the nitrogen oxides (NOx) content of flue gas produced by the combustion of a fuel by introducing a NOx control additive into the flue gas stream. The additive is produced by a reaction between a carbon compound in a pyrolysis liquor and a nitrogen compound . The carbon compound is selected from carboxylic acids, phenols, esters, aldehydes and ketones. The nitrogen compound contains an amino functional group. The pyrolysis liquor is derived from a feed stock containing cellulose, lignin or starch. Also claimed is a method using the above additive where the additive is mixed with the fuel prior to combustion.    USE -   Reduction of NOx emissions from fuel combustion.    ADVANTAGE -   The additive is low cost, and derived from waste material.
A hydrogen generation system comprises: (a) a water-containing vessel for receiving components of the hydrogen generation system, including a cap device for providing vessel closure and access for removing sodium hydroxide byproducts, changing the liquid and adding water and at least one pellet, and including a valve for venting hydrogen from the vessel, (b) a reactor chamber for maintaining the pellet(s) of material that is reactive in water to produce hydrogen gas, the pellet being coated with a water impervious coating and (c) a device in the water-containing vessel for opening the pellet coat, exposing the pellet reactive material to react with water in the vessel generating hydrogen gas.    USE -   Is a demand-type portable hydrogen generation system e.g. for fuel cells, internal combustion engines.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides controlled generation of hydrogen on demand.
The apparatus is in the form of hermetic reservoir (1) of circular, oval, rectangular or multilateral cross-section with conic bottom (2) and cupola (3), partition (6) with conic widening (7) which divides reservoir to outer (4) and inner (5) fermentation chambers, ring reflector (8) of circular, oval, rhombic or similar cross-section, pipe (9) with three-ply nozzle (10) for input of liquid organic by-products, pipe (11) for emptying the tank, and pipes (12, 13) for output of biogas.    USE -   In units for anaerobic fermentation of by-products of agricultural and communal origin, as e.g. manure, faeces, vegetation waste, etc.; useful on animal husbandry farms, agricultural settlements, households, for production of organic fertilizer and biogas usable as fuel.    ADVANTAGE -   High degree of reliability and stability of operation of methane-tank which can be operated for extended periods without need for servicing or other measures.
Biomass consisting of leaves, buds, stems and bark is fermented with warm recirculated effluents to obtain biogas with approximately 55% methane content , and sludge that can be used as fertiliser. The plant comprises a tank (5) for preparation and mixing biomass, a fermentation tank (8) with an agitation device, a pipe (11) for trapping biogas, and an overflow (17) for discharge of sludge, the effluent being recirculated to the tank (5).    USE -   Plant and process used to obtain methane and sludge from vegetable material present in forests.
NOVELTY - Bacteria decomposes the excreta of livestock in decomposition tanks (2,6) which have aeration tubes (4,8,13) generating micro air bubbles to supply oxygen for proliferating the bacteria and macro air bubble for circulating the decomposed solution. A concentration tank is provided with an aeration tube (15) for generating air bubbles and increasing the surface area of the liquid fertilizer and evaporating to obtain concentrated liquid fertilizer.    USE -   Chemical industry: For manufacture of fertilizers. Biotechnology: For manufacture of fertilizers.    ADVANTAGE -   The apparatus prevents clogging of the micro air bubble generator as air is supplied at high pressure at predetermined frequency by applying pulses at predetermined time intervals. The liquid fertilizer is concentrated by evaporation on the surface of the liquid thereby reducing running cost. The micro air bubbles generated and the macro air bubble circulating the liquid coexists without obstructing each other and performs efficiently.
NOVELTY - Organic refuse from food or animals and plants is used as raw material along with aerobic microbes and enzymes generated during the process and mixed with water maintained at predetermined temperature to form a suspension. The suspension is aerated with churning to decompose to obtain the organic liquid fertilizer.    USE -   Fertilizer: Agriculture: Used as organic fertilizer.    ADVANTAGE -   Aeration increases oxidation rate and proliferation of microbes forming intermediate product with less putrefactive smell to give good quality liquid fertilizer.
NOVELTY - An organism capable of feeding on the excreta of live stock decomposes the excreta. The organism is isolated to obtain the decomposed product which is processed.    USE -   Pollution control: Processes waste discharge of live stocks. Agriculture: For manufacture of manure.    ADVANTAGE -   A decomposed products with high nutritive value is obtained without a bad odour.
A novel bulking preventing chemical for activated sludge contains a compound of formula (I) or its salt.     In (I), R1 = OH group; and R2= H or OH group.    Also claimed are: (1) another bulking preventing chemical comprising the compound of formula (I) or its salt and a cationic polymer flocculant or an inorganic flocculant; (2) another bulking preventing chemical comprising clay mineral besides the compound of formula (I) or its salt and cationic polymer or inorganic flocculant; and (3) a novel method of preventing bulking of activated sludge, where the novel bulking preventing chemical is added to aeration tanks, sedimentation tanks, or returned sludge.    USE -   Used for preventing bulking of activated sludge caused by filamentous bacteria in treating waste water containing organic impurities.    ADVANTAGE -   Growth and propagation of filamentous bacterial are effectively prevented without bringing adverse effect to the other bacteria.
NOVELTY - The apparatus consists of a granulation dryer (11) in which an organic waste is first dried and then granulated. The dried waste has a moisture content of 45-70 %. The granules produced by the granulation dryer have a grain size of 0.5-5 cm. A fermenter (12) in which fermentation of the granules takes place is also provided. Also claimed is the fermentation method.    USE -   Agriculture: A useful compost is obtained efficiently. Pollution control.    ADVANTAGE -   Moisture adjusting material and aerobes are not employed. Fermentation takes place quickly.
NOVELTY - Waste processing apparatus includes an inclined support stand provided underneath a residue outlet to support a residue collecting bag attached to the residue outlet for removing residue from fermenter. DETAILED DESCRIPTION - The apparatus consists of a fermenter (2) in which waste is decomposed by microorganisms. A stirrer (9) is provided inside the fermenter. A residue outlet (13) through which residue of the decomposed waste is removed is provided at the lower portion of the fermenter. A shutter (12) is also provided at the residue outlet to open and close the outlet. An inclined support stand (20a) is arranged under the residue outlet to support a residue collecting bag (14) which is attached to the outlet during residue removal from the fermenter.    USE -   Domestic and pollution control: The apparatus is used to decompose and reduce the amount of waste generated at home, office, restaurant etc.    ADVANTAGE -   The residue collecting bag does not slacken due to support stand, therefore waste residue is collected smoothly. Residue removal operation is improved. Spilling of residue is prevented at the time of removal. The apparatus can be maintained inexpensively. A waste processing apparatus of sufficient versatility and cleaning property is obtained.
A new amorphous alloy catalyst, which is used for converting CO2 into CH4 and is prepd. by oxidizing and reducing a precursor amorphous alloy, contains Zr(A), rare earth elements(B) selected from Y, La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Gd, Tb, or Dy, and the remainder(C) of Co and/or Ni; (A) = at least 20 atom%, (B) is 5-15 atom%, (A)+(B) = up to 80 atom%. Still five different amorphous alloy catalysts are claimed, which have the compsns: (i) (A), (B), (C) and an element(D) selected from Ti, Nb, or Ta, Zr; (A) = at least 10 atom%, (A)+(D) = at least 20 atom%, (B) = 5-15 atom%, (A)+(B)+(D) = up to 80 atom%. (ii) (A), (C), and Mg(E); (A) = at least 20 atom%, (E) = up to 15 atom%, (A)+(E) = up to 80 atom%. (iii) (A), (C), (D), and (E); (A) = at least 10 atom%, (A)+(C) = at least 20 atom%, (E) = up to 15 atom%, (A)+(D)+(E) = up to 80 atom%. (iv) (A), (B), (C), and (E); (A) = at least 20 atom%; (B)+(E) = up to 15 atom%; (A)+(B)+(E) = up to 80 atom%. (v) (A), (B), (C), (D), and (D); (A) = at least 10 atom%, (A)+(D) = at least 20 atom%, (B)+(E) = up to 15 atom%, (A)+(B)+(D)+(E) = up to 80 atom%.    USE -   For converting CO2 into CH4.    ADVANTAGE -   CO2 is converted into CH4 under an atmospheric press.
In a selective process to identify gases in the near infra-red range, and to measure their concentration by narrow-band light absorption, the novelty is that the process consists of the following steps: (a) a distributed feed back (DFB) laser diode transmits near infra-red light along a measuring distance, which impinges on a photo-detector cell (2); (b) the DFB laser diode (1) is operated above room temperature and above 40 C; (c) one or more spectral lines of the gas in question are selected, the laser diode (1) being of a corresponding wavelength; (d) during spectral measurements, the laser diode temperature is adjusted, such that the spectral line to be identified is checked against the emission wavelength-dependent operating temperature; (e) the level and difference in absorption within the range of the spectral line, is evaluated to detect and ascertain the gas concentration. Also claimed is a suitable gas sensor.    USE -   To selectively detect the presence and concentration of gases esp. incorporating hydrogen atoms in e.g. safety or environmental applications, esp. methane.    ADVANTAGE -   The process and assembly detect the presence of selected gases to within finer tolerances and at higher reliability, lower cost and fewer service intervals than prior art assemblies.
In a process for the liquid phase molecular oxygen oxidation of a secondary alcohol to hydrogen peroxide in which the exothermic heat of reaction is removed by vaporising a portion of the reaction mixture and condensing the resulting vapours, the improvements comprising (a) adding a ballast gas to the vapours prior to condensation; and (b) removing a stream of reaction liquid from the oxidation zone, injecting molecular oxygen into the removed reaction liquid, and circulating the resulting combined mixture of reaction liquid and oxygen back to the oxidation zone.    ADVANTAGE -   Yields 5% higher than with conventional systems are obtained. The ballast gas (e.g. methane) has a high heat capacity and is substantially inert under the reaction conditions and is therefore able to suppress the flammability of the vapour removed from the separator. The improvement provides high selectivity and minimises prior art problems, e.g. with high oxygen partial pressures, venting and flammability. Hydrogen peroxide decomposition by contact with metal heat transfer surfaces can be avoided.
A fertilizer for cultivated plants, especially agricultural crops, comprises an agglomerated mixture of compost (humus) and mineral or organic fertilizer and provides a nutrient utilisation of at least 100%.    USE -   The fertilizer is typically used on winter and summer wheat and barley, winter rye as well as oats and maize.    ADVANTAGE -   The fertilizer optimises nutrient dynamics and up-take. Also, it is environmentally friendly, as complete utilisation means that no harmful substances remain to contaminate the water system, soil or air. Further, over-fertilisation is unnecessary. Moreover, the fertilizer is more economical than conventional mineral fertilizers as e.g. only 50% of the nitrogen (N) is required to produce the same crop yield. This also saves energy by reducing the amount of oil required for the production of mineral fertilizer.
A tracked (14) vehicle mobile compost heap aeration assembly has a chassis supporting a front-mounted mechanical digging bucket (16) by means of which it can both invert and aerate an elongated composting heap, and stack new layers on a localised composting heap. The novelty is that the assembly: (a) has a top-mounted transverse conveyer belt (18) located between the driver cabin (10) and bucket (16); (b) the conveyer belt assembly can be moved from a centre position in which it is transported, extending either to the extreme right or to the extreme left; (c) the conveyer belt can be operated in both directions; (d) the left hand side of the vehicle has a swivel-mounted conveyer (26) belt which is aligned with the chassis in the transport mode, and swung out sideways in the working position; (d) the side-mounted conveyer has three positions for different operating conditions.    USE -   The machine digs up and repositions composting material to aerate esp. an elongated pile, deposits new layers of material on an existing heap, and picks up composted material for sideways transfer to an e.g. truck-mounted container.    ADVANTAGE -   The tracked vehicle is capable of processing both elongated, linear piles of composting material, and non-elongated local stacks or piles.
Multistage waste treatment process comprises: removing a calorific fraction and removing a mineral and an organic fraction by scrubbing; anaerobically treating the organic fractions and also the organically charged water to recover methane and subsequently the remaining solids; and utilising or disposing of.    USE -   Used in waste treatment.
Reduction of ammonia emission from liquid manure comprises use of an additive with a high fraction of readily degradable organic substances and reducing the pH of the manure by incomplete oxidation of the organic substances by microorganisms.    USE -   The manure is used as a fertiliser.    ADVANTAGE -   The process is cheaper and simpler than prior art techniques (e.g. separation, steam stripping or adding acid) and avoids the permanent use of manure improvers to give long term improvement.
A waste disposal unit comprises a crusher (2), a centrifuge (3), a tank (4) fitted with a drainage tap (5) and a device (6) for crushing cans.    USE -   The unit is used to dispose of household waste.    ADVANTAGE -   Resulting material may be used in agriculture.
The method involves heat treating binderless zeolite (sic) and reformed binderless halogen type zeolite (sic) at 500-1,200C. The binderless zeolite contains at least one metal chosen from manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, platinum and has a micropore of 95-100 wt.%. The reformed zeolite has a micropore of 90-96 wt.%. A devulcanising agent of Na X and Ca X type zeolite having a pore size of 5 at 0-50C is contacted with the hydrocarbon group gas containing small amount of sulphur. The pressure of the gas at normal temperature is maintained at 1-10 kg/cm2, at predefined flow rate.    USE -   In the manufacture of non-corrosive fuel for air conditioners.    ADVANTAGE -   Performs desulphurisation at room temperature and pressure hence saving energy. The apparatus has long-term stability, and as the need for a heat exchanger and gas compression machine is eliminated, the size is reduced.
The electrode contains Ni of 55-75 weight %, Cr of 10-18 weight %, and Nb of 0.5-2.5 weight % of total core wire weight. The remainder consists of Fe, Mn, Mo, Ti and unavoidable impurities. For every 100 weight units of coating material, 20-45 weight % of metal carbonate, 10-30 weight% of metal fluoride and 1.0-2.5 weight% of silicate salt and Si reduced binder are added. The composition satisfies following conditions:    The silicon coefficient in the welding rod = Si amount in core wire + 0.1 (Si amount in coating agent) 0.5.    The niobium coefficient in the welding rod = Nb amount in the core wire + 0.5 (niobium coefficient in coating agent) = 1.5-3.5.    Silicon coefficient in welding rod + niobium coefficient in welding rod 3.15.    USE -   Employed for liquefied natural gas and liquefied ethylene gas tanks.    ADVANTAGE -   Excels in micro fissure-proof property and characteristics of weld metal even in multipass, multilayer welding. Assists in improving welding operation property. Enables favourable fracture resistance characteristics.
Processing apparatus for organic waste collected from houses and markets has an inlet (2) for inserting organic waste to a treatment tank (3). Processing materials (9) are inserted into the treatment tank and heated by a heater (14). The processing materials and the organic waste are moved by a churning unit. The churning unit comprises an impeller (10) driven by a motor (4). A ventilator supplies air to inside the treatment tank. A sensor (6) which consists of a heat resistor (11) and a thermistor (12) detects the moisture condition of the processing material. The variation of temperature with time of the housing material is measured by energising heat of the resistor. The temperature variation is used to control the ventilator, churning unit and the heater. The ventilator, churning unit and the heater are controlled to give a preset variation of temperature with time.    ADVANTAGE -   Optimal control of moisture content for decomposition is obtained. Correction of the moisture condition is rapidly and precisely detected. Energy consumption is reduced.
Organic refuse processing apparatus has a processing chamber in side a case. An ejection opening is formed in the lower part of the processing chamber to eject garbage. An inner lid which may be opened or closed is mounted over the ejection opening. An inspection opening which opposes the ejection opening is covered and exposed by an inspection lid. A stirring unit is rotated when the inspection lid is closed.    ADVANTAGE -   The apparatus which reduces the manual handling of garbage during disposal has a safety switch which does not allow the rotation of the stirring unit when the inspection lid is open.
Raw refuse processor has a processing tank (1) filled with raw refuse. A stirring shaft (16a) is supported rotatably by a bearing on one end within the tank. The other end of the shaft protrudes beyond the side wall of the tank to the outer side. The protrusion is coupled to a sprocket (24) by a connection shaft. Stirring vanes (16b) are provided on either side of the stirring shaft within the tank to stir the raw refuse inserted into the tank.    ADVANTAGE -   The processor simplifies connection of shaft protrusion with sprocket thereby improving assembly and enables choice of material for sprocket without considering corrosion resistance.
Organic refuse processing apparatus (13) has a processing chamber (1) in which the garbage disposal material and the organic refuse are filled. An agitator (16) is rotated in the chamber to carry out decomposition of organic refuse. The agitator is rotated in a clockwise direction at an angle greater than 360 immediately after insertion of the organic refuse by a controller.    ADVANTAGE -   The device enables easy and reliable scattering of organic refuse, expands life span of motor by operating at low speed and reduces power consumption.
Organic refuse processing apparatus has a sensor (18) to detect moisture content of a garbage disposal material in an organic refuse processing chamber (1). A temperature detector to detect temperature of garbage material when heater is energised is provided within the sensor. The moisture content is determined based on a temperature information from the temperature detector. A stir unit (16) is rotated after a fixed duration from the time of energising a motor (17) and the heater based on the judgment of a motor lock by a decision unit. The judgment of the decision unit is based on the temperature information detected by the temperature detector.    ADVANTAGE -   The device prevents damage of motor and simplifies components used.
Raw refuse processor (13) has a processing tank (1) that has an inlet port (6) and an exhaust port in upper portion of the side walls (5). A small space is established in the side walls of the processing tank. A suspending piece (3) in the small space closes the inlet port and the exhaust port.    ADVANTAGE -   The device expands area of opening through which raw refuse is supplied and simplifies filter installation.
The apparatus has a humidifying gas inlet (24) and an oxidising gas inlet (32) which supply humidifying and oxidising gases to an electricity generation component. A gas passageway is formed on one surface side of a water permeable film (14a-14d) laminated over four supply boards (12,16,18,20) and a humidification irrigation canal is formed on the other surface. A reinforcement film (36b) is formed on the water permeable film to prevent swelling of the permeable film in the humidification irrigation canal side.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves gas humidification capability. Secures effective humidification area.
The assembly includes a rectangular board over which several electrolyte layers (1) are arranged. First side surface of the rectangular board is formed of an oxygen pole along its thickness direction. Oxygen gas is allowed to pass through the oxygen pole side surface of the board. Second side surface of the rectangular board is formed of fuel pole. A fuel gas is allowed to pass through the fuel pole side surface of the board along the same thickness direction as that of the oxygen gas. A main flow path is formed along the row direction of the electrolyte layers. The width of the main flow path is approximately identical to that of the electrolyte layers. An auxiliary flow path is connected to an aperture of the main flow path corresponding to the electrolyte layers. The fuel gas and oxygen gas flows through the main and auxiliary flow paths. Several composition members are arranged in a contact condition along row direction of the electrolyte layers.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies composition.
The plan consists of a biological filter (1) in which hydrogen sulphide components in the biogas are bacterially converted to primary sulphur with the aid of sulphide oxidising bacteria immobilised on the filter with a mixture of air (2) with the incoming biogas. The remaining part of the biogas (5), which contains the components carbon di:oxide, methane and nitrogen, is treated next in a pervaporation membrane plant (6) formed so that the gas components methane and carbon di:oxide have different solubility in the membranes. This causes the components under powerful compression over the membrane surfaces to diffuse through them with different speed and thereby remain separated into fractions.    USE -   To separate gas components from biogas.    ADVANTAGE -   The plant separates the components of biogas - sulphur, carbon dioxide and methane into separate components.
A biological filter for waste plants, esp for intermediate coverage, comprises a biofilter layer (2) on the waste material (1). The biofilter layer is covered by a compost and/or humous mixt. (3).The biofilter pref. has a thickness of 40-100cm, and the compost and/or humous mixt. has a thickness of 10-25cm.    Use - The filter is used to treat eg gases from waste plants.    Advantage - The filter effectively removes smells.
A biogas generation assembly consists of a cylindrical reactor (5) which is sub-divided (2, 3) in a cruciform pattern, has end-walls (1) and rests on bearings (6, 7), by which it can be rotated and inverted as required, mixing the contents. The reactor (5) has pipe inlets (8, 9, 10) and outlets with rotating couplings for the introduction of raw material and discharge of residues, and an overhead (1, 4) gas outlet pipe. The cruciform sub-dividing walls (2, 3) guide the fermenting mass in a U-shaped route through the reactor, minimising the incidence of route short cuts and facilitating the transfer of heat from the fermented mass to fresh mass. A corresponding biogas production process, involving fermentation at 10-70C in a closed vessel which can be rotated through 180, is also claimed.    USE -   The biogas fermenter is especially for small-scale agricultural use.    ADVANTAGE -   The reactor is very simple and robust, requires little maintenance, and is cheap to manufacture. The reactor generates a good gas yield, can be made with standard components, and has no inner moving parts. It requires little energy in manufacture, and can be built by the user.
A new process liquefies a hydrocarbon-rich stream, especially containing natural gas. Heat is removed by indirect exchange with coolants, in a mixed coolant circuit cascade. The cascade circuit coolants, have at least three different compositions. The first circuit pre-cools, the second liquefies and the third sub-cools the stream being liquefied. The new feature is cold-induction compression (P3, L3, S3) of the vaporised and superheated coolant mixture.    USE -   To liquefy especially natural gas, producing this LNG by indirect heat exchange.    ADVANTAGE -   This new process has a reduced specific energy consumption in comparison with prior art. For the same duty, the plant is both smaller and costs less. The use of cold-induction compressor sections means that the coolant vapour does not have to be heated to ambient temperature before compression, increasing efficiency. This also cuts down the heat exchange area required; so smaller, lower cost exchangers can be specified. Functions of the interlaced cooling circuits are clarified in the text. An increase in thermodynamic efficiency results from optimal matching of the circuits and coolants with the enthalpy-temperature curves of the hydrocarbon-rich mixture.
An assembly converts waste organic material to compost and/or biogas and consists of a horizontal cylindrical vessel (1) with an internal mixer assembly comprises: (a) mixer assembly which is a powered horizontal rotating hollow shaft (5) with radial arms (8), each having catcher or wiper units (9); (b) chamber in the hollow shaft which is linked with the space in the reactor vessel (1); (c) mixer arms (8) and catcher/wipers (9) which are on a common plane along the shaft (5) longitudinal axis (2) and which are radially transposed; (d) vessel having inlets (10) for unprocessed material and compost outlets (11) located in the wall above the shaft; (e) the length of the reactor vessel (1) is approx. the same as the diameter.    USE -   Assembly to convert waste organic material into compost and/or biogas.    ADVANTAGE -   The reactor works at higher efficiency than prior art reactors irrespective of whether it is operated to produce compost or gas.
Degrading tertiary butyl alcohol (TBA), in a TBA containing mixture, comprises growing in the presence of the mixture a mixed bacterial culture capable of degrading TBA and methyl-t-butyl ether (MTBE) prepared in a process comprising:    (a) adding an aqueous mixture comprising a first amount of activated sludge taken from a bioreactor for treating wastewater in the chemical plant of Shell Deer Park Manufacturing Complex located in Deer Park, Texas;    (b) adding a first portion of MTBE to the container to obtain a first mixture containing 10-500 mg of MTBE;    (c) incubating the mixture at 10-60 C;    (d) periodically adding additional amounts of biosludge to the container;    (e) periodically withdrawing from the container from 10-70% of the supernatant medium followed by adding mineral solution to replace the supernatant withdrawn, and    (f) periodically adding MTBE to the container in an amount to maintain the concentration of MTBE in culture in the container at 10-500 mg.     At least a portion of the TBA contained in the TBA-containing mixture is degraded to CO2.    Also claimed is a process for the simultaneous degradation of TBA and MTBE in a mixture.    Use - The process is useful for treating wastes and ground water containing TBA.
Unit comprises transport device (1), reservoir (2) for collection of liquid mass, input pipe (3) for fresh manure to reservoir (4) for anaerobic fermentation, drain (5) with controlled valve (6), perforated pipes (7) for aeration, reservoir (8) for aerobic processing of biomass, trough (9), reflector- mixer (10) mounted with possibility of rotation on input pipe (3), gas-holder (11) with cowl (12), valve (13) in methane line, gas line (14) with scrubber (15), wedge-like valve (16) with control handle (17), control (18) of valve (6), and rails (19) for unloading device. The lower part of input pipe can be with louvred slits along helical line for mixing of biomass.    USE -   The unit is useful in agriculture for the production of organic fertilisers.    ADVANTAGE -   Controlled processing of manure in continuous or continuous-pulsed modes depending on input to reservoir for anaerobic fermentation is achieved.
Water containing phenol is biologically cleaned by passing through a porous ceramic with a developed open porous structure, having both surface and deep pores to a total porosity of 77-91%, carrying an immobilised lipophilic mono-cultural micro organism such as Rhodococcus in the pores. It is adapted to the phenol present, and is added in an amount of 0.01-10% of the weight of the ceramic    USE -   The bio-filter is used to clean water contaminated with formaldehyde, phenolic polymers, adhesives, paints, medicinal compounds and synthetic perfumes.    ADVANTAGE -   The filter is obtained at reduced cost, and the degree of purification is increased 15-20 times at a through put 20-30 times higher than before, over an increased range of temperature and pH.
A waste disposing device comprises a fermentation tank (1) having a waste input port (2) formed in an upper part and an internal part filled with a waste disposing base material (5) to decompose microorganisms; a cover body (4) to openably cover the waste charge port (2); and an agitating device (6) arranged in the fermentation tank (1). Humidity regulation processing parts (7, 8) to absorb and discharge moisture content are arranged above the upper surface level of the waste disposing base material (5) with which the fermentation tank (5) is filled, and regulates humidity in the fermentation tank (6). At least one of the inner wall surfaces of the fermentation tank and the inner surface of the cover body are coated with dew condensation protection paint to form the humidity regulation processing part.    ADVANTAGE -   The moisture content of a waste disposing base material does not fluctuated so much, the process is stabilised, and smooth decomposition is effected in a state to prevent contamination of the tank.
By heating a waste container (3) containing waste using a heater (10) with waste agitated by an agitator (12), the waste is brought into a dried state. In a so formed waste disposer, the heater (10) has a controller to control heating for a long time to temperature high enough not to generate steam from the waste.    ADVANTAGE -   With the generation of a smell suppressed as much as possible, waste is dried and brought into a compost state.
Microorganism detecting method comprises identifying the position and type of microorganisms from sequential microscopic images in a sample.    ADVANTAGE -   The process automates the diagnostic process.
Bacillus sp. aerobic microorganisms of FERM P-15536, FERM P-15537, FERM P-15538, FERM P-15539, FERM P-15540, FERM P-15541 and FERM P-15542 are new.    USE -   The microorganisms are used for aerobic fermentation of raw sludge (e.g. derived from waste water from cities and animal faeces) at high temperature to convert it into organic fertilisers (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   Fermentation of sludge at 85 C or higher sterilises saprophytes and seeds of plants and gives fertilisers with favourable properties.
Fine powder of rice chaff is supplemented with a sufficient amount of a nitrogen source to decompose easily decomposable sugar in the powder in the initial stage of growth of microorganisms.    USE -   The powder is used as a substrate for decomposition of organic waste and in the culture of plants.    ADVANTAGE -   The powder avoids nitrogen starvation at the initial stage of decomposition of organic wastes and culture of plants.
A method of improving the recovery of a first hydrocarbon such as ethane from a mixture containing a second hydrocarbon such as methane, involves fractionating the mixture to produce a gaseous stream rich in the second hydrocarbon and a condensate which contains most of the first hydrocarbon from the mixture. The gaseous stream is contacted in a wash zone with a liquid wash stream containing, as a major component, at least one third hydrocarbon, such as propane, butane or a mixture of them, having a boiling point higher than that of the first hydrocarbon. The first hydrocarbon is recovered from the liquid effluent from the wash zone by fractionating the liquid effluent to produce a gaseous stream containing the first hydrocarbon. The mixture of ethane and methane comprises the gaseous overhead stream from a demethaniser and the liquid wash stream is provided from condensate from the fractionation of demethaniser condensate.    USE -   For improving recovery of ethane from gas processing facility e.g. designed to primarily produce sales gas, e.g methane, but having ethane recovery facility.    ADVANTAGE -   Simple to incorporate into existing plant so that down-time is minimised, and provides considerable increase in ethane recovery.
Package comprises a biodegradable parallelepiped container (2), one or more bags, one or more packs of bacterial inoculating agent (4) and one or more pairs of gloves (5). The container may be of recycled paper or paper synthesised from seaweed. The package may also include a T-shirt (6) and a rainproof suit (7).    USE -   The package is used to transform vegetable-organic refuse into a soil conditioner at home or in a garden.    ADVANTAGE -   The waste is transformed easily, rapidly and naturally.
The fuel cell device has a number of fuel cells, each having an anode (2), an electrolyte matrix (3) and a cathode (4), arranged in a fuel call stack. The fuel gas and the cathode gas are fed to each fuel cell via an anode input (11) and an anode output (12) and a cathode input (13) and a cathode output (14).    An internal gas distribution device (51) is used for distribution of the fuel gas to the fuel cell input of each fuel cell, with an external gas distribution device (43,44) associated with the cathode gas inputs or outputs of the fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -   Uniform energy distribution and high efficiency.
In a process to prepare bio-degradable material for composting, the bio-degradable material is physically stabilised (6, 7) as a solid body (1) with skinned outer surfaces (3) and perforated (4). The bio-degradable material is moistened to a natural level and passed between two compressing rollers, during which process it is covered by a suitable skin. The web of bio-degradable material and skin is perforated by a punch tool and cut into sections suitable for the composting chamber in use. Also claimed are the tool and cutting assembly.    USE -   Process and assembly to prepare bio-degradable material for composting. The physical stabilisation of the material with a perforated skin maintains the material in the optimum state esp. with air supply and gas release, for the subsequent composting process, esp. following sludge treatment.    ADVANTAGE -   No additional material is added to the raw compost mixture to enhance the physical structure esp. sustain the air supply and gas release. The composting process can be effected within a composting assembly of greatly reduced dimensions, lowering the capital cost.
Producing a fermentation product selected from acetic acid or its salts comprises:    (a) continuously anaerobically fermenting a gas stream comprising carbon monoxide with Clostridium ljungdahlii ATCC NO 55380 in an aqueous nutrient media in a bioreactor to produce a broth containing the product;    (b) continuously removing at least a portion of the broth from the bioreactor, and    (c) recovering the product from the broth removed from the bioreactor.    USE -   The method is useful for converting waste gases from industrial processes such as oil refining, carbon black, coke, ammonia, and methanol production into useful products such as acetic acid and ethanol.    ADVANTAGE -   The process employs renewable or waste materials as raw materials.
Process for NGL fractionation comprises:a) a de-ethanised NGL stream (300) comprising primarily propane, isobutane, normal butane and gasoline range components b) separating the NGL stream in a butanes distributor column (C300) to overhead and bottoms streams so that: - substantially all the propane and gasoline components of the NGL stream are separated to overhead and bottoms stream - substantial amounts of both isobutane and normal butane are separated to overhead and bottoms streams c) further separating bottoms stream (309) of butanes distributor column in normal butane distributor column to overhead and bottoms streams so that: - substantially all isobutane and gasoline components of bottoms stream of butanes distributor column are separated to overhead and bottoms streams - substantial amounts of normal butane are separated to overhead and bottoms streams of normal butane distributor column.    USE -   Fractionisation of light hydrocarbons and de-isobutanising and de-butanising.    ADVANTAGE -   The invention reduces energy requirements of isobutane and normal butane though low capital implementation of thermodynamic efficiency.
Methane tank comprises the body (1) separated by the partitions (2) into the acid (3), neutral (4), base (5) and methane (6) fermentation chambers. The chambers (2-6) are connected through the substrate passing windows (7) and have the gas cavities (8) in the body (1) upper part. The mixing device in the form of the shaft (9) with the blades (11) is placed in the chambers. The methane tank is also equipped with the charging (12) and discharging (13) devices, the biogas removal facility in the form of the hydraulic gate (14) and the biogas enriching column (16). The column (16) is separated by the perforated horizontal partitions (17) into the biogas collector (20) in the upper part and the sections (19) filled with the granular filling (18).    USE -   Used in utilization of solid wastes containing carbon and nitrogen including the production of biogas for heating.    ADVANTAGE -   Methane tank operation efficiency is increased.
The method involves performing dry distillation after adding antichlor to the waste material at a temperature which does not cause chloride precipitation. The resulting product is pressed to form pellets by solidification process. The pellet thus formed are carbonised as fuel chlorine present in the ashes are fixed by antichlor.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents dioxin generation as chlorine is not mixed with exhaust gas. Provides pellets of suitable size and light weight enabling conveyance. Provides improved combustibility. Provides chloride fixed reusable ashes after combustion.
An organic sludge processing method for solid fuel production, comprises dehydrating the moisture to 80 wt. % of the discharge from sewage to form a wet sludge. The calcined lime is added as an additive to the wet sludge and dried to form a dry sludge with 5-30 wt. % moisture content. The plastic waste and calcined lime are added as kneading additives to the dry sludge which is heated and moulded to a predetermined shape solid fuel.    USE -   The method is useful for processing organic sludge from sewage works or food manufacturing factories.    ADVANTAGE -   The method prevents adhesion of organic sludge inside the dryer and improves conveyance of the sludge, provides operation for stabilising the processing apparatus and uses a portion of solid fuel for supplying hot air during the processing of the sludge.
The accumulation of organic contaminant-decomposing microorganisms in soil is effected by mixing pulverised highly adsorbent porous material in the soil.    Also claimed is the isolation of the soil organic contaminant-decomposing microorganisms using the above method.    Preferably the process comprises pulverising porous material with numerous pores and high adsorption of organic contaminants, higher than that of the soil, mixing the pulverised porous material in the soil, in which organic contaminant-decomposing microorganisms live, to allow formation of an accumulation soil layer, and then refluxing an inorganic medium contg. the organic contaminants alone as carbon and nitrogen sources in the accumulation soil layer to accumulate the microorganisms in the pulverised porous material.    USE -   For treating organic agrochemical-contaminated soil or preventing agrochemical contamination in underground water.    ADVANTAGE -   Permits high-speed accumulation/isolation of soil organic contaminant-decomposing microorganisms.
The method involves preventing freezing of water which exists in a gas outlet by an anti-freeze unit. The water present in the gas outlet is obtained by an electrochemical reaction. The gas outlet (25P) for oxidation gases, is provided in the cathode side and a fuel inlet pipe (24P) is provided in the anode side.    ADVANTAGE -   Maintains energy efficiency of whole apparatus. Avoids need for heating flow path for preventing freezing of water.
The generator has a desulphuriser (5) which converts the fuel gas into a hydrogen rich gas. The desulphurised gas is sucked by a suction inlet and mixed with steam and sent to a steam reformer through an ejector pump. A reformed fuel gas is then supplied to a pole of a fuel battery (12). A controller (13) is provided to control the supply of gas and steam based on the variation of the output fluctuation of a fuel battery. A pressure control valve (14) is connected between the ejector pump and the desulphuriser outlet in which a predetermined pressure is maintained.    ADVANTAGE -   Maintains steam ratio of fuel gas supplied to reformer. Improves reliability of generator. Performs stable supply of gas and steam to reformer even when electric output of fuel battery is varied.
The structure includes a pair of partitions (16A,16B) which separate three sets of gas conduction paths (10A-10C) made of low gas transparent material. The flow of gas from the gas conduction path (10A) is inverted and fed to the path (10B). Again, the flow of gas from the path (10B) is inverted by small diametered through holes (17A,17B) and is transferred to gas conduction path (10C).    ADVANTAGE -   Obtains superior battery characteristics.Improves fuel utilisation factor.
The structure has multiple lamination of cells made as a semi-block with alternate cooling plates. A cooling pipe is arranged for removing heat from the semi-block with cooling water through cooling plates. The cooling pipe has a sudden pressure drawdown unit of comparatively very small fluid flow cross- sectional area to drop the pressure of cooling water spontaneously. When pressure drawdown of cooling water takes place suddenly, the water begins to boil.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables keeping temperature distribution of each cooling plate uniform by ebullition initiation of cooling water done continuously. Improves capacitance of battery and durability. Performs fixing of temperature distribution of semi- block of battery.
The generator includes a fuel battery (20) containing an anode and a cathode. Exhaust gases discharged from cathode and anode are burnt. An anode and cathode exhaust gas lines (4,5) supply anode and cathode exhaust gases to a modifier (22), respectively. An exhaust heat utilisation line (6) which reuses energy of cathode exhaust gas, is connected with the cathode exhaust gas line. A cut-off valve (A) is provided in the exhaust heat utilisation line. When the supply of a heating gas is interrupted at time of emergency shutdown, the cut-off valve is shut and the cathode exhaust gas is sent to the modifier.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids using check valve of high temperature specification in cathode exhaust gas line. Burns anode exhaust gas in combustion chamber of modifier sufficiently during emergency shutdown.
A powdered solid fuel comprises a mixture of pulverised coal and pulverised refuse derived fuel. The refuse derived fuel is made by comminuting municipal refuse, and mixing and reacting with an additive including calcium oxide and a calcium based and/or sodium based bentonite. The refuse derived fuel is pulverised, before or after mixing with the coal. The refuse derived fuel is in the form of pellets which have been dried in an atmosphere containing carbon dioxide.    Also claimed is the manufacture of the powdered fuel in which the comminuted refuse is blended with coal then pulverised.    USE -   The hydrid fuel is particularly suitable for use in electricity generation.    ADVANTAGE -   The hybrid fuel has superior air mixing capability, initial burning stability and burning rate compared to 100% powdered coal. The fuel can be fed to an unmodified boiler usually used for burning only pulverised coal.
In a biogas-producing digester, a lifting unit raises and lowers an immersed, motor-driven stirrer. A carrier is vertically orientated in the vessel, mounted in upper and lower bearings. The unit is moved up and down on a rope winch. This includes a rope drum fixed to the carrier, and having a horizontal shaft. The rope is connected to the unit at one end, to the drum at the other. The control panel is located outside the vessel. In new design, the rope drum (24) is located in the upper part of the vessel (3). This avoid the need for a gas-tight lifting cable gland in the vessel wall. The operational unit (32) is located outside the vessel, connected to the drive (30) of the rope drum, using a sealed lead-through in the vessel wall.    USE -   The device produces biogas from organic waste.    ADVANTAGE -   The arrangement described, simplifies maintenance. It also avoids passing the lifting rope through a gas seal in the vessel wall. Instead, the motor driven hoist is located inside, and only a cable need be passed through a static lead-through gland, which is easily and durably sealed.
A rotating paddle wheel drum assembly passes along and through a largeheap of composting organic matter, lifting, turning and repositioning the matter with each pass. The paddle wheel drum has a series of horizontal blades (6) turning approx. parallel to the drum axis. Each blade consists of two sections forming an open V-shape. Each paddle bears a series of blades, the blades on each paddle being aligned with the gaps between blades on the adjacent paddle.    USE -   The blades separate composting matter from a moving face forming partof a large-scale esp. silo composting stack, lift, invert and transfer the material to a fresh position.    ADVANTAGE -   The assembly works at a faster rate than prior art than e.g.bucket diggers. Following loss of height due to the advance of the composting process, the heap or stack is restored to its optimum dimensions.
A container is provided with an inclined plane (8) that serves as a bottom for the composting arrangement. The container is divided into an upper part with openings (4, 5) for connecting to at least one toilet and a ventilation channel to the container, and a lower part (1) with at least one opening for removing decayed material from the container. The inclined plane (8) is designed in the form of a separate unit which is arranged in the lower part (1). Lower part (1) is designed with inner support members (6, 7) which permit the inclined plane (8) to be fitted in alternative positions. Support members (6, 7) are in the form of support surfaces which run along at least two opposite sides and form reinforcements for the container.    USE -   For composting arrangement for night soil and other biodegradable materials.    ADVANTAGE -   It can be manufactured in an extremely simple and economic way, can be stored and transported without the need for much space, is easy to assemble, and permits simple spreading of the starting bed on the inclined plane and cleaning after possible sabotage. The capacity of the container can be easily varied by changing the position of the inclined plane. Support surfaces (6, 7) constitute reinforcements for the container parts, so that the material thickness of the parts can be reduced. It is simple to spread out the desired starting bed on the inclined plane before the upper part is fitted. Very little space is needed between the upper container part (2) and the floor of a toilet located above it. The design simplifies both manufacturing and storage, as only one component needs to be manufactured and handled. To increase the capacity of the container, one or more heightening rings can be fitted between the two container parts.
Method of removing a fluid solvent from a soil mixture comprising placing soil mixture in substantially sealed extraction vessel (1); applying vacuum to vessel to extract a portion of fluid solvent; and releasing a bio-flush into extraction vessel to degrade at least a portion of the fluid solvent remaining. A further method is claimed.    USE -   Removing solvents and wash agents that have been used for dissolving hazardous, toxic or radioactive materials from soil.    ADVANTAGE -   The method is much cheaper than conventional driers that are used for this purpose. It is safe, has low capital and running costs, exceptional material handling abilities, low maintenance costs, and has low risk of damaging the environment. It can be quickly adapted to the size of site to be cleaned, unlike known systems. It is easy to transport and set up. Dust generation is limited. Little training is required. It is safer to operate than driers. The equipment is easily made, eliminating long production delays.
Method for the removal of nitrogen from a pressurised feed gas mixture containing nitrogen and methane, comprises (a) cooling the feed gas mixture; (b) introducing the cooled gas into a dephlegmator in which the gas mixture is further cooled, partially condensed, and rectified to produce a nitrogen-rich overhead and a methane-rich bottoms; (c) sub-cooling the methane-rich bottoms and reducing the pressure of the resulting sub-cooled stream; (d) vapourising the resulting reduced-pressure methane-rich stream in the dephlegmator by indirect heat exchange with the cooled feed gas mixture to provide at least a portion of the refrigeration required for cooling, partially condensing, and rectifying the cooled feed gas mixture in step (b); and (e) withdrawing from the dephlegmator an intermediate vapourised methane-rich stream.    Also claimed is apparatus for the removal of nitrogen from a pressurised feed gas mixture containing nitrogen and methane.    USE -   Dephlegmator process for nitrogen removal from natural gas.    ADVANTAGE -   A simplified process for removing nitrogen from natural gas without the use of distillation columns or complex refrigeration methods reduces capital and operating costs, improving and simplifying the process operation.
A method for selective isolation of propane oxidising Rhodococci (POR) is new. The method involves preliminary preparation of natural specimens for analysis and culturing of these in a nutrient medium containing (g/litre): 1.0 KNO3, 1.0 monosubstituted K phosphate, 1.0 disubstituted K phosphate, 1.0 NaCl, 0.2 MgCl2, 0.02 CaCl2, traces of ferric chloride, 18.0 agar-agar, and distilled water to 1 litre. The medium also contains selective agents (SA), either a mixture of lincomycin and polymixylin, or a mixture of erythromycin and nalidic acid (sic), with growing in a propane-air atmosphere at 28-30C over 5-7 days.    Preferably the SA for the nutrient medium is chloramphenicol, concentration 20 gram/ml; lincomycin, concentration 90 gram/ml and polymixylin, concentration 100 units/ml; or erythromycin, concentration 2.5 gram/ml and nalidic acid (sic), concentration 20 gram/ml.    USE -   The method is useful for establishing the optimum conditions for preferential isolation of propane oxidising Rhodococci from mixed natural and industrial populations.    ADVANTAGE -   The method is highly selective and can be used in large scale ecological studies on POR, e.g. in laboratory practice for the production pure bacterial cultures, for industrial culturing of POR in order to control culture purity, and for microbiological detection of combustible gas leakages from damaged gas lines and underground gas storage facilities.
The method is based on catalytic cracking of material in riser reactor, in contact with microspherical catalyst, previously dispersed with steam. To improve results, butane-butylene fraction, obtained as waste in process of production of methyl-tert.butyl ether, is additionally supplied to riser-reactor, in amount up to 7 wt.% per starting material.    Additional supply of spent butane-butylene fraction from methyl-tert.butyl ether production process to riser-reactor results in skeletal isomerisation of n-butylenes, increased yield of butane-butylene fraction from catalytic cracking, and increased concentration of isobutylene in the said fraction.    USE -   In oil processing and petrochemical industry, as a method of catalytic cracking of oil fractions and residues, producing isobutylene-containing gases, used as starting material for production of methyl-tert. butyl ether, which, in turn, is used as oxygen-containing high octane component of gasolines.    ADVANTAGE -   The method increases yield of butane-butylene fraction and increases its isobutylene content.
Neutral hydrolyzed lignin is composted with poultry waste and mixed with microorganisms with petroleum-destroying capacity, air-dried and milled. The sorbent is applied to a surface contaminated with petroleum at a ratio of sorbent to petroleum of 1 : 3-5, at an ambient temperature of not below 5C. If the layer of petroleum is more than 1 mm. thick, the petroleum-containing sorbent is collected and degraded separately    USE -   The process will remove petroleum products from water or soil    ADVANTAGE -   The lignin-based sorbent stimulates degradation of the petroleum, and activates local microflora to assist in the destructive process, resulting in a sorption capacity of 5 g. per g. sorbent, and a degradation time of 2 months for lighter contaminations
The device comprises a stirring shaft mounted with a number of material stirring paddles at spaces to the axial direction, a steam supply passage provided inside the stirring shaft to be extended to the axial direction and a number of steam spray nozzles provided along the axial direction.    ADVANTAGE -   Carbide obtained by carbonising organic wastes is put in good contact with activating reaction gas including high temperature air and steam to provide activated carbon products.
The reformer comprises a burner concentrically arranged at the centre, and a catalyst cylinder and a heat insulating cylinder, formed in a double cylindrical shape with a heat insulating material held therebetween, arranged outside thereof, in sequence.    ADVANTAGE -   No permanent deformation occurs in the heat insulating cylinder even if the catalyst cylinder for the reformer is excessively deflected to contact the inner cylinder of the heat insulating cylinder.
Processing organic substances comprises attaching an air supply unit and an air supply amount adjustment unit to a thermometer. The thermometer measures temperature of a container in which annihilation disposal of organic material is performed. The amount of air supply is increased by the air amount supply adjustment unit just before the thermometer detects desired high temperature. The amount of air supply is reduced just before the thermometer detects desired low temperature.    ADVANTAGE -   The method improves decomposition disappearance efficiency of organic substance such as animal waste and vegetable waste and stabilises decomposition annihilation disposal effect.
A process for the treatment of foodstuff waste products comprises providing to a quantity of freshly macerated foodstuff wastes, a composition (I) which comprises per gram:    (i) 0-50%wt. (weight by %) bacteria complex;    (ii) 75-99.99%wt. of an enzyme mixture containing at least 5 x 103 CDU/gram protease enzymes, at least 1.2 x 104 MWU/gram amylase enzymes, at least 1X102 LU/gram lipase enzymes, at least 1 x103 CU/gram cellulase enzymes;    (iii) 0-50%wt. of a preservative constituent, preferably propylene glycol;    (iv) 0-50%wt. of one or more nonionic surfactants; and    (v) 0-10%wt. of one or more optional constituents, selected from colouring agents, fragrancing compositions, odour neutralising compositions, micronutrients, pH adjusting agents and thickening agents.    Also claimed is composition (I).    USE -   The process and the composition are useful for the treatment of foodstuff waste products in garbage disposal. The composition is added to a septic tank to break down organic wastes. This is useful to prevent the build up over time of organic wastes in pipes etc. which are not readily flushed through the system. The enzymes and the bacteria in the composition degrade organics in the waste to a less solid state, thereby enabling easier flow through a waste disposal system. The process can also be used in systems e.g. septic tanks, where garbage is maintained during disposal.    ADVANTAGE -   As the treatment reduces volume of solid waste, it enables existing septic tanks to be used with greater capacity, without the need to replace them at extra expense.
A storage unit for a biogas installation especially a digestion or fermentation container. The fermentation vessel (1) is an open basin whose upper rim (13) has a mounting recess (14) receiving a gas-tight foil (preferably elastic) membrane (15) which covers the basin.    Preferably the membrane is supported by a lightweight rigid cover (4) and sealed within the recess (14). The recess (14) functions as a silo closure track.    USE -   Used as a methane gas generator and storage vessel for especially farm animal slurry. The elastic membrane expands under the inner pressure of accumulated gas.    ADVANTAGE -   The gas tank can be build of relatively lightweight materials because it does not have to withstand high internal gas pressure.
Composting system for small communities, comprises air circulation slats, a closable lid, and wetting indicators. The system consists of a number of segments.    USE -   The arrangement is used as a composting unit for biological waste.    ADVANTAGE -   Air circulation is simplified.
The integrated fuel preparation module includes a preheating and wetting zone (2), a preforming zone (3) and a fuel gas heating zone (4), provided in a common housing (1). Facilities are provided, so that these zones are subjected to a flow of fuel gas, one after the other.    The preheating and the wetting zone (2) is provided with facilities (22) for the supply of vapour. The preforming zone (3) is provided with a catalyser material. The fuel gas heating zone (4) is provided with a heat exchanger unit.    ADVANTAGE -   Fuel cell for fuel cell plant can be produced at low cost using low cost regulation.
A methane gas generator assembly (1) ferments organic matter, e.g. grass,farm animal slurry, straw and similar. The assembly has a fermenter vessel (2) and a height-adjustable mixer (5, 6) with a vertical supporting shaft (9). The fermenter covering wall (4) has a passage (23) for the mixer shaft (9) which extends into the fermenter vessel (2). The mixer shaft (9) upper sector (18) passes through a gas-tight hatch (24) in the mixer passage (23).    The novelty is that:    (a) the mixer opening (23) is covered by a dome within which a height-adjustment mechanism raises or lowers the mixer (6) from the fermenter vessel (2) into the dome (41) chamber (41);    (b) the dome has a gas-tight hatch (39) through which a maintenance operator has access to the raised mixer unit (6).    USE -   The device is a methane gas generator. The mixer assembly can be raised clear of the gas generator chamber for maintenance.    ADVANTAGE -   Maintenance can take place without interruption of the fermentation process.
Composting process where, during the composting process, the mixed organic materials (2) are placed on a conveyer (3) as it passes through a thermally-insulated reaction chamber (1) between the compost inlet (7) and outlet (8) is new. During its passage through the chamber (1) the compost is back-mixed and inverted. The composting chamber (1) is force-ventilated (9) and the compost is moistened. The conveyer (3) advances at a speed of up to 30 m/day and the compost residence period is between three days and five months. The compost is heaped to a depth of between 0.3 and 10 m, and a width of between 0.3 and 50 m, the reaction chamber (1) temperature is between 35 and 85 (especially 55 to 60) C, the compost water content is 5-95 (especially 20-70) %of the dry weight.    USE -   The process is used for organic materials, especially sludge residues from water treatment.    ADVANTAGE -   The process minimises the labour requirement and associated costs.
A biological aerobic or anaerobic composting process breaks down organic substances in an enclosed vessel (1), emitting gases which circulate (5, 7, 8). The emitted gases pass through a series of chilled cascade traps (13, 14) operated at different temperatures, and in which micro-biological metabolic by-products are captured and are removed from the composting process. A portion of the gas, is removed from the process using a by-pass (11), and is passed through one or more chilled traps (13, 14). The gases are removed from the chilled traps by membranes and the trap temperatures are at below 0 C.    ADVANTAGE -   The process minimises unwanted odour.
The patent refers to composition of bacterial strains Alcaligenes species VKPM B-7003 and Pseudomonas species VKPM B-7004, capable of decomposition of products of phenol-formaldehyde group.    The composition consists of bacterial cells separated from technological aqueous effluents of oil processing plants of Ukraine region, adapted and selected in laboratory conditions on mineral medium containing 0.8-1.0 vol.% of products of phenol-formaldehyde group. Unlike the prototype, proposed composition utilises formaldehyde (98%) and mercaptans (95-98%) and increases degree of utilisation of methyl acetate to 97% (against 8-9% for prototype).    USE -   In microbiology, biotechnology, oil processing, chemical and paint and varnish industry, as new industrial composition of non-pathogenic bacteria strains Alcaligenes species - VKPM B-7003 and Pseudomonas species VKPM B-7004, capable of destruction of products of phenol-formaldehyde group.    ADVANTAGE -   New bacterial composition has high degree of utilisation of phenols, formaldehyde, mercaptans and methyl acetate, and can be used in treatment of highly contaminated aqueous and gaseous effluents.
The thermometer consists of a temperature element (1a) which is provided at one end of a temperature detector which has a spring (1b). The temperature element is pressed to a measuring point by the elastic power of the spring and the temperature is measured.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides long term reliability. Measures temperature of heated body correctly.
Composting of waste materials comprises: (a) sorting the waste materials; (b) mixing organic and inorganic wastes to produce the desired C/N ratio; (c) spreading the inorganic waste into a layer 0.5-3 m thick, to form chambers, preferably with lined walls; (d) depositing the organic material containing waste in the chambers, preferably in multiple layers; (e) optionally allowing the waste to dry, then mixing it into the layer of inorganic waste; and (f) allowing the mixture to compost. pH Value for the composting is kept above 7 and the contents of the top 30-80 cm thick layer are adjusted to have 20-50% dry material content and 70-90 C/N ratio. The proposed method preferably involves the use of power station ash or slaked lime or a mixture of the two for lining the above mentioned chambers.
Treatment of biowaste comprises: (a) comminuting waste material; (b) forming a suspension of the comminuted material in water and separating deleterious substances; (c) subjecting the suspension to hydrolysis; (d) subjecting the hydrolysate to a hygeinisation; (e) fermenting (methanising) the hygeinised material; (f) dewatering the fermentation sludge; and (g) composting the sludge.    USE -   The process is used for treating e.g. collected household refuse and catering waste, waste from food processing factories, to yield biogas which can be used to generate power, and compost for agricultural use.    ADVANTAGE -   The insertion of the hygeinisation (d) into the generally known process for treating bio waste destroys harmful bacteria and germs which could cause illness and the spread of disease in humans or animals. This renders the process safer to operate and gives products, e.g. compost, which cause no pollution of the environment in use.
A biological- and thermal treatment for wastes, especially domestic refuse, is new in that a portion (27) of the waste (1) amenable to composting, is subjected instead, to anaerobic digestion (5, 28). Digested residues (34) so obtained, are dried without composting, to a dry matter fraction of 90%.    Also claimed is a process to treat a fine fraction of the waste. This is counter washed (39) to remove adherent organics, producing inert material, with at most 5% dry organic matter. Its washing employs condensate (36), in a closed circuit.    ADVANTAGE -   The process minimises the weight and volume of waste which must be sent to landfill. This reduces the costs of disposal, and benefits the environment. The quantity of dry matter in the final products is maximised. This means that trouble-free disposable- and recyclable materials are maximised. Anaerobic fermentation produces and recovers, a maximum of useful biogas for drying, unlike composting. The quantity of biogas is not only sufficient for this purpose; excess is available for electricity generation. Drying reduces the mass of material to be disposed of, below levels hitherto achievable.
Preparation of pressed fuel briquettes or pellets consisting of sewage sludge and crushed coal by; (a) mixing (15) dehydrated sewage sludge (13) containing 70-95 wt.% solids, with crushed coal (9) where the ratio coal:sewage sludge is 1:3 to 3:1 and with 2-12 % bitumen on a dry weight basis: and (b) compressing the mix into briquettes or pellets (18). Also claimed is a briquette or pellet composition prepared as above where bitumen (19) is added as a coking agent.    USE -   The method provides a means for disposal of sewage sludge as an alternative to ocean or land fill disposal. The pelletised sludge is used as a fuel in e.g. a Lurgi gasifier.    ADVANTAGE -   The briquettes have a high sewage sludge solids content (greater than 50 wt.%) and exhibit high structural strength.
As shown in Figure 1, a precision high-pressure control assembly for supercritical fluids comprises a continuous flow system having a pressure control loop that includes: (a) a source of fluid (10) in communication with a pump (7) for compressing the fluid and increasing its pressure to create a supercritical fluid; (b) an outlet line (4) leading from the pump; (c) a pressure sensor (2) monitoring the pressure of the supercritical fluid in the outlet line; and (d) a process controller (1) having an input for receiving a signal (2) relating to the pressure sensed by the pressure sensor (3); such that (i) the process controller provides an electronic control output signal (5) to an electro-pneumatic regulator (6); (ii) a source of air (9) communicates with the regulator to provide pressurised, regulated driver air (8) directed to the pump (7); and (iii) the regulator controls the driver air pressure of the pump according to signals received from the process controller. Also claimed is a method for close pressure control of a supercritical fluid comprising feeding a fluid under low pressure to a pump, increasing the pressure of the fluid by the pump such that the fluid is discharged to an outlet line as a supercritical fluid under high pressure and using a pressure control loop as above to regulate the pump.    USE -   To provide pressure/temperature ramping to change the solvent properties of a supercritical fluid and provide selective extraction of target compounds (claimed). Also to provide pressure control of supercritical fluids used as a medium for chemical reactions, and in chromatography and infusion.    ADVANTAGE -   The system provides very close and accurate pressure control, and a very cost-effective and environmentally friendly alternative to traditional solvent extraction techniques for separating mixtures. Flow rates several orders of magnitude higher than the prior art are provided.
The method involves performing dry distillation of mixture of antichlor and waste at a temperature less than that at which chlorine component precipitates. The residue of the dry distillation process is pressed to pellet form. The pellets are solidified using plastic as binder.    ADVANTAGE -   The method prevents generation of chlorine component and dioxin and improves combustibility.
Organic compost manufacturing facility and suspended pattern agitating device comprises organic material including fertiliser component and finely crushed woody material is dehydrated and a culvert type multi-line lanes carrying mixture mixed germ and fermentation material are set and an openable shutter is set to importing and exporting port of each of lanes and a floor formed ventilating part is set at the bottom suitable position of the lane and ventilating pipes having nozzle are set at lower side of the floor facing the ventilating part and ventilating pipes having many nozzles are set at lower side of the lane bottom and the device runs in the lanes and carries mixture with agitating and an organic compost manufacturing facilities structures a greenhouse frame on upper face of the lane outside wall.    ADVANTAGE -   Odour is not dispersed to exterior and noise and vibration are little and polluted water is not leaked to exterior.
A covering material covers the surface of an livestock excreta deposit deposited on ground to dry and ferment the excreta deposit. The covering material consists of porous cloth, or a layered prod. of a porous polyolefin film and the porous cloth and has a water vapour permeability of 1500 g/m2 -24 hours or more, a water resistant pressure of 0.1 kgf/cm2or more, and an air permeability of 3000 second/100 cc or less.    USE -   The covering material is used for drying and fermenting excreta discharged from livestocks, including a milking cow, beef cattle, sheep, goat, horse, pig.    ADVANTAGE -   The covering material splashes vapour, yet accepts no rainwater. The result discharges no liq. from the excreta deposit. The fermentation of the excreta deposit is accelerated to use as compost. The covering material has superior strength, resulting in less damage, and allowing long-term use.
The method involves mixing source of nitrogen and phosphorus with the oil contaminated soil. Then, supply of air is adjusted. The temperature of the soil is controlled for promoting recoverability of soil by eliminating the contaminant.    USE -   Used in raw food recoverability factory.    ADVANTAGE -   Shortens soil recovery time.
Restoration method of oil polluted soil involves introducing an oil polluted soil to a mixer. The soil is then homogeneously mixed with nitrogen and phosphorus.    ADVANTAGE -   Increases speed of hydrocarbon decomposition of soil microorganism.
The method involves mixing the waste material with a chlorine absorbent which reacts with the chlorine component of the material. Dry distillation of the mixture is performed for a predetermined time in multiple temperature ranges. The dry distillation product is solidified in the form of pellets.    USE -   In disposal of municipal waste containing chlorinated waste.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents generation of dioxin thereby reducing environmental pollution.
The gasifier (2) includes a reactor (10) inside which the waste to be processed is loaded. The reactor is made of a permeable material. A semiconductor laser (16) arranged near the reactor radiates laser light through the permeable material towards the waste.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents generation of harmful gas. Enables to obtain reusable substance. Suppresses oxidation of substance.
The battery (10) has a cell (18) which is made of a solid electrolyte board (12), a fuel pole (14) and an air pole (16). The cell is provided opposite a separator (20). A hot gas allocation bath (22) is formed on the opposing surface of fuel pole. A hot gas supply hole (26a-26c) and an air supply hole (30a-30c) are formed in opposing surface of the cell.    ADVANTAGE -   Increases effective electrode area. Prevents crack of cell.
The system consists of a laminated main fuel battery (2) which is equipped with an auxiliary battery (1) whose capacitance is less than that of the main battery. The main battery contains an oxidizing agent electrode and a fuel electrode with an electrolyte layer in between. A passage way for both fuel gas and oxidising gas is provided on both sides of the laminated electrode. The auxiliary fuel battery is arranged on the upper stream side of oxidising gas passageway to main fuel battery. The oxidising gas is supplied to the main fuel battery through the auxiliary fuel battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents loss of electrolyte. Employs serial flow system to supply exhaust gas of fuel battery to auxiliary battery. Reduces fuel utilisation factor of heating gas. Reduces corrosion of fuel electrode due to fuel insufficiency. Enables simple exchange of fuel electrode of auxiliary battery. Increases fuel gas flow when cell voltage reduces due to heating gas insufficiency.
The system includes a fuel battery (11) and an exhaust heat reclaimer (9) which are connected to a water heater (1). A forked heater (17) for heat retention is provided in the fuel battery.    The heater is electrified by an electricity generation output line (14) of the fuel battery. The exhaust heat of the fuel battery is supplied to the water heater.    ADVANTAGE -   Utilises heat energy stepwise depending on temperature level. Conserves energy thereby improves synthetic thermal efficiency. Reduces power consumption.
The device includes a storage tank (2) which is internally equipped with an electric heater (3). An exhaust-heat reclaimer (9) is connected to the storage tank. The exhaust heat reclaimer is connected to a fuel battery (11). The exhaust-heat reclaimer supplies the heat exhausted from the fuel battery to the storage tank.    A shunt (14) is installed in the input side of an electric heater. The shunt and an electric-generation terminal of the fuel battery are connected by a reverse energising line (15) so that a reverse current is passed to fuel battery during its non- operation state.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves thermal efficiency. Attains high energy conservation. Utilises heat energy at time of heat retention of fuel battery. Utilises exhaust heat of day time.
The production of rigid polyurethane (PUR) foam with a low bulk density (I) comprises reacting (a) polyisocyanates and/or modified polyisocyanates with (b) high-mol. wt. compound(s) with at least two reactive hydrogens and optionally (c) low-mol. wt. chain-extenders and/or crosslinkers in presence of (d) blowing agents, (e) catalysts and optionally (f) other additives etc. Component (d) consists of a mixture of (d-1) cyclopentane, (d-2) at least one 3-4C alkane and/or alkene which forms a homogeneous mixture with cyclopentane and (d-3) the carbon dioxide from the reaction of water and isocyanate. Component (b) comprises aromatic nitrogen-containing polyethers.    USE -   (I) is used as insulating material in building applications and in domestic refrigerators (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   Enables the production of rigid PUR foam with a low bulk density, giving moulded parts or objects with a low foam density combined with good compressive strength and good long-term dimensional stability.
Apparatus (I) comprises a container (8) that accommodates matter (9) to be composted or matter undergoing composting and after composting, the compost. The compost container (8) has an infeed opening and a closable discharge opening. The container (8) interior is divided into two or more sections by partitions (19). A locking mechanism (20) is disposed at the discharge opening. The locking mechanism (20) retains a partition (19) when the discharge opening is open. Also claimed is a method of composting using (I).    USE -   (I) is used for composting garden waste which can be run continuously without disruption all year round and under controlled and optimum composting conditions.
The metallic chamber (1) is placed in an insulating jacket (2) and forms with it a clearance filled with conducting, e.g. corundum balls (5). The chamber (1) has on its inner surface vertical ribs (6), is provided with a burner (3), combustion products, gas vapour mixture removal pipes and natural gas delivery pipe. The ribs (6) outer surface, Sr, and the inner surface Si, of the chamber (1) are coated with a high melting conducting material, e.g. titanium nitride and the ratio of areas of the surfaces - Sr/Si = 1-2.    USE -   In the forrest industry but mainly in forming in pyrolysis of farming waste: straw, stalks of maize and sun flowers, etc.    ADVANTAGE -   Full extraction of chemical components, shorter duration and reduction of specific energy consumption due to utilisation of waste heat for heating combustion air and feed gas.
This procedure for the separation of methane (CH4 ) from a CH4 /air mixture in the form of mine gas, and which may be used as a fuel for vehicles, provides for separating the mechanical impurities and moisture. The novelty of the procedure is that after separating the mechanical impurities and the moisture, the CH4 /air mixture may be subjected to conversion with steam in the presence of a catalyst to form carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2 ) and hydrogen (H2 ). The product so-obtained may then be cooled and the H2 O that condenses under these conditions is removed. A proportion of the CO2 that is present in the product is then removed by adsorption with a solvent, and the product is then subjected to methanation in the presence of a catalyst to yield a product which is then low-temp. distilled (after adsorption drying) to remove the nitrogen and yield the final CH4product.    USE -    In the separation of CH4 from CH4/air mixture.    ADVANTAGE -    Yields a high concentration of the CH4which may be used as a vehicle fuel.
Gas is cleaned from sulphur compounds by passing it at elevated temperature through a catalyst used in carbon oxide low temperature conversion based on zinc, chromium and copper. Catalyst exhausted in the production of ammonia is used for gas cleaning. The content of granules in the exhausted catalyst is not greater than 3 %.    USE -   for natural gas purification.    ADVANTAGE -   losses resulting from gas cleaning are reduced and industrial waste is utilised as an absorber in cleaning gas from sulphur compounds.
Natural gas manufacturing process involves absorption cleaning of raw gas from carbon monoxide and hydrogen sulphide, drying, absorption of heavy hydrocarbons on oil and supply of gas to the consumers. The hydrocarbon phase obtained is separated into fractions and the C1 - C3 hydrocarbons are returned to the cleaning stage. The raw gas is preliminarily treated at the pressure of 56-60 atm and the oil absorption is carried out at the pressure of 53-56 atm. After separation the heavy hydrocarbon stream is returned to the oil absorber. The 1-3C hydrocarbons are directed to the consumers.    USE -   Method is used for natural gas purification from carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulphide and mercaptans.    ADVANTAGE -   Natural gas purity is improved and plant productivity is increased.
An integrated kitchen sink cabinet (13) for processing waste water in domestic and commercial kitchens comprises a sink (11) arranged at the front end of a cabinet. A functional unit (14) is arranged at the rear end of the cabinet and it includes a refuse disposal system (15) consisting of an organic refuse decomposition tank (23) and an inorganic refuse disposal tank (25). A sink drain (12) is connected to the refuse processing tanks through a drain pipe (17). The drain pipe is provided with an antibacterial layer of either silver, copper, zinc or iron. The drain pipe is connected to a separation mechanism (19) which separates refuse and ejects only drain water through an ejection pipe (22). The refuse is sucked by respective suction mechanism (36) provided in organic and inorganic refuse process tanks, through a divider (26) arranged at the end of the drain pipe. The organic and the inorganic refuse are disposed by decomposition and oxidation. A deodorant device (29) is provided in exhaust gas passage (24) from the organic process tank. An air vent is provided on top of the functional unit enclosure.    ADVANTAGE -   The apparatus can be stored under sinks and the need for outer cladding of the cabinet is avoided and cleaning is reduced. Stable disposal of organic and inorganic waste is possible and hence a hygienic cooking environment can be created.
