The passenger carriage includes solar cell modules integrated in a roof surface area which is formed as a saddle roof. One or several solar cell modules are installed as a roof skin only on one side of a roof surface.    The angle of the solar cell modules with respect to the horizontal plane equals at least 15 degrees, and their orientation can be adjusted variably in southern direction. The saddle roof is arranged either in a longitudinal or a cross-wise alignment with respect to the carriage.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides optimum positioning angle of solar cells and flexible orientation without need for special housing devices.
The unit has a floating base (1) with piston pumps and turning levers (3) with counter-weights (4) and water energy receivers (5). The turning levers are hinged on the base and are connected to the pump rods. The unit also has a dirt protection device (2). The turning levers are made as three arm angular levers. The pump rods are hinged to the upper arms of the angular levers. The counter weight is located on one of the arms. The water energy receiver is made as a drum hinged on the lower arm of the lever and kinematically connected to the levers turning limiting stops. The drum is formed by parallel main and additional plates-blades (7) connected to each other by rigidity elements. The main plate is provided with a protrusion. The kinematic connection between the energy receiver and the limiting stop is made as a single arm lever fixed on the drum axle and made as a blade, connected by rod to a system of double arm levers, one of which interacts with the limiting stop.    USE -   For flowing water energy conversion into electric power.    ADVANTAGE -   Power output is increased.
The method involves laminating an aluminium compound layer, a transparent electric conduction layer, a semiconductor layer and a transparent electrode on a substrate for forming a photovoltaic cell. The photovoltaic cell is immersed in an electrolyte (207) which has a chlorine ion concentration in the range of 0.03 mols. The short circuit current path formed due to the defect in the photovoltaic cell is electrically severed by applying voltage to photovoltaic cell.    ADVANTAGE -   Excels in voltage characteristics during low illuminance. Enables large scale manufacture.
The module (1) has a transparent board (2) and an upper transparent resin sheet (3), arranged sequentially on a solar battery cell (4). Another resin sheet (6) and a resin film (7) are arranged on the lower side of the cell.    The upper and lower resin sheets are made of same material constituted by a mixture of inorganic fine particles. The heat conductivity of the resin sheet on the lower side is superior to that of ordinary resin.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents reduction in conversion efficiency.
The method involves transferring high pressure air generated by multiple air compressors, to a container through a piping. The integrated storage of high pressure air is carried out in the container. The stored high pressure air is further transferred to a water container.    Water is made to flow out of the water container at high velocity by the pressure of high pressure air. A power generator is operated according to the outflowing power.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces energy loss, and wear and tear. Improves endurance and safety. Prevents environmental pollution.
The module includes several solar battery elements (1). A transparent member (3) is arranged at the light incidence side of the solar battery elements. A colouring filled layer (5A) with non-uniform thickness is arranged between the solar battery elements and the transparent member.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies manufacture by reducing number of processes. Improves endurance. Prevents reduction in electricity generation efficiency of solar battery elements. Offers superior solar battery module.
The method involves inserting and sealing a solar battery unit which includes an opto-electric transducer (1c), formed on a flexible substrate, between the sealing films (4), using a main wiring (2). The mutual end faces of adjacent solar battery modules (M1,M2) are aligned and bonded with an adhesive agent (6).    ADVANTAGE -   Improves connection strength. Raises effective area of light reception. Reduces penetration of moisture.
The device (3) is formed on a surface (2a) of a P-type single crystal silicon substrate (2). A single crystal silicon solar battery (4) is formed on rear side (26) of the substrate.    Electric power is supplied from the solar battery to the CMOS inverter through a set of electrodes (68,69). Several other electrodes (41D,51D,44,54,41S,51S) are also provided to avoid need for wiring process.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables to connect solar battery with CMOS inverter, simply and easily. Reduces size of semiconductor device. Utilises semiconductor substrate material effectively.
The module consists of a solar battery element (1420) which is located between a gusset plate (1410) and a permeation film (1430). The permeation film consists of a fluorine containing resin film formed on a contact surface with EVA copolymer by a sputtering process.    The EVA copolymer is a principal component of the permeation film. The resin film contains a thin film of a metal oxide. The metal is chosen from a group of Si, Zr, Ti, Ta, Hf, Mo, W, Nb, Sn, In, Al, Cr and Zn.    ADVANTAGE -   Excels in adhesion, weather and heat resistance properties. Improves productivity.
The element includes a P type silicon substrate (1) on which N type epitaxial layer (2) is formed. A PN junction area is formed in the silicon substrate and epitaxial layer. A detector provided inside main body calculates an optical input signal.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces power consumption.
The hydro-jet power unit operates by aerating water in a main column continuously, resulting in an inrush of water (A) at the bottom of the main column, which after passing the impeller, is aerated. The aerated water at the top of the column is rotated by a vane which separates air from water. The water passes through the impeller and discharges onto the surface of the water. The air which was injected into the water at the foot of the column to aerate the water, rises until it is separated by the vortex effect of the rotating vane and into the atmosphere.    The power unit works on the principle that the column of aerated water (H) becomes unstable, causing an inrush of water. It is necessary to fill the body of the column with many pipes about 200 mm in diameter, to avoid separation of air and water. By continuously aerating the water there is a constant inrush of water, which is used to drive turbine impellers (D,K) on a vertical shaft, which drives a generator (P).
Hexa-ethoxydisilane, Si2(OC2H5)6, is prepared by reacting triethoxy-chlorosilane with molten sodium or a suspension of sodium in triethoxychloro- silane or tetraethoxysilane or a mixture of the two with an inert carrier at temperatures below 100 C.    USE -   Production of branched chain polymers and high purity disilane for solar batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   The method gives yields of up to 95%
The method involves welding rolled plate to the curved surface of a vane (1). A hard spray layer which includes several metals and 10-30wt% of alloys of Ni, Cr, Co and 10-90wt% of ceramic compounds of Cr, W, Si and Al is formed on the surface of a crown (2), band (3) and welding parts.    The spraying layer has a thickness of 30-500micrometer and Vickers hardness of 900 or more. A stress relief process of the welding part is performed by heat processing at a temperature range of 580-620degC, thereby raising the adhesion property of the spray layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Offers welding parts with abrasion resistance against earth and sand in river water. Secures economical efficiency and reliability.
The method involves placing a substrate in an evacuated air-tight container (12). Each material comprising a Chalcopyrite thin film is injected into the container. The atoms of each material form a massive atom group bonded loosely due to over-cooling effect by adiabatic expansion under vacuum conditions. A Cu(Inx Ga1-x ) (Sy Se1-y )2composition film is formed on the substrate by ionisation of atom groups followed by ion acceleration. The deposition rates of In-Ga alloy and Cu alloy are made equal during the time period from one-third to two-thirds of the total film-formation period. The ionisation current of In-Ga group alloy is set to that of the Cu group alloy, when lowering the Cu rich composition. The Cu and In rich composition lowering and raising conditions are altered suitably.    ADVANTAGE -   Use of inexpensive substrates is facilitated and a high efficiency and inexpensive solar battery can be manufactured.
Method involves placing a substrate in an airtight vacuum container. A Cu2S and In2S3 source are arranged individually and are heated suitably. A plasma is generated and the evaporated Cu2S and In2S3 are ionised. A CuInS2 film is formed on the substrate, by making it collide with the activated Cu2S and In2S3.    ADVANTAGE -   Obtains solar battery with high efficiency. Reduces product cost by using cheap substrate like soda-lime glass.
The apparatus includes a warning part (11) which emits a signal for air intake and another signal for expiration. A setting part (12) sets up the duration length of supply of each signal. A control part (13) generates the expiration signal and the signal for intake, alternatively corresponding to the set up duration.    ADVANTAGE -   Confirms expiration signal from intake signal, easily.
The device has a substrate (1) on whose upper surface a buffer layer (2) is formed. An n-type nitride semiconductor layer (3) containing aluminium and gallium is formed on the buffer layer. A barrier layer (4) of multiple quantum well structure, containing indium nitride is then formed on the n-type nitride semiconductor layer. A first p-type layer (51) containing aluminium nitride is formed on the barrier layer. A p-type contact layer (6) containing nitride semiconductor is then formed on the first p-type layer.    USE -   For LED, photo diode, solar battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies structure. Reduces threshold current value. Enables continuous oscillation even at room temperature. Simplifies manufacturing process involved.
The gate post (11) includes a solar battery (2) which is mounted on upper section (1) of main body. A door plate of transparent pottery (12) is built in main body.    A storage battery (13) and multiple LEDs are mounted in the door plate of transparent pottery. The LEDs irradiates light on the door plate of transparent pottery for predetermined time during night.    ADVANTAGE -   Offers economical door plate illumination. Simplifies structure.
The solar battery has a P-type semiconductor substrate (30), on rear surface of which an oxidation silicon film layer (36) is formed. Several openings (11) are provided in the oxidation silicon film layer at pre-known positions. The oxidation silicon film layer reduces the number of minority carriers diffusing into boundary surface of the semiconductor substrate and thereby the recombination loss, by deactivating the recombination centres near the boundary surface of the substrates. A P-type fine crystal layer (37) is formed on the oxidation silicon film layer, which is connected to the rear surface of the substrate through the openings of the oxidation silicon film layer.    A small number of minority carriers diffuse into the P-type fine crystal layer, which has more impurity concentration than the substrate, from the substrate side. The fine crystal layer forms an electric field near the boundary of the substrate and collects majority carriers. A metal layer (10) is formed between the oxidation silicon film layer and P-type fine crystal layer, except at areas where the openings are formed.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves photoelectric conversion efficiency of battery, by reducing recombination loss. Reduces internal resistance of solar battery, by enhancing conductivity of thin film layers. Enhances solar light reflectivity of rear side of substrate, thereby improving closing light characteristics, by forming aluminium metal layer.
The device uses a parallel mechanism (2) to move a boarding stand (1) on which a user rides. A computer (6) automatically controls the movement of the boarding stand.    The user can also control the moving of the boarding stand through a lever (7) whose operation process is shown by a display (3). Preferably, an acoustic function which generates video and audio is added.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables user to easily operate lever since lever operation process is shown by display, thus enabling user to exercise and train easily. Enables handicapped user e.g. blind to perform exercise and training easily by providing acoustic function.
The watch has a solar battery (1) which charges a secondary battery by its output. A liquid crystal shutter (2) encloses the whole surface of the solar battery. A controller changes the liquid crystal shutter into a transparent state while charging.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents overcharge of battery due to liquid crystal shutter. Offers favourable design.
The system uses submarine cables (10) to connect several ground facilities. Each facility contains several electric container seats, each of which is provided with a spare container seat. A unit base (40) containing electric containers (50) is connected via interconnecting tubes (11-13) with a pair of spherical shell type battery tanks (30a,30b) and a cylindrical battery tank (20).    Each container is provided individually with an e.g. water turbine, generator, motor, pump. Each battery tank contains a pressure-resistant container provided with a seawater inlet port.    ADVANTAGE -   Increases amount of electric power that can be stored.
The drive unit includes an axial screw (14) with an external thread formed at a portion along an output shaft (11). The output shaft is provided with several screw-rolling shafts that revolve around the periphery of the axial screw. The axial screw is arranged concentrically into the internal thread of a nut-like component (17) to connect the output shaft.    A movable operating rod (4) mounted along the same axial line as the main shaft is coupled with the nut-like component. Gears that mesh with the internal gears provided in the internal periphery of the nut-like component are formed along the edges of each screw-rolling shaft.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves endurance due to very minimal successive undulations of propeller. Reduces size. Ensures stable operation even during relative rotation of main rotating shaft. Does not generate rotational offset while meshing internal gear during high-speed rotation.
The drive unit includes a first sun gear (21) coupled with an electric motor via input shaft (7). An epicyclic gear (22) revolves around the periphery of the first sun gear while meshing and autorotating. A fixed sun gear (26) arranged at the same axial line as the first sun gear autorotates at the same revolving axis as the epicyclic gear.    A main rotating shaft and a second epicyclic gear (27) are meshed with a first internal gear (31) and rotated as a whole unit. A second internal gear (32) coupled with an output shaft (11) meshes with the first epicyclic gear. The epicyclic gears are supported by a pair of support shafts (38) mounted on spacers (33) supported by the input shaft.    ADVANTAGE -   Does not require use of oil-hydraulic cylinder for modifying chamfer angle of blade, thereby preventing accidents e.g. overheating of sealing mechanism, oil spillage. Decides tuning velocity by number of teeth contained in epicyclic gear mechanism, thus minimising secular changes. Prevents obstructions on flow of lubricant due to reduced moment of inertia and force exerted on epicyclic gears.
The house number has at least one solar module which receives solar energy during daylight, for charging an energy store (6) which provides the electrical operating energy for an illuminated number or house name display (5). The minimum and/or maximum charging current for the energy store is limited via an electrical and/or electronic circuit, with the current supplied to an electric and/or electronic lamp unit (4) within the number display, for illuminating the house numbers or the name characters (7).    USE -   For illuminated house number or house name.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides illumination of house number or name at night without requiring external current supply.
The power plant includes a shaft (1) with blades (2),with an axis of the shaft is arranged perpendicular to a direction of a flow. A screen (5) is situated in front of the shaft (1) from a flow side and covering its lower section. A drive (7) is also included. The blades are made in the form of right and left hand helical auger, whose blades are arranged in opposition. Wind and water powered versions of the plant are unified.    ADVANTAGE -   Improved efficiency and reliability, simple and cheap construction, easy for transporting when dismantled, easy for service and repairs and can be used in any climatic conditions
The tile (1) includes a concave portion (2) whose one side (3) is slightly elevated than a tile head portion (1a). A through-hole (5) passing through the back side of the tile, is formed at the base (4) of the concave portion.    An adhesive agent is applied on the surface of concave portion before a solar panel is mounted.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies mounting of solar panel since panel is mounted on concave portion before installing tile at roof. Stable since gap between tiles is eliminated to prevent strong winds from blowing panel away.
The method involves arranging a prism inside a box, and installing a total station which tracks the prism, on the ground. A ground cut-off detector is provided on the lower part of the box while an installation detector is arranged on a predetermined position in the lower part of the box.    A control unit is installed on a towing ship and receives signal from the total station and detectors. The control unit controls the towing direction and position based on the received data.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables safe, reliable and fine control of towing direction and position since real time and automatic reception of data is performed. Improves measurement accuracy without influence of water waves.
The floating turbine is housed in a large floating housing that is placed transversely to the direction of water flow. The turbine is placed in a cylindrical passage lying parallel to the direction of water flow. The passage is in the lower part of the floating housing.    The turbine is driven by the flow of water through the cylindrical passage. If the housing spans most of the width of the water flow channel, the reduction in flow caused by the floating housing causes an increase in the level of water on the upstream side of the floating housing, increasing the head of water applied to the turbine.    ADVANTAGE -   Allows debris carried by water flow to pass under turbine housing to avoid damage to turbine and creates artificial barrage to increase difference in water height on either side of turbine. Automatically rises and falls with change in water height for optimal performance at all times.
The turbine has a mechanical system that alters the orientation of the blades so that as they are returning against the oncoming fluid the cross-sectional area they present to the flow is reduced, and while they are driven by the oncoming fluid the cross-sectional presented to the flow is maximised. The same mechanical system can be used to reduce the area presented to the oncoming flow under for example high wind conditions where the speed of the turbine must be limited.    The blades are driven by a chain or gear coupling so that as the turbine rotates the blades rotate about their own axis. An alternative arrangement is to use cams inside a closed duct.    ADVANTAGE -   Increased net active surface area, producing greater positive torque and thus greater energy output from same size turbine.
One of many designs given in this specification is for a wind-motor (60) electrical generator (6). The motor includes different diameter propellers (64), freely rotating on a generator shaft (61). Centrifugal clutches (38) connect the shaft/propellers at given speeds. The assembly is mounted stop a pole or frame (23), comprising two captive rigid balloons (24). Directional fins direct the smallest propeller into the wind first.    A variable-speed generator rotor (455) has plural windings (456), with centrifugal switches (449) closing the circuit at given rotational speeds. The windings are connected to brushes (458) through slip-rings (457). Stator poles (453) are established with permanent magnets (454). The quantity of connected propeller/armature windings is determined by shaft speed, dependent on wind velocity and altitude of the unit.    USE -   Improved harnessing of fluid-streams for conversion into mechanical motion, e.g. for electricity generation, ascent of airborne vehicles, or driving water-borne vessels.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduction in wasted energy, e.g. from internal combustion engine prime-mover exhaust gas kinetic energy, and avoiding requirement for mechanical gear-boxes in motive power-trains.
The battery (1) has a light receiving unit (3). A diffusion unit (7) which diffuses sunlight incident on it, is arranged on the upper part of the light receiving unit.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents reduction in light reception amount. Offers simple structure. Prevents generation of partial shadow. Offers stable display of display device.
The solar battery module comprises several solar battery elements (1) connected by a connection member (2) electrically. A reflected light control film is continuously provided at the light incidence side of several solar battery elements including the connection member.    ADVANTAGE -   Offers fine sight with superior solar battery module. Uses reproducibility concept.
The film (6) is formed on the photoelectric conversion part, whose refractive index lies between 1.8-1.9. This photoelectric conversion part is formed on one principal plane of a silicon substrate (1) through an insulating film.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents reflex of incident infrared light during transmission.
The apparatus has a main distributing valve (6) which does allocation of oil to a servomotor (10) that opens and closes the guide vane of a hydraulic machine. A switching valve (7) is provided between the main distributing valve and servomotor to control the supply and exhaust of oil to the servomotor.    The switching valve is operated by the respective solenoid valves (8,9) of pump and water turbine. The solenoid valve supplies the oil which controls the aperture flow path of the switching valve. The aperture of the flow path of the switching valve is reduced when a solenoid valve is not actuated.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables to gently close flow path of switching valve when disconnecting solenoid valve in case of service interruption.
The machinery has a reverse-rotation type pump turbine runner which has a runner vane (2) with a pump side insertion opening leading edge. Strakes (13,14), formed with sharp angles of sweepback (1,2), are provided in the minimum band side root portion of the pump side insertion opening leading edge of the runner vane.    The direction of both strakes are set according to the projection angle of the fluid in the operation state which is assumed during the time of design.    ADVANTAGE -   Ensures stabilised flow near design limit of pump. Enables to enlarge operatable area of pump. Prevents generation of cavity during time of generation mode. Improves efficiency of pump of water turbine. Enables to expand operating range of compressor or pump. Enables to obtain surging countermeasure effect since flow and pressure fluctuation of fluid is stabilised.
The generator has several foundation bolts (10) embedded into the screw holes (9a) of a concrete foundation structure (9) which forms a water flow path (11).    The foundation bolts detachably fasten and assemble several stay vanes (8) to support the valve type water turbine generator.    ADVANTAGE -   Facilitates decomposition assembly of valve type water turbine generator. Shortens overhaul time necessary for installation completion of vertical shaft bulb-unit generator. Enables to facilitate guide-vane gap tuning.
The material comprises fluororesin containing 1-20 wt.% titanium oxide particles. The grain size of the titanium oxide particles is 1-1000 nm. The surface protection material has a total optical beam transmittance of 80% and a transmittance of 350 nm UV light of 20%    ADVANTAGE -   Deterioration of the adhesive and surface contamination of the solar battery are effectively prevented. The electricity generation efficiency of the solar battery is improved. Electricity generation efficiency is maintained for a long time. The life and protection efficiency of the material are improved.
Solar cell module comprises: a substrate (107); a photovoltaic device (I) (101); a filler resin (103) sealing (I) on the substrate; a surface film (104) covering the resin; an insulating film (106) between (I) and the substrate; and an inorganic fibrous sheet (102) between (I) and the surface film. The substrate is bent at an (edge) portion which is free from the insulating film (106). Process for forming the module by stacking the layers in sequence and then bending the edge portion of the substrate is claimed.    USE -   Especially as part of a roofing member and as part of a ventilation apparatus for a building which includes the roofing member (claimed). An electricity generator is also claimed which comprises the module and an inverter for converting module output.    ADVANTAGE -   The structure effectively suppresses moisture ingress into the module over prolonged outdoor periods, while maintaining high electrical insulation. The module also has excellent inflammability and the bent structure facilitates assembly into a roofing member.
This water powered generator (1) unit is suitable for small to medium streams. Its novel construction includes an approximately U-shaped frame, between the vertical arms (16, 17) of which, a transverse rotary shaft runs in bearings. Water wheel (6) blades (8) and a belt pulley are fixed to the shaft. Its electrical generator (7) has a drive shaft, which is belt- (48) driven from the pulley.    USE -   To provide a small but constant, remote current source from a generator driven by a water wheel.    ADVANTAGE -   This generator overcomes a problem of wind- and solar power generation in remote applications, by supplying a relatively constant power output; making a battery superfluous. It does this without requiring filtration, unlike a turbine generator, which must be protected from debris. In fact, the construction is relatively robust and corrosion-resistant. The undershot wheel requires very little head of water to operate it, given flow. The water channelling surfaces minimise energy-wasting turbulence. The compact unit is discussed and illustrated in further detail.
