(EP948392-A1)      A membrane separation process, including pressure driven membrane separation, diffusion dialysis, Donnan dialysis, electrodialysis, electrochemical synthesis and pervaporation, comprises: employing a charged membrane comprising a porous substrate and (I) a crosslinked polyelectrolyte or hydrogel located in the pores of the substrate. Also claimed are such charged membranes suitable for water treatment applications (1) or for electrodialysis, diffusion dialysis or Donnan dialysis applications (2).    USE -   For water treatments, for treating industrial waste streams and purifying industrial acids, and in battery separators and fuel cell separators. Also used in pervaporation techniques for purifying ethanol/water streams.    ADVANTAGE -   The membranes have good ion-rejection properties, enabling water softening at ultra-low pressure. They also have good electrochemical separator properties, low electrical resistance and good long-term stability.    (JP2000503898-W)      A membrane separation process, including pressure driven membrane separation, diffusion dialysis, Donnan dialysis, electrodialysis, electrochemical synthesis and pervaporation, comprises: employing a charged membrane comprising a porous substrate and (I) a crosslinked polyelectrolyte or hydrogel located in the pores of the substrate. Also claimed are such charged membranes suitable for water treatment applications (1) or for electrodialysis, diffusion dialysis or Donnan dialysis applications (2).    USE -   For water treatments, for treating industrial waste streams and purifying industrial acids, and in battery separators and fuel cell separators. Also used in pervaporation techniques for purifying ethanol/water streams.    ADVANTAGE -   The membranes have good ion-rejection properties, enabling water softening at ultra-low pressure. They also have good electrochemical separator properties, low electrical resistance and good long-term stability.    (US6258276-B1)      A membrane separation process, including pressure driven membrane separation, diffusion dialysis, Donnan dialysis, electrodialysis, electrochemical synthesis and pervaporation, comprises: employing a charged membrane comprising a porous substrate and (I) a crosslinked polyelectrolyte or hydrogel located in the pores of the substrate. Also claimed are such charged membranes suitable for water treatment applications (1) or for electrodialysis, diffusion dialysis or Donnan dialysis applications (2).    USE -   For water treatments, for treating industrial waste streams and purifying industrial acids, and in battery separators and fuel cell separators. Also used in pervaporation techniques for purifying ethanol/water streams.    ADVANTAGE -   The membranes have good ion-rejection properties, enabling water softening at ultra-low pressure. They also have good electrochemical separator properties, low electrical resistance and good long-term stability.