The incinerator includes a crusher (6) and a drier, to which refuse is conveyed. The crushed and dried refuse is supplied to a magnetic separator (12) to remove the magnetic particles. Then, flammable and inflammable components in the refuse are separated using a separator cum vibration screen machine (13). The flammable components are gathered by a collection machine (14) and delivered to a bulk reduction unit (17) where compression bulk is reduced by adding slaked lime discharged from additive supply apparatus (16). Solid fuel is produced by bulk reduction shaping of the flammable components.    USE -   For processing domestic refuse.    ADVANTAGE -   Excels in high purity of solid fuel. Simplifies recovery of magnetic matter. Ensures reliable separation of flammable and nonflammable components. Enables substantial improvement in purity of flammables.
The apparatus has a braking machine (3) which brakes inflammable refuse bags. A crusher (6) which crushes the inflammable refuse is provided. A dryer (8) dries the crushed inflammable refuse. A magnetic separator which removes magnetic matter form the dried inflammable refuse is installed. Inflammable refuse from magnetic separator is supplied to a wind force combined use type vibration screen (11) which sorts out non-flammable and flammables. A collection unit (13) collects dust containing fine flammables surfaced by the wind force. The sorted flammables are dispensed by bulk reducing making machine (17) through a dispensing machine (15). Compression of flammables is done by bulk reducing making machine.    ADVANTAGE -   Sorts out composite and dust of flammables. Manufactures solid fuel of high energy and high efficiency.
The generator comprises a crushing container (1) with rotary cutter blade (3). The blade is coupled to a shaft (2a) of a motor (2). Organic refuse (16) charged to the container is crushed and liquefied by the action of the cutter blade. The liquefied organic waste is pumped to a stirring vessel (7) having an ultrasonic vibrator (11). The organic waste is stirred thoroughly in the presence of methane for proliferation of microorganisms. A controller (13) mounted in the stirring vessel adjusts high-frequency electric power of an oscillator (12) that drives the vibrator. The stirring action and microorganisms promotes decomposition of the liquefied organic waste leading to liberation of methane. The feeble ultrasonic waves produced by the vibrator promote the proliferation of microorganisms in the stirring vessel. The liberated methane is discharged through a drain hole (10).    USE -   Used for the proliferation of microorganisms used in organic refuse processors.    ADVANTAGE -   The promotion of methane generation is good. A high degree of refuse decomposition is obtained. The influence of environmental temperature is restrained.
A conveyor (5) is attached to a running frame (3) running on a rail positioned at a fermentation composting tank. Front compost is scraped up by the conveyor (5) and falls to the rear. The agitation mechanism of the formed composting device comprises a chute (11) to guide a substance (A) dropped from the conveyor (5), a duckboard (12) to guide a lump form substance (A) through the chute (11) to the lower side of the back of the conveyor (5) and a shield plate (13) to drop the substance (A) from the duckboard (12) without contacting with the back of the conveyor (5). The conveyor (5) is lowered forward.    ADVANTAGE -   By increasing the partial temperature of lump-form substance by 60-80C from room temperature by a fermentation temperature, the substance is composted rapidly with high efficiency.
A substance to be heat-treated feed port (3a)is formed on one end side of a heat treatment chamber (2) extending from one end side to the other end side and a discharge port (4a) for a prod., heat treatment of which is completed, and an exhaust gas exhaust port (5a) are formed on the other end side of the heat treatment chamber (2). A hot blast inflow port (6) is formed in the heat treatment chamber. A number of agitating blades (7) for agitating the substance to be heat-treated are arranged on an agitation shaft (8) at intervals of a distance in a axial direction. The agitation shaft (8) is rotatably arranged in a state to be extended in the heat-treatment chamber from one end side to the other end side. The agitating blades (7) are attached on the agitation shaft (8) such that the inclination angle of the blade with the axis of the agitation shaft (8) is variable and the agitating blades are arranged in a direction in which the substance to be heat-treated is agitated and move d toward the prod. discharge port side. A gas feed passage (10) for activation reaction is extended axially of the agitation shaft (8). A number of gas injection nozzles (11) for activation reaction communicated with the feed passage (10) are axially formed in the agitation shaft (8).    USE -   The device is used for organic waste.    ADVANTAGE -   A heat treatment product, such as active coal of uniform quality, is mfd.
Organic waste processing apparatus for fish waste decomposes organic waste such as fish waste in two steps including primary decomposition and secondary decomposition. Organic waste is immersed in a water tank which contains aerobic bacteria. A cyclic water flow is generated inside the tank by escape of air bubbles from the bottom of the water tank. In the primary decomposition tank (1) the organic waste is agitated and collided mutually by the cyclic water type stirring power and flesh is crushed and separated physically. The separated flesh is finely crushed and is contacted with aerobic bacteria through outer spin materials and decomposed by the bacteria. In a secondary decomposition tank (3) the decomposed flesh is dissolved in carbon dioxide and water.    ADVANTAGE -   The apparatus has a high dissolution speed and improves the rate of bulk reduction of organic waste.
Drying water containing organic substance uses the fermentation heat and oxidation heat of water containing organic substance, such as surplus sludge, dung, fowl, pulp and food residue having a moisture content. The internal part of a can body (1) is sucked and brought into a pressure reduction state. Outside air is fed to the water containing organic substance and the pressure reduction state in the can body (1) is maintained in a balanced state. At the initial stage of drying treatment, the internal part of the can body (1) is heated at a low temperature to a temperature at which microorganism for fermentation of the internal part of the can body are cultured.    ADVANTAGE -   The moisture content in the water-containing organic substance is converted into steam and easy drying is effected.
A wet refuse disposing device comprises a disposing body part (1) provided at an internal part with a disposing tank (2) and having a garbage charge port (2a) formed in the upper part of the disposing tank (2) and a discharge port (2b) for a disposed member formed in a lower part, a first cover body (7) to open and close the charge port (2a) of the disposing body part (1), a second cover body (8) to open and close the discharge port (2b) of the disposing body part (1), a support device (9) to movably support the second cover body (8), a stirrer (3) arranged in the disposing tank (2) of the disposing body part (1) and a rotating device (6) to rotate and drive the stirrer (3). Protrusion parts (9, 11) having grooves formed in side peripheral surfaces and opened to the outside are formed on the discharge port (2b) part of the disposing body part (1).    ADVANTAGE -   Dispersion of an unpleasant smell is effectively suppressed.
Decomposition auxiliary compound for waste disposal comprises sawdust and sludge cake. The sludge cake comprises a granular substance having a granular size of 2-10mm. The sludge cake contains 88.1% moisture and 11.9% solid. The solid contains 87% organic content and 13% mineral component.    ADVANTAGE -   The activity of microorganisms is maintained. Decomposition of organic waste is promoted.
A catalyst for producing isobutane from carbon monoxide or carbon dioxide, comprising a mixture of zeolite and a composite oxide comprising iron, zinc, and one of IVA group metal, VIA group metal and IIIB group metal.    USE -   The catalyst is useful for producing isobutane from carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and hydrogen.    ADVANTAGES -   By the use of the catalyst of the present invention for catalytic hydrogenation, isobutane can be selectively produced from carbon monoxide or carbon dioxide.
Microorganism carrier of organic waste is obtained by heating a small piece of timber after cutting. The heating of the timber is effected so that a part of the surface is discoloured without discolouring the interior. The interior is protected from discolouring until the surface is discoloured. The resin part is removed by heating.    ADVANTAGE -   The life of the microorganism carrier is increased. The porosity is increased by removing the resin part. Organic waste is processed efficiently and rapidly. The hard surface of the discolouring layer is protected.
Treatment of organic waste comprises mixing pulverised or crushed product of corn-cob with organic waste and the mixture is fermented aerobically under elevating temperature. The fermentation is continued until the fermented product is blackened and fermentation is ceased.    Also claimed are (i) preparation of a fermented product in which pulverised or crushed product of corn-cob is mixed with organic waste and the mixture is fermented aerobically under elevating temperature and the fermentation is continued until the fermented product is blackened and fermentation is ceased; (ii) a soil-improving fertilizer prepared by aerobically fermenting a mixture of pulverised or crushed product of corn-cob and organic waste under elevating temperature and blackening it, (iii) a deodoriser prepared by aerobically fermenting a mixture of pulverised or crushed product of corn-cob and organic waste under elevating temperature and blackening it, and (iv) a detergent prepared by aerobically fermenting a mixture of pulverised or crushed product of corn-cob and organic waste under elevating temperature and blackening it.    ADVANTAGE -   The fermented product is useful as a soil-improving fertilizer, a deodorant and a detergent.
Organic residues are biologically processed for disposal in an assembly employing the natural recycling process in which the incoming wastes are continually homogenised and oxygenated as described in EP-441 994 A1.    The novelty is that: (a) a bio-reactor and a waste shredder are combined within a single functional unit; (b) the reactor (1) assembly consists of a waste-receiving section (1a), helical conveyers (2; 3; 4; 11), shredder blades (5), paddles (9), drive units (6), aerators (7), discharge and charge hatches (10a, 10b), distributor helical conveyers (11), a control panel (12) and ventilator (13); (c) the reactor vessel (1) has a closed, insulated sheath whose inner surface is made of stainless steel, and outer surface is made of galvanised steel, separated by an insulating layer of polyurethane foam.    USE -   The assembly converts esp. waste organic residues into re-usable biomass. Water vapour is continually exhausted, drying the residue which is continually shredded and agitated, reducing the volume. Heat is liberated and may be re-captured through a heat exchanger. Combination of the electronically process controlled bio-reactor and waste shredder minimises the problem of the location for installation by compact and horizontal arrangement of the individual units within an enclosed module.    ADVANTAGE -   The prior art conversion process is greatly shortened and is combined with a high degree of reduction in pathogens and bacteria. The assembly operates almost fully automatically.
Process for reforming methanol comprises: (a) preparing an apparatus comprising an anode, cathode and proton-conducting electrolyte; (b) applying an electrical voltage between the anode and cathode; (c) feeding a mixture of methanol and oxygen-containing compound to the anode; and (d) reducing protons to H2 on the cathode side. The H2 produced is stored in a tank under pressure. Also claimed is the apparatus for carrying out the process.    USE -   The H2 is used for operating fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -   H2 can be cheaply formed from methanol.
The fuel cell has part of the heat of the gases fed from the anode and cathode used for pre-heating the gases fed to the anode and the cathode, to obtain the required temperature for optimum operation of the fuel cell, using anode and cathode gas circuits (1,2). The quantities of the reaction gases fed to the anode and the cathode are regulated in dependence on the required electrical output of the fuel cell, with an equivalent gas quantity extracted from each circuit for recycling.    USE -   For operation in temperature range between 850 and 1000 degrees C.    ADVANTAGE -   Optimum operating efficiency of fuel cell.
The process involves(a) providing a sepn. cell having a permselective membrane comprising an amorphous perfluoro-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxole polymer, the membrane partitioning the cell into a feed chamber and a permeate chamber; (b) introducing into the feed chamber a gas-contg. liq. to which the membrane is impermeable, the liq. having one or more gases dissolved in it; (c) permitting the gas(es) to permeate across the membrane from the feed chamber to the permeate chamber; and (d) removing the gas(es) from the permeate chamber.    USE -   For extracting gases dissolved in liquids, especially transformer oils.    ADVANTAGE -   The identity of accumulated gas, its concentration, and the rate of accumulation provides valuable diagnostic information about a transform's health, alerting a utility company to a fault which can lead to destructive failure of the transformer if not corrected. The membrane of the invention has improved speed of gas extraction.
C4 and heavier hydrocarbons are recovered from the effluent of a catalytic hydrocarbon conversion process that uses a mobile additive in a reaction zone to produce an effluent comprising C4, C3 and lighter hydrocarbons by (a) contacting a first hydrocarbon stream with a catalyst in a reaction zone in the presence of the additive to produce a second stream comprising C4 and C3 hydrocarbons; (b) separating this stream into a liquid phase and a gaseous phase comprising C4 and C3 hydrocarbons and the additive; (c) passing the gaseous phase to an adsorption zone containing an adsorbent for the additive to produce a gaseous effluent stream having a reduced concentration of additive; (d) chilling the effluent stream, by indirect heat exchange with a refrigerant stream, to a temperature of -20 to 40F; (e) separating the chilled gaseous effluent into a light gas stream comprising C3 hydrocarbons and lower boiling compounds and a separator bottoms stream comprising C4 hydrocarbons; (f) compressing the refrigerant and indirectly contacting it with a desorption stream comprising hydrocarbons to cool the refrigerant and heat and vapourise the desorption stream; (g) contacting the heated desorption stream with the adsorbent containing the additive to desorb the additive and produce an additive stream comprising hydrocarbons and additive; and (h) passing the additive stream to the reaction zone.    USE -   Especially in isomerisation processes using 4-6C hydrocarbon feed streams.    ADVANTAGE -   The adsorption zone maintains chloride compounds in the reaction zone, prevents contamination of the product with chloride and increases the recovery of C4 compounds. The adsorption zone recovers 90 wt.% of the additive in the second stream and 99 wt.% of the additive from the gaseous input stream.
Organic residues are cleaned from a substrate by contacting the substrate with a composition comprising: (A) N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone; (B) 2, 2, 4-trimethyl-1, 3 pentanediol mono(2-methyl propanoate); (C) an unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbon of formula (I); (D) isoparaffin; and (E) dibasic ester. CH3(CH2)xCH=CH2 (I); x = 5-20.    USE -   The cleaning composition is useful for cleaning ink and ink residues from printing machines, printing plates, offset screens, rubber sheets and ink rollers.    ADVANTAGE -   The composition does not contain aromatic or volatile solvents and has excellent cleaning properties.
Preparation of an anti-tumour composition involves culturing of microorganisms in a starting medium and separation of the liquid fraction. Greater celandine or some other symbiotic plant having natural anti-tumour properties is used as the starting medium, and the microorganisms are cultured by multi-stage fermentation. In stage 1 the culturing period is 5-6 weeks at a temperature excluding drying off or decomposition of the biomass, with subsequent comminution of the biomass. The duration of stage 2 is 10-14 days at 32-38 C, of stage 3-4 months at 28-35 C, and stage 4 7-9 months at 4-8 C. After stage 1, the fermented raw material is boiled for 1.5-2 hours, the liquid fraction is separated for further treatment after stage 2, is filtered, and after stage 4, the mixture is filtered and boiled.    USE -   The method is useful in the production of medicinal products from plant raw materials having anti-tumour activity, and in veterinary practice.    ADVANTAGE -   The method provides a means of obtaining a non-toxic immuno-modulating composition which stimulates non-specific immunity, and does not damage healthy cells. The composition produces marked activation of lymphocyte cells.
The method involves impregnating a polymer film in an electrolytic solution to form a polymer electrolyte film. The electrolyte film is sealed tightly on the outer periphery by a porous packing material. Crimp fitting of the electrolyte film is done finally.    Improves adhesion between electrolyte film and packing.
The structure includes several honeycomb channels (12) which are arranged in the from of a cross sectional polygon, made of same solid electrolyte material. A fuel pole channel and an air pole channel (14,16) are provided in the channel interface surface, along with an inter connector channel (18). The honeycomb channel is pierced into a furnace wall (24) and a gas sealing is done in contact portion of channel and outer wall of furnace at room temperature.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids exposure of gas seal portion to high temperature. Enhances reliability of gas sealing. Consumes less power.
The battery has multiple rectangular shaped cells (C) which comprise an electrolyte layer (1) that is provided between a fuel pole (3) and an oxygen pole (2). An oxygen content gas passageway (5) and a fuel gas passageway (f) are formed on the side of the cell. A flow path formation member (M) which divides the fuel gas passageway is formed facing the fuel pole. A first pair of opening (so) of the oxygen content gas passageway is formed opposingly on the parallel sides of the cell. A second pair of openings (fo) of the fuel gas passage way is opposingly formed on the another parallel sides of the cell. Gas flows from one opening to the other opening. An equal flow path (E) and an unequal flow path (U) are formed covering the full channel width. A temperature rise controller (Am) is formed at a predetermined distance from edge of superior side of the equal flow path. The amount of gas flowing through the unequal flow path is less than that flowing in the equal flow path.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves endurance of cell.
Deacidification of a fluid containing a mixture of hydrocarbons, methane and an acid gas(mixture) to produce the acids in a fluid form is new. The method comprises contacting the fluid with solvent(s) selective with respect to the acid gas or gases. The solvent is regenerated by expansion and/or heating it to produce the solvent which is recycled and a gaseous fraction containing the acid gas (mixture). At regeneration is carried out at a pressure which is greater than the bubble pressure of the acid gas (mixture) produced in liquid form. The gaseous acidic fraction is modified in a contact zone by separating at least some of the solvent from the gaseous fraction. The modified gaseous fraction is cooled to a temperature at which at least some of the gaseous fraction will condense to form at least one liquid fraction enriched with liquid acid gases. The liquid fraction of gases is separated from the remaining gaseous fraction containing methane and co-adsorbed hydrocarbons and the gaseous fraction is recycled to be contacted with the acid gas-selective solvent.    USE -   For deacidifying gases which can be disposed of in liquid form, e.g. by injection into the sub-soil.    ADVANTAGE -   The acid gases do not have to be re-compressed for disposal by re-injection, reducing the risk of leakage. Pumping is an easier and less expensive method than compressing the gases.
A fuel reforming apparatus comprises a heating portion (1) for the liquid feed comprising water and alcohol or hydrocarbon; a portion (2) for evaporating the heated liquid feed to generate feed gases; a portion (3) for superheating the feed gases from an evaporation to a reforming temperature; a reforming portion (4) for generating H2 rich reformed gases from the superheated feed gases by reforming catalysts; a catalytic combustion portion (6a,b) for supplying reforming heat to the reforming portion and evaporation heat to the evaporation portion and the steam superheating portion by combustion of the catalysts; a shift reaction portion (4a) for reducing CO in the gases generated by the reforming portion; a CO oxidation portion (5) for reducing the CO contained in the reformed gases emerging from the shift portion by catalytic oxidation; and a heat recovery portion (7a,b) for using exhaust heat of high temperature combustion gases obtained by the combustion of the catalysts as h eat sources for the steam superheating portion and the evaporation portion. The elements are formed into flat plates of light alloy, having a manifold for performing intake and exhaust and also having heat transfer fins in the interior, and integrally stacked in close proximity to one another from a high temperature side to a low temperature side in the order of (6b), (4), (3), (7b), (4a), (2), (5) and (1).    USE -   The apparatus is used for reforming fuel, e.g., for generating H2 for portable fuel cells, or for converting alcohol or hydrocarbon to hydrogen-rich reformed gases.    ADVANTAGE -   The apparatus is compact, suitable for mass production, supplies heat directly by the combustion of off-gases and sets the temperature distribution of the CO oxidation portion to the optimum.
A clip fixture joins the adjacent edges of especially plastic panels (2) assembled to form e.g. refuse containers and composting bunkers. The novelty is that: (a) the clip (15, 16, 17) is T-shaped, and has a central bar (17) extending in both directions (19, 20) at the tip to form an incomplete circle extending through approximately 300; (b) the panel (2) edges bear an L-shaped profile (7, 9, 10) with an upper shank (10) having an angled extension (11), with a rounded tip resting against the clip circle (20) inner face: (c) the panels (2) may be bent at 45 to the base (7) of the L-shaped profile to create a corner, or are straight to form a butt joint.    USE -   The clip fixture joining plastic panels are used in e.g. refuse containers and composting bunkers.    ADVANTAGE -   The panels are more easily assembled than prior art and compensate for panels of varying thickness. The fixture limits the flexibility of the assembled structure.
A plasmid is characterised by having base sequence (I; given in the specification).    Also claimed are:    (1) a plasmid with about 1.8 kb base pairs as given in the specification;    (2) a similar plasmid with base sequence (II; given in the specification), particularly containing 1.9 kb base pairs;    (3) a plasmid containing at least a part of the above base sequences and a selective marker gene;    (4) a plasmid with 7.6 kb base pairs as given in the specification;    (5) a transformant prepared by introducing a plasmid into 1 host;    (6) a bioluminescence detection method for detecting ammonium ion in an aqueous solution by contacting the substrate with a transformant obtained by introducing a plasmid, that has a gene containing protein(s) encoding for bioluminescence, into an ammonia oxidising bacterium;    (7) a method for producing nitrification-inhibiting material-resistant ammonia oxidising bacteria using a transformant obtained by introducing a plasmid, that has a gene encoding metabolism and decomposition enzyme for nitrification-inhibiting materials, into ammonia oxidising bacteria, and    (8) a method for enhancing ammonia oxidation of ammonia oxidising bacteria using a transformant obtained by introducing a plasmid that has a gene encoding an enzyme for ammonia oxidation.    USE -   The plasmid can be used as a transformation vector for gene manipulation in ammonia oxidising bacteria such as Nitrosomonas europaea after introduction into hosts to prepare transformants for treating underground water, household aqueous waste and industrial effluent by the activated sludge or bio-membrane method.    ADVANTAGE -   Said plasmid, pAYS, is characterised by having base sequences and a selective marker gene, which can be used as transformation vector for gene manipulation.
Process for total elimination of purines comprises mixing purines with cattle manure, hen manure and sawdust or an equivalent absorbent plant material, in amounts 10-30% cattle manure, 5-10% hen manure (which may be completely replaced by cattle manure), 30-60% purines and 15-40% sawdust; homogenising the mixture in a vat having stirring means, with bacterial seeding; depositing the product as piles of biomass in a solera where it is left for 10-12 days during which it is stirred, turned and aerated, then displaced to one end of the vat for removal. By this time the raw materials have been fermented and converted into a natural fertiliser with high microbial content, which can be deposited on maturation areas or conveyed to a parallel plant for grinding, drying, granulating and/or pelletising. Also claimed are: (a) the apparatus for carrying out the above process, and (b) the natural fertiliser obtained by the process containing 6 fertilising components shared between, depending on the starting materials, N2, P2O5 and K2O, and having humidity 30-35%, percentage organic material 80-85%, pH 7.5-8.5 and C/N ratio = 14.    USE -   The product may be used directly as a fertiliser or as a raw material for other industrial processes, e.g. for obtaining organominerals or substrates for horticulture.    ADVANTAGE -   The product is free of toxic components.
Process for dehydrating a raw natural gas stream containing water and hydrocarbon, comprises (a) contacting the natural gas stream with an absorbent stream, in which the water and a portion of the components are absorbed from the gas stream; (b) separating the thus dried gas stream from the produced stream of absorbed water and hydrocarbon components; (c) separating the absorbent from the water and hydrocarbon components to provide a liquid absorbent stream and a vapour stream of water vapour and hydrocarbon vapour; (d) condensing the water vapour and a portion of the hydrocarbon vapour in the vapour stream to provide a mixed liquid-vapour stream; (e) passing the mixed liquid-vapour stream through a liquid-ring pump capable of reducing the volume and increasing the pressure of the mixed stream; and thereafter (f) passing the mixed stream through a separator to separate the vapour of the mixed stream from the liquid of the mixed stream and thereafter returning the vapour to the r aw natural gas stream.    USE -   Absorbent purifying natural gas to eliminate volatile organic compounds.    ADVANTAGE -   Improved recovery is obtained of the glycol absorbent during a natural gas purification process with the elimination of the emission of volatile organic compounds during the regeneration of the absorbent.
The water or soil is treated with a hydrocarbon-base acid microorganism, previously cultured by the hypogeal method in a medium containing substrate from the contaminated area, taken in an amount ensuring symbiotic growth of the microorganism and the substrate. The culturing is carried out under irradiation over 1-4 days, until appearance of the sleep phase of growth. The amount of substrate in the total mass of the culture should be 1-50%    USE -   The method deals with petroleum contamination during extraction or transport, or in storage, especially in large-scale, deep earth surface stores, where a dense bituminous mass forms over the course of time    ADVANTAGE -   The method is cost-effective, and allows full cleaning of water or soil, restoring normal function of macro and micro flora
A method for purification of surfaces to remove petroleum and petroleum product contamination involving deposition of peat onto the contaminated surface is new. Peat comminuted and heat treated and to a bulk density of 0.09-0.13 g/cu.cm. and containing 20-30 wt.% humic acids is used. After deposition of the peat, an aqueous suspension of hydrocarbon-containing Rhodococcus bacteria is applied, which contains nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium salts, of concentration in the aqueous suspension of 0.01-0.2%. The ratio of the Rhodococcus bacteria and N, P, and K salts is: (0.1-1):(0.2-2):(0.15-1.5):(0.05-0.5). The peat consumption is 0.3-0.7 kg per kg contamination, and the consumption of aqueous suspension is 8-12 kg/m2. of surface.    USE -   The method is useful in cleaning up accidental spillage on the ground and in swamps.    ADVANTAGES -   The method is simpler and more efficient than previous processes, and does not require expensive sorbents.
The method involves decomposing an organic substance in waste liquid using a micro organism. The concentration of acidic salt in the liquid waste is detected by a detector. Based on the detected concentration, activation gas is supplied. The supply of activation gas is controlled corresponding to the resolving power of the micro organism in the liquid waste.    ADVANTAGE -   Controls activation gas by resolving power of micro organism.
A method for producing a liquid fertilizer comprising the following steps is claimed. (1) a liquid raw material is activated by being mixed with an activating agent, an anaerobic microorganism, soil microbe under weak aeration, (2) the liquid from the step (1) is further activated with activating agent under weak aeration, (3) the liquid from the step(2 )is anaerobically activated under weak aeration, and (4) the product is added into human faeces and urine. An apparatus for the production method consisting of tanks used for the steps (1),(2) and (3) and a vessel for mixing the product of step (3) with human faeces and urine is also claimed.    ADVANTAGE -   The present method is simple and affords liquid fertilizer inexpensively.
Assembly to turn over compost and other rotting material, moves along and across the composting area with two horizontal conveyors at a gap from each other. The compost turning edge (9) is between the conveyors (10), with a pointed-roof shaped guide (15) under the edge (9) to direct the compost falling from the turning edge (9) partially to the horizontal conveyors (10).    ADVANTAGE -   The assembly prevents a side shift of the compost while being turned over, so that the composting area is fully used.
Assembly to turn over compost and other rotting material, comprises a conveyor system (15) which moves at the crane bridge (4) to move in and out of the throwing zone, at right angles to the crane bridge (4).    ADVANTAGE -   The assembly allows the compost to be taken from the side, at any point of the composting area.
A prefabricated component for the erection of a structure comprises a concrete plate (1) with at least two slits at the longitudinal sides. The plate has a taper from the outer side towards the interior, apart from the limit side walls (1c,1f) of the separate slits (1a,1b). There may be a connecting block which has at least one longitudinal recess, with a width matching the thickness of the concrete plates. The limit walls, at the narrow sides of the recess, are chamfered to match the line of the inner side walls of the slits. The plate has a length up to 200 cm, with a height:length ratio of 7.5-80.0% and preferably 25-50%. The plate's length can be 50 cm, 75 cm, 100 cm or 150 cm. The plate's height is between 15 and 40 cm, and its width between 3 and 5 cm. The plate with a length of 100 cm is taken as the basic unit.    Also claimed are the concrete plate and connecting block themselves, and the structure made from them.    USE -   The components are used for the assembly of silos, and the like, on site, e.g. for making compost.    ADVANTAGE -   The components can be carried in a car or van, without the need for heavy duty trucks, and can be assembled without special equipment.
Biogas plant includes a reception tank, reactor and a block-type thermal power plant (BHKW). The latter runs on biogas produced from farming wastes by the reactor. In this plant, a pressure vessel (5) sterilises animal carcases broken down by a comminuter (6). This arrangement precedes the reception tank (2). The waste gas line bringing exhaust gases from the block-type power generation plant (BHKW, 4) is connected to the pressure vessel, in order to heat up the comminuted cadavers.    USE -   A biogas plant especially suitable for dealing with animal cadavers.    ADVANTAGE -   The plant is designed for the disposal of animals in a safe manner. At the same time biogas, heat and electrical energy are produced. Risk from contact with the cadavers is minimised; transport can be avoided. There is no danger of spreading infection as can occur from incineration. Heat from the biogas, aided by comminution, assure very thorough high-temperature sterilisation, before bio-reaction. The process is energetically efficient, using waste heat both to sterilise and to prepare for bio-reaction, the latter otherwise requiring a preheating stage.
Gas sensor comprises: (a) a substrate (1); (b) a heater (7) on the substrate; (c) a gas-sensitive layer (2) made of semiconductor material on the substrate; (d) a resistance measuring structure (10) interacting with the gas-sensitive layer (2); and (e) a covering plate (3) over the layer (2), which is distanced from the substrate (1) by elements (4) forming an inner space (14). Gas can be fed to the layer (2) through openings (12) in the covering plate (3) or into the elements (4).    The covering plate (3) is coated with catalytically active material. The intermediate layer (9) is made of SiO2. The gas-sensitive layer is made of Ga2O3. The catalyst elements (11) or catalyst layer (8) consist of tempered gallium oxide-ceramic paste, and further catalytically active materials such as Pt, Rh, Pd or Au, or catalytically active oxides such as CeO2 or La2O3.    USE -   For detecting methane.    ADVANTAGE -   The sensor has high long-term stability and improved gas selectivity.
A bacterial consortium contains Pseudomonas sp., Ps. fluorescens, Ps. putida and Thiobacillus sp. and is used in removal of alkyl sulphonates from aqueous waste.    USE -   The consortium is used in purification of aqueous wastes.    ADVANTAGE -   More efficient treatment is achieved. The mixture removes 45 g/l of salts at temperatures of 41 C.
Microbiological cleaning of water and air in a unit having a body (1) with pipes connections (3,4) for air supply and removal and pipe connections (7,9) for water supply and removal, a sprayer (12), fixed in the body upper part, a micro-organism suspension collector (5), a circulation pump (11) connected to the sprayer and collector (5), and clean water collector (6) located in the body lower part.    The sheet filters (16) are located under the sprayer and above the collector (5), on rods (14) fixed in the body's upper part. The filters are provided with filtrate outlet pipes (18), connected to the clean water collector (6). The filtrate outlet pipes are located in lower part of the sheet filters. The sprayer is made as a Segner wheel or a manifold with atomisers. A manifold with a valve for periodic disconnection of filtrate flow, is located between the filtrate outlet pipe and the clean water collector.    USE -   The unit is useful for cleaning drain water and air in industrial buildings.    ADVANTAGE -   The water and air cleaning is carried out in one unit.
Compost can be produced from e.g. household waste by mixing the waste with active mud from purification of aqueous wastes in proportion 3-4:1, and spreading the mixture on a water-permeable surface. This is then compacted and covered with a 0.5 m layer of clay to ensure the anaerobic conditions. The mixture of the waste and active mud contains 70-75% water, and biogas produced during the reaction is collected using a system of pipes.    USE -   The method is used in the preparation of compost.    ADVANTAGE -   The method utilises e.g. household waste.
Ageing tank for compost comprises a frame material (5) forming a box form container; a side wall panel (2), assembled in the frame material (5) so that an upper opening is formed in the upper part of the container; a bottom panel (7) which closes the bottom opening of the side wall panel and containing a number of small holes to allow intake of air; a lower wall part (10) facing the bottom panel and formed so that the claws of a fork lift truck and other handling device can be inserted; a side wall part (11) rising form the bottom panel on two sides; and a claw insertion part in the form of a small hole (3) in the bottom panel, between the walls.    ADVANTAGE -   The tank is strong and durable
Device for manufacture of organic compost comprises at least two heating agitators vertically disposed through a vertical rotary shaft (1b) in a disposing tank (1) with an inlet port through which waste and left-over food are added. Each of the agitators contains an agitating blade (1a) in which a space (S) connected to an air feed source is formed. A heater is placed in the space and a ventilation port is formed. The ventilation port comprises a check valve and air heated by the heater is blown out. The agitation blade comprises a hollow ventilation pipe and two blade parts (1c), converged in a rotation direction, to nip the ventilation pipe.    ADVANTAGE -   Speed and efficiency of heat transfer are improved and temperature control is efficient.
In the device which has a selecting oxidation part which has catalyser oxidising selectly carbon monoxide in hydrogen rich gas in fixed temperature region and a cooling means which cools the selecting oxidation part, the cooling means has a holding part which holds cooling media with heat exchangeable state to the selecting oxidation part and a pressure adjusting means which adjusts pressure in the holding part.    ADVANTAGE -   Whole temperature of selecting oxidation part can be uniformed within temperature region which catalyser can be activated and efficiency of whole device can be improved and size of the device can be downed.
The device comprises: (a) a reforming part which generates reforming gas with reforming raw material gas reforming by heat generated with chemical reaction between oxidant and fuel gas; (b) a catalyser part to be able to flow the oxidant and the fuel gas to burn; (c) an oxidant flow part to supply oxidant to the catalyser part; and (d) a fuel gas flow part to supply the fuel gas to the catalyser part.    The oxidant and the fuel gas are flowed while facing the burning catalyser part.    Also claimed is the fuel battery comprising a fuel tank storing fuel gas, a reforming raw material tank storing reforming raw material gas, a burning catalyser part in which has a reforming part with reforming raw material gas reforming by heat generated with chemical reaction between oxidant and fuel gas and into which the oxidant and the fuel gas can flow, an oxidant flowing part to supply the oxidant to the burning catalyser part and a fuel gas flowing part to supply fuel gas supplied with the fuel tank to the burning catalyser part and structured with a reforming device flowing the oxidant and the fuel gas in the burning catalyser part with facing and an electric generating part into which reformed gas exhausted from said reforming device is flowed and which electricity is generated with the reformed gas chemical-reacting in fixed temperature.    ADVANTAGE -   Partial temperature rise generated with mixing between air and fuel gas can be controlled and activity of catalyser for burning can be maintained for long term.
The apparatus comprises a treatment tank (1) containing the microorganism carrier. Organic refuse (3) is put inside the treatment tank for the processing. The heat of the treatment tank is maintained at a microorganism activation temperature. An oxidation catalyst (26a) is provided in a deodorisation unit (26) for the exhaust gas discharged from the treatment tank. A heater (25) increases the temperature of the exhaust gas to the reaction temperature of the deoxidation catalyst. The deodorisation unit is attached to the treatment tank with a heat insulating glass wool (29) which reduces the heat transmitted to the treatment tank from the deodorisation unit to the activation temperature of the microorganism.    ADVANTAGE -   Performs deodorisation of exhaust gas and retention of treatment tank heat together.
Membrane for selectively separating carbon dioxide from a mixt. contg. carbon dioxide and methane by allowing carbon dioxide to selectively permeate the membrane is characterised by using a fluorine-contg. polyimide resin in which the rotational barrier energy of the principal chain is at least 150 cal/cm3 per unit van der Waals volume in the minimum repeating unit molecular structure obtained by molecular mechanics using dreiding 2 as a molecular force field.    Also claimed is selective sepn. of carbon dioxide, in which a mixt. contg. carbon dioxide and methane is brought into contact with one side of a membrane mainly contg. the above fluorine-contg. polyimide resin and carbon dioxide is allowed to selectively permeate the membrane and separated.    USE -   The membrane can be used for separating and concentrating carbon dioxide from a mixt. contg. carbon dioxide and methane generated in the natural gas purificn. industry and petrochemical industry.    ADVANTAGE -   The membrane obtained has high separating and permeating properties against carbon dioxide.
An Enterococcus sp. microorganism (FERM P-15918) is claimed which induces a tumour necrosis factor (TNF) inducer and produces an antibacterial substance.    USE -   Production of TNF inducer and inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes, a causative microorganism of listeriosis.    ADVANTAGE -   Enterococcus sp. EF-S1 (FERM P-15918) with potent TNF inductive effect and antimicrobial effect against Listeria monocytogenes is thermostable.
A culture medium for culturing mushroom adjusted by the addition of sludge is new. Also claimed is a culture medium for culturing mushroom spawn adjusted with the addition of sludge.    USE -   These media are useful for culturing mushroom or mushroom spawn.    ADVANTAGE -   The use of these media using sludge as nutrient source reduces the cost of sludge disposal as well as the cost of mushroom production, shortens the culture period, increases yield, permits efficient year-round use of mushroom production facilities.
The fuel cell energy production plant has a reformat production unit (2) containing a reforming reactor (4). A valve (8) in the reformat feed line (7) is controlled in such a manner, that it releases or interrupts, the feeding of the reformat delivered by the reformat production unit (2) in the fuel cell arrangement (1), depending on the output signal of the at least one reformat quality indicating sensor (12,23,14,17). In addition/or a supply air regulating valve (29) is arranged in an air or an acid feed line of the fuel cell feed line (9) of the fuel cell arrangement (1).    The valve is controlled by the control unit (15), depending on the output signal of at least one reformat quality indicating sensor. At least respectively one reformat quality indicating sensor (12,14) is provided at the entry side and the output side of a reformat refining unit (5,6), of the reformat production unit (2), connected to the reforming reactor (4).    ADVANTAGE -   Reacts very quickly to disturbances with reformat preparation to prevent any harming of fuel cell arrangement.
Apparatus for converting a gas stream containing hydrocarbons to a reaction product containing effluent molecules having at least 1C, comprises: (a) a housing with at least one interior and one exterior surface; (b) first and second electrodes, selectively moveable in relation to each other and positioned in the housing to be spatially disposed a predetermined distance from each other; (c) a device for producing a plasma discharge between the electrodes; (d) a device for passing the gas stream between the electrodes; and (e) a unit for collecting the reaction product effluent produced by the reaction with the plasma discharge between the electrodes. A method for converting a gas stream containing hydrocarbons to a reaction product effluent involves: (A) producing a plasma discharge between the first and second electrodes; (B) introducing the gas stream into the plasma discharge; and (C) collecting the reacted hydrocarbons as effluent from the housing.    USE -   For converting gas streams containing hydrocarbons especially natural gas containing methane into higher hydrocarbons e.g. ethene or ethylene.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides cost-effective one-step conversion of hydrocarbons at relatively low temperatures.
A fuel cell includes a single sheet of polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) divided by chemical treatment into regions having different electrical and ionic conductivities. The regions are divided into at least three regions with a repeat pattern ABC-ABC-ABC, where region A is ionically conductive but electrically non-conductive, region C is electrically conductive but ionically non-conductive, and region B has ionic conductivity lower than A and electrical conductivity lower than C. The sheet has means for delivering fuel and oxidant to different sides of the sheet in a way to prevent their mixing.    USE -   For electric vehicles and remote or portable power sources.    ADVANTAGE -   Side by side series configuration of individual PEM cells fabricated from a single uncut sheet, film or roll of PEM, thus assembly is simplified, and sealing of the cells is less labour intensive as adhesives between cells are not used.
The reactor has a body (1) with baffles (2) forming acid, neutral, alkali and methane fermentation chambers (3, 4, 5, 6), provided with mixing pumps (7). The acid fermentation chamber (3) is connected to the waste collector (8). The methane fermentation chamber (6) is connected to the biogas collector (9) and is provided with a bell (10).    The reactor body along its longitudinal axis on the side of the side surface is made as a box with solid-phase fermentor cavity (12) and hinged walls (11), with perforated channel in lower part connected to the air blower from the farm building, with perforated outlets in the middle part.    The box upper part is connected by pump (17) for supply of solid component of after fermentation sediment, to the methane fermentation chamber. The lower part of the box is connected to the clarified liq. collector.    The waste form collector (8) is supplied by mixing pump (7) to the acid fermentation chamber (3). The substrate between the body (1) baffles (2) passes through all the fermentation chambers and is treated. In each chamber pump (7) picks up the substrate in the upper part and supplies it to the lower part.    USE -   On pig farms for waste utilisation.    ADVANTAGE -   The efficiency is increased.
The tank has a litter collector (1), connected by means of a disperser (2) to the biological reactor (3), which has acid, neutral, alkali and methane fermentation sections (4, 5, 6, 7), connected by pipes (8, 9) and dispersers (10). The methane fermentation chamber is connected to the gas collector (11) and litter collector (1).    The biological reactor is located inside the solid phase fermenter, made as vertical chambers with perforated channels (13), connected to the air blower. The methane fermentation chamber is connected to the upper part of the fermentor and the lower part of the fermentor has hinged portholes with hinges connected by a conveyer to the briquetting press.    The waste flows to the collector (1) and is then displaced to reactor (3) for successive fermentation in its sections. In the sections the substrate is mixed by disperser (10). The biogas is removed from the methane fermentation section (7) gas cavity to gas collector (11). The compost is displaced by a conveyer to the briquetting press.    USE -   For battery poultry waste conversion to biogas and bio-fertiliser.    ADVANTAGE -   The efficiency is increased.
The tank has a horizontal body (1) with vertical baffles (2), forming acid, neutral, alkali and methane fermentation sections (3,4,5,6), with gas cavities (7) in upper part of the body and alternating openings (8) for substrate passage from the loader (9) to the unloader (10) and a mixer. The mixer has a horizontal shaft (11), with a drive (12) and blades (13). The mixer horizontal shaft is displaced w.r.t. the body axis. The acid fermentation section is provided with a perforated cylinder (14), connected through a hydraulic lock (15) to the loader provided with a lid (16).    USE -   For drainage cleaning and solid carbon-nitrogen waste treatment with anaerobic micro-organisms to produced biological gas.    ADVANTAGE -   The efficiency is increased.
The procedure for the separation of gas mixtures provides for passing the mixture to be separated to one side of a polyimide membrane and recovering the permeated constituents from the other side of the said membrane. The novelty of the said procedure is that the said membrane composition may have a polyimide structure that corresponds to the structure given below: where R = hydrogen (H), CF3 , O-C6 H5; and n = 30-80.    USE -   In the separation of the gas mixtures.    ADVANTAGE -   Has an increased selectivity for gas mixtures separation and an adequate permeability.
The method involves performing reforming reaction of methanol in presence of nickel catalyst at a fixed temperature which is maintained in the range of 240-250 degC. The space velocity of carbon monoxide is maintained in the range of 300- 500h-1. Heat emission by methanation reaction is restrained by mixing a catalyst particle with a ceramic ball or adjusting nickel content in the catalyst.    ADVANTAGE -   Removes carbon monoxide efficiently from reforming gas, without using additives. Suppresses side reaction reliably. Achieves simplification of apparatus.
A raw refuse treatment device which treats objects having raw refuse and chips which are water adjusted heats and agitates then in a treatment vessel. The device has a means which washes intermittently salt in the treating object with water during treatment.    ADVANTAGE -   Storage density of the salt in the refuse can be decreased and the refuse can be used as compost without further treatment.
Organic substance processing apparatus for decomposition of organic waste by microorganisms has a pressing chamber (1) into which organic refuse is collected. A condensation board condenses the vaporised steam in the processing chamber. A tank (17) in the upper portion of the processing chamber accumulates the moisture. A moisture content detector detects the moisture content in the processing chamber.    A water sprinkling pipe (22) performs water sprinkling in the processing chamber, which is activated by a switch depending on the detection result of the moisture content detector. When the moisture content level in the tank is below the predetermined value, the water sprinkling pipe sprinkles water (W) into the tank equipped with a solenoid valve (21) to maintain moisture content inside the tank.    ADVANTAGE -   Maintains moisture content without any additional labour.
Organic waste processing involves mixing organic refuse with microorganism in the form of grains inside a mixing vessel (2) with an agitator (6). The agitation is started and stopped at intervals and as the processing time increases, the agitation is stopped for a longer time.    The microorganism with their enzymatic action converts organic refuse into carbon dioxide gas and water. The water is evaporated.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids odour. Facilitates in house processing of waste.
Organic refuse grinding processing equipment for crushing and processing kitchen waste comprises a grinding unit which crushes organic refuse dropped from an exhaust port connected to a kitchen sink. A dehydration member is provided to dehydrate the organic refuse crushed by the grinding unit. The refuse dropped into the grinding circles is mixed and crushed with flowing water and supplied to the lower part of a cylindrical screen provided in the dehydration circles and formed with several small holes. The water content of the crushed refuse flows downwards to the small holes of the cylindrical screen by rotating the vane of a screw provided in the screen. The dehydrated crushed refuse is moved to the upper part of the cylindrical screen and dropped into an accommodation box (4). The accommodation box has a reservoir container (42) which stores a decomposition microorganism (X) for decomposing the organic refuse after grinding and dehydration by stirring. A heating unit is provided at the lower part of the reservoir container. A pipe (47) connected at one end (47a) to the upper part of the reservoir is branched into two from a branch part (47b) to individually connect a sewage at a second end and a deodorising vessel (48) at the third end (47d). A fan (49) which blasts to the reverse side from the reservoir container is installed in the pipe between the take-off connection at the reservoir container of one end and the branch part. A check valve (50) is provided within the pipe between the branch part and the take-off connection to the sewage.    ADVANTAGE -    The apparatus is compact, effectively links sink and sewage, reduces manual labour (e.g. cooking and washing), prevents soiling of hands, clothes and floor, is efficient and quick, simplifies moisture control, treats CO2and steam generated efficiently, deodorises gases and prevents odour leakage.
Preparation of organic acids comprises causing a microorganism(s) to act upon waste, in order to form a desired organic acid(s).    USE -   The organic acids obtained are useful as a raw material for biodegradable plastics.    ADVANTAGE -   The method permits treatment and utilisation of large amounts of waste from households, hotels, hospitals, the food industry, agriculture and the livestock industries. It permits low-cost production of the useful organic acids with a desired composition of the acids through simple control of the composition of garbage, the pH, the concentration of oxygen dissolved, the temperature and the water content.
Active mixture of carbon source assimilable aerobic soil borne microorganisms. Also claimed is the preparation of feed for livestock or fertilisers by fermenting organic waste (e.g. food, livestock, kitchen and/or sludge) with the active mixed microorganisms.    ADVANTAGE -   The method is an effective treatment of organic waste.
The arrangement (10) is provided for a fuel battery which ejects carbon monoxide. The ejected carbon monoxide cools the reforming gas containing hydrogen which is reformed by the modifier. A cooling gas passage way (12) is provided in contact with a reforming gas passage way (11) such that heat exchange takes place. Carbon monoxide removal catalyst is filled up into the reforming gas passage way. A heat transfer material like alumina ball is filled up into the cooling gas passage way. Reforming gas and cooling gas flows in the opposite directions.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces installation area. Reduces carbon monoxide volume reliably.
The method is applicable to a battery which comprises a planar cell (3) with an air pole (6) and a fuel pole (5) arranged on both sides of a solid electrolyte layer respectively. A separator (1) is laminated alternately between the air and fuel poles. A gas supply hole (1a) is formed at four corners of the separator. A notched flow groove (1c) is formed on both sides of the separator. An aperture (8) for gas flow and an obstruction (9) are formed on any one of the gas introduction path and gas derivation path of the separator.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids pressure loss in air supply hole. Prevents reduction in amount of gas flow to downstream cell. Improves ability of each single battery. Enables uniform gas allocation to each cell of stack.
The battery contains a polymer electrolyte film (60). A fuel pole (61) and an oxidizing agent pole (62) are arranged on either side of the electrolyte film mutually. A fuel pole side collector (69) and an oxidizing agent pole side collector (71) are provided at the back of the fuel pole and the oxidizing agent pole respectively. Multiple fuel supply grooves (70) are made to contact the fuel pole which supplies hot gas to the fuel pole. Similarly, multiple oxidizing agent supply grooves (72) are provided on the oxidizing agent to supply oxidizing gas. The oxidizing agent supply grooves are arranged covering a rectangular domain in which the oxidizing gas is supplied longitudinally.    ADVANTAGE -   Enhances battery life.
The unit (1) has a coke oven chamber (3) in which an inlet (11) is provided for inserting organic refuse. An outlet (14) is provided in the coke oven chamber for taking out carbide. The coke oven chamber is surrounded by a primary combustion chamber (4). A heater (16) is provided in the primary combustion chamber for heating the coke oven chamber. A secondary combustion chamber (5) is connected to the coke oven and the primary combustion chambers. A combustor (17) is provided for performing combustion of the gas generated from the waste. An exhaust gas passage is provided in the secondary combustion chamber. A stirrer conveyor device (30) is provided in indoor carbonisation portion of the coke oven chamber. The stirrer-conveyor device facilitates transferring carbide to the extraction opening. The stirrer conveyor consists of inclined wings (36) mounted in stir sticks.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves operation. Offers uniform heating. Performs carbonisation process efficiently. Simplifies and improves insertion of material and extraction of carbide.
A device for composting material comprises: (a) a treatment cylinder which has a loading port for the treatment object at one end and a exhaust port for the treated substance at the another end; (b) a screw transferring means which is positioned in the treatment cylinder and transfers loaded treatment object to the exhaust port with pressure; (c) a friction kneading means which is positioned in the treatment cylinder and cut the treatment object transferred with the screw transferring means resisting to transferring force of the transferring means and rises the temperature of the treatment object with kneading by friction and comprises plural rotatable wings; (d) a gate member to make and break the exhaust port; and (e) a pressure detecting means which detects transferring pressure of the treatment object by the screw transferring means and an exhaust port make and break control means which opens the gate member when the detected value of the transferring pressure is the upper setting value and closes the gate member when the detected value is less than the lower setting value.    ADVANTAGE -   The device is useful for the friction kneading of the treatment object in the treatment cylinder, which can be operated adequately and the device structuring members can not be overloaded.
New method (I) of treating biogas produced by anaerobic fermentations, particularly those which occur in cavities in landfill sites, particularly those for domestic waste, comprises a selective absorption under pressure of compounds other than CH4, particularly CO2 and H2S, by: (a) an initial compression to about 1,500 kPA; (b) purification by differentially dissolving CO2 and H2S; (c) drying; (d) a second compression to about 25,000 kPa; and (e) cooling and storage of the gas with a view to its use as a domestic or motor fuel. Also claimed is a device for carrying out (I) comprising: a primary compressor for step (a), a washing tower for step (b), a means of removing CO2 and H2S from the water resulting from step (b), a means of drying the biogas for step (c), and a secondary compressor for step (d).    USE -   The method and device can be used to clean biogas. (I) is used to clean biogas so as to enable it to be used as a domestic or motor fuel.    ADVANTAGE -   Compared to the methods used in prior art, (I) is cheap, simple and environmentally friendly.
Transformation of waste products, particularly municipal refuses and industrial and/or civil sludges into plastic material and/or fertilisers in which the inorganic substances are all transformed into plastic material and the organic substances, suitably separated, can be transformed into fertiliser or suitably maintained into the transformation into plastic material is new.    USE -   Method is used to transform waste products, particularly municipal refuses and industrial and/or civil sludges into plastic material and/or fertilisers (claimed). Method may be useful in land reclamation.
A shredding assembly for organic materials, especially garden and park waste, has pick-ups (13, 14, 16, 17) lifting the materials to cutting blades (19, 19c, 20, 20c) within a housing (10). The novelty is that: (a) the cutting blades (19, 19c, 20, 20c) are rotating rollers (19, 20) with knife blades (19b, 20b) located at a distance from the axis of rotation (19a, 20a); (b) the cutting blades (19b, 20b) intermesh with matching sets of fixed blades (19c, 20c); (c) the rotating cutting blades are sickle-shaped and are arranged in a helical sequence along the shaft (19a).    USE -   The shredding assembly is suitable for organic materials, especially garden and park waste.    ADVANTAGE -   The cutting assembly is simpler and more effective than prior art.
A novel method processes organic compounds, especially contained in wastes. The thermal treatment is carried out in a series of stages. The first stage of thermal decomposition takes place at 600-1050 C, excluding air. Intermediate products result, which are gasified in the second stage at temperatures of 1000-1200 C.    Also claimed is the corresponding plant.    USE -   The two stage thermal treatment is used for wastes containing organics.    ADVANTAGE -   The process reaches temperatures destroying pollutant organic materials, and avoids their generation. The two stage process achieves results which are not possible in a single stage. Residence time of up to 5 seconds is achieved in pyrolysis. Viscous materials may be introduced near the base of the fluidised bed reactor. Halogens, oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur and other elements are liberated from the molecular structures. After cleaning stages, the gas may be put to heating use. The process may be controlled to maximise specific gases through e.g. the water gas shift reaction. The proportion of e.g. methane, ethane or ethylene in the product gas may be intentionally increased.
Comminution and homogenisation unit prepares bio-wastes. Its homogenisation tools have the construction of screws (12) with interchangeable, circumferential cutters. Each screw is part-surrounded by a trough (14). In this design, those surfaces of the trough facing the screws have a replaceable cladding (16) of wear-resistant material fixed to them.    USE -   The device is used as a comminuter and homogeniser for bio-wastes.    ADVANTAGE -   The unit runs smoothly with high processing availability. Inevitable maintenance for reasons of wear, is simplified. The cladding can be equipped and interchanged with ease, for differing duties. This may be important in comminuting, e.g. fruit, where any large, poorly-comminuted material getting through, can give rise to localised anaerobic conditions, causing odour.
Bio-reactor (10) applies microorganisms, especially yeasts, fungi or bacteria to the material being processed, for the decomposition of organic wastes into gas. It comprises a vessel (12), supply (14), outlet (16), gas line (18) and a homogeniser (20) within the vessel. The vessel lies horizontally with end-to-end flow. A portioning unit feeds the supply to the vessel at regular intervals. Over these intervals, the material is moved on, inside the vessel. Within the vessel, a series of partitioning baffles with passages ensure the required plug flow regime.    USE -   The device is a horizontal digester or bio-reactor.    ADVANTAGE -   The digester is designed for long, trouble-free operation. The unit is relatively low in cost, and has a high gas production efficiency. Generously equipped with overlapping paddles, high stirring effectiveness is achieved. The partitions assure plug flow, for complete and uniform treatment of all material entering. Foaming, as a potential problem for the gas circuits, is eliminated. Use of fluid from within the vessel to break foam, obviates consumption of clean mains water. The slight vessel gradient, assists in collection of gas above the level of the contents, at the far end. Heavy materials and sludge are extracted by the screw conveyor.
Digester (A) for accelerating decomposition of petroleum and petro-chemical contaminants (I) within a filter medium (II) comprises an oxidising medium (III) capable of oxidising (I), and a container containing (II) and (III), which is sealed to prevent escape of (I). Also claimed are: (B) use of (A), where (III) comprises petroleum-digesting bacteria and/or catalytic enzymes for oxidising (I) to CO2 and water; and (C) kit for assembling (A), including written instructions.    USE -   The filters are used for treatment for environmental protection of large volume wastes from power stations and factories. They contain insufficient contaminants to warrant recovery for recycling and present disposal problems.
A system for measuring properties of a gas. A light source (24) generates light over a range of wavelengths, and is optically joined to a cell (30) containing the gas that partially transmits the light. A spectrograph (26) is optically joined to the cell and disperses the transmitted light. A solid state sensor array (46) detects at least part of the dispersed light and generates spectral data that is processed by a processing circuit to determine a property of the gas. Also claimed is a method for determining properties of a gas.    USE -   For determining properties of a gas, particularly energy content and composition of natural gas.    ADVANTAGE -   This optical system uses light at near-visible wavelengths, can be installed indoors or outdoors, has a fast time response (10 seconds or less) and complies with Class 1, Division 1 safety requirements. It can be manufactured at low cost and is easily calibrated.
Preparation of an acidic solid comprising a Group IVB metal oxide modified with an oxyanion of a Group VIB metal, comprises (a) contacting the oxide with an aqueous solution having a pH of 7 under reflux conditions at 80-100C, (b) contacting the resulting oxide with an aqueous solution comprising an oxyanion of a Group VIB metal under conditions sufficient to form a solid, (c) drying the solid, and (d) calcining at &gt;500C.    Also claimed is the preparation of a catalyst by combing the solid material from step (b) with a noble metal, drying and calcining.    USE -   The catalyst may be used in the isomerisation C4-C8 paraffin hydrocarbons. It is also useful for a variety of organic e.g. hydrocarbon compound conversion processes.    ADVANTAGE -   The catalyst can be shaped into a wide variety of particle sizes.
Recovering condensable components present at low concentration from a feed gas mixture (1) comprises: (a) passing the feed gas mixture (9) at an adsorption temperature through first adsorbent bed (11) which selectively adsorbs the condensable component and passes out a non-condensable component product (17) substantially free of the condensable component; (b) terminating the flow of feed gas mixture to the first adsorbent bed and passing it through a second adsorbent bed (29) to again selectively adsorb the condensable component; (c) desorbing the condensable component by passing a flow of purge gas (41) through the first adsorbent bed (11) at a temperature above the adsorption temperature, and withdrawing a purge gas effluent enriched in the desorbed condensable component, and during sequential time periods (i) at least a portion of the purge gas effluent (43) is cooled and combined with the feed gas mixture passing to the second adsorbent bed and, then (ii) concurrently a first portion of the purge gas effluent is cooled to yield a cooled purge gas (55), a second portion of the purge gas effluent is cooled to a temperature sufficient to condense all the condensable components, and the resulting condensate is separated from the cooled non-condensable gas, and the cooled purge gas effluent is combined with the feed gas mixture to yield a total feed mixture which is passed to the second bed (29); (d) discontinuing the flow of purge gas through the first adsorbent bed (11); and (e) cooling the first adsorbent bed. The process is repeated.    USE -   Recovery of condensable components from a feed gas mixture to meet environmental regulations.    ADVANTAGE -   Recovers any adsorbable and condensable volatile components from a diluent or carrier gas at concentrations of less than 1000ppmv.
A method for producing ethanol from the cellulosic component (I) of municipal solid waste, involves: (a) shredding the cellulosic component (I); (b) treating with ca. 1:1 concentrated sulphuric acid at 30-80C. to give a partially hydrolysed mixture; (c) diluting the mixture with water at 80-100C. to obtain a solution containing 4-6 parts water to 1 part by wt. hydrolised material; (d) agitating the diluted mixture at 80-100C. to give a digested material; (e) removing solids to give a filtrate; (f) separating the filtrate into an acid-containing solution and a sugar-containing solution; (g) concentrating the latter to 12-14% sugar; (h) adjusting the pH to ca. 6; (i) fermenting with yeast to give a beer; (j) removing yeast from the beer; (k) distilling ethanol from the beer; (l) drying insoluble material from step (e); and (m) burning the dried material as fuel to provide heat for the distillation step (k).    USE -   An automated process is provided for treatment of municipal solid waste, optionally with sewage sludge and e.g. scrap tyres, with production of usable commercial ethanol. May be used for reclamation of existing land-fill sites.    ADVANTAGE -   The process has no adverse effect on the environment, having zero discharge; it is fully enclosed and odour controlled. Efficient and cost effective.
Separation of plastics from household rubbish comprises comminution, electromagnetic separation, removal of the organic constituents, blowing and settling of the low-density fraction in cyclones (4). The blowing is accompanied by coagulation and fusion of the plastics at over 100C through application of super heated dry steam, for off loading via bottom worm (7) on to a transporter (8). The low-density fraction consists of the organic constituents that are pre-wetted and after settling, converted into fertiliser by aerobic or anaerobic means.    USE -   In community management.    ADVANTAGE -   Ecology is improved.
The catalyst is obtained by continuous treatment of a solution of mixed copper, zinc and aluminium nitrates with sodium carbonate solution at pH 6-8 and 50-80C, in a single or multiple reactor system. The suspension produced is removed continuously, so that the average residence time of the nitrate mixture is 3-60 minutes. The precipitation can be carried out in a first stage at pH 5-6.    USE -   The catalyst is suitable for low-temperature methane syntheses or carbon monoxide conversion    ADVANTAGE -   The catalyst is strong, stable, and has high activity, and the preparation method allows production of material with the optimum structure.
Organic fermented fertiliser comprises organic wastes, particularly livestock, foods or animal and plant wastes and edible oils, particularly waste oils and is produced by piling them up, fermentation and occasional turnover of organic wastes and mixing with edible oils, optionally with addition of active charcoal and charcoals after completion of fertilisation.     Preferably, in a reaction vessel, 30 m3organic wastes and 300 l edible oil are mixed and fermented for 1 year with occasional turning over to give fertiliser.    ADVANTAGE -   Fertilisers obtained by recycling of organic wastes have good odour of edible oils without malodour of livestock wastes.
The device has a vaporising part connected to a raw material supplying source, a property modification part at the rear of the vaporising part, having a modification catalyser, a carbon monoxide removing part at rear stage of the property modification part, having a carbon monoxide removing catalyser, a modified gas output port connecting the carbon monoxide removing part, a burner heating the vaporising part and a thermoelectric convertor on a burned exhaust gas flow path of the burner.    ADVANTAGE -   Thermoelectric generating is possible using waste heat of the burned exhaust gas.
The apparatus includes three fermenters (2-4) and a pool (5). The base of the first and second fermenters are inclined such that garbage are moved from the first fermenter to the third fermenter due to gravity. A movable gas plate (10) moves vertically based on the discharge of gas generated to the edge of the second fermenter. A liquid transfer unit circulates a supernatant liquid to the pool through the first fermenter.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces amount of sludge produced and improves anaerobic digestive technique.
Organic waste processor using fermentation for compost production has a processing chamber (17) to which organic waste is supplied. An anti-freeze solution heated by solar energy, is supplied to the processing chamber so that the temperature of the chamber is increased and fermentation decomposition of the waste is carried out.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces running cost by using solar energy for heating anti-freezing solution. Simplifies maintenance. Avoids rupture due to fluid freezing. Enables easy usage even in night times and rainy weather.
The tray has two or more layers of which at least one layer is made from extruded foam (2) with closed cells and at least one other layer is made from extruded foam with a majority of open cells, made from a mixture of crystal polystyrene and nucleating agent and blowing agent such as iso-pentane, pentane or butane or carbon dioxide, or a mixture of these together with water or steam and together with an aromatic or halogenated hydrocarbon liquid, the combination of which creates the rupturing of the cells to absorb liquids by capillary action. The aromatic or halogenated hydrocarbon may be replaced with a hydrocarbon oil. The secondary polymer in the open cell layer is high impact polystyrene, high density polyethylene, low density polyethylene or polypropylene. A solid film layer of polystyrene or other polymer is laminated or extrusion coated onto the surface of the open cell foam layer and the film is perforated during the moulding process so as to allow liquids to pass through to the open cell foam layer.    USE -   Absorbent tray for meat, fish, poultry and other fresh, chilled or frozen foods.
A process for preparation of recyclable residues from olives comprises storing residues of alpechin from the grinding/tritivation of olives to give an acid, in a cavity (1) of large diameter and of shallow depth in which sedimentation of a high percentage of alpechin residue, to give a semi-muddy mass (6) extracting by conventional methods and drying and hardening, to give a solid product useful in combustible products for substitution of other products such as wood and carbon. It can also be used as fertiliser for agriculture and included as insulator and protector for maintaining humidity in certain plantations.
The apparatus for airborne spraying of liquid coolants horizontally into one or more supercooled clouds to produce ice crystals comprises: (a) an aircraft having at least one liquid coolant cylinder rack; and (b) at least one container for liquid coolant attached to the cylinder rack, the container having one or more atomisation nozzles for discharging liquid coolant horizontally into a supercooled cloud.    Also claimed is a process for seeding supercooled clouds with liquid coolant to produce ice crystals.    USE -   Used for the modification of supercooled clouds in large-scale weather modification.    ADVANTAGE -   Supercooled clouds are modified by selecting fundamental processes and incorporating their feedback to optimise the development of the precipitation elements and their subsequent spreading into the entire cloud space, thereby maximising the dynamic effect as well, and radically advances cloud seeding technology.
Purification of gases, in particular those that contain polluting compounds that are not very soluble in water, is effected by flowing the gas through a bed that comprises: (a) inert material, and (b) sources containing microorganisms, while a liquid is circulated over the bed to absorb the polluting compounds present in the gas and to break them down biologically by means of the microorganisms. The liquid comprises non-intermiscible organic and aqueous phases. Also claimed is a purified gas obtained by the method above.    USE -   The process is used for purifying gases containing pollutants that are not easily soluble in water (claimed) such as alkanes, alkenes and aromatic compounds.    ADVANTAGE -   The process allows both hydrophilic and hydrophobic pollutants to be removed from a gas, unlike previous bio-trickling filtration processes, which allow removal only of pollutants that are soluble in water. Only one reactor need be used for the absorption and break-down of pollutants. No forced separation, e.g. filtration or centrifugation, is necessary, neither is aeration during the biological breakdown. The method is less complicated than previous processes.
Forming methane from waste in a unit comprising a body (1) with baffles (2) used to form acid, neutral, alkali and methane fermentation sections ( 3,4,5,6), which are connected to each other in a path created from the loader (10) to the unloader (11). A mixer provided with a shaft (7) with blades (9,17) circulates the material while a biological methane outlet pipe (13) supplies the consumer.    The unit is also provided with a hydraulic lock (12) and solid sediment section. The sections have perforated bases whose perforation size reduces in the substrate displacement direction from the acid section to the methane fermentation section. The mixer blades are located above the bases and are formed as spirals, which brush over the base during mixing and which are deflected to the vertical position when stopped.    USE -   The unit is for anaerobic waste cleaning and biological methane production under domestic conditions.
Production of a microorganism support in which a mixture aq solution containing (A) polyvinyl alcohol and (B) a water soluble polymer containing a cationic group having active hydrogen, is contacted with a liq (which allows the polymer contained in the mixed aq solution to be deposited) to form a molded body which is then subjected to insolubilization treatment.    USE -   The microorganism support is useful for a fluidized bed type biological treatment process for waste water etc.    ADVANTAGE -   The microorganism support can be used to anchor activated sludge and the support on which the activated sludge is anchored has high fluidity and high durability. Water treated by this product shows high quality.
The system comprises a disposer which crushes wet refuse, a solid-liquid separator to separate crushed wet refuse, a liquid treatment part which stores the liquid separated with the solid and liquid separator and purifies and exhausts and a solid treatment part which changes separated solid to compost with solid-liquid separator, solid-liquid separator has a drain board which receives the crushed object from disposer and liquid is dropped and a transfer board which transfers solid of crushed object received with the drain board to solid treatment part and liquid treatment part has an aeration device which makes stored liquid active and makes generated active sludge flock, a hollow film having smaller holes than flock and an draining device which absorbs only purified water through hollow film and drains.    ADVANTAGE -   Turbidity of drained water can be less than 300 mg/l and compost can be made with solid component.
In the system which has a disposer which crushes wet refuse, a solid-liquid separator to separate the crushed wet refuse, a liquid treatment part which stores the liquid separated with the solid-liquid separator and purifies and exhausts and a solid treatment part which changes separated solid to compost with the solid-liquid separator, the liquid treatment part has a purification device which stores liquid separated with the solid-liquid separator and decomposes organic substance included in the liquid and purifies with sludge forming, a filtering device which filters the liquid when turbidity of stored in the purification device overs fixed density, a drain device which absorbs and drains only purified with the purification device when turbidity of purified liquid with the purification is less than fixed density and a circulating device which backs the liquid into said purification device when turbidity of purified liquid is greater than fixed density and drains the liquid when the turbidity is less than fixed density.    ADVANTAGE -   Separated liquid can be made required turbidity rapidly and the system can be sized smaller.