The panel has several current conducting strips (6) arranged at a fixed pitch on the front or rear side parallel to the lateral axis (8) and intersected by two wide current collecting strips (7) arranged at the angle of 90 degrees. The current collecting strips are symmetrical relative to the longitudinal axis.    A closed narrow strip (10) made at the front or the rear of the unit passes along the perimeter at a distance from the edge. The strip is applied in order to improve the contact network reliability. The rear contact is made in the form of the metallised grid analogous to that made at the front. The coating is made by printing with the application of the conducting paste. The mutually perpendicular axial lines (8,9) along which the converter is cut are free from the contact coating. The converter can be cut into halves and quarters without affecting their electric characteristics. Each part of the cell contains all the required contact elements, current collecting strips, perimeter strips and widened plates for parallel commutation of different units.    ADVANTAGE -   Semiconductor material usage economy is increased.
The wheel includes a needle apparatus (10) that is provided in only one out of its three nozzles (4a-c) that project towards the turbine. The water turbine is started through water jet discharged from the nozzles after gradually opening the inlet valve.    The inlet valve is provided to the penstock (1) from which the branch pipe (3) is connected. Flow of water is controlled by the needle apparatus after the inlet valve assumes a fully open state.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables control of water flow from nozzle.
The apparatus has a first substrate receipt unit that holds one end side of a strip-shaped substrate. A second substrate receipt unit holds the other end side. A thin film formation unit is arranged between the first and second receipt units. The thin film formation unit selectively forms thin films on the principal plane of the substrate. The direction of the substrate is inverted, when forming each layer of a thin film.    ADVANTAGE -   Shortens film forming time. Simplifies structure of apparatus.
The device has a semiconductor substrate (11) with a set of light reception circuits (12) provided in its upper part. A set of lens units (14) are provided corresponding to each light reception unit. A transparent film (15) of refractive index lower than that of the lens material, is formed on the lens units to enable planarization of the lens.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves sensitivity.
The roof has the upper-end engaging portion of a downstream roof panel seam-jointed with a lower-end engaging portion of an upstream roof panel. At least the lower-end engaging portion has flexural rigidity enough to disengage the seam joint. The upper-end engaging portion of the downstream roof panel is fixed to a roof bed material by a retaining clip which can be exposed by disengaging the seam joint and lifting the upstream roof panel.    In a section of the seam joint, the downstream roof panel and the upstream roof panel are coupled with each other by a fastener, such as a rivet. A screw fixing member is provided at the upper-end engaging portion of the downstream roof panel, so that in the section of the seam joint, the downstream and upstream roof panels, and the screw fixing member are fixed by a screw.    ADVANTAGE -   Joint member has opening portion which allows wiring to be drawn through.
The solar module has a number of individual solar cells (3) positioned in a regular array on a large surface area carrier (2), each provided with a glass cover having a transparent conductive coating. An electrically insulating material is inserted between the glass covers of the adjacent solar cells, with the conductive coatings applied to the glass covers electrically connected at the corners of the latter via coupling plates secured to the coatings via a conductive adhesive.    USE -   For space satellite solar generator.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides stable electrical connections between solar cells with minimum risk of short-circuits.
The device controls the active movement of the limb over a defined movement path using a kinematic chain with a number of interlinked elements (402-407), associated with torque- and position-regulated drives (411-416).    The positions and movements of the interlinked elements are detected via associated sensors, with a force/movement sensor (300) adjacent the limb, the signals from each of the sensors coupled to a processor and a drive control.    USE -   For training or physiotherapy applications.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides a precise control of a limb movement.
The system includes a reflector covering all the inner surfaces of a hollow tubular conduit (15), with a light source being selected from one of the group: sunlight, metal halide, fluorescent, halogen, incandescent, mercury, sulphur and sodium light energy sources. The conduit is selected from the group of shapes consisting of: round, square, teardrop, half moon, octagonal, hexagonal and oval with a thickness of at least one sixteenth of an inch.    The conduit has a wall member of opaque, transparent, partly opaque, or partly transparent material selected from the group of: tempered glass, acrylic, polycarbonate, plexiglas, aluminium, fibre, metal and plastic. The source is coupled to the conduit with light reflected into the conduit and transported via the conduit with an array of photovoltaic cells (17) present being selected from the group of: semicrystalline, polycrystalline and amorphous silicon cells. The array is mounted inside the conduit, with the direct current output of the array being electrically connected to at least one electrical device.    USE -   Also for illumination of factory and home and operation of wide range of electrical devices and appliances.    ADVANTAGE -   Saves fossil fuel usage, reduction in environmental pollution, with availability of standby emergency backup power in remote regions not having easy access to public utilities. Extended equipment installation life, reduced maintenance costs, and lower cost per kilowatt hour of electric usage while also reducing ultraviolet exposure.
The plant comprises an internal gear (1) which builds a support (3) and draws an arc centering around a fulcrum (2) fixed by a frame work. A stand (4) is provided centered around the fulcrum and a bearing support (11) is provided in the axial direction. The internal gear, gears and suits with in input gear (6) provided on the stand. A power supply input brush support is contacted by multiple brushes.    A switch input and output arm are attached to a spiral spring house (13) provided with a spiral spring shaft and a spiral spring. A gear wheel (7) interlocked with an inversion prevention unit, bites and suits with a pinion (9). An in-gear (8) interlocked with the pinion, gears with a generator gear (10) and rotates a generator. A floating body (5) is provided in the bottom of the stand.    ADVANTAGE -   Raises rotation number of generator with gear.
The sound insulation wall (2) which comprises a support (8), an intermediate support (10), a sound insulation panel (12) and an amorphous solar panel (14) is assembled on both sides of a road surface of a highway. The sound insulation panel is arranged such that a surface (12A) by the side of the road is formed between the sides of the supports.    The surface (802) of an amorphous solar panel (14) is arranged over a frame material (9). A light receiving surface (32) of the solar panel faces the exterior of the road between the supports which adjoins each other to both sides of the road so that the amorphous solar panel forms a surface one.    ADVANTAGE -   Obtains electrical energy easily from solar battery. Secures space. Covers vast area.
The apparatus (10) includes a detector (20) which detects motion operation of a person. Based on the output of detector, an image information generator (30) generates an image information, according to predetermined rule.    An operating unit (40) forms parameter relating to motion capacity person. Then, an image display unit, displays the input image.    ADVANTAGE -   Decides complicated difficulty responded to motion capacity, without processing.
The sensor includes a sensor substrate (4) on which a conductor pattern (10) is formed. The conductor pattern is electrically connected to a bare sensor IC (5) through a wire. A transparent resin of low viscosity (12) is formed covering the sensor IC in the shape of a film.    The scattering of transparent resin of low viscosity along thickness direction is set to be 10micrometer or less.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces scattering in optical distance remarkably. Improves reading resolution of document. Enables accurate reading.
The element has light emitting unit arranged in the junction boundary surface (15s).    The junction boundary surface is formed in the PN junction area having uneven surfaces (15ya,15x,15yb).    ADVANTAGE -   Enables to obtain highly dense LED. Reduces chip size. Simplifies manufacturing process.
The structure includes a N type semiconductor substrate (1) with a N type optical absorption layer (2) formed on its surface. A carrier (12) is formed on the substrate at a position away from a first depletion layer (9) formed on the perimeter of a first pn junction part (5), due to the absorption of incident light (10) by the optical absorption layer.    The drifting of the carrier on the substrate, is enabled by the electric field generated in the depletion layer. The carrier is extracted externally through a second pn junction part (51) formed in a second depletion layer (91).    ADVANTAGE -   Obtains normal pulse response current. Suppresses current leakage. Avoids generation of photoelectric current by slow movement of carrier.
The battery module (1) includes a set of triangular shaped solar battery cells.    The angle of triangular shaped solar battery cells is set to be in the range of 46-50deg.    ADVANTAGE -   Increases amount of electricity generation. Improves mechanical strength.
The paddle has a set of solar cells arranged at predetermined intervals, on a base. A hole is formed between the solar cells penetrating through an adhesive agent (2).    The adhesive agent is inturn arranged on a cover lay (1).    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents peeling of OSR. Avoids need for ageing of adhesive agent.
The method involves applying a voltage below a withstand voltage between the positive/negative poles of the adjoining battery cells (6a-6c) arranged in an insulated substrate (1) in the reverse direction.    The voltage application is carried out such that the temperature of the battery cell is made below 15degC.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables to remove short circuit component, reliably. Enables to remove pin hole area in semiconductor layer, easily. Improves productivity.
The method involves forming an oxide layer over a silicon base. O3/TEOS is deposited over the oxide layer.    A pair of convex shaped coarse oxide layers are formed on the deposition.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves electric characteristics of semiconductor element.
A new photoelectric transducer has a photoconductive material of Y-type crystals of titanylphthalocyanine. Another new photoelectric transducer claimed consists of the photoconductive material (3) between a transparent electrode (1) and a counter electrode (2).    USE -   Used for image sensors converting image information into electric signals and facsimiles.    ADVANTAGE -   The new transducer has a higher response comparable to charge-coupled elements.
Multilayer plate for X-ray imaging comprises a substrate (12) and a biasing electrode (14) sandwiching a membrane (16) formed of a thick photoconductive layer (I) (18) of doped amorphous Se with an amorphous As2Se3 thin buffer layer (20) between (I) and the substrate and/or a unipolar conductive thin buffer layer (22) of alkali-doped Se between (I) and the biasing electrode. Preferably both thin buffer layers are included.In embodiments, (I) has a thickness of 100 micron-2 mm, the As2Se3 layer has a thickness of 0.5-10 micron and the alkali-doped Se layer has a thickness of 0.5-10 micron. Method for forming the plate by depositing the layers by successive evaporation steps is claimed.    USE -   In a wide range of X-ray imaging technologies, including medical and non-destructive testing.    ADVANTAGE -   The As2Se3 buffer layer is essential for static mode imaging for charge neutralisation when the biasing voltage is removed. The layer allows `self-reconditioning' of the plate and is electron-blocking and adhesion-promoting during thermal cycling. The unipolar buffer layer is essential for dynamic mode imaging to minimise charge injection from the top electrode until charge carriers generated by the X-rays neutralise the space charge.
The energy created by a person using an exercise machine is used to generate electricity. The muscular force used on exercise and fitness appliances such as bicycle ergometers, moving walkways, steppers, arm ergometers produces an electrical constant voltage of up to a maximum of 15 Volts.    Each piece of equipment incorporates a disc flywheel and variable gear driving a direct voltage permanent magnet generator and a regulating electronic system. The electrical energy generated can drive 12 Volt appliances via an overvoltage protection, or alternatively a battery can be charged via a load regulator with integrated polarity and overvoltage protection.    USE -   Electrical energy generated by human muscular force on exercise machine is used directly or stored in accumulator battery.    ADVANTAGE -   For use in lighting or entertainment combines sport and health with environmental responsibility.
The computer housing has a covering of photovoltaic cells which provide an autonomous power supply free from noise pulses experienced with the public mains supply. The processor and electronics are supplied with absolutely clean power, enabling higher data processing rates and low CPU temperature.    The photovoltaic elements cover three sides of the housing. The two sides and top of the housing are made of one piece or as separate parts. The solar cells provide sufficient energy to power the computer autonomously. The voltage supply is produced regeneratively. The power is generated directly at 3 to 5 volts and can be temporarily stored.    ADVANTAGE -   Housing is used to generate current, facilitating data processing and reducing heat generation in CPU.
The semiconductor mfg. system uses a semiconductor body provided with at least one GaAsP semiconductor layer. The surface of the semiconductor layer is etched via a H2SO4:H2O2:H2O etching soln. in a first etching step, with subsequent etching via hydrofluoric acid, to provide a surface roughening (8) over at least part of the surface.    Pref. the surface roughening is provided by sawtooth ridges, covering the whole of the free surface area of the semiconductor body.    ADVANTAGE -   Improved light emission and/or reception characteristics.
The system includes a source (11) of physical movement to which a sensor (17,18) is coupled to derive analogue signals responsive to physical movement. The analogue signals are then converted to digital signals. A measuring unit (21) evaluates motion and force measurements from the digital signals. A display (15) shows the evaluated motion and force measurements. A feedback circuit (16) is coupled between the measuring unit and the source.    The circuit introduces the evaluated motion and force measurements to the source for altering the physical movement. The measurement unit includes a Fourier analysis network having a separate motion analysis circuit and a force analysis circuit. The motion analysis circuit and the force analysis circuit are coupled in parallel to the Fourier analysis network. The display provides the evaluated motion and force measurements as analogue or digital mathematical expressions.    USE -   Specific training can be enhanced by encompassing knowledge of how task is to be performed with evaluated movement control into optimised training result where optimisation includes enhanced speed of motor acquisition and level of execution control.    ADVANTAGE -   Adapts source according to performance to protect participant.
The lightwave system includes sending and terminal stations. At least one optical fibre connects the two stations. A power laser light source at the sending station is connected to the optical fibre for launching an optical beam through the optical fibre. An electrically operated electromechanical or electrooptic apparatus is positioned at the terminal station. A photodetector at the terminal station is connected to the electrically operated apparatus.    A device directs the optical beam from the output end of the optical fibre onto the photodetector. The photodetector has at least four photodiodes of the same size and shape. The shapes of the photodiodes are essentially sectors of a polygon (181) or circle and they are arrayed to form a circle or polygon. The photodiodes are electrically connected (183) in series so that the voltage output of the photodiode array is the sum of the voltages of the individual photodiodes.    USE -   For optically controlling mechanical or electrooptic functions at remote location.    ADVANTAGE -   Uses only power transmitted along optical fibre by efficiently capturing available power by optimising for uniform levels of current from individual elements as well as fill factor.
The apparatus has a footrest surface portion for supporting the user's foot. A centring and fixing structure holds the foot onto the footrest surface portion. A curved surface portion comprises a rolling section to roll on the place of execution.    The curved surface portion is semi-cylindrical, and includes a front portion and a rear portion with respectively different radii of curvature. These are connected with one another in a continuous manner, in an area situated in correspondence with a mid-front part of the footrest surface portion.    USE -   For athletic training and rehabilitation.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids or limits need for passive manipulation by massage for preventing development of complications following trauma. Help to improve posture. Inexpensive, and easy to use and transport.
The process for generating hydro-electric power involves burning a fossil fuel to generate combustion products, and introducing the combustion products into a first tank which is full of water to displace the water and cause it to exit the tank. The exiting water is directed to a hydro-electric apparatus for operation of the hydro-electric apparatus to generate power.    The tank includes a movable plate in it and the process further involves displacing the water by introducing the combustion products to displace the plate. A second tank is used in the same manner as the first tank so that one tank can be refilled with water while the other is releasing water.    ADVANTAGE -   Allows hydro-electric power to be generated at a greatly increased efficiency. Produces hydro-electric power from use of combustion products of hydrocarbon fuels through method that can be adapted to existing power plants.
The reservoir has a gutter (3) in which rain water is collected. A water tank provided below the gutter, collects the rain water from the gutter. A drainage system (4) provided in the path between the gutter and tank, guides rain water from the gutter to the water tank. A detector detects the flow of rain water to the drainage system. The rain water is ejected from the gutter to the tank until the total flow of rain water reaches a predetermined amount.    A drain valve (12) guides the rain water from the gutter to the water tank. A generator (14) electrically charges a capacitor (16) such that its end voltage (V) rises gradually. When the voltage is below a reference voltage (Vref), the reservoir water valve (11) is closed. The drain valve is opened. The dirty water is drained out through a drainage pipe in the early stages of rain fall. When the end voltage reaches the reference voltage, the reservoir water valve opens and the drain valve closes.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables eliminating dirty rain water in early stages of rain fall. Does not require excessive installation space. Enables collecting clean rain water in tank. Eliminates need for excessive maintenance and cleaning of tank interior.
The apparatus has a pulse rate measuring device (13) to measure pulse rate of a user during exercise. A video display part (21) displays the video chosen by a video reproducing unit (22). A calculating unit (14) matches the amount of load given to the user with the selected video.    A physiology state detector detects predetermined physiology state of the user, based on which the calculating unit controls the load to fit within limits, according to an external signal.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables user to maintain suitable exercise, efficiently and safely.
A flat solar battery has a prescribed shape. The solar battery is provided with several photoelectric conversion elements formed by dividing the flat surface of the battery. There are several conducting paths which are respectively provided adjacent to the photoelectric conversion elements, and connect the elements in series. Two lead-out electrodes are respectively connected to the two photoelectric conversion elements, at both ends of the photoelectric conversion elements connected in series, and appear on the surface opposite to the area of the surface where the elements are irradiated with sunlight.
A pump-turbine system having a flow-rate regulator such as a guide vane and more particularly to a pump-turbine system having an inlet valve. By provision of the inlet valve, in the event of an emergency stop in a power generation mode and even when the guide vane is put in an abnormal condition, it is possible to effect a closing operation by the inlet valve, so as to safely stop the operation without causing abnormal water hammer.    In the case of emergency stop in a pumping mode and even when the guide vane is put into an abnormal condition, the inlet valve can prevent a reversing phenomenon and safely stop the operation, while reducing the load to the pump-turbine.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduced risk of hydraulic hammer during emergency shut-down
The solar cell module (1A) is formed by covering solar cells (21) placed on the back surface of a transparent plate by a back surface covering member (24) so as to form a solar cell panel (2) and by sealing the peripheral portion of the solar cell panel by a framed-shaped end portion sealing member (3). A wiring hole (31a) or a wiring cut for passing an electrical wire (4) laid along the back surface covering member (24) is formed on a side wall portion of the end portion sealing member (3) so as to remove electrical power generated by the solar cells. The manufacture comprises housing the solar cell panel in a metallic mould composed of a surface mould incorporating an inner surface shape nearly coinciding to an outer surface shape of the front side of the solar cell module and a back mould incorporating an inner surface shape nearly coinciding to an outer surface shape of the back side of the solar cell module, a step for injecting and forming a high molecular material for the framed-shaped end portion sealing member in a cavity demarcated by the metallic mould and the solar cell panel.    USE -   They are suitable for providing solar cell modules arranged on a roof of a building.    ADVANTAGE -   Wiring of solar cell modules can be performed easily when arranging the solar cell modules on a roof of a building etc..
The controller consists of a condenser which has a primary hot well and secondary hot wells. Water is supplied to the secondary hot wells of the condenser via a condensate filtration de-mineraliser. Several turbine drive feed water pumps are provided to supply water to the steam generator. A number judging unit (15) of driver's cab judges whether the operating turbine drive feed water pump is two sets or more.    A low water level judging unit (12) is provided to judge whether the secondary hot well water is at a lower level. Based on the output of the number judging unit, a tripping command is output to one set of a turbine drive feed water pump. The output unit outputs an automatic start blocking command to an electric motor drive feed water pump.    ADVANTAGE -   Controls reduction of water level of secondary hot wells.
The system includes a rotary drive unit whose shaft and an electricity generation device is connected with a vertical wheel (6).    The wheel is connected with float (4) that circulates water (1a) and air (2) in a pipe (3), by rotation of the wheel.    ADVANTAGE -   Offers environment friendly power generation system.
The system makes use of a water turbine which is coupled to a generator. River water used as electric power source, is made to flow through a set of branch channels and is supplied to the water turbine.    The turbine is operated by the water supply, by which the generator is driven to generate electric power.    ADVANTAGE -   Converts potential energy of water to electrical energy. Enables to utilise branch channel, effectively. Simplifies installation. Improves utilisation efficiency of river water.
The apparatus includes a movable top plate (4) that prevents air leak in the form of air bubbles (9) by the downstream side of a draft tube (5), due to oscillation of the depression water surface (7). The top plate is contained in a plate accommodation section (18). A drive mechanism (14) operates the top plate only during the water surface depression.    The drive mechanism moves the top plate to an actuated position in which the top plate moves towards the draft tube interior, and to an evacuated position in which it separates from the draft tube interior. The top plate is supported by the ceiling part of the draft tube in the upstream side edge.    USE -   Used during phase-modifier operation of general water turbine or general pump turbine in e.g. hydroelectric power plant.    ADVANTAGE -   Restrains necessity of additional air supply to minimum extent by restraining raise of water level of depression water surface, thus reducing size air supply apparatuses. Uses top plate with simple structure and can be reliably actuated.
The discharge ring (6) surrounds a water-turbine runner (1), and forms a water flow path. It has a vertical two-piece housing structure. The surrounding surface of the upper portion (6a) opposite a runner vane (1a) is formed using a stainless-steel material. The other surrounding surface of the upper portion is formed using general structural-steel material. All surrounding surfaces of the lower part (6b) is formed using general structural-steel material.    Preferably, the upper portion contains an entrance side trunk (6a-1) and an exit side trunk (6a-2) that are provided along with the water flow direction. Both entrance and exit side trunks are made from general structural-steel material. An intermediate trunk (6a-3) made from stainless-steel material is provided between the entrance and exit side trunks. The trunk joints are welded.    ADVANTAGE -   Secures sufficient cavitation while reducing amount of stainless-steel material used. Reduces manufacture cost by reducing amount of stainless-steel material used. Reduces mandays for machining welding locations by reducing welding locations.
The wheel has a main shaft (7) provided at the centre of a heart-shaped housing (4). Water is ejected from a bucket (3) to the upper surface of the housing. Water which tends to flow to the housing centre side, is blocked by an annular return plate (6) provided in the upper surface of the housing.    ADVANTAGE -   Water does not drop on runner disc by blocking water which tends to flow to housing centre side. Improves turbine efficiency since water resistance to runner is eliminated.
The apparatus pulse rate calculating unit (80) that computes the pulse rate of a person given a motion load. A photoelectric pulse-wave sensor detects the volume pulse wave of the person. A non-invasive continuous blood-pressure measurement unit (79) continuously measures the blood pressure value of the person synchronising with the pulse period, based on the area of the volume pulse wave.    To obtain the motion intensity value, a motion calculating unit (82) obtains the product of the computed pulse rate and the measured blood pressure value, synchronising with the pulse period.    ADVANTAGE -   Motion intensity can be obtained without delay and without regulating motion load. Blood pressure value can e correctly obtained since it is sequentially estimated from relationship of volume pulse wave area and blood pressure value measured while pressing portion of body of person. Eliminates use of reference blood pressure measuring apparatus by storing reference blood pressure value.
The module has a photovoltaic element (2) fixed on a reinforcing sheet with several junction boxes (10), for drawing power out from the element to the outside, provided on an anti-light receiving surface side of the sheet.    Spacer members (9a), having a height higher than the height of the junction boxes, are placed along two opposite sides of the sheet. A second spacer member (9b) is placed between the junction boxes, the boxes being placed in a space defined by the second spacer member.    ADVANTAGE -   Eliminates difficulties arising from fitting of spacer members in accurate position in working site on roof of poor foothold. Prevents panel from becoming deformed when subject to stress and prevents junction boxes from breaking.
The fastening system includes two or more clamps which hold the solar module. The length of the module corresponds to the height of a roof tile approx. 33 cm. The clamps receive the solar module and also grip around a respective roof tile. The holding clamps are preferably made of stainless steel and/or sprung steel to guarantee a weather resistant and permanent holding of the solar module.    The clamps may be made of one part or of several combined individual parts connected, e.g. welded together. A special clamp shape may be used to allow the module to be easily clipped and to ensure the module is held secure against high wind forces.    ADVANTAGE -   Can be easily and securely installed on existing standard tiled roof.
The converter has one or more rotatable cylinders attached to a base unit by cables and are raised, for example, into the atmosphere to collect energy or static electricity for conversion into other usable energy forms.    The hollow cylinders (1) may be filled with lighter-than-air gas and consist of cylindrical surfaces with ends (2) and turbine vanes (3) running in bearings (4) from which tethering cables (5) unite at a rotatable coupling (6) which is attached to a drum (7). A speed controlled generator (12) is attached to the shaft of the drum.    USE -   For extracting energy from natural forces.    ADVANTAGE -   Takes up very little space.
The system comprises water collecting barrel (10) vertically fastened to oceanic crust under sea level, having two sets of radial through holes circumferentially disposed under sea level at two elevations on barrel, and reduced top end connected to power input port of power generator. A number of water tubes have two ends, first ends being connected to radial through holes for guiding sea water into water collecting barrel to move the power input port of power generator. Piston valves (33) have rods (31).    A number of rockers (30), have fixed end pivoted to water collecting barrel between two elevations and free end, reciprocate between second ends of water tubes at two elevations. A number of devices float on sea level. A number of connecting rods (32), are disposed beneath the level, each having one end fixedly secured to one floating device and opposite end pivoted to free end of one rocker. A water pump is at second ends of tubes distant from radial through holes on barrel and driven by the rockers to pump water into tubes and water collecting barrel to force power generator into operation.    USE -   Converts potential energy of rising and falling of tide into power to drive power generator.
The device has a transparent light receiving part (2) formed on a wafer (1) covered by a bonding film made of silicon.    A part of light receiving part is sealed with a sealing resin (8).    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents defect in optical characteristic. Offers easy manufacture and cost reduction. Attains thin-shaped device. Stabilizes yield on manufacture.
The detector (1) includes a light receiving lens (3) which receives reflected light from a detection object (2) consisting of light receiving visual fields. The light receiving lens outputs the detection signal of various systems based on the received light quantity. A pair of switches (SW1,SW2) perform the time solution of each detection signal of various systems.    An oscillation circuit (7) supplies a pulse signal for the switches so that the switching time, from which the detection signal passes, becomes a time division asynchronously. The detection signal is processed as a pair in a single line by a signal processing circuit consisting of a light receiver (8), an amplifier (9), S/H circuit (10), and an A/D converter (11). The light fluctuation between the light receiving visual fields of the detection object is determined by the signal processing circuit.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces circuit scale of signal processing circuit, thus attaining reduction of circuit component, power consumption, size, cost and manufacture defects of detector.
Aluminium phthalocyanine pigment(APP) of formula (1-I) has a crystalline structure characterised with a powder X-ray diffraction spectrum which indicates the diffraction strength at angle of diffraction(2 theta plus or minus 0.2 deg.; Cu-K alpha) of 7.0, 14.0, 16.6, 21.0 and 25.6 deg. Formula (1-I)-p    The phthalocyanine skeleton may be substituted.    Also claimed is APP composition containing APP of formula (1-I).    USE -   The pigment is suitable as a substrate for copper phthalocyanine pigment for printing ink, coating, a colouring agent for resin, a functional colouring material for a solar battery or a photoconductor.    ADVANTAGE -   The pigment shows a reddish blue and sharp hue.
The system has a generator (1) and a turbine (2), e.g. a Francis or pump turbine, with an adjustable blade drive stage (3) and a bypass valve (4). The valve is driven in conjunction with a controller (5) and depending on the blade position to prevent a pressure shock during fast blade closure.    The controller determines the instantaneous turbine throughput (QT) from the revs rate, the drop height and the blade position and determines the desired valve throughput (QV) from a decay curve. The valve throughput value is used as the demand value for regulating the valve opening according to the valve characteristic.    ADVANTAGE -   Substantially increased accuracy is achieved.
The module has solar cells (10,12) each comprising at least an electrically conductive layer (18) and a return contact.Two semiconductor layers (22) of a conductivity type, or an insulating layer as a tunnel oxide layer are arranged on a semiconductor layer (20) of a different conductivity type. The cells have a second electrical conductor (28) which runs opposite to the first conductive layer. At least the semiconductor layers or the insulating layer of adjacent solar cells are spaced from each other.    The first semiconductor layers of adjacent cells make a transition in their adjacent regions into a common section (24) formed of insulating material converted from the first semiconductor layers.    ADVANTAGE -   Allows simple connection of solar cells without need for complex and costly process. Avoids mechanical defects to allow reproducibility.
The energy converter comprises a dam (3) placed generally perpendicular to the direction of flow of the tidal current (2). One or more passages (5) are incorporated through which water can flow to perform useful work e.g. by turning the blades of a hydroelectric generator.    The dam, which rests on the sea bed, is placed in the open sea perpendicular to the coast (1). The length of the dam () is made sufficient for the dam to interfere actively with the natural course of the local tidal waves.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides a tidal power station suitable for areas with a smaller tidal range without losing its profitability.
The treadmill device includes an endless belt loop (14) which is driven by a motor and mounted on a rectangular platform (12). A pair of upright frame members (16) at one end of the platform support a control panel (18) and a pair of user-held handrails (20). The control panel allows the user to select a speed and belt platform inclination programme. The hand rails are mounted on springs which allow limited sliding movement.    An adaptive speed controller responds to the degree of pulling force which the user exerts on the handrails, reducing the selected belt speed in proportion to the pulling force. Pref. a pair of upright poles (22) with handgrips (24) are pivotally mounted either side of the upright frame members. The poles can be oscillated by the arm and shoulder motion of the user to provide upper body exercise. The speed controller pref. also responds to the position of the poles, reducing the speed of the belt if the poles are rotated more than a given angle back from their neutral position.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides emergency shutoff mechanism for treadmill without requiring complicated sensors or tether connected to user.
The program includes entered health information which relates to an individual patient. Several patient data records can be accessed. Each of the patient data records include patient information and an exercise protocol for a patient who has previously completed rehabilitation. The health information of the individual patient is compared with the patient data records and data records are identified which contain patient information which is similar to the health information.    An exercise protocol is created for the individual patient based on the exercise protocols in the identified data records. Two patient data records are identified from patients other than the individual patient that include patient information that is closest to the health information.    USE -   E.g. for treadmill, stationary bicycle, stair machine.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides individualised exercise protocols which take into account specific information about each patient and outcomes of other patients. Allows performance of exercise protocols to be monitored.
The solar battery consists of a flexible insulating substrate (1) over which an electrode layer and a photoelectric conversion layer, are laminated. The side by which the electrode layer adjoins the substrate consists of an alloy (X) containing metal with large adhesion nature with the substrate.    The side which adjoins photoelectric conversion layer consists of metal (Y) with good ohmic property with the photoelectric conversion layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Raises adhesion property. Prevents bending and peeling. Provides excellent ohmic property. Improves photoelectric conversion efficiency per area. Prevents loss of generated output.
The device has an electrical charging unit (16) which charges electric power from a solar battery (10) in the day time.    The charging operation of electrical charging unit is done by a reactor (L7) of an electric power converter (102). The reactor discharges the electric power from the electrical charging unit to a light emitting diode during night.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces number of parts of device, thereby reducing manufacturing cost. Reduces size of control circuit.
The device has a solar battery (10) which receives solar light and generates an emf. The generated electric power is stored in a storage battery (16) which charges a light emitting display unit (100) to perform display. The storage battery charges the display unit during the non-reception state of the solar light using the electric power stored during the reception state of the solar light.    A receiving unit receives an external interlocking instruction signal (CS) to interlock the display operation. A controller drives the display unit autonomously, when the interlocking instruction signal is not received.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents wiring fault. Avoids malfunctioning by rupture of electronic component due to static during electric wiring.
The flame sensor (50) has a light receiving part (8) consisting of photoconductive material selected from MgS, CaS and SrS.    The light receiving part includes a pair of electrodes (3,4) which generate current by photoconductive effect.    ADVANTAGE -   The sensor detects flames in a wavelength range of 200-280 nm with simple and inexpensive composition. The sensor exhibits a long service life irrespective of the temperature and does not need a large sized cooling system.
The machine comprises a draft tube (7), which is installed along the path of water flowing, through the periphery of a runner (4). By blowing compressed air, from a compressor (11) along the periphery of the runner, level of water in draft tube, is depressed in a forced manner and runner is allow to slip down.    A detector (20) senses depressed level of water in a non- contact manner, based on the vibrations of water level in draft tube.    ADVANTAGE -   Stabilises slipping operation of runner. Facilitates precise detection of mean water level in draft tube.
The structure includes a first case (5b) enclosing a seat ring (7) which is mounted on a flange (8) of a main shaft (1). A pump case (12a) surrounds the main shaft and the flange. A seal case (4) is attached to the second case (5a) enclosing a seal ring (6). An `O' ring (3) is externally attached to the upper part of the seal case. A cover (11) which surrounds the `O' ring is provided in the gap between the pump case and the main shaft.    The leakage of fluid from the main shaft is prevented by pressing the seat ring with the seal ring. The accumulation of foreign particles in the gap between upper end of the seal case and inner periphery of the cover surrounding the `O' ring, is prevented by providing a porous member (9) around the gap.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables to obtain stabilised sealing property. Improves tracking property.
The unit comprises an operation shaft (2), one end of which is attached to one side of the free end of a rotary main shaft (1). Multiple variable pitch blades are attached to other end of the operation shaft. A link mechanism is provided through which attachment angles of the blades with the operation shaft, is varied. A movable part comprising a rotatable permanent magnet, is provided near one end of the operation shaft.    The free end of the rotary main shaft of the rotatable magnet is coupled to the operation shaft. A cylindrical shaped synchronising linear motor (3) is accommodated in a stationary part, is fixed to the base of the operation shaft.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids usage of oil drive mechanism/bearing. Simplifies structure. Enables precise detection of movement of operation shaft. Enables to vary attachment angles of blades, easily.
The apparatus uses a solar battery (1), as the source of electric power. A main body (2) has a hollow outer cylinder (4) enclosing a hollow outer cylinder (8). A water quality active ceramic (9) is interposed between the inner and outer cylinders. The outer cylinder has a bottom board (5). The main body is embedded into a ground level (11). A catchment pipe (6) is provided which extends radially from the outer cylinder. Water in a water storage tank arranged in the inner cylinder, is sent to a hydrant (12) and along the sides of a wobble pump (14) above the ground level during emergency. A hydraulic pressure is applied to the upper part of the hydrant, using an automatic pump (13).    The water level of the hydrant is maintained uniformly with the hydraulic pressure of a floating needle valve (15) and the automatic pump. This automatic pump is operated independently using the electric power supplied by the solar battery. Water in the wobble pump is sterilized by an ozone generator (22) and is used as drinking water.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces installation area. Enables installation within short period. Reduces maintenance cost of water tank. Simplifies structure. Offers safe reservation of drinking water.
The apparatus has a first control unit (9b) that controls the output AC voltage, current and frequency of an inverter. The inverter is connected to the secondary side circuit of a generator. The primary side circuit of the generator is connected to an electric power system, through a main transformer (7). A circuit breaker is connected between the main transformer and primary side circuit of the generator. An excitation transformer is connected to the secondary side of the main transformer. A converter is connected to the secondary side of the excitation transformer.    A converter converts the secondary voltage of the excitation transformer to DC voltage. The inverter converts the output DC voltage of the converter to an AC voltage. A second control unit (9b) controls the output AC voltage, frequency and current of the converter. A third control unit (9b-10) carries out modification control of effective power of the inverter in forced manner, at the time of accident generation.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces stoppage probability of converter by overcurrent. Facilitates easy continuation of wattless component excitation of secondary circuit of generator. Stabilizes primary side voltage of generator.
The attenuator consists of an input electrode (2a) and an output electrode (2b) which are formed on a semiconductor substrate (1) and separated by a narrow gap. A photoconductor (10) is connected between the two electrodes. A semiconductor laser diode (3) radiates variable optical power into the narrow gap.    The resistance of the photoconductor varies according to the variation in optical power. The attenuation of the signal fed to the signal input line is controlled by the variation in resistance of the photoconductor.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides wide range attenuation with greater response speed.
The device has a circuit substrate (11) on whose component mounting surface, a light receiving element (12) and a circuit element (13) are mounted. A shielding case (15) made of metal covers the receiving element and circuit element.    An earthing pattern is provided on the other surface of the circuit substrate, thereby providing a ground connection to it.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables easy assembly. Unnecessiates ground connection of shielding case.
The element has a photoelectric converter (13) which consists of a schottky junction and which is formed on the upper part of a p-type silicon substrate (7). An optical cavity structure is provided by forming a reflecting film (5) via a dielectric film on the photoelectric converter. The reflecting film is a metal film which has no impurities.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves detection sensitivity.
The solar battery (46) has a permeable substrate (8) which supports several solar battery elements (1). A wiring layer (16) is provided in the substrate.    Connection electrodes (15a,15b) are provided in the light receiving surface side (1a) of the elements, which are connected by the wiring layer.    USE -   In various OA apparatus, domestic electrical appliances and wrist watch.    ADVANTAGE -   Forms compact structure. Performs transmission of incident light to element through permeable substrate, effectively.
The method involves forming a thin film on a substrate, as a distortion thin film, with the film thickness being below a threshold film thickness.    An electric field is locally provided for the distortion thin film. The aggregate of the atom which comprises the distortion thin film is formed on the area to which the electric field is provided, as an electronic component.    ADVANTAGE -   Obtains electronic component with desired size and shape. Enables to form component at desired position on substrate. Shortens manufacturing time.
The device has a sliding structure which can be regulated and adjusted to a required height using two horizontal arms (6), with a rod structure (8). When the rod is lowered by the user, a contact is moved which actuates an electric circuit containing a transformer. An audio signal is generated.    Horizontally adjustable rails (17) with an end strap which has a foot rest (18) and which can be inclined at an angle by a screw thread mechanism (19) are also used.    ADVANTAGE -   Allows precise muscle training without requiring good concentration. Provides different exercising positions.
The apparatus has overlapping roofing elements (1), e.g. of ceramic, glass, fibre cement, metal or bitumen compounds, and integral solar cells (2). The roof element forming the solar cell carrier is a mass-produced object meeting the required regulations. The solar cell is a glass plate with a semiconducting assembly on its underside.    A laminate foil on the underside of the cell has a damp protection film and the glass plate is so thin that mechanical loads from roofing elements can be accommodated. Connection terminals (4) are connected to the solar cell via conductors and they are formed in a direction according to the cell circuit, and a connector socket (5) is provided on the other side to which electrical cables (7) are connected from two neighbouring solar cells. The cell covers only a part of the roofing element so that no cell from another roofing element overlaps any other cells, and all electrical parts are provided in recess under the overlaps of the tiles. A cable connected to an electrical user lies upon and runs between two neighbouring roofing elements.    ADVANTAGE -   Cost of photovoltaically generated power is reduced to be comparable with thermally or hydraulically generated power from new power stations. Simple and reliable electrical connections.
The system is mostly stored underground and includes a water reservoir (1), a turbine wheel (3), a screw conveyor (8) and an electricity generator (9). When a slide valve (6) between the reservoir and the turbine is closed, the reservoir becomes filled from a water inlet (11).    When the valve is opened, the water flows over the turbine wheel to drive it. The wheel turns a drive shaft (4) and an actuator (5) for the screw conveyor, which returns the water to the reservoir. Once the process has been set in motion, the generator can be connected.    ADVANTAGE -   Start-up energy source is not needed. Generator can be operated without relying on rainfall and is environmentally friendly.
The apparatus has a physical activity monitor that records data for characterising a physical activity. An exercise device uses the recorded data from the monitor to simulate physical activity.    The monitoring device has a sensor for detecting the operational parameters of the exercise device and a second sensor for measuring at least a user's heart rate. The second sensor has a recording capability and is coupled to the control interface which interacts with the first sensor and the exercise device. The control device includes a processor.    USE -   E.g. for designing profile of attainable statistics for simulated activity or route and to be used as reference by user such as heart rate, distance travelled, energy consumption etc.    ADVANTAGE -   Two such systems can be coupled to provide competitive feature.
The device has a platform which receives a wheelchair and its occupant. There is a support mechanism coupled to the platform and the wheelchair, to support the weight of the wheelchair and the occupant. A load mechanism engages the wheels of the wheelchair, and provides a variable resistance to rotation of the wheels of the wheelchair. The load mechanism includes a roller and a mechanism for moving the roller into contact with at least one of the wheels with a varying force, to adjust the magnitude of the rolling resistance between the roller and the wheel.    The load mechanism has an eddy current brake, which provides a variable resistance to the rotation of the wheels. There is a controller and a display connected to the eddy current brake, in which the controller is adjustable by the wheelchair occupant, to vary the current to the brake, and hence vary the resistance to rotation. There is a section for measuring the speed or distance of rotation of the wheels. A modem is connected between the controller and a telephone line.    ADVANTAGE -   Usable without assistance from another person. Has adjustment of resistance between wheels and roller, enabling accommodation of changing wheelchair configurations.
The system has a battery tank (11) which is supported at sea bottom by a tank unit base (23). The tank unit base is provided on top of a planar mound (2). An electrical equipment container (12) accommodates e.g. a pump turbine, a generator, a motor and is supported by a container unit base (24).    An earthquake-resistant material e.g. hard rubber (25) is provided between the mound and the two unit bases.    ADVANTAGE -   Ensures stable electric power generation even during earthquake. Repair can also be performed simply.
The method involves setting a diving board (10) shallowly then, lowering it stepwise.    The water is set deeper when lowering the floor. When the diving board is raised the depth of water is made shallow.    USE -   For exercise program of underwater aerobics.    ADVANTAGE -   Holds continuity of aqua size safely. Improves skidding effect.
Phenanthrene bis-enamine derivs. of formula (I) are new:    Formula [1]-(1)-p    R1a, R1b, R4 = H, alkyl, alkoxy, aryl, or aralkyl;    R2a, R2b, R3a, R3b = alkyl, aryl, or aralkyl (all can be substd.); and    a - c = 1 - 3.    USE -   Used as hole-transfer agents of electrophoto sensors useful for laser printers.
Enamine derivs. of formula (I) are new:    Formula [1]-(1)-p    X = group of formula (II) or (III):    Formulae [2],    & [3]-p    Ar = opt. substd. aromatic hydrocarbon gp., or heterocyclic gp.;    R1 - R3 = alkyl, alkoxy, aryl, or aralkyl; and    a - c = 0 - 4.    USE -   Used as photosensors for hole-transfer agents of laser beam printers    ADVANTAGE -   The photo-sensibility and repeating stability are improved.
The running machine has a main body frame (1) that supports a drum (6) which rotates at the front-rear edge along longitudinal direction and suspends a transit belt (5) inside the drum. The front part of the main body frame is coupled to a front part frame (10) and is mounted by a source of drive (12) and a controller.    A hand rail part (2) is installed on the main body frame over which a console panel (29) is fixed and electrically connected with the source of drive and the controller. The transit belt controls the gradual velocity raise in the source of drive through the controller.    ADVANTAGE -   Performs velocity regulation of transit belt stepwise, reliably. Improves versatility. Improves safety.