Wet waste treatment system has a disposal device to crush waste and to form crushed product of solid and liquid, a solid-liquid separator of the crushed product and a solid treatment part to form compost with separated solid and a liquid treatment part which has a purification vessel to store separated liquid and purifies and exhausts the stored liquid. The solid-liquid separator is placed at the bottom of the purification vessel and at an upper part of the solid treatment part. The separator has a belt conveyor has a liquid permeable belt and the crushed product is received at the belt and when sludge in the purification vessel is scooped up with the belt and carried to the solid treatment part, solid and liquid separation is effected with liquid in the crushed product and sludge permeating the belt and dropping to the liquid treatment part.    The solid-liquid separator preferably has a spiral rotor contained in a containing pipe having one end positioned at the bottom of the purification vessel and a spiral groove. When the crushed product and sludge in the purification vessel are scooped up guiding by the groove with the spiral rotor rotating and transferred to the solid treatment part, the solid and liquid separation is effected to drop liquid of the crushed product and sludge to the liquid treatment part.    ADVANTAGE -   The crushed product and sludge can be transferred to the solid treatment part separating solid and liquid with one belt conveyer.
Preparing microorganism carrier chip comprises immersing Japanese cedar splits and/or similar tree splits and/or bamboo splits in a aqueous citric acid aqueous. The split was then immersed in aqueous nitrous acid lithium solution.    USE -   The chip is used for decomposing organic refuse, waste water, excrement, wash drainage, bath drainage and kitchen drainage.
Organic refuse processing machine fitted to sink in kitchen comprises a disposer (470) which is coupled to an insertion opening (25) which is on the surface of a sink (42), for inserting the organic refuse. A movable refuse dehydration unit (2) is provided to dehydrate organic refuse supplied from the disposer. The dehydrated organic refuse is supplied to a process chamber (51) by the refuse dehydration unit. The process chamber contains dissolution microbe which dissolves the organic refuse. The exhaust gas from the process chamber is discharged to outside through an outlet (13). The refuse dehydration unit performs carrying the organic refuse from the disposer to process chamber.    ADVANTAGE -   The apparatus allows easy dissolution of organic refuse and has reduced quantity of microbe in process chamber. It has simple construction of mixer and stirrer and allows conversion of organic waste into exhaust gas, e.g. steam, carbon dioxide, ammonia efficiently. It eliminates the solid content of organic waste and prevents generation of foul smell.
Processing equipment consists of a grinding device (4) which crushes the organic refuse expelled from a kitchen sink (1)    ADVANTAGE -   The process reduces microorganism and sludge adhesion to water tank. Forms microorganism carrier of large specific surface area with filter medium. Prevents packing of filter bed due to sludge. Facilitates air to pass through filter medium always by maintaining gaps. Provides large adhesion area for microorganism. Facilitates size reduction of decomposition tank and entire equipment. Decreases biological oxygen demand of kitchen drainage.
The device has a germ decomposition part ( 10 ) which decomposes the wet refuse with germ loaders ( 11 ) loading the germ, an agitating shaft ( 21 ) set rotatably at the germ decomposition part, an agitating wing ( 22 ) set on the agitating shaft and agitates the germ loader and a loader scraper ( 23 ) which is set on upper face of interior of the germ decomposition part to scrape the germ loaders which are transferred with agitating by the wing and a decomposition part entrance ( 19 ) to transfer the thrown wet refuse into interior of said germ decomposition part is formed at a position which is upper than a horizontal plane including the agitating shaft in a wall face of said germ decomposition part and is forward side of rotating direction of the agitating wing of a vertical plane including the loader scraping part.    ADVANTAGE -   Choking of the decomposition entrance to transfer the wet refuse to the interior of the germ decomposition part with the loader transferred with agitating can be prevented.
Device comprises an agitating device set in an organic waste containing vessel and a bottom of the vessel is heated and generated hot wind is introduced into said containing vessel and the organic waste is dried or treated with fermentation, a heating chamber is positioned surrounding bottom outside of said vessel and an air path is positioned at upper part of the heating chamber with communicating and an outside air introducing port is positioned upper the air path and the device has a burner to heat interior of the heating chamber, a multi-hole plate to surround flame of the burner, a blower and a duct which are connected to supply hot air in the heating chamber to the containing vessel and an exhaust duct connected at upper part of the containing vessel.    ADVANTAGE -   The organic waste can be heated effectively and even if the blower for hot air circulation is stopped, the hot air in the heating chamber can be exhausted smoothly.
New method of treating waste gas with bacteria comprises sprinkling an aq. soln. over bacteria. The aqueous solution contains at least one kind of salt, so that the concentration of phosphate ion becomes 3-79- mmol/litre, the concentration of N-contg. ions becomes at least 0.1 mmol/litre, and the concentration of magnesium ion becomes at least 0.2 mmol/litre.    The aqueous solution which is sprinkled over bacteria is also claimed.    USE -   For decomposing biologically odorous or harmful impurities contained in waste water discharged from factories.    ADVANTAGE -   Bacteria are kept active by scattering the aq. soln; bacteria work in a well- buffered neutral condition.
A contaminant solution (4) including microorganisms is filled in a vessel (1), and stirred with stirrers (2) installed on the vessel (1) and having motors (2). The contaminant solution (4) is irradiated with ultrasonic waves generated by a ultrasonic vibrator (5) installed at the bottom of the vessel (1). The output of the ultrasonic waves is controlled by a control device (7) to become 1 watt or less per cm2of radiation area.    USE -   Used to decompose contaminants using microorganisms which are multiplied by the irradiation of weak ultrasonic waves.    ADVANTAGE -   When a contaminants solution including microorganisms is irradiated with weak ultrasonic waves, the microorganisms are activated and multiplied even at low temperatures. Thus, the decomposition of the contaminant solution is accelerated greatly
Production of plant culture medium comprises piling and turning over sludge formed in a water purification plant and maintaining the temperature of the sludge optionally covered with a sheet, particularly at a height of 1.5-3.5 m and turnover intervals of 2-6 weeks for 1 month and at 1.5 m at the end of the process.    Organic substances are preferably added to the sludge in an amount of 3-30 vol.%. Forced aeration is effected from the bottom or heating of the piled up sludge is effected for stimulation of microbial action. The sludge has a water content of 30-70%.    ADVANTAGE -   Smooth production of compost is effected with oxidation of manganese to prevent chemical injury caused by Mn ion and evaporation or conversion of ammonia into nitrate.
The apparatus has a catalyst temperature regulator (44) provided at a reforming gas exit of a reaction tube (4) in a fuel modifier (1). A temperature detector detects the temperature of a catalyst provided at the reforming gas exit. The temperature detector also detects the temperature of a furnace during combustion.    A furnace temperature regulator (45) regulates temperature of the furnace based on the detection result. A flow control valve (35) is controlled in order to perform cascade control of temperature of catalyst in reaction tube and temperature of furnace.    ADVANTAGE -   Performs waste heat recovery using exhaust gas.
A driveable device, for converting compost, comprises a chassis containing an advancing tool. The advancing tool consists of two adjacent rotating rollers with worm and/or throwing tools. The rollers are located in the frame in such a way that the compost is moved to the sides while the vehicle is moving. An open box is located behind the advancing tool, and an advancing band is located under the box, which removes the compost.    ADVANTAGE -   The device enables compost residue to be utilised.
Reforming methanol to hydrogen and CO2, comprises passing methanol and water over a methanol reforming catalyst comprising a metal oxide (but no copper or chromium oxide).    USE -   One step catalytic reforming of methanol with water to produce hydrogen and carbon di:oxide.    ADVANTAGE -   Non-copper or chromium oxide catalyst are used and only negligible amounts of CO are produced. The catalyst is not rapidly deactivated.
Method for isomerising at least a portion of a butane stream, using a hydrogen (H2 ) stream containing at least one carbon oxide (I), comprises:- (a) charging the H2 stream to an aromatics saturation reactor to remove carbon oxides from the H2 stream, to produce a reduced carbon oxide content H2stream (II); (b) recovering, at least a portion of (II); (c) drying, at least a portion of (II); and (d) charging (II) and a butane stream to an isomerisation zone, at 250-600C and 100-600 psig, in the presence of an isomerisation catalyst to produce an isobutane stream. (I) is selected from carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide.    ADVANTAGE -   (II) are readily used in benzene saturation and in butane isomerisation processes with no detrimental effect in either process. The process eliminates the need for a separate methanation reactor and a dryer for the butane isomerisation process.
Separation of gaseous hydrocarbons and tert.-butyl alcohol (TBA) from oxidation reactor products comprises: (a) reacting oxygen with isobutane in an oxidation reactor to provide a gaseous product containing inert gases and vapourised and/or entrained isobutane and a liquid reaction product containing isobutane, TBA, tert.-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) and oxygen-containing by-products; (b) separating the liquid product by distillation into a lower boiling isobutane fraction and a higher boiling fraction containing TBA and TBHP and oxygen-containing by-products; (c) cooling the gaseous reaction product to condense the isobutane; (d) returning the isobutane condensate to the oxidation reactor; and (e) charging the remaining gases, including entrained and/or vapourised isobutane, to a TBA absorber to form a solution of isobutane in TBA and an off-gas fraction.    USE -   The process is useful for manufacture and recovery of tert.-butyl alcohol by the oxidation of isobutane and manufacture of propylene oxide by the epoxidation of propylene with tert.-butyl hydroperoxide utilising molybdenum catalyst complexes.
An anion is extracting an anion from an aqueous medium comprises contacting the anion containing liquid with a water-immiscible extraction liquid containing a quat. ammonium compound which exchanges a hydroxide ion with the anion to extract the anion from the aqueous liquid. The extraction liquid containing the anion is then separated from the aqueous liquid and contacted with a second aqueous phase containing reactants which react with the anion to form a water-soluble product dissolved in the second aqueous phase. The second aqueous phase is then separated from the extraction liquid.    USE -   For use in fermentation processes, chemical process effluent streams, waste water, industrial streams, etc. Especially used for extracting acetate ions form acetate-producing fermentation broth and using the extracted acetate to make calcium-magnesium acetate (CMA).    ADVANTAGE -   Direct contact between the reactants and a broth is avoided, so minimising undesirable perturbations of the extraction process form the broth. The back-extracted liquid from the ion-exchange liquid can be recycled as the starting material for a chemical process.
A supported inorganic membrane capable of molecular sieving comprises a porous substrate with the membrane of thickness less than 100 nm and critical pore radius less than 5 as a coating. Also claimed is production of the membrane, comprising (a) contacting a porous substrate with an inorganic polymeric sol to produce a sol-coated substrate with inorganic polymers of low fractal dimension; (b) drying the substrate; and (c) calcining.    USE -   For use in molecular sieving, catalysis, reactors, sensors, adsorbents - offers extensive energy savings over, e.g. evaporation and distillation.    ADVANTAGE -   The membranes have better operability compared to organic membranes, e.g. are used at over 120C - to as much as 500C, they do not swell in solvents and are not susceptible to chemical attack.
Organic waste is converted into a fertiliser more efficiently by: (a) mixing a fine fraction of organic waste, such as birds droppings, with 10-30% of a sorbent, and (b) placing the mixture in several containers which are then arranged in horizontal and vertical rows, for periodic aeration of each container from below.    The fermentation takes 4-6 days, and the whole operation lasts 7-8 days.    USE -   The process is used to produce fertiliser of a high quality for use in agriculture.
Household refuse is milled and separated. Separation is carried out by supplying the milled refuse to the separation column upper zone. The air flow is induced in the column lower part, the refuse organic mass is supplied to the cyclones where it is humidified and discharged after settling on the bottom. The inorganic components are discharged from the separation column lower part. Device removing inorganic inclusions have a hopper (1), conveyer (2), capacity (3), auger feeder (4), separation column (5), inorganic components discharge auger (6), air blower (7), cyclones (8), organic part discharge auger (9), sprinklers in the cyclone upper zone (10) and the water pump (11).    USE -   The process is useful for processing household refuse.    ADVANTAGE -   The process eliminates the household refuse manual sorting.
Fumigant (I) for killing harmful wood insects, comprises methylisothiocyanate dissolved in a liquefied high-pressure gas.    ADVANTAGES -   The fumigant contains little or no ozone layer depleting compounds, e.g. bromine-containing compounds.
Preservation of grafted nursery plant comprises treating grafted nursery plant with a solution containing natural-type abscisic acid.    Also claimed is a preservative for grafted nursery plant containing natural abscisic acid.    USE -   The method of preservation is useful in agriculture/horticulture.    ADVANTAGE -   The method of preservation using natural-type abscisic acid, is safe to humans, animals and plants, permits prolonged preservation of grafted nursery plant in the transplantable stages, permitting ordinary-temperature, dark-room storage of grafted nursery plant in natural settings, unnecessitating the temperature regulation, nursery rack illumination or irrigation equipment.
A compost formation stimulator comprises 100 pts.wt. of beet pulp and 0.1-10 pts.wt. of sugars (dried weight ratio) and containing 15 wt.% water, optionally further including e.g. bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes at a concentration of 1000 cells/g or more.    ADVANTAGE -   The composition gives rapid composting.
Preparation of organic fertiliser, comprises: (1) addition of natural wallastonite and concentrated sulphuric acid to livestock waste to give a granular medium; (2) addition of microorganisms cultured in the other step and fermentation; and (3) recycling the active microorganisms as a seed culture for repeated production steps, particularly recycling 2-3 (preferably 10-15) %, of active microorganisms as a seed culture.    ADVANTAGE -   The coagulation of livestock waste with wallastonite, CaSiO3, and active aerobic fermentation provides repetitive fermentation in a short period of time at a low cost.
Standing type waste treatment machine comprises a fermenter formed in a standing cylindrical shape and a spiral stirring plate at the centre of the cylindrical part of the fermenter to move contents up, so that microorganisms and organic wastes in the fermenter can be stirred for fermentation and decomposition.    A shaft (4) is preferably passed through the vertical centre of a fermenter (1), a handle (2) is positioned on the front side of the fermenter (1) at a handle-operatable height, a stirring room wall (6) is formed in a cylindrical shape around the shaft (4) in the fermenter (1) and a stirring plate (5) is fixed around the shaft (4).    ADVANTAGE -   The waste treatment machine has a large capacity without requiring an installation area.
In the treatment device the organic waste is decomposed with microorganism. The device has treatment material, a treatment vessel containing the treatment material, organic waste, a water content adjusting means and controlled within a range which is able to control formation of conglomerate between the treatment materials.    ADVANTAGE -   Loss of treatment ability by forming of conglomerate can be prevented and the treatment material can be used for a long term because water content of the treatment material is held within a range which is controlled forming of the conglomerate by mutual integration of the treatment materials.
An activator for biodegradation of halogenised hydrocarbons composed of effective ingredients of biodegrative enzyme of alicyclic hydrocarbons and/or linear hydrocarbons having functional gp., partic. activation for expression of a gene encoding for the microbial biodegrative enzyme.    ADVANTAGE -   Low cost and toxic biodegradation of halogenised hydrocarbons with microbes.
Methane fermentation apparatus for high concentration organic drainage contains a methane fermentation tank (2) which circulates methane microbes in the high concentration organic liquid in an anaerobic condition. Fermentation is carried out and generated supernatant liquid is separated by a hollow fibre membrane (3a) into solids and treated water. Before separation, aeration of supernatant liquid is carried out by a bubbler (4). The organic component in raw water is decomposed into biogas of low biochemical oxygen demand. The treated supernatant liquid is sucked by a pump from the fermentation tank and stored in a separation tank (1) via a first circulating pipe. Biogas from the fermentation tank and isolation tank is stored in a high pressure gas storage tank (5) through second circulating pipe and third circulating piping respectively. A return piping returns the remaining digestive supernatant liquid retained in the separation tank back to the fermentation tank.    ADVANTAGE -   Fermentation efficiency of the fermentation tank and process efficiency are uniformly maintained. The apparatus has long life and reduces process time.
An apparatus and method are claimed for treating fluid containing various organic material such as fats, oils and starches to separate the organic components. Liquid or lyophilised bacteria or microorganisms are added to the fluid, followed by oxygenation.    USE -   For treatment of effluents from domestic or small scale industrial units to break down fats and starches.    ADVANTAGE -   Fats and starches are completely broken down, not merely converted into soluble compounds which leave with the plant effluent. No purification odours are produced.
An earthworm breeding plant has several frames (10) enclosed by small walls, prefabricated elements, enclosures or embankments. The frames receive organic wastes and transform them into humus. Each frame has a bottom and sides waterproofed (15) to avoid infiltration of liquid into the underlying ground. The bottom of the frame slopes either to the centre or to one side. The lowest part has a micro-slotted drainage pipe (16) which extends along the whole length of the frame. It collects water percolating through the organic material. Each drainage pipe is covered by a layer of gravel (16).    USE -   For breeding earthworms to convert sludge from domestic, farm , food processing plants, breeding farm waste, green plant trimmings, industrial waste from textile, dying and paper plants, as well as urban waste.    ADVANTAGE -   The apparatus ensures collection and drainage of liquid from the bottom of the composting layers whether or not the earth below is permeable.
The stack has rectangular, metallic interconnects each having three parallel elongated internal cavities with holes, the center cavity's holes extending to the opposite surface to the outer cavities. Rectangular solid electrolyte fuel cells have their anode and cathode opposite the holes in the outer and central cavities respectively.    A fuel manifold introduces fuel gas into an outer cavity so that the gas flows out of the holes and across the anode to the holes in the other cavity which collects the spent fuel.    A second fuel manifold is associated with the other outer cavity to remove the spent fuel. An oxidant manifold introduces oxidant gas into the center cavity so that the oxidant gas flows through the holes in the center cavity across the cathode to the sides of the stack.    ADVANTAGE -   The metal is easily sealed to the fuel cells, and the stack forms gas seals easily compatible with high temperatures.
Biological injector (1) comprises: (a) at least one porous section (2) for containing bacterial cultures; (b) at least one non-porous solid section (4,6); and (c) at least one removable piece (8,10) which is attached to one non-porous solid section and which is removed to allow placement of bacterial cultures. Each porous section is attached to at least one non-porous solid section and at least one non-porous solid section is used as a base to which some components of the biological injector can be attached. Upon attachment of each removable piece to the non-porous solid section, all porous sections, non-porous solid sections and removable pieces of the biological injector form an enclosed container for storage of bacterial cultures and for wetting and release to the fluid of bacterial cultures when the biological injector is placed in the fluid.    USE -   The injector is used for seeding bacterial cultures to fluids flowing through or contained in a collection or treatment system. Introduction of the bacterial culture results in a reduction of hydrogen sulphide and sulphur dioxide to elemental sulphur and in removal and replacement of sulphite-reducing bacterial populations.    ADVANTAGE -   The injector is simple, reliable and effective. It can simultaneously seed bacterial cultures and introduce other additives (e.g. surfactants) to the fluid. The injector is durable, reusable and inexpensive to operate and manufacture.
A propellant fluid (A) comprises 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a) (5-88 wt.%) and 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane (HFC-227ea) (12-95 wt.%). Also claimed are: (i) fluid (B) which comprises HFC-134a (10-87 wt.%), HFC-227ea (12-81 wt.%) and n-butane (1-30 wt.%); and (ii) fluid (C) which comprises HFC-134a (18-69 wt.%), HFC-227ea (30-81 wt.%) and isobutane (1-30 wt.%).    USE -   The fluids are useful as propellants for aerosol formulations such as cosmetic foams, cologne and hair spray.    ADVANTAGE -   The fluids have near-azeotropic behaviour, high solubility towards solvents typically used in aerosol formulation, low inflammability and exhibit no significant drop of pressure during use. They have very little or no environmental impact in terms of ozone depletion and global warming.
A methane producing fermenter for domestic use comprises a casing (1) with partitions (2) forming acid, neutral, alkaline and methane reaction chambers (3-6) with communicating, alternately high and low, substrate feed ports (7). The fermenter additionally comprises mixing elements (10) on drive shafts (11) with concentric posts (13) and shells (14) and a charger (8) with a sealing cover (16) above a hydraulic closure (17) in a breakdown tank (18). The breakdown tank has a shaft (20) with a drive (21) and comminuting elements (22) and the tank (18) is in connection with a chamber (3) via a perforated bottom (19).    USE -   The invention can be used in anaerobic fermentation for small-scale domestic production of methane.
The domestic methane tank with ecological advantages comprises a casing (1) with partitions (2) forming acid, neutral, alkaline and methane fermentation chambers (3-6), carrying the substrate and the gas from the charges (7) to the offloads (8) and housing mixers (9). An enrichment column (10) with perforated partitions (11) forms sections (12) containing immobilising granules (13) and has a top biogas collector (14) linked to the use point by a hydraulic cut-off (15).    USE -   The invention can be used in anaerobic fermentation to produce methane.
The processing line (fig. 1) comprises, connected in series, a receiver (1) with pump- disintegrator (2), a plate-set separator (3), a concentrate duct (4) connected to composting node (5), a liquid fraction output separator (3) to the anaerobic filter (6) for the gasification of bio-degradable organic substance, a two-stage electro-coagulator (7) for the sedimentation of colloidal particles in the electrostatic field, a centrifugal silt separator (8), an electro-acoustic sterilizer (9), an ultrafiltration column (10) containing tubular membranes for purification of the circulation water through line (11).    The outputs for the solid fractions of separator (3), the anaerobic filter (6), the two-stage electro-coagulator (7), the centrifugal silt separator (8) and the ultrafiltration column (10) are connected through the concentrate duct (4) to the mixing section of composting node (5). The anaerobic filter (6) is in the form of a thermostat fermentation reservoir with pipes for the output of biogas and sediment, and a central pipe with upper gas cap and hydrovalve connection. The composting node (5) contains fermentation reservoirs, a mixer for organic material, a longitudinal transporter and provisions for distribution, unloading and equalizing of the biomass in the form of bucket-clad elevator.    USE -   The process is used in agriculture for processing liquid organic waste from pig, poultry and cattle farms, for processing waste including manure, vegetation residues, farm outflows to obtain organic fertiliser.    ADVANTAGE -   The process has a reduced energy consumption while maintaining the quality of the produced fertiliser.
The method involves inserting municipal solid waste into a heat decomposition furnace (1). The waste is decomposed into heat decomposition gas and heat decomposition scum. The gas is passed into a ceramic filter (2) at high temperature, where a part of the char or carbon is removed. Reforming is then done in a reformer (3). Thus, reforming gas with a little amount of acidic gas component is obtained. The gas is used to generate electricity and is supplied to a fuel battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Offers high electricity generation efficiency.
The method involves detecting load of fuel battery using a load detector (32). Based on load measured, steam-carbon ratio is obtained by steam-carbon ratio determining unit. Depending on the steam-carbon ratio the amount of steam supplied to a modifier (22) and amount of raw material gas, is controlled by a supply controller.    ADVANTAGE -   Generates electricity efficiently in low load condition. Prevents poisoning of catalyst in high-load condition. Uses catalyst fully in high load domain.
Degradation of hydrocarbon, optionally halogenated pollutants (A) by contact with butane-utilising bacteria (B) in the presence of oxygen.    Also claimed is a bioreactor for the above process.    USE -   Pollutants are especially chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons, e.g. trichloroethene (TCE); they may be in soil, a gas, e.g. air, or a liquid, e.g. water. The apparatus is easily transported.
Container consists of a preferably round stationary container (1) and composting drums (8) that are moved within (1) and to be taken out of (1) through a closable opening (10). (8) are round and supported on a circular turning path (18) at the interior circumference of (1), and supported on a central rotation body (7) that is connected to a drive element. Drive element rotates (7) so that (18) by rolling movement are displaced around within (1).    USE -   Used for containing toilet, kitchen and other decomposable waste for composting.    ADVANTAGE -   There is improved handling of the drums in connection with exchange and emptying of the drums. It allows the drums to be manually rotated or rolled with a small manual force. More open air spaces are created interiorly in the stationary container so that there is better air circulation and therefore more favourable conditions for liquid evaporation.
The device includes several receptacles that are arranged in predetermined interval. The fuel cell of each parked vehicle is connected to the receptacles through the cables. A collection grid is electrically connected to the receptacles to transfer the DC power from the fuel cells, to a collection station.    An inverter is electrically connected to the collection station to convert the DC power to the AC power. The AC power is passed to the load and an utility grid that supplies power to various loads.    USE -   For use in school, airport, shopping centre, stadium, theatre, hotels, restaurants.    ADVANTAGE -   Facilitates usage of fuel cell powered cars to supply power to large commercial-industrial building. Facilitates usage of fuel power of even scooter or motor cycle. Facilitates supply of power required for computer, TV and consumer electrical products. Reduces cost of power generation.
Soil contaminated with halogenated aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons (I) is bio-remediated by stimulating indigenous bacteria, reducing (I) to levels of less than 1 ppm in 8 weeks, by (i) analysing the soil to determine level of specified constituents (II); (ii) forming a bioremediation composition (III) containing (II) in amounts that, together with those already in the soil, will form a solution of composition (IV); (iii) introducing (III) to the soil to provide 20-30 wt.% total moisture in the soil (where the soil contains microorganism from a specified list); and monitoring (II) in the soil and adding as necessary to maintain desired concentration. (IV) contains, by wt. in the contaminated soil: (a) 75-250 ppm Mg, Ca, ammonium or ferrous sulphate; (b) 30-100 ppm iron derivatives comprising chelated iron, citrated iron, electrolyte iron and/or ferrous sulphate; (c) 50-75 ppm sodium benzoate; (d) 1-5 g/l glacial till (diatomaceous earth and/or siliceous skeletons); (e) 1-5 g/l yeast extract; (f) ammonia or urea, 5-20 parts per 100 parts indigenous carbon; (g) orthophosphate or mono ammonium phosphate, 1 part per 100 parts indigenous carbon; and (h) 1-5 parts 2-butoxyethanol (surfactant).    USE -   The composition is used to stimulate indigenous bacteria, which as part of their active cycle degrade harmful and toxic chemical wastes.    ADVANTAGE -   The growth and degrading activities of indigenous anaerobic, aerobic and facultative bacteria are highly stimulated, resulting in the biodegradation of contaminants such as halogenated contaminants being degraded in shorter time intervals, and as the composition allows the bacteria to expand, higher levels of contaminants can be metabolised. The bi-product of the metabolism is ethane and/or ethene, which is less harmful than vinyl chloride.
Device for manufacturing compost, comprises a compost treatment tank which is closed, chutes with gates at the upper and lower parts of the tank, conveyors corresponding to the chutes to supply compost material and discharge manufactured compost, a number of holed pipes arranged inside the compost treatment tank and an air supply and exhaust device which are switchable.    ADVANTAGE -   Air is supplied to the compost treatment tank, which is closed, to promote the activity of micro-organisms and more efficiently manufacturing compost.
Transforming organic waste into compost comprises aerobically fermenting using a high-speed fermenter and mixing the obtained aerobic fermentation compost with the remaining organic waste, water control agent and organic matter decomposing micro-organism to facilitate anaerobic fermentation.    ADVANTAGE -   A large amount of organic waste is quickly transformed into pelletised compost with a high nutritive value.
The fermentation culture comprises: (a) sucking atmospheric air in a fermentor; (b) circulating and supplying the atmospheric air as part of air for fermentation culture to the fermentor; (c) fermenting and culturing an organic waste material by aerobic fermentation by a high-temp. fermentation purifying bacteria. Where, air supplied for fermentation culture is humidified and is supplied to the fermentor.    Also claimed is that the system comprises: (a) fermentor; (b) sucking means for the atmospheric air; (c) air supplying means for supplying the atmospheric as part of air for fermentation culture and for supplying the atmospheric air to the fermentor. The organic waste material is fermented and cultured by aerobic fermentation by using a high-temp. fermentation purifying tank. The sucking means or the air supplying means is connected to humidification activation means.    USE -   The fermentation culture and the system are useful for obtaining organic fertilizer by treating the organic waste material, including sewage sludge, or refuse (kitchen refuse).    ADVANTAGE -   The fermentation culture and the system yield superior fermentation treatment efficiency and save energy. No environmental pollution is observed.
A partition wall (2) is arranged at the internal part of a conveyable unit type building (1) to divide the internal part of the building (1) into a refuse chamber (3) and a machine room (4). A refuse fermentation disposing machine (10) is arranged in the machine room (4) and a hopper (11) to feed refuse to the disposing machine is extended through the partition wall to the refuse chamber (3).    ADVANTAGE -   Refuse is immediately disposed only by installing an assembled unit on a ground and an installation work is extremely simplified.
Garbage disposing machine comprises a disposing device (1) to ferment or dry an organic substance, dehumidifying devices (2a, 2b) to remove steam in air in the disposing device (1) and a deodorizing device (6) to bring air in the disposing device into contact with dehumidification water and effect deodorisation by dissolving a smell component in water. In the garbage disposing machine, cooling devices (5a, 5b) are arranged in a route through which dehumidification water drained from the dehumidifying devices (2a, 2b) flows from the dehumidifying devices (2a, 2b) to a deodorizing device (6) or at the deodorizing part (6). A refrigerating cycle is used as a cooling device for dehumidification water drained from the dehumidifying devices (2a, 2b).    ADVANTAGE -   The device and its running costs are reduced. The device is compact.
Waste crushing fermentation disposal device comprises a waste crushing device (1) to crush waste together with a small amount of water to produce a high viscosity waste crushed substance; a fermentation disposal tank (4) to effect fermentation disposal of the crushed substance and form compost; a flexible passage (3) to feed the crushed substance to the fermentation disposal tank (4) and having an inner wall surface having a surface coarseness of 0.003; a forced feed device (6) in the conveyance passage and feeding the crushed substance with pressure and a controller (30) to control the waste crushing device (1) and the forced feed device (6). When, after the controller operates the waste crushing device, a first specific period passes, the forced feed device (6) is also started to operate. After a second specific period in which conveyance of the crushed substance is completed, operation of the waste crushing device (1) and the forced feed device (6) is stopped.    ADVANTAGE -   The generation of odour due to residue remaining at an internal part and closure of a conveyance passage are prevented.
Waste crushing fermentation disposal device comprises a waste crushing device (1) to crush waste together with a small amount of water to produce a high viscosity waste crushed substance; a fermentation disposal tank (4) to effect fermentation disposal of the crushed substance and form compost; an elastic conveyance passage (3) to feed the crushed substance to the fermentation treating tank and have an inner wall having a surface coarseness of 0.003; a forced feeding device (9) in the conveyance passage and forcibly feeding the crushed substance; a heater (16) at the fermentation disposal tank (4) and a controller (30) to control the heater (16). When the crushed substance and washing water are fed to the fermentation disposal tank (4), the controller (30) heats the heater (16) to a specific first temperature at which germ spores can survive and continues heating for a specific time and temporarily stops heating and effects heating at a second temperature lower than the first temperature.    ADVANTAGE -   Waste is reused as compost and maintenance is facilitated.
A refuse crushing fermentation disposing device comprises a refuse crushing device (1) to crush refuse together with a small amount of water to produced a high viscosity refuse crushed substance; a fermentation disposing tank (4) effect fermentation disposal of the high viscosity refuse crushed substance and bring it into a compost state; a conveyance passage (3) to convey the high viscosity refuse crushed substance to the fermentation disposing tank (4) and have an inner wall surface having surface coarseness of 0.003; a forced feed device (2) arranged in the conveyance passage (3) and feeding the high viscosity refuse crushed substance with a pressure; a solenoid valve (3) and a constant flow rate valve to regulate an amount of water fed to the refuse crushing device (1); and a controller (30) to control the solenoid valve (9).    During the feed of water, the controller (30) opens the solenoid valve (9) for a given time and a given amount of water is fed to the refuse c rushing device (1) by the constant flow rate valve (10).    ADVANTAGE -   The size of a device is not increased and constitution is simplified.
Waste crushing fermentation disposal device comprises a waste crushing device (1) to crush waste together with a small amount of water to produce a high viscosity waste crushed substance; a fermentation disposal tank (4) to effect fermentation disposal of the crushed substance to form compost; a conveyance passage (32) through which the substance is fed to the fermentation disposal tank (4) and a forced feed device (2) in the conveyance passage and feeding the substance with pressure. The inner wall surface of the conveyance passage (3) has a surface coarseness of 0.003. The conveyance passage (3) comprises a flexible tube having an inside diameter of 5 - 20 mm.    ADVANTAGE -   Waste is reused as compost and maintenance is facilitated.
Waste treatment device comprises an outer case with a waste outside charge port at the upper side and a drain port at the bottom, an inner case with a smaller waste inside charge port at the upper side and a waste discharge port at the lower side of a side wall, a decomposer to decompose waste with microorganisms, a pan at the waste outside charge port in the outer case, a waste crushing means in the inner case and a waste scraping means between the bottom of the inner case and the waste crushing means.    A decomposer (2) preferably has a treatment chamber (21) open to a waste discharge port (13), in which a stirring blade (7) rotationally driven around a horizontal axis by a stirring motor (6) is positioned.    ADVANTAGE -   Efficient microorganism decomposition is effected at lower cost.
Waste processing apparatus for incinerating wastes collected in kitchen and restaurants comprises an insertion tank (7) in which organic waste is introduced and mixed with BSK microbes. The mixture is then stirred thoroughly by a first stirring member (19). The mixture is heated by a first planar heating element (23) and the moisture content in waste is reduced. The processed waste is then taken in fermentation tank (8) and again mixed with BSK microbe by a second stirring member (20).    The mixture is heated to 45deg by a second heating element (24). From the fermentation tank, the waste is transferred to drying tank (9) and is heated by third heating element (25) for drying the waste. A temperature controller is provided to maintain the temperature of first heating element at higher value than that of second heating element.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces amount of organic waste ejected out after processing. Reduces power consumption. Improves processing efficiency of waste.
Organic waste processing apparatus (1) using microorganism decomposition has a processing chamber (2) which carries out decomposition of organic waste mixture. A stirring blade (8) is arranged inside the processing chamber. An inlet port (21), an exhaust port (22) and a ventilating fan (26) are provided in the upper portion of the processing chamber. A level measuring unit (12) provided in the processing chamber, measures the upper limit height of the organic waste mixture.    A controller (10) checks the measured value continuously. When the controller judges that the organic waste mixture has exceeded an upper limit height, it displays the judged result through an indicator panel (11). A box (5) with a sensor (3) is provided in the base of the upper limit height measuring unit.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces burden. Inhibits corrosion and degradation caused due to moisture.
The machine (1) has a moulding chamber (3) which consists of a front chamber (9) and a back chamber (10). An intermediate die board (8) is provided in-between the front chamber and the back chamber. A continuous screw (4) is provided with a couple of shafts and supported in a moulding chamber. A predetermined quantity of city refuse (2) is introduced into the moulding chamber. The refuse is sorted and dried in the chamber by the rotation of the continuous screw. A set of electric heaters (12- 14) are provided in a periphery of the intermediate die board, an end board (7) and around the back chamber. The fuel is dried and fused through the action of heater. A binder is added to the refuse during drying. The dried refuse is pressed by the action of the screw by the end die board for forming solid fuel.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids decay of fuel manufactured from city refuse. Prevents wastage of resources. Simplifies moulding.
The structure includes a flat flow path formation member (R) on which a cell (C') is mounted. The cell consists of a fuel pole (3), an electrolyte layer (1) and an oxygen pole which are arranged sequentially. A leg (46) is formed at both ends of flow path formation member to support the cell. Multiple holes (4c) are formed in the flow path formation member and these holes are filled by an electrically conductive material (Dr) which provided conductive path between cell rows. Oxygen content gas passageway (s) is formed between the electrically conductive material sealings. A fuel gas flow path (8) is formed between cell rows, which electrically connects the electrically conductive material (Dr) of upper cell row with the fuel pole of lower cell row.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves electrically conductive condition between cell rows.
The temperature of the reformer for a fuel cell is kept to high during the cease time of the reformer.    USE -   The reformer is used for fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The controlling method for a reformer can prevent the collapse of granular reforming catalyst.
The battery has an electricity generation cell (4) which consists of a cathode (2), an electrolyte film (1) and an anode arranged sequentially. A fuel gas flow path (6) and several oxidizing agent gas flow path (7) are formed in the main body. The oxidizing agent gas flow path and fuel gas flow path are separated by a separator (5). The oxidizing agent gas flow path is orthogonal to the fuel gas flow path. The cross-section of oxidizing agent gas flow path arranged near opening side of fuel gas flow path is larger than the cross-section of oxidizing agent gas flow path provided near the tap hole side of fuel gas flow path.    ADVANTAGE -   Enlarges rate of flow of oxidizing agent gas. Restrains temperature rise near opening side of fuel gas flow path. Improves reliability of fuel battery. Prevents reduction of battery characteristics.
Process for the disproportionation of a feedstock comprising 3-5C paraffins involves reacting the paraffins in a fluidised bed reactor at pressure below 300 psig, with a catalyst composition comprising a crystalline aluminosilicate zeolite of Alpha Value below 10.    USE -   For the disproportionation of a paraffin feedstock to gasoline components.    ADVANTAGE -   The process uses low-pressure turbulent fluidised bed to provide high conversion, high selectivity and utilises less stable, low acidity zeolites than required in fixed bed zeolites.
Oxidative coupling of methane to form longer hydrocarbons involves co-feeding methane and oxygen simultaneously and continuously into a reaction zone at a reaction temperature of at least 500 C in the presence of a solid catalyst of formula (I); CeaNabCa100Ox (I); a = 0.03-2; b = 0.7-7; and x = an amount of oxygen sufficient to fulfil the valance requirements of the metals.    USE -   For the oxidative coupling of methane to higher hydrocarbons such as ethane, ethylene, propylene and butenes.    ADVANTAGE -   Converts methane to longer chain hydrocarbons with high selectivity and yield.
Hydrogenation of benzene and the isomerisation of 4-6C paraffins involves: (a) passing at least part of a feed-stream comprising benzene and 4-6C n-paraffins and a hydrogen-containing stream to a benzene saturation zone and into contact with a benzene saturation catalyst at benzene saturation conditions to produce an intermediate stream of cyclohexane and 4-6C n-paraffins, (b) passing the intermediate stream to an isomerisation zone and contacting with an isomerisation catalyst at isomerisation conditions to increase the isoparaffin content of the intermediate stream and produce an isomerisation zone output stream, (c) passing a quench stream comprising at least part of the feed-stream and/or output stream directly into the isomerisation zone when the benzene content of the feed-stream exceeds 10 wt% and (d) recovering an isomerisation effluent stream comprising at least part of the output stream.    USE -   For use in production of high octane gasoline components with reduced levels of benzene.    ADVANTAGE -   Efficient and cost-effective process for removing benzene from feeds which can accommodate a wide range of benzene in feeds. Produces high benzene conversion with controlled temperatures.
An apparatus for supporting a catalyst absorber and contacting the absorber with combustion exhaust gas comprises a frame (710) with a number of separate sections, each section containing catalyst (730). Each section may be blocked off using louvre type doors (720) to isolate the catalyst from the incoming gas stream.    USE -   In regenerating selective catalyst reduction catalysts used to treat exhaust gas from the combustion of hydrocarbons, e.g. methane, used in power generation.    ADVANTAGE -   The apparatus allows regeneration of part of the catalyst be while still allowing exhaust gas treatment using the rest of the bed.
Methane tank has a body (1) with baffles (2) forming acid, neutral, alkali and methane fermentation chamber s(3,4,5,6), loading and unloading pipes (7,8), a mixer (9) with a drive shaft (10) and blades (11) and a heat exchanger. The heat exchanger is made as concentric outer (12) and inner pipes. The outer pipe is provided with an expansion vessel in the upper part and its cavity is connected to submerged water heater (16), located in the methane tank inner cavity. The inner pipe is provided with a mesh (17) with a burner (18) underneath it, connected to bio-gas outlet pipe (19) from cavity (20) through hydraulic lock (21). Iron shavings packing is located above the mesh. The inner pipe at the top is connected to the building atmosphere.    USE -   The tank may be used for recycling of domestic carbon-nitrogen containing waste.    ADVANTAGE -   The tank is highly efficient.
A unit comprises troughs (1) mounted in tiers and forming channels filled with water (2) for transport of trays (3) filled with manure, nozzles (4) for water input to troughs from system containing pressure receiver, heater and valves. Constant level of water in troughs is maintained by overflow through windows (5), and the space between trays (3) and troughs in upper tier forms channel for air circulation with given parameters of velocity, temperature and humidity. The air circulation is required for the removal of decomposition products as ammonia and carbon dioxide, and input of oxygen. The air passes through windows (7) in end walls of troughs (1), slide-valves (10), pipes (8) and filter (9). Periodically in the case of required lift of tray to upper tier a water-lock chamber (11) is formed by lowering rectangular fence (12) with elastic diaphragm (13) fastened to window (14) in upper trough. Trough (21) above top tier is for return of empty trays, and pneumatic device (23) is for unloading of processed biomass.    Troughs (1) are filled with water, and receiver of manipulator device (27) is filled with biomass, i.e. eggs and larvae of flies of age 1-1.5 days. Manure is loaded to empty tray through device (26) at the position of loading, and the tray is moved by water current to the position for biomass loading. Filled tray (3) is moved by action of water current generated by flow from nozzles (4) to the next trough, etc.    USE -   The unit is used in agriculture; in particular in technology of processing of litter and manure by effect of insect species.    ADVANTAGE -   The unit provides increased reliability of particular nodes and of unit as whole in conditions of corrosive medium; increased productivity with simultaneous reduced expenditure on servicing; improved precision of maintaining parameters of biomass medium, and conditions of labour.
The method involves separating combustible matter from organic refuse, crushing them, and subjecting to fermentation by adding aerobic fermentation microbe. The fermented matter is treated with slaked lime or calcined lime. Compression moulding of the reaction product is done. Further drying, solidification of the moulding is carried out.    ADVANTAGE -   The method offers high biological stability due to fermentation treatment given to solid refuse, obtains solid fuel that is hard to decompose and offers usage of non-decomposable plastic as raw matter for fuel.
The method involves adding alkaline substance to waste slurry, which is obtained from waste containing organic solid substance by preprocessing. Subsequently, the alkaline waste slurry undergoes a hydrothermal reaction in a reactor (14) by which a flash of high pressure reaction formation slurry is obtained. The obtained high pressured reaction formation slurry is fed into a multistage flash drum (23). Next the reaction formation slurry is degassed and separated into a flash gas and the degassed reaction formation slurry by a separator (24). The dehydrated reaction formation slurry is crushed by a first grinder (40). The ground slurry is again wet ground by a second grinder (43), with a carbonaceous raw material.    ADVANTAGE -   Eliminates disposal process of waste material. Provides alternate superior fuel of higher heating capacity and spraying property.
Reducing mixtures of cut and felled trees, branches, twigs and leaves to soil, comprises dividing and separating broad leaves and coniferous trees, further dividing trunks, branches and twigs, followed by rough and fine crushing and returning to soil.    ADVANTAGE -   The method gives a reduction in the number of cut and felled trees in compost.
A process for the preparation of a kitchen waste treatment agent composed of charred husk with added microorganisms (EM), comprises mixing charred husk, EM, pyroligenous acid, pulverised zeolite and a ferrous compound to stabilise the EM, optionally containing charred woods, animal bones and kitchen waste.    USE -   The process is used for the preparation of compost.    ADVANTAGE -   The compost is produced with reduced bad odours and maggots in a sealed container.
A waste treatment device comprises a vertical shaft at the centre of a fermenter to allow the transfer of waste and compost upward with the rotation of a stirrer following the shaft and a waste and compost crushing means located upward of the middle high position of the fermenter.    ADVANTAGE -   The compost is formed at a high decomposition rate into dry granule so as to be easy to handle.
Processing spirit dregs obtained from distillation of potato, rice, wheat and cereals alcoholic beverage involves filling pearlite in the form of white sand which has air bubbles and obsidian or pitchstone into tanks (3) at high temperature. An enzyme which decomposes organic substance is also filled in the tanks. The enzyme mixes with the pearlite to form a fermentation material. The dregs obtained by distillation of the alcoholic beverage are then filled into the tank. The tank is then transferred to mix the dregs with the fermentation material.    ADVANTAGE -   Blending between fermentation material and dreg is effected.
Ethylene glycol containing waste liquid processing for automobile industry involves injecting the waste liquid (14) continuously or intermittently into a fermentation tank (6). The fermentation tank contains microorganisms which decompose the organic content of the waste liquid in the presence of atmospheric air. The waste liquid is injected into the tank so that the microorganism always maintains a moist condition. Water and carbon dioxide gas are passed into the waste liquid for decomposition.    ADVANTAGE -   A drain is not required and the structure is simplified. Continuous processing may be effected.
Waste treatment device comprises a waste treatment part to ferment and age waste and a waste deodorising part communicated with it to deodorise treated waste. A catalyser is inclined in a case for the waste deodorising part.    A waste treatment part (2) preferably has a waste treatment tank (10) on the upper half side of a case (1) and formed with a charge port (11) open to the cover (5) of the case (1) and a circular bottom (12) having a plane heater on the lower face, where waste is stirred by a stirring means (13), fermented and aged.    ADVANTAGE -   The deterioration of the catalyser in the deodorising part is prevented.
Wet waste treatment device has a drying vessel for decreasing the water content in the wet waste by heating, a fermentation vessel at the side of the drying vessel and decomposing the water decreased wet waste with microbes, a partition wall with a communicating part formed at the upper end and dividing the drying vessel and fermentation vessel and an agitating and carrying means which agitates wet waste in each vessel and carries the waste from the drying vessel to the fermentation vessel.    The agitating and carrying means preferably comprises a rotating shaft rotated at low speed and a driving device and agitating blades fixed at parts of the rotating shaft and with an angled blade.    ADVANTAGE -   The device is small and has good treatment ability. Maintenance is easy.
Organic waste processor for decomposition of waste using microorganism has a rotating drum type treatment tank (2) inclined in a casing (1). An inlet opening (3) and an outlet opening (4) are formed in the top and bottom of the treatment tank respectively. Impellers of shuttle back race shape are positioned in the internal surface of the treatment tank in an inclined state. The lower and the upper ends of the impellers are positioned near the outlet and inlet openings respectively. An organic waste switch on a section (5) is formed in the upper side of the inlet opening. A gap is formed around the periphery of the inlet opening.    ADVANTAGE -   An inner lid for the inlet opening is eliminated and media extraction through outlet openings is simplified. A high mixing effect is obtained organic waste is not caught by eliminating obstructive objects such as a shaft in a drum.
Processing apparatus for waste collected from houses, offices and restaurants has a stirring shaft (8) in a treatment tank (2). Stirring members (9) comprising stirring blades are attached around the stirring shaft. The end surface of each stirring member is made into an L form with a minimum of 90 bending angle. The waste is treated in the treatment tank by dissolving with microorganism. A residue take off section (16) is placed in the treatment tank for taking out the residue of dissolved waste. The residue of the dissolved waste is ejected out through the residue take off section by the stirring members.    ADVANTAGE -   Generation of sound is prevented. Stirring is effected with stable torque and the time for residue ejection is reduced and efficiency is improved. Operativity and the quality of the waste processing apparatus are improved.
Organic waste processing apparatus has a main body (1) having an inlet opening (11). A treatment tank (4) is positioned in the main body. A cover (13) is used for closing the inlet opening. Microorganism, carrier and organic waste are introduced into the treatment tank through the inlet opening. A stirrer (2) is positioned in the treatment tank for stirring the organic waste, microorganism and carrier. An exhaust unit (3) is used for discharging the gas produced in the treatment tank. An ultrasonic radiation unit (4) irradiates ultraviolet light for sterilising the gas passing through the inside of a jet pipe (33) in the exhaust unit.    ADVANTAGE -   Work efficiency is improved. Maintenance and safety are improved.
Organic material treatment device comprises a pretreatment unit to dry a first organic residue with hot air for controlling the moisture content, a size control unit to crush the organic residue for controlling particle sizes, a dry carbonisation unit with a drying process at an upper stage and a heat treatment process at a lower stage, an exhaust gas combustion unit and a rapid fermentation unit to mix the second organic residue in carbide treated by the dry carbonisation unit for fermentation.    Preferably, a pretreatment unit (5) has a charging hopper (51), a crushing screw (52), a hot air chamber (53) with a temperature sensor, a conveyor (54) in the hot air chamber (53), a driver for the conveyor (54), a heat feed chamber (56), a steam guide passage (57), a hot air guide passage (58) and an exhaust pipe.    ADVANTAGE -   Disposal or recycling of organic residue discharged in agricultural or industrial processes is effected by a supplier.
A method for the culture of a formic acid-assimilating methane-forming microbe in which methanol is used as the substrate and its pH is adjusted to below the optimum pH for directly assimilating the methanol and a methane fermentation is carried out under optional addition of sodium bicarbonate. Culture process is carried out by adding formic acid as the substrate to accumulatively culture a methane-forming microbe of low pH resistance and in the resistance against a non-ionizing volatile organic acid.    ADVANTAGE -   The methane-forming velocity is not lowered at a pH lower than 6.0.
The fuel modifier has a heat insulating material (2) that prevents heat dissipation of combustion gas while heating carbon-hydrogen gas and raw material gas. The heat insulating material is arranged to the periphery of a reforming tube group (4) containing several reforming tubes (3) which generate reforming gas containing hydrogen as principal component. The reforming gas is generated by steam reforming reaction using a catalyst. The internal circumference of the heat insulating material is formed in the shape of a polygon, corresponding to the arrangement shape of the reforming tubes. The interval between the reforming tubes is equal.    ADVANTAGE -   The fuel modifier eliminates non-uniformity of radiant heat transfer from wall surface, provides uniform skin temperature distribution for every reforming tube and offers safe and reliable fuel modifier.
The process comprises detecting methane by the variation in the impedance of the metallic oxide thin film (3) in a gas detection element (4). The metallic oxide thin film is provided on an insulating substrate (1) adjoining a columnar crystal of diameter 0.001-10 m. The gas detection element is made to contact methane at two different fixed temperatures and the output values are obtained. Standard output variation is obtained from the difference of the two output values.    ADVANTAGE -   The process detects the presence of methane in gas.
A process for producing a compost product comprises mixing additives with sieved compost. The mixture is then supplied with a conditioning agent and compressed to form dehydrated mouldings. The additive is organic dung. The material is compressed into rods or pellets.    ADVANTAGE -   The process enables the additives to be dosed precisely.
A procedure for processing the fuel for fuel cells includes the following steps: (a) an oxygen-containing compound is fed into the fuel; (b) the compound is decomposed so that oxygen is released; (c) an impurity in the fuel that can be oxidised is oxidised by this oxygen. The oxygen- containing compound is adsorbed along with the impurity in a reactor.    The compound is a liquid one. A fuel cell has the reactor in the fuel supply line, the reactor having a reactor-catalyst which catalyses the oxidation of the impurity, but not the reaction of hydrogen with oxygen to form water.    ADVANTAGE -   No power loss in the cell caused by fuel impurities.
A self-guided assembly advances and turns over an extended line of especially compost, producing a second line with an approximately vertical or inclined side-face, by means of an angled shield. The shield is tilted to produce the desired side-face angle. The novelty is that: (a) the assembly advances under the control of a guide-unit (7) locating in a slotted rail.    USE -   The combined effect of the guide unit (7) and slotted rail is to control the compost line side-angle and position of the reformed elongated heap.    ADVANTAGE -   The assembly is very simple and suited for use especially in those countries with limited technical facilities. The assembly can be fabricated with blacksmith-level skills.
The heavy metal content or surface contaminants in heavy metal bearing waste are reduced by: (a) contacting with a hydroxycarboxylic acid and/or its salt in an aqueous environment in amount sufficient to solubilise at least a portion of the waste and form water soluble chelated metal complexes; (b) removing the hydroxycarboxylic acid and/or its salt and chelates, and (c) contacting the obtained waste with rinse water, Pseudomonas fluorescens and/or precipitating agent to extract remaining heavy metals and residual acid.    The waste is incinerator bottom ash, incinerator fly-ash, heavy metal-contaminated soil, auto shredder residue, wire chopping insulation waste, foundry sands, sandblast waste, or ferrous and/or non-ferrous scrap metal from shredding or incinerator residue. The hydroxycarboxylic acid is nitric acid, its salt is calcium nitrate or ferric citrate and it is used at a concentration of 0.05-0.5 M. Step (a) is a batch or continuous process performed under agitation at a pH above that of the acid solution and above ambient temperature. Step (b) is performed by centrifuging, decanting, gravity drainage or overhead drainage. The complexes removed are contacted with a phosphate, sulphide, carbonate or silicate as heavy metal precipitating agent, preferably Na2S or hydroxyapatite.    USE -   The method is used for cleansing the surface of ferrous and/or non-ferrous metal (claimed), and to reduce the levels of heavy metals in hazardous waste disposed in landfill sites.    ADVANTAGE -   The levels of heavy metal are reduced sufficiently so that the waste can be re-used or disposed of in accordance with regulations.
A biogas reactor (1) treats organic waste to produce methane. It consists of a reactor vessel with a feed pipe (5), an outlet pipe (9) for methane, and a discharge opening (3) for humus, sand, etc.. The reactor includes a screw (13) rotatable in the upper part of the reactor for mixing incoming waste with that already in the reactor. The screw is vertical and is positioned so that most of its length is immersed in the waste.    The screw (13) is attached to an actuator (14) and has a bearing (15) at its top end. The screw extends down into the reactor vessel with no bearing or suspension mechanism inside the vessel. The screw is located at the top end of the vessel extending down into the reactor for a distance of about one third of the height of the reactor. It is positioned on the central axis of the reactor. It has a diameter corresponding to one quarter of that of the reactor. The feed pipe directs incoming matter into a receiving tank (6). The lower end of the screw is about level with the top of tank (6). The rotational speed and direction of the screw is selected to lift up or push down the waste in the reactor vessel. Preferably, the lower end of the screw tapers conically.    USE -   For digesting organic waste anaerobically to produce methane gas.    ADVANTAGE -   The mixing of the waste permits digestion of all of the material in the reactor. The mixer prevents the formation of a crust which saves maintenance work for its removal.
Device for the continuous treatment of waste using fly larvae which eat the waste comprises a conveyor belt (8) having two lateral edges and passing through a waste reception zone (8A), a waste treatment zone (8B) and a waste evacuation zone (8C). The waste is distributed evenly onto the belt. Fly larvae or eggs are deposited onto the waste. Fly larvae are removed from the waste and conveyor belt in the downstream section. The larvae are induced to crawl out of the waste towards one of the belt lateral edges and off the belt along its edge.    USE -   The device is used for the treatment of large amounts of putrescent waste including waste human food, food waste from canneries and slaughter houses, animal sewage and human sewage sludge. The waste is reduced to a relatively dry residue serving as compost. The larvae, either live or dehydrated, form a feed stock for fish and poultry, and can be used to produce by-products, e.g. protein meal, chitin and chitosan.    ADVANTAGE -   The waste processing and disposal time is very rapid compared to classical composting techniques.
Faecal natural wastes are passed into a collector (1) and solid wastes are separated during mixing from mineral contaminants, before passing to a collector (2), where water is separated. The suspensions of faecal natural wastes and solid natural wastes are ground in a centrifugal disperser (3) to dimensions corresponding to those of microorganisms during a carbon-nitrogen-phosphorus ratio of 100 : 5 : 1. The substrate is heated to 36-38 degrees C in a heat exchanger (4) and is passed for fermentation in chambers (5-8) during presence of abrasive granular immobilisation beds (10). Under-fermentation from chamber (8) of alkaline ferment passes to a neutralisation chamber (7), reducing the acidity of the mash, then passed through a perforated spiral partition (12) and interacting with the biogas. A micro-filter (16) separates the biomass and the membranes of methanogens are ruptured in a disintegrator (17). The residue passes to a chlorella generator (20) and the chlorella absorb radionuclides from the liquid radioactive wastes. The excess biomass is burnt in a burner (30).    USE -   Biological deactivation of low-activity liquid radioactive wastes in atomic thermal electricity stations.    ADVANTAGE -   Better working effectiveness of device.
The installation comprises the slag bath (1), in which domestic waste from the hopper (3) is burned. The slag is maintained in a liquid state by bubbling oxygen-containing gas from the tuyeres (12), through the slag. The gaseous products are passed through the vertical reactors (4), with regulating dampers (14). Pulverised coal is injected into the combustion products by the burners (5). The reactors discharge gas into the trap (6), for the initial removal of dust and ash. The separated dust and ash are removed by the screw (11). The gas is cleaned finally in the cyclone (8), the dust and ash being returned to the slag bath via the pipe (10). The clean gas is discharged from the outlet (9).    USE -   For the disposal of waste material.    ADVANTAGE -   Recovery of valuable materials under ecologically and economically favourable conditions.
New unit has animals and poultry waste collector (1), vegetable waste collector (2), a disperser (3), a mixer (4), a heat exchanger (5), acid, acid regression, neutral, alkali and methane fermentation chambers (6,7,8,9,10) provided with mixers (11) and immobilisation packing (12). The methane fermentation chamber (10) is made as vertical body with horizontal perforated baffles (13) which form fermentolysis chambers. A drive shaft (15) is located on the methane fermentation chamber axis. The shaft carries blades (16). A disc (17) is located lower than the perforated baffle forming a blowing section (18) connected to the blower (19). The fermentolysis chambers are connected to each other by over flow cups (20,21).    USE -   The unit may be used for methane and protein production from biological waste materials.    ADVANTAGE -   The unit is highly efficient.
Composting of aqueous waste sediments such as active mud (I) and wood machining waste e.g. shavings and sawdust (II) can be achieved all the year round with help of the rainworms and the compost made with them. (I) and (II) are used to form alternate layers of a heap which is seeded with Eisenia fetida spp. rainworms. After composting, the product is separated by sieving, while uncomposted material is returned to the heaps for further composting.    USE -   The method enables industrial wastes to be used in agriculture.
The device comprises housing (1) with cylindrical chamber (2) divided to two cavities (3, 4) by free piston (5) placed with possibility of periodic translatory motion, blow-openings (6, 7) in side wall of chamber (2) connected to collectors (8, 9), and gas-distribution node (10) in the form of slit throttle at lower end of chamber (2) connected to line (11). Raw material is input through opening (6), and finished product obtained as a result of technological processes is output through opening (7).    A number of variants of the device are proposed. The device can contain two basic gas-distribution nodes (10) at opposite ends of chamber (2). The device can contain an additional gas-distribution node in the form of slit throttle, or additional gas-distribution nodes at both ends of chamber (2). The slit throttle contains grooves on at least one of its surfaces for an increased hydraulic resistance. At least part of inner side surface of cylindrical chamber (2) is with ring grooves. At least part of side surface of piston (5) is with conicity in the limits 1:100-1:1000. At least part of side surface of piston can have ring grooves.    USE -   For conducting of chemical reactions in gaseous media as e.g. synthesis of gaseous products, production of ammonia, vapour-air conversion of methane, etc.; useful in chemical industry, power generation machine-building, and construction of vehicles with internal combustion.
The method involves immersing dung in oil at fixed temperature and pressure. Then, the dung is extracted. The extracted dung is used as fuel.    ADVANTAGE -   Facilitates efficient disposal of dung.
Device for production of fertiliser from organic waste comprises a raw material receiving device (1) to receive raw material containing organic waste; a self-running type agitator (2); an agitating tank (3) to contain a raw material containing organic waste and promote fermentation by agitation aeration and produce fertiliser; air blowing-in devices positioned at intervals of a specific distance from the raw material receiving part (1) to a fermentation part along the longitudinal direction of the bottom of the agitation tank (3) and a fertiliser output device (5) formed on the end part side far spaced from the raw material receiving device (1) of the agitating tank (3).    ADVANTAGE -   A wide range of organic waste may be converted into fertiliser.
Accelerated production of compost comprises adding xylanase, particularly (1) having lignin decomposing property, (2) high temperature activity range with optimum temperature of 50-100C, (3) temperature stability of 90% activity at 50C for 30 minutes, (4) optionally containing other enzyme mixture, (5) allowing compost preparation at 20-60C for 1 day, (6) using raw materials containing 5% lignin, (7) allowing acceleration with stirring, (8) using raw materials containing 10 wt.% saw dust or chips and (9) producing compost with reduced lignin content of 2 wt.% that of raw material. Also claimed is an accelerator for compost production comprising 1-80 wt.% xylanase, 1-19 wt.% cellulase and balance cellulose decomposing bacteria.    Raw materials containing lignin rich substances (e.g. saw dust and chips) are preferably decomposed with xylanase.    ADVANTAGE -   Raw material lignin e.g. saw dust and chips may be used.
Purification of waste water obtained from a pig farm, cattle field and hen house involves adding 50-50 ppm pineapple enzyme extracted from pineapple fruit juice and flocculant to waste water and processing the obtained supernatant water.    ADVANTAGE -   Specific equipment is not required and the use of processed water as dilution water is facilitated. Drainage treatment is effected under a closed atmosphere and bacteria and odour are eliminated.
Treatment device for organic waste comprises a container main body for charging at least organic waste and microorganisms, a screw in the container main body inclined to the horizontal, a driving motor to rotationally drive the screw and a contact plate in the container main body to transfer the organic waste, which is transferred from one end to the other end of the screw with the rotational drive of the screw and then to one end of the screw, again.    Preferably, a rotationally movable screw (6) positioned in a container main body (5) and inclined corresponding to the inclination of the container main body (5) is formed with a rotationally movable shaft (6a) and a stirring blade (6b) spirally fixed to the outer periphery of the shaft (6a).    ADVANTAGE -   Stirring of organic waste and microorganisms in the main body is ensured.
Fermentation treatment device for organic waste comprises movable doors to close an upper space in a fermenter for every section and a movable door opening and closing controller to open and close the movable doors in sequence from the section at the compost discharge port side to the section at a front stage so that the door at a front stage is open after the door at a rear stage is closed.    A fermenter (1) is preferably divided into two sections (1a), (1b) with a partition wall (2) which vertically rises on the bottom of the fermenter (1). The sections (1a), (1b) are connected together at the upper part of the fermenter (1).    ADVANTAGE -   The decomposition rate of the organic waste is improved.
The method involves extracting heat decomposition gas (7a) from an outlet (3) of a heat decomposition furnace (1) into which the waste (7) is supplied in a state of compaction through an inlet (2). The heat decomposition of the waste is performed at the interior of the furnace. The heat decomposition gas generated by the heat decomposition of the waste is extracted at a temperature below 450degC from the outlet and is supplied back to the inlet. The heat decomposition gas is cooled below 300degC by heat exchange at the waste filled layer (10) through which the waste is supplied to the inlet of the furnace. The heat decomposition gas is led out to a scrubber (12) after being cooled below 300degC.    USE -   The method is used for waste heat decomposition furnace.    ADVANTAGE -   The method eliminates problem of corrosion and jamming, recovers heat of exhaust gas to waste and reduces moisture of waste, simplifies decomposition by supplying waste with tar or oil at reduced moisture condition and reduces heat loss when cooling gas with waste filled layer.
Treating a large amount of waste comprises discharging waste into a large treatment hole made in the ground, collecting liquid from the waste generated by anaerobic biological decomposition for fermentation and picking solids out from the bottom of the treatment hole after anaerobic biological decomposition to form compost.    Waste (3) discharged into a large treatment hole (2) is preferably accumulated gradually on the bottom of the treatment hole (2), where anaerobic biological decomposition is started and liquid (4) coming out of the waste (3) staying on the bottom of the treatment hole (2) is separately collected on the ground via a well (14) with a pump.    ADVANTAGE -   The anaerobic biological decomposition of waste is accelerated.
Compost crusher comprises an upper charge port to charge treated material, a treatment box with a lower discharge port to discharge the treated material through it and a crushing mechanism placed in the treatment box and communicated with a drop passage for the treated material.    A crushing mechanism (5) is preferably mounted with a preset length of chains (7) at preset spaces in the axial and circumferential directions of a shaft (6) pivotally supported to be rotatable to the cross direction of a drop passage (R) so that the chains (7) are arranged on the shaft (6) not to form a gap to the drop passage (R) when the shaft (6) is rotated.    ADVANTAGE -   Efficient crushing is effected with high productivity independently of the conditions of the treated material in manufacturing compost.
Plant growth product (I) prepared by composting vegetable matter comprising mainly cereal bran in the presence of oxygen containing gas and water.    USE -   (I) is used as a medium for growing plants or as a fertiliser (claimed).
Easily decaying, especially organic residues are chilled in a process in which the residue container (14) is placed in a cool box (10) in which the cooling is effected by heat-exchange through circulating air. The air is circulated through an evaporator. The novelty is that: (a) the air is cooled during its approximately horizontal passage over the evaporator (1) cooled heat-exchanger surfaces (3) located in the upper regions of the cool box (10); (b) the air is focused into a concentric downward flow by a shallow funnel (2) and directed at the organic residue (15) at the base of the refuse container (14); (c) the warm residues surrender heat to the cold air, which then rises along the inner container (14) face; (d) on emerging from the container rim, the warm air sub-divides, one portion being chilled again on the heat exchanger surfaces (3). Also claimed is a suitable cooled bin.    USE -   The cooled bin holds especially organic e.g. kitchen residues, minimising unwanted smells.    ADVANTAGE -   The cooling air flow functions entirely by convection, requiring no blower fan.
(AT9700045-A)      Preparation of potting compost comprises: (1) heating Class I or II sewage sludge with a moisture content of 0-85 (60-85) %, (equivalent to a dryness of 15-100 (15-40) %), to 80-90; (2) mixing the sludge with clay minerals, preferably builder and/or layer silicates, as mineral additives, and with peat as an acidic carbon carrier; and (3) treating the mixture with a chemical disinfectant.    USE -   The potting compost can be used for horticulture, agriculture or in the home.    ADVANTAGE -   Sewage sludge is converted into a useful product that is safe to use in the home.
A biogas installation comprises a reactor with a central pipe into which the bio material is fed. Carrier material for micro-organisms is located around the central pipe and on the reactor inner walls. The carrier material on the inner walls has channels which are closed to the outside and open to the inside. The channels slant downwards towards the ground and gas can collect in them.    USE -   The arrangement is used as a biogas installation.    ADVANTAGE -   The mixing ensures good homogenisation of the material.    (Reissue of entry advised in week 9824 based on complete specification).
Apparatus for enhancing mass transfer of fluid in a porous matrix system (9) comprises: (a) a reaction vessel (13) for containing fluid media (6); (b) a means for applying a series of controlled, releasable compressive forces to region (11) of porous matrix system, which is effective to extrude fluid, but not significant biomass, contained in porous matrix system; and (c) a means for controllably expanding the region of porous matrix system in the fluid system following release of compressive force.    Also claimed is a method for enhancing mass transfer of fluid in a porous matrix system.    USE -   The apparatus harnesses micro-organisms in controlled processes which use oil or petroleum as a substrate and which enhance mass transfer of fluid in porous matrix system.    ADVANTAGE -   Suitable and more efficient reactor which improves mass transfer of gases/liquid to/from cell surfaces of metabolising biomass whilst allowing increased biomass density per unit volume of reactor, improving overall rate of particular reaction concerned.