The exercise device has two pressure plates (1&2) connected by springs (3). The two plates are pressed together, either between two parts of the body or between a solid surface and part of the body, until an audible signal indicates a certain force has been applied. A disc (6) is used to adjust the force required to activate the signal using a scale (9). A click vane (4) is attached to the opposite panel to the disc, via a spacing block (5), so that it is in contact with an inclined plane (6) around the edge of the disc. The vane is deflected producing a click when sufficient force is applied, this force varies dependent on the vanes position in relation to the inclined plane.    USE -   For a large range of exercises without significant joint movement.    ADVANTAGE -   Is small (can be pocket-size), light and compact, therefore it is portable. No risk to user from springs, weights or rubber bands and requires little joint movement. Is therefore suitable for all ages and abilities, including the partially disabled.
The module unit consists of photo-voltaic modules (1) which are connected firmly with a module carrier (2) through screws, rivet, or gluing (6). The module units are suitable for a mounting on a roof, e.g. with roof hooks, in the roof, or for a self-standing installation with the usual installation substructures.    The electrical connection between module joints of the module of a module unit is already formed using cable (4). Further cabling assembles connection cable with pre-mounted plug connections and this is itself is allowed to optimise the power of a single cell module through switching together pre-sorted modules of the same power class.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces time and cost of installation, and resulting risk of accident.
Coating nanoparticles on the surface of vehicle components. Preferably, the components are metal (especially aluminium) wheel rims, metal parts, plastic parts, headlight glasses, window panes, glass roofs, solar cells (on vehicles or buildings) and lacquered parts.    USE -   For coating parts of automobiles, commercial vehicles, bicycles, aircraft and water craft.    ADVANTAGE -   The coated surfaces are very finely porous so that dirt adhesion is low and rapid and severe dirt accumulation on or tarnishing of vehicle parts is prevented, have increased scratch resistance, reduce costs (e.g. by eliminating the need for headlight washers, double glazing or lacquer coatings and allowing a simpler air-conditioner design) and provides corrosion resistance so that galvanising and lacquering of corrosion sensitive parts may not be required.
A laminated solar cell module (44) comprises: (i) a front support layer (32) formed of light transmitting material and having first and second surfaces; (ii) a transparent encapsulant layer (34) adjacent the second surface of the front support layer (32); (iii) a number of interconnected solar cells (36) adjacent the transparent encapsulant layer (34); and (iv) a backskin layer (38) formed of a thermoplastic olefin and having a first surface adjacent a second surface of the interconnected solar cells (36). The transparent encapsulant (34) and the backskin layer (38) together encapsulate the interconnected solar cells.    Also claimed is the manufacture of a solar cell module.    USE -   Used especially for forming the backskin of solar cell modules.    ADVANTAGE -   The backskin provides (a) a strong and weatherable backing for the module, (b) an edging which can eliminate the need for an aluminium frame, (c) an edge seal that eliminates the need for any additional seal materials, (d) a rear encapsulant that eliminates the need for a separate rear sheet of encapsulant material; and (e) the elimination of the need for a scrim layer to remove air during lamination. The backskin layer is easily formed and moulded in situ during the module manufacturing process. Manufacturing costs and module mounting costs are reduced.
The device includes loading device, or barbell bar (5), a stand (2,3), a manoeuvring arrangement or hydraulic piston cylinder (12) and a manoeuvring beam (11)). There are connecting elements (6,7) and a control and regulation unit (14).    The manoeuvring arrangement regulates the loading device vertically between the upper and lower positions through the connecting element (6,7).    USE -   For testing and training knee and leg muscles in rehabilitation of athletes such as basketball players, and for training such as eccentric training, concentric training, bench presses, floor lifts, and forward thrusts.    ADVANTAGE -   Device overcomes disadvantages of training with barbells, in that heavy weights cannot be lifted easily in eccentric phase, now enabling lifting of heavier weights. Weightlifting user can now retard downward movement of weights to greatest possible extent and control them at turning point without being afraid that bar will fall across.
The apparatus converts the rotary motion of a motor (1) to reciprocating motion of a drive shaft (12) for driving an external mechanism.    The drive shaft is provided with a dashpot (20) which is connected with a throttle valve (17).    ADVANTAGE -   Enables to adjust closing time of guide vane to safe range.
The relay has an LED (1) which irradiates light emitting signal to a photodiode array (2). The output of the photodiode serves as a gate signal to a DMOS (3). A drain layer (7) is formed on a semiconductor substrate (5) having low concentration of impurities. The drain layer is long and slender with a predetermined width.    A drift layer (6) is formed on the drain layer, which has a predetermined withstand voltage. A source electrode (12) and a gate electrode are installed on the external surface of the drift layer.    USE -   LSI tester.    ADVANTAGE -   Switches weak signals at high speed, and exhibits high withstand voltage capacity.
The switching mechanism includes a lens assembly sliding on a slider rail (10) attached to the ground at a predetermined angle. The lens assembly equipped with an extensive field lens (6) and a narrow field lens (8) slides along a direction perpendicular to the optical axis of an incident light.    A drive unit moves the lens assembly in-between the first position and the second position. A sliding adjustment unit accelerates the sliding of the lens assembly when the lens assembly is moving upwards from the ground, and decelerates the sliding of the lens assembly when the lens assembly is moving towards the ground.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces impulse force added to lens assembly effectively.
The apparatus includes a main water supply strainer (1) that is connected to a pipe which branches from a water supply iron pipe. A main shaft water supply strainer (3) is connected to outlet of main water supply strainer.    A bearing cooling pipe (8) is connected to a sand removal mouth of the main shaft water supply strainer.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies cooling water pipe.
The device uses an electric servo motor (1) powered by the AC power to drive the guide ring (6) which is coupled with guide vane of water turbine.    An hydraulic pressure servo (11) which is actuated by the high pressure water from penstock, drives the guide ring.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids need for installation of DC power supply during emergency.
The structure is arranged in the flow path where several guide vanes (6) are provided. These guide vanes are supported by a bearing (7a,7b) and a spindle (6a,6b) is provided at the vertical ends of the wings. The bearing and spindles are fixed into the flow path wall.    The fluid inlet angle of the fluid flow path to a runner (4) of the spindle is adjusted. A seal flange (6d,6e) is fixed to the inner wall of the flow path, between the spindle and the wings. This seal flange provided between guide vanes and casing makes the flow path wall water-tight.    ADVANTAGE -   Eliminates leakage of fluid at flow path wall between guide vane and casing. Simplifies maintenance work of turbine discharge adjustment structure remarkably. Enables utilization of greasing type bearings.
The plant has an underground reservoir (12) in a natural ground (G). The underground reservoir is connected to a river (R) and a power station (5) through a take-off connection (20). The river water is guided to the power station through the underground reservoir by a piping (3,3a).    Bypassing of the underground reservoir is possible through the take off connection which guides the river water to the power station.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves power generation. Achieves environment friendly power station. Prevents narrowing of reservoir.
The room runner (10) has a transit part (12) inside which multiple rollers (30a-30d) are provided. A cyclic flat belt passes over the rollers. A motor drives the rollers to move the cyclic flat belt. When a person starts doing exercise, then the flat belt is kicked in predetermined direction.    A detection unit detects the acceleration/deceleration of the flat belt. The rotational speed of the motor is controlled based on detected result corresponding to the exercise person speed.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces space occupied. Eases alteration in travel speed by transit person.
The rotor consists of wound wire core (1) whose inner side is attached concentrically to a shaft. An annular support ring on which the wire is wound, has a saddle.    An insulated block is arranged exteriorly to the winding wire. Multiple straight members are arranged in-between the saddle and insulated block for coupling them.    USE -   For adjustable speed flywheel energy storage apparatus, adjustable speed reactive power phase modifier, adjustable speed frequency converter.    ADVANTAGE -   Increases durability. Improves reliability, productivity. Shortens assembly time.
The system includes a set of sequence controllers (1,21,31) which control a power station unit that consists of several main engines. A set of A/D input-output units (3,23,33) perform input- output of each signal between a control monitoring unit and the power station. A magnetic excitation controller (7) controls the generator voltage. A speed governor controller (8) controls water turbine velocity and generator output.    A secondary adjusting unit (4,24) controls a magnetic excitation controller and speed governor controller by transmitting and receiving data between each operating unit through a LAN network (10). When any one of the sequence controller is under repair state, then operation is continued by the other sequence controller using a pseudo program through the LAN network.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables continuous operation of power station. Simplifies operation. Improves reliability.
Wind- and water-energy is trapped by the surfaces of a sail or blade and transmitted to a pressure cylinder by a lever. In the cylinder is a fluid e.g. water, used to drive a turbine and a generator coupled to it.    The sail or pressure blade on it, including the pressure cylinder, are mounted on a round table, and as the whole unit rotates the sail or the blade is continuously brought into the operative position.    ADVANTAGE -   Inexpensive energy conversion.
The module has a current producing plant which consists of a stator, rigidly fixed on stationary axle, and rotor (10), provided with blades (11) on the outside and can rotate about a common axis with the stator when the water effects the blades. The module is made as a frame construction formed by linear elements (5) with vertical and horizontal connections and bearing parts, with the current producing plant built into the latter.    The current producing plant is provided with water discharge regulator made as curved reflection plane connected to the axle and levers ensuring regulation of the gap w.r.t. the blades. The plant location zone is provided with supports and connection elements. The module has decking for servicing.    USE -   For hydroelectric power production.    ADVANTAGE -   Allows use of kinetic energy of hydroelectric power stations water discharge, outflow of irrigation systems etc. Bul.15/27.5.97
The power station has a platform fitted on floats and four identical self contained hydraulic turbines located under the platform and provided with disc rotors and additionally turn about their own axis. The generators are located in the air tight section.    The cable ties are connected at the bottom by loops to the ballast weight hooks. Cables are used when lowering or lifting the power station. All four turbines are provided with remote controlled kinetic connection disconnecters with central stationary axle for their turning into a "weather vane" position.    ADVANTAGE -   The power and efficiency are increased. Bul.15/27.05.97
The method involves measuring inside casing hydraulic pressure by the downstream side of an inlet valve before the load interception of a water turbine and a pump turbine.    When the measured hydraulic pressure is lower than the value of the highest hydraulic pressure in a high tension side, the closing velocity of a guide vane and the permissible maximum shaft speed during load interception are made quicker. The guide vane closing velocity is decided from the permissible hydraulic pressure of the high tension side.    ADVANTAGE -   Minimises increase in rotational speed of water turbine thus reducing rotational speed fluctuation and improving reliability of fatigue strength. Attains quick convergence of transient phenomena by quickly closing guide vane when measured hydraulic pressure is low.
The system includes a cooling section (26), with a shell plate as a double wall, provided in the leg of a stay vane (8) which supports the valve (3) of a valve type water turbine generator.    Lubricating oil, heated by a thrust bearing (14), is guided to the cooling section. The lubricating oil in the cooling section is cooled by the stream of water flowing in a flowing water path.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces size and manufacturing cost since oil cooler and installation of cooling water mechanism are not needed. Eliminates maintenance check of lubricating oil cooling circulation apparatus by providing cooling section in leg of stay vane.
The cleaner includes a frame (6) which is provided in the upper part of the channel. A water turbine blade unit (22) has a rotary capture part (11) set horizontally on the frame. The lower part of the rotary capture part is positioned under-water.    A discharger (31) ejects the dust which is caught by the rotary capture part, into a strainer (21) by injecting water from a feed pipe (68). A pumping unit(46) for injecting water from feed pipe, is driven by rotating the rotary capture part.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents environmental pollution. Inhibits rupture of capture part due to dust collection.
The printer (1) has a light source (5) which illuminates a photoelectric conversion material (14). A first electrode (12) is formed on one side of the photoelectric conversion material. A floating electrode (16) whose edge projects along one side, is formed on the other side of the conversion material. A second electrode (13) is formed opposite to the first electrode, on the reverse side of the floating electrode through the photoelectric conversion material.    An ink pool (26) is provided at the edge of the float electrode. A power supply (17) applies voltage between the two electrodes which increases the voltage of a platen electrode (19) provided in an image receiver part (6). Ink is supplied from the ink pool to record the image, based on read informations.    ADVANTAGE -   Miniaturizes size and hence enabling cost reduction. Secures stable ink discharge.
The tool is connected to a generator (2) which is mounted on its axial part.    The generator is operated due to exercising gesture of the user.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Used as household electric appliance article. Enables to reconcile physical-strength conservation and health energy conservation.
The arrangement comprises a housing (15) with a multi-cornered base, and right angled side walls (16) which carry a solar module. A pedestal (19) is located inside the housing, with light beam units (20) on its inner wall and a pyramid section (21) on top. The tip of the pyramid contains a light radiating element (23) while the base cut out (35) has two slats (37). The pyramids pref. consist of acrylic material.    USE -   The arrangement is used to increase the output of a photovoltaic installation.    ADVANTAGE -   The arrangement is environmentally friendly.
A float (12) reciprocates in a chamber (13) with guide strips and supplied with water which flows between an inlet (34) and downstream outlet (35). The flow into and out of the chamber is controlled by interconnected valves (10,11).    The float carries a rack (20) which operates a quadrant gear (14) to drive a power takeoff unit (24) turning a generator rated at, say, 100 watts. The whole mechanism can be transported in knocked-down components.    USE -   For use in control of water flow e.g at locks, in canals or in rivers.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides convenient hydraulically driven power source with improved valve operation and unidirectional power take off mechanism and integral discharge surge compartment e.g. for driving electric generator to operate isolated sluice gate at locks in river or canal.
The method involves coating one side an electrode (2) with a coating material at a temperature of 150 C or more.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces adhesion of particles to processed object surface.
The collector (10) has a drive unit (20) immersed in channel, which converts a flowing water energy to a rotary driving force. A recovery unit (30) captures the solid substrates in the channel and collects them from the channel. An ejection unit (40) receives and ejects the solid substances collected by the recovery unit in a predetermined place.    The drive connection of the drive unit, recovery unit and ejection unit is done via a deceleration unit (53). A drive transmission unit (50) does the deceleration of the driving force of recovery unit and ejection unit by drive unit.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces burden of operation. Enables easy maintenance.
The system (S1) has multiple solar battery modules (P1-P4) which are connected parallelly. The module contains number of serially connected cell groups. Each module is operated with predetermined operating voltage.    The output from each module is supplied to a load (L) through electric power converter (C1).    ADVANTAGE -   Improves efficiency. Ensures flexibility. Reduces constraint of installation.
The casing includes a spiral shaped outflow casing part (10) which has a spiral shaped outflow path (11). The outflow path is attached to a fluid outflow inside a turbine casing part (6) of a hydraulic pressure turbine (1).    The outflow path is formed to the right side of an exit (5a) of a blade unit (5) of an impeller (4). The cross section of the outflow path is made to increase gradually.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables designing of high speed hydraulic pressure turbine. Improves turbine efficiency. Reduces noise remarkably.
The device has components which have an outer contour and outer dimensions matching known roof tiles or slates or wall cladding which protect a building from rain, wind and other types of weather. When a photovoltaic solar module (2) is inserted and/or attached to the component the daylight and/or sun rays are used to produce current. The solar modules (2) and/or the current leads (3) and/or the electric connection parts (4) may be exchangeable.    The basic body of the roof tile or wall cladding may be made of sheet metal or recycled plastic readily available. Releasable connections (4) and/or unreleasable connections and/or current leads etc. may be inserted in or on the component.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides solar panel which has appearance of normal roof tile or wall cladding but generates current from sunlight.
The machine comprises a frame, with a seat connected to the frame for supporting the user, being adjustable to several positions on the frame. There is a pedal mounted on the frame, which is movable in response to a force applied by the user. There is also a fluid loading device with a piston and housing to receive a compressible working fluid.    A loading device mount is connected to the fluid loading device and is adjustable to move parts of the fluid loading device so that the volume of the working space can be adjusted. A pressure source supplies compressible fluid to the working space at various baseline operating pressures, and a load connection linkage is connected between the pedals and fluid loading device.    USE -   For physical exercise, particularly combining exercise and performance monitoring with the ability to provide different force loadings and rates. For therapy and rehabilitation.    ADVANTAGE -   Overcomes the limitations of other devices in being able to provide for exercise at wide variety of loads, loading rates and velocities. Easily adjusted and can be used to collect and display data for assessing physical performance, limitations, injuries and to indicate muscular strength and general physical conditioning.
The semiconductor device with a protected stacked gate edge to minimise damage to a tunnel oxide region and to maintain source junction uniformity of a semiconductor device, comprises (a) a semiconductor substrate having the stacked gate edge; (b) a space, the spacer being formed on the stacked gate edge; (c) a self-aligned source (SAS) on the semiconductor substrate, which is formed after the spacer; and (d) a source region included in the SAS which has been undamaged by an SAS etch.    USE -   The device is especially used in flash EPROM cell technology.    ADVANTAGE -   The increased cell density associated with the flash cell is maintained, while problems with tunnel oxide integrity and source junction profile are eliminated.
A lateral MESFET comprises: (i) a channel layer (12) on a substrate (11), on which a laterally displaced source and drain contacts (13,14) with a Schottky gate between them (16); (ii) a dielectric on the source contact and channel between the source and gate (21) on which is a metal contacting the gate (22); and (iii) a drain damage termination layer (17) in the channel, extending from the gate towards the drain contact and formed by implanting into the channel layer and annealing.    USE -   Used as high breakdown voltage MESFETs.    ADVANTAGE -   Breakdown voltage of the device is increased to at least 80% of that of the channel without affecting frequency response or transconductance. A high resistance refractory is not needed.
The exercise and amusement device includes a hollow circular tube (1) with a hollow central handle (2) mounted across the diameter. The handle includes a central hole (3) for inserting a number of balls (4, 5). The balls are free to travel within the tube and the handle.    Pref. the circular tube and the handle are formed form clear plastic. A switch which operates electric lights attached to the device can be mounted inside the tube or the handle so that it is actuated by contact with the balls.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides user with amusement and means of exercise.
The method involves arranging several board shaped solar batteries with an output terminal along the principal plane of a board shaped member. A protective film comprises thermoplastic resin, has cementing layer that is formed on the board member by covering the solar battery.    The protective film which is formed in the area where solar battery is not arranged, is removed by heating.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves durability. Is free from corrosion.
The device (11) has a first semiconductor substrate (15) on which a second semiconductor substrate (16), is arranged. A laser diode (17) is arranged on the second substrate. A prism (18) is arranged on the upper part of the first substrate. A set of light receiving elements (20,21,27) are arranged in the first substrate. The third light beam from the laser diode is irradiated on the recording surface of an optical disk through an optical path branch surface (18a) of the prism.    The reflected light beam from the optical disk is projected on the first light receiving element through the prism. A prism is supported by a chamfer (18b). The light beam is reflected on the outer part of the chamfer, is received by the third light receiving element and the light emitting quantity of the laser diode is detected.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides photodetector for monitors. Reduces manufacturing cost of optical pick-up. Detects quantity of light emitted by laser diode.
The system (2) includes an input processing part (3) through which observation signal pertaining to a plant installation (1) is input. An abnormality judging part (4) assesses the deviation of the observation signal from a preset program value. A knowledge database (5) stores the relation between observation signal. When abnormality is detected, the propagation route of the abnormality is estimated using the contents of the database. A state display part (7) displays the estimated flow of abnormality.    ADVANTAGE -   Outputs information in easily recognisable form. Improves stability and safety of plant.
The apparatus includes an electric supply board (16) with an underground water raising pump (20). A lower tank (19) is filled with water during switch ON of under ground water raising pump. An upper tank is filled with water during switching ON of a pump (7).    A water receptacle (3) receives water from the upper tank through an exit (2). A specific gravity rotary board (1) is initialised by a cycle adjustment handle wheel (10). After every 3000-3600 number of rotations, the wheel fails to rotate the board. Thus an electricity generating motor (15) is actuated for unaided electricity generation.    ADVANTAGE -   Generates electricity effectively.
The method involves using a circulating pump to discharge water from a water source.    The shape, inclination angle and pumping angle of the inclination pipes which are connected to the circulating pump is set to have optimum value so that the pump is driven at reduced power consumption state.    ADVANTAGE -   Eliminates excessive energy waste in transmission line.
The system includes an electric power setter which adjusts a system electric power. To alter the established value of electric power, the set-up modification time is shortened from a no-load to a full-load corresponding to the electric power, according to an urgent power control command that is sent from a central electric power supply area.    The input-output of the electric power of the system is fluctuated quickly and set to a command value upon adjusting the set-up modification time.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves stability of system when supply-and-demand balance of electric power collapses due to sudden variation of load. Enables flexible control of frequency since set-up modification time, that alters value of electric power, can be adjusted. Restrains fluctuation of frequency since response for electric power set value is produced quickly.
The apparatus has a skid sensor (7) which detects the skid of an AC excitation based on the frequency of an electric power system and the rotation speed of a revolving shaft. An operation output generator outputs a skid command and a guide vane command based on an effective power command. A compensation operating unit outputs a compensatory signal which blocks the deviation of the AC excitation skid from an adjustable operation speed critical range.    A skid controller (17) outputs a torque current command based on the compensatory signal, extracted skid command, and the AC excitation skid. Based on the extracted torque current command, the AC excitation of the secondary winding of a winding wire type induction alternator is controlled by an AC excitation controller. Based on the guide vane command from the operation output generator, a guide vane controller (21) controls the operation of a guide vane (8).    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents generation of unstable AC excitation skid, shaft rotation speed, and effective power. AC excitation skid, rotation speed, and effective power can be reset quickly.
The device has a stator winding wire that connects to a second circuit breaker (11) at the time of the start of the operation of an AC excitation synchronous motor (1). A power supply controller (9) controls a power supply for start which supplies current to the motor. An AC excitation system controller (4) controls a power supply for excitation that supply an exciting current. The AC excitation system controller receives a fault signal (3a) from a cycloconverter (3) when the cycloconverter fault generates during the motor operation start.    A thyristor converter (7) is interrupted upon blocking the thyristor converter gate control signal through the fault signal (3b) of the cycloconverter so that the power supply for start is interrupted before extinguishing the exciting current. The generation of overcurrent in the thyristor converter is blocked through the effect of the armature reaction before the stoppage of the thyristor converter so that the overcurrent is suppressed in the power supply .    ADVANTAGE -   Emergency stop due to overcurrent generation of thyristor converter can be restrained, thus preventing reset of power supply and reducing manhour during maintenance.
The structure includes a solar panel substrate (10) on which a solar battery element is bonded by an electroconductive glue (30).    The solar battery element consists of a positive electrode (41), a negative electrode (42) and a ground electrode (43) which are insulated to each other.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves work efficiency and reliability. Provides simple structure.
The panel (1) consists of a transparent substrate (2) made of amorphous semiconductor material such as hydrogenation amorphous silicon and thin film polycrystal silicon. A solar battery element layer (3) is laminated on the back side of the substrate.    A heat accumulation object (6) and heat insulating material (7) are laminated sequentially on the solar battery element layer. The heat accumulation object is changed from solid state to liquid state and vice versa at predetermined temperature ranges.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables to maintain solar battery element at high temperature for long time. Prevents reduction of electricity generation efficiency due to a photodegradation and temperature rise.
The computerised control system includes sub-process units with respective references coupled to tags. At least one reference includes a command code sequence such that when a tag changes, a reference in its list of references which includes such a code sequence executes that code sequence, to determine the appropriate control flow within it's sub-process unit. The sub-process units can also obtain event data from the process control unit via the supervisor link unit.    The sub-process units can write control signals both to tags and to the process control unit via the supervisor link unit. The process control unit has a database storing event data and control signals. Each event location has a flag indicating whether the event has an associated tag that is updated on any data update or only a data change.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides real time control.
The silt treating equipment includes a motor, steel cable rolling wheel, raising water intake pipe and rotary water intake pipe. It is used to eliminate silt in water flow for water turbine and thus it can increase the power of water turbine through reducing its silt clearance and prolong its service life. It can also eliminate silt deposited inside dam.
The portable power supply equipment has electric generating device comprising a storage member capable of being charged with the electric generating device, and a rapid charging circuit performing a rapid charging for a storage member which is external from the storage member. The electric generating device can be a solar cell, at an capacitor. The power supply equipment further includes a case in which the storage member, the rapid charging circuit and the electric generating device are encased. The solar cell with surface coated with a transparent water repellent material is disposed on the surface of the case, which has a handle fitted to it. If the electric generating device is a capacitor, the portable power supply equipment further includes a case in which the storage member, the rapid charging circuit and the capacitor are encased, and connector for supplying the power to the outside is formed on an outer surface of the case. A plug of the connector is disposed in the case.    The power supply equipment further includes display device for displaying an operation state of the storage member, and also includes a discharging circuit for discharging the storage member, and includes a charging and discharging circuit which monitors charged by the electric generating device and starts a discharging operation. A stable charging circuit stabilises charging current to the storage member is provided between electric generating device and storage device.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides portable power supply equipment that can be used to supply power to external electronic device.
The turbine generator is hung from the top of a concrete foundation structure which forms a water flow path (11) on the upstream side of a dam (21), so that generator assembly and disassembly are possible. It has a hydraulic turbine shaft and an electricity generation device which are arranged vertically on the water flow path.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces horizontal cross section of power station house since generator is hung from top of concrete foundation structure. Power station can be erected using water of dam if water flow path is provided at bottom of storage reservoir of established dam.
An infrared accelerated phosphorescent fluorescence material emitting fluorescent light of blue to green colour by infrared ray exit, comprises a mixture of alkali earth sulphides as a main body and Bi and Sm contained as an activating agent.    USE -   The material is used for detecting light leakage and arranging the optical axis of optical fiber and FA equipments, etc.    ADVANTAGE -   The material has a good visibility of the fluorescent light in light place.
The apparatus comprises a welding head (2) having a pair of welding electrodes (1a,1b) in the welding position of a connection fitting (5) and a solar battery electrode (6). The welding head supports and supplies a current and a welding force to the welding electrode. A power supply (3) supplies a current to the welding head. A control device (4) is provided to control the current and the welding force. A detector (9) is provided to detect the deformation of a connection fitting due to heat at the time of welding near the welding point at the solar battery electrode and the connection fitting. A display device (10) judges and displays the quality of the heat deformation by the output of the detector.    ADVANTAGE -   Welding quality is directly judged. Clear quality control is achieved. Stable welding quality is obtained.
The method involves establishing the starting point of a note the moment either feet of the patient standing on the ground leaves the ground surface. After a certain period of time, or a certain number of steps, a note is produced.    The walking operation of the patient is expressed by following a walking sequence or walking rhythm and time in which the note should be produced. The notes vary if the walking operation does not follow the walking sequence.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables analysis and evaluation of walking progress using number of produced notes. Enables superior walking rehabilitation in which patient is not allowed to leave until he or she perfects walk pattern. Patient can recognise walking progress by hearing note. Improves walking; effectively trains e.g. physical strength, muscular power.
The exercise machine (1) e.g. bicycle has a posture portion (2) fitted with a positioner (61,62) to position an exercise configuration in which the user can perform a specific training exercise, and a movable machine portion (3) accessible to the user when he/she assumes an exercise position. The user applies an effort e.g. pedalling (31) designed to oppose, for the performance of the specific exercise, a resistance offered by the exercise machine.    A data reader (7) reads a portable data storage memory in the form of e.g. a card (5) which stores the data relative to physical measurements and/or to performance techniques concerning the user and/or the specific exercise. A motor drive adjusts (Y',Y",Z) the relative position between the posture and machine portions, according to a controller which acts in turn according to protocol data read from the memory.    ADVANTAGE -   Automatic self-adjustment via receipt of data about user and/or exercises to be performed.
One coupling disc (23) is keyed to, the pedal shaft (22); the other (24), concentrically mounted, drives e.g. by belt a flywheel with variable braking. Torque is transmitted by a series of springs (31) inserted between pairs of stops in a circumferential channel separating the discs, one stop (33) in each pair on the driving disc, the other (34) on the driven (24).    Torque changes alter the spring compression, causing relative rotation of the discs. The amount and direction of the rotation, interpretable as torque variation, are input to a controlling microprocessor by an optical sensor directed at gaps between successive segmental plates (25,28) fixed to adjacent disc faces.    ADVANTAGE -   Controller uses measurements to monitor and implement range of programs simulating road rides of various degrees of difficulty.
The inventive system provides sprint exercise training, suitable for a variety of animals, including horses, dogs and human beings. A restraining force is applied during training to condition the animal to run faster.    An exercise path is defined by a single elevated monorail (20), which slidably carries a restraining assembly for providing a force opposing the animal's direction of movement along an exercise path (19). Harness 21 transfers the restraining force through a single tether (5) from the assembly to the moving animal. hence by using the system, an animal may be conditioned so that it will run faster when not subjected to the retraining force.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Improved animal training system, having stability/simplicity, using single tether sliding on monorail to provide restraining force during training exercise, permitting overtaking by other animals on training track, and monitoring parameters e.g. heart-beat to provide real-time analysis (60) of performance.
The module (20) has several solar cells (22) in series connection, with a quarter of these cells each having a thermally activated switch (24) coupled in parallel across it. Each switch has a different calibration temperature at which it activates i.e. changes from an open circuit (off state) to a closed circuit (on state).    As the module temperature falls the switches start to turn on with the switch with the highest calibration temperature switching to an on state first, shorting out the associated cell and reducing the rise of the full module voltage. As the temperature continues to fall more switches start to turn on, shorting their associated cells and further reducing the module voltage.    ADVANTAGE -   Charges conventional batteries over extreme temperature swings whist avoiding excessive charging at low temperatures.
The circuit has a rubidium lamp (21) which irradiates and projects light onto a cavity (22) provided with a rubidium gas cell (25). An opto electric transducer (26) converts the irradiated light into corresponding electrical signal. A field coil (24) which is wound around the cavity is connected to a power supply (13) in order to produce magnetic field of micro wave frequency in the cavity.    A detector (11) provided between the coil and the cavity, detects the magnetic field intensity in the cavity. The detected signal is compared with a previously established reference signal and a magnetic field intensity control signal which represents the difference is produced. Based on which, a controller (12) controls the output voltage of the power supply so as to maintain constant magnetic field intensity.    ADVANTAGE -   Stabilizes resonance frequency of rubidium atoms. Enables to obtain correct level of output signal corresponding to frequency of input signal.
The detector includes a first semiconductor substrate e.g. PIN diode (1) which has second conductivity type impurity area. The first semiconductor substrate is laminated with a first conductivity type silicon semiconductor substrate.    A high energy radiation is vertically projected on the surface of first semiconductor substrate. The reflected rays from the substrate is detected independently and the radiation of differing energy band region is detected.    ADVANTAGE -   Obtains superior detector that detects radiation from differing energy band region.
The apparatus includes a rotor mechanism which has a rotor (1) rotated by a high speed rotary driving unit. An input torque is made to act on the circumference of an input shaft at right angles with respect to the shaft. Based on the input torque, the rotor generates stretching power torque by gyro effects.    The torsional force is sensed by the weight and the stretching power torque of the weight including the rotor mechanism at the same time. The twist force caused by the stretching power torque is added to the weight.    ADVANTAGE -   Generates differential torque based on which twisting forces added to weight.
The energy generator includes a container (1) having a lower part which is provided with e.g. openable slats (3) for producing a controlled opening which when fully opened will open the major part of the underside of the container and in its closed position closes off effectively the entire base of the container. A turbine (7) is seated in the lower part of the container and accessible to the slats, and a lifting device (11) lift the container, with an electricity generator connected to the turbine.    When the container is placed in a volume of water, with the slats providing a small opening (9) at the turbine, the container sinks allowing water to pass into the container by flowing through the turbine and thus generating electricity. When the container reaches a lower level, the slats are opened to their fullest extent and the lifting device lifts the container to its original position, without the necessity of lifting the water contents of the container for a repeat of the operation.    ADVANTAGE -   Is environmentally friendly in that is does not cause pollution or consume planetary resources, while being relatively inexpensive especially with respect to cost of initial generating apparatus.
The apparatus includes a buoyancy assembly (13) coupled to a stationary assembly (9) which is rigidly mounted to the ground beneath the water. The buoyancy assembly is pivoted via arms (25,27) for freedom of vertical movement and carries a fin (79) to keep the floating buoy facing the waves.    Waves cause movement of the buoyancy assembly which alternately pushes and pulls a piston to transfer hydraulic fluid via a piping system (57) with valves (69) to a hydraulic motor (53) which may be used to drive equipment such as an electric generator.    USE -   Provides improved, inexpensive and efficient means of converting sea wave energy e.g. into electrical energy.
The generator includes several flow path walls (4) made of P-type electrothermal material and N-type electrothermal material, which are arranged alternately. A fluid with temperature gradient is passed between the flow path wall surfaces. The adjacent walls made of different materials are connected using electrodes (3).    ADVANTAGE -   Enhances electricity generation efficiency. Has compact size. Reduces number of junctions formed between different materials.
The method involves forming a laminated member (7) by sequential arrangement of a lower member (6), a perforated lower sealing material (5), several solar battery elements (4), a perforated upper sealing material (2) and an upper member (1). The two sealing materials are coated with adhesive. Then, the laminated member is heated and pressure is applied on it.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves moisture resistance of battery module. Prevents trapping of air bubbles during manufacture. Improves appearance of battery.
The method involves forming a permeable lower electrode (3), semiconductor portion (4) and a surface electrode (5) sequentially onto the surface of a substrate (2). Then, a collector pole (6) is heated by irradiation of EM waves and then attached onto the surface electrode.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents thermal degradation. Prevents short circuit between surface and lower electrodes.
The device includes several non-crystalline photovoltaic cells arranged on an electricity generating layer. Several heat emitting bodies (6) such as heating wires are provided as heat supply units for each photovoltaic cell.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents degradation in characteristics of photovoltaic cells.
The generator consists of a bullet unit which is coupled in between a piston (12) and multiple cylindrical shaped memory alloys (8). The shape memory alloy has one fixed end (9) and another movable end (11). The bullet unit has a cyclic hot water tank which causes expansion and contraction by passing hot water and cold water, alternatively.    ADVANTAGE -   Facilitates obtaining micro displacement. Ensure durability.
The wind mill includes a turbine (1) arranged in a vertical direction. The perimeter of the turbine is provided with several vanes (10) extended to the external direction. The vanes direct the flow of the wind to the direction of the turbine.    Preferably, weights at the lower end of the turbine are coupled to a bearing array (20). The rotation of the support of the turbine can be adjusted in the bearing array so that the support rotation is limited to the axis peripheral enclosure.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables effective conversion of predetermined energy into another form of energy. Predetermined scale can be adjusted to obtain required output.
The cap includes a hollow triangular weight (1) provided in a cap main body. The cap main body attaches an umbrella vane that is formed from an umbrella rib (2) and a curtain (3) installed on the base of the triangular weight.    The umbrella vane is rotated and switched by a predetermined power of wind so that its area is enlarged according to the wind power in the cap main body. The resistance of the wind in the wind cap is reduced after the 180 degrees rotation of the umbrella vane centering around a vertical axis.    ADVANTAGE -   Strong turning effort can be obtained easily based on wind power. Turning effort of wind mill can be strengthened.
The generator has a slide hole (10) arranged vertically on an inner wall of a dock (1). A mouth (9) is formed at the bottom of the dock for inflow and discharge of sea water. A rack (2) is vertically arranged in a pinion moving groove (3) formed on the inner wall of the dock. A floating ship (8) which allows inflow and discharge of seawater according to tide level difference is arranged inside the sliding board and moves vertically.    A pinion (4) is arranged at the end of the pinion shaft (12) which is rotatably fixed on the side of the floating ship. The pinion is engaged with the rack provided in pinion moving groove. The turning effort of the pinion shaft caused by the vertical movement of the floating ship is transmitted to a generator shaft through an acceleration mechanism.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables generating electric power by fall and gravity of seawater.
The generator makes use of a non-azeotropic as working fluid. A heat source is used for heating lubricating oil. The vapour generated from an evaporator (2) is injected in the working fluid near the inlet port of the screw turbine (4).    Heat exchange takes place between the injected lubricating oil and the screw turbine. Heat is reclaimed from the heat source fluid in the form of power and is made to drive a generator.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves output of whole system.
The plant is a closed loop in which an evaporator (2), a steam engine (4), an absorber (6) and a systemic operating circulation pump (8) are connected, serially. A non-azeotrope working fluid circulated through the closed loop drives a power generator (10). Absorption solution existing after evaporation of residual working fluid is supplied to the absorber, through a supply line (12).    Pressure and temperature of the working fluid existing in the absorber is measured by a sensor. Based on the values measured by sensor, density of the working fluid is computed. The density of the working fluid is maintained constant, using a flow control valve (18) installed in the solution line that is regulated by a controller (20).    ADVANTAGE -   Stabilizes running of plant.
NOVELTY - The method involves irradiating an electron beam on molten silicon provided in a mould. The molten silicon surface is divided into various domains whose energy depends on amount of electron beam falling on them.    DETAILED DESCRIPTION - The method involves heating of fused molten silicon provided in a mould. Heating is performed by irradiation of an electron beam, using an electron gun. The surface of the molten silicon is divided into various domains which differ in their energy. The energy of each domain depends on the amount of electron beam irradiated on it. The molten silicon gets solidified from the bottom to the upper surface of the mould.    USE -   Used in the manufacture of solar batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   The impurities present in the molten silicon are removed efficiently. Since purification cost is reduced, inexpensive solar batteries are manufactured using the silicon ingot.
The substrate includes a stainless steel board whose surface roughness (Rmax) is 0.1-50micrometer. The height of the projection on the surface of the stainless steel board is within 1-50micrometer. A polyimide group resin layer of 1-50micrometer thickness is coated on the surface of the steel board. The surface roughness of the coating is 0.1-10micrometer and its projection height ranges within 0.1-20micrometer.    ADVANTAGE -   Enhances thermal and electrical insulating property, chemical resistance. Improves economical efficiency.
The device has a super magneto strictive element (4) which is provided on the bottom of a rail (1). A coil (7) is rolled around the super magneto strictive element. A storage battery is provided to store the induced electromotive force, generated in the coil.    ADVANTAGE -   Facilitates storage of energy during rail transit without waste.
The structure (1) has a wave-like surface with several triangular shaped peaks on at least one side of a transparent plate. The peaks are distributed in parallel and uniformly on the surface of the transparent plate.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies installation since width of solar panels are utilised as architecture materials e.g. roof material, wall plate.
The module (10A-10D) has a terminal with a receptacle fitting for connecting several modules. The solar cell modules are formed by several solar cells (11) on its light receiving surface.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces cost since electric connectors are eliminated. Improves efficiency of installation and increases output voltage per area since size of solar panel are reduced. Simplifies construction and handling since outside dimensions is small.
The mechanism has a substrate (20) to which the lead wires (21) from solar cells (11) are connected. A supporting plate (13) holds the solar cell base (12) in which the solar cells are provided. The lead wire is sagged along the lower surface of the supporting plate.    The supporting plate and a solar plate attachment base (15) form a cylindrical space that encloses the sagged part of the lead wire. A lead wire cover (16) covers the release surface formed by the supporting plate and the attachment base. A lead wire pipe (23) that holds the lead wire is fixed to a fitting (22) on the top of a housing. The lead wire is fitted tightly in the lead wire pipe after passing through the supporting plate.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves water dripping properties since lead wire is fitted lead wire pipe after passing through supporting plate.
The mechanism has a substrate (20) in which lead wire (21) from solar cells (11) are connected. A supporting plate (13) holds the solar cell base (12) in which the solar cells are provided. The lead wire is sagged along the lower surface of the supporting plate.    The supporting plate and a solar plate attachment base (15) forms a cylindrical space that encloses the sagged part of the lead wire. A lead wire cover (16) covers the release surface formed by the supporting plate and the attachment base.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves water dripping properties since lead wires are sagged to guide waterdrops on lead wires away from substrate.
The structure includes solar battery cell which is connected in series in the shape of laminated tube. A rear side electrode is formed in the cell, in the shape of thin line.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids need for solar battery cell on rear side of cell.
The apparatus includes several power generating elements (9) in which a transparent electrode film (2), a semiconductor film (5) and a metal electrode film (7) are laminated sequentially. A divided area (18) provided in the metal electrode film which divides the power generating element mutually with high resistance.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents short circuit between electrodes by scattering object. Improves manufacturing yield. Divides metal electrode film completely.
The system includes a combustion monitor and controller for stroker furnace (1) which incinerates the wastes. ITV camera (252) picks up image of interior of stroker furnace.    An image processor (26) processes the picked up image and outputs the digitised image to a CRT display (29). A histogram corresponding to digitised image is generated based on which, strength of combustion flame and quenching point of fire are measured.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces installation space. Simplifies display function.
The columns or tubes (1) have one open end placed beneath the surface of the water, and the other end connected to a blower/exauster (4) or latching valves. This is then connected to a cross flow radial turbine (25).    The valves can be used to vary the pressure in the tubes so that the mean average water level may be varied. The tubes may be of different lengths or telescopically adjustable, and may be straight or helical.    ADVANTAGE -   The efficiency is improved by making the system more flexible to varying wave frequencies and conditions.
A thermoelectric conversion module comprises: a honeycomb body (3) of insulating material; n-type semiconductor elements (1) in passages of a first group and p-type elements (2) in alternate passages of a second group; electrodes (7) connecting adjacent n and p elements in series on both end surfaces of the honeycomb body; and insulating filler members (4) in spaces between the elements and the inner walls of the honeycomb passages made of an inorganic adhesive of alkali metal silicate or sol-gel glass.    USE -   Especially as an electric power generating apparatus in e.g a vehicle exhaust system.    ADVANTAGE -   The insulating filler members prevent undesired heat dissipation through adjacent elements so that higher output power can be attained with good stability over a prolonged period. The module can be manufactured in an easy, precise and low-cost manner.
The photovoltaic (PV) modules are alignable to the sun and includes several, separated support posts (8-10), each locating a PV module (3), rotatable about a vertical axis and aligned at a preset angle to the horizontal. For the simultaneous rotation of the PV modules is provided a circulating, driven element.    The rotary mounting of the PV modules contains a gear wheel (7), while a circulating chain runs over the gear wheels. A drive gear wheel also engages the chain. A spring-loaded gear wheel may engage the chain for equalising thermal length expansion.    USE -   For generating electric energy.    ADVANTAGE -   Simple, low-cost design for following motion of sun.