Topsoil compositions comprise:    (a) at least 15 volume % of alumina clay;    (b) at least about 20 volume % of an organic compost; and    (c) at least about 30 volume % of sand in proportions to provide adequate organic content for good plant nutrition, moisture retention and moisture drainage properties.    USE -   The compositions are used as synthetic topsoils in which to grow and maintain plant-life. They have water retention and drainage properties making them suitable for landscaping.    ADVANTAGE -   The compositions have good organic content and good moisture retention and drainage properties. The compositions may be manufactured locally, making them cheap. Most landscaping topsoils are cultivated in nurseries and then transplanted, raising production costs.
A process for separating high boiling and a lower boiling component of a gaseous mixture, both components having boiling points at atmospheric pressure below 0C, involves: (a) cooling the gaseous mixture to temperature no lower than -100C, resulting in partial condensation, dividing the gaseous mixture into a condensed portion enriched in the higher boiling component and an uncondensed portion enriched in the lower boiling component; (b) flash evaporating the condensed portion to remove more of the lower boiling component from the condensed portion as gaseous flash stream; (c) membrane treating the uncondensed portion in a membrane separation unit to further divide the uncondensed portion into a more enriched lower boiling component stream and a mixed stream; and (d) recirculating the mixed stream to the cooling step.    USE -   For separating higher boiling and lower boiling components of gaseous mixture, especially low molecular weight organic compounds from other gases, e.g. separating hydrogen and nitrogen from ammonia, or nitrogen from low boiling point methyl chloride, or CFC-12.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides cost and energy-efficient improved separation through integrated steps. Avoids need for costly cryogenic separation.
New plant has the first and second phases acidic (1,2) and methane (3,4) fermentation chambers with pipes (5-11). The chambers (1,3) have false bottoms (12) forming mash collectors (13,14), which have fitted at the bottom the pulsers (15,15') and at the top solid partitions (16,17,18), forming gas chambers (1,3) contain a granular material (22). The mash collectors (13,14) are connected with the chambers (2,4) separated by the solid partition (23) into sections connected with each other and the bubbler (45). The chambers (2,4) lower sections (26) have false bottoms (27) covered by the granular material (22) and forming with the real bottoms the mash collectors (29,30). These are connected with the biocultivating tower (31) separated by solid partitions (32) into sections (33) fitted with the bubblers (34) and containing bundles of fibres (35).    USE -   The plant may be used in production of methane gas and proteins from human and animal waste, and carbon containing material.    ADVANTAGE -   The plant produces gas with 95-98% methane content in 0.5-1.2 days.
Production of organic fertiliser comprises feeding a raw material (A) for an organic fertiliser to a fermentation tank (1) and accumulating in a specific position in the fermentation tank (1) for fermentation and optionally ageing. The accumulated (A) is input in the middle of fermentation to the interior of a screw conveyor (2) from the tip part of the screw conveyor (2) and conveyed through the screw conveyor (1) as (A) is rotated and agitated by a screw (2a) and turned. (A) is discharged from the rear end part of the screw conveyor (2) and discharged in a different position in the fermentation tank (1) and accumulates and when fermentation and/or ageing is not completed, fermentation and/or ageing is further effected.    ADVANTAGE -   An organic fertiliser of high quality is produced.
Compost production device comprises a container having a waste charge port, a completed compost removal port and a waste stirring means.    Preferably, a container (1) in a plane rectangular shape has a waste stirring means (9) formed with a pair of right and left upper-side stirring rotators (10a), (10b) and a pair of right and left lower-side stirring rotators (11a), (11b). The upper-side stirring rotators (10a), (10b) comprise shafts (12) parallel to the longitudinal direction of the container (1), spiral blades (13) mounted a specific length from both ends of the shafts (12) and stirring rods (14) radially mounted on the shafts (12) between both spiral blades (13).    ADVANTAGE -   Compost can be efficiently produced from waste on a large scale.
Production of fertiliser from fish wastes comprises: (1) mixing anaerobic, aerobic, sulphur and nitrite forming bacteria and fillers, particularly in the presence of a decomposition stimulating microorganism, (2) removing contained moisture, (3) fermenting with turnover at least once daily to evaporate moisture by elevated temperature and (4) drying to give a desired moisture content followed by pulverisation or granulation.    ADVANTAGE -   Raw fish wastes are simply decomposed without heating, tools or chemicals. Anaerobic microorganism decomposes fish proteins without releasing malodour.
The method involves sprinkling drainage water for a fixed time onto oxygen absorbing active charcoal layers (2,2') in respective desulphurising towers (1,1') through sprinklers (3,3'). The active charcoal layers carries aerobic sulphur oxidation bacterial. The vapourized sulphur compounds from the active charcoal layers is then passed to auxiliary gas permeable charcoal layers (4,4') by blowing air into the respective desulphurising towers. Air is blown into the desulphurising towers after stopping the drainage water sprinkling. The sulphur collected by the active charcoal layer is removed by exhausting the air from the desulphurising towers.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables removing bad smell generated by sulphur compound in drain.
Resolution treatment method and device for organic waste comprises covering whole of a bottom having cylinder which is rotatable to fixed direction with a cover member and using a treatment vessel which is formed setting an agitating mixing structure in bottom having cylinder without relation to rotating of the bottom having cylinder, the agitating mixing structure is driven supplying air into the treatment vessel interior from the bottom rotating the vessel with organic waste and bacteria carrier having aerobic bacteria throwing in said vessel and after said thrown object is agitated and mixed for requirement time with rotating of the vessel and driving of the agitating mixing structure, the rotating of the treatment vessel and driving of the agitating mixing structure are stopped and the organic waste is resolved and treated with standing for required time holding air supply into the treatment vessel.    ADVANTAGE -   Mixing can be worked uniformly in short time and the organic waste can be resolved and treated effectively.
Device for closed or partly closed composting comprises a container (11) comprising a mainly cylindrical container (12) with a mantle face (14) and gables (13,13'). The mantle face (14) is air permeable and has an inner hard wearing layer (17), an outer protective layer (18) and an intermediate isolating layer (19). The mixing of composting material is achieved by rolling of (11).    USE -   The device is used for composting of household or garden waste.    ADVANTAGE -   The composting proceeds at suitable temperatures under aerobic conditions and with proper mixing. The device is cheap and easy to use.
A gas purification process involves passing the gas through a dielectric tube (16) in which an electric field is created by a circulating electromagnetic wave for generating an atmospheric pressure plasma which is in local thermodynamic non-equilibrium for dissociating the gas impurities to form reactive components, these components then being eliminated by reaction with a corresponding reactive element (22, 24). The electromagnetic wave is e.g. a surface wave produced by a surfatron-guide type surface wave exciter. Also claimed is an installation for carrying out the above process.    USE -   For purifying plasma-forming noble gases such as Kr and Xe, e.g. for removal of tetrafluoromethane and methane from krypton (useful as incandescent lamp filling) and xenon after distillative separation from air, but also of other gases e.g. Ar, N2, Ne, He, O2, CO2, H2 and mixtures.    ADVANTAGE -   The process improves the efficiency of gas production lines since the electrical discharge causes irreversible transformation of the dissociated impurities to allow selective separation of impurities even when present at low concentrations.
A membrane covered electrochemical oxygen sensor for controlling the rotting process in composting units, with electrode system pressure equalisation, comprises a closed electrolyte chamber (9) formed by a membrane head (1). An electrode member (11) extends into the chamber, which contains an electrolyte (4) and air (10). The electrolyte to air ratio is preferably 3:1.    ADVANTAGE -   The sensor can be used over a wide temperature range.
A method for the preparation of hydrocarbon oxides of formula (I) whilst generating oxygen comprises reacting water with carbon dioxide.     Cx Hy Oz(I)    x, y = &gt; 0 ; and z 0.    USE -   Methane, methanol and ethanol can be prepared by this method.    ADVANTAGE -   Environmentally friendly, zero carbon dioxide emission energy sources (eg. solar energy) can be used to prepare useful hydrocarbons previously extracted from crude oil or natural gas.
An electrochemical installation (1) comprises insulated reactor modules (2) surrounding a central space for support units e.g. a heat exchanger (6) and after-burner (7). Fuel supply and exhaust gas conduits are included. A symmetrical arrangement around the central axis is preferred.    Fuel cells may be constructed for use of natural gas or methane to react with air for provision of electrical and heat energy. Warm exhaust gases are fed to the after-burner which may be provided with its own supply of fuel (10) and ensures complete combustion of supplied gases. Electrical heaters may be included to assist in starting high temperature processes.    USE -   Provides for compact and efficient fuel cell operation with temperature control and high temperature process start-up facility.
A plastic object having a sandwich structure with a foamed core and closed skin is made by injection moulding in a mould having two mould parts displaceable relative to one another. The moulding machine has means for suppressing foaming in the mould cavity and these are effectuated before moulding. A plastics material is heated and injected into the mould cavity. The plastics material is a mixture of up to 20 wt.% high melt strength polypropylene with at least one other plastics resin and contains a foaming agent. Foam suppression is ended after heating and injection of the plastics material is started but before heating and injection of the plastics material has ended. After heating and injection has ended, the mould parts are moved apart at a chosen speed so that the moulded object cools to a chosen temperature before the mould is fully open and the object is removed.    USE -   Manufacture of thermal or acoustic insulation boards, including boards having a shaped or bent edge. Mechanical strength, vibration or shock damping properties, skin thickness and bending stiffness of the board can be controlled and the board may have resistance to pull-out of screws and inserts.
Cultivator has a horizontal body (1) with vertical baffles (2) dividing the body into acid, neutral, alkali and methane fermentation chambers (3,4,5,6), a mixer located between the loading and unloading devices (7,8) and whose shaft (9) is provided with a drive (10) with blades, a gas section (12) in body upper part and settlement section (13) in the lower part. A grinding device is located in front of the acid fermentation chamber and is made as a horizontal cylindrical body (14) with perforated disc (15) in the central part of its base (16), and the shaft (17) which is provided with a drive (18) has blades (19) which interact with the granular abrasive immobilising packing (20), whose density is smaller than the substrate density. The cylindrical body is connected to the loading device (7) with is provided with a lid (21). The perforated disc is connected to the acid fermentation chamber.    USE -   The apparatus may be used for animal and bird waste utilisation to produce biological methane.    ADVANTAGE -   The apparatus is highly efficient.
Apparatus has a body (1) with dividing baffles (2) forming acid, neutral, alkali and methane fermentation chambers (3,4,5,6) with substrate removal pipe (7) in upper parts and supply pipes (8), through disperser (9), in lower part. The acid fermentation chamber (3) is connected through the disperser (9) to the wash and manure collector (10). The methane fermentation chamber (6) is connected to the gas collector (11) which has clarified water collector (12) and floating bell (13). The apparatus is additionally provided with a solid phase fermenter located on the body outer side and provided with a channel with perforated baffle and perforated stand pipe, connected at one end the air blower and at the other to the clarified water collector. The fermenter has independent opening walls on the body left and right hand sides, which are hinged. The fermenter upper part is connected to the methane fermentation chamber.    USE -   The apparatus may be used for the production of biological gas and fertiliser.    ADVANTAGE -   The apparatus is highly efficient.
Reactor has a body (1) with fermentation chamber (2) in the lower part and a gas space (3) in the upper part, connected to the gas container (4) made as floating bell (5) with biological gas outlet pipe (6) and hydraulic lock (7). A solid body fermenter (8) is located concentrically under the bell. A transparent baffle (9) is located between the bell and the fermenter. The solid body fermenter is provided with an extending baffle (11). The transparent baffle is made of polymer film. The extending baffle has a hinge    USE -   The apparatus may be used for domestic and animal waste recycling to produce biological gas.    ADVANTAGE -   The apparatus is highly efficient.
Tank has a body (1) with a fermentation chamber (2) in the lower part and a gas section (3) in the upper part, connected to the gas collector (4), made as a floating bell (5) whose lower edge (6) is located in a hydraulic lock (7). The tank is additionally provided with a solid phase fermenter (8) located concentrically to the fermentation chamber. A covering is located above the fermenter and is made as a conical ring (13) whose narrow base is located above the hydraulic lock.    USE -   The device may be used for animal, bird and human waste recycling to produce biological gas.    ADVANTAGE -   The apparatus is highly efficient.
Reactor has a body (1), located on supports, and baffles (2) dividing the body into acid, neutral, alkali and methane fermentation chambers (3,4,5,6), a mixer (9) located between the loading and unloading pipes (7,8) and provided with heat exchanger (12) and moveable heat generator (13). The reactor additionally has a support (15) located in the reactor centre of gravity and is provided with extending element and body shaking element. Moving rods (19) are located in the methane fermentation body. The extending element is made as a threaded rod and a nut. The body shaking element is made as a handle (18).    USE -   The apparatus may be used for domestic waste recycling.    ADVANTAGE -   The apparatus is highly efficient.
Apparatus has a vertical body (1) with mixer drive shaft (2), a loading pipe (6), biological gas outlet pipe (12) in the upper part, an over flow pipe (14), and sediment outlet pipe (13) in the lower part. The mixer has 2 stages of elastic elements (4,5). The pipe (6) has 2 rows of locks (7) made as shutter with counter weight (8) and sealing lid (9).    USE -   The apparatus is used for manure anaerobic fermentation useful in the production of biological gas.    ADVANTAGE -   The apparatus is highly efficient.
A method for preparing biomass involves preparation of a substrate, filling beds with the substrate, introduction of a worm culture, composting and separation of the bio-humus from the worms. During the composting stage the beds are protected by a fibrous material having heat-insulating, aeration and moisture permeability properties. A film of dark coloured fibre is used as the fibrous material. A claimed device for producing bio-humus and worm culture bio-mass consists of the concrete base board (1), bed (2), gasket (3) and the cover (4). The bed (2) is made of a metallic grid in the form of a box with a bottom. The gasket (3) is placed inside the bed (2) and made of fibrous material. A clearance is formed between the bed (2) and the base (1) board. The cover (4) is made of fibrous material, has a flat shape and is attached to the bed (2) upper edge. A dark coloured fibrous material is used for making the cover (4).    USE -   In the production of organic fertiliser using worm cultures.    ADVANTAGE -   The bio-humus and worm bio-mass production efficiency is increased and manufacturing costs are reduced.
The method involves obtaining an intermediate component (Q) containing calcined lime by heating the raw material of cement (L) in a suspension preheater (5-8) of cement baking line. The intermediate component is mixed with the crushed waste as a processing agent and dehydrated. After sterilisation and deodourising process, the waste is moulded to obtain solid fuel.    ADVANTAGE -   Ensures efficient manufacturing.
Insect controlling agent comprises an iron salt.    A galenical selected from Citrus Unshiu Peel, Picrasma ailanthoides, Artemisia princeps and Capsicum annum is preferably added to the iron salt. The iron salt is contained in an amount of 0.05-6 wt.%. The amount of the galenical is 0.5-10 % of the iron.    USE -   The agent is useful for controlling insects, particularly maggots. The agent is useful for compost.    ADVANTAGE -   The agent can be produced easily with a low cost. The agent is safe and does not cause environmental pollution. When used for compost, it does not affect the fermentation of the compost and removes the malodour and the iron salt can be used as a nutrient for plants.
Streptomyces sp. microorganisms FERM P-15869 (BP-6110) and P-15870 (BP-6111) are capable of decomposing polylactic acid resin.    Also claimed is a microbiological method for the decomposition of polylactic acid resin with Streptomyces sp. microorganisms, particularly Streptomyces violaceous niger and Streptomyces cyaneus.    ADVANTAGE -   Microbiological decomposition of wasted polylactic acid resin without exhaustion of harmful gas, and production of compost is obtained.
The apparatus includes an air blower (3) and a fuel feed pump (2) that sends air and fuel at predetermined flow rate into the main body (1). A mixed gas is formed by mixing the fuel and air by an inlet mixolimnion (10). Partial oxidation of a part of fuel contained in mixed gas is performed by an oxidising zone (20). An oxidising part oxidises another part of fuel in mixed gas by which high temperature gas containing hydrogen, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and steam is generated. This high temperature gas is mixed with an intermediate mixolimnion (30) and temperature of gas is reduced. The carbon monoxide contained in gas is gradually converted into carbon dioxide and hydrogen by mixing steam in shift reaction layer (40). Thus, hydrogen enriched gas is sent to a fuel battery (101).    USE -   In fuel battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables designing compact apparatus.
The battery has a multilayered body (1) comprising single cells (2) laminated mutually along with air mass flow sensitive cell (2A), hydrogen concentration sensitive cell (2B) and heating gas concentration sensitive cell (2C) respectively. The reduction in air mass flow rate is detected by the air mass flow sensitive cell. The reduction in hydrogen concentration in heating gas and the reduction in amount of fuel gas flow, is detected by respective sensitive cells. The voltages of the corresponding cells are detected by respective DC voltage meters (21-23). The reduction in each individual value is determined by comparing the obtained values with standard level in a calculator (24). A command signal is sent to a controller and the air mass flow, fuel gas flow and hydrogen concentration are controlled.    ADVANTAGE -   Controls battery operation pertinently.
The battery is equipped with multiple cells with multilayer cell bodies. The electrolyte layer (1) provided in the multilayer cell body faces an oxygen pole (2) and the oxygen pole is equipped with an oxygen content gas passageway (F). A fuel pole (3) with fuel gas passageway (f) is formed below the electrolyte layer. The vent (o) for oxygen and fuel gas passageways are provided in the periphery of the multilayer cell body. The gas passageways are connected to each vent. A gas passage adjusting object (p) is provided to adjust the gas passage so that the amount of gas supplied from fuel gas passageway and oxygen content gas passageway to each flow path through corresponding vents becomes equal.    ADVANTAGE -   Offers fuel battery having simple composition.Prevents variation in gas supply quantities.
The module has a main body (1) which is divided into a fuel gas chamber (1a) and an oxidation gas chamber (1b) using an electricity generating cell (1c). A heating gas (20a) such as hydrogen gas and an oxidation gas (20b) are supplied to respective fuel gas chamber and oxidation gas chamber, through a heating gas supply line (2a) and an oxidation gas supply line (2b). The heating gas from the fuel gas chamber is exhausted through a heating gas ejection line (3a) and the oxidation gas from the oxidation gas chamber is expelled outside via an oxidation gas ejection line (3b). An inert gas (20c) is supplied to an inert gas sending line (6) via a decompression valve (7) and cut off valve (8). The downstream side end of the inert gas sending line is connected to a heating gas side backing pressure line (9a) and an oxidation gas side backing pressure line (9b). The bypass connection of the heating gas ejection line to the heating gas side backing pressure line is performed through a heating gas side communication line (10a). The oxidation gas ejection line is connected to an oxidation gas side backing pressure line through an oxidation gas side communication line (10b).    ADVANTAGE -   Enables quick and easy variation of gas pressure in fuel and oxidation gas chamber. Enables to control difference in gas pressure of fuel and oxidation gas chamber with predefined range. Avoids degradation of electricity generation cell even while starting, stopping and cut off electricity generation process.
The method involves increasing the lateral reaction pressure (P3) to a predefined value. A turbine compressor is operated after increasing the pressure. A set of oil pumps (7d) are operated simultaneously at the same predefined pressure. Then, chamber and fuel gas pressures (P2,P1) of the modifier are detected. When chamber pressure is greater than fuel gas pressure, it is released towards atmosphere.    ADVANTAGE -   Maintains differential pressure constantly. Simplifies operation of fuel battery.
The board (11) includes inlet and outlet conduction paths (16A,16B) connected between gas diffusion electrodes. A solid electrolytic film is formed over the diffusion electrodes. The inlet and outlet paths are interconnected through a conductive intermediate path. Lattice-shaped inlet and outlet grooves are formed in respective conduction paths. A set of parallelly bent intermediate grooves are formed in the intermediate conduction path.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves output capacity and gas utilisation efficiency. Improves passage resistance.
Compost production device comprises an agitating device (1) to charge and agitate organic waste such as vegetable waste from a fruit and vegetable market, a school food service centre, homes and fermentation bacteria, a fermentation device (35 to ferment the organic waste after agitation by the agitating device (1) and heat insulation devices (18, 19, 20) to keep the organic waste in the fermentation device (25) at a specific temperature for fermentation. The agitating device (9) comprises a vacuum device (15) to bring the interior of the agitating tank into a vacuum state and the heat insulation devices (18, 19, 20).    The heat insulation device preferably comprises a heater (18) formed at the periphery and the bottom of an agitating tank (2) and heating water in a room (17), a circulation pump (19) to circulate hot water heated by the heater (18) to the room (17) and a motor (20) to drive the circulation pump (19).    ADVANTAGE -   A large amount of product is rapidly produced.
Production device for microorganism fertiliser has a running device (2) reciprocating along the upper edge of an ageing tank (1) positioned at the ageing tank (1) to store an organic raw material for a specified period for fermentation, 1 upper sprocket (3, 4) positioned above the ageing tank (1) and a lower sprocket (5) positioned near the bottom of the ageing tank (1) supported at the running device (2) and an endless chain (9) from which blades (7, 8) are protruded at an equal pitch run around the sprockets. Chord parts (9a, 9b) on both sides between the upper sprockets (3, 4) and the lower sprocket (5) of the endless chain (9) are stretched in a V-shape inclining in the reciprocating direction of the running device (2). When the running device (2) effects outgoing, circulation is effected in a direction in which the chord (9a) on the outgoing side of the endless chain is fed from the upper sprockets to the lower sprocket. When the running device (2) is returned, the endless chain is circulated in which the chord part (9b) on the return side is fed from the upper sprockets to the lower sprocket.    ADVANTAGE -   Fermentation of an organic raw material is promoted.
Compost fermenter has a ventilation device to ventilate a mixture. The ventilation device (4) is formed in a multistage system and rotary transfer devices (5) are positioned below each stage of the ventilation device.    The rotary transfer device (5) preferably comprises a shaft (6) and fins (7) attached to the shaft (6).    USE -   The fermenter is used to manufacture composts from organic sludge such as sewage sludge.    ADVANTAGE -   The fed mixture is dropped to the next stage by the rotary transfer devices (5) after fermentation in each stage so that it is not necessary to mix the mixture in the compost fermenter, resulting in a reduction in running cost.
Disposal device for organic waste comprises an agitating device having a charge port (5) formed in the upper part of one end and a discharge port (6) opening to a side part at the other end, and agitating and mixing the interior of a tank and a fermentation tank (1) having an air discharge port (8) formed in a side on the charge port (5) side and an air suction port (7) formed in the side of the upper part of the discharge port (6) and a lower part formed in a circular shape in cross section. 1 Baffle plate (11) is positioned in the inner upper space of the fermentation tank (1) to disturb the flow of air from the air suction port (7) to the air discharge port (8).    ADVANTAGE -   Moisture content removal performance and disposal capacity are improved.
Homogeneous calcium/magnesium peroxides containing 2-17 wt.% magnesium are new.    USE -   The peroxides are used as additives for the use, processing, treatment and/or disposal of media containing biological material, preferably as additives for the composting of biological material or the disposal of biological waste (claimed). Examples of these applications include the conversion of grass waste into compost or the conversion of faeces (eg. cow or pig manure) into fertiliser. They eliminate odours and enhance the rotting process.    ADVANTAGE -   Magnesium is quickly taken up by the biological material and readily combines with the calcium peroxide used to supply aerobic microorganisms with oxygen. The preparation of the peroxide is a simple process which uses readily available starting materials.
A method for treating latex sludge or similar substance mixtures comprises adding 5-50 % of a mixture of organic and inorganic substances as an additive for promoting composting.    USE -   The method is used to treat latex sludge containing eg. SBR latex, produced in latex processing industries, eg. from latex effluent purification processes, forming a compost material suitable for agricultural or garden use, or for recultivation.    ADVANTAGE -   An effective method for treating latex sludge in order to convert it into a useful fertiliser material and avoid the need to dispose of it as special waste is provided. A combination of organic and inorganic materials are used to improve fertiliser properties.
Reformer comprises: (a) a reactor unit (1) for carrying out a reforming reaction through which a CO-contg. reformate gas is formed; and (b) a CO-shift reaction unit (3) connected to the reactor unit for carrying out the CO-shift reaction for the CO contained in the reformate gas by addition of H2O.    The CO-shift reaction unit (3) has several water inlets (4a, 4b) spaced from each other in the direction of the reformate gas stream.    Also claimed is a process for operating the reformer.     The temperature (TS1 , TS2 ) and/or the amount of water added via the water inlets (4a, 4b) are adjusted depending on the unit charge so that the temperature and H2O concn. remain in the section of the CO-shift reaction unit (3) within a required region.    The CO-shift reaction unit (3) consists of several stages (3a, 3b), each having a water inlet (4a, 4b) extending into the reformate gas inlet region.    USE -   For steam reforming methanol.    ADVANTAGE -   Improved reduction of the CO amount of the reformate gas.
Mixed bacterial culture BC-1 (ATCC 202057) is new.    USE -    for degrading methyl t-butyl ether (MTBE), which is used as a gasoline octane improver, and other alkyl ethers to CO2, e.g. in wastes or ground water.    ADVANTAGE -   The culture is especially capable of degrading branched alkylethers e.g. MTBE under aerobic conditions. Previous bacteria used for the same purpose have had difficulty degrading these kinds of ethers.
The process is based on electrochemical dissolution of gold using anode polarisation of starting material at a potential of 1.2-1.4V in the presence of complex-forming agent of enzymatic hydrolysate of protein substances from microorganisms biomass with a degree of hydrolysis of at least 0.65 and a concentration of amine nitrogen of 0.02-0.04 g/l of sodium chloride solution of concentration 0.1 M at pH of medium 4-6.    USE -   Used for electrochemical separation of gold from electroplating industry waste.    ADVANTAGE -   Improved efficiency of dissolution of gold. Process uses more easily available and cheaper complex-forming agent than the known method using pure aminoacids.
The reactor has a cylindrical body (1) and a mixer located between the loading and unloading units (2, 3), provided with a drive (7) and blades (6), baffles (11, 12, 13) for acid, neutral, alkali and methane fermentation chambers (14, 15, 16, 17). The methane fermentation chamber is connected by an outlet pipe (19) to the methane consumer. The mixer body is located eccentrically with respect to the reactor axis. The mixer also has a cylinder (8) provided with spiral protrusions which interact with the mixer perforated base (10).    USE -   For methane formation from domestic waste.    ADVANTAGE -   The reactor size is reduced.
Working mixture consists of (mol.%): 5-90 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane (R134), 5-20 lower alkane and balance octafluoropropane (R218).    USE -   Used as working mixture for refrigerator systems and heat pumps normally working with freon R12 which is currently being withdrawn from use as ozone unfriendly substance.    ADVANTAGE -   The mixture presents no fire hazard, is sufficiently soluble in mineral cooling oils and retains pressure of straight and reverse streams close to those for freon R12.
Horizontal part of the facility is divided into four sections (I-IV) with perforated, suspended chambers (6), which are mutually connected. The chambers (6) are connected also to a vibrator (12), are partially filled with abrasive granules (8) and are provided with vertical grids and compensating elements. The section (IV) connects with the cylindrical vertical section (V) having axial collector (4) connecting with biogas collector of the section (IV) and provided with bubblers (15). These have openings in the chambers (16) mutually connected by the pipes (17) and with collectors (18,19) of gas and mask respectively. The chambers (16) are partially filled with abrasive granules (20) above which are placed perforated, horizontal partitions (21) with suspended bundles (22) of fibres.    USE -   In production of methane gas by fermentation of vegetable, animal material and of domestic sewage.    ADVANTAGE -   High efficiency.
The closed tank (1), containing immobilised anaerobic,biological material, has a conical bottom (2) with effluent water axial inlet pipe (4). The spent effluent water and methane gas are removed into the chamber (8) via the pipe (7). The inlet, axial part (6) of the latter is inserted into the tank's (1) cover (3) to the level of gas-liquid boundary in the tank. Gas is removed from the chamber (8) via the upper pipe (10) and liquid via the lower pipe (9).    USE -   In anaerobic fermentation of effluent waters containing organic farming waste.    ADVANTAGE -   Ensures more intense fermentation and features an effective separation of gas from fermented material and foam suppression in gas space of the tank (1).
A catalyst for oxidative condensation of lower hydrocarbon comprises lithium supported on an oxide superstrong acid.     Also claimed is an oxidative condensation of lower hydrocarbon comprising oxidative condensing it in the presence of the catalyst and O2.    Preferably the hydrocarbon is methane.    ADVANTAGE -   The catalyst gives the desired products with high selectivity and yield.
The structure consists of a fuel battery (1) installed inside, as a source of electric power. A fuel gas cylinder (2) for supplying a heating gas such as hydrogen and an oxygen gas cylinder (3) for supplying oxygen are provided for the fuel battery. The fuel gas cylinder and the oxygen gas cylinder are made to constitute a part in the sea floating body. A breakdown pressure shell (12) is arranged on the upper part. A tank (5) is arranged at the lower part to pool the formation water from the fuel battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Makes gas cylinders to function as buoyance object as well as source of fuel for fuel battery. Eliminates need for use of expensive synthetic foam made buoyancy object. Improves stability of floating body.
Waste disposal device comprises a space (20) for recovering waste formed outside of a treating tank (10), a cover (30) having one end side rotatable by a pivotal support part (31) on the treating tank side and covering the space (20) for recovering waste and a rectangular coupling frame body (40) to intercouple the cover (30) and the treating tank (10) side on the opposite side to the pivotal support part (31). The coupling frame body (40) is pivotally supported at the cover (30) and on the treating tank (10) side and vertically slidable on the treating tank side. An engaging part (43) is formed at a piece positioned facing opposite the coupling frame body (40). An opening part (21) communicated with the treating tank (10) is formed in the space (20) for recovering waste and the opening part (21) is at a part surrounded with the coupling frame body (40) when the cover (20) is closed to the treating tank (10) side.    ADVANTAGE -   A disposed substance is contained directly in a waste bag.
A waste disposal device comprises: (a) a space (20) for recovering refuse formed on the outside of a treating tank (10); (b) a bracket (30); (c) a communication hole (40) to intercommunicate the treating tank and the space (20); (d) a bracket (50) to hold a bag (5) for recovering waste; and (e) a cover (60). The bracket (50) has a part (55) for holding a waste recovery bag (F) and a hollow cylinder body (52) for introducing waste. The waste recovery bag (F) is attached to the bracket (50) and the waste introduction hollow cylinder body (52) of the bracket (50) is mounted at the communication hole (40), communicating with the treating tank (10) and held by the bracket holder (30). The space (20) for recovering the waste is covered with the cover (60).    ADVANTAGE -   The content of the disposal device can be discharged without fouling hands.
Waste disposal device comprises an agitating device in a fermentation disposal tank (2), in which waste is charged and comprising an agitating cylinder (8) in which holes (8d) for crushing are formed, a scraping blade (9) to scrape up waste accumulated at the lower part of the fermentation treating tank (2) to the interior of the agitating cylinder and an agitation screw conveyor (10) in the agitating cylinder (8) and crushing waste scraped up by the scraping up blade (9) in the agitating cylinder (8) by the hole (8a) for crushing as the waste is raised in the agitating cylinder (8), and effecting a dispersed fall of the crushed waste through the hole (8a) for crushing and the upper end opening part of the agitating cylinder (8) to the lower part of the fermentation treating tank (7) through the upper end opening part of the agitating cylinder (8). A gear shifting device (24) is used to produce 2 concentric outputs by one input. An input shaft (20) of the gear shifting device (24) is coupled to a drive shaft (22) of a drive source. A low speed output shaft (24a) of the two output shafts of the gear shifting device is coupled to the scraping blade (9) and a high speed output shaft (24b) is coupled to the agitation screw conveyor (10).    ADVANTAGE -   Crushing and fermentation are effected with high efficiency and running cost is reduced.
Waste disposal device has a first treating tank (32) to effect fermentation treatment of waste and a second treating tank (33) to treat a treated substance treated in the first treating tank (32) communicated through an overflow window (34). An agitating device (31) effects agitation by forward rotation and reserving and scrapes up treated substance to an overflow window (34) only during agitation in a forward rotation direction and effects overflow of the treated substance to the second treating tank (33). Agitating movement of the agitating device (31) is controllable by a control part. A time in which overflow operation is effected is set so that a specified time at the later stage of control is longer than a specified time at the initial state of the starting of control.    ADVANTAGE -   When waste is charged in division times in a first treating tank, fermentation treatment is effected.
Waste disposal device has an agitating device in a waste treating tank (30) and fermentation treatment is effected as waste is agitated by the agitating device (31). A motor (92) for driving an agitating claw is positioned at an agitating device (31), and a motor (72) for driving an agitating claw is removably mounted on a machine frame (566) for supporting a motor. Mounting holes (56d, 56e, 56f) on the machine frame side are formed so that motor mounting beds (93-95) having different sizes are selectively mounted, and mounting holes (54, 54, 54) formed in the mounting beds (91-95) coincide with the respective mounting holes (56d, 56e, 56f) on the machine frame side.    ADVANTAGE -   Motor mounting beds responding to the sizes of motors for driving an agitating claw are selectively and reliably positioned and easily mounted.
Waste disposal device in a casing (1) has a waste treating part (2) to ferment and ageing treat waste and a deodorising part (4) to deodorise odour generated from waste treated by the waste treating part (3). The casing (1) comprises a casing body (10) having a waste charge port (11), a charge amount (12) to open and close the waste charge port (11) of the casing (10) and a pair of right and left support stands (56, 55) to support the casing body (10). The stands (56, 55) are formed so that legs (56a, 56a) formed in a wide state in a longitudinal direction, support parts (56b, 56b) to support the waste treating part (2) and grasping parts (56c, 56c) formed at the upper ends of the respective support parts are integrally moulded. The two stands (55, 56) are laterally symmetrically formed.    ADVANTAGE -   The weight of a casing body is reduced and work to assemble the casing is also easy.
Waste disposal device comprises a waste treating part (2) to effect fermentation and further ageing treatment of waste and a deodorising part (4) to deodorise odour generated from the waste treated by the waste treating part (2). The base end part of an odour guide duct (68) is communicated and connected to the waste treating part (2). The deodorising part (4) has an outside air input hole (72) to input outside air, a deodoriser (65) and an exhaust fan (66) to discharge exhaust gas deodorised by the deodoriser (65). The odour guide duct (68) has a sectional area gradually decreased from the base end side toward the tip part side. The sectional area of the deodoriser (4) is increased to that of the tip part and a dust reservoir part (67b) is formed at the bottom part of the deodorising part (4) positioned below the tip part of the smell guide duct (68).    ADVANTAGE -   Odour is reliably deodorised and leakage of odour to the outside is prevented.
Waste disposal device has an agitating claw support shaft (40) coupled to a rotation drive device in a waste treating tank (30). Agitating claws (41, 42, 43, 44) are attached on the agitating claw shaft (40) and fermentation treatment is effected as waste is agitated by the agitating claws (41-44). In the waste disposing device, cutting edges (41b, 42b, 44b) are formed at the tips of the agitating claws (41, 42, 44), support blades (45, 56, 47) are positioned near the loci of the respective cutting edges (41, 42, 43), and the cutting edges (45b, 46b, 47b) of the support blades 45, 46, 47a) are brought into a state to cross, as seen from a side, the rotary locus of each cutting edge about at right angles. Waste is crushed between the cutting edge and the support blade.    ADVANTAGE -   Fermentation treatment time is reduced and waste is disposed with high efficiency.
Waste disposal device has a waste charge port (11) formed in a waste treating tank (10) opened and closed by a charge cover (12) and a packing (21) attached on the inner surface of the charge cover (12) and closing of the cover. The packing (21) is brought into contact with the peripheral edge part of the waste charge port (11). An annular fit-in groove (23) is formed in the inner surface of the charge cover (12) along the peripheral edge of the charge cover. A pair of packing attitude holding pieces (23, 23) are protruded in an opposite state in a state to approach each other by a distance shorter than the width of the fit-in groove (22) and pairs of the holding pieces (23) are protruded in the fitting-in direction of the fit-in groove at intervals in the stretching direction of the fit-in groove. The packing (21) comprises a long fit-in base part (21a) fitted in the fit-in grooves and a tubular packing body (21b) moulded integrally with the surface of the fit-in base part (21a). The packing body (21b) is nipped between a pair of the holding pieces (23, 23) and its tip is protruded from a space between the two packing attitude holding pieces (23, 23).    ADVANTAGE -   Packing is simply attached for arrangement in an annular state.
Waste disposal device has a first treating tank (32) to effect fermentation and ageing treatment of waste communicated with a second treating tank (33) to effect further ageing treatment of a first treated substance fermented and aged by the first treating tank (32) through overflow parts (34, 35). Agitating claws (41, 42, 43, 44) are positioned in the first treating tank (32) to effect agitation through forward rotation and reversing and scrape up a first treated substance to the overflow windows (34, 35) only during agitation operation in a forward rotation direction to cause overflow of the first treated substance to the second treating tank (35). A sweeping rod to prevent inflow of the first treated substance to the overflow windows by sweeping the first treated substance agitated in a reverse direction is protruded from the inner sidewall of the first treating tank and in a position near the overflow windows.    ADVANTAGE -   Fermentation ageing treatment in a first treating tank and ageing treatment in a second treating tank are reliably effected.
Microorganism utilising waste disposal device comprises a microorganism utilising type waste disposal device (1) and a vibration feeder (2) below a discharge port (13) of the waste disposal device (1). A powdery carrier discharged from the waste disposal device (1) by the vibration feeder (2) and to which microorganisms are adhered is fractionated from a discharged substance containing a solid not digested by the microorganisms. The powdery carrier shaked down by the vibration feeder is circulated to the waste disposal device (1) and a discharged substance containing the solid not shaked down is discharged to the outside of the device.    USE -   Solids not digested by microorganisms, such as bones of fish and animals, spoons and toothpicks are discharged outside of the device.    ADVANTAGE -   A substance not digested by microorganisms is easily screened from substances discharged from the microorganism utilising type waste disposal device.
Organic waste treatment for industries creating e.g. scallop head and salmon waste, comprises fermenting the refuse in a fermentation tank (1) provided with a diffusion plate (4). The organic refuse is fed into the tank containing a microbe carrier (3). Air is blown from the bottom of the tank through a set of air inlet holes using blowers (5a, 5b) to thoroughly mix the microbe carrier and the refuse material. An adjustable particle collector (9) is provided in an exhaust passage and fused dust particles are collected.    ADVANTAGE -   The method recovers ash and improves process efficiency.
A combustible material suitable for burning in thermo-electric generators or cement factories is obtained by combining urban and agricultural residues subjected to separation processes to remove ferromagnetic materials, ceramics, glass and paramagnetics prior to application of quick lime and subjected to drying processes.    USE -   The process is used for obtaining a combustible material.    ADVANTAGE -   The material may be burned in power stations or cement factory.
A mobile waste water treatment assembly receives untreated water (LA) through an inlet (1) and discharges treated water through an outlet. The waste water (LA) passes in series through coarse filtration stage (AS1), flotation stage (AS2), biological treatment stage (AS3) and final post-clarification stage (AS4). The novelty is that an upper receiving-chamber (K1), flotation chamber (K2), post-treatment chamber (K3) and sludge collector (18) are all arranged within a compact housing (KG). The receiving-chamber (K1) has a coarse separator (2) forming the coarse filtration stage (AS1). The flotation chamber (K2) and associated gas inlets (9,5) generate the bubbles which form the flotation stage (AS2). The post-treatment chamber (K3) stage (AS4) consists of an aerobic loop reactor (11), the biological treatment stage (AS3) and a micro-filter (15). The post-treatment chamber (K3) has base-level air inlets (13). The sludge holder (18) acts as an intermediate holding unit (18) for sieve residues (S1) from the coarse separator (2), for floating residues (S2) from the flotation chamber (K2) and excess sludge from the post-treatment chamber (K3).    ADVANTAGE -   The assembly operates with higher efficiency and within a more compact overall size than prior art.
An assembly for turning over an elongated compost heap has a rotary skimmer (28, 30). The machine makes a series of passes over the compost heap, during each of which a layer of compost is removed (66) on a conveyer and transferred to a second compost heap. The novelty is that the skimmer has two laterally-arranged rotating skimmer heads (28, 30). The rotational axes (34, 36) of the heads are in the direction of travel, or describe a converging path in their direction of rotation.    USE -   For turning over compost heaps which are several metres high and wide, and hundreds of metres long, consisting primarily of vegetable matter for production of humus.    ADVANTAGE -   The rate at which the machine turns the compost is greatly increased in comparison with prior art. The machine requires no additional space between adjacent lines of compost, and has an extended service life.
Use of surfactant waste liquor as an initiator for the biodegradation of wood waste, especially railway sleepers, old furniture or waste from sawmills, involves soaking a batch of crushed wood waste and green clippings and/or bio-waste with 10-50 l waste liquor at a pH of 7-12 per m3waste.    USE -   The process is suitable for the combined disposal of residues from surfactant production and wood waste.    ADVANTAGE -   The process requires no additional thermal processing or solvolysis.
Environmentally friendly method for storing biological waste, especially kitchen refuse uses serviettes to cover a standard refuse container, bag or liner made from various materials before the waste is added and immediately after the layered deposition of the waste. These serviettes are either strongly acidic (eg. pH 1-4) or strongly alkaline (eg. pH 10-14).    Also claimed is waste packaging material for the above process.    USE -   The serviettes are placed in between layers of waste in containers, bags or liners filled with kitchen or garden refuse.    ADVANTAGE -   The strongly acidic and/or alkaline nature of the serviettes prevents the build-up of bacteria, spores, fungi or viruses which are harmful to humans or animals.
Decontamination of soil containing cyclic organic compound contaminants (A) and populations of microbes viable under both anaerobic and aerobic conditions and capable of transforming (A) into harmless materials, comprises: (a) mixing the soil with amendment material (B), to form a mixture containing organic nutrient materials; (b) composting the mixture at 20-65 C, water content 40-100% water holding capacity, while maintaining the redox potential below negative 200 mV until significant amount of (A) is degraded; and (c) oxygenating the mixture to raise redox potential and maintain it at above positive 100 mV until significant (A) is degraded.    (A) consists of chlordane, dieldrin, toxaphene, aldrin, endrin, heptachlor, heptachloroepoxide, methoxychlor, and/or , , and/or hexachlorides.    USE -   By using both anaerobic and aerobic steps, the contaminants, e.g. toxic pesticides, are largely or completely converted to harmless products in an inexpensive manner. Material (B) is generally agricultural waste or municipal waste sludge.
Method for reducing nitrogen oxides from an exhaust gas involves autothermically heating the exhaust gas using hydrocarbon(s) in the presence of ammonia and/or isocyanic acid under conditions effective for autocatalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides.    USE -   For reducing nitrogen oxides from an exhaust gas e.g from internal combustion engines.    ADVANTAGE -   Autocatalytic process provides self-sustained conversion of reactants and selective reduction of nitrogen oxides.
A cultivator has a body (1) divided by baffles (2) into acid (3), neutral (4), alkali (5) and methane (6) fermentation chambers, and a mixing unit located between the loading (7) and unloading (8) pipes. A disperser (15) is located in front of the acid fermentation chamber (3), and is made as a cylindrical body with a drive shaft and spiral blades, which interact with spiral protrusions on the body walls. The disperser body bottom (20) is perforated connecting the disperser to the acid fermentation chamber (3). The methane fermentation chamber (6) is connected to the biological methane and water separation section (21), made as a body (22) with sloping baffles (23), water outlet pipe (24), explosion valve (25) and biological methane outlet pipe (26) through hydraulic lock (27).    USE -   The apparatus may be used for anaerobic cleaning of drainage and treatment of solid carbon containing domestic waste producing methane.    ADVANTAGE -   The apparatus increases the methane yield.
Preparation of organic fertiliser comprises inoculating a 3-4:1:0.4-0.6 mixture of hydrolysed lignin, sawdust and bird droppings with micromycetal culture of Paecilomyces Variotii and composting at 20-30 and 50-65% moisture content until the pH is &gt; 7.    USE -   The fertiliser is used in agriculture.    ADVANTAGE -   Industrial and agricultural wastes are used.
Preparation of bio-humus comprises neutralising lignin hydrolysate which is a bulk waste of biochemical processes as a substrate, seeding with rainworms and composting at a moisture level of 70-80%.    USE -   The biohumus is used in agriculture.    ADVANTAGE -   Industrial waste is used.
A device has pipe (1) with slit (2), rod (3) in the form of P-form frame with fastened float (4), bar with contact (5), rack (6) with sensors of end positions (7,8) for transmission of signals for disconnection of pumps in loading, and sensors of end positions (9,10) for on-off switching of mixing device. The pipe and rack are fastened on housing of methane-tank (11).    USE -   The device may be used in agriculture, in units for anaerobic fermentation of organic waste and in control systems of methane-tanks.    ADVANTAGE -   The device provides increased precision of mass transport in loading and unloading, reliability of device and safety of operation of methane-tank.
Two variants of new biocompost, "Auros and "Kumipol", are obtained using ground fish processing waste for the first variant, and food production waste for the second variant, as the substrate. This is then mixed with cellulose-containing paper manufacturing waste previously dried, ground, granulated or tabletted and then dried to final moisture content of 2.5-5.5%. The mixture is then composted with aeration to yield the product.    USE -   The process is used in agriculture.    ADVANTAGE -   A high quality organic fertiliser is obtained using fish processing and food manufacturing wastes.
The fuel consists of a dissolution liquid containing limonene liquid extracted from the outer layer juices of citruses. The styrene foam compacts crushed into suitable sizes are dissolved into the limonene liquid by mutual contact. The dissolution liquid is formed by utilising the solubility of styrene foam in limonene liquid stored in a cooling tank (5a).    USE -   In recycling polystyrene foam compacts of product packaging such as OA equipment, domestic electrification products like TV, audio, video, word processor, computer.    ADVANTAGE -   Eliminates generation of black smoke and soot during combustion. Obtains perfect combustion. Promotes recycling activity of styrene foam.
The apparatus includes a fixed bed gasifier (1) which has a furnace main body (2). An organic waste (3) and a gasifying agent (10) are supplied to the furnace main body from its upper part. The waste is then heated at 700-1000C and a partial combustion is carried out. The ash, a gas and metal pieces are then extracted from the furnace main body. A set of stir units (11) are provided along the lateral direction of the furnace main body. During combustion, the organic waste which exists in the upper part of the furnace main body, is stirred using a stir stick (13) of the stir unit.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents bonding of particles contained in organic waste reliably. Enables efficient and smooth processing and improves productivity.
Prodn. of an agricultural organic material from coffee waste with lignin degradative microorganism SKB-185 (FERM 13530).    ADVANTAGE -   A lignin degradative microorganism changes coffee waste into useful agricultural material by removing tannin.
Production of compost from organic industrial waste comprises addition of 0.1-1.5 wt.% of mixtures of calcium and magnesium compounds (Ca/Mg ratio 3-1/1) to organic industrial waste followed by fermentation. Potassium is also added at a weight ratio of 1/2 to that of Mg and cellulose and/or lignin containing substances e.g. sawdust or husks may be added. Also claimed are alkaline treatment agents comprising mixtures of Ca and Mg compounds (Ca/Mg = 3-1/1) for production of compost from organic industrial wastes, optionally containing K (1/2 to Mg).    ADVANTAGE -   The process provides effective fermentation of organic wastes with reduced production of malodour. The produced compost is weakly alkaline. The used Ca, Mg and K bind with organic acids or are taken up in microorganisms and can be easily taken up in cultured vegetables.
In the device which raw fuel is introduced in a catalyser pipe in which property modification catalyser is built and the pipe is heated with a burner and the property is modified and high density hydrogen property modified gas to supply to the fuel battery body is achieved, the device has plural temp. detecting elements for the property modification device control on a pipe wall of the catalyser pipe with dispersing to gas flow direction.    ADVANTAGE -   Even if load condition is changed over wide range, temp. control is operated safety and with good responsibility.
The machine (A) consists of a stirring tank (3) which accommodates the granules of the organic refuse and the micro- organism which dissolves the organic refuse. A stirring stick (8) is rotatably installed in the stirring tank. A cover (7b) is provided for a vent (6a) at the upper end, which takes in the organic refuse, in an airtight manner. An air intake (14) is provided with an exhaust port (24) that connects inside and outside of the stirring tank respectively. An auxiliary cell (18) which adjusts the pressure inside the stir tank is provided. A sheet shaped heater (H) is fixed to the external surface of the base of the stirring tank. A ventilating fan (41) which is lead to the exhaust port and a jet pipe (25) is provided to discharge the air from the stir tank. A deodorant device (4) which deodorises the exhaust discharged by the ventilating fan is provided in the upstream side of the fan.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents leakage of bad odour. Facilitates indoor installation. Enables easy use.
The machine consists of a rotary mixing vessel (1) which has holes for filling organic waste and garbage. The vessel is arranged in main body housing (2) for agitating the garbage. The joining arrangement is set detachedly to transmit power from a motor (3) to the vessel. The mixing vessel is arranged such that its insertion and removal is enabled through an aperture (14) formed in the main body housing.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables garbage material to be taken out from mixing vessel easily as mixing vessel is possible to be taken out and simplifies change of garbage material.
The processor has a treatment tank (1) in which an organic substance is dissolved. A carrier (2) is added to the organic substance. A stir object (23) stirs the added carrier along with the organic substance. The tank is then heated by a heating unit.    A sensor (44) detects the moisture regain of the carrier. The timer measures the progressing time from the instant of starting the usage of carrier. A controller controls the heating unit based on the output of the timer and the sensor.    ADVANTAGE -   Stabilises processing. Improves efficiency. Simplifies structure.
The fuel battery has a separator (5) with an anode inlet mainfold (6) and a cathode outlet manifold (7) provided on one side. The separator is used as partition when laminating a cell. The anode inlet manifold and cathode outlet manifold are connected through a connection path (11). A cathode inlet manifold (8) is filled up by a combustion catalyst (12) and is combusted. Anode exhaust gas (AG) from anode outlet manifold (9) is fed through the connection path to the cathode inlet manifold.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces size of battery. Performs recycling of carbondioxide gas.
The structure includes an electricity generation chamber (1c) in which a cell tube (8) is provided. An oxidation gas (102) is supplied to the cell tube through a porous ceramic board (13) provided in the oxidation gas pre-heating chamber. The oxidation gas gets pre-heated to predetermined temperature in the pre- heating chamber. The centre slippage of porous ceramic board shortens passage time of oxidation gas.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces temperature non-uniformity of electricity generation chamber.
The plant includes several catalysed combustion devices (16) which are arranged between the combustion gas inlet of a modifier (12) and the cathode exhaust gas of a fuel battery (14). The modifier is arranged over the fuel battery. Multiple fuel preheaters (10) are arranged between the heating gas inlet and the reforming gas outlet of the modifier. The combustion gas inlet, the combustion gas outlet, heating gas inlet and reforming gas outlet of the modifier, exhaust gas outlet and gas inlet of the fuel battery are arranged in the same direction.    ADVANTAGE -   Minimises installation area. Simplifies piping structure. Minimises heat dissipation loss.
The apparatus has a heat exchanger (3) to cool the reaction air from an airpole and a combustion gas and to release a recovery water and an exhaust gas. A flow regulating valve (4) adjusts the rate of flow of cooling water to the heat exchanger. A thermometer (5) detects the temperature of the exhaust gas from the heat exchanger. A temperature setter (7) sets up the temperature of the exhaust gas from the heat exchanger. A thermoregulator (6) outputs a valve opening control signal to the flow regulating valve based on the detection signal received from the thermometer and the temperature setting signal received from the temperature setter. The rate of flow of combustion air measured by flowmeters (8A-8C) is output to the temperature setter. The temperature of the exhaust gas output from the heat exchanger is adjusted according to the temperature setter based on the flow rate measurement value received from the flowmeters.    ADVANTAGE -   Utilises heat of warm water coming out of heat exchanger effectively.
The method involves supplying an inert gas to cathode side. The temperature of the inert gas is maintained between 550- 580C. An oxide film is formed on the separator member by passing inert gas for predetermined time. Then, air and carbon dioxide gas is supplied towards the cathode side.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents corrosion of collector object, effectively.
The method involves discriminating whether the methane concentration in the detection gas is 1000 ppm or more, based on the variation of the resistance value of a gas detecting element (1), by a discriminator (7). The concentration of the detection gas is reduced by circulating air to it, by a gas concentration reducing apparatus (2). The methane concentration in the detection gas is thus reduced below 1000 ppm, when the methane concentration in the detection gas is 1000 ppm or more. Methane concentration in the concentration reduced detection gas is detected based on the variation of the resistance value of the gas detection element due to the contact of the detection gas with the gas detection element.    ADVANTAGE -   Measures methane concentration, correctly.
The process for the gasification of glass fibre-reinforced plastics comprises feeding a glass fibre-reinforced plastic material to a gasification section; heating the material to 650-750 C in the presence of air and steam to gasify the plastic component; recovering the glass fibres; introducing the resulting plastic gas into a combustion section; burning this gas at 700-1000 C in the presence of additional air or an additional mixture of air and steam; and recovering the heat generated.    Also claimed is the apparatus for the above process, comprising a gasification furnace consisting of a horizontal rotatable cylindrical structure with a heating zone and a recovery zone, a combustion furnace connected to the gasification furnace, and a heat recovery unit.    USE -   The glass fibre-reinforced plastic waste can be effectively used to produce heat.    ADVANTAGE -   Coking in the furnace is prevented, and the plastic gas is burned under mild conditions such that heat damage to furnace walls is prevented.
A fuel element comprises (a) a device to supply a fuel, (b) a device to reform or decompose the fuel, thereby generating a hydrogen-containing gas and (c) a current-generating device which contains a fuel electrode to which the hydrogen-containing gas is fed, an oxidation electrode lying opposite it and an electrolyte layer between them.    The first device supplies a fuel with a reform temperature that is lower than a first specified one. A temperature control device is provided between the second and the third devices to increase the temperature of the hydrogen- containing gas from a second specified temperature to a third one and to maintain its temperature at the third temperature.    ADVANTAGE -   The precipitation of carbon can be inhibited without reducing the generation efficiency by the reform temperature of methanol being controlled.
A fuel cell stack has an additional fuel gas channel and inside this, means to reform the fuel. The extra channel is a heat-exchanger channel.    There is an opening in the region of the gas exhaust from the electrode chamber into which the extra channel opens. A nozzle is provided for guiding the fuel into the channel.    ADVANTAGE -   The known energy disadvantages with external reforming do not occur, nor do known problems with internal reforming.
A method of land-filling solid and liquid waste comprising comminuting solid waste giving particles of uniform size; mixing or spraying particles with liquid waste or water to give uniformly-moistened waste admixture; disposing the waste admixture within containment site so that anaerobic fermentation occurs; and collecting the leachate and uniformly re-injecting it into the waste admixture to maintain a uniformly-moistened state. An alternative method is claimed, in which the liquid used to spray or mix the solid particles is the leachate collected from the site. Also claimed is a conventional land-filling method including collecting leachate and gas, including the novel feature of comminuting the solid particles, mixing or spraying with liquid waste or water, disposing within the landfill site and collecting the leachate for use in mixing with the particles.    ADVANTAGE -   Degradation of toxic substances is enhanced. Anaerobic digestion is improved compared with dry-fill techniques. Long-term cost of monitoring site is reduced. The material within the site rapidly stabilises. The landfill site is used more efficiently and completely. More waste can be handled on the same site. The waste does not have to be dried before dumping. Gas production is increased.
The bioreactor (10) has a container (12) for said organic waste with a top opening (22) symmetrical about a centre line. A lid cover for opening (22) can rotate about the centre line. A mixing assembly(14) for stirring the waste is suspended from the lid cover. A slide system in the lid carries the auger and stiffens the lid cover. By rotating the lid cover and radially sliding the mixer, all areas of the container can be stirred.    USE -   As a bioreactor for composting organic waste.    ADVANTAGE -   The thorough mixing generates a uniform temperature gradient through all of the compost in the container with a minimum of labour.
Tank comprises the body (1) separated by the partitions (2)into the acid (3), neutral (4), alkaline (5) and methane (6) fermentation chambers with a biogas cavity. The latter is connected to the biogas discharge branch pipe (8) through the hydraulic gate (7). The methane tank also includes a mixer in the form of the shaft (9) with the drive (10) and the mixing elements (11) arranged along the body (1) axis, clarified liquid discharge branch pipe (12) positioned in the body (1) upper part, solid component of the fermentation residue discharge branch-pipe (13) placed in the body (1) lower part and the loading device in the body (1) middle part. The tank is equipped with a mechanical mincer in the form of the drive shaft (18) with the mincing elements (19) arranged in the body capacity having a perforated bottom (20) and connected to the acid fermentation chamber (3). The loading device is made as the duct (14) with an airtight cover (15) in the upper part.    USE -   Used in anaerobic waste water purification and for biogas production.    ADVANTAGE -   Methane tank operation efficiency is increased.
A module for manufacture of biological fodder and worm compost has a bunker (1) with a double bottom and a cell (5) with extending grate (3). The cell is located between the double bottom and is provided with grate bottom (4). The double bottom is provided with a replaceable tray (6) for the excess moisture collection. The bunker loading neck (2) has a unit for worm culture biomass collection. The tray is provided with a filler (12) to collect excess liquid. The worm culture biomass collection unit is made as a moving and replaceable lid-tray (8) provided with grate bottom (9) and a replaceable meshed baffle (10). The holes in the grate base are larger than the transverse size of the worms and the holes in the meshed baffle are smaller than the transverse size of the worms. The biomass collection unit is provided with an inert filler, whose density is smaller than water density and its particle size is larger than the grate bottom holes size.    USE -   The module is used in organic waste recycling.    ADVANTAGE -   The effort is reduced and method simplified.
Preparation of a compost comprises inserting tubular bodies capable of ventilation into a pile of raw material for a compost.    Also claimed is an appliance for the preparation is inserted into a pile of raw material for compost and having ventilation holes in the peripheral surface.    Preferably the preparation comprises inserting the tubular bodies from the upper part of the pile to supply oxygen and/or moisture promoting decay and from the side part of the pile, horizontally or in such a way that the back end is lower than the front end, in order to discharge decay-inhibiting materials, such as carbon dioxide and excessive water, from the inside of the pile. The tubular bodies have ventilation holes in the peripheral surface. The tubular bodies have a shape of the front end facilitating their insertion.    USE -   The raw material for a compost is e.g. excreta of cattle and plants.    ADVANTAGE -   The method permits easy preparation of a high-quality compost through simple insertion of the tubular appliances and notably reduces the time for preparation and the working area.
Device to prepare fermentation fertiliser, feed, and fermentation material for wet refuse comprises an organic material and a group of effective microorganisms put together and agitated in a tank held at a given temperature so that anaerobic fermentation and aerobic fermentation are carried out together automatically.    USE -   Used to prepare fermentation fertiliser, feed, and fermentation material for wet refuse from organic material.    ADVANTAGE -   All operations are made mechanically, resulting in savings of labours.
The process involves forming a microbial layer (6) in a decomposition chamber (5) of a bio-processor (2). The organic substance which is injected into the chamber is decomposed by the microbial layer by a stirring mechanism (7). The microbial layer is taken out from the processor and accommodated in an accommodation chamber (72) of a distillation furnace (3). The microbial bed is heated by a burner (75) at a temperature greater than the boiling point of cadmium. An exhaust gas (76) is passed to a cadmium refiner (4). The collected gas is cooled by a cooling chamber (81) at a temperature lower than the boiling point of cadmium for extracting the cadmium.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids generation of bad smell during metal processing and environmental pollution by cadmium. Enables effective reuse of collected cadmium. Prevents waste material generation from processor. Improves decomposition efficiency of organic substance. Shortens processing time.
Organic waste processor for domestic application comprises a diffuser (2) outside a sink (1). The waste is passed into a decomposition tank (3) inside an outer shell (4). An agitator (5) is positioned in the decomposition tank. The bottom part of the decomposition tank comprises an exhaust opening (6) made up of minute holes. A porous ceramic grain (7) is filled in the decomposition tank and is stirred with crushed waste from the diffuser. The microorganisms adhere to the surface of ceramic grains or decompose in the tank during agitation. The water in the decomposition tank flows out through a drain pipe (8).    ADVANTAGE -   Waste is efficiently processed. Generation of malodour is prevented.
Waste processing apparatus which is installed outside a building (A), has a waste insertion piping (3) leading towards internal of building through the wall. A waste insertion opening is provided in piping facing the interior side of a room (1). From the lower end of the main body, an injection pipe (15) connects a reservoir water tank (D) through a purifier (C).    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids temporary stocking of waste. Enables to maintain hygienic environment. Simplifies disposal of waste. Simplifies processing of waste collected from home, quickly.
Waste processing apparatus (B) used in homes which is installed external to a building (A), has a waste insertion piping (3) leading towards internal of building through wall. A waste inserting opening (2) is provided in the piping facing interior side of the building. From lower end of the main body an ejection pipe (15) is provided which is connected to a sewage path (C).    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids temporary stocking of waste. Simplifies processing of waste collected from homes. Enables to maintain hygienic environment. Simplifies disposal of waste.
In the wet refuse fermentation treatment device, having an agitating and trituration wing driven with a motor in a fermentation vessel and a ventilation device on an exhaust pipe communicating between the fermentation vessel and atmosphere, a heater set in the fermentation vessel is controlled with two temp. measuring devices measuring temp. of treatment object in the fermentation vessel and the fermentation vessel itself.    ADVANTAGE -   Abnormal heating of the fermentation vessel can be prevented.
The backstop comprises a limit switch mounted near the outside edge of a charge port at the free end of an open/closed door, where an actuator is pushed into ON/OFF operation when the open/closed door is closed, and connected to a motor control circuit to stop or control a motor for a stirring mechanism.    ADVANTAGE -   The stop of stirring mechanism is ensured, when the door for the charge port is open.
(1) A gas separator consists of a porous support (A) and a gas separating membrane (B). (A) has two layers, one (C) of which has pores whose dia. is equal to or larger than 10 angstrom and less than 400 angstrom and the other (D) has pores whose dia. is equal to or larger than 400 angstrom and less than 100000 angstrom. (C) faces (B) made of porous silica whose dia. of pores is 2-10 angstrom. (2) (B) in (1) is made from the soln. contg. a polysilazane. (3) The surface of (A) in (1) that faces (B) is coated with nitrides, oxides, or carbides by CVD, vacuum deposition, ion plating, or spattering. (4) Method of production is also claimed.    USE -   Used for separating gas from gas mixture using inorganic membranes.    ADVANTAGE -   This membrane has higher selectivity and permeability for hydrogen gas than those of conventional products.
Microorganism (Deleya sp. ASE 1315) which reduces selenium oxide or selenate ions to elementary selenium is new.    Also claimed are:    (1) a method of using the above microorganism for the recovery of elementary selenium, and    (2) a method for the treatment of selenium containing waste water using the above microorganism.
Apparatus for processing of organic refuse comprises a lid (14) through which organic- refuse is inserted into a dry room (16). The organic-refuse is dried by operating fans (52,56) and an air heater (50). Then, weight of the organic-refuse is detected by weight sensors (28,30). A plate (18) is turned and the organic-refuse is supplied to a fermentation chamber (34). An impeller (36) agitates the organic-refuse followed by heating using a panel heater (46). Microbial-cultivation base material (35) is added which decomposes the organic-refuse causing moisture in the fermentation chamber which is ejected by a low flow ventilating fan (60).    ADVANTAGE -   The apparatus is automatic and efficient and sustains moisture levels.
A reactor for photocatalysed conversion of contaminants in a fluid stream comprises a light source, a photocatalyst and fins supporting the catalyst; the fins are parallel to the direction of flow, and orthogonal to the light source, so that the photocatalyst is illuminated by light that is capable of activating the catalyst. In a variant, the reactor consists of one or more cylinders for fluid flow, with pleats in cylinder walls running parallel to the longitudinal axis of the cylinder; the catalyst is deposited on the inner surface of the cylinder, and a light source is placed within the cylinder to illuminate the catalyst.    USE -   A stream of water or air is treated to remove contaminants, e.g. organic or halogenated organic compounds, nitrogen oxides, hydrogen cyanide or microorganisms.    ADVANTAGE -   There is low pressure drop, good contact with catalyst and effective use of light, with simple maintenance and low manufacturing cost.
Solid organic waste (2) is fed into a treatment tank (1) with a horizontal bottom. Screw propellers (7) stir and push the organic mass forwards in a continuous flow from inlet (3) to outlet (4). The propellers remain continuously immersed in the mass so that there is no idle phase as they move forwards and back along the length of the tank with incremental sideways movements.    The screw propellers are inclined at 10-50 to the vertical, the precise angle selected to secure the desired advance of the organic mass. The mass is moved from the inlet across longitudinal zones divided by furrows. At each cycle these gradually advance towards the outlet at such a speed that each particle of the mass remains in the tank for an equal time. A device at the outlet gradually extracts the treated material regardless of the operation of the propellers, and batches it to obtain a regular outflow. The screw propellers plough through the lower layers of the organic mass to prevent the formation at the bottom of the tank of a hardened layer of waste impermeable to air.    USE -   The plant is used for treating organic waste especially from agriculture and associated industries.    ADVANTAGE -   The apparatus eliminates dead time due to idle return of the screw propellers. It gives uniform treatment to the waste mass. The screw propellers are self-cleaned by eliminating threads and rags which become wrapped around the screws. The mass is subjected to forced aeration to minimise condensation inside the building holding the treatment tank. Heat is recovered and used to heat ventilated air circulating inside the building.
Method of processing organic agricultural waste comprises: (a) rending the waste into small pieces; (b) wetting the waste to give a moisture content of 60%; (c) forming the waste into a rick; (d) maintaining the moisture content of the rick at 60% until the waste is consumed; (e) progressively forming an additional rick of the waste on top of the first formed rick as each rick is consumed.    USE -   The method converts agricultural waste of e.g. straw, almond waste, green waste, cotton lint waste, cotton gin trash, manure into castings which are useful as soil amendments containing nitrogen, phosphate, potash and trace minerals e.g copper, zinc and iron.    ADVANTAGE -   The process disposes of agricultural waste without burning. Legislation has been put in place to phase out the practise of burning rice straw in the central valley of California.
The process involves converting the organic quality waste (a) into CO and H22 by a two stage gasification involving a primary gasification process (24) and a secondary gasification process (25). The H2O of primary gasification is converted into H2 by a CO shift reaction in a CO conversion process (27). The H2 is considered as the raw material for an ammonia synthesis process (30) with NH3 synthetic powder to obtain ammonia. The non-flammable objects are collected as slag (e,f). A fluidised bed furnace and a melting furnace are used respectively for the primary and secondary gasification processes. The primary gasification is performed at 450-750C in the fluidised bed part and at 600-900C in a free board part of the fluidised bed furnace. A high temperature combustion is performed at 1,200-1,500C for the secondary gasification process in the melting furnace to gasify the char and tar.    USE -   Used in recovering resources like metal, ash content and ammonia from waste plastics, waste FRP, bio-mass waste, waste oil, water waste of sewage sludge, agricultural wastes of chaffs and rice straw, forest products of saw, back and thinning wood, industrial wastes of pulp and dust, low quality coal waste, oil shale, garbage, carcass of beasts, waste garments, paper refuse in addition to every organic substance.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids trouble generation during incineration. Prevents formation of dioxines in exhaust gas. Protects life of reclamation ground. Improves merit of entire system. Realises stable operation. Ensures effective use of waste. Prevents environmental pollution.