No information given.
A photovoltaic solar panel comprises a plate like carrier (1) with flat elongated photovoltaic units (3, 4) connected together in series by an electrical conductor (6). The units are fabricated individually and have a length ratio long side / short side 5 and preferably 20. The substrate is glass, metal, plastic, semiconductor or ceramic material, the solar cell material is based on silicon, copper indium sulphide, cadmium telluride, or nano-crystalline titanium dioxide, or preferably thin film crystalline silicon (f-Si). The (7) conductor has a zig zag profile (8) for reflecting incident light to one of the photovoltaic units.    USE -   Solar cells.    ADVANTAGE -   Since the individual units are fabricated separately the problems of scale up are avoided and the functional surface area relative to non-functional is increased.
The fabrication of stepped self-cooling variable-focus lenses comprises forming of rigid transparent containers of transparent fluid (8), through hot moulding, extrusion, injection, etc. of plastics sheets (2, 3).    The containers have stepped prismatic cavities (7) whose configuration is a function of the refractive index of the fluid (8). The container has an inlet hole (4) and an outlet hole for forced zigzag circulation of the fluid in the cavities. The relatively lightweight and simple design facilitates photovoltaic cell and solar heater operation based on conformed still and circulating liquids.    USE -   In the control and utilisation of solar radiation.    ADVANTAGE -   Solar radiation is refracted and filtered as required.
The photovoltaic power generation apparatus includes a solar cell array. A non-insulated type inverter converts direct-current electric power output from the solar cell array into alternating-current electric power. An earth leakage circuit breaker is provided between the non-insulated type inverter and the commercial AC power system. Stray capacitance Ca(f) of the solar cell array with respect to a ground potential and circuit breaker interrupting rating EL(ma) of the earth leakage circuit breaker have a relationship of Ca &lt; EL/3.    The solar cell array includes several solar cell modules each of which has solar cells fixed on a reinforcing plate which is made of metal. The solar cells are formed on a metal substrate. The solar cells have non-crystalline semiconductor. The solar cell module forms a builds material.    USE -   For use in connection with commercial AC power system.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents spurious operation of circuit breaker when current flows through earth capacitance.
Energy is converted with a cold energy dipole and part of the generated energy is used to stabilise the dipole. Through the cold energy dipole it is possible to extract the necessary energy from the environment to generate the electric current.    ADVANTAGE -   No perpetual motion machine is necessary.
The system has a wave follower to track rising and falling waves. The reciprocating wave follower interacts with a driven device, such as a pump or generator through an optional lever arm and also through a drive member such as a reciprocating shaft. The driven device is incorporated into an immovable floating or fixed support member so that work is accomplished.    The system comprises a buoyant upper body portion for tracking the rise of waves, and a lower body portion incorporating at least one ballast fillable chamber for tracking the fall of waves. The lower chamber is either enclosed on the top and sides with a mouth opening on the bottom, or alternately it is fully enclosed.    ADVANTAGE -   By increasing the work producing travel distance of the driving member, the system produces significantly more work.
The structure is of steel and through centrifugal forces ejects snow and rain water which otherwise would be collected. The part acting as wind wheel is the S-shaped vertical wall which if the wind comes from the side catches it with its cupped part. If the wind blows along the parts at the side and at the rear formed like aircraft wings, a suction is formed on the arched sides and pressure is applied on the cupped sides.    A generator is provided for the wind power mechanism and produces direct current with an even voltage as a car generator so that the wind wheel functions irrespectively of wind speed. Wind power is stored in the construction and the direct current is converted to alternating current in that it drives a motor which drives an alternating current generator.    USE -   Adaptable as rock heat power plant emitting heat for driving freezing, refrigerating and cooling storage unit, also as domestic power plant utilising wind power.
The sheet is laminated with a transparent film whose surface is coated with a wavelength conversion substance so as to convert short wavelength light into a visible light.    ADVANTAGE -   Enhances efficiency of solar battery by 10%. Eliminates damage to solar battery due to low wavelength light. Reduces reflection of light from film.
The battery comprises a silicon crystal (1) which is partially injected with an impurity thereby several independent island shaped impurity layers (5,5') which comprise two different kinds of impurity layers are formed. A contact hole is formed between the impurity layers of a specific kind and an electrode layer (8). The impurity layer of specific kind are not linked with the electrode layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves life of substrate portion covered by heat oxide film. Enables manufacturing superior battery using existing manufacturing technique. Eliminates gettering effect of diffusion layer.
The wind mill (13) has main body (19) provided in front face of a clamping plate (16). The main body has permeability and transmits light. A wiring board (17) with printed wiring (22) and several sets of electrically conductive pins (24,25) are provided in the rear side of the clamping plate at constant intervals.    A lamp (23) is mounted in the electrically conductive pin of the wiring board. Some of the electrically conductive pins project from the rear side of the wiring board and a connector (27) with a wiring cord (26) is connected to the projected end.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves work efficiency and productivity. Reduces manufacturing cost. Reduces cost of decoration component with lamp. Reduces soldering work.
The structure includes a pair of output terminal boards (17,18) provided in the modules (SM1,SM2) respectively. The output terminal board (17) has a guide section (24) which forms a recess. The output terminal board (18) has a slide section (2a) inform of a projection, which is inserted in a up-down direction into the guide section.    Electric contacts (25,30) are arranged near the guide and the slide sections, respectively. The electric contact enables electric connection between the two adjacency modules via the two output terminal boards.    ADVANTAGE -   Facilitates wiring work while assembling module. Raises work ability and attains maintenance property.
The converter converts the angle of a solar panel moving rod (3), for moving a solar panel (1).    ADVANTAGE -   Improves electricity generation efficiency. Reduces installation area.
The module consists of several solar batteries (4) arranged between a pair of surface members (1,2). The surface members have mutually differing sizes.    ADVANTAGE -   Offers improved module.
The method involves forming a polymer film on a metal or glass substrate (1). The uniaxial stretching processing of polymer film is performed.    An excimer laser light is radiated onto the polymer film, thereby forming semicircular grooves (42). Then, a Si layer (43) is formed on the semicircular groove.    ADVANTAGE -   Increases photoelectric conversion efficiency. Improves mass production nature.
The method involves forming V-shaped and U-shaped grooves on the light receiving surface of a crystalline silicon substrate (21). The substrate surface is processed using a diamond wire saw, such that whole light receiving surface of silicon substrate is coated with diamond.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides solar battery with high efficiency. Enables mass production of solar battery.
The transducer has first electrode (11) consists of linear electrically conductive material, over which N,i and P type semiconductor layers (12-14) are layered, coaxially. Electrical potential is caused between the semiconductor layers during irradiation of light. Finally, a transparent outer electrode (15) is layered over the P type semiconductor layer.    USE -   LCD.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves efficiency. Improves productivity.
The sheet consists of a plastic magnet sheet of 0.1mm thickness integrally attached to either of its surfaces.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents accident by evoking road sign.
The method involves immersing a thin-film substrate in the fluoride deuterium solution. The surface of the thin film substrate is made porous. The fluoride deuterium solution is made of DF and H2O in the ratio of 1:(10-200).    ADVANTAGE -   Improves reliability. Improves photo-luminescence characteristics.
The coating material contains ultrafine electrically conductive particles and photosensitive resist material whose diameter ranges between 0.01-0.1 micrometres. The weight ratio of the fine particles and photosensitive resist material ranges within 50:50-90:10.    USE -   For pixel electrode in LCD and for transparent electrode of touch panel and solar battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Offers superior photosensitive transparent film. Improves transparency, conductivity and patterning property. Reduces incidence loss of solar light.
The system includes several plate type heat exchangers (1a-1c). The water which is heated due to heat removal from power plant, is cooled initially in a collecting tank (7). The water from collecting tank flows into heat exchangers through pipes (5a-5c) which is cooled by sea water.    The collecting tank, an auxiliary tank, a drain tank and a vapour tank are provided from which water is supplied to either cooling water supply side or cooled water supply side of the heat exchanger. The cooled water reflows through pipes (6a-6c) into the collecting tank to cool further the water in the cooling tank.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves cooling function of heat exchangers. Removes impurities such as marine organism included in sea water thereby avoids clogging in heat transfer elements.
NOVELTY - The solidification speed during initial stage of solidification is higher than that of the average speed R.    DETAILED DESCRIPTION - The method involves removing phosphorus, boron and carbon from fused silicon metal followed by unidirectional solidification of pure silicon. During the process, the average solidification speed is set to R which depends upon the concentration of impurities present in the silicon metal. The solidification speed is higher than R at initial solidification stage and is gradually decreased during the progress of solidification.    USE -   For manufacturing silicon substrate for solar batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   Metal impurities are removed efficiently. Silicon yield is enhanced and refining cost is reduced. Manufacture of inexpensive silicon substrate is enabled.
Solar-cell module (1) is a photovoltaic device (2) sealed in a reinforcing sheet (5) with filler material (3). The sheet is uneven on its surface because of plastic deformation caused by the surface of the photo-voltaic device and at least partly uneveness of its own surface. Spaces caused by the uneveness are filled with the filler material. Also claimed is a process for producing a solar cell module by superposing at least a thermoplastic sheet and a photovoltaic device on a reinforcing sheet having uneveness on its surface and heating the thermoplastic sheet, photovoltaic device, and reinforcing sheet while removing air from the space between the two sheets and space between thermoplastic sheet and photovoltaic device to bring them in close contact to fix them to one another. Also claimed is a building material in which the photovoltaic device is sealed on a reinforcing sheet with the filler material and a process for producing the building material which is the same as that described for producing the solar cell module. Also claimed is an electricity generation system consisting of the solar cell module and an electric-power conversion system connected to it.    USE -   The solar cell module can be used as a building material and/or used in an electricity generating system.    ADVANTAGE -   Air is not trapped between the filler material and the reinforcing sheet when the photo-voltaic device is sealed and fixed on the reinforcing sheet. Consequently, there is no possibility of trapped air portions combining with time and impairing the appearance of the module or creating areas of moisture condensation impairing the electrical performance of the photo-voltaic device.
The energy generation plant has at least one drive unit (2) for driving at least one generator (5), the drive unit enclosed by a sound and/or heat insulating housing (1), allowing utilisation of the waste heat.    The housing may have a fresh air inlet and at least one heat exchanger (11.1,11.2) for utilising the heat removed from the air fed to a ventilation duct (12) above the drive unit.    ADVANTAGE -   Utilisation of waste heat for improved energy efficiency.
The assembly includes a tube put-through system, mounted with suitable spacing in two lines such that solar collectors, or photovoltaic modules can be simply blocked-on. For this purpose there are Z-brackets or U-brackets secured at the collector tube anchor.    The precise fixing of the tube anchor at the collector is assisted by a template and also safeguards precise location of the collectors.    USE -   Also for mounting on roof rafters, solid roofs, shingle, and other roofs.    ADVANTAGE -   Easy and fast assembly with only few assembly steps.
A roofing tile (2) of conventional rigid construction has a commercially-available, flexible solar cell (4) glued to its outer surface. Part (6) of the tile is overlapped by neighbouring tiles. A hole (8) in this covered portion carries electrical connections (12) from the solar cell. Successive rows of tile are connected in a series-parallel array to produce the required output voltage.    Different connection matrices are described. A further variant equips each tile with its own converter to produce an alternating voltage.    ADVANTAGE -   Tiles produces in this form are aesthetically acceptable. They are more efficient electrically than existing methods, which place the solar cell beneath a rigid, transparent roofing element. A matrix of tiles is tolerant of one or more cells failing.
NOVELTY - The method involves fusing metallic silicon by heating its surface using an electron beam (5) and pouring the molten metal (4) into a rotating mould (3) under vacuum. The molten metal in the top portion of the mould is maintained in the fused state while the bottom portion is solidified. The volatile impurities in the molten metal escapes out and pure silicon ingot (8) is obtained.    USE -   The method is used for manufacturing silicon substrate for solar batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   The method offers effective removal of impurities like P, Ca, Al etc from metallic silicon. An inexpensive silicon substrate for solar batteries can be produced.
The roller shutter for a room window is assembled from a number of solar cell profile elements , electrically connected in series or parallel, for providing electrical energy. Each of the profile elements is assembled from a number of thin-film or monocrystalline solar cells, or is provided with a number of attached solar cells.    The elements have a height of between 30 and 150 mm and a length of at least 600 mm, with one element provided with a rubber or plastics closure edge.    USE -   For provision of electrical energy from solar radiation incident on surface of roller shutter.    ADVANTAGE -   Simple replacement of existing roller shutter.
A novel solar radiation stable aluminosilicate glass has the composition (by wt., on oxide basis) 45-68% SiO2, &gt;5-18% Al2O3, 0-5% Na2O, &gt;9-15% K2O, 0-10% CaO, 0.5-&lt;17% SrO, 0-10% BaO, 1-6% ZrO2, 0.2-5% TiO2 and optionally usual amounts of refiners, the sum of Na2O+K2O being 10%, the sum of CaO+SrO+BaO being 8-&lt;17% and preferably the Na2O/K2O wt. ratio being 0.4. Also claimed is a similar aluminosilicate glass which is suitable for the float process and which only contains up to impurity level quantities of PbO, As2O3, Sb2O3, ZnO, MgO and B2O3.    USE -   Used as a substrate glass in display technology, plasma display panels and solar collectors (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   The glass has a high transition temperature (Tg) of above 650C, a low density () of less than 2.800 g/cm3, a thermal expansion coefficient (20/300) of 8.1-9.0x10-6 /K and good chemical resistance and can be produced as sheet by the float process.
The solar cells generate energy for at least one electric motor driven propeller (31-34). The cells are located on at least one additional surface (21,22,25,26) outside of the aircraft wings (10,11) with the additional surface alignable according to the solar radiation direction.    The alignment is carried out by the additional surfaces swivelling about an axis (23,24,27,28), extending parallel and/or orthogonally to the aircraft longitudinal axis (35). Additional surfaces maybe aligned about a second axis during the flight by the slipstream.    USE -   For light observation aircraft, operating above 10,000m.    ADVANTAGE -   High energy yield with low air flow resistance.
Production of a series-connected solar cell array, which is contacted at only one side, involves (a) producing and structuring an initially continuous semiconductor layer on an insulating substrate to produce individual cells, each having a selective emitter and being contacted at one side; (b) electrically separating the individual cells before or after production; and (c) connecting the cells in series. Preferably, the individual cells are electrically separated by high energy laser beams, sawing, sand blasting, wet etching or plasma ion bombardment, resulting in separation trenches between and around the individual cells.    USE -   Especially as a one-side contacted, thin film solar cell array.    ADVANTAGE -   The array employs an insulating substrate (e.g. a ceramic wafer) instead of an expensive single crystal silicon substrate and has high efficiency.
The heat exchanger (7) has a cylindrical core (15) with a rigid wall. A heat exchange tube (1) provided at the top portion divides into two smaller diameter supply tubes (9). The supply tubes (9) are helically wound around the hollow rigid cylindrical core. The return section (13) of the supply tube is connected to the distal end of a fluid supply section (12).    The return section of the supply tube which is disposed along the central axis of a double walled tube sleeve (10), is separated from the wall of the core by a thermally insulating material. The core and the fluid tube are enclosed in a rigid casing (16). The casing has a thermally conductive outer wall filled with thermally conductive fill material.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables to increase or decrease refrigerant flow in critical heat exchange area by simply modifying interior areas of multiple conductive supply tubes. Uses normally conductive field material which increases heat transfer effect.
A method for utilising acidic geothermal fluid containing non-condensable gases, in a geothermal power plant. A separator (22) separates the geothermal fluid into steam and brine. The steam is applied directly to the steam side of an indirect contact heat exchanger containing a liquid organic working fluid for producing steam condensate that is less acidic than the brine, and non-condensable gases, and for producing vaporised working fluid. The non-condensable gases are extracted from the steam side of the exchanger. The vaporised working fluid is expanded in an organic vapour turbine (25) to produce electricity, and expanded working fluid which is condensed in a condenser (27). The brine from the separator is combined directly with the steam condensate from the indirect contact heat exchanger to form a combined stream. The heat in the combined stream is used in a preheater (30) to preheat the condensed organic fluid prior to supplying it to the heat exchanger. Also claimed is a method for using acidic geothermal fluid containing non-condensable gases that include carbon dioxide.    USE -   For generating power using geothermal fluid containing non-condensable gases.    ADVANTAGE -   The system can use highly acidic geothermal fluid.
The apparatus includes a glass pane (2) arranged on the light incidence side of an photoelectric transducer (1). A strip-shaped unit (21) is formed inside the glass pane.    The surface angle of the strip-shaped unit and the principal plane near the incidence side of the glass pane are formed near the LAT of the battery installation surface.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces reflection of incident light. Enables effective utilisation of light during high noon. Improves light conversion efficiency.
The prodn. comprises: (a) forming an insulating film on the surface of a semiconductor ingot, or the surface of a semiconductor block obtd. by cutting the semiconductor ingot; and (b) cutting the semiconductor ingot, or the semiconductor block into a wafer.    Also claimed is that a semiconductor wafer has an insulating film on its side peripheral surface.    Also claimed is that a solar battery has a pn junction on the given surface of the semiconductor wafer. An electrode is formed on each face, the top surface and the bottom surface, of the semiconductor wafer.    ADVANTAGE -   The insulating film forms a mask in forming the pn junction. The result eliminates a process for separating the pn junction after diffusion. The insulating film also acts as mechanical protective coat at the side peripheral surface of the semiconductor wafer in cutting the silicon ingot, or the silicon block into the semiconductor wafer. The result prevents breaking, chipping, and cracking at the peripheral surface side.
The machine consists of low and high speed epicyclic gears (1,4a). An input shaft (9) is connected to the low speed ring gear. The position of a low speed planet gear (2) is fixed.    The shaft of a low speed gear is attached to a high speed carrier (12). Tooth is provided in the periphery of the high speed epicyclic gear which is rotated by an adjustable speed motor through a drive gear that gears the tooth of the epicyclic gear.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents fluctuation of generator output. Offers independent adjustment of rotating speed of input shaft.
The method involves filling the upper surface of a piston (3), which is provided inside a water tank (1), with water. The water tank is provided with a sewage place.    The piston is pulled up by the weights (10L,10R) to contact the sewage place and to generate an effective upward energy which is expanded. A room (4), provided with a weight (6), and the buoyancy of the water returns the piston to its original position. The generation of the effective upward energy is repeated in a vertical cycle.    USE -   For e.g. irrigating farmland, vehicle, aircraft, marine vessel.    ADVANTAGE -   Eliminates use of fossil fuel and nucleus and enables infinite energy generation since gravity is used. Generates power using generated energy. Eliminates problem cause by drying of fossil fuel. Simplifies acquisition of energy since gravity is everywhere. Enables use in surface of earth, underground, underwater and space. Prevents generation of radioactivity and toxic gas when accident occur. Enables boosting food production. Provides no harmful effects on humans, animals and plants.
The generator has a turbine (13) provided at the upper portion of a seawater force-reduction chamber (22). A air cell (3) with an opening (3a) is provided in underwater to stably support the seawater force-reduction chamber on a sea surface through a vent pipe (23).    The input of the turbine is connected to the seawater force-reduction chamber by an input pipe (24). The cross section of the vent pipe is sufficiently smaller than the cross section of the air cell and the seawater force-reduction chamber.    ADVANTAGE -   Allows wave energy in ocean to generate air that rotates turbine which enables generation of electric energy. Prevents influence of abnormal increase of seawater even if special mechanism is not provided since sufficient air from air cell reduced by vent pipe during increase of sea level is expanded by seawater force-reduction chamber.
The panel (50) has solar batteries (34) that are arranged between the permeable glasses which are made into multilayers. A gap (A) is opened, mutually, between the solar batteries.    Preferably, the solar batteries are attached to a building by a support component. The support component is also used to support the glass.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables making visibility satisfactory since light passes through gap. Supplies large electric power since light receiving area of panel is enlarged. Obtains sufficient lighting since light receiving angle to skylight is adjusted.
Semiconductor Si crystal is grown by heat treatment of metal silicide formed by doping of metal impurities into amorphous Si.    The process involves using glass substrate (1), amorphous Si film (2), and Ni film for doping (3).    USE -   The polysilicon semiconductor thin film is used for LCD (liquid crystal display), solar cells, and semiconductor devices.    ADVANTAGE -   Polysilicon semiconductor thin film having good crystalline property is manufactured at low temperature in a short time.
The battery has a substrate (10) on which layer structure of electricity generating layers (12a-12c) are formed. The electricity generating layers are mutually connected.    Ejection electrodes (14a,14b) are provided at the side edge portions of the substrate. Preferably, the side edge of the substrate has a predetermined angle from one principal plane.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides superior exterior for solar panel that can be produced easily in sufficient yield.
The unit (U) has a base (1) on which a electricity generating units (2) is provided. At least two terminals (t1,t2) are provided to extract an output from electricity generating units. Connectors (s1,2) are provided for connecting adjacent electricity generating units in series.    USE -   For e.g. solar power generating system of e.g. residence.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies connection for electricity generating units since positioning unit is not used. Prevents faulty wiring of connection and eliminates unnecessary space for laying wiring. Ensures reliability of output terminals by not connecting electricity generating units directly.
The device includes a solar battery (11). A storage body is charged by the output of the solar battery. An illumination detector detects surrounding brightness based on the output of the solar battery.    A position detector detects position of an apparatus. A drive controller drives an illumination unit based on the position of the apparatus and the detected result of the illuminance detector.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces power consumption. Detects charging and discharging situation of storage body, reliably.
The clock has a cylindrical transparent case (1) that comprises lower and upper aperture. The upper and lower aperture are respectively covered with a transparent board (2) and a back lid (3). A dial (4) is arranged opposite to the transparent board in the case.    A solar battery (7) which has a light receiving surface (8) on its rear side, is arranged on the back side of the dial. A drive unit (9) which is spaced from the light receiving surface, moves a pointer using the electric power from the battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Enhances design freedom of dial. Prevents yield reduction due to inferior battery exterior.
The generator comprises an inner cylindrical permanent magnet rotor (1) disposed integrally with a center shaft (2) through driving vanes (3) and permitting the passage of a natural energy medium (4) for reducing the weight of the generator.    There is an outer cylindrical stator (10) so disposed as to keep a predetermined clearance (12) from the outer peripheral wall of the permanent magnet rotor through a bearing member (11) supporting the centre shaft, and having a stator winding (16) at a conductor fitting portion (13).    ADVANTAGE -   Is capable of generating power even by low natural energy. When natural energy is hydraulic power, the generator is suitable for use at camp sites by dipping it into rivers or sea.
During movement of a device of transport, air flows are formed which pass through air-collection channels (3) to active turbines (4). Because each of the channels is as a confuser-diffuser system in the form of a Laval nozzle, the air flow passes from them at high speed and turns the turbine. As the kinetic energy of the flow depends on the flow speed, the kinetic energy is increased and the power on the shaft (5) of the turbine and of an electric generator (6) is also increased.    The rotation of the active turbines is converted into electrical energy by the electric generators and is used for charging of accumulator batteries or is passed through a distribution device (7) to the electric circuit for operation of all systems of the vehicle during its movement and to increase the range of the vehicle having a non-petrol engine.    USE -   Increases range of the device of transport, particularly vehicular, water and railroad transport by use of natural energy source, i.e. wind.    ADVANTAGE -   Increases range without recharging from external energy source.
The apparatus has a solar battery (1) placed on an endogenic board (2). The energy of the solar battery is converted into heat energy which is then converted into electrical energy, is stored in one body.    ADVANTAGE -   Obtains electrical and heat energy, simultaneously. Utilises solar energy efficiently.
The converter consists of a drive shaft (13) rotated by a water source in two directions, alternately. Two sets of rotators (15,16) with ratchet mechanism for transmitting rotary motion of rotary shaft in either directions to output shafts (44a,44b) are provided. The ratchet mechanism is provided with ratchet gear to reduce slip in one direction in the tension side of the rotation transmission member of a belt (25).    ADVANTAGE -   Improves extraction efficiency in each direction. Reduces energy loss.
The apparatus has a detector which detects the evaporation fluctuation in a waste heat boiler (5) which recovers heat from a refuse incinerator (1). An output stabilisation adjustment unit stabilizes electric power output corresponding to detected evaporation fluctuation. A reference value generation unit computes standard evaporation rate corresponding to target electric power output, suitable to carry out discrimination extract of evaporation fluctuation amount as a variation component.    A set of extraction units extract slow speed, medium speed and high speed evaporation variation components, respectively. An adjustment unit of refuse input is used to attain electric power output stabilisation corresponding to the evaporation variation components derived by discrimination extraction. The operation of combustion type super heater connected to waste heat boiler is controlled using a fuel regulation unit. The super heated steam produced by the super heater is supplied to a turbine (6) which is controlled by a governor adjustment unit (30).    ADVANTAGE -   Aids in elimination of unstable power generation state arising due to inconsistent calorific value of refuse matter. Enables improving durability of plant. Components like incinerator and turbine.
The arrangement (1) has elongated electrodes (2), each covered with at least one photovoltaic film (3), arranged at a distance to and parallel with respect to each other on a common mirrored and electrically conducting surface (4) of a carrier film (5).    The elongated electrodes are in the form of wires or braids. The distance (7) between the electrodes lies between the value of the radius of the electrode and six time the radius.    ADVANTAGE -   Photovoltaic film carrier can be mass produced and arranged in modules enabling economical use of photovoltaic film material. Flexible, lightweight modules enable improved use of incident sunlight.
An article comprising a ceramic member 1 bonded to at least one other member 2 by a hermetic composite ceramic-glass joint which has been formed by injection of a suspension (by a nozzle 3) into the region of the joint. The joint 4 is dried and heat treated. The suspension comprises a ceramic powder, a glass powder and a low viscosity liquid. The glass powder forms 50-90 wt.% of the combined powders and the liquid forms 20-60 wt.% of the suspension.    Also claimed is a method of making an article involving injection of a suspension, drying and heat treating as described above.    USE -   The articles are used in electrochemical devices such as high temperature sodium batteries and thermoelectric energy conversion devices.    ADVANTAGE -   The method uses the minimum amount of binder resulting in the absence of voidage or unwanted residues and the low viscosity suspension flows easily.
The plant (10) has a steam module (21) equipped with a steam turbine coupled to a generator for expanding geothermal steam and producing electrical power, low pressure steam and condensed steam. An organic fluid module (22) has a vapourizer for receiving low pressure steam from the steam module for producing vapourized organic fluid, steam condensate and a mixture of steam and non-condensable gases. An organic vapour turbine of the organic fluid module is coupled to a generator for expanding vapourized organic fluid and producing electrical power and expanded organic fluid. The expanded organic fluid is condensed into a liquid organic fluid by a condenser.    The organic fluid is preheated using the heat contained in the steam condensate and the mixture of steam and non-condensable gases. A cooled steam condensate and non-condensable gases containing a small amount of steam are produced in the preheating process. The preheated organic fluid is supplied to the vapourizer by a pump. A cooled steam condensate is discarded along a steam condensate line (48A) of a discarding unit. A disposal unit (55) equipped with a cooler (56) and a chemical abatement plant (60) cools and chemically treats the non- condensable gases for removing sulphur content from the non- condensable gases.    ADVANTAGE -   Disposes non-condensable gases without releasing significant concentration of hydrogen sulphide into atmosphere. Eliminates maintenance associated with cooling towers and power consumption for pressurizing NCG for reinjection.
Each module comprises at least three elongated, equally long leg components (2a, 2b, 2c) which are mutually coupled by means of connecting components (2j, 2k, 2l). The length of one leg component (2a, 2b, 2c) in a module is in a predetermined relationship to the length of a leg component (2d, 2e, 2f, 2g, 2h, 2i) in another module.    At least one of the leg components (2a-2i) and/or connecting components (2j-2o) is hollow and forms a storage container for fuel for motor drive of the power plant. The length of a leg component in a module is directly proportional to the length of a leg component in another module. The length of a leg component in a module is greater than the length of a leg component in a module closest above it with a factor between 1 and 2.    ADVANTAGE -   Three renewable sources, i.E. wind, bio-fuel and sun, can work with same generator, providing high electricity quality with aid of complementary motor drive, which makes possible wholly constant energy production.
The assembly (4) includes several reflecting mirrors (2)arranged in its external side. Light beams irradiated on the reflecting mirrors are transmitted to a sun lamp, through holes (5) formed in the mirror. A silicon oxide film is formed on the reflecting mirrors.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids accidents. Facilitates indoor usage.
The apparatus consists of reaction chamber (22) provided with a RF electrode (21). A film forming chamber includes a heater (31) provided in a heating chamber (32). A flexible substrate is conveyed by roller (11) into the film forming chamber.    The opening of reaction chamber and heater chamber is sealed on both sides at the time of film forming. The opening of the heater chamber is covered by shielding member.    ADVANTAGE -   Increases production. Increases operation rate of manufacturing apparatus. Increases yield of solar battery. Prevents peeling of thin film.
The system has a main vapour line (1) leading to a turbine (4). On the main vapour line a main stop valve (2) switching between open and close positions and a main governor (3) for regulating the quantity of vapour, is provided.    An auxiliary vapour line (7) branching from a downstream side of the main stop valve leads to the second stage stator blades of the turbine onto stator blade inlet ports at downstream side from the second stage stator blade. An auxiliary stop valve (8) for opening and closing the auxiliary vapour line is provided.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves efficiency.
The surf board has a cover plate in which there are a number of battery cells that are used to power an electric motor that drives a propeller at the rear.    The drive motor is typically some 2kw and is built in to maintain the aerodynamic shape of the board. A control foot pedal is provided for speed regulation. The battery cells can be in the form of solar energy cells.    ADVANTAGE -   Increases range of uses.
A hollow container (1) is placed vertically on the sea bottom (2). There is at least one opening (14) in the wall of the container which allows water to move freely in and out.    A float (7) moves vertically with respect to the container with the movement of the seawater level. The float is connected to the space inside the container so that as it moves the volume of the container changes. This produces a flow of fluid inside the container which is used to drive a propeller which is connected, either directly or indirectly, to an energy generator.    ADVANTAGE -   Improved efficiency of operation
The device includes a transfer limit that converts the reciprocating motion of a float (3) into reciprocating motion to and from the shore. The transfer unit includes a submerged anchor (1) which two pivoting levers (2) are connected. One pivoting lever is connected to the float by a cable (8) and the other pivoting lever is connected to a shore based energy extraction plant.    A shore based energy extraction unit harnesses the reciprocating motion to produce energy. The motion of each float is transferred to the extraction unit without need for cables, any frame or pier like structure.    ADVANTAGE -   Utilises same pivoting lever to compensate for tidal variations. Enables temporary submerging of float during intense storm activity. Minimises horizontal shoreward motion and maximises vertical pull.
The module has a solar battery cell (2) accommodated in a main body (13) and sealed by plastic material. A frame (14) is provided on both sides of the main body.    Moreover the main body is made convex and the frame is cast into curved shape. The curved shape of the frame is cast in the plastic material of thickness above 5mm.    ADVANTAGE -   Secures light weight and compact size. Absorbs large wind pressure.
The module has a terminal which is provided in its circumference, for extracting electric power. A covering material (107) covers the terminal. A cable fixed by a fixing member (104), is connected with electrically conductive member, electrically.    USE -   For building.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves durability. Facilitates installation by eliminating projection of module to backside of fixing surface. Eliminates peeling of covering material even during outdoor installation.
A transparent conductive titanium oxide film contains hydrogen in its film to obtain a specific resistance of 10-2 cm or less.    Also claimed is that the prodn. comprises: (a) applying plasma treatment to a titanium oxide film in a hydrogen atmos.; (b) contg. hydrogen in the titanium oxide film; (c) providing conductivity to the titanium oxide film.    USE -   The method produces the transparent conductive titanium oxide film used in a transparent electrode layer for a solar battery.    ADVANTAGE -   The use of the transparent conductive titanium oxide film provides a power generation layer with increased light absorption to yield high energy conversion efficiency.
The solar battery (1) is plate shaped. The elastic outer frame (2) has the cross section shape of the battery but has a reduced peripheral length than the battery. The frame is stretched with force and mounted around the battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies assembly work. Improves strength. Resists moisture entry. Ensures weather resistance
The device (1) has an EL element (10) with optical transparent material. The element is arranged on front face of a solar battery (20). The power generated by the solar battery is stored in a charger.    The EL element emits light beams using power stored in the charger. The solar battery projects the light beams emitted from the EL element.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces installation space. Exhibits OFF-PEAK characteristics.
A device for current generation has a base (1) equipped with a drive motor (10) connected to a gearbox, a water power container (3), a generator (5) and two spy glasses (2). In the object drawn as (6) is depicted the application with the toothed belt drive and the toothed pulleys.    The water power container is filled with a certain weight of water or other fluid. A compensating pulley (5) is equipped with a counterweight (4) made of steel or lead. In the object drawn as (7) is depicted the transmission wheel for the generator with the V-belt (8). The drive motor is equipped with a gearbox and a clutch (11).    ADVANTAGE -   Maximum possible exploitation of natural and renewable energy sources.
The solar collector rests on the module and consists of an outer tube with inner intermediate strap of transparent material with excellent optical properties, high deflecting prism structures, a heat tube, reflector foil, and side closure caps.    The solar module consists of a transparent cover plate, interconnected solar cells, surrounded by hermetically tight set, a support plate, and terminals for the solar cells and an incorporated cooling coil in foam foil. The solar collector and module are pressure and steam diffusion-tightly connected. The prism structures can deflect the solar radiation both at the heat pipe and the solar cells for transducing into electric and heat energy.    USE -   For solar generation of electric energy.    ADVANTAGE -   Improved economy and compact design.
The apparatus includes a water transfer vessel (3) which travels between a station (2), on the surface of the ocean, and the ocean depths, where the vessel collects cool water and subsequently brings it to the surface. The station has reservoirs (4,16) from which cool and warm water is supplied respectively to a condenser (5), and an evaporator (8), of a low boiling point fluid circuit incorporating a heat engine (turbine) (1).    Warm exhaust water is discharged via the vessel (3) at the ocean depths. A single transfer vessel (3), may be used and the or each vessel may be propelled between levels by a variety of means including propellers, water jets, cables or chains, buoyancy control, and impulse drive (piston or catapult). Alternatively the vessel may be propelled along the surface between an offshore location and a land based energy conversion facility.    ADVANTAGe - Obviates or mitigates engineering difficulties related to provision of a cold water pipe of such a size and with the structural integrity to withstand not only its own weight but the mechanical loading from ocean currents and surface waves.
The terminal box (103), filled with a filler, contains an electrical connector connecting a solar cell and an outer lead wire (105). The box is attached to a solar cell module (100) by a pressure-sensitive adhesive (102), double-sided adhesive tape. A lid (100) is attached to the module using adhesive (107) to cover the box such that the lid can be locked shut.    The solar cell module and an inverter may be included in a solar power generator. The inverter controls the output from the module.    ADVANTAGE -   High adhesion workability, high productivity, and high reliability.
In a panel-like photovoltaic solar module, used especially as a facade or roof element and having outer connection leads for electrical connection to further solar modules, the connection leads (25) are fixed to a connection tab (12) which is connected to a module connection element (10) extending outside the panel structure and which is arranged in a tangential plane of the module connection element (10), the latter being connectable to corresponding module connection elements of adjacent solar modules. The interior cover (24) of the module, which is spaced from an exterior pane (20) to define an interspace (22) for holding solar cells, may be in the form of a foil sandwich with one or more fluoropolymer-backed base foils of plastic (e.g. polyester) or metal (e.g. aluminium).    ADVANTAGE -   The connection system can be mechanically fixed to the solar module panel structure in an extremely simple and stable manner and has a universal module connection element which can be fitted not only to the module edge but also to the external faces of the panel structure.
The gas-tight housing (1) contains no material which is damaging to the solar- electric energy converters (2) within its interior and is sealed to prevent ingress of any damaging material. The base and sides of the housing may be made of aluminium, with its open end sealed by a glass disc (3), with a hermetic seal (5) between them, the housing base provided on its inside with an insulation layer (4) for preventing short-circuits between the solar-electric energy converters.    USE -   For enclosing solar-electric energy converter array.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides gas-tight encapsulation of solar-electric energy converters for ensuring optimum operating efficiency.
Two-terminal, monolithic, tandem photovoltaic device, comprises: (a) a substrate (112) having upper and lower surfaces; (b) a first photoactive subcell (114, 116, 118) on the upper surface of the substrate, comprising a semiconductor material lattice-matched to the top layer of the substrate and having an energy bandgap; (c) a second photoactive subcell (126, 128, 130) above the first subcell, comprising a material lattice-matched to the first subcell and having a different energy bandgap than the first subcell; and (d) a tunnel junction (122, 124) comprising doped indium phosphide, interconnecting the subcells. The tunnel junction is lattice-matched to the subcells and has a peak current density greater than 50 A/cm2.    The first subcell is formed from indium arsenide, and the second subcell is formed from indium phosphide. The tunnel junction is doped with silicon and beryllium. The subcells and the tunnel junction are formed by chemical beam epitaxy. The surface temperature during deposition of the second subcell is 480-530 C.    ADVANTAGE -   The tunnel junction is optically transparent, absorbing negligible amounts of optical energy, and has high peak current and low resistivity. A subcell can be formed on the tunnel junction and still leave it intact, simplifying the manufacturing process.
The laminater has a vacuum chamber which is divided into a lower vacuum area (5) and an upper vacuum area (6) by a diaphragm sheet (3). Several heaters (7) are provided in a heater plate (6). The energizing control of the heater is performed and a battery module (11) is heated at high temperature.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides uniform lamination to battery module. Conserves electric power.
The photo voltaic cell has a `p' layer (P), `n' layer (n) and three `i' layers (i1,i2,i3) in between p and n layers. In the conduction band (Ec) a sudden fall in energy level (2) is carried out from the central valve thereby forming a trough near `n' layer. In the valance band (Ev) a sudden rise in energy level (3) is carried out near the `p' layer due to the junction of i1 and i2 layers.    ADVANTAGE -   Generates higher voltage with good conversion efficiency by preventing electron hole combination.
The generator includes an electric supply unit (2) which provides an electric power to an external from a direct current produced by a solar power generating component (1). A voltage sensor (4) and a current sensor (5) detect the voltage value and the current value of the direct current, respectively. An electric power value calculator (6) computes for the electric power value of the direct current based on the detected voltage and current values.    A transistor (7) fluctuates the current value of the direct current. An electric characterisation unit (8) obtains the electrical property between the voltage value by which the current value is varied and the electric power value. A controller (10) enables the electric supply unit to supply the electric power to the external when the maximum power value obtained by the electric characterisation unit is more than a predetermined electric power value.    ADVANTAGE -   Eliminates small voltage value and secures stable feed since repetition of electric supply to external is stopped. Reduces size of whole component since required size of current sensor that electrifies low power direct current is small.
The wind mill (1) is connected to a pressurised fluid generator (2) which produces main pressurised fluid under the power of a rotary output shaft. A turbine (3) receives the pressurised fluid.    A mechanical coupling unit (5) couples the turbine and a generator (4). The generator receives the rotary driving force of the turbine and generates electrical energy. A thermal storage unit (6) stores the surplus electrical energy as heat energy. Auxiliary pressurised fluid is generated based on the produced heat energy, to supply auxiliary pressure to the turbine.    ADVANTAGE -   Obtains stabilized electrical energy and secures predetermined electricity generation.
The pattern having SiO bond is formed by irradiation of selected ray to the organopolysilane film, and this pattern is dissolved by specified solvent, and remaining parts are irradiated by the ray to form SiO bond, and contacted to Ag salt to form Ag conducting layer.    USE -   The conducting circuit substrate is used for flexible switches, battery electrodes, solar batteries, etc.    ADVANTAGE -   The circuit has high electroconductivity, hardly secular changed, and has fine pattern accuracy.
The apparatus consists of a sensor which includes a small sized solar battery, a motor drive circuit, a motor and a single power supply. The small sized battery connected to both sides of a shading body is connected in series with a transistor. When the solar light falling on the shading area is changed to a different direction, the transistor gets switched ON, using the electrical potential difference of the solar battery.    As a result, the voltage of the battery gets reduced and at the same time the motor is also operated. The motor inturn tracks the solar light equatorially using a timer. Thus, the sensor is always made to face the sun.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies manufacture and repair of apparatus. Does not depend on direction of apparatus for tracking solar light.
The assembly consists of N number of parallelly connected solar battery modules with each module consisting of serially connected solar battery. A solar battery cell group (CG) is formed by extracting a solar battery cell from each module depending on the voltage required. The temperature control of the solar battery cell group is performed by a control circuit (CNT).    ADVANTAGE -   Provides constant current-voltage characteristic under severe space environment.
The solar battery has a flexible substrate over which an amorphous silicon film is formed as the photovoltaic component. The average thickness of the substrate is set within the range of 15-100micrometer. A heat resistant synthetic resin film is formed on the substrate.    The coarse particles of resin film with height ranging between 0.273-0.546micrometer are discharged as 200 or less particles per 100cm2. The particles of resin film with height more than 0.546micrometer are discharged as 20 or less particles per 100cm2. The average surface roughness of the resin film is along the centre line 4nm or less.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves yield of battery. Expands usage range of battery. Improves photoelectric conversion efficiency.
The method involves making VI group element used as evaporation source (2c) execute a linear reciprocating motion along longitudinal direction of vacuum housing (2).    ADVANTAGE -   Produces superior solar battery.
The solar energy collector system has solar panels [13,14] mounted on a frame that can pivot about an axis and is driven by an electric motor [15].As the sun moves throughout the day the unit moves to track it and the output voltages of the two change relative to each other. The voltages are applied to the motor which responds and moves bi-directionally    USE -   solar energy collection    ADVANTAGE -   automatic tracking at low cost
The solar panel is formed with a thin carrier plate (1) that has a number of parallel fold lines (8) formed to create strips onto which are mounted interconnected solar cell elements (2). The cells have external connecting points (4).    When not in use the panel can be folded into a compact form by folding the strips into a zig-zag pattern.The panel can be used on such as the rear window of a road vehicle to generate sufficient energy for cooling the vehicle interior when parked.    ADVANTAGE -   Is readily transportable.