Treatment of organic waste, such as faeces and rubbish, into compost and liquid manure comprises a receiving process to receive solid organic waste, a fermentation process, and an aging process. Treatment of organic waste into liquid manure comprises a receiving process, a heating fermentation process, a deaeration process where, after the heating fermentation process, aeration is effected as the liquid organic waste is separated into solid and liquid components.    ADVANTAGE -   The process is efficient.
The method involves injecting a micro-organism material in liquid form under pressure at one or more places in the underground soil from the earth surface. The micro-organism material decomposes the soil polluted with halogenated hydrocarbon and purifies the polluted soil. The concentration of micro-organism material injected until the time of the completion is made to vary from the time of initiation of injection, so that the concentration is higher in early stages of injection than the time of completion of injection.    ADVANTAGE -   Attaining microbe concentration necessary for decomposition of polluting substance even at end of injection is possible. Restrains consumption of septic solution used for decomposition. Minimises influence on ecosystem by injection microbe. Increases decomposition efficiency. Promotes material conservation.
Organic waste processor has a double wall structured container (2) comprising walls (2c) in-between which a heat insulating material (2b) is provided. The container is made from synthetic resin and is rotated around a shaft (4). During non-operation state, a cover (9) covers an upper opening (2g) of the container which is maintained in vertical position. An opening (7) and a ventilation hole (3) are provided in the base and side of the container above the shaft respectively. The cover is provided with an opening. The ventilation hole is made to incline so that upper part faces the exterior.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents infiltration of rain water. Suppresses temperature reduction in container. Stabilizes fermentation effect. Improves endurance of apparatus. Removes excess moisture.
Preparation of a peat substitute to improve soil quality comprises mixing chopped wood, 2 kg/m3 urea and 10 vol.% first starter, storing, adding 25 g/m3of a second starter and composting over a long time period. The first starter is a fungus substrate, where the fungus has been grown through cellulose material, and the second starter is a compost starter.    ADVANTAGE -   The peat substitute can be used instead of peat which is effectively a non-renewable resource at present rates of consumption and its removal from the environment has ecological implications.
NOVELTY - Complete material emission-less utilisation of all components of communal or industrial waste comprises: (a) converting the contents contained as pollutants in the synthesis crude gas into useful materials in separated wet treatment steps; (b) feeding the solutions containing the converted useful materials and condensates to the conversion steps and removing the useful materials by stepped precipitation and ion exchange reactions and separation reactions with recovery of the process water; and (c) cold drying the purified synthesis gas and recycling the recovered process water together with the condensate from cold drying to the individual conversion steps. An apparatus for carrying out the process is also claimed.    USE - USE For recovering synthesis crude gas from the gasification of communal and other contaminated waste.
Apparatus to convert loose material into pellets has two meshing toothed wheels. The space between the teeth is closed axially outwards (11) radially from the radius of the root circle (F) to the radius of the part-circle (T).    USE -   The system is for the prodn. of pellets from loose material such as compost, waste bread, rubbish, horse or chicken manure, and the like.    ADVANTAGE -   The operation is effected by functional and meshed toothed wheels in a simple toothed wheel structure.
Gas containing impurities is withdrawn as a vapour from a vessel(12) where it is cryogenically stored in liquid form and passed through a conduit (32) into an adsorbent bed(34) to remove trace impurities. The bed is cooled with liquefied gas from the vessel(12) supplied via a conduit(44).    Adsorbent bed comprises alternate layers of activated carbon and calcium chabazite housed in a jacketed tube and the liquid cooling gas is supplied to the jacket.    USE -   Production of ultra-high purity gas for semiconductor manufacture from a cryogenically obtained gas. Typical impurities for removal are carbon monoxide and dioxide, oxygen, nitrogen, methane and water vapour and feed gas is argon. Impurities are removed down to low ppm levels. O2 and hydrogen streams may also be purified.    ADVANTAGE -   Use of elevated temperatures and expensive gettering materials is avoided.
A method for burying and then covering mining waste, domestic or industrial waste disposal sites or low-risk material comprises the use of a lime-containing material that has a seepage or rain water permeability of 4 x 10-10. The material comprising a mixture of calcium carbonate and rotting sludge is used to form a foundation layer with a thickness of 0.1-0.4 m and then form 1 cover layer having a thickness of 0.3-0.5 m. The lime component preferably comprises gypsum, optionally slaked lime or just calcium carbonate.    ADVANTAGE -   Cheap and readily available materials are used to form a lining and cover for a waste site that will neutralise any heavy metals present.
Unit for processing faecal communal waste has sand-capture (1) and dispersion (2) devices in input line, tank (3) divided into chambers (4,5) for acid and methane fermentation, pipes (6-10), false bottoms (11,12), collectors (13,14) for fermented liquid, pulsators (15,16), covers (17,18) forming gas reservoirs (19,20) and horizontal partition (21) forming reservoir (22) for commodity biogas. The fermented solution flow is connected to microfilters (23,24) in lines with additional dispersion devices (25,26). The chambers for regression of acid fermentation (27) and methanisation (28) are in the form of shafts containing horizontal partitions (29) which form sections (30) connected by overflow pipes (31), pulsators (33), granular packing (34), and gas output (35) from regression of acid fermentation. The methanisation chamber (28) is connected to collector (13) of chamber (5), and radial gas injectors (32) are connected to the gas output pipe (35) of chamber (27). The output of methanisation chamber (28) is connected to reservoir (22) for biogas.    USE -   The unit can be used in anaerobic treatment of outflows with production of biogas.    ADVANTAGE -   The unit is capable of increasing concentration of methane in biogas.
The device comprises a fermentation tank to ferment organic waste with fermenting fungi, a heating means to heat the organic waste up to a preset temperature, a suction means to supply outside air into the fermentation tank and an exhaust means to exhaust air in the fermentation tank.    ADVANTAGE -   The drying degree of the organic waste to be fermented is found from the change of a temperature to provide highly reliable fermentation for the organic waste.
The refuse disposer comprises a refuse disposal tank, a main cover pivotally supported on a rotation supporting axis in a freely open/closed manner and a drain pipe formed on the side of the disposal tank.    ADVANTAGE -   Drops of dew deposited inside the main cover are prevented from falling on or near a charge port and into the disposal tank.
A porous ceramic composite material (I) is formed by mixing 80-40 wt.% clay and quartzite as main component with 20-60 wt. % of an enzyme preparation (II) and water, and calcining the mixture; (I) is of composition (wt.%): 68.0-71.0 SiO2 , 16.0-21.0 Al2 O3 , 0.8-1.2 Fe2 O3 , 1.1-1.7 K2 O, 0.6-1.2 CaO, 1.5-2.6 MgO, 0.6-1.3 Na2 O, 0.3-0.4 TiO3, and 0.005-0.02 enzyme. Also claimed is a method of making a porous ceramic composite material of the composition by adding binder, pore-forming material, (II) and water to clay and quartzite, and calcining the resultant mixture at 900-1350 C.    USE -   (I) is used in treating waste water, particularly water containing animal or vegetable fats and oils; it may be placed in a drain. Used in kitchen and food factory drain (e.g. in grease trap), and with industrial effluent.    ADVANTAGE -   (I) is produced at low temperature and with low cost. It is very effective in removing toxic substances, and pH of the water can readily be adjusted to meet effluent standards. The system is compact, treatment can be performed in a short time, and may be required not more than once a year. There is a reduction in amount of sludge generated. There is no need to backwash (I), and no loss of weight.
A composting container has an air inlet in the base surrendering the air to the compost through a perforated floor (14), and overhead air outlets. The novelty is that: (a) air is introduced through an inlet pipe (2, 21, 22, 23) which has a number of inlets; (b) that the inflow of air is controlled by variable throttles or valves (8) located at the air inlets; (c) the space under the perforated floor (14) is sub-divided into a number of chambers; (d) the container cover (16) incorporates a number of air outlets through which air is exhausted, and (e) the inner diameter of the gas inlet pipes (2) narrows towards the respective pipe opening.    USE -   The container is used for composting waste organic material e.g. vegetable matter.    ADVANTAGE -   The supply of air is improved to the heap of composting matter, achieving a uniform process.
In a process and assembly to separate a mixture of waste materials, the novelty is that: (a) the mixture is first composted pref. under conditions of force-fed air and/or is stabilised; (b) the components of the resulting mixture are then separated into a combustible fraction and an incombustible fraction; (c) the fractions are separated by sieve, winnowing or fluid classification; (d) the mixture is crushed or shredded into particles, or homogenised, before biological treatment; and (e) valuable materials are first removed before the biological or homogenisation treatments.    USE -   Process and assembly to separate a supply of municipal waste products of continually varying consistency and nature, esp. to remove non-combustible substances from composted wastes, in response to a legal requirement.    ADVANTAGE -   The quantity of non-combustible wastes reaching an esp. municipal incinerator is less than 3%, and less than 5% content within wastes surrendered for disposal at an open disposal site.
Microbiological restoration of nitroaromatics-contaminated earth is effected by:    (a) treating the naturally moist earth under anaerobic conditions in the presence of an organic substrate to form amino-nitroaromatics as the main product, and    (b) immobilising this product under aerobic conditions.    The novel features are that:    (i) the organic substrate is an aqueous saccharose solution and/or molasses chips in the case of weak contamination or molasses chips in the case of strong contamination, and    (ii) in each case the earth is homogenised and finally compressed such that these steps can be repeated during the first (i.e. anaerobic) step.    ADVANTAGE -   Large-scale restoration, e.g. of earth contaminated with explosives such as TNT can be effected rapidly on-site at any time of the year or off-site. The recovered earth has changed little in structure.
In a procedure for modifying a plant which makes ethane and propane from a hydrocarbon-rich feed gas (especially natural gas) in order to increase its yield to 90 - 98 percent of both propane and ethane, a fourth rectification column is added to the existing plant to permit further separation of the process streams.    ADVANTAGES -   The improvement in yield is obtained at a relatively low cost and with minimum down-time.
An apparatus for composting household waste consists of a composting vessel (1) from which a gas flow (9) is emitted. A biological filter is in the form of a vessel (2) with a bottom designed as a supporting sheet (5,6) penetrable to a gas flow. Layer of active biological material (4) rests upon the supporting sheet. A vessel (2) is arranged as a cap to the composting vessel. As gas (9) flows through layer (4), the components of the gas flow (9) having an unpleasant aroma are absorbed and are decomposed in layer (4).    USE -   The apparatus is used for composting organic material e.g. household waste in a simple manner and efficiently removes components with an unpleasant aroma.
Scrap pyrolysis system (10) has an intake chamber (12), a pyrolysis chamber (14), and a discharge chamber (16), comprising (a) several separate scrap carriers (28,32-44,50); (b) the intake chamber (12) having a port (26) for introduction of a carrier (28) into the intake chamber (12) and another port (30) for coupling the intake chamber (12) to the pyrolysis chamber (14); (c) the discharge chamber (16) having a port (48) for removal of a carrier (50) from the discharge chamber (16) and another port (46) for coupling the discharge chamber (16) to the pyrolysis chamber (14); (d) each of the ports (26,30,46,48) of each of the intake and discharge chambers (12,16) having an open state permitting passage of a carrier through the port and a closed state preventing gas flow through the port and having means for controlling the port selectively in its open or closed states; and (e) a controllable conveyor for conveying the carriers in succession along a path from the intake chamber (12) through the pyrolysis chamber (14) into the discharge chamber (16), the path extending through the ports (30,46) for coupling the intake and discharge chambers (12,16) to the pyrolysis chamber (14).    Also claimed are (i) a method of pyrolysing scrap in a pyrolysis chamber; and (ii) a scrap pyrolysis reactor.    USE -   Scrap pyrolysis system and reactor for recycling automotive tyres.    ADVANTAGE -   The scrap automotive tyres can be continually processed in distinct batches without re-establishing the working environment as each batch is introduced and removed, the duration of pyrolysis can be better controlled, ensuring more complete pyrolysis, eliminating the need for shredding and consequently simplifying separation of metal and other debris from the resulting tyre char.
High speed fermenting and drying apparatus for food waste comprising food waste tank (10) for fermentation by fungus and drying; agitator (40); heater (30) ; odour gas and steam discharge; temperature of heat medium (21) in jacket is sensed (22) for controlling burner (31); rectangular plates (43,44) joined to agitator arms (42) and triangular plates (45) mix waste with air during forward agitation, and discharge waste in reverse rotation; water soluble odour gas is dissolved in steam and discharged in condensate; flammable odour gas is burned. The odour gas removal includes filter and drain to condensate tank; absorbing and transmitting fan; second filter connected to condensing pipe to cooler (55).    USE -   The fermentor is used for fermenting and drying food waste.    ADVANTAGE -   The apparatus operates more quickly than prior art devices and is small. Offensive odours are either condensed and removed, or burned off in the combustion chamber.
The method comprises cooling reformed gas at the exits of catalyst layers to a proper temperature for reaction and distributing and supplying oxidant to the catalyst layers.    ADVANTAGE -   Carbon monoxide contained in reformed gas is selectively and efficiently removed and electrodes in a fuel cell are prevented from being poisoned by carbon monoxide.
An artificial culture soil is prepared by mixing 3-50 wt.% of carbonised organic sludge, 10-60 wt.% of a microorganisms cultured organic material and 10-60 wt.% of upland soil, partic. further containing 3 wt.% each of fungi, enzymes and minerals, followed by fermentation.    ADVANTAGE -   Dry distillation or carbonisation of human wastes, sewage and paper mill sludge provides culture soil.
The method involves using multiple heating coils (3) which are arranged in side and bottom parts of a tank (1). Waste is filled in the tank which has an openable/closable airtight cover (2). Then, dry distillation of waste is performed by heating with the heating coils. The extracted gas is then discharged into a process medium.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies processing. Prevents remainder of chlorine component.
High-speed fermentation treatment of garbage comprises: (a) inoculating into garbage, a high-temperature fermenting agent containing a high temperature resistant mould fungi, a high temperature resistant ray fungi, and a high temperature bacillus bacteria having a high hydrolysing activity on animal and plant ingredients of garbage; and (b) allowing the microorganisms to ferment so as to treat the garbage.    ADVANTAGE -   The method and equipment permit the fermentation treatment of garbage containing ingredients difficult for microorganisms to decompose, in a short time and give good fertiliser. The equipment deodourises garbage effectively.
New pressurised device (I) comprises a pressurised bottle(II) fitted with a nozzle for the distribution of a mousse consisting of a transparent composition (III) comprising 0.5-10 wt.% of a propellant gas (IV) and 90-95.5 wt.% of an aqueous composition (V) comprising at least one emulsifying non-ionic surfactant (VI), at least one thickening non-ionic surfactant (VII) and at least one anionic surfactant (VIII).    USE -   (I) is used as an aerosol containing a cosmetic or dermatological composition to clean the skin or remove make-up.    ADVANTAGE -   (II) and (III) are transparent but without the disadvantages of similar products prepared in accordance with prior art (in particular, (III) preferably contains neither a 1-3C mono-alcohol nor a di-alkyl ether).
Process for microbiological purification of halogenated ethylenes, comprises contacting the halogenated ethylenes to be treated in an aerobic bioreactor with a strain of bacteria which decomposes halogenated ethylenes and which has been adapted to growth and provision of energy using ethylene as carbon- and energy source.    USE -   The process is used in the purification of water and/or air containing cis-1,2-dichloroethylene and/or vinyl chloride, particularly where the contaminated material to be treated is ground water or air.    ADVANTAGE -   The process is simple and economical to operate, allows complete decomposition of halogenated ethylenes, and is effective in purifying water or air containing high concentrations of cis-1,2-dichloroethylene or vinyl chloride up to 100 mg/l.
Modular fixed-bed reactor ('bio-refresher') accelerates the removal of especially heavy metals and/or organic residues from contaminated soil.    The novelty is that:    (a) the process of heavy metal removal is accelerated by the application of a defined electrical direct current;    (b) the anode (14) is applied to the upper layer (4) and the cathode (15) to the drainage layer (7) in a drain pipe (10);    (c) the low-voltage direct current is applied either continually, or intermittently, and may be dynamically varied;    (d) the drain (10) discharges to a container (11) filled with iron ore and used as an external filter module;    (e) the iron ore container has an anode in its lower layers and a cathode in the upper layer;    (f) the mobility of e.g. the heavy metals in the contaminated soil is enhanced by the introduction of food industry residues containing organic acids, and    (g) the container reactor (11) containing iron ore is exchanged from time-to-time.    USE -   The heavy metals are liberated from the soil or sludge and drained to the iron ore container where they are absorbed under anaerobic conditions in the external iron ore filter module.    The application of electrical current and the introduction of electrolytes to the fixed-bed reactor enhance the mobility of the heavy metals within the modular soil bed, and their subsequent capture in the iron ore.    ADVANTAGE -   The reactor provides an environmentally-friendly means of removing heavy metals and organic residues from soil or sludge.
CO is removed from a gas stream also containing H2 and CO2 by a process comprising (i) high temperature selective catalytic methanation to lower the concentration to a level above which CO2 methanation can occur, and (ii) low temperature selective catalytic methanation to reduce the residual CO to below 40 ppm.    USE -   is in the hydrogen clean-up unit for fuel cells based on a hydrogen production unit.    ADVANTAGE -   The high temperature stage removes CO without the occurrence of CO2 methanation to cause loss of H2 which can only occur if all of the CO is removed; there is very little loss of H2 in the low temperature step. Compared to single-step processes significantly less catalyst is required and to enable the provision of a very compact unit.
Decomposition of halogenated hydrocarbons comprises contacting the hydrocarbons with halophilic Archaea sp. bacteria and incubating in conditions under which decomposition of the organic compounds takes place.    USE -   The method is useful for treating the residues of industrial wastes which contain halogenated organic compounds, especially halogenated phenols, benzenes, dioxines and furans, to render them less environmentally harmful.    ADVANTAGE -   The halophilic Archaea can be adapted to decompose environmentally harmful organic halogen compounds in millimolar concentrations with improved efficiency in comparison to previously tested organisms and without forming toxic metabolites.
A method for removing impurities (I) from contaminated air (2), within confined spaces, involves passing (2) through a filtration media comprising a carbonaceous char (3). (3) is prepared by: (a) carbonising a bituminous material (4) in the presence of an oxidant; (b) oxidising (4) during or after carbonisation; (c) contacting, at temperatures &lt;700C, the carbonised and oxidised bituminous material with a nitrogen-containing compound (5). (5) is selected from urea and nitrogen-containing compounds, having at least one nitrogen functionality where the nitrogen exhibits a formal oxidation number less than that of elemental nitrogen. During or after contact, the temperature is increased above 700C; and (d) activating (3) contacted with (5) using H2O, CO2 and/or O2, at temperatures &gt;700C. (a) and (b) are carried out at temperatures &lt;700C. Also claimed is a filter for removing (I) from contaminated air, within confined spaces.    USE -   The method is used for air purification within enclosed or confined structures such as buildings or vehicles (claimed) including automobiles, aircraft, trucks and farm equipment.    ADVANTAGE -   (3) provide enhanced chemical reaction capabilities, which are incorporated without corresponding losses in the physical adsorption capabilities of the carbon, or the addition of metal compounds or salts. An effective, low cost, method for air filtration is provided using (3). The air purification system utilises high temperature carbonaceous char, which is useful at ambient temperature, and provides high adsorption micropore volume, at a given carbon density. In addition, the system has a long useful life and requires only a small volume of space.
Removal of petroleum products from water and soil using an agent which comprises a solution of salts containing phosphorus, nitrogen and potassium, mixed with the microorganisms Rhodococcus ruber (1418 BKM Ac-1513 D) and R. erythropolis (1715 BKM Ac-1514 D), in amounts of (wt.%): (P) 0.005-0.15 : (N) 0.001-0.15 : (K) 0.001-0.05 : (R. ruber) 0.04-0.06 : (R. erythropolis) 0.04-0.06 %, with water to 100%.    USE -   The reagent will absorb petroleum products from water, water surfaces, soil and borehole surfaces.    ADVANTAGES -   The agent is more effective than previous agents containing Candida guillermondii, the combination of microorganisms is effective over range 8-40 C. The use of the reagent reduces the level of contamination by 75-80% in 30 days.
A method for preparation of compost from felled trees by cutting to give chips and addition of an exothermic fermentation agent, partic. 1-10% of urea, an exothermic fermentation stimulator, partic. 1 wt.% of glucose or easily degradable organic waste of food industry, and bark compost, partic. at 4 wt.%. The exothermic fermentation occurs under a cover so as to maintain temperature and prevent evaporation of moisture.    ADVANTAGE -   New use of felled trees due to construction of dams, roads, tunnels and grounds to make compost in a short period of time.
The method involves first decomposing the organic waste into carbon dioxide, hydrogen and organic acid using hyper-thermophilic hydrogen bacteria. In a second step, methane is formed from the above products by treatment with hyper-thermophilic methane bacteria.    USE -   Used for treating domestic waste generated from apartment blocks, hospital and food industry wastes and power station waste.    ADVANTAGE -   Method enables the utilisation of low quality waste heat for recovery of organic waste.
The apparatus has a stirring unit (2) to stir a soft porous carrier (4) along with the liquid fed from a reaction vessel (1). The liquid penetrates in the porous carrier due to stirring. The carrier is then supplied to the reaction vessel.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies supply of carrier and improves processing efficiency.
The equipment comprises a discharging chute (31) with a discharging opening connected to a main body portion (19) for fermenting charged kitchen refuse while stirring the charged kitchen refuse and a processed kitchen refuse takeoff container (32) inserted under the lower end of the discharging chute (31).    USE -   The equipment is suitable as a bio-disposal equipment using fermentation fungi for processing kitchen refuse.    ADVANTAGE -   Takeoff of the processed kitchen refuse is facilitated.
The equipment comprises a refuse charging opening (27) provided on one end side of a long sideways main body portion (19) with length sufficient for fermenting charged kitchen refuse, a discharging opening provided on the other end side of the main body portion, and a stirring unit (23, 24) provided in the main body portion.    USE -   The equipment is suitable for a continuous fermenting process for kitchen refuse.    ADVANTAGE -   A continuous fermenting process for charged kitchen refuse is possible while improving efficiency of the fermenting process.
The method comprises preheating organic wastes for fermentation and drying and then applying radiation heat for carbonisation.    ADVANTAGE -   Organic wastes are efficiently carbonised.
The generator includes a fuel battery main body (1) which is formed by laminating multiple unit cells. Each unit cell has a phosphoric acid impregnated matrix (2) which serves as an electrolyte and sandwiched between a fuel pole (3) and an air pole (4). A reformer (8) reforms the hydrocarbon fuel and obtains a reforming gas. A carbon monoxide converter (11) converts carbon monoxide in the reforming gas obtained by the reformer into carbon dioxide. Hydrogen is supplied for reducing the catalyst contained in carbon monoxide converter during electric power generation stopping time.    ADVANTAGE -   Stabilizes electric power generation. Inhibits oxidation of catalyst inside carbon monoxide converter even when generator is stopped for long time.
The treatment comprises: (a) aerobically acting Pseudomonas species on ethanolamine; (b) decomposing the ethanolamine.    USE -   The method treats the ethanolamine-containing drainage discharged from a heat exchanger used in a nuclear power plant, or a thermal power plant.    ADVANTAGE -   The use of the Pseudomonas species efficiently treats the ethanolamine in the drainage. Pretreated-hydrazine in the drainage has concentration lower than concentration exerting an adverse effect on microorganisms. The result causes no problem in treating the ethanolamine by using the Pseudomonas species.
In the perfected method for gasification of fuel (15), particularly but not exclusively, solid urban and/or industrial waste, wood scraps and/or chippings, bio-masses in general, carbons, peat, lignite, etc., the method using a gasifier associated with a device which uses the combustible gas (45) produced, the process comprises: (a) recovery of at least part of heat possessed by combustible gas produced and/or at least part of heat possessed by exhaust gases produced by user device and/or of at least part of heat generated by user device itself and (b) lower part of the gasifier catalyser (10) is made of nickel for production of methane gas and in the upper part of the gasifier includes an exchange in both a vertical and horizontal direction between the cold fluids and/or distillates of the volatile parts present inside the fuel loaded from above and the hot fluids present in the lower part of the gasifier to obtain a dry distillation without the combustion of the volatile parts of the solid fuel.    Also claimed is an appts. which is a gasifier for production of combustible gas.    USE -   The method enables high recovery of energy and particularly the controlled re-use of the gases produced by the user devices.    ADVANTAGE -   A gasification method which is able to increase the yield of the relative gasifier.
A process for valorisation of refuse, especially urban refuse, by first subjecting the waste material to a known mechanical-biological treatment and then gasifying the prepared material in a moist atmosphere at 500-800C.    USE -   For conversion of domestic waste into a gaseousproduct which can be used as a fuel e.g. in a gas engine for generation of electricity.    ADVANTAGE -   The process has low energy consumption, does not require special equipment, gives only a small amount of residual material for dumping, and gives a gaseous product useful as a fuel.
A process for the recovery of specified gaseous products (I) from an organic gas steam comprises:(A) applying microwave energy to the gas stream to form (I) at a equilibrium temperature above which (I) are thermodynamically favoured (B) maintaining the gas stream at least the equilibrium temperature and (C) quickly cooling the gas stream to a temperature at which (I) are stabilised.    Also claimed are: (i) a process for the gasification of an organic material by the application of microwave energy in a microwave chamber under conditions sufficient to break down the material to a gaseous stream of predetermined composition and to solid residue. The gaseous stream is maintained at a temperature than thermodynamically favours the pre-determined composition and is withdrawn from the microwave chamber and cooled at a sufficiently fast rate to prevent any significant change in gas stream composition. (ii) an apparatus for the production of stable high heat value gas products from an organic feed material comprising a microwave chamber equipped with a means for feeding organic material and a mean for removing and quenching gaseous products and removing solid products and residue from the microwave chamber.    USE -   The process is useful for the treatment of waste organic materials such as car tyres.    ADVANTAGE -   The process produces a uniform and consistent stable gaseous product and solid residue.
A foamable composition adapted for storage in a pressurised aerosol container equipped with a valve comprises (a) an aqueous emulsion of a film-forming polymer, (b) a liquid propellant and (c) a solid, lipophilic non-ionic surfactant having an HLB value of 3-8. The dispensed foam is stable and exhibits a volumetric expansion 18-24 hours after dispensing of 0.45.    USE -   The composition is used (i) to fill joints, cracks or spaces or (ii) to provide an insulating layer between structural units and (iii) to form an artificial terrain useful as a structural support or background for a hobby or craft article (all claimed). It may also be used (iv) to encapsulate toxic and/or hazardous materials e.g. asbestos or radioactive waste, (v) as an adhesive, (vi) (as open-celled foams) in sewage treatment, filtration devices, anion/cation exchange resins and microbiological growth media and (vii) in medical applications e.g. in tissue grafting or biomedical implants and in the stabilisation of biological macromolecules.    ADVANTAGE -   The composition does not shrink substantially after application and is easily cleaned with water and soap. The foams are more "toolable" and provide smoother surfaces than urethanes. They are UV stable, can be painted with all paints and exhibit no hydraulic effect to cause buckling or structural failure.
A catalyst or precursor therefor comprises shaped units consisting of a compacted particulate mixture which, after ignition at 900C in air, are made up of 10 - 50 wt.%(expressed as MO) nickel oxide and/or cobalt oxide, and calcium aluminate cement and alumina and/or magnesia to give 1 - 10 wt.% CaO, an alumina content at least 4 times the CaO content, a magnesia + alumina content of at least 40 wt.% and &lt; 1 wt.% silica. The pore volume is 0.2 - 0.5 ml/g, and the pore size distribution includes 5 - 25 % at 15 - 35 nm, at least 30 % &gt; 35 nm and 10 - 20 % &gt; 1500 nm.    ADVANTAGE -   In a known methanation catalyst based upon nickel oxide, alumina and calcium aluminate cement of high alumina content, greater activity and macro-porosity at adequate strength are obtained by reducing the silica content by replacing the kaolin diluent by alumina and/magnesia.
Composting apparatus has two containers (42, 44) whose open ends couple together. The containers can be both tapered and when coupled form a throat between them. A device for mixing material can pass through the throat. The two containers have abutting surfaces and interlocking protrusions. Also claimed is a composting apparatus as above where the containers are replaced by two parts (46) that fit together and can engage respective containers (42, 44).    USE -   The composting apparatus is suitable for domestic use.    ADVANTAGE -   Two domestic trash bins or dustbins can be coupled together to form an effective and aesthetically pleasing composting apparatus.
Device comprises hermetic reservoir (1) with a heater of any type, circulation pipe (3) containing reverse valves (4,5) in upper and lower parts, gas duct (6) with reduction valve (2), pipe (7) for input of raw, and pipe (8) for the removal of fermented mass. In the process of anaerobic fermentation the biogas is separated in an amount of 0.6-0.8 cu.m per 1 kg of dry organic substance and accumulated in upper part of reservoir (1). The excess pressure increases opening the reverse valve (5), and the level in circulation pipe increases to upper limit when the reduction valve (2) is opened. The pressure in reservoir (1) drops, the reverse valve (4) opens up, and part of substrate from circulation pipe enters the reservoir (1); this generates mixing of substrate.    USE -   Used in devices for mixing of liquids used in anaerobic fermentation of agricultural waste of animal and aviary origin, waste water sediments, etc.; useful in agriculture, communal management, and microbiological industry.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplified construction and reduced energy consumption; reduced cost of unit and exploitational expenditure.
Preparation of vegetable protein fodder comprises milling and treatment of conifer bark, separation into solid and liquid phases and fermentation. Treatment is conducted in a disperser, using water, for 7-10 minutes, and fermentation of the solid phase is conducted using strain of micro-fungus Pleurotus ostreatus (Fr) Kummer, followed by cultivation for 16 days.    ADVANTAGE -   The method utilises disposable waste from wood processing, is ecologically safe and closed cycle, and produces high quality vegetable-protein fodder.
Preparation of vegetable-protein fodder comprises milling and treatment of green parts of trees, separation into solid and liquid phases and fermentation. Treatment is conducted in a disperser, using water, for 7-10 minutes, and fermentation of solid phase is conducted using strain of micro-fungus Pleurotus ostreatus (Fr) Kummer, followed by cultivation for 16 days.    ADVANTAGE -   The method is simple, increases biological activity of the product and enriches it with protein.
The method is carried out by cooling using liq. coolant in a heat exchanger, which has pipe and inter-pipe spaces. The gas to be liquefied is supplied to the pipes space and the coolant is supplied to the inter-pipe space. The gas to be liquefied is supplied at equal pressure simultaneously form the top and bottom and the liquefied gas is removed from the pipe space form its central part. The coolant is evaporated in the lower part of the heat exchanger inter-pipe space. The liquefied gas is removed from the heat exchanger pipe space through a pipe located higher than the coolant boiling point. The liq. coolant level is measured in the inter-pipe space of the heat exchanger and is compared with controlling value and according to the signal obtained the liq. coolant supply is controlled. The coolant vapour temp. is measured in the heat exchanger inter-pipe space and is converted into a signal which regulates the coolant vapours discharge flow rate. The coolant vapours are supplied to consumption system.    USE -   For production of liq. cryogenic fuel, e.g. methane.    ADVANTAGE -   The output and economy are increased.
The prodn. comprises:    (a) heating and melting polystyrene;    (b) impregnating butane, 2.5-5 pts.wt., consisting of isobutane, 70-100 wt.%, and normal butane, 0-30 wt.%, in the polystyrene, 100 pts.wt.;    (c) extruding and foaming the polystyrene so that the butane may have a residual amt. of 2.0-3.5 pts.wt.; and    (d) obtaining a sec. expansion ratio of 1.78 times or more.    USE -   The method produces a foamed polystyrene sheet suitably used in a food container.    ADVANTAGE -   Unlike conventional foamed polystyrene sheets, the foamed polystyrene sheet has less decrease in the sec. expansion ratio, and superior mouldability. The shelf life of the foamed polystyrene sheet for long periods of time evolves less explosion. Higher compsn. ratio of the isobutane provides a foaming agent with less fly off. The result retains the foaming agent in the sheet for long periods of time, retaining good mouldability.
A composting experiment device comprises a container body (2); a cover body (4) being closed; a heat insulation part (6) with which the whole of the container body and a cover body is covered. A ceiling part (43) the cover body (4) of which is inclined is provided and a condensate reservoir (41) in which condensate flowing down along the inner peripheral wall of the cover body (4) is stored is formed around the inner wall. The container body (2) and a cover body (4) to close the container body (2) are removably mounted by a clamp part (5). The heat insulation part (6) is formed of a foam material. An exhaust pipe (45) communicated with the outside is arranged at the ceiling part (43) of the cover body (4).    ADVANTAGE -   The article temperature of the decomposition heat of an organic substance is measured by a small amount of sampling of organic waste and composting is promoted.
Airtight container has a openable door. Large windows are provided on the wall of the container. A moisture-permeable, and bad odour-interrupting film is airtightly spread on each window. At least one vent is slidably inserted in the container.    Preferably the moisture-permeable and bad odour-interrupting film is a cellophane film or a polyvinyl alcohol film.    USE -   Used for treating rubbish (kitchen refuse) in individual households.    ADVANTAGE -   Diverges no bad odour at a small place, including a veranda. No external energy or valuable materials are required. The rubbish (kitchen refuse) is reduced to a dried material serving as a compost.
The method involves collecting various waste goods like bottles (1), cans (2), plastic bottle (3) and plastic solid substance (4). Further, plastic film (5) is collected as non- flammable refuse. The cans are sorted as steel can (2a) and aluminium can (2b). The plastic goods are subjected to a chlorine content selection process (18). By adopting a dry type isolation chlorine containing plastics are removed from the plastic bottle and solid substance. By wet type isolation, chlorine content plastic substances are removed. The plastic bottle and solid substance are subjected to crushing and granulated to a predetermined shape which is used as raw material for blast furnace.    ADVANTAGE -   Imparts useful effect on industry. Ensures effective recycling.
A culture base material for garbage-treating apparatus consists of porous granules formed by mixing peat moss with a binder and granulating the resultant mixture. Pref. an additive(s) is mixed with the mixture. Pref. the binder is a water-soluble polymer and is mixed with peat moss as aq. solution. Pref. one or more of microorganisms having a garbage-degrading and/or deodorising ability. Pref. the microorganism is adsorbed to a solid support. Alternatively, an enzyme having an ability of degrading garbage is pref. added to the base material. Pref. the enzyme is added as aq. soln.    ADVANTAGE -   The material prevents bad smelling, dusting and scattering of the dust and permits efficient decomposition of garbage for a long period with small apparatus. The decomposed products barely adhere to the apparatus and are easy to discard owing to a reduced vol.
A waste reproducing treating device comprises a waste reproducing treating drum (9) formed in a cylindrical shape having a given length and diameter, a conveying device (41) to axially convey waste fed from one end side of the reproducing treating drum to an internal part; a crushing device arranged in the middle of the length of the waste reproducing treating drum and crushing waste axially conveyed from one end side in a middle; a heater arranged in the waste reproducing treatment drum (9) and heating crushed waste after waste by the crushing device (15a) is crushed; and discharge parts (20, 21) arranged at the other end of the waste reproducing treating device. The waste reproducing treating drum (9) is inclined at a given angle.    ADVANTAGE -   Pollution and environment pollution due to ocean dumping and burying do not occur.
In cleaning of an agitator (10) to agitate an organic part (3) in a fermentation tank (2) as the agitator is moved in the fermentation tank, the agitator (10) is immersed in a movable position and in cleaning liquid in a cleaning tank (20) and agitation operation is effected. Through dynamic contact with cleaning liquid occasioned by agitation operation, an organic material (3) adhered to the agitator (10) is washed and removed. In a fermentation disposing tank comprising a fermentation tank (2) to contain the organic material (3) at an internal part for fermentation; and an agitator (10) to agitate the organic material as the agitator is moved in the fermentation tank, a washing liquid tank (20) wherein at least a part of the agitator (10) is immersed in internal washing liquid is arranged in an agitator movable region.    ADVANTAGE -   An adhered substance adhered to an agitator is efficiently removed.
Production of pharmaceutical preparation comprises aerobic culture of microorganisms having emulsion break activity in a liquid medium containing inorganic salts, and assimilable carbon and nitrogen sources, particularly by supplying oxygen through a wall or membrane made from an oxygen permeative and water unpermeative material, followed by drying and pulverisation.    USE -   Treatment of emulsion composed of water and oil in industrial wastes.    ADVANTAGE -   Industrial prodn. of microorganisms having emulsion break activity.
A refuse disposing device comprises a refuse disposing tank (30) having a charge cover (12) to open and close a refuse charge port (11) and effecting fermentation disposal as refuse is agitated by agitating claws (41 - 44); a heater (37) attached to the refuse disposing tank (30) and heating a substance to be disposed in the refuse disposing tank; a temp. sensor (76) to detect the temp. of the substance to be disposed heated by the heater; and a control part (80) with a built-in timer to connect the temp. sensor (76) and a charge cover opening closing detecting sensor to the input side and connect a drive part for the agitating claws and the heater to the output side. When opening closing operation of the charge cover (12) is not detected by the charge cover opening closing detecting sensor in a short caretaking set time, the drive part for the agitating claws is stopped and the heater is held at a specified aging treatment temp.. On and after that, when it is not detected in a long period caretaking set time, caretaking operation control to stop the heater is practicable.    ADVANTAGE -   When a user is absent, refuse disposal operation is automatically stopped.
A sprayable lead-free composition (I) for application to a fabric containing a hole or tear comprises a binding agent in a solvent system which serves as a propellant.    Preferably, the binding agent is polyvinyl butyral, the solvent system comprises a primary solvent (especially methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol and/or butanol) and a volatile secondary solvent (especially dimethyl ether). The composition may additionally comprise an organic acid derivative (e.g. sodium benzoate) and/or a fragrance.    USE -   (I) is sprayed as a mist of fine droplets onto a hole or tear in a fabric, especially an article of clothing such as hosiery which is under tension on the body. The droplets harden to bind threads of the fabric and prevent further enlargement of the hole or tear. (I) can be dispensed by means of an aerosol, preferably in the shape of a human leg (all claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   The composition is sufficiently tacky and volatile to seal the tear rapidly but remains sufficiently fluid to be repeatedly dispensed from an atomiser or aerosol dispenser without clogging the nozzle.
In a process of ventilation of an elongated e.g. composting heap (1) or store (1) of agricultural produce, the heap is laid out on a floor (2) and is placed on a pre-positioned hose (3) with lateral perforations (10). The hose is pre-pressurised before covering with the heap and (3) is linked to an air supply (6, 6'). If subsequently determined that the air supply required is greater than possible with the existing hose, the first hose is collapsed and withdrawn, and then substituted by a second pre-positioned hose with higher air capacity (3').    USE -   The method is used to supply air to large compost heap or agricultural product e.g. grain drying. After completion of the treatment, the hose is allowed to collapse and is released from overhead pressure.    ADVANTAGE -   Removal of the air ventilation hoses is greatly simplified.
A process for composting shredded biological wastes (22) comprises mixing the wastes with a pulverised composting accelerator agent. The novelty is that: (a) the shredded biological wastes are deposited on or in a conveyer (18) in a moist condition; (b) the composting agent is distributed in a fine powdered condition onto the moist compost as it is conveyed; (c) after having been conveyed a further distance, the combined moist compost and composting agent are discharged onto a pile; (d) the composting accelerator agent has a grain size 0.09 mm; (e) the agent is e.g. natural stone, volcanic ash, synthetic powder, maritime algae, wood ash, ground animal residues, kieselgur, diatomic earth, sand, ash, residues from food and drinks processing; (f) the biological waste has a moisture content 5-85 (preferably 50-80) %. Also claimed is an assembly for carrying out the process above.    USE -   The process and assembly are used to compost finely shredded organic waste especially as it occurs in market gardening or nurseries.    ADVANTAGE -   The composting process is accelerated, unwanted emissions are minimised, and the quality of the final product (compost) is enhanced.
The catalyst for selective hydrogenation of highly unsaturated hydrocarbon compounds contained in olefin compounds comprises palladium and alumina, in which the exposed faces of the palladium crystallites are mainly (100) or (110). Desorption peaks for the thermal desorption of adsorbed hydrogen are observed in the temperature ranges of 40-90C and 120-170C, and the ratio of the amount of desorbed hydrogen over the former range to the latter range is 4:6 to 3:7.    USE -   The catalyst is used in the petrochemical industry, for removing highly unsaturated hydrocarbons from olefin compounds prepared by naphtha steam cracking.    ADVANTAGE -   The catalyst does not cause hydrogenation of the olefin as a side reaction nor the precipitation of carbonaceous material, and gives highly pure olefinic compounds.
A biological reactor has a body (1) with fermentation chamber (2) in the lower part and gas cavity (3) in the upper part, connected to the gas collector (4), which has a floating bell (5), whose lower edge (6) is submerged in a hydraulic lock (7) made as two concentric cowlings (8,9), filled with water, and a solid phase fermenter (11) located on the outer side. A regenerative heat exchanger is located between cowlings (10,12), filled with packing (13), e.g. steel shavings, and whose lower part contains a gas burner (14) for biogas burning, and upper part (15) is connected to the greenhouse. The solid phase fermenter is provided with liquid supply manifold (16) in the upper part and drainage outlet pipe (17) in the lower part.    USE -   The reactor is used for production of manure biological gas heat for use in greenhouses.    ADVANTAGE -   The efficiency is increased.
The method, involving use of decomposing agents, uses the latter in form of aqueous medium, containing hydrocarbons-oxidising microorganisms, mineral salts necessary for their life, and 8-30C hydrocarbons. Utilisation of tributyl phosphate is preferably conducted within temperature range 15-30C.    USE -   In industrial waste processing technology, as a method of microbiological decomposition of xenobiotics, namely tributyl phosphate, widely used in hydrometallurgy and radiochemical industry as extracting agent for separation of metals and other chemical compounds.    ADVANTAGE -   The method allows microbiological decomposition of tributyl phosphate (which cannot be decomposed with microorganisms normally used in purification of aqueous effluents), and thus ensures effective neutralisation of effluents containing tributyl phosphate.
A gas detecting element is composed of a specific phthalocyanine compound. The phthalocyanine compound is dissolved in a water medium, and is applied onto a base having an electrode, to be used as a gas detecting element.    ADVANTAGE -   The gas detecting element has the sensitivity to reducing gases such as hydrogen, methane gas and carbon monoxide, etc..
Mixing blend system for cattle faeces and wet waste supplies fresh faeces and wet waste into a mixing blend machine together with a dry material such as sawdust or wood pieces. Useful microorganism is fed and they are mixed for a specified period to form a blend mixture. The blend mixture is transferred to a deposition area and cured for a specified period to form a treated blend mixture. Air is mixed in the treated blend mixture to accelerate fermentation to form a fertiliser and a part of the fertilizer is returned to the fresh faeces and to the dry material. The residual fertiliser is shipped as fertiliser.    USE -   The system is used to produce fertiliser.    ADVANTAGE -   The time required to form fertilizer can be reduced and the space necessary to form fertiliser can be reduced.
The film includes a ceramic porous body on surface of which thermosetting resin is applied. Then, the porous body with resin is heat treated at 550-1100 C under non-oxidising atmosphere. The blow hole rate of porous body with 80% or more carbon is 30- 80%. The diameter of the hole is 1 nm or less.    USE -   For use in gas chromatograph.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves separation and refining accuracy. Excels in heat resistance and chemical resistance. Enables to separate even corrosive gas. Enables usage for separation of nitrogen, oxygen, methane-hydrogen, propane-propylene, hydrogen- carbon monoxide, nitrogen-carbon dioxide and argon-oxygen.
The sensor (1) has a detection element (4) to sense the reaction heat generated during the combustion of a measured gas and to output a detection signal corresponding to the detected reaction heat. A bridge circuit (2) is equipped with a temperature compensating element (5) for compensating the temperature of the detection element. The input current of the bridge circuit is varied when the measurement gas having a fixed concentration exists in the measurement environment. The input current of the bridge circuit is varied for obtaining a large variation of the output voltage of the bridge circuit, when the measured gas does not exist in the measured environment. The temperature compensation of the detection element is performed, based on the normal output voltage variation of the bridge circuit.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies circuit composition. Enables to detect gas concentration, exactly and easily.
A device is used to treat an organic substance by ageing a primary treated substance to decompose an organic substance through activation of fine organisms under aerobic environment. The device to treat an organic substance into compost comprises an ageing tank (1) to hold an organic substance mainly under anaerobic environment and effect ageing; a heater (H) to heat the inner side of the ageing tank (1); a first containing part (11) juxtaposed with the upper part of the ageing tank (1) and containing the primary treated substance; a second containing part (12) to contain earth; a third containing part (13) to contain water; and delivery devices (S sub. 1, S sub. 2, S sub. 4)) to individually contain in the containing parts and deliver respective contained substances to the ageing tank (1).    ADVANTAGE -   A primary treated substance is reliably treated into compost in an ageing tank.
The disposing machine comprises a disposing tank pedestal (2); a rotating disposing tank (10) mounted on the disposing tank pedestal (2); a reducing drive gear (9) placed at the disposing tank bottom portion (3) while incorporating a disposing tank bottom roller (4), a rear side roller (5), a front left side roller (6), a front right side roller (7), and a driving motor gear (8); a belt gear (11) fixed to the outer periphery of the rotating disposing tank (10) so as to be engaged to the driving motor gear (8); a walled stirring blade (12) placed on the inside wall of the rotating disposing tank (10); a rain water inflow preventing slip cover (14) contacting to the periphery of an organic waste charging opening (13), a clean water storage tank (15) incorporating a clean water supply pipe (16) reaching to the lowest low-water level of a decomposition processing water (27); an excessive water transfer pipe (19), which is communicated to an air pump through an air supply pipe (18), connected between the highest water level in the rotating disposing tank (10) and a deodorant adding excessive water diffusing machine (20); and a heater (21) with a controller placed in the rotating disposing tank (10). The rotating disposing tank (10) is placed in an inclined state while placing the organic waste charging opening (13) at an upper position.    USE -   The equipment is suitable for disposing organic waste by using microorganisms contained in organic kitchen refuse.    ADVANTAGE -   Organic waste is disposed effectively by rotating a rotating disposing tank with a simple mechanism while providing safety.
The equipment comprises a disposing tank main body (3) supported on a disposing tank base plate (1) by a disposing tank pedestal (2), an organic waste crushing blade (7) provided on the bottom of the disposing tank main body (3) and rotated intermittently by a crushing blade drive machine (6), a charging opening cover (9) incorporating an air tight seal (8) hinged to the top of the disposing tank main body (3). An excess water discharging pipe (11) connected to an excessive water outlet (10) on the top portion of the disposing tank main body (3) is connected to an ultrasonic excessive water diffusing unit (12) incorporating a deodorant adding unit. A clean water storage tank (16) is provided in the disposing tank main body (3) while incorporating a clean water supply pipe (17) for supplying clean water to the lowest low-water level of a decomposition processing water (18). A heater (19) incorporating controller, which is ables to increase temperature of the decomposition process ing water (18) to 75C temporarily while alternating temperature of the decomposition processing water (18) between a 25C level and 40C level during a normal operation, is fixed to the outer periphery of the disposing tank main body (3). A decomposition accelerating agent adding unit (22) incorporating a decomposition accelerating agent injection pipe (23) is provided in the top portion of the disposing tank main body (3). An exhaust suction pipe (24) penetrating the top portion of the disposing tank main body (3) is connected to an exhaust fan (26), which is operated together with opening of the charging opening cover (9), through a deodorising unit (25).    USE -   The equipment is suitable for disposing organic waste by using microorganisms contained in organic kitchen refuse.    ADVANTAGE -   Organic waste is disposed effectively by a simple mechanism while providing safety for pathogenic bacteria.
The disposing machine comprises a disposing machine main body (16) mounted on a disposing base (18) while incorporating a horizontal cylindrical processing tank (1) housing a decomposing medium agent of mixed wooden powder with implanted microorganism and an inorganic moisture absorbent and a crusher (40) provided on the outside of the main body, a stirring shaft (4) supported by a left side and a right side processing tank walls (2, 3), curved stirring blades (7) fixed to the stirring shaft (4) while incorporating claws (7a), a kitchen refuse charging opening (28) incorporating a water tight charging opening cover (30), an air inlet (11) and an exhaust outlet (12) provided on a front side top wall and a rear side top wall respectively, a filtering unit (13) placed between the processing tank (1) and the disposing main body (16) while connected to an exhaust pipe (15) communicated to the outside of the disposing machine main body, an air supply unit (21) placed between the processing tank (1) and the machine main body (16), a display panel (33a) for indicating inside states of the processing tank (1), and an electrical control board (34) for controlling operation of the stirring shaft (4). The crusher (40) is connected to the processing tank (1) through a solid-liquid separator (43) so as to charge crushed kitchen refuse from the crusher (40) to the processing tank (1) by a spiral blade with attached brush of the solid-liquid separator (43) by force.    USE -   The machine is suitable for preventing environmental contamination.    ADVANTAGE -   Decomposition of the kitchen refuse can be performed by using water component contained in the kitchen refuse without requiring humidifying of the decomposing medium agent.
Deodorisation of organic refuse comprises: (i) drilling an exhaust hole near the opening of an ejection pipe wall of a refuse container; (ii) sucking out moist air in the container from the exhaust hole to give a negative pressure; and (iii) humidifying with a peat bed upon which are fixed deodorising microorganisms.    ADVANTAGE -   The process is inexpensive.
An electric power generation system (2) including electrically connected fuel cells (6) each incorporating anodes (10) and cathodes (12), first passages (14) partly defined by the anodes, second passages (16) partly defined by the cathodes, third passages (28,30) connected to inlets to the first passages for supplying their associated anodes with a fuel gas, and fourth passages (38,40) connected to inlets to the second passages to supply their associated cathodes with an oxidising gas.    The passages are arranged such that: (i) an anode exhaust gas from a first group (14a) of the first passages is kept separate from the anode exhaust gas from a second group (14b) formed by other first passages, with fifth passages (48b) conveying the anode exhaust gas from the second group of first passages to the third passages for supplying fuel gas to the inlets to the first passage; and/or (ii) a cathode exhaust gas from a first group (16a) of the second passages is kept separate from the cathode exhaust gas from a second group (16b) formed by the other second passages, with sixth passages (44a,46a) conveying the cathode exhaust gas from the second group of the second passages to the fourth passages for supply the oxidising gas to the inlets to the second passages.    The fuel gas pref. includes at least one hydrocarbon gas capable of being converted to molecular hydrogen by a reforming reaction which takes place in the first passages containing a reforming reaction catalyst in an amount graded or varied along the first passages. Pref. the hydrocarbon gas is methane and the fuel gas is natural gas. Each fuel cell is pref. a solid oxide fuel cell or a molten carbonate fuel cell.    ADVANTAGE -   The fuel-cell power generator gives a better stack efficiency and temperature distribution, by avoiding the formation of hot spots at the corner region furthest from both the fuel gas and oxidising gas inlets.
A quasi-azeotropic mixture containing 35-58 wt.% propane and 42-65 wt.% 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFR134a) is claimed.    USE -   Used as a fluid for refrigeration or air conditioning (claimed).
A composition containing a solid hydrocarbon subliming easily at room temperature (or slightly above) together with a carrier of higher vapour pressure comprises:(A) 1-50 wt.% cyclododecane and/or menthol; and (B) a propellant gas comprising butane and/or propane and/or methane and/or ethane as the carrier gas.    USE -   Such aerosol is useful for forming water and weather resistant temporary markings on walls etc.    ADVANTAGE -   The markings evaporate off after a specified time to leave no residue and are suitable for advertising forthcoming events etc.
Treatment of residual and especially domestic waste, similar trade wastes, bulky refuse and sewage sludge, comprises mechanical treatment followed by biological treatments. These are followed by a further mechanical treatment to predetermined grading. Mineral material is substituted in building materials, especially in the ceramic industries, in road construction, for mining industry infill or in waste dump recultivation using residual waste    ADVANTAGE -   The volume of the waste is reduced to a minimum for disposal. It is put to useful purposes as described, and can replace minerals, reducing the costs of construction materials. Fuel uses are also indicated. Biogas and water are extracted from bio-processing.
Activated carbon composition comprises a mixture of: (a) a first activated carbon with pore sizes, pore vols. and pore surface areas sufficient to selectively adsorb fluids of mol. diameters 4-4000 and (b) a second activated carbon with pore sizes, pore vols. and pore surface areas sufficient to selectively adsorb fluids of mol. diameters 4-4000 . The pore size distribution in (b) that selectively adsorbs fluids of mol. diameters 4-15 is more than that of (a). (b) is in an amount sufficient to provide a methane working capacity in the mixture greater than that of (a).    Also claimed is a method for increasing the methane working capacity or methane adsorption of a first activated carbon involves mixing with a second activated carbon as above.    Preferably the pore size distribution of pores is 100-4000 in the first activated carbon which is greater than in the second activated carbon. The first activated carbon is obtained from coal, preferably bituminous and/or subbituminous coal, and the second is obtained from coconut shells.    USE -   For use in separation of fluids by adsorption e.g. pressure swing adsorption, especially in separation of methane, carbon dioxide and hydrogen from fuel gas reactions or gas streams obtained from catalytic cracking of gasoline products, or for the recovery of methane from inorganic gases in biogas production.    ADVANTAGE -   Increases methane working capacity and adsorption of the activated carbon composition.
Method for producing wood charcoal by pyrolysis of wood products, or vegetable biomasses in general, comprises (a) loading the wood products onto transport trolleys; (b) introducing the trolley, which contains the wood products, in a treatment tunnel in which a pyrolysis chamber is formed; (c) indirectly heating the wood products inside the pyrolysis chamber until pyrolysis of the wood products is obtained, with continuous extraction, from the pyrolysis chamber, of the gas generated by the pyrolysis process; and (d) extracting the trolley from the tunnel to unload from the trolleys the charcoal that constitutes the residue of the pyrolysis of the wood products.    Also claimed is an apparatus for producing vegetable charcoal by pyrolysis of wood products or vegetable biomasses in general.    USE -   Producing wood charcoal by pyrolysis of wood-like products or biomass.    ADVANTAGE -   The high thermal efficiency of the wood charcoal process simplifies the energy recovery and purification of pyrolysis gases, avoiding partial combustion of the raw material and having an extremely low emission of pollutants into the atmosphere well below environmental standards.
The method involves using combustible wastes which is compression moulded to form solid fuel. Alkaline ashes and flying ashes obtained by the incineration of municipal solid waste is used as an additive to the combustible wastes. The alkalinity of the solid fuel is made sufficient by adding slaked lime. The solid fuel is recycled by adding additive from wastes after each combustion.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces problem of collecting flying ash. Obtains stabilized solid fuel.
The method involves performing primary crushing of garbage. The general garbage after the primary crushing is then dried. Metal from the garbage is removed by a magnetic separation technique. The solid substance in the garbage is then removed using an undulating classifier. A secondary crushing of film like objects and small diameter objects is carried out to get a secondary crushing garbage. Heavy articles are removed from the small diameter objects to obtain a light weight objects. The solid substance has also been removed. The secondary crushing garbage and the light weight objects are mixed with lime to manufacture a fuel. The solidification is carried out by forming cycle process to get a solid fuel.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves operation efficiency. Improves fuel characteristics. Obtains good quality fuel from common garbage.
The method involves mixing incineration ash and flying ash generated by incinerating industrial waste, with aluminium oxide, granules and inflammable medium. Small solid ash pellets obtained during the process, are recycled    ADVANTAGE -   Provides efficient and economic reduction of bulk wastes. Reduces public hazard. Performs complete solidification of ash. Enables reusing solid pellets for road surfacing, construction of road pavements and cushioning material for sewer line construction.
An adjuvant for production of compost having connected pores.    ADVANTAGE -   Has improved aeration rate for smooth fermentation with reduced times of turnover.
Preparation of compost from biological solid organic wastes comprises (1) mixing primary fermented compost and seed culture of secondary fermented compost, optionally containing biological solid organic wastes, (2) blowing with oxygen containing gas during turnover process and adding low molecular weight microbiological stimulator with optional addition of raw waste, compost, active sludge of microorganisms, paper, plants and their ash and (3) fermenting.    Addition of microorganisms is preferably effected by spraying aqueous solution and supply of the ash and seed culture is effected in the same supply line or nearby supply lines.    ADVANTAGE -   Smooth fermentation is effected with reduced production cost due to use of burned ash.
Petroleum derived compounds are decomposed with bacteria in a culture base. The decomposed products are removed from the culture base (ir)regularly; then new culture base containing at least one nitrogen source and at least one phosphorus source and new bacteria capable of decomposing the compounds are added to the culture base.    USE -   For decomposing petroleum derived pollutants contained in soil, underground water, river water, or sea water.    ADVANTAGE -   Soil, underground water, river water, or sea water polluted with petroleum derived compounds is cleaned in a cost-effective manner.
The equipment comprises a disposal tank main body (1) incorporating a porous rotating inner tank (3) with a belt-shaped gear (2) supported by rotating rollers (4) in a rotation free manner; an inner tank drive machine (6) provided at the outside of the disposal tank main body (1), a drive gear (7) fixed to an inner tank drive shaft penetrating the disposal tank main body (1) and engaged to the belt-shaped gear (2); and an expansible joint (9) fixed to a charging opening (8), which is connected to a unprocessed waste storing tank (13) incorporating a waste automatic carrying machine (20), of the disposal tank main body (1). A solid residue discharging machine (13) is provided in the disposal tank main body (1) at a solid residue discharging outlet side and an air release pipe (14) penetrating the top portion of the disposal tank main body (1) is connected to a deodorant unit (15). A water supply pipe (19) incorporating a water supply valve (18) is provided so as to penetrate the disposal tank main body (1) through a solenoid valve (21) operated by a water level sensor (20). A decomposing processing water temperature meter (22), a water feeding cleaning pipe (23), and a decomposing processing water temperature controlling heating unit (24) are provided in the disposal tank main body (1) and the decomposing processing water containing an organic matter decomposing effective microorganism group, an organic matter decomposing effective enzyme group, and an unwanted bacteria propagation preventing agent is charged in the disposal tank main body (1).    USE -   The equipment is suitable as a versatile waste disposal equipment.    ADVANTAGE -   Various waste with mixed organic matter and inorganic matter can be disposed by a simple mechanism.
Organic waste decomposing apparatus e.g. for domestic waste and livestock secretions e.g. cow-dung includes a storage tank (1) which has an outer wall (1A) with a planar cross section of an elliptical shape. A partition wall (1B) is positioned longitudinally in the central part of the tank, in parallel and in alignment with the upper edge of the outer wall. A guide (2A) is positioned along the outer wall edge and another guide (2B) is positioned on the partition wall guide. The waste material (M) is put into the tank on both sides of the partition wall. An agitator (3) comprising a sifter (4) which is suspended into the waste material and a motor (6) for driving the sifter for sifting up the waste is positioned on a trolley (4). The trolley has a pair of outer transit rollers (11) supported on the outer wall guide and a single inner transit roller (10) supported on the partition wall guide. When the sifter motor is actuated, the waste material is sifted from the front side and thrown over behind a shock plate (7) behind the sifter. By the pressure of waste material on the shock plate, the trolley moves forward sifting through the waste. When the trolley reaches the end of the partition wall, it uses it as a pivoting point and wheels around the outer wall guide to move into the other side of the partition wall.    ADVANTAGE -   A separate driver for transit of the agitator around the tank is eliminated. Continuous fermentation may be effected by moving the agitator in one direction.
The composition is made of biodegradable plastic foam, partic. polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), synthetic starch, low molecular wt. polyethylene glycol (PEG), polyglycolic acid or polymalic acid, and microorganism preparations.    ADVANTAGE -   Long lasting smooth degradation of raw refuse without volume increase or tarry substance.
Waste substance decomposition disposal device comprises a storage tank (2) to store organic waste (M) at the inside, an agitator (5) moved in the storage tank and agitating fermenting organic waste conveyed in the storage tank. The agitator (5) comprises an endless winding body (8) wound around and between a pair of sprockets (6, 7) positioned away from each other, flite members (10) in spots in the rotation peripheral direction of the endless winding body and a cleaning mechanism (24) for organic waste adhered to the flite member in a position other than the front side in the advancing direction of the agitator. With the endless winding body rotationally driven, the flite member is cleaned by a cleaning mechanism.    ADVANTAGE -   Decrease of the amount of organic waste scratched up by a flite member is prevented.
Fermentation disposal of waste comprises continuously charging waste in a fermentation tank. The weight of waste charged in the fermentation tank is measured and a decreased target value is reset each time according to a charge amount. By vaporising and removing the moisture content so that a decrease value is adjusted to a value equal to a target value, waste water content in the waste is maintained at a value within a range suitable for aerobic fermentation.    The weight of waste is preferably measured by a load cell at the lower part of a fermentation tank and the load cell continues to measure the weight of the fermentation tank and the weight of the waste is output to a control part. When the weight measured by the load cell is charged, the control part recognises the change amount as a new waste charge amount. A decreased target weight of waste corresponding to an amount equivalent to the increase of the weight is computed and indication is output to a moisture content vaporising device. The moisture content is removed so that a decreased weight reaches a target weight.    ADVANTAGE -   Fermentation is effected as aerobic fermentation of waste with different charge amounts and charge times is automatically maintained.
The method involves putting the waste with a chlorine component and an additive which reacts into an air-tight tank (1) and the tank is closed with an air-tight opening-closing switching cover (2). The dry distillation processes is performed by inserting the tank among several heating coils (3) and heating to a predetermined temperature. The open air is interrupted from the tank during the dry distillation process. The chlorine component is fixed to the process ashes and eliminated from being included in the generation gas during the dry distillation process.    ADVANTAGE -   Facilitates using drums of various sizes as air-tight tank. Eliminates need to perform dechlorination of gas. Realises application with small scale waste treatment facilities. Simplifies treatment of ashes after fixation of chlorine and removal effectively without requiring washing. Eliminates need for extra-ordinarily large scale installation. Facilitates installation capacities of below 10 t/day for towns, villages, common industry and specialisation facilities. Contributes to protection of environment from pollution.
The method involves mixing two kinds of predetermined materials which tend to react differently with chlorine component present in waste material at a predetermined temperature zone, is mixed with the waste material. The mixture is subjected to heat processing for fixing the chlorine component in the process ash.    ADVANTAGE -   Eliminates generation of chlorine gas during heat treatment. Enables to use remnant gas as fuel of gas engines and as heating source for water heater.
The apparatus has a cylindrical body (12) in which a set of through holes for inserting an object to be processed, is provided. The cylindrical body is rotated along the central axis which is supported by a rotary body (20).    The rotary body is rotated such that the inner peripheral surface of the cylindrical body is contacted by the rotary body. Thereby, the processed material adhering onto the inner peripheral surface of the cylindrical body is removed.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables to remove processed material, reliably. Prevents reduction of sorting efficiency. Prevents clogging of through hole.
A new amorphous alloy catalyst is given by oxidizing and reducing a precursor amorphous alloy and is used for CO2 conversion into CH4. The precursor amorphous alloy contains (1) Zr and one or at least two rare earth elements selected from Y, La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Gd, Tb, or Dy and the remainder is Co and/or Ni. Zr is at least 8 atom%. The rare earth element is up to 5 atom%. The total of Zr and rare earth element is up to 80 atom% or (2) Zr, one or at least two elements selected from Ti, Nb, or Ta and one or at least two elements selected from Y, La, Ce, Nb, Sm, Gd, Tb, or Dy and the remainder is Co and/or Ni. Zr is at least 8 atom%. The rare earth element is up to 5 atom%. The total of Zr, Ti, Nb or Ta, and rare earth element is up to 80 atom%.    USE -    For converting CO2 into CH4and reducing green house effect.    ADVANTAGE -    A larger amt. of CO2 is converted into CH4at an atmospheric press.
The methanol reforming fuel cell system comprises a methanol reforming device, a hydrogen purity improving device using a hydrogen occluding alloy, and a fuel cell.    USE -   The carbon monoxide removing device is used as a methanol reforming fuel cell.    ADVANTAGE -   The methanol reforming fuel cell system is provided with a small size carbon monoxide removing device.
Fermentation drying apparatus for processing animal and plants waste has an upper tank (1) in which the process object like animal waste or plant waste are stored. The process object is agitated by a stir unit (18). The predetermined temperature is maintained in the upper tank.    A part of fermented waste is stored in a storage unit (3) that is arranged in the bottom of the upper tank. The waste is ejected to a lower tank (2) from the upper tank by an ejection unit. The fermented waste is dried in the lower tank.    USE -   For manufacturing fertilizers.    ADVANTAGE -   Facilitates maintenance of optimum conditions for fermentation in upper tank. Improves efficiency of fermentation process.
An apparatus for reducing concentration of carbon monoxide included in a carbon monoxide-containing hydrogen-rich gas consists of: (i) a carbon monoxide selective oxidation reaction unit including a predetermined amount of a catalyst for accelerating a selective oxidation reaction of carbon monoxide, (ii) oxidising gas introduction unit for introducing an oxidising gas containing oxygen for oxidising carbon monoxide into the reaction unit, (iii) gas supply unit for feeding the hydrogen-rich gas containing carbon monoxide into the reaction unit and (iv) a catalyst amount control unit for regulating an amount of carbon monoxide selective oxidising catalyst actually involved in the selective oxidation reaction of carbon monoxide amount a total amount of catalyst, based on the amount of carbon monoxide included in the hydrogen-rich gas. A method of reducing concentration of carbon monoxide in a hydrogen-rich gas is also claimed and comprises: (a) mixing an oxidising gas containing oxygen for oxidising carbon monoxide with the hydrogen-rich gas; and (b) utilising a carbon monoxide selective oxidation catalyst to accelerate the selective oxidation reaction of carbon monoxide, thus reducing the concentration of carbon monoxide in the hydrogen-rich gas mixture, and further includes (b-1) regulating an amount of the catalyst actually involved in the reaction based on an amount of carbon monoxide in the hydrogen-rich gas.    USE -   For reducing the concentration of carbon monoxide in a hydrogen-rich gas e.g. in a fuel-cell system.    ADVANTAGE -   Ensures sufficient catalyst activity for selective oxidation of carbon monoxide thus significantly reducing the concentration of carbon monoxide in the gas.
Process for anaerobic fermentation of clarifier sludge in which the sludge is subjected to physical-chemical deflocculation.    USE -    In the process for treatment of urban effluent waters with aerobic microorganisms, for secondary conversion of clarifier sludge into useful biogas (methane + CO2) and to reduce the amount of sludge for ultimate disposal.    ADVANTAGE -   Deflocculation of the sludge prior to fermentation increases the efficiency of conversion of the sludge, gives higher energy recovery in the form of methane, and reduces the amount of residual sludge for disposal.
The gas consists of a mixture containing 40-60 wt% of isobutane and 60-40 wt% of propane.    ADVANTAGE -   Transfers refrigerant gas quickly and smoothly. Improves energy efficiency.
An organic substance is charged in a disposal tank (1) to contain a carrier to culture microorganisms and be maintain at a given temp.. The organic substance is agitated at intervals of a given period together with the carrier by operation of an agitator (4) arranged at the disposal tank (1) and decomposition disposal is effected through activation of the microorganisms.    In an organic disposal device, a pair of the disposal tanks (1) are provided. A disposal mode switching device (51) is provided to collectively switch the disposal tanks into a compost ageing mode to keep the inside of one disposal tank (1) mainly in anaerobic atmosphere and into a decomposition disposal mode to keep the inside of the other disposal tank (1) mainly in aerobic atmosphere so that operation periods of at least the respective agitating devices (4) are differed in length from each other.    ADVANTAGE -   Need for switching operation by a user is eliminated and ease of use is improved.
Composting of cattle shed waste bedding includes the following steps: the bedding is crushed; subjected to steaming treatment; decomposed by aerobic soil bacteria; and dried.    USE -   Used to compost cattle shed waste bedding being mixed with faeces of cattle.    ADVANTAGE -   Cattle shed waste bedding can be composted in a short time without scattering malodours.
A steam modifier comprises a catalyst pipe (50) arranged in atmosphere through which a high temp. heating medium flows and having one end from which raw material gas mixed with steam and hydrocarbon gas is mixed is fed and the other end being closed; an inner pipe (62) having one end positioned near the other end, being closed, of the catalyst pipe (59) and the other end positioned at the outside of the catalyst pipe (59); and a catalyst (65) with which a gap between the inside surface of the catalyst pipe (59) and the outside surface of the inner pipe (62). One end part of the catalyst pipe (59) is removably covered with a raw material fluid chamber forming drum (46) provided with at the inside with a raw material gas chamber (85). The other end of the inner pipe (62) is removably connected to a generation gas header (55), arranged along the peripheral wall of the inside of a raw gas chamber (85), through an extension pipe (63).    ADVANTAGE -   A catalyst is simply exchanged.
The method involves feeding mixed raw material (1) consisting of raw sludge (2), pulp incineration ash (3), wood chips (4) and wood vinegar (5) to a primary chamber (6) for primary fermentation. The mixture of raw materials is discharged from the primary chamber to a secondary chamber (8) for secondary fermentation through an inclined chute (7). The mixed raw material from the secondary chamber is introduced to a kiln (9) for third order fermentation. The smoke generated by carbonisation from a carbonisation apparatus (10) is exhausted to the kilns.    ADVANTAGE -   Solves environmental pollution problems for handling contractors and district governing bodies. Provides economy by reducing average work of labour.
The method involves forming a reaction system with the soil contaminated with chlorinated ethylene compounds, such as trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene. An anaerobic microorganism and an aerobic bacteria are made to live together in the reaction system. The anaerobic microorganism is subsequently made to be active first. The aerobic bacteria adjusts the environmental condition so as to control the activity temporarily. The chlorination degree of the organic chlorine compound is decreased by applying a 'de-aversion' chlorination by the anaerobic microorganism.    The environmental condition is subsequently adjusted so that only the aerobic bacteria is made active in the reaction system. The aerobic bacteria decomposes the low chlorinated organic compound into carbon dioxide, water and chlorine ions.    USE -   In processing industrial liquid waste and contaminated underground water.    ADVANTAGE -   Achieves highly efficient microorganism treatment for high concentrations of tetrachloroethylene existing in soil.
The machine comprises a perforated rotating inner tank (3) with a belt-shaped gear (2) housed in a disposal tank main body (1) in a rotation free manner by rotating rollers (4), an inner tank drive unit (5) provided on the outside of the disposal tank main body (1) so as to make a drive gear (7) fixed to an inner tank drive shaft penetrating the tank main body (1) engaged with the belt-shaped gear (2), a charging and discharging opening (8) with a fixed water tight packing (9), a charging and discharging cover with a protruding portion (11) fixed to the charging and discharging opening (8), fixed position maintaining rollers provided in the disposal tank main body (1) at the inner part wall (12) and the charging and discharging opening (8) side so as to contact to both end portions of the perforated rotating inner tank (3), an exhaust pipe (14) penetrating the top portion of the disposal tank main body (1) and connected to a deodorising unit (15), a disposal tank main body drain valve (16) penetrating through a lower potion of the disposal tank main body (1) and connected to a decomposing water transfer pipe (17), a suction pipe (19) with a water supply valve (18) penetrating the disposal tank main body (1) through an electromagnetic valve (21) operated by a level sensor (20), a decomposing water temperature gauge (22), a safety valve (23), and a decomposing water temperature controlling heating unit (24). Either an organic matter decomposition effective microorganism group or an organic matter decomposition effective enzyme group independently or mixture of both of them are placed in the disposal tank main body (1) after adding a decomposing water containing a propagation preventing agent for unwanted bacteria.    USE -   The machine is suitable for disposal of organic kitchen refuse by using microorganisms.    ADVANTAGE -   Various organic waste can be decomposed and disposed by a simple mechanism.
A fermentation rotary drum (5) rotationally driven by a motor (3) and having an interior kept at a fermentation temperature by a fan forced heater (4), and a direct generator (6) to feed drive power to the motor (3) and the fan forced heater (4) are arranged on an On-vehicle frame (2). The fermentation rotary drum (5) is a drum body (5c) having one end face being closed and the other end face released. A rotation centre is rotatably supported to be brought into a horizontal state and a helical rib (12) is provided on a peripheral surface. A cover plate (8) is positioned in a non-contact state facing the release surface of the drum body (5c). A refuse charge port (9) and a scratch-out port (11) for a fermentation product are formed in the cover plate (8).    ADVANTAGE -   Time required for recovery and conveyance of refuse is diverted to a time for fermentation treatment, so that efficiency is greatly improved.
Organic waste is decomposed by aerobic fermentation by bacteria, added with either cpd. of triammonium phosphate, diammonium hydrogen phosphate, ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, or their hydrated cpd.    USE -   The decomposition promoting agent is used to treat organic waste.    ADVANTAGE -   The decomposition promoting agent can decompose organic waste in situ and in a short period, without complicated carbon/nitrogen ratio adjustment and pH adjustment.
A bad odour degrading microorganism comprises Pseudomonas sp. N-TMS-5 (FERM P-15525), for treatment of aq. waste contg. alcohols, ketones, ethers and esters with bad odour.    ADVANTAGE -   Effective waste water treatment contg. bad odour solvent(s) including active sludge.
A solfits degrading microorganism comprises Corynebacterium sp. N-TTS-2 (FERM P-15524).    USE -   Useful for effective waste water treatment contg. bad odour solfits and solvents for paints.
Oil/fat-decomposing bacteria comprises Hansenula fabianii J640(FERM P-15154).    USE -   Oil/fat-containing waste water(e.g. food-manufacturing water, or machine oil-containing or petroleum-containing waste water) is purified, using Hansenula fabianii J640.
A garbage disposal device, comprises: (a) a crushing part (2) located at the bottom of a kitchen sink; and (b) a decomposition tank (3) filled with a filter medium (6), comprising microorganisms that aerobically decompose organic matter, connected to a sewage pipe (7).    The crushing part (2), consists of a central charge port (9) connected to the sink bottom; and a crush cutter part (12), and is connected to the decomposition tank (3). A groove (10) connected directly to the sewage pipe is formed in the outer periphery part of the charge port (9).    USE -   The device is used for garbage disposal and requires no maintenance. (EL)
In the manufacture of a synthetic natural gas by recovering methane-rich gas using PSA which adsorbs and separates carbon dioxide from a mixed gas containing methane, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and H2 by repeating adsorption and desorption, the improvement comprises that the reduced pressure of the methane-rich gas on PSA is controlled according to the operation load so that the methane-rich gas after separation treatment contains a certain concentration of carbon dioxide regardless of the operation load.    ADVANTAGE -   The manufacturing method can give synthetic natural gas containing a certain amount of carbon dioxide by utilising carbon dioxide separation by PSA method and by getting over or alleviating the weaknesses of PSA, resulting in keeping combustibility of city gas constant.
Organic refuse processing apparatus has an accommodation container (1) in which organic refuse is dumped. An openable cover (4) is provided in the accommodation container to insert organic refuse. A fungus body is added to the organic refuse for fermentation.    A pair of rotatable strip-shaped stir blade units (16,17) is spirally provided in the accommodation container, to stir the refuse. A heater (19) is operated and the organic refuse is heated for activating fermentation carried out by the fungus body.    ADVANTAGE -   The apparatus reduces recovery amount of organic waste, considerably and gives compost as product of fermentation process.
The fluid filter unit (1), with at least one pleated filter element (2), has the end sides (12) of the pleated filter element (2) next to the cylindrical housing wall (13,13') of at least one of the two sections (4,5) of the housing (3). A sealing mass (14) gives a fluid-tight bond between them.    USE -   The filter is for applications in biotechnology, genetic technology, the pharmaceutical and chemical and beverages and food industries. It can be used as a disposable filter for laboratories, as a scale-up filter, and for fitting with membrane adsorbers for material recovery.    ADVANTAGE -   The filter unit is compact, with pleated filter elements using few components and min. zones to be sealed.
Pre-treatment prepares waste for incineration. Light material of high calorific value is separated mechanically. A composing or fermentation process follows. Heavy and inert materials, and residual, high calorific value light materials are screened-off. The remainder is sent for incineration.    USE -   The method is used to prepare mixed wastes for incineration.    ADVANTAGE -   The process reduces the thermal capacity of incineration plant required. It also selects and homogenises the waste, preventing process instability during incineration. The process has the significant advantage of reducing both the mass and energy content of the materials to be incinerated, in a low-cost process. Both these factors reduce the size of incinerator required. The material becomes relatively dry and uniform. Thus highly effective fluidised combustion plant can be used, producing a relatively clean flue gas.
Biogas or landfill gas is collected using gas collecting units (2) disposed in a landfill site. They are connected to a collecting station (4) by conduits (3). A subpressure is generated in the station (4). The collected gas fuels an internal combustion engine (6), preferably used to power an electric generator. The suction side (7) of the engine is connected to the conduits to generate the subpressure required for gas collection.    USE -   For utilising biogas or landfill gases from a waste site.    ADVANTAGE -   The system is of simple construction with low investment costs enabling the energy content of the gases to be recovered economically.
Aerobic gram positive bacterium (A) forming coccoid rods and capable of degrading trichloroethylene (I) has the following properties: (1) positive to catalase test and the rod-coccus cycle, and (2) negative for spore formation, motility, oxidase test, acid resistance, aerial mycelium formation, glycocyl test (acetyl type) and mycolic acid. (A) has a meso-diaminopimelic acid peptide-glycan type cell wall and comprises the major isoprenoid quinone MK-9 with a trace of MK-9(H2), and has 73 mole% GC content in its DNA (by high performance liquid chromatography).    Also claimed are:    (1) decomposing organic halogen and/or aromatic compounds in soil, waste water or other waste materials by treating with a sterilised culture of bacteria able to decompose these compounds, and    (2) any bacterium (B) able to decompose these compounds obtained from (A) by mutation and selection.    USE -   (A) and (B) are used to degrade hologenated and/or aromatic compounds in soil.    ADVANTAGE -   (A) decompose (I) more efficiently than known microorganisms, consuming 30 ppm (I) completely in 24 hours. Sterilised formulations can be used without the need to add cofactors to maintain enzymatic activity (reducing costs and environmental effects).
Thermophilic aerobic fermentation of an aqueous mixture of the waste by naturally occurring thermophilic microorganisms is initiated by heating with an external source to a temperature suitable for the growth and proliferation of the thermophilic microorganism. The mixture is continuously oxygenated.    USE -   The process is for the fermentation of organic wastes e.g. animal faecal matter, bakery waste, waste from fruit and vegetables, food wastes from animals, tannery waste, leaves, weeds, trees, shrubs and wood refuse. The wastes are converted into useable end products, e.g. animal feed, animal feed supplements, fertilisers or soil conditioners.    ADVANTAGE -   The process is not initiated by inoculation and therefore uses microorganisms naturally present in the waste which are consequently more compatible with it. The process is relatively insensitive to the pH of the waste and operates over a wide pH range without the necessity of adding pH adjusting agents.
Recycling of resources of organic wastes comprises (1) adjusting the water content of organic wastes, (2) preparing compost, (3) partial carbonisation of the compost and (4) mixing organic wastes with the compost and/or carbonised compost, particularly as a deodorant, for adjustment of water content.    Addition of carbon rich raw material to organic wastes followed by carbonisation preferably gives a carbonised product with high absorption capacity.    USE -   The compost is used as a soil conditioner with improved absorbing capacity.
In the refining processes of hydrogen gas contg. carbon monoxide by making the mixture of it and oxygen to contact with the oxidation catalyst (A) of carbon monoxide, the catalyst is treated with the gas whose main constituent is hydrogen prior to its use. Reaction temp. of the processes in (1) is higher than the temp. of the air. (A) in (1) is Ru.    USE -   Used for refining hydrogen used in PEFC type fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -   This system can be started at room temp. without using heater, so that the fuel cell system in which this system is installed can be started at the lower temp. than those of conventional methods.
Waste disposal device has an agitating claw shaft (4) having agitating claws (4) rotatably supported in a fermentation container (3) having a charge cover (20). A suction blower (8) to feed hot air to the inside is attached to the fermentation container (3). Fermentation treatment is effected by fed hot air as waste in the fermentation container (3) is agitated by the agitating claw (5). Opening and closing of the charge cover (20) are detected. Based on detection, a drive motor (7) to rotate the agitating claw shaft (4) is controlled so that the motor is driven after a lapse of a specified time. A drive time for the drive motor (7) to rotate the agitating claw shaft (4) is regulated.    ADVANTAGE -   Odour of waste is not generated and fermentation efficiency is improved.
Fermentation tank for organic wastes is made of insulating and air permeable side walls, particularly fibrous or felt walls and fermentation of organic wastes particularly heaped up at 30-60 cm height is effected.    ADVANTAGE -   Production of compost is effected rapidly without malodour. In an example, in a fermentation tank made of polypropylene felt walls, organic wastes were heaped up at 50 cm height and fermented. Compost was prepared in 2.3 weeks, while conventional method required 3.3 weeks to give compost.
Level detector of organic substance processing apparatus e.g. for waste from kitchens of restaurant and home detects surface level of microorganism carrier (A) raised due to progressing of decomposition of the organic substance by activity of microorganism inside a processing tank (1). A base end of a detection stick (51) is supported by a support bracket (50) provided in interior portion of an upper lid (3) so that the stick is suspended towards the microorganism carrier. A float (52) is attached at end of the detection stick, and it faces surface of the microorganism carrier which is inserted into processing tank via an insertion opening.    When the surface level of the carrier is raised, then the detection stick is pressed by the float. The undulation of the detection stick is detected by a detecting part based on which surface level of microorganism carrier is detected.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids malfunctioning by adhesion of carrier. Avoids obstruction due to existence of detection stick during insertion of organic substance.
System for burning organic waste materials using a modular assembly held in vacuum without oxygen comprises a washing tunnel (100) containing a washing cylinder (2) where the organic materials are entrained and mixed, a carbonisation tunnel (200) containing a carbonising cylinder (4) heated from outside to a high temperature and in which the organic material is turned into gas and hot soot, and a cooling tunnel (300) containing a cooling cylinder (6) in which the hot soot is cooled. The washing tunnel and the carbonisation tunnel are connected by a first shaft (3) with a rotating distributor (3'). The carbonisation tunnel and the cooling tunnel are connected by a second shaft (5) with a rotating distributor (5').    ADVANTAGE -   This system can be fuelled by treated timber, tyres and other materials that cannot be burned elsewhere.
A compost container, which can be assembled as a building box system, comprises a mantle of light concrete plate walls which can be located directly on the ground. The parallel side walls(3) and the rear wall (2) consist of prefinished light concrete plates, with a non-rusting reinforcement (16). The container corners (14) have connection points, and the plates have ventilation openings (17).    Use - The arrangement is used as a compost container.    Advantage - The arrangement is economical to produce, and has a long life.
Production of a peat-like compost from organic materials comprises composting dead and collected fern fronds for microbial decomposition over 2-5 years.    USE -   The shredded compost is used for making pressed pots (claimed). It is also useful for horticultural purposes.    ADVANTAGE -   Existing peat substitutes are not suitable for organic cultivation of ornamental and garden plants, especially lime-hating high moorland plants, which require an acidic, structurally stable humus. The compost made from fern fronds is suitable for these plants and also salt-sensitive plants. It also meets the requirement for optimum gas exchange and can be modified with additives to suit the requirements of individual plants.
A high heating value fuel product is prepared by removing dried sewage from a secondary treatment system of a sewage processing plant and blending it with a hydrocarbon material having a heating value of more than 7,000 BTU, the dried sewage sludge being between 10 and 50 % of the weight of the hydrocarbon containing material. A monomeric polyalcohol is then mixed with the blend and a lime-containing pozzolanic agent is also introduced added to the mixture which is e.g. pelletised.    USE -   For producing a fuel product for use in e.g. 'wet process' cement kilns.    ADVANTAGE -   Hazardous and non-hazardous domestic sludge and waste is disposed of as a easily handled, solid high heating value fuel product.
Apparatus comprises a cylindrical body (1) with suction and pressure pipes (2,3), a rotor (4) with alternating longitudinal protrusions (5) and indentations (6) on its side surface (7), forming a circular channel (14) with the body inner surface.    The body is provided with an elastic plate in contact with its inner surface and provided with longitudinal protrusions and indentations. The body inner surface has conical longitudinal indentations. The body and the plate indentations form cavities which contain conical pins, fixed at the base on a ring coaxial to the rotor. The ring is located in the body and can reciprocate along the apparatus axis.    USE -   The apparatus is used to destroy bacteria in heat and water supply systems by hydrodynamic and cavitation effect.    ADVANTAGE -   The efficiency is increased.
Horizontal sectional extractor has a horizontal body (1), divided by vertical baffle (2) into two sections (3,4), one of which is connected to the extraction agent vapour supply device (8), a perforated cylindrical-conical drum fitted in the body on a hollow drive shaft (5) with openings (6), whose cylindrical section (7) is located in the body section connected to the extraction agent vapour supply device, and is separated from the conical section by a bead (10) on the inner surface and the perforations are made as nozzles (11). The drum perforations nozzles on the cylindrical section of the drum are located along a spiral line with a constant distance determined form the following inequality: P is not equal to [2rcosec()/n] where P is the distance between the nozzles, m; r is the drum cylindrical section radius, m; is the spiral line rise angle, rad and n is the coefficient expressed by a natural number.    The mixture is preferably supplied through the shaft (5) cavity and its openings (6) onto the drum cylindrical section (7) inner surface. Due to the centrifugal forces the suspension distributes forming a film whose thickness is equal to the bead (10) radial height. The extraction agent vapours are supplied at the same time to the body section (3) and then flow through nozzles (11) to the film. The vapour is sharply cooled forming cavitation spaces. The bubbles formed float to the top.    USE -   the extract is used for vegetable material extraction.    ADVANTAGE -   The operation is simplified and reliability is increased.
Preparation of organo-mineral fertiliser using wastes from poultry farms and cattle breeding comprises mixing poultry droppings and/or pig manure, horse dung and cattle manure with a filler, forming the obtained mixture into a pile and composting the mixture by aeration. The process reduces emissions into the atmosphere and improves the quality of the final product because during the formation of the pile, a part of the mixture may be packed as the bottom layer so that it may represent 2/3 of the height of the pile. The remaining part is mixed with a sorbent at a wt. ratio of 1-2:1-4 and packed in the pile as the upper layer. Under these conditions, the composting of the mixture at the mesophilic, thermophilic and air cooling stages may be carried out at an air flow rate of 9-11 nm3 /hour, and at an air flow rate of 20 nm3/hour/ton of the mixture is composted at the maturation stage. The sorbent is a zeolite saturated with sodium (Na) ions at a concentration of 40 g/kg of the zeolite and/or activated carbon (C), bentonite, fired lime, phosphate fertiliser, superphosphate and phosphorus gypsum.    ADVANTAGE -   Emissions into the atmosphere are reduced and the quality of the final product is improved.
Aerobic fermentation of organic waste of moisture content 45-70 % is carried out with aeration and exothermic heating. When the temperature reaches a maximum of 65-75C the organic mass is gradually compacted with fermentation under anaerobic conditions with simultaneous output of biogas for utilisation. Compacted biomass is used as fertilizer. A claimed device for processing of organic waste is in the form of a fixed bioreactor (1) on wooden flooring (2), with an opening in the lower part having a flange (3) for connection to the corrugated pipe (4) of a fan (5) with manual drive. The upper part of the housing has hooks (6), and a slit wooden bottom (7) is placed on the flooring. The upper part has a gas bell (8) with a net (13). A cowl (9) with a gasket and lid (10) is connected to a gas pipe or hose (11) with a valve (12). The lid of bell has hooks (14), rods (15) and weights (16) for compaction of the organic mass.    USE -   In agriculture, in particular in preparation of fertilisers from agricultural waste such as animal manure and vegetation material.    ADVANTAGE -   The simple, low-cost bioreactor gives ecologically clean fertiliser and biogas.
The installation has a modifier (8) which performs there forming of a heating to anode gas (2) containing hydrogen. A fuel battery (9) performs electricity generation from anode gas and cathode gas (3) containing oxygen. The anode waste gas (4) ejected from the anode side of the fuel battery is supplied to a combustion chamber of the modifier. The combustion of the anode waste gas is performed by the modifier. Cathode gas is supplied to the fuel battery through a bypass line (12). A combustor (14) is arranged in the bypass line. The combustion of the remaining anode waste gas is performed by the combustor. The combustion gas is supplied into the cathode gas by bypassing the modifier. A flow control valve (16) is arranged at the bypass line at the upstream side of the combustor. A temperature sensor (18) detects the combustion chamber temperature of the modifier. The rate of flow of the bypass line is controlled by the flow control valve such that the detected temperature reaches a predetermined combustion temperature range.    ADVANTAGE -   Inhibits restrictions on CO2 recycling. Enables raising/lowering speed of load during starting/stopping. Enables quick starting/stopping. Reduces power consumption of cathode circulation blower.
The apparatus has a fuel battery (1) that has an anode and a cathode. The gas which has hydrogen is supplied to the anode. The gas containing oxygen is supplied to the cathode. A modifier (2) carries out reforming of hot gas that is obtained by combustion of exhaust gas (5) of anode. An air preheater (3) heats the combustion air by the hot gas from the modifier. The air is mixed to the gas that passed the air preheater and supplied to the cathode through a first gas line (4). The exhaust gas of anode of the fuel battery is supplied to the modifier through a second gas line (5). The anode exhaust gas is ejected from a first branch line (6) that is branched from the second gas line. The combustion air is supplied to the modifier through an air branch line (8). The amount of flow of anode exhaust gas and air in respective branch lines is controlled according to the combustion temperature.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents overheating of modifier. Enables quick increment of cell voltage by increasing CO2 density of cathode.
In a treatment machine body (1), there is provided an air discharge fan (2) in tank, a tank air supplying machine (3), a tank heating device (4), a stirrer motor (5), a strainer (6) including deodourant, and an electric control panel (7). A stirrer shaft (12) installed on the left and right walls (9), (10) has curved stirrer blades (14) having two or more stirrer fingers (13) at appropriate intervals. A cathode (15) and an anode (16) are installed in the inside surface of the lower part of a cylindrical treatment tank (8), and a control circuit (17) to detect the currents between both electrodes (15), (16) are installed in the treatment machine body (1). A temperature control circuit (19) and a decomposing medium temperature detector (18) are installed in the cylindrical treatment tank (8). A tank gas detector (20) is installed above the cylindrical treatment tank (8). A discharge port (22) is installed at the lower part of the cylindrical treatment tank (8).    USE -   Used to treat organic material such as wet refuse produced in ships, homes, etc. using microorganisms.    ADVANTAGE -   The optimum conditions of the decomposing medium in the treatment tank are stored electrically, and changes during the use such as degree of drying, humidity, temperatures, gas generation, etc. are automatically detected and corrected to the optimum conditions.
A gas-liquid processor comprises a static fluid mixer (30) arranged across the liquid-gas flow direction. Liquid and gas are supplied separately (32,33) to the mixer. The liquid/gas in the mixer is maintained at a pressure higher than atmospheric. Also claimed is a gas-liquid processing apparatus which includes a number of static fluid mixers arranged in parallel and positioned in a container which keeps them at least partially immersed in the liquid. Partitions divide the inside of the container between each static mixer to allow passage of liquid but not gas. Pipes connect the gas space of each section of the container to the gas introduction piping of the adjacent mixer. The pressure in the mixers is maintainer higher than atmospheric.    USE -   For adding a gas to a liquid, e.g. for substance transfer, gas absorption or dissolution, chemical reaction, or three-phase reaction of gas-liquid-solid such as in a bioreactor. It finds applications in the food industry, e.g. for adding carbon dioxide to a beverage. In the petrochemical industry it may produce an oxidation reaction, a hydrogenation reaction, or a be used to manufacture a gas diluted water. In the paper and pulp industry a liquid and sulphidised water are contacted. In environmental applications, it may be used for deep aeration, chlorine pasteurisation, exhaust gas processing, purification of industrial waste water, water supply or sewage. In the fishery industry air is mixed with water for use in a pisciculture pond.    ADVANTAGE -   There is high contacting efficiency between the gas and liquid giving a high reaction rate and mixing efficiency at low production cost.
The electrode is based upon a single grain (2) of a material such as nickel cermet. The surface of the grain is partially covered by a thin coating of a high temperature ceramic material, such as ZrO2 , CeO2 , TiO2.     The coating is between 0.05 and 5 m thick. The element is located on an intermediate layer (6) that is a mix of an ion and electrode conducting material and this is formed on a solid electrolyte, eg ZrO2 or Al2 O3     USE -   For obtaining energy directly from fuels such as hydrogen and natural gas at temperatures between 700 and 1000.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids high mechanical loading due to reforming process.
In a process to treat fresh or silanised hemp fibres the novelty is that: (a) five or more container modules of identical construction, each of which is a discrete biogas reactor and drier, are linked together by the product in their sumps (percolating vegetable juices); (b) the processes in the five container modules are identical but transposed in time; (c) the reactions in the respective containers are started at different times; (d) at any one time, each reactor is in one of four different biogas generation or fibre drying phases; (e) the hemp fibres are dried using energy (electricity and heat) derived from the break-down of the fibres.    USE -   To produce dry hemp fibres for use as a fibrous raw material.    ADVANTAGE -   The process facilitates the decentralised production of hemp fibre on the farm using a small-scale plant in five 40 cubic metre vessels or larger. Hemp yields energy in the process. The gas generated is recovered and used to sustain the process. The resulting hemp fibre is relatively dry.
Processes are claimed for (i) refinement, decolourisation, purification or stabilisation of oils, fats and waxes derived from animal oils, vegetable oils, mineral oils, pyrolysis oils or cracking oils, (ii) refinement, decolourisation or removal of bitumen in crude sulphur purification, (iii) regeneration of organic solvents from laundering processes, (iv) clarification of wine, cider or juices, (v) stabilisation of beer, (vi) purification of saccharine juice or syrup, (vii) composting, or (viii) production of animal feeds, medicaments or cat litters. The processes all include, in at least one process step, addition of humic substances (HS).    USE -   HS may be used as sorbents, binders, immobilisation agents, medicaments or fermentation accelerators.    ADVANTAGE -   In the above processes, HS are more effective than bentonite or fuller's earth, e.g. in prevention of smells, promoting fermentation processes or enhancing digestion.
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in contaminated soil are degraded into non-hazardous byproducts by:    (a) adding a culture containing at least 6 strains of microorganisms (M) capable of degrading PCBs to the soil; and    (b) mixing soil and (M) together and maintaining under conditions which promote growth of (M) and stimulate ability of (M) to degrade PCBs.    USE -   The soil may be taken from a landfill site, or from near an industrial site. Treated soil can be returned to the original site and the site used for industrial, commercial or residential purposes.    ADVANTAGE -   The method is easy to use, cost effective and adaptable to use on a large commercial basis.
Vermi organic digester comprises: (i) enclosure with upper (1) and lower (2) chambers, the upper chamber containing red worms (L2) which feed on biodegradable organics (L1), converting them to castings (L3) for use as potting material or soil additive; (ii) inlet (3) to upper chamber for organics; (iii) top outlet (16) for exhaust; (iv) outlet (4) in lower chamber for removing castings; (v) grating (5) to suspend the worms and layer of organics, separating upper and lower chambers; (vi) levelling device (6) to spread organics evenly; (vii) raking system (7) incorporated into grating to loosen lower portion of castings which drop into lower chamber; (viii) ram for raking system parallel to grates; (ix) inlet in lower chamber for pressurised air to maintain operating temperature; and (x) calculated quantity of red worms. A method of recycling biodegradable organics is also claimed.    USE -   The method is used for digesting biodegradable organics using worms to give castings which can be used for soil enriching, or undiluted as potting compost.    ADVANTAGE -   The time to decompose organic material is much quicker (1 day), compared with aerobic digesters (10-14 days). The apparatus is therefore smaller than aerobic equivalents. The exhaust gases are fewer than in aerobic digesters, and do not need to be vented away from humans. The castings are easily separated from the worms. The temperature in the composting organics can be easily controlled to prevent damage to the worms.
Apparatus for breaking down organic matter comprises container (1) with base and side walls, supported on legs (7), where each leg provides an open channel-like duct so that air can flow from the duct to the interior of the container, to provide ventilation. The container has a lid with ventilation holes.    USE -   The apparatus is used for composting organic matter or breeding of worms.    ADVANTAGE -   Ventilation is enhanced by having the ventilation channels orientated in different directions so that any breeze is utilised; composting is improved, and a better aerobic breeding environment for worms is maintained.
Accelerated bioremediation process and apparatus comprises: (a) generating an air stream from the apparatus; (b) entraining the contaminated material (CM) in the air stream; (c) microenfractionating the CM with the apparatus, and (d) treating the microenfractionated CM with 1 chemical and/or biological amendment, by discharging the amendment from the apparatus, thus facilitating accelerated (bio)remediation.    ADVANTAGE -   The processes are efficient and allow accelerated removal of organic pollutants and other contaminants from contaminated soils.
An apparatus for collection of used motor oil from an engine crank case and treatment of hydrocarbons comprises: (A) a container of sufficient capacity to hold all the oil from the crank case, having an opening to allow the oil to pass to the interior; (B) an absorbent material in the interior; and (C) microbes in (B) which digest hydrocarbons in the oil.    ADVANTAGE -   The container, absorbent and collected oil comprise a single package which can be disposed of simply as non-hazardous landfill; the whole package can be biodegradable.
Hardened solids in an on-site animal waste pit containing liquid and solid wastes (with the solids settled to the bottom and hardened) are softened by periodically inoculating the pit with 1x106 CFUs/gallon of viable Lactobacillus bacteria (I).    The process uses 1 of L. bulgaricus, L. thermophilus, L. delbrueckii, L. casei, L. coryniformis, L. helveticus, L. lactis, L. leichmannii, L. planetarium, L. xylosus, L. brevis, L. buchneri, L. coprophilus, L. fermentum, L. viridenscens, and esp. L. acidophilus; all pref. added in the dry state. Amount of (I) added is preferably to soften 25 ( 50) % of the hardened solids over a 6-month period. Addition is over the period (amount 1x 107 CFUs/gallon). The pit contains wastes from swine or cattle. Optionally, N-fixing bacteria are also added, esp. Azotobacter vinelandii, Bacillus megaterum, Rhizobium and Leguminosarm. The pH of waste materials removed is preferably 6.8-7.2.    ADVANTAGE -   The method is economical, inexpensive and environmentally safe. The process may be employed by the farmers themselves, and not only quickly alleviates serious (encrusted) solids build-up problems, but also provides for safe, long-term maintenance of the waste pits.
Contaminated soil is treated in situ without demolishing structures above the soil by: (i) installing a pipe system comprising at least two branches, (A) and (B); (A) consists of an oblique angled connecting pipe (4) running from a point (12a) on the surface and connected to perforated pipe (6a) in a boring running in the dominant direction of the contaminated soil layer, and terminating at another point (13a) on the surface; (B) consists of another oblique connecting pipe (5) running from another point (12b) point on the surface and connected to a perforated pipe (6b) running in similar direction, and terminating at a further point (13b) on the surface; and (ii) introducing a medium for treating the soil into one branch, so that it enters the soil through the perforated pipe, and removing contaminated medium via the perforated pipe of the other branch.    USE -   Used for treating contaminants such as oil, oil derivatives or chemicals at industrial sites, fuel bases and near military objects, or resulting from traffic accidents.
A rotatable apparatus comprises an elongate vessel (8) rotatable about its longitudinal axis. It has a polygonal cross-section and is divided into a number of transverse chambers and longitudinal sections. Material is fed into an inlet (10) and removed via outlets (29). Fresh air is introduced into the vessel and spent air is removed. Electrical power and signals can enter and leave the apparatus. Water is introduced into the vessel. Sensors monitor conditions at various points along the apparatus. A programmable controller connected to the sensors monitors and controls the conditions within the apparatus. The vessel is rotated either with its axis of rotation horizontal or at an angle inclined by up to ten degrees to the horizontal. Material is continuously loaded into and unloaded from the apparatus.    USE -   The vessel is claimed for the composting of bio-degradable organic waste, e.g. municipal solid waste, yard waste or sewage sludge. It is also described as being suitable for use as a cement kiln or ball mill.    ADVANTAGE -   The apparatus composts material in such a way that the formation of odorous and/or explosive gases is minimised. It can be economically constructed on site and operated cost-effectively.
The I.I.Stashevskii converter of organic substrate into biohumus comprising a forming frame (1), transporter (27), and extraction mechanism, has guides (20), rollers (21), action mechanism with wires (13), hoists (19), tube-shaft formers (10), electromagnetic valves (9), and timers (17). The forming frame (1) is a mobile pyramid the rear wall (4) of which is immobile with an immobile support. On leading wall (3) there is an excess pressure chamber (5) with fan (6) and on the rear wall (4) a low pressure chamber (7) equipped with a vacuum pump (8), in addition in the excess and low pressure chambers (5,7) are mounted electromagnetic valves (9) connected with the tube-shaft formers (10) which have on the ends rotatable metallic rods (11) fixed by hinges, inflatable perforated tubes (12) and wires (13) of the action mechanism mounted on coils (15) under a shell (16) on the rear wall (4). The even and odd numbered series of electromagnetic valves (9) are blocked by the shell (16) and connected with the timer (17) by an electric circuit. The transporter (27) is of the chain and plank type and the extraction mechanism is an ultrasound source.    ADVANTAGE -   The converter improves productivity and reliability.
The reactor for acid fermentation (1) is in the form of chamber with perforated partitions (13,14) connected to a vibrator, with granular packing (15) and connected to a source (16) for the feed of anaerobic micro-organisms. The unit comprises reactors for acid (1) and methane (2) fermentation of the first phase, for acid (3) and methane (4) fermentation of the second phase, and collectors (5,6) for clean liquid and biogas (7,8,9,10). The biogas collector (10) is connected to a utility device (11), and the latter is connected to the reactor for methane fermentation of the second phase. The granular packing (15) in the reactor (1) has a density lower than that of liquid as e.g. swelled pearlite, "keramzit", polymers with abrasive inclusions of silicon carbide, boron carbide, etc.. The reactor (4) for methane fermentation of the second phase is in the form of a shaft with partitions (17) which form sections (13) with immobilised packing (19), ray gas injectors (20), and overflow pipes (21) between sections. The utility device (11) as e.g. internal combustion engine is connected to an electrical generator (22), accumulator batteries (23), panels (24) for heating walls (25) and an electroplate.    USE -   Used in units for heating and electrical energy provision in residential buildings by combustion of biogas obtained by fermentation from communal outflow and other waste.    ADVANTAGE -   An increased content of methane in biogas is obtained due to the special design of the reactor for acid fermentation.
Treatment of waste comprises:    (1) dehydrating slurry of waste contg. organic solids,    (2) adding an alkaline substance to the dehydrated slurry,    (3) hydrothermally reacting the obtd. alkaline dehydrated slurry in a reactor, and    (4) dehydrating the obtd. reaction prod. by cooling.    ADVANTAGE -   City refuse and industrial waste contg. organic solids can be efficiently treated.
Putrefaction and maturation promoting agent comprises microorganisms which decompose an organic substance and an insecticidal component which does not inhibit the growth of the microorganisms.    The insecticidal component is preferably 2-(4-ethoxyphenyl)-2-methylpropyl-3-phenoxybenzyl ether. The microorganisms contained in the agent are bacteria such as Bacillus, ray fungi such as Actinomyces and/or aerobic or anaerobic microorganisms such as Aspergillus.    USE -   The agent is useful for decomposing organic substances such as waste to produce a compost.    ADVANTAGE -   The agent promotes the degradation of organic substances by the microorganism while preventing growth of bugs and harmful insects.
A composting device comprises a rotatable cylinder type fermentation tank (1) having an outer peripheral wall having small holes and composting a raw material, such as waste; baffle plates (10) arranged on the inner peripheral wall of the fermentation tank (1) and assisting lifting of the raw material to an upper part through rotation of the fermentation tank; an entrance (11) through which the raw material is charged in the fermentation tank and a prodn. substance after composting is discharged; and an air feed pipe (7) which is arranged horizontally of the fermentation tank (1) and through which air is fed.    ADVANTAGE -   A raw material is fermented with high efficiency.
Food residue (1) is fermented by:    (i) primary fermentation (3) by which the food residue (1) is mixed with a fermenting medium (2) in a place, where the residue (1) is generated, to ferment the residue food (1); and    (ii) secondary fermentation (5) through which a primary fermented substance (4) generated by the primary fermentation (3) is accumulated and further fermented.    Compost (6) is produced from the food residue (1) through the primary fermentation (3) and the secondary fermentation 5.    ADVANTAGE -   Compost of good quality is produced.
Device (A) is equipped with a reaction tube (6) in which catalytic layer (11) is installed. Raw gas is introduced into (6) then on passing through (11) it is denatured sufficient for use by fuel cells. Inner space of (6) is divided into multiple spaces with multiple porous and thermal conductive dishes (8) on which catalyst (10) is installed to form catalytic layers (11). Spaces (12) are installed between adjacent (11). Catalyst (10) is packed with more dense as it approaches to the outlet and the spaces (12) get more long as they approach to the outlet.    USE -   Used for denaturing raw fuel for fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -   This method is able to keep the temp. difference between inside and the surface of the catalytic layers, so that minimise facilities and lower the energy cost.
(1) A device (A), equipped with a reaction tube (6) in which catalytic layer (11) is installed. Raw gas is introduced into (6) then on passing through (11) it is denatured sufficient for use by fuel cells. Multiple (11)s are installed from (6)'s inlet to its outlet with fixed paces between them. (2) Catalysts in (11)s are packed with more dense as it approaches to the outlet and the space between (11)s becomes longer as it approaches to the outlet.    USE -   Used for denaturing raw fuel for fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -   This method is able to prevent the deterioration of catalytic layers by their compression load caused by their and reaction tube's thermal expansion.
The cleansing material (I) contains a charcoal powder obtained from a Japanese evergreen oak which is mixed with pyrolignous acid, an enzyme and magnetic water.    ADVANTAGE -   (I) provides cheap and harmless cleaning agent which enables easy handling, removes stains, scales and moulds easily. (I) protects natural environment effectively and removes bad odours.
A vertical frame (3) is arranged from a base (1) towards above; and a motor (16) is vertically arranged at the upper part of the vertical frame through a motor stand (15). A rotary shaft (11) is extended from the motor (16) to below; and an agitating blade (18) is attached at the lower part of the rotary shaft (17). A support body (7) horizontally arranged in the lower part position of the agitating blade (18) is vertically movably mounted on a vertical frame (3). A container-form fermentation tank (20) has an upper part opened and an inner bottom the vicinity of which is lined with a porous substance (27), such as a net, and an air inflow port (24) positioned below the porous substance (27), and a part to be supported by the support body (7).    ADVANTAGE -   Structure is simplified; and low-cost manufacture is practicable.
Treatment of refuse comprises (1) collecting food residue (refuse), (2) crushing the residue, (3) adjusting the temperature, (4) mixing bio-balance 21 with the refuse, (5) f pelletising the refuse and (6) bagging the pellets.    Also claimed is treatment of refuse comprising (1) collecting food residue (refuse), (2) adjusting water content of the refuse, (3) crushing, (4) adjusting temperature, (5) mixing bio-balance 21, (6) fractionating, (7) pelletising the refuse, and (8) bagging the pellets.    Also claimed is treatment of refuse comprising (1) collecting food residue (refuse), (2) adjusting water content, (3) crushing, (4) adjusting the temperature, (5) changing the shape of the refuse, (6) mixing bio-balance 21 with refuse, (7) fractionating, (8) pelletising the refuse and (9) bagging the pellets.    ADVANTAGE -   The methods permit treatment of mass refuse from households and factories and provide bagged products useful as an organic fertiliser, soil improver and feed for cattle and fish and cleans water in fish culture.
Antifoaming agent comprises a compound of formula RCOO[(C2H4O)a(C3H6O)b]H (I). In (I), RCO = an aliphatic acyl; a = 1-30; b = 5-150. Oxyethylene and oxypropylene in [ ] are added in a block shape, addition order is disregarded. The wt. ratio of an oleoyl group to a linoleoyl group is 4:6-6:4. The total amount of the oleoyl and the linoleoyl is at least 50 wt.% of the entire aliphatic acyl group.    USE -   Used in chemical, fermentation, synthetic rubber, civil engineering, paper making fields, and sewage disposal facilities.    ADVANTAGE -   The use of a small amount of the antifoaming agent exerts superior foam breakage and foam inhibition regardless of types of trouble caused by foaming. The antifoaming agent has superior emulsification dispersibility. The direct addition of the antifoaming agent or the addition of the water-diluted antifoaming agent to systems for defoaming easily disperses the antifoaming agent into the systems.
The system includes a modifier (12) and carbon monoxide converter (13) that reform heating gas of a fuel battery main body (2) which has a fuel pole (2a) and an air pole (2b). Electrical energy is generated by an electricity generation unit (3), by electrochemical reaction by the fuel pole and air supplied by the air pole through a blower (14). A gas turbine generator (4) performs combustion of the unreacted reforming gas without reacting with air, and generates energy. An ejection gas line (28) supplies the exhaust gas discharged by combustion to the modifier. The modifier performs heat exchange of the heating gas and exhaust gas and reforms the heating gas.    ADVANTAGE -   Raises electricity generation efficiency and operation efficiency of fuel battery. Enables applying system to normal pressure type phosphoric acid fuel battery, thereby improving implementation of system.
Accumulated, dairy butter fat containing 2nd class hazard sludge is rendered harmless by a specifically isolated microorganisms.    USE -   The neutralised non-hazardous waste is used as a soil improving fertiliser.
A decontamination method (I) for residues resulting from secondary distillations carried out during the preparation of spirits comprises: the clarification (II) of the residues, the concentration of the copper contained in the clarified residues and the recovery (III) of the copper.    USE -   (I) is used to decontaminate residues resulting from the production of spirits such as whisky, cognac, armagnac, brandy and calvados.    ADVANTAGE -   No satisfactory method had previously been found for the decontamination of such waste waters produced by distilleries.
The gas reactor (10) comprises a dielectric casing (13) with a line (20) introducing gas (A). An electrode (11) in the casing extends axially along its centre. This is covered by a layer of catalyst (14). The second electrode (12) surrounds the casing. A unit (30) supplies alternating current to the electrodes, producing an internal discharge.    Preferably, the second electrode defines a localised discharge region, which surrounds the excitation catalyst (14) layer on the first electrode surface. An activation catalyst (16) is preferably formed on the first electrode, outside the discharge region. The layers preferably activate and excite the gas. A second line (21) preferably introduces a second gas (B). Its end is preferably connected to the dielectric line, mixing this gas with the first, which has passed through.    USE -   Used as a reactor synthesising gas by a synergistic combination of catalysis and gas discharge.    ADVANTAGE -   Although e.g. pollutant decomposition is feasible, exploiting the known synergism between catalysis and corona discharge, the above reactor uses synthesis by these means. The dielectric is used to produce a controlled, uniform glow discharge. A variety of catalysts may be included to activate and excite the first gas for desired reaction with the second. Reactions exemplified include the water gas shift reaction and the reaction between carbon monoxide and hydrogen, synthesising methane and carbon dioxide.
Organic acids and their salt (A) are produced by anaerobic digestion of biomass. The biomass is continuously flowed from a region (1) of fresh biomass to a separate region (2) of digested biomass, and concentration of (A) in the two regions is controlled to maintain digestion. Concentration of (A) is less in region (2) than in region (1). Also claimed is apparatus for obtaining (A) from biomass, comprising 2 regions in series with means of transporting biomass between the regions, of supplying biomass to the regions, of removing biomass from the regions and of washing (A) from biomass.    (A) is concentrated in region (1) by flowing an aqueous stream (S) through region (2) to wash (A) from it into (1). (S) flows in (1) in countercurrent to the biomass, or biomass and (S) pass countercurrent in an extraction apparatus comprising a hollow column containing baffles to prevent channelling of liquid through the biomass. Some of the biomass from region (1) may be recycled to the same region and another part passed to region (2). Total residence time in the regions is 20-60 days. The two regions comprise fermentation reactors. A neutralising agent, e.g. a carbonate, bicarbonate or hydroxide, especially calcium carbonate, may be added to (1) or (2) to maintain pH above 4.8. A methanogen inhibitor, e.g. 2-bromoethanesulphonic acid, may be added.    USE -   (A) comprises acetic, butyric and propionic acid and/or their salts, especially calcium salts. The biomass is e.g. municipal solid waste or sewage sludge.    ADVANTAGE -   High biomass digestion and high product concentrations are obtained, with reduced product recovery cost.
A process (A) for producing multi-carbon hydrocarbons from a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide comprises: (a) heating the gases with carbon dioxide in a CO2:H2 ratio of 4:1 to 1:1 to produce, via a reverse water-gas shift reaction, a reactor effluent containing additional CO and water; (b) contacting the reactor effluent with a metal catalyst in a second reactor at &gt; 150 C so that CO and H2O react to produce a reactor effluent containing multi-carbon hydrocarbons, H2O and CO2; and (c) separating the effluent into a multi-carbon hydrocarbon stream, a H2O stream and a CO2 stream and returning some of the CO2 stream to the first reactor to maintain the molar ratio of CO2:H2. Also claimed is process (B) which differs from (A) in that, after step (a), CO and H2O are separated from the reactor effluent. The CO and 50% of the separated H2O are passed on to the second reactor for reaction at an unspecified temperature whilst the remainder of the effluent is recycled to the first reactor.    USE -   The process is useful in the conversion of natural gas into liquid form for transportation. The lower boiling portion of the hydrocarbon product, which includes ethane, propane, propene, butenes and butanes, may be polymerised into higher molecular weight hydrocarbons, including high octane polymer gasoline, or may be oxidised to alcohols etc.    ADVANTAGE -   The process allows natural gases containing relatively high amounts of carbon dioxide to be processed. The conversion of methane in a natural gas into higher hydrocarbons is almost quantitative. The recycling process reduces the venting of unwanted gas into the atmosphere, with carbon dioxide being vented only to balance any carbon dioxide being charged in the feed. The process is largely adiabatic and burns little or no natural gas to supply heat to the process.
Preliminary purification of aqueous wastes containing phenol and other aromatic hydrocarbons is carried out in a bioreactor by adding to the waste Pseudomonas sp. KS-11 VKPV-3893 and Rhodococcus sp. KS-9.2 VKLMV-3892 strains in amounts of 3 g/l. The cultivation is carried out under optimal temperature, pH and concentration of dissolved oxygen.    USE -   The method is used in purification of aqueous wastes.    ADVANTAGE -   More efficient removal of phenols and other aromatic hydrocarbons is achieved.
Process efficiency can be increased when removing mercaptans from gases by using a specific nitrile derivative or combination of nitrile derivatives to catalyse the purification. The gas to be purified is passed over granulated sulphur enriched with a dialkylaminopropionitrile of general formula (R)2NCH2CN (I), where R = 1C or 7-9C alkyl, or a mixture of nitriles containing these radicals.    USE -   Used in chemical and petrochemical industries, gas production and oil-refining, for purifying gases containing organosulphur compounds.    ADVANTAGE -   A 100% purification level is achieved with a 400/h feed rate, against 250/h using the known method.
Solid fuel is obtd. by pellet moulding a mixt. of (A) dried marl obtd. by drying grass peat contg. vegetable fibres contg. water-soluble natural humic acid and (B) dried organic waste obtd. by drying the leavings.    ADVANTAGE -   The fuel has deodorizing properties and bactericidal action.
Carbonising appts (1) comprises: (a) a cylindrical carbonising furnace (10) to which solid fuel made from wooden chips, rubber pieces, plastic pieces, and combustible waste, and organic pieces (M1) such as fowl droppings are supplied from above through an air seal valve (13); (b) an ignition furnace (30) in which the organic pieces (M1) and the carbide (M2) being fed from below by a screw conveyor (20) are partially burnt and the combustion gas (G1) is sent to the lower part of the carbonising furnace (10); (c) a combustion air supply pipe (35) that is connected to the ignition furnace (30) and is provided with a valve (36) for controlling combustion air; (d) a port (15) for taking out combustible gas (G2); and (e) a discharge port (40) for taking out a product carbide (M3).    USE -   For producing carbides by baking solid fuel made from com- bustible waste and inorganic pieces such as fowl droppings under a deoxidized condition.    ADVANTAGE -   The inorganic pieces can be converted into carbides of high utility valve and combustible gas without environmental pollution.
In a vertical thermal decomposition reaction furnace to which the waste (a) to be thermally decomposed is charged from above so as to be thermally decomposed by heating air (i) to produce a thermal decomposition gas and thermal decomposition residues consisting of mainly non-volatile components, the reaction furnace comprises waste heaters (25a-25h) arranged vertically and multiply, and blades (52a-52h) by which the waste (a) being heated by heating air (i) is dropped through the openings (29a-29h) to the lower stages as the turning of a driving shaft (51).    USE -   Used for thermally decomposing the waste discharged from home and offices.    ADVANTAGE -   The heating surface can be increased to enhance the heat transfer efficiency. The reaction furnace can be made compacted.
Reactor of a fuel cell in which raw material gas is passed through a desulphurising catalyst and desulphurised, mixed with steam in an ejector, reformed in a reformer into steam-reformed gas contg. carbon monoxide and steam, and deprived of carbon monoxide and converted into hydrogen enriched reformed gas is characterised by comprising a reactor body consisting of a double cylindrical container, a desulphurising catalyst bed placed in the central cylinder of the reactor body, covered with an insulating material, and contributing to the removal of sulphur cpds. from the raw material gas, an LTS catalyst bed placed in the outer cylinder of the reactor body, covered with an insulating material, and contributing to a low temp. reaction to remove carbon monoxide from the steam-reformed gas, a cylindrical LTS catalyst bed partition which separates the LTS catalyst bed concentrically, and a duct formed on the LTS catalyst bed partition and used to pass water for cooling the LTS t bed.    ADVANTAGE -   The reactor is compact and efficient.
The processes for treatment comprise treating treating solution with ammonia stripping method and treating it with active sludge.    ADVANTAGE -   Ammonia nitrogen in fermentation solution can be removed, all nitrogen can be reduced, activity of active sludge is not obstructed and waste water treatment ability can be improved.
Waste disposal device comprises a fermentation tank (2) to decompose waste by microorganisms; an agitating device having an agitating blade (9) to agitate the waste; an upper cover (6) for a charge port (7) through which the waste is charged; a residue output port (27) to output residue of the waste and a control part (4) to control discharge of the waste. The waste disposal device also comprises a lamp (246) to announce a waste output timing based on an integrating time starting from electrical connection and a maintenance switch (24a) to reset the integrating time. The switch (24a) receives a signal from the maintenance switch when the maintenance switch is continuously pressed for a predetermined time and start rotation of the agitating blade (9) to output the residue.    ADVANTAGE -   Exchange timing is clearly detected.
Organic waste processing apparatus (A) has a fermentation tank in which fermentation of organic refuse is performed. An agitation nail which is rotatable in both directions is arranged inside the fermentation tank. The rotation of the agitation nail is controlled by a controller. Initially, the organic refuse is crushed during continuous agitation of the nail for a first predetermined time period.    Then, the actual fermentation process of the crushed organic refuse is performed during intermittent drive of agitation nail. Then, the fermentation object is supplied to another tank through an overflow window. The fermented object is subjected to ageing process in the second tank. The fermentation process and the ageing process are repeated in a cyclic manner with an interval of 12 hours.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables effective execution of fermentation process. Facilitates accurate temperature control in fermentation process.
Waste processor has a hopper unit (2) into which garbage is inserted. A stir unit is arranged in the hopper unit. An exhaust unit (7) is arranged on the upper portion of the hopper unit. An ozone generator (6) is arranged well below the hopper unit to generate ozone. The generated ozone is blown out of a nozzle (18) through a tube (17) penetrating the exhaust unit. An opening-closing unit (10) is arranged under the hopper unit.    An accommodation object (3) is collected in the hopper unit through the opening-closing unit. A jacket unit (22) covers the hopper unit. A signal (Tm) is generated based on the temperature inside the hopper. A temperature controller (24) controls the heating of the warm water circulating in the jacket, based on the generated Tm value.    ADVANTAGE -   Controls temperature of water uniformly.
Organic waste processing apparatus used in homes and restaurants comprises a main body (1) having a reaction vessel (3). A stirring shaft (15) with impellers (16) is positioned in the reaction vessel. An exhaust port (20) with an air blower (10) is positioned to the reaction vessel. The impellers stir organic waste in the reaction vessel. When rotating, the impellers contact a cleaning unit (25) for a filter (22). The gas generated during fermentation decomposition (4) of the organic waste is passed to the filter through an exhaust port with an air blower. The fermentation decomposition material adhered on the filter is cleaned by the cleaning unit due to its contact with the impeller.    ADVANTAGE -   Efficient ventilation of the reaction vessel is obtained. A clean filter is maintained.
Waste disposal device has a residue output port (12) formed in a position where residue is pressed in, in a side part positioned facing the rotation direction of an agitation blade (7a) of a fermentation tank (3). A resin container (18) to contain residue is removably attached in the residue output port (12). A cylindrical flange part (16) is extended from the peripheral edge of the resin output port (12) and a bag form residue container (18) is removably attached on the outer peripheral surface of the flange part (16). A waste charge port (4) through which waste and microorganism formulation are charged is formed in the upper part of the fermentation tank (3). The residue output port (12) is positioned between the waste charge port (4) and the bottom of the fermentation tank (3).    ADVANTAGE -   Residue is automatically taken out from a fermentation tank without using the hands of a user.
Microbial agent comprises 1 type of bacteria selected from Corynebacterium aquaticum and Buttiauxella agrestis having deodorising function to odorous substances and cellulose decomposing activity.    The Corynebacterium aquaticum is preferably FERM P-15688 Corynebacterium aquaticum 32. The Buttiauxella agrestis is FERM P-15689 Buttiauxella agrestis 102-1.    USE -   The microbial agent is useful for treatment of wastes comprising cultures such as a solution containing butyric acid, a cellulose type wastes containing beet pulp or alcohol fermentation residues. The microbial agent is also useful for treatment of foul water, excrement, waste and biomass.    ADVANTAGE -   The microbial agent decomposes wastes without malodours. The cellulose type waste treated by the microbial agent can be used as a compost.
Waste disposal device has the interior of a disposal tank (2) partitioned into two tanks by a partition plate (7) and an agitating shaft (8) horizontally positioned in the two tanks. An agitating speed change shift device (12) is coupled to the agitating shaft (8) and a drive motor (28) and a motor speed change device (29) are positioned below the disposal tank (2). The agitating shaft speed change device (12) is coupled to the motor speed change device (29) through a transmission device (11). The agitating shaft speed change device containing resin comprises a pulley (12) for a toothed belt and the pulley (12) forms a resin moulded product and notch holes (2) are radially formed in the side of the pulley (12).    ADVANTAGE -   Dead space below a disposal tank is used and the weight and cost of the device are reduced.
Waste disposal device comprises a fermentation tank (2) to decompose waste by microorganisms; an agitating device (5) to agitate waste; a residue output port (27) to output residues of the waste and a shutter (29) to close the residue output port (27). The waste disposal device also comprises a fixing tool (28) at the residue output port (27) and to which the shutter (29) is attached; a lock member (34) engaged with a notch part (29A) at the shutter at the fixing tool (38) and locking the shutter (29) and a residue container (32) having a press part to unlock a lock by forcibly spreading the lock member (34) by inserting the press part in the fixing tool (28).    ADVANTAGE -   The efficiency of residue discharge is improved and water leakage is prevented.
A composite membrane consists of a microporous base membrane (A) and a separating layer (B) with a thickness of not more than 3 microns consisting of a block copolyether-ester (I).    USE -    For the separation of polar gases, especially water vapour, hydrogen sulphide, carbon dioxide, ammonia and/or ethylene oxide, from gas mixtures, particularly for the simultaneous removal of water vapour and H2S from gas mixtures, especially natural gas (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -    A composite membrane with good mechanical and chemical stability and high separation factors for polar gases, especially water vapour and H2S. The membrane also shows a high ammonia/nitrogen selectivity and is unaffected by condensed water (unlike cellulose acetate membranes).
A fruit receptive to infusion is placed as a bed of fruit in tanks(10,12,14,16) and submerged under a plumping fluid. An infusing liquor of progressively higher sugar content is passed in series through tanks driven by pumps(52,54,56,58). Osmotic transfer of sugar from the liquor into the fruit takes place to drive out fruit juice from the fruit. The sugar transfer rate is sufficiently slow so as to prevent osmotic dehydration of the fruit. The process is continued until liquids within the fruit form a gel.    USE -   The process is useful to produce infused fruit with a sugar gel and a fruit juice byproduct.    ADVANTAGE -   The process can infuse soft fruit with a juicy sweet gel which removes pure fruit juice in a low temperature which leaves a natural looking product.
An improved supported catalyst containing mixed strontium and other alkaline earth oxides deposited on a sintered low surface area porous catalyst carrier precoated with mixed lanthanum and other rare earth oxides, represented by (I): AaSrb(x)/RcLaOd(y)/S (I); wherein A is an alkaline earth element selected from Be, Mg, Ca, Ba or a mixture; Sr is strontium; O is oxygen; R is rare earth element; Ce, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu; La is lanthanum; S is catalyst support selected from sintered low surface area porous refractory inert solids comprising alumina, silica, silica-alumina, silicon carbide, zirconia, hafnia; a is A/Sr mole ratio 0.01-10; b is number of O atoms needed to fulfil valence requirement of alkaline earth elements (AaSr); c is R/La mole ratio 0.01-10; d is number of oxygen atoms needed to fulfil valence requirement of rare earth elements (RcLa); y is wt.% loading of rare earth oxides (RcLaOd) precoated on the support in the range 0.5-50 wt.%; and x is wt.% loading alkaline earth oxides (AaSrOb) deposited on the precoated support in the range 0.4-40 wt.%.    USE -   For oxidative conversion of methane or natural gas to ethylene, ethane and higher hydrocarbons.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduced complications of reactor structure are effected by this catalyst. Space velocity of the reaction is increased and hence productivity and conversion is improved and the catalyst allows good activity and selectivity.
A gas separation process comprises using a spirally wound membrane module having feed channel(s) containing one or more baffles (7) positioned parallel to the longitudinal axis of the module, mesh spacers and permeate channel(s) (1). The baffles form at least partially countercurrent feed/permeate flow without a permeate sweep. A feed gas stream containing a first and second component is passed along the feed channel(s) in a flow pattern that includes a flow vector that is radially outward with respect to the module. A residue gas stream (3) which is depleted in the first component compared to the feed gas steam is then withdrawn from the feed channel(s) and an undiluted gas stream rich in the first component compared to the feed gas stream is withdrawn from the permeate channel (1). A pervaporation process involving passing a feed liquid stream containing first and second components along the feed channel(s), withdrawing a residue liquid stream depleted in the first component and withdrawing an undiluted permeate gas stream enriched in the first component from the permeate channels is also claimed.    USE -   Used e.g. for nitrogen/nitrogen separation, removal of organic vapours form air or other gases, natural gas processing, removal of hydrogen from offer gases, removal of carbon dioxide form methane or other gases, treatment of chemical or petrochemical process streams and dehydration. When used for pervaporation, organic compounds can be removed from water, water-containing liquids can be dehydrated and organic mixtures can be separated.    ADVANTAGE -   The counter-current flow processes have high separation efficiency and selectivity. Counter-current flow is achieved without needing a sweep or carrier fluid on the permeate side by the simple modification of appropriately placing barriers or baffles in the feed channels.
The generator has a body (1) with baffles (2), dividing it into acid, neutral, alkali and methane fermentation chambers (3,4,5,6), a gas cavity (13) in the body upper part, and loading and unloading pipes. The generator is provided with a crusher (9) with blades (11) located at the loading pipe zone, a perforated baffle (12) which separates the crusher from the acid fermentation chamber, and biogas collector (14) connected to the body gas cavity and consists of a stationary body (15) with a moving housing made as a corrugation (16), sealed in the body and provided with a baffle (17) with a directing rod (18) at the free end. The baffle (17) is provided with replaceable weights (20).    USE -   For anaerobic cleaning of effluent and forming biogas for heating and lighting.    ADVANTAGE -   The efficiency is increased.
Apparatus has a waste and drainage collectors (1, 2), a mixer (4), a bio-cultivator (5), acid and alkali fermentation chambers (6, 7), mixing unit (11) and an enrichment column (12) connected to the bio-cultivator. The column (12) is made as a vertical body with perforated baffles (13), forming sections (14), with immobilisation filling (15) located on the baffles of each section and system for after fermentation sediment supply from top to bottom and biomethane from bottom to top. The enrichment column in each section has tangential pipes (16) for methane supply, connected by a fan (17) to the bio-cultivator (5), and a centrifugal settler (18) located under the lower section and provided with after fermentation sediment removal pipe and a cavity (21), located in its upper part for the clarified after fermentation sediment. The apparatus also has a micro-filter (23) for methane bacteria biomass separation with a disintegrator (24), connected to the upper section of the column and the disintegrated matter collector (25).    USE -   The apparatus is used for carbon-nitrogen waste and drain treatment to produce methane, biological fertilisers and proteins.    ADVANTAGE -   The apparatus has increased efficiency as opposed to previous treatment plants.
The unit has a horizontal body (1) with vertical baffles (2) forming acid, neutral, alkali and methane fermentation chambers (3,4,5,6), loading and unloading devices (11,12), a horizontal shaft (7) with a drive (8) and mixing blades (9), gravitation settling section (10) for the solid phase. The baffles are provided with openings (13,14,15) for substrate flow from loading to the unloading device. The openings (14) in the middle part are made as perforated discs placed concentrically to the horizontal shaft. The discs perforations size reduces from the loading to the unloading device. The openings (13,15) at the top and bottom parts of baffles are such that the size of the openings in the upper part is not more than 3-5 percent of the disc perforations, and the size of the openings in the lower part does not exceed 1-2 percent of live cross section of the perforated discs.    USE -   For effluent cleaning and producing biological methane for domestic use.    ADVANTAGE -   The efficiency is increased.
A strain, VKPM V-6563 (I), of the bacterium pseudomonas species, an ethoxylated alcohols (EOA)destructor is new.    USE -   The strain is useful in the destruction of EOA, which are non-ionic surfactants.    ADVANTAGE -   The new strain has high destructive power in destruction of EOA,and destroys both the hydrocarbon and ethoxylated part of the molecule.
The system includes a modifier (2) which does the steam reforming of the raw material and forms hydrogen rich reformed gas. The reformed gas is utilised for power generation. Steam flows into a fuel battery (6) and moisturises the solid state polymer film with reformed gas via modifier during power generation. A steam supplier supplies excessive amount of steam.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies assembly. Raises practicality. Does not reduce voltage even on operation for long time. Restrains precipitation of carbon in modifier.
A furnace cross sectional area (S0) at the bottom of the furnace is made to smaller than a furnace cross sectional area (S1) above a fluidised-bed (2).    USE -   The furnace is suitable for thermal decomposition of organic matter of mixed substances with different specific gravity.    ADVANTAGE -   Crushing processes for objective decomposed matter are simplified because objective decomposed matter can be flowed and stirred effectively in the furnace even though particle sizes of the objective decomposed matter are relatively large and the objective decomposed matter with relatively large particle sizes can be decomposed effectively.
Expandable styrene resin particles (I) comprise: (A) styrene resin, (B) polyol higher fatty acid ester(s), (C) butane, and (D) 5-8C hydrocarbon.    Preferably (A) is polystyrene resin with Mw 300000- 400000. (B) is contained in (I) at 50-5000 ppm. (B) is 8-22C fatty acid triglyceride(s) (B1) or 8-22C fatty acid sorbitol ester(s). (D) is pentane. Ratio of (C)/pentane is 2/8-8/2(w/w).    USE -   (I) is useful as material for preparation of expanded styrene resin used as cushioning material, heat insulating material, packaging material, container etc.    ADVANTAGE -   (I) has good foam properties, (I) gives expanded product(s) having good surface hardness and compression strength.
Production of compost after aerobic fermentation is effected in a state that a mixture of primary and secondary fermentation compost or a mixture of the primary and secondary fermentation compost and non-fermented organic waste is laminated as a raw material, and dried compost is produced by drying in a state that the secondary fermentation compost produced by the fermentation is laminated. During fermentation or during drying, oxygen-contained gas is fed in a bed during fermentation and steam non-saturated gas is fed therein during drying in a state that a part of the weight of a fermentation bed is supported by a lattice with a slope fixed in the bed.    ADVANTAGE -   Fermentation is accelerated by smoothing the feed of oxygen and exhaust of exhaust gas and promoting discharge of a fermentation heat.
Treatment of organic material comprises treating a raw material consisting of an organic material or mixed material to a moisture content of about 60 % necessary for its fermentation using a material of a low moisture content (full-ripe compost, straw or dry grass). They are stirred, crushed, and made to block-shape by means of resistance heat and the blocks are crushed again.    USE -   Used to make full-ripe compost from organic material such as faeces of cattle.    ADVANTAGE -   The organic material can be fermented in a short period of time without smelling out. Thus, full-ripe compost can be made easily.
Garbage is discharged in a drain pipe (2) through a garbage charge port. Moisture content is removed by the passage of the garbage through a position above a draining plate (3) in which holes are formed. By the passage of the garbage through a gap between rollers formed through combination of a lattice-pattern cutter roller (4) and a roller (5), the garbage is cut into fine pieces for removal of moisture content. Moisture is removed again by a draining board (6). The garbage from the moisture content removal step is fed to a mince crusher (7). The moisture removed by the rollers (4, 5) and the draining board (6) flows through a drain groove (43) and drained in a drain pipe (2). A shift gear (31) is regulated and rotated by a motor (30) to rotate the cutter rollers (4, 5) and the mincing crasher (7). Minced garbage minced by the mince crusher (7) is discharged through a discharge port (8).    ADVANTAGE -   Dried garbage is reutilised as a livestock and fertilizer for crops.
Garbage disposing device comprises a disposer body (1) having a garbage container (2); an agitator (3) with which the opening part of the garbage container (2) is covered; an agitator (14) to agitate and crush garbage in the container (2); an electric heater (9) to vaporise moisture by heating the garbage contained in the garbage container (2); and a moisture content recovering device (21) to recover steam, generated from the garbage, as water. A container containing part (4) of the disposer body (1) is closed with the cover body (3) and an outside air feeder (37) to feed outside air in the garbage container (2) is provided.    ADVANTAGE -   Garbage is easily and sanitarily disposed at each home.
Pseudomonas sp. Q27 used for biodegradation of dichloropropene, partic. cis- and/or trans-1,3-dichloropropene, by contacting in aq., soil or air medium, partic. under supply of nutrients and air.    USE -   Biological clarification and recovery of environment.    ADVANTAGE -   Biological clarification of dichloropropene without requiring an inducer.
Dehydrating device comprises a storage tank (5) having a transport part (5b) formed at a bottom and storing organic waste (1) to effect facultative treatment; a transport pipe (11) protruded from one end part of the transport part (5b) on the storage tank (5) and formed in a cylindrical shape and having a discharge part (6) formed in a front end part; a screw (7) having a shaft part (7a) and a blade part (7b) and conveying the organic waste (1) in the transport part (5b) to the discharge part (6) and a rotation drive device (21) to rotate the screw (7). The screw (7) has a shaft expansion part (B) where the diameter of the shaft part (7a) is gradually increased toward a front. Through holes (11a) are formed in a spot corresponding to the shaft expansion part (B).    ADVANTAGE -   Structure is simplified and formed compactly.
A composition for plugging gas migration channels in the cement sheath of a production well for the recovery of hydrocarbons from a subterranean formation comprises a polymer dissolved in a carrier fluid.    Also claimed is a process for preventing gas migration in such a formation penetrated by at least one production well containing a cement sheath.    Preferably, the carrier fluid includes a 2-20C hydrocarbon fluid and/or CO2. The polymer is polydimethylsiloxane, polystyrene, polyethylene, polypropylene or polybutylene    ADVANTAGE -   The process utilises the phase transition parameters of the composition coupled with the well conditions and/or injection parameters to cause the polymer to drop out of the solution within the gas migration channels. The process gives easy and in-depth penetration of most of these channels.
Vineyard waste such as waste water, poor wine, sludge, marc and other organic waste are treated to purify waste water effluents so they may be reused for washing equipment, and to compost the solid and viscous waste to produce fertiliser.    USE -   The process is useful for recovery of washing water and fertiliser from winery waste.    ADVANTAGE -   All the waste streams are treated in an integrated process.
In the treatment of a catalyst with a lead-based active phase, contaminated with arsenic, the catalyst is heated to at least 550C in the presence of a gaseous mixture comprising at least 20 vol.% of a reducing gas, the remainder being an inert gas.    USE -   Arsenic is an element particularly harmful to the environment, and is usually present in cracked gases from vapour cracking units. It is usually eliminated by contacting the gases with a lead compound, e.g. an oxide, the arsenic forming a mixed compound of arsenic and lead which is ad/absorbed on the catalyst. In the above process, the arsenic is eliminated by heating and can be recovered by any means, e.g. by condensation to give the metal. The amount of arsenic in the catalyst may be up to 22%. The elimination of the arsenic can be monitored by atomic absorption analysis.    ADVANTAGE -   The process regenerates the active phase of the catalyst and the support has almost the same characteristics as in the original product.
An assembly generates gas by fermenting slurry and other organic wastes. The assembly incorporates a main fermenting chamber and a subsequent holding chamber for final fermentation and a gas holder. The main fermenting chamber is sub-divided into a main fermenting chamber and a secondary fermenting chamber. The slurry and other organic wastes are introduced into the main fermenting chamber. The heated main and secondary fermenting chambers are linked together in their base zones. The novelty is that:(a) the organic inputs are introduced into the main fermentation chamber (9) from above; (b) the main (9) and secondary (10) fermenting chambers are linked together in their base zones by mixing apertures (12); (c) the chambers (51, 52) holding gas within the main (9) and secondary (10) fermenters are linked by a gas pipe (53) with a gas valve (14); (d) the gas valve (14) is alternately opened and closed in relation to the gas pressure; (e) a fermenter drain outlet (44) passes from the secondary fermentation chamber (10) to the final fermentation holding chamber (19).    USE -   The assembly converts esp. slurry and other organic wastes into gas for e.g. cooking or heating purposes.    ADVANTAGE -   The assembly produces a good yield of gas without the need for mechanical mixing of the ingredients, and is of simple construction and low cost.
Liquid and/or solid nitrogen-containing organic fertilisers - comprise chemical reaction products of plant humus with manure, prepared by direct or indirect chemical reaction of humus, obtained by aerobic or anaerobic fermentation of predominantly plant material, with manure.    ADVANTAGE -   Nitrogen is kept in a stable and plant compatible form over a long period of time and during times when vegetation is sparse there is no chance of the nitrogen being leached out to acidify the soil or water table. Ammonia emissions from animal sheds are reduced.
The apparatus comprises electrodes, an anode (1) and a cathode (2), inserted into the medium to be cleaned, e.g. soil, earth or slurry contaminated with crude oil or petroleum products, and connected to a 300 V DC power source (3). It also has a container (5) for the cleaning liquid (11), i.e. a solution of petroleum-oxidising micro-organisms, a distribution system (6), and a collector (7) for the liquid which gathers at the cathode. The collector (7) is connected to the distribution system (6) via a centrifugal pump (9), a centrifuge (10) and a pipeline (8). The electrodes can be in the form of vertical perforated pipes or horizontal perforated plates set one above the other.    ADVANTAGE -   The apparatus, which decontaminates through an electro-osmotic effect, enables the cleaning liquid to be recycled.
Removing high molecular weight, high melting point hydrocarbon vapours involves condensation from a hydrocarbon-containing offgas vapour produced during the liquefaction of particulate waste plastic material and utilising the remaining uncondensed offgas vapour as heater fuel for the liquefaction. The method comprises: (a) contacting the offgas vapour directly with water at condensation temperature above the melting point of the high molecular weight vapours to produce a first liquid hydrocarbon condensate and a first uncondensed vapour stream; (b) separating the first liquid hydrocarbon condensate from the uncondensed vapour stream; (c) cooling the first uncondensed vapour stream to 180-200 F to produce a second liquid condensate and a second uncondensed vapour stream; (d) separating the second liquid condensate from the second uncondensed vapour stream; (e) contacting the second uncondensed vapour stream with a caustic scrubbing solution to neutralise any halide vapours and to form a hydrogen halide acid-free vapour stream; and (f) passing the hydrogen halide acid-free vapour to the waste plastic liquefaction step so that it serves as a heater fuel to melt the particulate waste plastic material.    USE -   For plastics liquefaction with removal of hydrocarbon vapours and production of synthesis gas.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides treatment of offgases produced during liquefaction and uses uncondensed hydrocarbon vapours to fuel the liquefaction heater.
Cleaning capillary/porous media such as soil, earth, slurry and other environmental substances that have become contaminated with crude oil or petroleum products, comprises placing electrodes, i.e. an anode (1) and a cathode (2), in the zone to be cleaned, and passing a DC electric current of 200 V between them to create an electro-osmotic movement of petroleum-oxidising microorganism solution. The anode and cathode are placed, e.g. 1.0 m apart, and are in the form of hollow tubes 60 mm in diameter, perforated below ground level. The solution which collects at the cathode is collected and then returned to the contaminated zone after removing any contaminants from it and restoring the concentration of oxidising microorganisms to the original level. The microorganisms used for the process are e.g. Pseudomonas putide, Pseudomonas fluorescens and Micrococcus species in a medium containing sterile peat, diammophos and carbamide.    ADVANTAGE -   More effective cleaning is obtained, removing heavy metals as well as petroleum products.
Cleaning capillary/porous media such as soil, earth, slurry and other environmental substances that have become contaminated with crude oil or petroleum products, comprises placing electrodes, e.g. an anode (1) and a cathode (2), in the zone to be cleaned, and passing a DC electric current between them to create an electro-osmotic movement of a petroleum-oxidising microorganism solution. The solution which collects at the cathode is collected and then returned to the contaminated zone after removing any contaminants from it and restoring the concentration of oxidising microorganisms to the original level. The electro-osmotic flow carries with it cations, including those of heavy metals, together with dissolved organic pollutants such as phenols and partially-dissolved petroleum products.    ADVANTAGE -   More effective cleaning is obtained.
Compositional change of a non-azeotropic composition during withdrawal of an amount from a vessel is mimimised by cooling the composition to a temperature sufficient to maintain the composition's tolerances during the withdrawal.    USE -   The process is particularly useful for compositions having a very high vapour pressure and/or a large difference in b.pt. between the components e.g. fluorocarbon-based fluids used as refrigerants, blowing agents, heat transfer fluids, gaseous dielectrics, aerosol propellants and fire extinguishants.    ADVANTAGE -   The created vapour space does not fill with the more volatile component of the composition which might render it flammable, toxic or ineffective.
The compost stack has multiple aeration plates (20) arranged in a single layer on an even support surface with an edge barrier surrounding the plates to hold the compost stacks. The plate (20) is shown inverted and sits on projections (30) leaving a manifold conduit between the support surface and the top (26) of the plates. Numerous tapered nozzles (38) are formed in the plates (20). An air flow is passed through the stacks and the hole (38) in the plates (20) to carry away heat from the bacterially active stacks for use elsewhere.    USE -   Used to recover heat as a by-product during composting of organic material.    ADVANTAGE -   The heat recovered can be used to accelerate composting in other stacks or for heating working areas.
Protective composition, including silico-organic liquid, anticorrosion additive and propellant, , contains silico-organic liquid in form of silico-organic varnish KO-075 or KO-815, and anticorrosion additive in form of benzotriazole, at ratio of components (in wt.%): silico-organic varnish KO-075 or KO-815 44.7, anticorrosion additive- benzotriazole 0.3 and propellant 55.    USE -   As antiadhesion composition protecting metal surfaces against adhesion of splashed molten metal during welding.    ADVANTAGE -   Composition produces coating with improved protective and anticorrosion properties.
A main tank (1), a gas storage tank (2), main tank fixing stands (3), a control device (4), and an agitator (5) are arranged slightly above the middle of the main tank (1) and a burner (6) to burn generating gas is arranged about at the central part of the bottom part among the fixing stands (3) and of the main tank (1). An output port is formed on the upper part of the gas storage tank (2) located at a slight distance from the side of the main tank (1) and connected to a hose (7A). Temporary storage tanks (8A, 8B) and an injection port formed in the bottom of the gas storage tank (2) are interconnected through hoses (7B, 7C). A miscellaneous odour apparatus (9) is connected to the temporary storage chamber (8B) , and a closing cover (10) is arranged at a refuse charge port formed in the central part of the topmost part of the main tank (1).    ADVANTAGE -   Through repetition of complete gasification and liquefaction, a by-product is erased with high efficiency.
Device for treating wet refuse in a bacteria bed comprises decomposing bacteria by mixing wet refuse and at least one of the principal components is a fibrous material including an organic compound. A device for treating wet refuse using the bacteria comprises a mixing tank (26) where the wet refuse and the bacteria bed are to be fed; and a stirring device (18) to stir the wet refuse and the bacterial bed in the mixing tank (26).    USE -   Used to treat wet refuse using bacteria.    ADVANTAGE -   The bacteria bed can treat wet refuse at ordinary temperature without using heaters to heat the bacteria bed.
A garden waste shredder consists of a housing (2) containing the shredding blades, driven by a motor (3), a supporting frame (1) and a feed pipe (4) topped by a funnel (4a). The feed pipe can be inclined relative to the vertical and locked in different positions to adjust the height of its input funnel. The feed pipe is fixed to the blade housing and adjusted together with it by means of frame pivots (6) and sliders (7a), or, in a variant, telescopic frame legs. The housing outlet (5) can be equipped with a hinged deflector plate which stays vertical regardless of the angle of the outlet, so that the shredded material is always directed downwards.    ADVANTAGE -   The height of the filler pipe input funnel can be adjusted to suit shorter people while retaining the safe length of the pipe.
Microorganism strain JMC1 (FERM BP-5960), which constitutively expresses an oxygenase is derived from JM1 (FERM BP-5352). Also claimed is the biodegradation of aromatic and chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbon compounds (I) by contact with JMC1. Also claimed is environmental remediation using JMC1.    USE -   The method can be used for the remediation of aqueous media, e.g. drain or waste water, soil and air.    ADVANTAGE -   JMC1 does not need use of an inducer e.g. phenol for its action.
Microorganisms JM2N (FERM BP-5961), JM7 (-5957) and JM6U (-5962) are mutants of J1 (FERM BP-5102), each constitutively expresses an oxygenase. Also claimed is the biodegradation of aromatic or chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbon compounds by these organisms (I).    USE -   The organisms are useful for remediation of the environment, e.g. of aqueous media, soil and air. (I) can be used to degrade phenol, cresol, toluene, trichlorethylene and dichlorethlylene (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   (I) are effective in presence of other microorganisms.
Destroying microorganisms generated by gaseous substance exchange products comprises: (a) introducing the microorganisms into a pressurised vessel; (b) introducing nutrients for the microorganisms into the same vessel to generate gaseous substance exchange products; (c) sealing the vessel to render it pressure-tight ; (d) application of an overpressure for a set length of time, and (e) rapid release of the overpressure in the vessel. Also claimed is the use of gaseous exchange products generated within the microorganism cells at normal pressure to destroy the microorganisms.    USE -   The method is for the treatment of sewage sludge.    ADVANTAGE -   Microorganisms are destroyed relatively quickly using a simple piece of apparatus that requires relatively little power to operate. Wear inside the treatment vessel is relatively low.
In a process to treat effluent air containing organic particles discharged from a thermal treatment process, the effluent air is returned to the thermal treatment esp. a force-ventilated composting chamber, enriched as necessary with oxygen, for renewed treatment. The novelty is that: (a) the effluent air gases are re-heated before being returned to the treatment chamber; (b) the gaseous metabolic products are separated from the ambient air by preferably a molecular sieve; (c) the mixture of rotting particles is treated alternately with aerobic and anaerobic gas mixtures, depending on the nitrogen content; (d) depending upon the dominant strain of micro-organisms present, the rotting mixture is treated alternately with a moisture-saturated and a hygroscopic mixture of gases; (e) water is added to the effluent gases before they are returned to the gas treatment chamber.    USE -   The process promotes the biological-thermal composting process, or stabilises the organic components within a composting waste mass. The less cells are generated by a composting mass in an atmosphere with a low oxygen content.    ADVANTAGE -   The volume of cells generated is minimised; these do not have to be subsequently broken down to form a mature compost mass or one capable of storage.
A composter comprises a cover in the form of a slanted, conical or saddle roof. The roof (2) has linkage members (7, 8, 9) which attach it to the support sides of the composter (1), and to enable the roof sections (3, 4) to open. The roof sections can be opened using hydraulically operated cables.    USE -   The device is used as a composter for organic waste.    ADVANTAGE -   The hydraulic opening of the roof simplifies emptying of the composter.
The process removes hydrogen sulphide from biogas and produces sodium sulphide as a valuable by-product. Biogas from tanks (GS1, GS2) enters the reaction and pre-wash chamber (CR1) in which it is reacted with sodium hydroxide solution. It then passes through wash tower (TL1) in which the remaining H2S is absorbed. Pumps (B1, B2) feed the system with NaOH solution from tanks (T1, T2). Sensor (S1) measures the sulphur level in the gas and controls the system.
A device for determining the nutrient limitations on the growth of micro-organisms in an aqueous environment suspends a holder including a nutrient diffusing substrate in the environment. The substrate gradually releases an effective amount of a liquid nutrient medium so that the micro-organism are stimulated to attach and grow on a the substrate.    USE -   Bioremediation, biologically enhanced oil recovery, biological leaching of metals, biological treatment of compost, etc.    ADVANTAGE -   More accurate measurement since it takes account of activity of immobilised micro-organisms.
Pond comprises water reservoirs equipped with the installations for growing water vegetation lying freely on the water surface. The installation frames (4) are interconnected by a flexible element. The frames (4) are equipped with the hinge tractions (11,12) having the counterweights (13) and the warpings (14) mounted on the flexible element. The latter is in the form of a closed traction element with the limit switch (66) positioned on the hinge post (65) mounted with a possibility of rotation in the vertical plane around its lower end.    ADVANTAGE -   Manure liquid fraction and solid fraction in the form of organic fertiliser are disinfected and the pond operation is improved.
Solid composition consists of clathrate compounds of inclusion of natural gas into fluorinated graphite, of general formula CxFCly z CnH2n+2 (I), where x is 1.8-2.5, y is 0.08-0.09, z is 0.12-0.22 and CnH2n+2 is methane, ethane, propane or butane.    USE -   As clathrate-based solid composition for use in storage and transport of natural gas and hydrocarbon gases.    ADVANTAGE -   The composition has reduced dissociation pressure, increased temperature of dissociation, and increased wt. content of gas in clathrate volume unit.
The battery includes a fuel electrode and an air electrode (4) provided such that a solid electrolyte layer (2) is sandwiched between them. A reaction gas introduction hole is provided in each electrode surface. A separator equipped with gas rectification member is laminated alternately between gas reaction zones of electrode and it consists of a gas introduction hole.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves cell characteristics. Reduces in plane temperature difference. Avoids need for groove formation in separator.
Fermentation disposal of waste comprises mixing powdery fermentation substance and waste to produce a granular admixture and ageing by fermenting the granular mixture.    ADVANTAGE -   A large quantity of waste is high efficiently disposed with a small apparatus.
The battery includes a number of cells (C). A flow path (4)    is provided between adjacent cells. An interval holding member    (G) is provided between the cells to maintain predetermined    interval between them. A gas passage way is connected to each    flow path. A projection part (6a) which projects in the shape of    a rectangle is formed at either end faces of each cell. An    insinuating member (P) having thickness almost equal to that of    the cell is formed on each projection part. A gas passage way    formation member which forms gas passage way is provided in the    projection part and insinuating member of interval holding    member.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces cost by rational modification.
The power generating plant includes a gas concentration detector (12) which detects concentration of hydrocarbons of methane series present in supplied heating gas e.g. naptha and    liquid petroleum gas. A gross calorific value in the heating gas is calculated based on the detected gas concentration. A fuel rate of flow calculator (24) calculates rate of flow of fuel based on the calculator gross calorific value. An adjusting unit (14) adjusts amount of fuel gas flow required for operation, based on calculated fuel flow rate.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves reliability of power generating plant. Offers miniaturized power generating plant.
The system includes a fuel supply line (7) which supplies fuel. A desulphuriser (12) eliminates sulphur content from the fuel. A modifier (3) performs reforming of the fuel from the fuel supply line. The fuel adsorption of the desulphuriser is maintained at equilibrium state, by connecting a temporary fuel supply line (8) at the entrance side of the desulphuriser. A heat exchanger (9) which heats the fuel is arranged along the temporary fuel supply line.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables to maintain fuel adsorption in desulphuriser in equilibrium state, always. Prevents fuel storage reliably by supplying necessary fuel even under unsteady service condition during starting time. Enables stable operation of battery main body.
The gas sensor has a silicon substrate, on whose upper surface, a silicon dioxide film and a tin oxide film are formed, sequentially. A platinum electrode is arranged on a predetermined portion of the tin oxide film. Platinum or palladium is doped onto the remainder portion of the tin oxide film.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies structure. Performs operation, satisfactorily.
A high temperature aerobic fermentation device for solid organic waste comprises a fermentation tank (1) in which bacteria containing high temperature aerobic fermentation fungi are charged; a mixing device, comprising a rotary shaft (2) and an agitating blade (3), wherein bacteria containing high temperature aerobic fermentation fungi in the fermentation tank and solid organic waste are mixed together and air is fed to a mixture; a heating device (21) to maintain the fermentation tank (1) in a given temperature range; and a moisture content removing device to remove a moisture content in the fermentation tank (1) to the outside of the fermentation tank. The moisture removing device comprises an exhaust duct (9) communicated to the fermentation tank (1); a heat-exchanger (13) having an inlet connected to the exhaust duct (12) and a drainpipe (25) through which condensate from air discharged from the fermentation tank is discharged; a feed duct (16) to intercommunicate the outlet of the heat-exchanger (12) and the fermentation tank (1); and a circulation blower (17) to circulate air through the feed duct (16) to the fermentation tank (1). The operation efficiency of the circulation blower (17) is varied.    USE -   Useful as high temperature aerobic fermentation device for solid organic waste.    ADVANTAGE -   A treated substance fermentation of which is more progressed than a treated substance by conventional arts is produced.
Winery effluents are subjected to a number of treatment stages in a single vessel (1). The vessel is divided into compartments (8-12) by dividing walls (4-7) with communicating passages (18-20, 28). In the first compartment (8) the effluent is oxidised by an oxygen supply. In the second (10) it is purified biologically by a bacterial colony acclimated to the organic material present in the effluent. The effluent is reoxygenated (11) then passed through an activated carbon filter (28).    USE -   The process is useful in the treatment of domestic, agricultural or industrial effluents which are heavily charged with suspended organic matter, particularly effluent from a winery.    ADVANTAGE -   The treatment unit can cope with low or irregular flow rates with high efficiency, necessary as winery operation is seasonal.
Preparation of a catalysing biological complex provides a nutritive-synergetic catalysing biological complex which is a bio-activator for microbial activity in organic and organic-chemical materials. The complex is endowed with an improved ability to reduce evil-smells and pollutant levels.    The process preferably uses a vegetable support base constituting 96-97%, nutritive and growth factors constituting 2-3% and mature organic nucleus (as a starter) constituting 1-2%. The process preferably comprises homogenisation of the constituents except for 1/10 of the starter which is dissolved in water at 42 C and added to the mixture. The material is then preferably sprayed with a solution containing 1-2% fermentable sugars and 1% castor oil acid esters, covered with a watertight tarpaulin and left to stand for 60 days. The tarpaulin is then preferably removed and the material is allowed to mature for 20-25 days. In a final phase warm air is blown into the mass to maintain the temperature above 55 C and the humidity is maintained above 45% for 120 hours.    USE -   The process provides a bioactivator for use in e.g. organic and organic-chemical materials, reclamation (following pollution by hydrocarbons, toxic and organic substances), tips, purification plant, composting, zootechnology and agriculture.
A multi-washer for cleaning raw synthesis gas from the gasification of municipal and other wastes includes a horizontal vessel (1) through which the gas flows in the axial direction. The vessel is internally divided by partitions (5) into a number of consecutive chambers (2,3,4) in which the gas is washed with different fluids (at different temperatures where appropriate) to remove impurities such as carbon particles, sulphur oxides, and heavy metals. Each washing chamber is provided with its own pump header tank (6,7,8) outside the vessel, and at least one mass transfer device (9), inclined at an angle to the vessel axis, is provided in each chamber. Each mass transfer device is sprayed with a different quantity of a wash liquor on each side, so that the wash liquor permeates through the mass transfer device and flows out in a desired direction. Also claimed is a process for total cleaning of the raw synthesis gas in a horizontal vessel with consecutive internal washing chamber s.    ADVANTAGES -   The washer requires comparatively little space for a given washing efficiency, and the mass transfer devices are self-cleaning and insensitive to any blockage which does occur.
The process of purifying waste water in two stages, with an unusual recycle, comprises anaerobic treatment produces biogas containing methane followed by a plantation water purification system is employed. A feature is introduced: biomass harvested from the second purification stage is recycled back into the waste water, before it enters the first stage.    USE -   A two-stage water purification process including a plantation, which recovers biogas.    ADVANTAGE -   This process treats waters having an organic loading in terms of chemical oxygen demand (COD) up to 500 mg/l, by digestion. A biogas product results. Gas recovered has a calorific value of 20-25 MJ/m3. Control of the first stage effluent loading, protects the second stage from overloading. Recycle and organic additions may be curtailed, to accommodate increasing influent loading. Whilst a variety of plants may be used, St. Augustine grass (stenotaphrum secundatum) is considered particularly robust and effective in this role. Biomass is comminuted in e.g. a commercial unit nominated in the patent.
Turning over compost comprises using a mobile or self propelled machine. The machine (1) retains at least part of the airborne material and fumes which are released by turning the compost. Also claimed is a machine (1) for the above process which has an agitator (18) which passes through and turns the compost, and behind which is an enclosure (2) which encloses the space above and retains the fumes and airborne material given off by the freshly turned compost.    The machine (1) preferably has an enclosure (2) which retains the atmosphere around and above the freshly turned compost. The enclosure (2) comprises a closed hood (5) from which is suspended a flexible skirt (4) of overlapping e.g. plastic strips.    USE -   The process is used for turning compost both in the open and especially in composting halls.    ADVANTAGE -   The process recycles water vapour and organic material to enrich and humidify compost and reduces the quantity of water, dust and organic material discharged to the atmosphere to reduce emission of odours. The demand for water from external sources is reduced by recycling emitted water vapour and the load on the filtration and ventilation system of the composting hall is reduced, which reduces operating costs and capital cost of the composting hall. The recycled air is filtered as it passes through the compost.
A unit feeds material, for combustion or pyrolysis. The material descends through the two successively-operated valves (3, 4) of an air lock, into the main treatment chamber (19) of the plant. The feature concerns the air lock seals, of which the mechanical and/or thermal loading may be adjusted.    USE -   An air lock introducing fuel into a combustion- or pyrolysis chamber, especially as part of a waste disposal plant.    ADVANTAGE -   These seals are cooled and expanded automatically, improving on the poor temperature resistance and sealing of earlier types. Automatic control compensates for the extremely severe environment in which they work. Valve seals and their wear have long been a source of trouble on carbonisation plant. The semi-circular cross section of the seal can be expanded, compensating for a small degree of wear. Improved sealing and life are to be expected.
Composting plant includes a compost turning unit (4) travelling back and forth along the tunnel or heaped row. In an ante-building, there is a main extraction conveyor (3). A conveyor tripper unit (6) carries a reserve of the conveyor strand (11), which is spooled, in the ante-building. The conveyor tripper unit (6) is able to travel with the turning unit (4) e.g. inside the tunnel (1), where the conveyor strand can be lowered behind this unit. A support and idler (5) between turning unit and tripper unit guide the compost thrown up by the turning unit onto the conveying strand (7).    Inside the ante-building (2), above the conveyor strand (7) and ahead of a spooling station for the strand, a conveying screw (8) preferably carries the compost off the strand and onto a conveyor (9). The width of the conveying strand (7) is equal to the clear width of the tunnel, or of the row. The roll (11) of the conveyor strand is carried by tangential rollers resting on the roll exterior, all carried on the tripper unit (6). The spooling shaft is extended beyond the end of the outer edge of the conveyor strand and supported on a step in each tunnel wall, where the connection to the tripper unit is effected.    USE -   The mechanical handling composting plant is used for turning at intervals and extracting on completion of composting.    ADVANTAGE -   The plant improves clearance of compost over the full width of the tunnel. The plant turns and extracts material efficiently. Compost is subsequently moved off the other end of the conveyor rapidly and efficiently with the screw designed to push it off on both sides.
This module for fixed or portable use, bio-recycles materials. The closed container is placed on a surface without foundation and is approximately rectangular in shape. One endwall is re-locatable. The cover (4b) has a filling opening (8) or can be removed entire. In the novel module, the base comprises a grid of ventilated, reversible, walking beams. There is an extraction point, inside, outside or flush with an end wall. The extraction opening is closed by the beams after extraction. Also claimed is use of the modules for: aerobic or anaerobic treatment of biogenic material, mechanical bio-treatment e.g. of residual waste of various types, treatment of contaminated ground and recycling or intermediate storage of materials for processing.    USE -   To carry out a wide range of bio-recycling tasks in fixed or transportable use. Used particularly for synthetic fuel plant adjuncts, formation of bulk storage bunkers, classification and loosening of materials, formation of sorting lines, gravity biofiltration systems.    ADVANTAGE -   The modules may be used individually or in combination for bio-recycling, in continuous processing. No additional conveying or transportation equipment is needed to empty the modules. A very wide range of bio-processes may be carried out, especially of a composting nature, to treat wastes. Heat insulation and leachate handling are included. Conventional processes may be set up, using the containers as building blocks. The units operate quietly, and dust and other emissions are minimal.
Modular expandable plant system is for bio-recycling comprises two or more fixed or transportable components (1, 1a, 1b). Each takes the form of a closed, e.g. rectangular container which can be placed on a surface without foundations. The position of one end wall (18) is re-locatable. In the cover, there is at least one filling opening, or the cover may be completely removed. Each vessel has an integral extractor (17), with a point of ejection inside, outside or flush with the extraction-end wall (18). In the novel plant, components are offset in height. Component symmetry axes intersect at an angle of 0-180. Components following the first are of the same, larger or smaller sizes.    USE -   To assemble a flexible, fixed or portable bio-recycling plant.    ADVANTAGE -   This system comprises modular units with integral conveying systems, requiring no additional external units. It offers extreme flexibility in solving problems of organic waste or environmental contamination. The equipment may be highly automated, minimising the need for supervision. Compact erection, low noise and dust emissions are offered. A variety of wastes can be stored and/or treated.
Slurry mixing within large rectangular bioreactor vessels having a supporting structure(62) extending across part of the vessel where 1 fluid inlet conduits(64) are suspended from the structure below the slurry surface. A number of outlet nozzles(66) are also suspended from the structure below the slurry surface. Pumps(68,70) are connected through separate manifolds to the inlet and outlet connections to draw slurry from the vessel and return it through a nozzle to keep the slurry mixed. The structure(62) extending across the bioreactor width may be movable on rails along the reactor length to mix the contents.    USE -   The apparatus keeps a large volume of anaerobic slurry mixed in a large rectangular bioreactor vessel for biological treatment of contaminated soils.
A cryogenic propellant comprises liquid hydrogen and 5-75 wt.% solid hydrocarbon slurried with the hydrogen.    Also claimed is production of the propellant, comprising slurrying of the hydrocarbon with the hydrogen to provide an increased density over that of hydrogen and a high ratio of hydrogen to carbon.    USE -   As an improved rocket fuel, hypersonic vehicle fuel, aircraft fuel, explosive or coolant.    ADVANTAGE -   The fuel has increased hydrogen density (high energy density) compared to other fuels and an increased hydrogen to carbon ratio (claimed). The solid hydrocarbon improves at least one of the properties of specific density, specific impulse, heat of combustion and energy content by volume.
A process (1) for treating wastewater containing sulphides, biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and ammonia, comprises: (a) applying bacteria cultures (A) to the waste water to minimise sulphide content, while simultaneously applying co-cultures of bacteria (B) with various heterotrophs to minimise BOD, COD and total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN); and (b) applying nitrifying bacteria cultures (C) to enhance nitrification and minimise the ammonia content.    USE -   The wastewater is an effluent aqueous stream from the waste gas system of a hydrocarbon processing unit, or is from other source; it is rendered suitable for discharge to the environment, or for reuse.
Organic waste disposal device has the interior of a fermentation tank (1) partitioned into sections. Organic waste charged in one section of the fermentation tank (1) is transferred, in order, to the other section through overflow. An agitating device (15) and a heater (16) are positioned at the fermentation tank (1) to ferment aerobic microorganisms as organic waste is agitated under heating to produce compost. The disposal device comprises a device (3) to detect the weight of compost in a fermentation tank (1) and 1 detector of a detector to detect a volume of compost in the fermentation tank (1) and a detector to the load of a drive device (13) to drive an agitator (15) and a controller to input a signal from the detector and control the rotation direction, the agitation speed and/or the agitating time of the agitating device (15).    ADVANTAGE -   The coefficient of decomposition is high during load fluctuation and when waste quality is changed.
The processor (1) consists of a fermentation tank (2) whose required area is covered. A hollow pipe (3) is formed with ventilation hole (9) by the side of the fermentation tank. The hollow pipe connects the fermentation tank with a deodorising unit (4). A hollow suction unit (14) is provided by the side of the deodorising unit to absorb the bad smelling gas from the fermentation tank. The deodorising unit supplies the deodorant to the fermentation tank, continuously.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents generation of bad smell due to anaerobic resolution. Enables to use processed organic refuse as fertiliser.
Organic waste processing apparatus for domestic use has a main body (1) with a process tank (2) and a stirring unit. The tank contains a mixture of waste which is to be decomposed and micro-organism which act on the waste.    The level of the mixture, along with decomposed residue in the tank is detected by a detection unit and the result is displayed by a display unit.    ADVANTAGE -   Performs optimum waste disposal. Simplifies exchange work of carrier.
Waste fermentation disposal device comprises a pipe body (6) in which the upper end and lower end of a vertically long peripheral wall (7) are closed with an upper wall (8) and a bottom wall (9) and organic waste and fungi for fermentation are contained in the peripheral wall; a vertical type rotary shaft (23) coupled to a rotation drive source and rotated at a low speed in a pipe body (6); a lower agitating blade (32) fixed on the rotary shaft (23) and having a slope to push upward organic waste and fermentation fungi on the bottom wall (9); an air discharge pipe (44) to which injection nozzles (54) are opened; a heater (41) in an air line (40) to intercommunicate the air discharge pipe (44) and a blower (38) and heating air in the air line (40) and a waste charge port (15) and a disposed substance discharge port (20) formed in the upper part and the lower part of the pipe body (40).    ADVANTAGE -   The device is compact and processing is facilitated.
Organic substance disposal device comprises a disposal tank (1) to contain an organic substance and an agitating body (10) to agitate the organic substance. The agitating body (10) comprises an agitating shaft (11) and an agitating blade (12) mounted on the agitating shaft (11). A moisture content detecting sensor (13) for the organic substance is positioned at the agitating body (10) and on the rotation locus of the agitating blade and on the rear side in a rotation direction of the agitating blade.    ADVANTAGE -   High pressure is not applied on a moisture content detecting sensor by an organic substance and breakage of the sensor is prevented.
Carbonated liquid production apparatus includes a container with inlet outlet paths for a fluid. A disc shaped roll (9) which comprises fine holes is rotated inside the container by a drive mechanism (5). A gas introduction unit introduces gas through the inlet part into the container where it is mixed with the liquid due to the agitation caused by the roll.    USE -   The apparatus is used in culture of microorganisms for facilitating photosynthesis for cleaning water in bath tubs.    ADVANTAGE -   Electric power is not required to operate drive mechanism, preventing electric shocks.
The method involves sprinkling water onto the gas and part of odour in the gas is dissolved in the water. A peat-moss filled layer is arranged in a deodorization unit (11) through the equalization space (14). The water in which odour is dissolved is sprinkled in the upper peat-moss filled layer. Then, the gas from which the odour is removed is supported to the lower part of the deodorization unit. The density of odorous component in the gas is reduced and peat-moss deodorization is carried out.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents reduction of dissolution efficiency even when natural environment varies abruptly. Enables efficient processing of high density smell gas.
An organism deodorisation device has, at an intermediate position, an organism filter layer (41) supported by a support plate (5) to bear microorganisms to decompose the odour gas components, a water spray device (42) at the upper position to adjust the moisture of the organism filter layer and an introduction pipe (43) at the lower position to introduce the odour gas.    The organism filter layer (41) is arranged in two or more layers with intervals maintained between them. A water collecting groove (51) is provided at the peripheral part of each support plate (5) and many vertical connection holes (52) are provided at the plate part on the inside of the collecting holes (52).    USE -   Used to decompose and remove the odour gas generated from wet refuse, sewage, or food sludge, etc.    ADVANTAGE -   The rejection ratio of odour components can be increased, and the high deodorisation effect can be maintained stably for a long period of time. The device of this invention is lightweight and can be easily assembled, disassembled and relocated.
The apparatus has a micro organism adhesion part (2) provided inside an organism processing tank (1) which is in the shape of horizontally oblong rectangular object. A feed hopper (5) of raw gas is provided at one end and a drain hole (6) of raw gas is provided at other end of the organism process tank. A latching mount member (11) is provided with upper end mounted inside the organism process tank near upper wall of tank, such that clearance is not produced between upper walls of tank. The micro organism adhesion part crosses a micro organism adhesion material which consists of elongated fibre suspended in gas circulation direction. A water sprinkler sprinkles washing water among the micro organism adhesion part. A pool part is provided by which water level is adjusted so that lower part of micro organism gets dipped to the bottom.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces pressure loss. Reduces height of apparatus and installation area. Maintains satisfactory habitation environment of micro organism. Improves deodorising efficiency. Prevents generation of channeling.
Bath water purifier includes a filtration apparatus using a microorganism and a chelating agent feeding zone (8) which supplies a chelating agent.    ADVANTAGE -   Extermination of the microorganism by copper ion or other complex metal ions is prevented. Purification capacity is improved.
Bath tub water purification device has a filter unit (5) with a microorganism for purifying bath water sucked in through an absorption unit (3) at a circulating flow path. The filtered water is heated by a heater (6) in the circulating path before the water is fed to the bathtub through a deluge unit (4). In the normal operation mode, the heater is used to heat the bathtub water to a temperature for bathing. In the boot operation mode, the heater is controlled so that the bathtub water is heated to 45-50C for a fixed time. An operating unit (7) is used to select a normal operation mode or a boot operation mode.    ADVANTAGE -   Bathtub water is sterilised.
Waste disposal device has a partitioning body (6) having a back plate (5) partitioning the interior of a kitchen board (2) into a front release front containing part (3) released at a front and a rear containing part (4) positioned in the rear is arranged in the kitchen board (2). A waste disposal machine body (7) to dispose of charged waste is arranged in the rear containing part (4). The partitioning body (6) is a partitioning box comprising a back plate part (5); an upper plate part (4) extending upward from the upper end of the back plate part and a side plate (47) to interconnect the back plate part (5) and the upper plate part (46). The kitchen board (3) has a side containing part (12) at the side of a side plate part (47) of the containing partitioning box 45 and a discharge duct (24) extending from the waste disposal machine body (7) to a front is positioned in the side containing part (12).    ADVANTAGE -   Reduction of appearance is prevented and waste disposal noise does not leak to the interior of a room.
An apparatus for empty a container from the bottom, especially for biogas, has a rotating stirrer (6) within the container (1), with the stirring blades (10) structured to move the sediment fraction (S) of the biomass (M) to the circumference (P) of the container (1). At least one holding gutter (12) is at the container circumference (P), to take the biomass sediment (S). An external conveyor shaft (14) is linked to the gutter (14), with a gas tight sealing, to extend upwards over the liquid level of the biomass (M) to extract the sediment (S) without interrupting the reaction within the container (1).    USE -   The apparatus is used in part of sewage processing and cleaning, generates methane as a biogas from the solid component of the sewage, for use as energy.    ADVANTAGE -   The mechanism gives an effective removal of waste solids from the container, such as sand and metal and the like, without interrupting the methane generation.
Method for anaerobically breaking down animal tissue and animal products, where the animal matter is coarsely crushed, ground up and homogenised; sterilised; cooled; agitated and hydrolysed; and converted to biogas in a bioreactor.    Also claimed is a plant for the above method which has a homogeniser (2), a steriliser (3), a cooler-expander (4), a hydrolysis vessel (5.1), a bioreactor (5.2), a biomass recovery plant (5.3), a liquid effluent treatment plant (7) and a gaseous effluent filter (10).    USE -   For safe and useful disposal of animal remains which arise from farming, and the food production and animal feed industries.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces animal remains to a completely harmless condition, and generates biogas which can be used as fuel for e.g. steam raising, or electricity generation, unlike known end uses, such as in animal foodstuff preparation, which, it is believed, could lead to public health epidemics, e.g. by causing BSE-related infections in human beings.
A liquid manure treatment process comprises the following steps:(a) manure is degassed using air ; and (b) air enriched with manure gases is brought into contact with bacteria that have been moistened with an alkali and nutrient solution, so that the bacteria convert dissolved ammonia into nitrate, methane into carbon dioxide and volatile sulphur compounds into sulphate. The treatment plant used to carry out this process is also claimed.    USE -   The method is used for treating pigswill or cow manure gases.    ADVANTAGE -   Ammonia, greenhouse gas (i.e. methane) and toxic gaseous sulphur compound emissions are reduced and the nitrate content in the manure is converted into fertiliser using a cheap and energy efficient process.
Wastewater (I) containing dissolved sulphate ions and wastewater (II) containing dissolved organic material are treated simultaneously by: (a) mixing (I) and (II); (b) subjecting the mixture to a first anaerobic biological sulphate reduction using microorganisms (A) that metabolise sulphate; (c) cultivating photosynthetic microorganism (B) in the treated water, to produce biomass; (d) subjecting water + biomass to further anaerobic biological sulphate reduction to further reduce sulphate concentration, using microorganisms (C) which metabolise sulphate, and metabolise biomass with production of ammonia; and (e) subjecting the water fro step (d) to aerobic biological nitrification to oxidise ammonia.    USE -   (I) is acid mine drainage water or other effluent from mining, ore processing or other industrial source. (II) is e.g. domestic sewage or waste from intensive livestock production.    ADVANTAGE -   Carbon and nutrients in (II) are utilised in the sulphate reduction, saving costs. Sludge production is reduced by using anaerobic rather than aerobic methods. As the process increases the pH, there is no need to add chemicals to neutralise low pH effluents with consequent increase in salinity.
A polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell comprises polymer electrolyte membranes, gas diffusion electrodes sandwiching the membranes, and bipolar plates operating as gas separation plates and current collectors with fuel/oxidising agent supply and discharge passages, wherein the bipolar plate has a frame of melt-processable polymer of good fluidity and high acid and hydrolytic resistance, and a carbon plate or corrosion-resistant conductive plate integrally moulded into the frame, wherein the plate has concave and convex parts on both surfaces which provide the fuel/oxidising agent supply and discharge passages when the bipolar plate contacts the gas diffusion electrodes.    USE -   For direct generation of electrical energy from fuel and an oxidising agent.    ADVANTAGE -   The bipolar plate is easily made at reduced manufacturing cost. It has high resistance against corrosive electrolyte, good current collection function, a high degree of structural integrity, high strength, high elasticity, good dimensional stability and good core properties.
A polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell comprises polymer electrolyte membranes, gas diffusion electrodes sandwiching the membranes, and bipolar plates operating as gas separation plates and current collectors with fuel/oxidising agent supply and discharge passages provided by projections on both surfaces. At least the projections of the bipolar plate are formed with a melt-processible polymer having good fluidity, and the surface of the bipolar plate is coated with metal, metal nitride or metal carbide.    USE -   For direct generation of electrical energy from fuel and an oxidising agent.    ADVANTAGE -   The bipolar plate has a simple structure and is made by a simple production process at reduced manufacturing cost. It has high resistance against corrosive electrolyte, good current collection function, a high degree of structural integrity, and reduced size and weight.
A fluid purifying apparatus is shown in the figure 1 and comprises a light source (1), a carrier (2) for depositing photosynthetic bacteria and/or blue-green algae on, and a vessel (3) for housing a fluid to be purified, with at least the carrier (2) housed in the vessel. The fluid is purified by utilising the metabolic activity, induced by light irradiation from the light source (1), of photosynthetic bacteria and/or blue- green algae deposited on the carrier (2).    The carriers (2) comprise a transparent material which can be glass. They maintain their positions even when the fluid flows in the vessel (3). The external surface of the carrier (2) and/or the internal surface of the vessel (3) is/are uneven. The light source includes a transmission means for the light from the light source to the deposition location of the photosynthetic bacteria and/or algae. The light contains far UV and other wavelengths. An apparatus can comprise a vessel (3) having a double cylinder structure encircling the light source (1) and housing the carrier (2) in which the light source and the vessel are concentric and separable. The light source is held straight by a support attached to a straight support of the vessel. In this case the carrier positioned adjacent to the internal cylinder carries a photo-catalyst.    USE -   The apparatus is used for removing nitrogen compounds, phosphorus compounds, metallic ions and organic matter contained in domestic or industrial waste water.    ADVANTAGE -   The apparatus can satisfactorily purify waste water even if it contains low concentrations of e.g. nitrogen compounds, phosphorus compounds, metallic ions and organic matter.
A biological battery comprises 2 dissimilar electrodes, with an electromotive potential, inserted into biological matter, where the biological matter contains, as a primary ingredient, moist Sewage Sludge Compost, and as a secondary ingredient composted biodegradable filler that remains from the sewage composting process. Also claimed is a process for renewing biological activity in the claimed biological battery by adding a water and nitrogen compound solution to the biological matter when loss of electrical output is exhibited.    USE -   The batteries use Sewage Sludge Compost for electrical energy production, generated by biological oxidation and reduction reactions. Sewage Sludge compost can be used to replace up to 4/5 of standard dry cell material in a common non-alkaline battery without any loss of electrical output.    ADVANTAGE -   Sewage Sludge Compost is pathogen-free and odourless. Electrical output is provided by the naturally occurring aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, Actinomycetes and fungi found in the compost. Seven species of bacteria, 14 species of Actinomycetes and 34 species of fungi have been observed. Thus, no inoculation of the material with a marine organism is required, as is necessary in some previous processes to provide biological activity. The absorbing quality of the compost controls any free liquid that may be added to foster biological activity.
The delignification and/or bleaching of wood pulp is enhanced by contact with a whole xylanase supernatant (I) produced by Microtetraspora flexuosa; (I) has pH optimum 7-9 and temperature optimum 70-80C.    ADVANTAGE -   Xylanase (I) is more efficient in delignifying and brightening pulp than prior xylanases, without adversely affecting pulp quality. (I) is novel; 5 strains of xylanase that withstand alkaline conditions and high temperatures, and have optima broadly as defined for (I), have been obtained from M. flexuosa.
In a main reactor (2) of a dust solid fuel manufacturing plant provided with a reaction vessel (4) in which the mixture of combustible dust and adhesives is housed and heated, and an exhaust device for discharging the air and steam inside the reaction vessel to the outside (44) of the vessel. The exhaust device comprises a tubular body (6) that is rotatably supported inside the reaction vessel (4) and a large number of penetrating holes have been perforated in its wall, an air circulating means for circulating the air inside the tubular body to the outside of the reaction vessel, a tubular body rotating motor (28), and a sliding member (10) supported by the reaction vessel and capable of abutting on the penetrating holes of the tubular body.    USE -   For manufacturing combustible solid fuel from the dust discharged from homes and industries.    ADVANTAGE -   Since the tubular body (6) is turned by a motor (28) and the sliding member (10) is slid on the penetrating holes, the dust and powder attached on the penetrating holes can be scraped off and clogging can be prevented.
A removing method for benzothiophene comprises contacting a material contg. benzothiophene with a microorganism with an oxidation ability at a rate of at least 1 mg-benzothiophene/hr./g-dry microorganism of genus 'Pseudomonas'.    Also claimed are a microorganism(MP) of genus 'Pseudomonus' with ability to oxidise benzothiophene into benzothiophene sulphodide and a microorganism(MB) of genus 'Bacillus' with ability to decompose benzothiophene sulphone and benzothiophene sulphoxide.    USE -   The microbiological decomposition method is applicable to various material oils and petroleum prods.    ADVANTAGE -   The microbiological decomposition method(desulphurisation method) can decompose benzothiophene in the water-immiscible organic substance such as petroleum prods. into sulphates finally effectively without decomposition of olefin hydrocarbons and aromatic hydrocarbons necessary to maintain the octane number.
Device for waste disposal to produce compost comprises a fermentation tank unit (A) partitioned into a fermentation chamber (4) at an upper stage and a drying chamber (5) at a lower stage by a partition plate having a slide damper mechanism part (7) and having a charge port opening and closing door mechanism part on the lower stage for a fermentation and dried compost product; an agitating blade main shaft unit (B) having agitating blades at the fermentation chamber (4) and the drying chamber (5) and agitating, mixing, and ventilating a fermented product in each chamber; and an agitating blade main shaft drive unit (C) mounted on the lower part of the fermentation tank unit (A) and rotationally driving the agitation blade main shaft unit and functioned as a lower frame for a device main part. The units (A, B), units (A, C), and the units (B, C) are removably coupled together.    ADVANTAGE -   Cost is reduced by mass processing.
Fermentation disposal device has a closed type cylindrical container (2) having a disposal chamber (1) arranged sideways. The closed type cylindrical container (2) has a charge port (5) formed on one end side and an output port (7) on the other end side. An agitating device (10) to feed and agitate a substance is arranged in the disposal chamber (1). A deodorising device (20) and a blast device (21) communicate with the interior of the disposal chamber (1). The blast device (21) has the interior divided into blocks in a feed direction and blast is effected at each block.    ADVANTAGE -   Odour in a disposal device during fermentation disposal does not leak to the outside since the fermentation disposal device is a closed type cylinder container, and odour in the disposal device is sucked and removed by the deodorising device.
A fuel reformer for a fuel cell comprises a reforming cylinder, catalyst layer, and heating medium generator; the reforming cylinder consists of a vertical intermediate cylinder and inside and outside cylinders placed concentrically inside and outside the intermediate cylinder respectively and apart from it, and the inside and outside cylinders are connected each other with a top plate which is also connected to the intermediate cylinder and with a bottom plate which is apart from the end of the intermediate cylinder; the catalyst layer consists of a granular reforming catalyst packed at least in a ring-shaped space between the intermediate cylinder and the inside cylinder; the heating medium generator generates a heating medium for heating the catalyst layer and supplies the heating medium to at least the inside wall of the inside cylinder and the outside wall of the outside cylinder; a hydrocarbon fuel to which steam has been added is passed through the catalyst layer from a ri ng-shaped space between the intermediate cylinder and the outside cylinder and steam-reformed with the catalyst layer heated with the heating medium into a gas with high hydrogen content; and the fuel reformer is characterised in that the catalyst layer consists of both a noble metal type granular reforming catalyst and a nickel type granular reforming catalyst, the parts of the catalyst layer filled with the noble metal type granular reforming catalyst are located where the fuel is flowed in and where the reformed gas is flowed out, and the part of the catalyst layer filled with the nickel type granular reforming catalyst is located between the noble metal type granular catalyst layers.    ADVANTAGE -   Squeezing of the granular reforming catalyst and deposition of carbon on the granular reforming catalyst are prevented. Also the fuel reformer can be made smaller and lighter and produced at low cost.
Waste disposal device has a cover (3) at a charge port (2) with a receiving part (4) to hold charged waste (10) once. When the cover (3) is opened, the receiving part (4) is positioned outside a disposal chamber (1) and a first piece (3a) of the cover (3) closes a charge port (2) and when the cover (3) is closed, the charge port (2) is closed with a second piece (3b) of the cover. The waste (10) in the receiving part (4) falls in the disposal chamber (1) and air is blown against the receiving part (4).    ADVANTAGE -   Diffusion of odour is prevented.
Water processing apparatus (1) using microorganism fixed carrier e.g. for industrial drains has an isolation unit which includes a film element (6), a raw water inlet part (2), an excess sludge outlet (4) and a diffuser (3). The water treated by the isolation unit is ejected out by a suction pump (7). A granular fixed carrier (5) is poured in the tank. The fixed carrier and the film element positioned at a predetermined interval are contacted directly.    ADVANTAGE -   The apparatus is stably operated.
Organic waste disposal device has a vertical shaft (2) arranged rotatably around an axis at the inner central part of a disposal tank (1) in the shape of a cylinder with a bottom and a cover. An endless belt (5) from which blade members (4) for agitation are protruded is stretched between upper and lower shafts horizontally mounted on both sides of the vertical shaft (2). A partition plate (8) having an inside edge fixed at the vertical shaft (2) and parallel to an endless belt (5) is mounted in the rear of an endless belt (5). A support shaft having an inside end fixed on the vertical shaft (2) is arranged in parallel to the upper shaft in the rear of the upper part of the upper shaft around which the endless belt is run. A scrape plate (18) inclining rearward downward and having a front edge contacting with the endless belt (5) is attached to the lower end of a stay (19) arranged rotatably around the support shaft.    ADVANTAGE -   Organic waste is treated to produce compost and decomposed and digested by aerobic fermentation and decomposition digestion.
Treating organic materials (A) comprises grinding or pulverising the materials for fermentation.    When the moisture content of (A) is 40-65 wt.% it is preferably ground or pulverised. The process comprises forced ventilation fermentation process (C) and aged fermentation process (D) and grinding or pulverising (A) before (D).    USE -   Used for treating organic wastes such as sludge, agricultural wastes, or wastes of food industries.    ADVANTAGE -   This method is able to enlarge the specific surface area of organic material in the fermentation process by pulverizing them to increase contact area between micro organisms and organic material, so that able to increase the rate of fermentation.
Preparation of lactic acid comprises addition of a lactic acid bacterium to sludge and carrying out lactic acid fermentation of the sludge. Pref. the fermentation is carried out in the presence of a cellulase. Also claimed are (i) an industrial electron donor consisting of the lactic acid contg. soln. prepd. by the fermentation; (ii) treatment of drainage comprising addition of the lactic acid contg. soln. prepd. by the fermentation and a denitrifying bacterium to drainage to decompose nitrogen-contg. cpds. in the drainage.    ADVANTAGE -   The method permits efficient preparation of the industrial electron donor. The acid is a carbon source for denitrifying processes of drainage, sewage and waste water, a carbon source for culturing and a raw material for synthesis of acetic acid.
The reactor includes a CO transformer (4) provided around a    modifier (3). The CO transformer includes a preheat tank (40) that is provided at the periphery of a buffer tank (39). A baffle plate (38) is provided between the buffer tank and the preheat tank.    A semicircular opening (38a) is provided in the baffle    plate for passing gas from the preheat tank to the buffer tank. The semicircular opening is isolated from a gas inlet (42) of preheat tank. Gas is made to flow inside the preheat tank through the gas inlet. The preheat tank absorbs heat transmitted from the modifier.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides catalytic reaction satisfactorily.
Food and agricultural by-products are sterilised and dehydrated in a single vessel, where the waste material is cooked and sterilised and any oil drained off in the case of materials with a high fat content, followed by the material drying under vacuum. The entire process takes place in a single vessel (1) mixed by a central helical screw (2) turned by a motor (4). The vessel is enclosed in a casing (12) which is heated by burners (16). During the heating the vessel is kept sealed and pressurised. Oil is drained (22) from the base if necessary and during drying a vacuum pump (7) is used to depressurise the vessel.    USE -   The process and the vessel is used in treating animal or vegetable waste products from the food or agricultural industries to produce dried sterilised material which can be used as animal feed or as an organic fertiliser.    ADVANTAGE -   The product is not denatured as it is not in a direct contact with the flame. The vessel is filled and emptied via different ports to avoid product contamination by untreated material.
The method processes bio-waste, by aerobic treatment. The process includes comminution, sorting and mixing of the waste, before charging into the digester (2). Before this, a proportion of digested material is recycled back to the feed. A storage basin (7) is provided for separated fluid product, which has been fermented. A novel feature of this process, is addition of trace elements to the bio-waste ahead of the digester (2). These are admixed into aqueous solution. Also claimed is a plant to carry out this process.    USE -   An aerobic digestion process, suitable for wastes with high solids content and refined materials.    ADVANTAGE -   The method overcomes surprising difficulties, in that refined and high solids content materials, in which there are forming- and dissolved organic acids, can disturb the fermentation process. The problem is overcome by the addition of the trace metals. If necessary, a stage of aerobic hydrolysis or pre-digestion may be included.
Refuse and waste which can be composted is collected, transported and treated in a bag or sack of natural material which is composted along with the contents. Preferably the bag is sufficiently resistant to tearing and to the effects of moisture to provide the required mechanical characteristics. It may be available in different sizes from rolls or from dispensers and may be identified by labelling, colour for symbol to make its purpose obvious.    ADVANTAGE -   The sack reduces handling and avoids use of plastics etc.
Pyrolysis reactor, especially for conversion of waste fat, has a stationary catalyst bed that is charged with the waste fat. The reactor is divided into various zones (1, 2, 3) with separate regulated heating, and at least one zone contains feed and delivery elements for controlled transfer of the charge to another zone. A zeolite is used as catalyst.    USE -   The pyrolyser is used for converting waste fat from restaurants, meat and sausage production, fat deposits from sewage works and recovered bio-hydraulic oils into a uniform product (similar to fuel oil or petrol), to be used in internal combustion engines.    ADVANTAGE -   Starting materials with a wide range of compositions can be converted economically to uniform fuel, even in small amounts, with little gasification and coke formation. Other pyrolysis processes use with starting materials of almost constant composition and none uses waste fat. After separation of cracked gas and water, the reaction mixture consists of hydrocarbons similar to fuel oil or petrol. The catalyst can be regenerated by treatment with oxygen and chlorine and reduction with short-chain hydrocarbons.
NOVELTY - An absorbent material comprises a mixture of granulated foam, microbial nutrient, de-dust agent and ground cellulosic material; where (I) the foam is either urea-formaldehyde or polyurethane; (ii) the absorbent is 6-15 wt.% granulated foam; (iii) the absorbent material is 0.1-1 wt.% microbial nutrient; and (iv) the microbial nutrient is a composite material for promoting growth of hydrocarbon degrading microorganisms, comprising; (a) a core with water soluble, microbial available nutrients including an ammonium, phosphate and iron compounds; and (b) a sacrificial oleophilic, lipophilic, partially oil soluble and biodegradable coating having a (un)saturated fatty acids, wherein the coating encapsulates the core and the absorbent is 79-93 wt.% cellulosic material.    USE - USE Used as an absorbent for use in cases of hydrocarbon-based liquid, eg oil, spills.    ADVANTAGE - ADVANTAGE The material is far less expensive than synthetic competitors, may be disposed of by incineration, landfill or biodegradation and if by the latter means, does so quickly.
The methane fermenter with a top gas cavity comprises a horizontal casing (1) with vertical partitions (3) forming acid, neutral, alkali and fermentation chambers (3-6), and a bottom settling cavity (13) with an offloader (8) and a mixer (9-11). A charger (7), a comminutor (14) containing abrasive immobilising granulate (18) and with a perforated wall (20) supplement a settling chamber (21) and blades (17) on a shaft (15), and perforation of the partitions.    USE -   In space heating, fodder production, etc..    ADVANTAGE -   Economy and efficiency are increased.
Human faecalia from e.g. outdoor dug-out latrines, etc., can be made safe for subsequent use as garden fertiliser in areas containing fici or microfoci of helminthosis, by killing helminthid eggs present in the material. This is done by composting the faecalia with soil pretreated with a suspension of ''prometrin'' (I) containing 40-50g. (I)/2 l of water, per 15-20 kg of soil. After three months the mixture is safe and ready-for-use.    USE -   The process is used in sanitary helminthology.    ADVANTAGE -   The method is simple, quick and environmentally safe.
Fermentation disposal device for waste has a charge port (18) for waste formed in the rear part of a side wall and an output port (19) for fermentation compost in a front end part. A rotary drive shaft (22) is longitudinally extended through and supported in a treating tank (11) covered with an openable cover. A hollow drive shaft (23) is fitted in the outer periphery of a rear part of the rotary drive shaft (22) and supported reversely rotatably in linkage with the rotary drive shaft. Waste charged through the charge port (18) is scraped in the hollow drive shaft (22) and agitation promotion blades (33) to advance the waste as the waste is agitated to compost it are radially arranged. Agitating blades (32) to agitate a material and having propulsion performance are radially arranged. A screw conveyor (36) to convey a part of compost at the front end of a disposal tank toward a rear end part having the charge port is longitudinally supported. An air intake port (38) is formed below the bottom of the disposal tank. A feed duct (31) through which air in the tank is fed in the tank is longitudinally arranged, and a deodorising tank (45) filled with a deodorant is arranged adjacent the disposal tank. A blower by which fermentation gas in the deodorising tank is fed in the deodorising tank is provided.    ADVANTAGE -   Space for temporary storage of waste is not required.
Treatment of organic waste to ferment it aerobically in contact with fermenting microorganisms comprises feeding the organic waste to a fermenter (5) kept at room temperature, fermenting and transferring the obtained product to a fermenter (6,7) kept at above room temperature or a heating and drying tank for high temperature fermentation. Only the product of a specified size is transferred to the high temperature fermenter (6,7).    USE -   The process is used for production of compost from organic waste such as wet waste produced in homes, supermarkets and restaurants.    Compost of dried granular shape having high ripening, which can be handled easily, can be obtained.
Organic waste disposal device comprises a disposal tank (3) having an upper opening and in a cylindrical shape and storing organic waste; a first support member (5) above the disposal tank radially of the disposal tank and movable along the peripheral wall of the disposal tank; an agitating mechanism (11) at the first support member (5) and agitating organic waste in the disposal tank (3); a second support member (6) above the disposal tank radially of the disposal tank (3) and movable along the peripheral wall of the disposal tank and a feeding mechanism (17) to drop the organic waste in the disposal tank through the opening for a feed. The feed mechanism (17) comprises hoppers (18, 23) to temporarily store organic waste and a feed conveyor (21) to receive the organic waste dropped from the hopper and conveying the waste along the longitudinal direction of the second support member (6) and dropping the waste in the disposal tank for a feed. The feed conveyor (21) is arranged at the second support member (6) movably along the longitudinal direction of the second support member.    ADVANTAGE -   Organic waste in a disposal tank is not deviated to the peripheral wall side.
Organic waste disposal device comprises a disposal tank (3) having an upper surface opening and formed in a square and storing organic waste for fermentation; an agitating tank (1) linearly movably contained in the disposal tank (3) and agitating the organic waste in the disposal tank (3) and a feeding mechanism (7) arranged linear movably to the disposal tank (3) and dropping the organic waste in the disposal tank (3) through the opening for a feed. The agitating mechanism (6) and the feeding mechanism (8) are arranged movably independently from each other in the disposal tank (3). The feeding mechanism (7) comprises a hopper (17) for a solid to charge solid organic waste in the disposal tank (3) and a hopper (18) for liquid to charge liquid organic waste in the disposal tank (3).    ADVANTAGE -   Disposal capacity is increased without increasing the size of a drive source for a feeding mechanism.
Raw waste processor (1) has an inner cylinder (2) into which raw refuse and bacteria is inserted. An outer cylinder (3) encloses the inner cylinder through a spatial part (14). A support stand (4) supports the two cylinders and turns them. A porous air cylinder (6) is arranged vertically in the inner cylinder. A horizontal cylinder (24) penetrates the air cylinder. The air cylinder is equipped with a partitioned filter (26). A water pool spatial part is provided at the base plate side of the inner cylinder. A drain part (5) is provided at the base plate side of the outer cylinder.    The lower surface side of the spatial part is divided into many water treatment houses by a wall partition which has a leading path. The first water treatment house leads to the water pool spatial part of the inner cylinder. The last water treatment house leads to the drain part, when raw refuse is inserted into the inner cylinder, it comes in contact with the turbulent flow of bacteria and air in the inner cylinder. The refuse is decomposed by bacteria. The organism decomposing is propelled by an active element (9). The decomposed water is drained out through the drain part. Water, air and carbon dioxide gas are purified by the active element.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents generation of stink. Enables installation at arbitrary site. Improves processing efficiency. Ensures waste water treatment.
New adsorbent composition comprises a modified carbonaceous material with 1 organic group attached to the carbonaceous material.    Also claimed are (i) a method for increasing the adsorption capacity of a carbonaceous material by attaching 1 organic group capable of increasing adsorption, (ii) a method for adsorbing an adsorbate using this material and (iii) an ion exchange material comprising the adsorbent composition containing an organic group with an exchangeable ion.    USE -   The adsorbent is used to remove polar (especially water) and non-polar adsorbates from the gas, vapour or liquid phase. It is also used in separations ranging from water treatment to metals separation/recovery, ion exchange and catalysis etc.    ADVANTAGE -   The adsorbent surface can be extensively modified without damaging its structure or making it more friable. The organic group can be chosen to selectively increase or decrease adsorption affinity of one component of a mixture to maximise its separation. Compared to conventional polymeric ion exchangers, the adsorbent has higher temperature stability, greater resistance to swelling and greater mechanical strength without an adverse effect on uptake kinetics.
To recover phellandrene from a mixt. of phellandrene and limonene by distilling in the presence of an azeotrope forming agent. Phellandrene and the azeotrope forming agent are recovered as the overhead prod. and limonene as the bottoms prod. The azeotrope forming agent is selected from 2-methoxyethanol, t-butyl methyl ether, ethyl formate, methyl propionate, ethyl lactate, ethanol, isopropanol, 1-propanol, 2-pentanol, 2-methyl-1-propanol, t-amyl alcohol, methanol, 1-methoxy-2-propanol, 1,4-dioxane, acetal, dioxolane, 4-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone, 2,2-di-methoxypropane, dimethylformamide, butyraldehyde, ethanolamine, acetonitrile, acetone, 2-butanone, 3-pentanone, cyclopentanone and n-butanol.    USE -   To obtain pure phellandrene and limonene.    ADVANTAGE -   The process enhances the relative volatility of phellandrene and limonene and aids their sepn.
Polyisocyanate based closed cell rigid foam comprises reacting an organic isocyanate and a polyol composition in the presence of a blowing agent. Blowing agent comprises an aliphatic or cycloaliphatic 4-7 C hydrocarbon. The polyol composition comprises: (a) a polyol having polyester linkages and a number average molecular weight 400; and (b) at least about 8 parts per 100 parts of polyols (php) of a silicone-containing surfactant polymer.    USE -   The foam can be used in laminate board for building and housing insulation, refrigeration appliance cabinets, entry way door insulation and other applications.    ADVANTAGE -   The high level of silicone surfactant in this composition lead to an improvement in flammability resistance in the foam, as measured by the Butler Chimney test. The composition also has improved mechanical properties, such as aged k-factors, thermal insulation loss of 30 days, compression strength and friability. The silicone-containing polymers are commercially available and many are non-reactive with the isocyanate.
Preparation of organomineral fertiliser with improved quality from coal waste comprises using Azotobacter chroococcum VNIISKhM B-34D (I) as a microbiological activator. The fertiliser also comprises coal mining water which is mixed with (I) in proportion 96.5-98.5:1.5-3.5 and composted.    ADVANTAGE -   The method which can use industrial waste gives a high quality product.
A strain of the phenol-degradation bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens, VKPM V-6489 is new.    In an example, several 250 ml flasks, some containing petrochemical effluent of phenol content 0.09 mg/l and others containing effluent from the production of tannin extracts containing 0.75 mg/l phenol, were seeded with 3% of the effluent volume with a seed material containing 1107 cells/ml Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The biomass was grown at 30 C over 1-7 days, and the phenol contents were determined by a standard photo-calorimetric method. In the case of the petrochemical effluent, the degree of phenol degradation after 1 and 3 days was 54.2 and 86.3% respectively and for the tannin effluent it was 90.7% after 3 days.    USE -   The strain is useful in the microbiological synthesis of organic compounds and for the microbiological degradation of phenols, which is useful for decontamination of phenol-contaminated liquid media.    ADVANTAGE -   Use of the new strain for decontamination of phenol-containing petrochemical production effluents and tannin extract effluents gives, after 3 day incubation, the degree of decontamination about 86 and 90% respectively.
Raw waste disposal apparatus (M) for domestic and commercial application has a casing in which a bacterium floor (B) is provided.    Soil bacteria are mixed with the bacterium floor, which decomposes the raw refuse.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids need for replenishment of bacterium floor. Prevents stink generation from bacterium floor.
Waste disposal device comprises a main disposal tank (10) and a sub disposal tank (20) removably mounted in the main disposal tank (10). In the disposal device, a partition part (10) to position the sub disposal tank (20) is formed in the main disposal tank (10). An opening part (22) is formed in the partition part (10) and an opening part (85) is formed in the sub disposal tank (20). The opening part (22) of the sub disposal tank is communicated with the main disposal tank (10) through the opening part (85) of the partition section part (70) and a shutter (80).    After a specific amount of agitated waste and a base material are charged in a sub disposal tank (20), the sub disposal tank (20) is preferably returned to a fixed position. A shutter (80) is rotated with the sub disposal tank (20) and the opening parts (22 and 85) of the sub disposal tank (20) and the shutter (80) are fixed in the position of a space part (71) communicated with outside air.    ADVANTAGE -   The opening of a partition part is closed by a shutter and diffusion of waste in a main disposal tank and a base material is prevented.
Organic waste disposing device comprises a motor (24) for forward and reverse is linked to a rotary shaft (21) of an agitating mechanism (20) and a discharge port (3) with an opening closing door is formed in a part of the curved bottom of a containing tank (1). Agitating blades (22b) for discharge are radially and through respective rods (22c) in parallel to the rotary shaft 21 around the rotary shaft (21) positioned facing the discharge port (3). Agitation blades (220) for conveyance are attached adjacently to the blades (226) for discharge on both sides through respective rods (23c) radially from a rotary shaft (21) and inclined at a given angle with the rotary shaft. During rotation in one direction of the rotary shaft, organic waste in the containing tank (1) is fed in the direction of the discharge port (3) through the agitation blades (22a) for conveyance and the organic waste is discharged through the discharge port (3) by the agitating blade (22b) for discharge.    ADVANTAGE -   Organic waste in a containing tank is high-efficiently discharged through a discharge port.
A garbage disposer comprises a disposing tank (2) to crush and ferment charged garbage to produce compost; a discharge passage (10) for a disposed substance coupled to a compost stocker (3) to accumulate compost; a suction passage (43) opened to the disposing tank (2); and a deodorising device (4) having an exhaust passage (44) communicated with the suction passage (43). The deodorising device (4) gas a deodorizing unit (41) and juxtaposed with the disposing tank (2). A compost stocker is disposed to the lower part of the deodorising device (4). The suction passage (43) and the exhaust passage (44) of the deodorising device (4) are partitioned away from each other by a thermally insulated partition plate (42). The suction passage (43) and the exhaust passage (44) are intercommunicated through the gap of the lower part of the partition plate (42). Air in the exhaust passage (44) is heated and effects convection through the passage for deodorisation.    ADVANTAGE -   The generation of vibration and noise of a heat catalyst does not occur.
The drum oscillation garbage disposing machine comprises a drum (2) having an opening (5) formed in an outer periphery and a cover body (3) with a vent hole (7) to close the opening part (5); a cage body (6) inserted through the opening (5) and removably attached to the inner upper part of the drum (2); an oscillator to oscillator the drum (2); and a heating device (11). A garbage fractionising device has a cage body (6) in the drum (2) and a substance to be disposed charged in the cage body (6) is fractionised by utilising the inversion motion of the drum (2).    ADVANTAGE -   Garbage is further sanitarily and rapidly decomposed and disposed.
Microbial treatment of an organic material contg. cellulosic shell comprises crushing the shell prior to the treatment. Pref. the shell is crushed by extruding the material from an extruder. Pref. the treatment is fermentation.    USE -   The method is for prodn. of fully matured compost in a short period and completion of methane fermentation.    ADVANTAGE -   The method permits completion of decomposition of organic materials involving cellulosic shell in a short period and achieves bulk redn. and recovery of energy. With a reduced treating time and without the need of treating auxiliary materials. The apparatus is compact.
In a garbage disposing system comprises a compost producing mechanism (3) situated downstream from a disposer (1), the compost producing mechanism (3) has a sensor (12) to detect operation abnormality of the compost producing mechanism (3). When operation abnormality of the compost producing mechanism (3) is detected by the sensor (12), operation of the disposer is prohibited. When operation abnormality of the compost producing mechanism (3) is detected, a display device to display the abnormality is arranged is provided. The sensor is a weight sensor (13) to detect the weight of the compost producing mechanism (3). The sensor is a volume increase detecting sensor (12) to detect the increase of the volume of a content contained in the disposing container of the compost producing device.    ADVANTAGE -   A trouble, such as the generation of a smell due to defective decomposition and agitation lock, does not occur.
Treatment of organic waste water involves extracting more sludge than amount of active sludge, treating the extracted sludge in an anaerobic fermentation process and returning it to the system for aerobic-biochemical treatment.    ADVANTAGE -   Residual sludge produced from biochemical treatment facilities for organic waste water can be reduced.
Chicory roots and other agricultural products are shredded by a rotating cutter (2). The cutting blades are mounted on a horizontal rotating cylinder (4), supported on a frame (3). Material for shredding (R) is fed towards the blades through a chamber (13) which gradually decreases in size, forcing the material against the blades. The chamber is enclosed by a flap (10), also mounted on the frame.    USE -   Shredding of agricultural waste, particularly chicory roots, prior to their use as compost in the soil.    ADVANTAGE -   The roots are quickly disposed of and do not need to be stored in large heaps, which are inconvenient and may cause sanitary problems.
A composter (1) comprises a composting vessel (2) connected to a receptacle (3) with a shredder (4). The vessel has air inlets (15) and a discharge pipe (14). In the composter is a mixer (6,7,11,12,13) which, in use, mixes compostable material which is pressed into the vessel near the bottom by the shredder (4). It lifts the compostable material upwards to the discharge pipe (14) which is near the top of the vessel. Decomposition of the material takes place as it rises slowly through the vessel as a result of the lifting action of the mixer. Fully decomposed material is discharged through pipe (14).    USE -   The device enables the efficient decomposition of household waste.    ADVANTAGE -   Decomposition is continuous and allows new waste to be added continually without causing the decomposition process to lose its efficiency. The apparatus is small compared with known equipment. All functions of the vessel are computer controller. It accomplishes thorough mixing with even levels of temperature, humidity and oxygenation.
A compost bin (1) comprises (a) a lid (11), perforated bottom panel (13) and a wall formed from two semicircular wall members (4) with screen structures (8) covering the side openings (6) between the wall members (4), the assembly being held together by slip pins (9) securing the screen structures (8) to the wall members (4), and (b) perforated air tubes (7) are inserted into the side openings (6) at vertically spaced intervals as the level of compost builds up, the tubes permitting the ingress of sufficient oxygen to maintain degradation of the compost material without generating odours, given that (c) the apparatus is constructed of black, recycled polyethylene plastic material.    USE -   For composting biodegradable waste material.    ADVANTAGE -   A low cost, easily assembled compost bin constructed to retain moisture and provide the proper amounts of oxygen necessary to allow decomposition to occur without need for turning, stirring, or tumbling the compost mass.
The gas distribution tube connects a number of gas pipings extended from each cell (1) of a fuel battery to a gas piping (7a) from one side face of fuel battery stack (5) comprising number of fuel battery cells. A number of flat metal members (20) and flat electric insulation gaskets (21) are laminated alternately. A main gas passage way penetrates the metal member and electric insulation gasket in lamination direction. A multilayer body (22) is provided on which a sub gas passage way branches from main gas passage way to each of metal member. A main coupling (24) connects the gas piping and gas passage way by external side. A sub coupling (23) connects gas piping extended from fuel battery stack and sub gas passage ways. A fastening part performs fastening combination of multilayered body.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves reliability and reduces cost by reducing number of parts. Obtains compact fuel battery. Improves gas seal property.
The battery includes a pair of oxidising agent pole and a fuel pole (12) between which two or more unit cells interposing laminated electrolyte layer forming a multilayer body, is formed. A gas manifold (7a) is arranged on a side face of the multilayer body, connecting the gas supply unit and gas pipe through which oxidising and heat gas is passed. The density of gas which is supplied through a reaction gas entrance side and is supplied through an outlet is uniform.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents deviation of gas density. Equalises amount of gas flowing in up and down directions.
Waste disposal device comprises a main disposal tank (10); a waste charge port formed in the main disposal tank (10); a sub-disposal tank (20) removably positioned in the main disposal tank (10); a rotary shaft (40) coupled to a drive part (30); a blade part (50) coupled to the rotary shaft (40); a blade part (50) coupled to the rotary shaft (40) and a rotary blade part (60) in the sub-disposing tank (20). The rotary shaft (40) in the main tank (10) is coupled to the rotary blade part (60) in the sub-disposal tank (20).    ADVANTAGE -   A discharged substance is reliably dried.
Return of deforested trees and roots to soil through degradation by aerobic microorganisms comprises (i) crushing the trees and roots, piling the crushed pieces while scattering a microorganism(s) and a fermentation promoter comprising a plant residue and/or cattle excreta at a specified interval, applying a rolling pressure to the pile of a specified height by a heavy vehicle, scattering water over the pile, or sediment, and covering with a cover sheet and (ii) mixing and turning up the pile about 30 days after the temp. of the centre of the sediment exceeds 60 C, addg. 10-15 vol.%, w.r.t. the vol. of the sediment, of the fermentation promoter to the sediment after 30-day standing and turning up the sediment. Pref. after the addition of the promoter and turning up, the sediment is turned up at an appropriate interval until the temp. of the centre of the sediment lowers to a fermentation-terminating temp. of about 35 C, and the resultant sediment soil is collected 20 days after the temp. of the centre of the sediment reaches the terminating temp.    USE -   The method is for early return of cut trees and roots produced in e.g. deforestation for dam construction.    ADVANTAGE -   The method permits rapid return of the waste to soil.
Organic substance processing apparatus for processing waste is mounted on the outer wall of a process tank (1) which decomposes the organic substance using microorganism which is cultivated by a carrier (2). A main body case (29) covers a process tank, and it has a inlet port. A suction inlet is formed between the main body case and the process tank. Open air passes into the process tank through the air flow path which connects the suction and inlet port.    A heater heats the inside of the process tank and the temperature of the heater is detected by a temperature detector (7) which is positioned near the heater. Based on the output from the detector, a controller controls a heater.    ADVANTAGE -   Stabilizes organic substance process and dissolves organic substance.
Organic waste disposal device comprises a disposal tank (50) having a port (52) to charge waste; an agitating conveying device (65) to agitate and convey charged waste; a heater (53) in the disposal tank (50) to effect aerobic fermentation disposal of waste; a heat-exchanger (70) to condense steam generated at a fermentation disposal process and an oxygen feeder to dry air in the disposal tank (20). The heat exchanger (70) is in an upper space position in the disposal tank (50) not interfering with waste charged through the charge port (52). The heat exchanger (70) comprises a vaporiser to form a refrigerating cycle in cooperation with a compressor (71), a condenser (72) and an expansion valve (72).    ADVANTAGE -   Reliability is improved and production and running costs are reduced.
Ready to plug in refrigerated cabinet for storing and/or displaying products in at least one cool space - contains a hermetically sealed coolant circulation cycle through which propane and/or propene flows.    The use of propane and/or propene as a coolant for these type of cabinets is also claimed.    USE -   The cabinets are most frequently used in small shops or petrol stations    ADVANTAGE -   The coolant is halogen-free for environmental reasons, non-toxic and more energy efficient than CFC`s or fluorocarbons, reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
The production of an insulated pipe, having an inner pipe, an outer sheath and spacer(s) between them forming an annular gap, which is filled with an insulating layer of polyurethane foam, is claimed. The outside of the inner pipe is provided with a release layer and a blowing agent, free from fluorochloro-hydrocarbon, is used for blowing the foam.    Also claimed is an insulated pipe of this type, preferably with an inner tube of copper.    USE -   Pipes of this type are useful as e.g. drinking water and heating pipes and in industry for carrying hot or cold media.    ADVANTAGE -   Insulating foam with the required thermal conductivity and heat resistance can be produced using various environmentally friendly blowing agents and no solvent is needed for stripping the foam from the inner tube where necessary.
A longitudinal composting heap is spanned by a moving gantry from which hangs a mixing assembly. The mixer is a rotating tube which is enveloped by a helical mixer blade which traverses the width and length of the compost heap, hanging both vertically and inclined to the normal, as it mixes the compost. The novelty is that: (a) from the upper one third of the helical mixer downwards, the outer diameter of the helical blade (3) increases from top to bottom by up to 25%; (b) the blade reaches its maximum diameter in the lower third of the pipe; (c) the pitch of the blades increases from bottom to top; and (d) the helical blades are fabricated in sections and are detachable by means of push-fit fixtures.    ADVANTAGE -   The widening helical improves the quality of the mixing process and increases the service life of the blade sections.
The fuel cell module has at least two individual cells arranged in a plane inside a rectangular housing consisting of anode and cathode sides with a gas inlet and outlet (4,5;8,9) for the combustion gases. The housing parts (10,11) are connected together at a sealed joint.    The cells are electrically connected in series and the anode and cathode spaces in each housing are arranged in series wrt. gas flow. Gas distributors in the anode and cathode chambers of the individual cells are connected via gas channels (6,7) which open into edge channels (19) for modules with more than one row of cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The module is structurally simple with improved intrinsic cooling.
A process for the production of rigid polyurethane (PUR) foam with low thermal conductivity, comprises reacting (A) a polyol component with (B) a polyisocyanate or modified polyisocyanate with an NCO content of 20-48 wt%.    (A) contains: (1) polyester-polyol(s) with a mol.wt. of 100-30,000 and at least two isocyanate-reactive hydrogen atoms; (2) compounds with a mol.wt. of 150-12,500 containing at least two NCO-reactive H atoms and at least one tertiary nitrogen atom; (3) compounds with a mol.wt. of 150-12,500 containing at least two NCO-reactive H atoms; (4) catalysts; (5) water; (6) blowing agents; and optionally (7) additives, etc..    USE -   Used as interlayers for composite elements and for foaming-in-place (claimed). Applications especially include insulating refrigerators, and also insulating heating pipes or containers.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables the production of hydrocarbon-blown PUR foam with a thermal conductivity as low as that of trichlorofluoromethane- or low trichlorofluoromethane-blown foam.
Treatment of waste to prevent the growth of pathogenic mould comprises the application of non-pathogenic mould spores from a nozzle under pressure. Alternatively the addition is made using pellets from sealed storage in the waste container.    USE -   The method prevents the growth of pathogenic organisms in composted waste which can cause e.g. allergies.
The present invention relates to the field of technology using settling process to separate suspended solid fine particles from liquid. Its technical line is as follows: firstly the waste wort is pretreated by adding flocculating agent, the n is separated in separator. Besides, said invention provides a pretreatment equipment implementing the method, and said equipment includes a setting vessel with closed bottom, a waste wort input tube extending into lower portion of the set ting vessel, a wort-pumping tube extending into the bottom of the vessel, and the wort-pumping tube is connected with the separator.
Consortium of methanotrophs which show optimal growth at 50-80 C, and which degrade trichloroethylene (TCE) and naphthalene after being grown in the presence of methane, is new.    Optimum growth is achieved at 50-60 C.    USE -   The consortium can be a part of a composition in a growth media containing methane at concentration of 3%. The above methanotrophs produce enzymes such as proteases, DNA polymerases, lipases, cellulases or methane monooxygenases. They may be used in fermentation processes for production of chemicals, especially stereo-specific isomers or in pulping/recycling of cellulose-containing materials. They may be used for degradation of alcohols such as methanol or instilled into soil or water to degrade pollutants, especially hydrocarbons and substituted hydrocarbons. They can be used for production of alcohols from alkanes and the formation of epoxides.    ADVANTAGE -   The properties of the methanotrophs allow the above processes to be carried out at higher temperatures.
Recovery of calcium from biomass pretreatment process comprises: (a) pretreating with CaO, or Ca(OH)2 and H2O, the mixture is kept at ambient pressure and above ambient temperature to enhance its susceptibility to hydrolysis; (b) carbonating the biomass, and (c) precipitating and recovering CaCO3 or Ca(HCO3)2.    ADVANTAGE -   The process allows the recycling of the recovered Ca based materials and is part of an economical and safe method of treating biomass, e.g. lignocellulose comprising materials to enhance their digestibility by animals and to provide a range of chemical feedstocks and fuels. No toxins or harmful chemicals are introduced into the biomass during the treatment process.
The method involves using waste plastics, waste asphalt, calcium hydroxide and additive such as fresh asphalt for forming a block (1). The materials are added to a heating sand mixer for heating and kneading. The blocks are used with mortar or asphalt to seal the bottom of the waste reclamation pit and form a pair of walls (14,15).    A group is installed over the pit using the blocks to prevent rain water from entering a pit (16). Waste material which does not contain raw refuse such as industrial waste, is dumped under the roof in the pit for insertion processing (18). A water proof layer using asphalt is laid burying the waste that is processed in the pit.    ADVANTAGE -   The method uses waste material to construct waste reclamation pits. It prevents outflow of sewage from the pit.
Gas separation membranes are produced by firing source membranes made of imidazo:pyrrolone (IMPR) polymer at 410-1500 (450-900) C in an inert gas atmosphere.    USE -    For producing gas separation membranes. They are used for O2 /N2 separation, H2 recovery from off-gas or ammonia synthesis, CO2 recovery from waste gas of thermal power plants or incinerators, NOx or SOx removal from waste gas, separation of H2 S, CO2, oxidative gas, and water from natural gas, dehydration of organic aqueous solution, pervaporation separation of volatile substances, gas separation from liquid, and others.    ADVANTAGE -   Gas separation membranes have improved gas separation factors and are produced stably in a simple manner.
Compost production device comprises a tank body (11) to maintain the closed state of the interior by combining together an upper plate (12), a side plate (13), and bottom plates (14, 14a), a charge port (20) having an openable upper cover (21) at the upper part of the tank body (11), bottom plates (14, 14a) forming the lower member of the tank body (11) and inclined to be squeezed from the side plate (13) toward a discharge port (15), a gate (17) at the discharge port (15), an exciting device (49) to vibrate the bottom plates (14, 14a), feed air pipes (42) vertically arranged in the tank body and having a holes (44) to feed air to the interior of a compost material and a lower part (31) to feed air to the feed air pipes (42).    ADVANTAGE -   Production efficiency of compost is improved.
Compost producing container has vertically opening upper and bottom covers (3, 2) for a drum part (1) to contain agricultural waste and produce compost. The outer periphery of the drum at the lower half part of the container drum part (6) is squeezable by a specified amount. The outer periphery of the drum part (6) is squeezed by 1-2 narrow bands (8) or the outer periphery of the drum part is squeezed by 1-2 wide bands (8a).    Band rings (7) are preferably arranged in 2-4 rows on the periphery of the lower half part of a drum part at intervals of 100-250 (preferably 150) mm from a lower bottom toward above. A rope and other non-elastic narrow bands (8) are insertable externally of the band ring row at each stage. The lower half part of the drum before or after raw compost is contained is bound by the narrow bands (8) and brought into a contracted state.    ADVANTAGE -   The total amount of compost is rapidly and reliably discharged.
Composting waste comprises putting waste and an organic or inorganic porous multispace forming material in an air permeable container and fermenting the mixture.    A nutrient nourishing material for growth of microorganisms is preferably put in the container prior to fermentation. An aerobic or a facultative anaerobic microorganism is put in the container to ferment. The container comprises a mesh-shaped synthetic resin and engaged in a bucket. Alternatively, the container comprises a mesh-shaped inner bag and a flexible, impermeable outer bag pierced with air holes. Preferably the container is housed in an insulating bag made of an impermeable, light-transmitting, flexible material and pierced with air holes during fermentation. The multispace-forming material used as a fermentation decomposition medium is e.g. specified soil, a waste mushroom medium or dry branch chips.    USE -   The method is for treatment of garbage from restaurants, schools and households.    ADVANTAGE -   The composting is convenient and controls bad smelling during fermentation. The use of the insulating bag ensures smooth fermentation.
Preparation of a compost comprises composting an organic material while maintaining the water content of the material at 30-50 wt.%. Also claimed is preparation of a compost which comprises drying an organic material to a water content of 10-30 wt.%, adjusting the water content to 30-50 wt.% and composting the material while maintaining the water content at 30-50 wt.%.    Preferably the material is e.g. an organic waste, such as waste, sewage sludge and/or cattle excreta. Organic wastes have a water content of 70-80 wt.%, and materials of a water content of &gt; 50 wt.% are dried by natural or forced drying or added with a dried organic material, such as dried grass, straw, husks and/or wood chips to adjust the water content to 30-50 wt.%. The drying allows coarse grains to be crushed. The crushed material is optionally sieved with a 10-20 mm sieve to remove foreign material. Composting is carried out in a fermentation vessel capable of storing large amounts of organic material for a specified period.    ADVANTAGE -   The efficient process produces high quality compost from a dried organic material.
Compost producing device has plate members (2) to support a compost producing substance (a) arranged vertically in a multistage in a cylindrical containing body (1) to contain a compost producing substance, such as waste, grass and dead leaves. The compost producing substance (a) is supported by a lower plate member and the plate member above the supported compost producing substance (a) functions as a cover, and the interior of the containing body (1) is partitioned into two stages of upper and lower stages. The plate member (2) is at least downwardly movably arranged. A stopper mechanism (3) to lock and hold a lowest stage plate member (2), situated in the containing body (1), in the containing body (1) is arranged in the containing body (1). By releasing the stopper mechanism (3), produced compost is dropped and discharged to the outside of the containing body together with the lower stage plate member (2). The plate member (2) positioned on the lowermost layer producing compost dropped in the containing body is simultaneously locked and held in the containing body (1) by the stopper mechanism (3) without dropping to the outside of the containing body (1).    ADVANTAGE -   The efficiency of compost production is improved.
Fermentation of organic waste comprises drying organic waste until the moisture content is 50-70% and fermenting the dried organic material. Also claimed is an organic waste treatment device comprising a drier (1) where organic waste is dried to a specified moisture and a fermentation device (2). The fermentation device (2) is connected to a blower (3) through an air pipe (3a) to maintain the inside of the fermentation device in an aerobic condition.    USE -   The process is used to ferment organic waste such as sewage sludge to form compost.    ADVANTAGE -   In the fermentation process, the microorganism activity is increased rapidly to increase the reaction temperature, so that the organic waste is fermented rapidly. The reaction time can be reduced.
Improving decomposing activity of microorganisms comprises decomposing oxygenase producing microorganisms to organic compounds by oxidation, while decreasing the growth rate in the logarithmic growth stage of the microorganisms. Also claimed is the clean-up of contaminated soil by decreasing the growth rate in the logarithmic growth stage of the microorganisms.    The microorganisms preferably include 1 of genera Corynebacterium, Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, Alcaligenes, Vibrio, Nocardia, Bacillus, Lactobacillus, Achromobacter, Arthrobacter, Micococcus, Mycobacterium, Methylosinas, Methylomonas, Welchia, Methylocystis, Nitrozomonas, Saccharomyces, Candida, Torulopsis, Moraxella, esp. JM1 (FERM P-14727, FERM BP-5352).    USE -   The process is useful for the cleanup of soil contaminated with organo chlorine compounds.    ADVANTAGE -   The process allows powerful expression of the decomposing activity of microorganisms, allowing efficient clean-up of organo chlorine compound contaminated soil.
Purifying contaminated soil in which a contaminated soil or ground water of non-aquifer or underlying aquifer is treated comprises air sparging and microorganism treatment to remove the pollutant by a) providing an injection well at a position below the groundwater level of aquifer (from the ground surface through the non-aquifer), b) injecting a gas containing oxygen through the well and let the resulting bubbles raise the ground water level around the injection well to non-aquifer, c) supplying oxygen and water to the microorganisms in the non-aquifer to activate the same, d) carrying out biodegradation of a volatile or non-volatile pollutant in the contaminated soil or ground water, and e) releasing the non-toxic decomposed product aboveground through the non-aquifer.    USE -   The method is useful for purifying soil or ground water contaminated with an organic compound such as phenol or an organochlorine compound such as trichloroethylene.    ADVANTAGE -   Contaminated soil and ground water can be efficiently cleansed by bioreclamation.
Purifying soil contaminated with a volatile substance at a site lower than the groundwater level comprises using pumping equipment to surround the contaminated region and suck the ground water to the point lower than the contaminated stratum. A layer of a substance having a high void ratio is used to surround the pumping equipment. The pollutant is cleansed by microorganisms by; (1) sucking the ground water and introducing a chemical solution containing microorganisms which can decompose the pollutant and/or a microorganism activating substance and spreading the chemical solution is spread through the entire contaminated region and lowering the ground water level to a point below the contaminated stratum and (2) sucking the ground water to maintain the ground water level lowered.    Air circulation is preferably carried out using a suction pipe in the centre of the region surrounded by the pumping equipment.    USE -   The process is useful for purifying soil contaminated with hydrocarbons such as fuels, preferably organo chlorine compounds including trichloroethylene or tetrachloroethylene or aromatic compounds.    ADVANTAGE -   The soil contaminated with the organic substances below the groundwater level can be efficiently, cheaply and safely cleansed.
Purifying contaminated soil by cleansing soil contaminated with a volatile organic compound by biodegradation of microorganisms comprises (a) forming a soil purifying region containing decomposing microorganism material and a material which can adsorb the volatile organic compound in the contaminated soil region and (b) extracting a gas containing the pollutant from the contaminated soil region and passing the extracted gas through the purifying region and returning it to the contaminated soil region.    The volatile organic compound adsorbing material preferably comprises a water dispersible polymer compound in the form of fine particles, whose surface has negative charges. The particle size of the polymer particulate is 0.01-5 m.    USE -   The process is particularly useful for removing a volatile organic compound such as organo chlorine compound preferably trichloroethylene from the contaminated soil.    ADVANTAGE -   The purification can be carried out efficiently.
Purifying soil contaminated with a volatile substance present at a site lower than the groundwater level comprises using pumping equipment to surround the contaminated region and pump the ground water to below the contaminated region and a layer of a substance having a high void ratio to surround the pumping equipment. The pollutant is cleansed by the microorganisms by: (1) sucking the ground water by the pumping equipment so that the groundwater level is lowered to below the contaminated region, (2) introducing a chemical solution containing microorganisms which can decompose the pollutant and/or a microorganism activating substance and restoring the groundwater level to the original level so that the chemical solution is spread through the entire contaminated region and (3) sucking the ground water again to lower the groundwater level to form the contaminated stratum into a vadose zone.    USE -   The process is useful for purifying soil contaminated with hydrocarbons such as fuels, preferably organochlorine compounds including trichloroethylene or tetrachloroethylene or aromatic compounds.    ADVANTAGE -   The soil contaminated with the organic substances below the groundwater level can be efficiently, cheaply and safely cleansed.
Purifying contaminated soil with a cassette type reactor comprises sucking a volatile pollutant in the soil and decomposing in a reaction region of the reactor maintaining microorganisms which can decompose the volatile pollutant. The cassette type reactor is removably placed in a stake-like body in the soil.    The stake-like body preferably has an air suction port at the front end and an exhaust vent at the back end. The microorganisms are supported on a support in the reaction region and the support contains nutrients, inducers and/or growth stimulating agents.    USE -   The process is useful for purifying soil contaminated with hydrocarbons such as fuels, preferably organo chlorine compounds including trichloroethylene or tetrachloroethylene or aromatic compounds.    ADVANTAGE -   Contaminated soil can be efficiently cleansed without secondary contamination.
Purifying soil contaminated with a volatile substance present at a site lower than the groundwater level comprises using pumping equipment to surround the contaminated region and pumping the ground water up to the point below the contaminated region and a layer of a substance having a high void ratio to surround the pumping equipment. The ground water is sucked by the pumping equipment, so that the groundwater level is lowered to below the contaminated region and the contaminated stratum is made to form a vadose zone. Then air is supplied through the layer of the substance having high void ratio into the ground and a microorganism decomposition region is formed in the middle of the area surrounded by the pumping equipment. Then air is sucked through the air sucking pipe near the microorganism decomposition region so that the contaminated air is passed through the microorganism decomposition region and purified and evacuated.    USE -   The process is used for purifying soil contaminated with hydrocarbons such as fuels, preferably organochlorine compounds including trichloroethylene or tetrachloroethylene or aromatic compounds.    ADVANTAGE -   The soil contaminated with the organic substances below the groundwater level can be efficiently and cheaply cleansed.
Purifying contaminated soil in which a volatile pollutant in contaminated region of the soil is sucked and introduced into reaction zone provided in a reactor in the soil wherein microorganisms (which can decompose the volatile pollutant) are provided so that the volatile pollutant is decomposed. There is a water absorbing polymer layer near the reactor to control the water content near the reactor.    USE -   The method is useful for purifying soil contaminated with hydrocarbons such as fuels, which are pref organochlorine compounds including trichloroethylene or tetrachloroethylene or aromatic compounds.    ADVANTAGE -   The contaminated soil can be efficiently cleansed without causing secondary contamination.
A reactor type apparatus for purifying contaminated soil, comprises a hollow tubular part, a reaction zone provided in the tubular part where microorganisms which can decompose volatile pollutants are retained, a suction port for the reaction zone, and an exhaust vent to release the gas from the reaction zone. Also claimed is a method of purifying contaminated soil in which volatile pollutant in the soil is sucked and introduced into reaction zone provided in a stake-like body (tubular body) in the soil wherein microorganisms (which can decompose the volatile pollutant) are provided so that the volatile pollutant is decomposed.    USE -   The apparatus is useful for purifying soil contaminated with hydrocarbons such as fuels, which are pref organochlorine compounds including trichloroethylene or tetrachloroethylene or aromatic compounds.    ADVANTAGE -   The contaminated soil can be efficiently cleansed without causing secondary contamination.
During the culture at least one microbe of Acidocella, Acidiphilium, Acidobacterium or Thiobacillus genus is cultured in the presence of aluminium.    Also claimed are (1) removal of Al contained in a solution or a soil in which a microbe of Acidocella, Acidiphilium, Acidobacterium or Thiobacillus genus which can grow in the presence of Al is added to a solution or soil containing Al, (2) neutralising an acid soil in which a microbe of Acidocella, Acidiphilium, Acidobacterium or Thiobacillus genus is added to the acid soil, (3) prevention of acidification of a soil in which a microbe of Acidocella, Acidiphilium, Acidobacterium or Thiobacillus genus which can grow in the presence of Al and a photosynthetic microbe are added to the soil, and (4) a microbe body which can be prepared by culturing a microbe of Acidocella, Acidiphilium, Acidobacterium or Thiobacillus genus in the presence of 20 to 100 mM Al.    ADVANTAGE -   The method can remove aluminium from a solution and soil containing Al efficiently.
The apparatus comprises a pair of crushing drums which have spiral crushing nails, rotated around the axis of the drum by a motor (6) at a predetermined inclination. A suction hose (2) is installed in a vehicle (1), whose suction inlet (3) faces the crushing drum. The suction hose is connected to the a vacuum aspirator.    USE -   Used in ferrous and non-ferrous refining facilities, in petroleum facilities, poultry farming and pig, cow and horse farming.    ADVANTAGE -   Scattering and diffusion of crushed elements is inhibited.
Process for recovering useful substances from mixtures using halophilic, osmophilic, halo-tolerant or osmo-tolerant organisms or cells, comprises the use of these organisms/cells in a medium with reduced water activity, or the use of a medium in which the organisms/cells have been converted from a first state with a low dissolved substance concentration (low osmotic pressure) to a second state with a higher dissolved substance concentration (higher osmotic pressure). Dissolved substances undergo reactions so that they are selectively adsorbed and/or accumulated.    USE -   The at least partially purified recovered substances are used to stabilise biological structures such as enzymes, nucleic acids, bio-membranes or cells (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   Individual isomers (e.g. D- and L-proline, N--acetyl-L-lysine and --acetyl-L-lysine, N--acetyl-L-ornithine and N--acetyl-L-ornithine or cis-4-hydroxy-D-proline and trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline) can be separated without using expensive chiral reagents, chiral chromatography phases or stereospecific enzymes.
A method of operating a fuel cell installation (2) which includes at least one fuel cell stack (4) whose waste gas is utilised as the operating resource for at least one heat engine e.g. specifically a Stirling motor.    At least one fuel cell stack (4) is used and includes an anode- part (6) with at least one back-path (32,36) and a cathode part (8) with at least one back-path (40,42). At least one heat engine (34,38,44) is connected via the back-path (32,36) of the anode part and/or the back-path (40,42) of the cathode part (8) on to the fuel-cell stack (4).    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Operation of high-temp. fuel-cell installations i.e. requiring constant operating temp. of over 900 deg C. Capable of providing high-efficiency and flexible power generation.
Process for processing waste for fixed bed gasification comprises pressing the waste with known pressing apparatus to a grain size of 10-100 mm and a crude density of &gt; 1 t/m3. After heating to 800 C and subsequent centrifuging at 25 revolutions for 1 minute the fine grain amount &lt; 1 mm is &lt; 25 %, and the compacted waste converted in fixed bed gasification to crude gas and liquid hydrocarbons.    USE -   Used for processing household and commercial waste, shredded residues and electronic scrap. The gas produced can be used for operating gas turbines and gas motors. The liquid hydrocarbons can be directly marketed. The solid slag produced can be used in the building industry.    ADVANTAGE -   The process is economically friendly.
The fermentation pit has forced dregs-pressing device matched with the methane port, water pressure chamber over the arched roof, methane storing cover in water pressure chamber and sun shield over the water pressure chamber. The material feed pipe is inserted obliquely into the arched roof and the dregs-returning pipe is inserted into the wall opposite to the material feeding pipe with its upper end being connected to water pressure chamber and lower end being extending the bottom of fermentation pit. The methane pit is convenient in unloading material and high in methane yield.
Plant and vegetable waste treated in a thermo-mechanical process which comprises: (a) pre-sorting plant and vegetable wastes which are moistened and dried before being grated in a double helical press to produce a quasi-homogenous mixture; (b) a grating process which increases the temperature and changes the content of micro-organisms in the waste to create waste which is practically germ-free, hygienic and inoffensive, free of smell, and has a springy aerated consistency; (c) using the waste is used as a feed for a compost heap, the consistency being retained as composting progresses; (d) covering the waste water with a sheet of material which permits respiration and is subject to forced ventilation without mechanical distress to the pile or malodorous discharge; (e) completing composting to Grade V standard in 2-3 weeks, after which the compost is recycled, and (f) sorting and excluding from the process wastes other than those from plants and vegetables.    USE -   The process is suitable for the automated municipal composting of plant and vegetable wastes.
An electrochemical sensor comprising: (a) a housing containing: (i) a working electrode; (ii) a counter electrode; (iii) a non-aqueous electrolyte system containing 0-10% water; and (iv) a diffusion barrier which allows a gas phase anolyte to enter the housing while preventing the non-aqueous electrolyte system from flowing out.    USE -   The sensors are useful for detection of saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons, e.g. methane; chlorine; carbon monoxide; hydrogen sulphide; and hydrogen cyanide.    ADVANTAGE -   The non-aqueous electrolyte sensors do not suffer from the effects of widely varying humidity conditions because they do not gain or lose water to the surrounding environment. Thus, non-aqueous electrolyte systems can be used at extremes of relative humidity. Better sensor performance, having lower zero gas currents and lower intrinsic noise levels than aqueous electrolyte systems, to provide lower detection limits for particular anolyte sensing electro-chemistry. By appropriate choice of non-aqueous electrolyte system, different and/or broader sensor operating temperature ranges can be achieved than is possible with aqueous electrolyte systems. Changes in reaction kinetics can provide improved response times (e.g. of &lt;60 seconds to 80% of final output for sensors of any age) and e.g. linear signals can be obtained over 0.25 ppm chlorine. It was also found that chlorine sensors were insensitive to other chemical species.
The reformer comprises a burner provided corresponding to the centre axis on the opening side of a bottomed cylindrical container to eject flames toward the container and a catalyst container arranged on the burner in a coaxially cylindrical manner, formed with at least two partition walls and filled with catalyst to promote chemical reaction, so that material gas can flow into the catalyst container for reforming.    ADVANTAGE -   As there is a small temperature difference between the inside and the outside of the catalyst container filled with catalyst when the partition walls are activated, a shorter activating time is required.
The biodegradation of organic compounds comprises bringing JM1 (FERM BP-5352) in contact with citric acid or its salts.    Also claimed is the rehabilitation of the environment by allowing JM1 to degrade contaminants using citric acid or its salts as carbon sources for JM1.    USE -   This method is useful for solving environmental pollution with organic compounds.    ADVANTAGE -   This method permits efficient and stable biodegradation of organic compounds, especially aromatics, chlorinated aliphatic compounds.
The apparatus consists of a stir tank (3) in a case (1). The case is provided with an insertion cover (2) for the stir tank. A hollow rotary shaft (4) is provided in the stir tank. Multiple stir blades (5) protrude from the hollow rotation shaft. The shaft is rotated by a motor (6) through a transmission group. Several scavenging mouths (8) are formed on the peripheral surface of the shaft connected with the hollow. An exhaust port (9) is formed in the upper part of the stir tank. A point end (4B) of the hollow shaft is blanked airtight. A group end (4a) of the hollow shaft is opened to a blast pipe (14) of a hot air machine. An operation panel (11) is provided on the case for controlling the operation of the motor and the hot air machine.    ADVANTAGE -   The apparatus supplies air with appropriate temperature, prepares optimum environmental condition for microorganism, simplifies structure of equipment and processes organic dust with high efficiency.
The method involves rotating a cylinder (1) possessing multiple levelling plates (2) and an independently rotating impeller (11) inside. The cylinder accommodates a fermentation material (20). A fermenter (6) is divided into multiple fermenting zone. The rotary agitation of the fermentation material in addition to the rotation of the cylinder, is generated in the opposite inner and outer peripheral directions.    USE -   In fermentation of organic refuge, sludge.    ADVANTAGE -   Obtains highly satisfying fermentation. Improves efficiency of fermentation sharply. Adjusts optimum fermentation environment in each fermentation zone. Improves speed of fermentation. Conserves energy.
The deodorising treating apparatus comprises a slurry adjusting tank, an anaerobic treating tank, an aerating tank, and an air sending device to reduce the pressure of the adjusting tank.    USE -   The process is used for treating garbage.    ADVANTAGE -   Anaerobic treating apparatus for garbage can prevent the diffusion of garbage odour economically.
Organic waste (1 in Fig. 1) is converted into valuable resources by: (a) retaining a slurry of the waste in an anaerobic digester (4) to generate a methane-containing gas (6) and a fermentation slurry (7); (b) subjecting this slurry to hydrothermal reaction 11) to generate a carbon slurry (13); and (c) optionally separating an aqueous phase from the latter, to yield a concentrated carbon slurry (17) having high heating value.    USE -   The waste may be municipal or industrial waste, night soil or sewage sludge.    ADVANTAGE -   The method provides effective hydrothermal treatment of a slurry of low water content, which prevents the slurry purifying during the process; it and permits effective treatment of the aqueous phase after the hydrothermal treatment.
Process for disposal and recycling of waste comprises contacting the waste with cryogenic fluid.    Also claimed is a plant for the disposal and recycling of waste comprising; (i) a processing tank capable of containing a cryogenic fluid; and (ii) equipment suitable for contacting the waste with the cryogenic fluid.    The cryogenic fluid temperature is -35C. The cryogenic fluid is carbon dioxide, nitrogen, argon, helium, neon, (krypton) xenon and/or liquid air.    The waste is manipulated mechanically post-treatment.    A reservoir tank stocking cryogenic fluid is attached to the processing tank. Preparation and recuperation equipment is provided before and after the processing tank respectively.    USE -   The process is used for weakening, separating and reducing industrial and urban waste volume.    ADVANTAGE -   The process does not burn any fuel, is intrinsically non-polluting and is low-cost.
Compost accelerator comprises an air source (1), especially a bellows or an electric blower or compressor which can be powered by solar energy, and a distributor (2). The distributor is connected to plastic or metal ventilation pipes (5) via tubes or pipes (3). Each tube has coupling members as used in garden hoses. The ventilation pipe is preferably separable.    USE -   The arrangement is used to accelerate composting.    ADVANTAGE -   The composting time is shortened.
Corynebacterium sp. K2-17 (DSMZ 11288) is new.    USE -   The bacterium is used in a process for decontaminating materials contaminated with compounds from the manufacture of phenoxyalkanoic acid herbicides, e.g. 2,4-dichlorophenoxy butyric acid (DCPB), 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy butyric acid (MCPB), 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid (MCPA), 2,4-dichlorophenol (DCP) and 4-chloro-2-methylphenol (MCP), where K2-17 is used to degrade DCPB and/or MCPB under aerobic conditions at 10-38 C and pH 6-12.5 (all claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   K2-17 is capable of converting DCPB and MCPB to DCP and MCP and C4 derivatives.
Composter for waste comprises: (i) a gas supply unit; (ii) an effluent gas section; and (iii) a perforated floor (11). In the unit, beneath the perforated floor, several gas supply channels (2) are arranged, tapering in cross section. Preferably, the openings (9) in the floor taper conically in the direction of gas flow. Higher power fans (3) are fitted to the channels running centrally through the vessel. The gas is introduced into the channels through control dampers and the cross sections of the channels are variable. The nozzles branching off, have variable cross sections. A controlled gas bypass is included, at the far end of the vessel.    USE -   The apparatus is used as a composter with improved gas flow distribution.    ADVANTAGE -   The problem with composters of this type is the poor air distribution, which tends to bypass the centre, flowing largely up through the edges of the waste. Conventional units have no distribution control, and are powerless to prevent the problem. The subject unit is designed to homogenise the flow over the bed cross section, by a combination of the fan powers, dampers and nozzle sizes. Tapering the channels levels flow resistance along their length. Use of nozzles increases the local penetration of the flow into the bed.
Reformer comprises three serially arranged reactor stages (1a), (1b), (1c), each charged with a catalyst pellet charge (2). The middle reactor stage (1b) is maintained by heating to a temperature suitable for reforming, while the other two reactor steps remain unheated.    USE -   Used for steam reforming methanol.    ADVANTAGE -   The reformer is mobile.
Operating an apparatus for steam reforming methanol comprises preparing a steam/methanol mixture from water and methanol in a mixture preparation step, and feeding the mixture into a reformer. The steam/methanol ratio of the steam/methanol mixture is influenced by short-term charge changing to control or regulate the theoretical value.    USE -   Used in a mobile apparatus for steam reforming methanol in fuel cell operated vehicles to recover hydrocarbon for the storage of the fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The production of unwanted high CO concentrations in the reformate can be avoided.
Process for operating a plant for the steam reforming of methanol comprises preparing a steam/methanol mixture and feeding this mixture (2) into a reformer (1). The novelty is that the steam/methanol ratio () of the mixture (2) is adjusted depending on the charge state (B) and charge changes of the plant so that a co-concentration (Ks) remaining over the whole charge region is produced in the reformate (3).    USE -   For steam reforming methanol in fuel cell operated vehicles to recover hydrogen.    ADVANTAGE -   The process is simple.
Gas generator, preferably for a vehicle air-bag, consists of a vessel (4) containing a combustible gas mixture and a seal (3, 11), opening into a combustion chamber (10), with a gas outlet (14), in which the gas mixture is ignited by an igniter. The vessel (4) is filled mainly with an inert gas under pressure, which contains 0.1-2.0 vol.% hydrocarbon and 0.5-10 vol.% gaseous oxidant. On initiation, the igniter opens the seal (11), ignites the gas mixture in the combustion chamber (10) and maintains combustion by continuous supply of energy.    ADVANTAGE -   A gas generator containing a liquid mixture of hydrocarbons and dinitrogen monoxide (N2O) gives an explosive reaction, which can destroy the combustion chamber. This can be moderated by adding inert gas but the liquefied gas must be vaporised, which requires extra energy and takes times. The high content of fuel gas also results in a very high temperature of the combustion gas, which is an added danger if it leaks. The gas-filled generator responds rapidly after initiation and gives a controlled stream of compressed gas at a lower temperature (e.g. 400C or less), which makes it safer.
Process and reactor assembly (3, 22, 23, 25, 26) render harmless organic pollutants in soil. The contaminated soil is held at the maximum level of moisture content consistent with the promotion of micro-biological activity and is gently mixed for a short period, followed by a longer period of rest, this cycle is repeated a number of times in the reactors. The temperature, pH, nutrient, pO and humidity levels are optimised to maximise the micro biological digestion of organic soil pollutants.    USE -   The process and assembly reduce the levels or organic pollutants in soil.    ADVANTAGE -   The process allows optimisation of the metabolic conditions for the microbes.
An organic fertiliser richly containing phosphorus, calcium, nitrogen and trace elements is prepared by a process in which the phosphorus and calcium are prepared from animal bone by using high-pressure steam refluxing process, then the waste materials rich in protein, such as animal hoof and horn, are added into the obtained solution and the above-mentioned materials are heated under acidic conditions so as to make th protein hydrolyse. The protein is hydrolysed into water-soluble protein and then Aspergillus oryzae is added to convert the water-soluble protein into amino acid.The trace elements necessary for plant and human bodies are added, so that the fertilizer can be obtained.
The waste liquor after making paper, organic garbage, and the waste liquid drained from a brewery (or distillery), sugar refinery, food products factory and pharmaceutical factory are converted into marsh gas and organic dregs under the action of a special anaerobic catalyst. The marsh gas is converted into liquefied oil gas as fuel by mixed cracking, rearranging atoms and activating.    USE -   The organic dregs become a long-acting soil base by compounding, drying, crushing and granulating, which serves to improve soil, increase yield and raise the ability of crops to resist drought, pests and flood.
The spark ignition motor fuel composition comprises: (a) a hydrocarbon component which is 4-8C alkane(s) free of olefins, aromatics and sulphur, the component having a minimum anti-knock index of 65 as measured by ASTM D-2699 and D-2700 and a maximum dry vapour pressure equivalent (DVPE) of 15 psi as measured by ASTM D-5191; (b) fuel grade alcohol; and (c) a cosolvent miscible in both hydrocarbon component and the alcohol. The components are present in amounts effective to provide a motor fuel with minimum antiknock index of 87.    Also claimed is a process for lowering the vapour pressure of a hydrocarbon-alcohol blend involves blending the alcohol and hydrocarbon(s) with a cosolvent as above.    USE -   Used as spark ignition motor fuels for internal combustion engines.    ADVANTAGE -   Fuel based on coal gas liquid or natural gas liquids has lowered vapour pressure and improved antiknock index. The composition reduces emissions of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons with no significant increase in fuel consumption.
A gas stream containing hydrogen, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide is purified by a process comprising: (i) one or more oxidation stages using a selective oxidation catalyst to oxidise CO to CO2 such that the CO concentration is reduced to less than 100 ppm, and (ii) methanation of the residual CO to less than 40 ppm using a selective methanation catalyst to convert CO to CH4 in a temperature where the catalyst acts on CO in preference to CO2.    USE -   The process is used to purify hydrogen for use in vehicle fuel cells, ammonia synthesis, methanol synthesis and chemical hydrogenations.    ADVANTAGE -   The process operates at high space velocity such that the total size is less than 20 % of the reformer volume, and the oxidation and reduction stages operate at similar temperatures which are compatible with the output of the reformer so as to avoid the need for heat transfer stages.
A catalyst material comprises: (a) a zirconium dioxide matrix with mesopores having walls with a tetragonal crystalline structure; and (b) a stabilizing chemical species disposed on the surface of the matrix.    Also claimed is a method of preparing a mesoporous zirconium dioxide having a tetragonal crystalline pore wall structure comprising: (i) providing an alkanolic solution of a zirconium alkoxide; (ii) combining the solution with a mesopore template to form an insoluble solid; (iii) treating the solid with a mesopore stabilizing agent comprising a sulphur oxide and/or a transition metal oxide; and (iv) calcining the solid.    USE -   As a heterogeneous catalyst, optionally as a support for platinum, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium or nickel metals, e.g. for n-butane isomerisation.    ADVANTAGE -   The precursors can be crystallised without losing their mesoporous morphology, i.e. a tetragonal crystalline structure. The stabilizer delays crystallisation of the mesoporous walls and/or delays their transformation from a tetragonal to a monoclinic structure at the calcination temperature. The relatively large pore diameter allows the catalyst to used with relatively large reactant molecules, which are otherwise unsuitable for systems using microporous zirconia materials.
A method for separating hydrocarbon gas into a fraction containing a predominant portion of hydrogen, a fraction containing a predominant portion of 2+C components and a fraction containing the residual components involves: (a) separating the feed gas into a first hydrocarbon-rich liquid and hydrogen-rich vapour, (b) separating the hydrogen-rich vapour into a second hydrogen vapour and a first hydrocarbon-rich vapour, (c) separating the first hydrocarbon-rich liquid at temperature above -30.8F into second hydrocarbon-rich liquid of 2+C heavier components and second hydrocarbon-rich vapour, (d) compressing the first and second hydrocarbon-rich vapours to produce a third hydrocarbon-rich vapour and a third hydrocarbon-rich liquid and (e) separating at or below -30.8F, the third hydrocarbon-rich vapour and the third hydrocarbon-rich liquid into a fourth liquid comprising 2+C components and a fourth vapour containing methane.    USE -   For separating hydrocarbon gas, especially refinery offgas, into hydrogen, methane and heavier components.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves recovery of methane, hydrogen and heavier components while minimizing formation of dienes and nitrogen oxide gums and 'blue ice' at cryogenic temperatures.
A gas separation process comprises: (a) providing a membrane having a feed side and a permeate side, the membrane comprising a polymer material characterised by: (i) a glass transition temperature Tg of at least 100 C; (ii) a free volume Vfof at least 10%; and (iii) a methane permeability at room temperature of at least 1000 Barrer; (b) contacting the feed side with a gas mixture comprising: (iv) a hydrocarbon gas selected from methane and ethylene; (v) nitrogen; and (vi) a condensable gas with boiling point at least 40 C above the boiling point of the hydrocarbon gas at atmospheric pressure; (c) withdrawing from the permeate side a permeate stream enriched in hydrocarbon gas and condensable gas compared with the gas mixture; and (d) withdrawing from the feed side, a residue stream enriched in the nitrogen compared with the gas mixture. Also claimed is a similar process as above, where the membrane exhibits a hydrocarbon gas/nitrogen selectivity of at least 4.    USE -   Used for gas separation especially of methane, ethane and ethylene, from nitrogen, especially for treating natural gas.    ADVANTAGE -   The process has improved selectivity for low boiling point hydrocarbon gas, from nitrogen
Preparation of a soil improver for high-calcium crops comprises fermenting a mixture comprising 80 wt.% pig faeces, 15 wt.% cattle faeces and 5 wt.% lime seaweed with a photosynthetic bacterium.    The seaweed is preferably Lithothaminion calcareum. The bacterium is a sporing rod-shaped bacterium having a growing temperature range of 40-60C.    USE -   The improver is used in culture of weakly alkaline crops of a high calcium content, such as spinach and cucumbers.    ADVANTAGE -   The improver increases the harvest of the crops, improves quality, the sugar level and glossiness of the products and promotes fruiting. In an example, it increased the harvest of spinach by 30-40%, compared with other inorganic fertilisers.
Infusion of chemical solution into soil containing contaminants comprises infusing a solution of chemicals containing amounts of components required to biochemically decompose the contaminants.    The process preferably comprises regulating the amount of chemical solution to be infused according to the amount of gas, amount of liquid contained in the soil, and/or the liquid/gas ratio which is 1.0-1.7. Contaminants to be decomposed include aromatics and/or organo chlorine compounds, especially phenol or trichloroethylene. The biological decomposition is effected by microorganisms capable of decomposing contaminants at least under aerobic atmosphere. J1 (FERM BP-5102) or JM1 (FERM BP-5352) is used. The chemical solution contains components (or materials) in amounts required for biochemical decomposition of soil contaminants. The components (or materials) include contaminant-decomposing agents e.g. enzymes, microorganisms, decomposer's activity-maintaining or promoting materials e.g. nutrient media or carriers.    USE -   The process is useful for the clean up of aromatics and organo chlorine contaminated soil.    ADVANTAGE -   The simple process determines the specific amount of chemical solution to be infused into the soil to decompose the contaminants based on easily measurable physical properties of the soil. The process regulates the frequency and amount of chemical solution, permitting efficient and economical removal of contaminants from contaminated soil.
Biological repair of aromatics and/or organo chlorine compound contaminated soil uses contaminant decomposing microorganisms, culture media and compatible solvents.    The repair comprises contacting microorganisms capable of decomposing aromatic compounds and/or organo chlorine compounds with soil contaminated with these compounds so that they decompose these contaminants, while contacting culture media and compatible solvents with the contaminated soil. The compatible solvents include proline or betaine. The process uses oxygenase-expressing microorganisms of genera Corynebacterium, Pseudomonas, Acinetobacterium, Alcaligenes, Bibrio, Nocardia, Bacillus, Lactobacillus, Acromobacter, Arthrobacter, Micrococcus, Mycobacterium, Methylocynas, Methylomonas, Berkia, Methylocystis, Nitrozomonas, Saccharomyces, Candida and/or Torulopsis, especially Corynebacterium sp. J1 (FERM BP -5102) and JM1 (FERM BP-5352), Pseudomonas sp. TL1 (FERM P-14726), P. alcaligenes KB2 (FERM BP-5354), P. sepacia KK01 (FERM BP-4235), Alkaligenes sp. TL2 (FERM P-14642) and/or Bibrio sp. KB1 (FERM P-14643).    USE -   The process is useful for removing aromatics and organo chlorine contamination of soil in industrial areas.    ADVANTAGE -   The process permits efficient bio-decomposing repair of contaminated soil.
Organic waste processing apparatus (1) for domestic waste comprises a cylindrical process tank (3) containing a filler (19). An agitator (9) is fixed to a rotation axis (10) at the bottom centre of the process tank. The organic waste (20) is inserted in the filler in the process tank. The filler and the organic waste are stirred by the rotation of the agitator. A revolving arm (11) is centrally attached to the rotation axis terminal inside the processing tank. An impeller (12) which extends upwards along the inner wall surface of the process tank is integrally attached to one end of the revolving arm to constitute the agitator. The entering edge of the impeller is arranged to approach the inside of the process tank from the trailing edge towards the rotation direction of the agitator.    ADVANTAGE -   Organic waste is compressed by aerobic bacteria. Filler and organic waste are prevented from being pushed against the process tank wall. Generation of hard blocks is prevented when filler and organic waste are pushed against the process tank wall. Uniform distribution of organic waste is obtained.
The equipment consists of a grinder (2) formed with the rough grinding part which converts the organic refuse (1) into an upper slurry by cutting to granules and a pulverising part (30) which rubs and crushes the granules between the opposed surfaces of a pair of blow hole grindstones. An anaerobic micro-organism is loaded into an aversion process tank (4) which receives the slurry from the grinder through an intake (4a), heats it in a heater (5) and ejects a digestive liquor through a tap-hole (4b). A gas holder (6) is connected to the upper surface of the aversion process tank above the heater and to the upper part of the heater. The combustible gas (6a) processed during the slurry decomposition process by the micro-organism within the aversion process tank is led to the gas holder and supplied to the heater for combustion from the gas holder. The slurry decomposition process is carried out by combustion in the heater and heating of the slurry to 50-60degC. The digestive liquor of decomposition is made to flow out through the tap-hole.    ADVANTAGE -   Obtains methane for combustion from refuse by thermophilic bacteria in process tank and heats process tank with same methane. Eliminates need for combustion of external energy or water resources. Prevents sludge from being sent out to external. Obtains high speed process of organic refuse. Miniaturises garbage disposal equipment remarkably by combining process tank with aerator of film separator sludge activation process. Prevents generation of bad smell by automatic washing of organic refuse transport part.
Waste disposal device has a waste disposal tank (A) forming an inner and outer wall structure and a cavity part (5) formed between inner and outer walls (A1, A2), and a heat generating body (1) is arranged in a cavity part (5). The cavity is filled with a heat insulation material (2). A rotary shaft (4) of an agitating blade (5) is formed to span between front and rear walls (A1a, A1b) or right and left walls of the waste disposal tank (A) inserted by an expansion and contraction tool (17). A handle (D) to rotate the rotary shaft (4) of the agitating blade (5) is removably inserted in the end part of the rotary shaft (4) from the outside of the front wall (A1a of one side wall of the disposal tank (A). A porous plate (3) is fitted in the bottom of the disposal tank (A). Air introduced through an air introduction hole (9) formed in a bottom plate is ventilated in the disposal tank through the small holes of the porous plate (3) and exhausted through an exhaust hole formed in the rear part of an upper cover body (18).    ADVANTAGE -   Heat is not dissipated and heat source power is saved.
Microbial material comprises fermented compost having a final water content of 18-28%. Also claimed is preparation of the microbial material which comprises maturing fermented compost completely to a water content of 25-35% while turning upside down in a fermentation vessel, adding a binder and water to the fermented compost, granulating the mixture and adjusting the water content to 18-28%. Also claimed is preparation of a microbial material which comprises maturing fermented compost completely to a water content of 25-35% while turning upside down in a fermentation vessel, adding a support for microorganisms, a binder and water to the fermented compost, granulating the mixture and adjusting the water content to 18-28%.    The support preferably comprises 1 of fossil minerals based on silicate, aluminium, calcium and magnesium, fossil shells, clay minerals, porous materials and humic acid and is preferably an immobilised product containing an Actinomycetes fungus. The surface temperature of the material is kept &lt; 45C during the process.    USE -   The material is used as a soil improver.    ADVANTAGE -   The methods substantially promote maturation of compost of organic industrial wastes.
Composting an oil residue discharged from purification of an edible oil comprises feeding, to a fermentation vessel, the residue having a water content of 20-60% and a carbon content of 30-70%, based on the dry solid, in the form of fine granules, mixing the residue with 1 of Aspergillus, Lactobacillus and Bacillus microorganisms and supplying air to the vessel to carry out fermentation decomposition.    The residue is preferably viscous paste stored in a tank and pumped to a means of dividing finely for fermentation in the composting. The divided granules have grain sizes of 1-20 mm. The fermentation process comprises saccharification, protein decomposition and synthesis of amino acids.    USE -   The composted product is recycled to soil as a soil improving material.    ADVANTAGE -   The economical process permits utilisation of industrial waste in agricultural applications.
Steam reformer consisting of a catalyst tube which is placed in an atmos. where a high temperature primary gas heated in a nuclear reactor passes through, receives the supply of a secondary gas consisting of a mixture of steam and hydrocarbon gas from one end, and is closed at the other end, a passage forming tube which is inserted in the catalyst tube with one end located near the inside bottom of the catalyst tube and with the other end located outside the catalyst tube, and a catalyst which is filled in the space between the inside wall of the catalyst tube and the outside wall of the passage forming tube is characterised in that the wall of the catalyst tube consists of double walls with an intermediate layer and a probe of a primary gas detector is provided to detect the primary gas in the intermediate layer.    USE -   The reformer can be used for the production of hydrogen from steam and hydrocarbon gases such as methane.
The preparation of CS-3C resting microbe cell having decomposing activity on a polycyclic aromatic compound in which CS-3C is inoculated to a complete medium containing no induction substrate and grown and the resultant microbe strain is made to be a resting microbe cell. Also claimed is (a) a method for decomposing a polycyclic aromatic compound by using the above resting microbe cell of CS-3C, (b) a method for the treatment of petroleum oil in which the resting microbe cell of CS-3C is mixed with petroleum oil containing a polycyclic aromatic compound to decompose the polycyclic aromatic compound by utilising the property of CS-3C (c) a method for improving cetane value of gas oil in which the resting microbe cell of CS-3C is mixed with gas oil containing a polycyclic aromatic compound to decompose the polycyclic aromatic compound by using the property of CS-3C, (d) a method for cleaning a petroleum oil-contaminated environment in which the resting microbe cell of CS-3C is scattered in a place contaminated with petroleum oil, and (e) a method for the collection of a microbe strain containing CS-3C improved in solid substrate- decomposing characteristics in which the strain is inoculated to a complete medium and cultured and after a colony is formed on the medium a solid medium dissolved in a solvent is supplied to the medium and strain is collected from the clear zone around the colony formed by the decomposition of the solid substrate.    ADVANTAGE -   The method can prepare the resting microbe cell under a condition no pollution substance is contained in the medium.
Pseudomonas putida FERM P-15072 having organic solvent resistance and capability to decompose polychlorobiphenyl (PCB) is new.    USE -   The organism is used to decompose PCB in organic solvents.    ADVANTAGE -   The decomposing of PCB by the organism is rapid.
Fermentation of microorganisms comprises adding an inoculum of concentrated mass of microorganisms to water in a fermenter, adding a growing medium and a buffer as nutrient source, aerating the mixture, heating and optionally monitoring the pH and oxygen content. The method is characterised in that the growing medium is homogenised by addition of non-ionic surfactant. Also claimed is apparatus for carrying out the fermentation comprising a tank having a mains water supply controlled by a motorised valve, a heater chamber, a sensor for switching on the circulation pump and the heater, a return from the upper regions of the tank to below the water level including an aerator, an outlet from the lower regions of the tank having a discharge pump, reservoirs for microorganisms and nutrients, dosing pumps for inoculating the tank, a water temperature sensor for activating the pumps when the water reaches the required temperature and a microprocessor for regulating operation of the valves, pumps and heater.    USE -   The process is used for managing waste effluents and other contaminants. Natural organisms are used to metabolise toxic or hazardous organic substances in an effluent stream or other polluted environment.    ADVANTAGE -   The process is totally automated and overcomes the problems of prior art processes e.g. reliance on human input on a daily basis to rehydrate the microorganisms prior to operation. The apparatus is comparatively inexpensive, less bulky and more readily manageable than prior art equipment.
Process for producing compost (200) from waste products (10,80) such as waste water and excrement from animal houses such as piggeries, comprises concentrating the dry material content of the waste (10, 80) and mixing this material with a portion (210) of the compost (200) already obtained, to form a substrate (300) for composting which is fed onto the upstream end of a layer of the substrate (300) which is undergoing the composting process; and displacing this layer downstream at regular intervals to continuously create a space to deposit a fresh amount of the substrate (300) for composting at the upstream end of the layer whilst retrieving an equal amount of compost (200) at the downstream end of the layer, the duration of composting being the same for the whole layer.    Also claimed is an apparatus for carrying out the process.    ADVANTAGE -   The method prolongs the life of the bacteria in the substrate being composted and gives compost with a loose granular crumb through which air can easily permeate.
Closed-system composting plant has systems for ventilation and controlling of temperature, pressure, humidity and amounts of oxygen and methane gases generated during of decomposition of starting material.
Electrochemical cell comprises at least one dense solid electrolyte body, at least two dense interconnectors acting as current collectors, cathodes and anodes. 1st gas flow channels (6A) and 2nd gas flow channels (7A) extend through a structure (1A) defined by at least one dense solid electrolyte body and at least two dense interconnectors. The anodes (5A) are formed on the walls of the 1st gas channels and the cathodes (4A) are formed on the walls of the 2nd gas channels with electrolyte bodies (3A) separating adjacent or opposing electrodes    Also claimed is the production of the cell by forming a green moulded body by simultaneous moulding of the electrolyte body and interconnectors, firing, then forming the anodes and cathodes.    Also claimed is an electrochemical device using the cells described above.    USE -   Used as solid oxide fuel cells, steam electrolysis cells, oxygen pumps, NOx decomposition cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The cells have large electrode area per unit volume and high efficiency. The cell has a simple structure, needs no special sealing mechanism and can be produced by simultaneous sintering.
A sieve drum e.g. for compost, comprises a conically shaped drum which has a 70 cm front diameter, a 60 cm rear diameter and a length of 180 cm. The drum comprises three iron rings which are connected to four T-rail sections. The rings have an external wire mesh covering, and the mesh size is smaller at the front than at the back. The drum ends are open. The central ring is attached to the rotating crown of a concrete mixer. The front section of the drum is slightly longer (100 cm) than the rear sections (80 cm).    USE -   The arrangement is used as a sieve drum for a concrete mixer.    ADVANTAGE -   The arrangement is easy to push into the concrete mixer rotating crown.
Stable structured compost for growing plants comprise (%): bark humus sieved 0-15 mm (25-60), peat (75-40) and lava sand sieved 0-8 mm (0.5-8). The compost may also contain slow release fertiliser as plant food.    USE -   The composts are useful for growing plants in containers and pots, and also as top soil.    ADVANTAGE -   The composts retain their loose granular structure over the whole growing season and provide good long term aeration of roots and free passage of moisture. The structure of the compost can be adjusted to suit particular applications by varying the relative ratios of the ingredients within the given limits.
A fermentation decomposition apparatus for converting organic substances such as excrements, urine and life garbage into an organic fertiliser features that a storage tank where the organic substances are fermented. The tank has a U-shape body with top air chamber for providing air to aerobic bacteria, shell of insulating material and insulating air cavity, and a stirring unit for periodical stirring. The temperature in the tank is kept at 40-75 C by fermentation heat and heater, benefiting reproduction of aerobic bacteria.
A three-component catalyst for hydrogenating methanation of CO2 uses ZrO2 as supporter that is prepared through neutralization and decomposition and is in the form of porous gel. Said catalyst ( Ni-Ru-rare earth/ZrO2) is made up by immersion in mixed aqueous solution of metal ions (Ni, Ru and rare-earth metal), and features low supported metal amount, high transform rate of CO2 (more than 90% at 400 deg.C) and methane selectivity 100%, higher space speed and low cost.
A stalk fermentation uses stalks as the raw material and specially selected 13 strains of synchronously growing and mutually non-antagonistic microbes as fermenting strains. The method adopts aerobic and anaerobic combined mode to make fermentation and passes the treated material through instantaneous high-temperature sterilising and drying.    USE -   The product can be mixed with other fodders, can raise the digestive absorptivity of the cud chewer and greatly reduce the disease incidence of animal enterogastric diseases.
The method relates to a metabolin separated from Fu's aciniform sclerotinia-fungus fertiliser Zhenjun Wangfei. Its effective components are protein, reducing sugar, amino acid and natural plant hormone. Preparation comprises culturing the original fungus strains in a shaker and then in the culture solution prepared by using bran, orange peel powder and sugar. The strains are then placed in a seeding tank and cultured into secondary fungus strains. The strains are placed in the fermentation tank and fermented, and then the fermented liquor is filtered and concentrated thus giving the fertiliser.    ADVANTAGE -   The product is a good, pure, nutrient, natural plant extract.