The unit comprises a bulb housing (3) in which a rigid frame (23) is provided to support a rotating system. The rotating system consists of hub (1), blades (2), shaft seal (6), turbine shaft bearings (5,7), shaft couplings (8,10), speed increasing transmission (9), and a generator (11).    Several openings (26) are formed in the beams of rigid frame to accommodate cover plates (28) and bolts (29). A removable lock (61) is provided to close the opening of bulb housing. A central terminal block (22) for connecting power and control cables are fixed at one end of rigid frame.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides small opening for bolt fixation so that maximum strength, rigidity is achieved and turbine's hydraulic performance is increased. Facilitates assembling, testing and maintaining generator unit independently from bulb housing so that installation and removal of generator unit out of bulb housing is enabled.
The solar heat collecting device consists of a heat collection case (1). A heat insulating material (16) is arranged on the lower side of a heat collection pipe (5) provided inside a case. The case is covered by a cover (7).    ADVANTAGE -   Generates electricity continuously. Attains large capacitisation of solar battery.
The panel has a solar panel (14) laid on the upper surface of bottom board (12). The solar panel acts as a light receiving surface. A side plate (16) is installed on the periphery of the bottom board.    The opening surface is covered by a transparent cover plate (18), which covers the space (17). The transparent cover, side plate and bottom board constitute together to form a reservoir (11). A supply pipe (21) and a return pipe (22), are coupled with solar panel, and supply liquid (L) to space, freely.    USE -   For residence.    ADVANTAGE -   Raises energy conversion efficiency. Reduces increase in temperature, effectively.
The equipment includes a hot air producer (12) with the combustion gas as the source of heating in a decomposition reactor (2). The hot air generation furnace which accommodates the wastes (C) is overheated by a superheater to a temperature of 500-550degC. The combustion gas used for overheating the wastes is then used as a heat source in the decomposition reactor.    ADVANTAGE -   Increases electricity generation efficiency.
The installation includes a solar power generator and a set of pressure electrolysers (2) that utilize the electric power output from the solar power generator. The pressure electrolyser performs water electrolysis.    A long distance pipeline (5) transfers hydrogen gas generated during electrolysis, to a remote system (9). A supply component is provided in the electrolyser transfers hydrogen gas through the pipeline.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids installing tank for storing hydrogen gas. Reduces pressure application energy cost, by eliminating need for compressor.
The mechanism includes a guide pillar (2) along which a block (3) is pushed up by a compression coil spring (4). As the block rises up, upper right edge portion of the block turns a shaft (6) provided in an antenna (9) from a horizontal position to a vertical position giving it a 90deg rotation. The turning is stopped when upper left edge portion of the block makes contact with a stopper (8) provided in the shaft.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides expansion, reliably. Features simplified structure.
The generator has a plate-shaped thermoelectric element (5) which generates electricity by a double sided temperature gradient. A heater (12) is attached to one surface of the thermoelectric element, with an cooling fin (6) attached to the other surface.    An electric motor (10) is driven by a part of the electric power generated by the thermoelectric element. A cooling fan (11) blasts cooling air to the cooling fin.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves combustion efficiency. Improves collective energy efficiency. Reduces noise. Obtains large electric power.
The cell consists of a polycrystalline thin film formed on a substrate (101). A non-crystal semiconductor is formed on the polycrystalline film.    The surface of each crystal grain of the polycrystalline thin film has a difference in flat property. The polycrystalline grain with rough surface and the polycrystalline grain with flat surface are made to mix.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves weather resistance and endurance. Improves photoelectric conversion efficiency. Improves fill factor and release voltage. Reduces leak current.
The photovoltaic cell has a substrate (101) on which a polycrystalline thin film and a non-monocrystal semiconductor are formed. The polycrystalline thin film contains planar shaped crystal grains. A recess is formed along the surface of the crystal grains.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves manufacturing yield, photoelectric conversion efficiency. Reduces current leakage, considerably.
The controller (1) has a switching unit (13) which connects a solar battery (2) to an output detector (14), when output of the solar battery is low. When the output of the solar battery becomes high, the switching unit connects this output to a drive power supply (15). The output detector contains a resistor.    ADVANTAGE -   Operates reliably even when output of solar battery is weak. Utilises solar energy effectively.
The method involves placing a photovoltaic cell (107) between a surface coating material (108) and a backside covering material (106). Elastic deformation members (105,109) which perform elastic deformation in thickness direction and a set of members (104,110) having bending rigidity, are formed on the exterior of both the surface coating material and the backside covering material. Pressure is applied on the exterior of the member having bending rigidity, to cover the photovoltaic cell with the surface coating material and backside covering material.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents deformation of photovoltaic cell. Prevents damage of covering materials.
The apparatus has a solar battery cell (10) with a light receiving surface on its both sides. A mirror (42) is provided on the back side of the battery cell.    Solar light falls directly on the surface of the solar battery cell and then onto the mirror. The mirror reflects the light to the back side of the solar battery cell.    USE -   For warm water supply.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces drive energy, by avoiding unnecessary moving units. Reduces area of solar battery cell.
The converter consists of a pair of electrode layers (5,13) sandwiching a photoelectric conversion layer (9), that are formed on a substrate (3). Several photoelectric conversion cells are formed by separating the electrode layers at several points by forming parallel slots (17,19).    The slots are formed in predetermined pattern at regular intervals by radiating laser beam intermittently. The photoelectric cells are connected electrically in series.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides sufficient insulation. Offers high capacity and reliability.
The method involves laminating a transparent electrode, a photoelectric conversion layer and a back plate onto the surface of the transparent substrate. A HF electric power is applied to a set of protruding electrodes (11) of microdiameter under the environment of reactant gas selected based on the material of the back plate or photoelectric conversion layer.    Plasma is generated near the vertex of the electrode and the reactant radical generated in the plasma is made to react with the exposed part of the back plate or photoelectric conversion layer. The exposed part of the back plate or photoelectric conversion layer is removed in the shape of the electrode, thus forming multiple permeation parts along the film thickness direction.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves photoelectric conversion characteristics. Simplifies manufacture.
The system includes an oxygen-density regulator (92) and a fuel reforming type combustor (20), which are arranged in an exhaust-gas line of the incinerator. The exhaust gas is guided as an oxidising agent, to the combustion portion (22) of the combustor. The oxygen density of the exhaust gas guided to the combustor, is regulated by the oxygen density regulator.    ADVANTAGE -   Removes NOx in exhaust gas, efficiently without using denitrificaion catalyst. Enables large amount of vapour generation using heat from combustor.
The photoelectric conversion element includes a substrate. Several semiconductor junctions are made of non-single-crystalline semiconductors formed on the substrate. A surface material covers the semiconductor junctions. The semiconductor junctions have respective absorption spectra different from each other and respective photo-deterioration rates different from each other.    A photo-current generated by the semiconductor junction of the least deterioration rate is larger than that by the semiconductor junction of the greatest deterioration rate in a state of absence of the surface material. The surface material absorbs light in a range corresponding to a part of the absorption spectrum of the semiconductor junction of the least deterioration rate. The photo-current generated by the semiconductor junction of the least deterioration rate becomes smaller than that by the semiconductor junction of the greatest deterioration rate.    USE -   Also for building material and power generation apparatus.    ADVANTAGE -   Increases conversion efficiency and maintains it over long term.
The refuse processing plant has a pyrolysis reactor (4) through which the refuse (A) is transported in the longitudinal direction (6), with a refuse entry point at one side (10) of the reactor and a pyrolysis residue removal point at the other side (14).    The pyrolysis reactor is supplied with a gas (G) containing oxygen via a supply line (30) incorporating a heat exchanger (34) for pre-heating the gas, with a flue (24) for the process gas (SG) within the pyrolysis reactor provided at the same side as the refuse entry point.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduced operating energy requirement.
P and n-type thermoelectric cylindrical elements(1) are alternately connected in series by metal connectors(2). The connectors are plates which have semi-cylindrical parallel seats(3) on one side for the thermoelectric elements.    The connectors are placed with the seats facing each other on either side of a row of elements. Opposed plates are mutually offset one seat width alongside the row, forming a continuous winding serial path for the generated current. The plates on one side face a heat source whilst those on the other face a heat sink.    ADVANTAGE -   reduced number of component parts, allows mass manufacture
The heating system has a generator (2), which with the operation of the heating system, thermal energy produced by the heating system produces electric power. The generator is so arranged and designed, that it produces electric power from the waste exhaust heat.    The generator can be so arranged and designed, that it produces electric power from the useful heat of the heating system. The generator (2) can be designed from Peltier elements. The Peltier elements are protected using a overheating protection unit (3) against a too high temp. ruling at a heat source (1) of the heating system.    ADVANTAGE -   Requires comparatively small engineering cost to provide adequate measure of electrical power e.g. for caravans and similar, if electrical power is needed.
The advertising device has no housing or base plate but has a motor supplied directly by solar cell. The display part is turned either directly by the motor or via a gear or belt drive or other transmission unit for movement. The solar cell comprises an amorphous silicone solar unit. The solar cell and display surface are on the same plane.    The solar cell has a circular or otherwise shaped cut-out section inside which the display surface is rotatably positioned. The display surface is either of the same material or of another material with the same optical appearance.    ADVANTAGE -   The solar cells produce a constant voltage with low light radiation.
The generator (10) includes a housing (12) with an internal air flow passage (14). A blower (16) forces air flow into the passage only during starting of a pulse combustion device. Fuel is then injected into the air forced inside the passage. A combustion chamber (34) is located in the downstream portion of the passage. A flapper valve (24) isolates the upper portion of the passage from the chamber, while combustion is initialized in the chamber. An ignitor (41) is provided for initiating combustion of fuel in the chamber. Exhaust decoupler (44) of an exhaust system, receives the combustion products explosively expanding from the chamber and completes combustion process.    Outflow of the gaseous products of combustion, from the chamber is enabled through the exhaust system. Until the flow of fuel into the passage continues, pulse combustion cycles are repeated in the chamber, for causing out flow of gaseous combustion products. The entire combustion chamber and a portion of the exhaust system are covered by a stack of plates (38,39) of alternating composition of materials which generate thermoelectric effect. The remote edges of the plates are heated due to the pulse combustion cycles in the chamber, to generate current which is collected and conducted to utilization device, by electrical fittings (35,37).    USE -   For water heater.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables highly efficient heat transfer due to usage of pulse combustion device. Facilitates burning fossil fuel in interior cavity, as entire assembly is thermopile. Cools exhaust gases efficiently by transforming heat to surroundings.
The module includes insulated substrate arranged on the two sides of a thermoelectric element (7). The high temperature substrate (9) contacts a refractory layer (4) of the furnace wall (2). A low temperature substrate (10) is fixed in the outer side of the thermoelectric element, and is exposed.    ADVANTAGE -   Generates electricity with heat dissipated by furnace wall. Eliminates need for special cooling arrangement for low temperature substrate. Eliminates corrosion due to furnace gases. Reduces vibration and noise due to movable member.
The solar panel has a surface side portion which holds a support frame. The support frame consists of a water-proof frame portion, a bottom frame of water, a left side frame and a right side frame portion. A back side portion (1B) made of an insulating material is provided. An installator (32e) extends from the retainer and forms convex-shaped step (32f).    The bottom frame provided in lower edge portion forms a connector (33e). The back side portion facilitates formation of a drainage gutter (1h) on the surface and on the back side electric connection to solar panel is provided. Other than the drainage gutter, all other parts of the wiring space are covered and a wiring take-off connection (1j) is formed.    USE -   For solar battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Secures high thermal effect. Eliminates damages due to electric leakage by water penetration. Provides good electricity generation efficiency.
An antireflection film is formed on a silicon solar battery element assembly having a p-n junction formed of a single crystal, or a polycrystal. The antireflection film uses carbon and hydrogen of formula CHx (I) as its principal constituent. In (I), X = atomic ratio; 0.1-0.3.    Also claimed is the production of the solar battery including obtaining the antireflection film by bias application and plasma chemical vapour deposition.    USE -   The method produces the solar battery converting incident light energy into electrical energy.    ADVANTAGE -   Changing the DC bias voltage continuously, easily produces the antireflection films having different densities, and refractive indices and arbitrarily forms a cpd. having given compsn. ratios. The result yields coefft. of thermal expansion close to that of the silicon of the solar battery element assembly, and durability sufficiently withstanding the use of the solar battery at outdoor having severe heat cycle conditions. Film thickness is easily controlled. The method efficiently produces the solar battery having the antireflection film with appropriate film thickness with less variation in film thickness.
The battery includes a pair of transparent electrode layers (108,109) that are formed on light incidence side of a photovoltaic layer (104). The photovoltaic layer is formed on a transparent substrate (101).    Refractive index (n) of first transparent electrode layer is set to be 2.2 for the light beam of wavelength `' which is received for photoelectric conversion. The general expression of the second electrode layer is GaaInbOc where a=1, b=1 and c=3.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves utilisation efficiency of incident light beam. Obtains photovoltaic cell with high conversion efficiency.
NOVELTY - The material consists of a laminated film containing synthetic resin layer, a cementing layer and a fluorine system resin layer. The Young's modulus (Y) of the synthetic resin layer is given to be 3.0 less than or equal to Yasteriskt where `t' is the thickness of the synthetic resin layer whose value is set less than or equal to 0.5mm.    ADVANTAGE - ADVANTAGE Prevents pollution. Offers weather resistance.
The concentrator comprises multiple frameworks (24) which are supported movably by vehicles (21,23) around a central receiver (14). The vehicles are positioned at predetermined gap by lattice work which comprises guylines (35) aligned with vertical axis of the receiver.    Several struts (21,33) are aligned along the peripheral rotating surface of the receiver. Multiple mirrors are attached with the frameworks which are pivoted with the vehicles. The frameworks are continuously moved so that the sunlight reflected from the mirrors are focussed on the receiver.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves mirror focussing accuracy. Enables simple, light weight, efficient and automatic concentrator. Enables protection of concentrator from wind, rain, dust, hail. Simplifies maintenance work of concentrator.
The apparatus includes a float that is connected to a connecting rod or a rack. Electric power is generated based on the horizontal style and vertical style of waves caused by movement of float.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies structure. Enables utilisation as generator, piston type air compressor, rotary air compressor.
The attachment frame includes several vertical and horizontal sills (3,5) formed on roof (9). Several rectangular spaces are formed by the intersection of the horizontal and vertical sills.    Solar battery module (1) is fitted in these spaces. Joint projections (31,51) of the vertical and horizontal sills are made to register into joint recesses of vertical rail head jamb and horizontal rail head jamb, respectively. Groove (53) is formed in both the sills for ejection of rain water.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids need for tiles. Prevents solar battery module from sliding down from roof.
The reed consists of tiles (4) that has a battery element (45) arranged on it. A transparent protection member is provided for the tile. The edge portion of each tile overlaps with a fixing member of an adjacent tile. The fixing member has an electric connecting terminal for supplying the power from a solar battery element (45).    A V-shaped valley is provided in a permeation surface of the transparent protection member. The solar battery element is arranged in the V-shaped valley.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves fixing strength and external appearance.
The method involves forming a p-n junction of a p-type semiconductor layer and an n-type semiconductor layer consisting of the elements selected from group II, group VI. Group II elements include any one of the elements chosen form S and Te. Group VI elements include any one of the elements chosen from Cd, Zn and Hg. The p-type or the n-type semiconductor layer contains an organic metal compound with a band between II group element and VI group element. A heat decomposition is done to the p- type and n-type semiconductor layer.    ADVANTAGE -   The method reduces film forming time by quick heat decomposition and offers highly efficient solar battery manufacture.
The process involves plasmifying raw material gas under high-frequency microwave electric power. A selectively covered object (10) is kept under plasma (13). A thin plasma film is formed on the surface of the object. An ion beam is radiated on the object surface.    ADVANTAGE -   Improved yield and film forming speed. Offers good productivity under low temperature and good crystallinity of film.
The method involves sputtering of oxide film over oxide target. The sputtering is carried out in a carbon dioxide atmosphere. The sputtering forms a oxide transparent film on the base.    USE -   For solar batteries and displays.    ADVANTAGE -   Gives film of uniform characteristic and enables stable reproducibility. Simplifies specific resistance control.
A solar cell module comprises the solar cell itself, encapsulated between a support and a protective film, in which the film and/or encapsulant covers and seals the edge of the support.    Also claimed are (i) the method of producing the module. The cell and a seal are sandwiched between a support and a protective film, the film is turned back over the edge of the support, to cover part of its rear. The lamination so obtained, is hot pressed and (ii) a constructional member integrated with the module described; and a solar generator incorporating the components described, with an inverter controlling it output.    USE -   Used to make a durable solar cell module for outdoor use, which generates a useful supply of electricity.    ADVANTAGE -   The construction prevents the sealing material from peeling away from the edge of the solar cell module. It also prevents edge-rusting, when the support is a steel sheet. It is simpler and less costly than use of an added protective section, as in prior art. The edges are particularly vulnerable in conventional designs, the weather tending to cause exfoliation and rust. Rust initiates, accelerates and spreads peeling. Productivity is enhanced by the new construction. The body of the patent details suitable materials for all parts of the device. A number of examples are also detailed, with test results covering effects of temperature and humidity change and elevation, salt spray testing, and comparative production times per module.
The device includes a central vertical shaft (1) which is secured to a rigid support fixed to the ground. The bottom end of the shaft is rotatable. The lower part of the shaft has radial arms (2,2') which are evenly spaced from each other. The upper end of the shaft and the outer ends of the radial arms are connected by cables (4,4') or cords. A regular polygon is formed by the cables between the ends of the radial arms. Between the cables and the upper end of the shaft, and the outer end of each radial arm and around the shaft, triangular, dihedral or trihedral sails, are formed by triangular surfaces secured at their vertices.    The far external side of the sails are arranged between top end of the shaft and the corresponding arm. The lower end is set between the end of each arm. The bottom inside vertex of the triangular sails is secured to an intermediate point on the adjacent arm, along rotation direction.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables easy transport. Enhances performance of catchment device. Provides self protection against excess wind. Avoids any environmental impact and pollution. Eliminates need for expensive steering mechanism. Extends usage period, considerably.
A photovoltaic cell is produced by applying a photovoltaic ink to a substrate carrying conductor patterns to form at not above 180C a semiconductor functional layer for the cell. The ink is a suspension of dye-coated semiconductor particles of the functional layer, a hydrolysable semiconductor precursor, such as a metal alkoxide, and an inert solvent.    USE -   Used as a regenerative photovoltaic cell using a wide range of light sources.    ADVANTAGE -   A simple reliable process is provided which is quick and does not require extreme conditions of temperature or a controlled atmosphere.
The roof tile, incorporating a solar cell to gather solar energy, has a transparent plastics film passing wholly round the solar cell and/or roof tile to give the solar cell a durable protection against mechanical damage and damage through the effects of the environment. It is immovable and durably attached to the tile. The contacts for the solar cells, are at the back of the tile sealed against steam diffusion. The tile is of alternative materials, in a natural appearance, such as of duroplastics, thermoplastics, elastomer or metal materials. The film is resistant to ultra violet, and can have a ceramic coating for self-cleaning.    ADVANTAGE -   The solar tile can use cheaper polycrystalline or amorphous silicon cells, or nano-crystalline injection solar cells.
Wave energy converter, comprises (a) a ring-shaped buoyant body; and (b) a converter for converting wave energy incident upon the buoyant body when floating, into another form of energy; in which (c) the buoyant body is adapted to float horizontally. Also claimed is a method of extracting oil from the ground beneath a body of water.    USE -   Converter for harnessing wave energy into electrical or other energy form.    ADVANTAGE -   By the application of engineering mechanics and hydrodynamics the wave power conversion device is resistant to extreme waves, yet economic in construction and is suitable for use in deep or shallow water, and is efficient in power conversion so that costs for producing electric or hydraulic power are competitive with most fossil fuel systems.
The detector includes a heat decomposition reactor (2) which performs heat decomposition of waste (a) and generates carbonization gas and heat decomposition residue containing non- volatile component. A discharging unit (5) separates the carbonisation gas and the heat decomposition residue. A cooler (10) cools the heat decomposition residue.    A separator (17) separates the cooled heat decomposition residue into an inflammable component and a non-combustible component. A combustor (6) performs combustion of the carbonisation gas and the inflammable component. A concentration detection unit (16) provided in the cooler detects the concentration of carbondioxide gas or the carbon-monoxide gas generated in the heat decomposition reactor.    ADVANTAGE -   Promotes decomposition of waste within heat decomposition reactor.
The device includes an air cell (1) that produces an air stream by vertical movement of waves. A pair of turbines (2,3) is rotated by the produced air stream.    A pole variable induction generator (4) is connected to the turbine. The number of poles of the generator is varied based on each nominal speed set-up corresponding to the wave height.    ADVANTAGE -   Generates electricity efficiently. Obtains optimum turbine efficiency.
The unit has a coolant path (24) and a collector (10) which are fixed by a frame (20) using a fixing member (38). A coolant supply pipe (30) is provided in the coolant path containing a V-shaped vertex of the collector.    A solar cell (18) is fixed in the radiation opening (33) of the collector. An insolation member separates the solar cell from the coolant. The solar cell is made to contact the radiation opening using flow pressure of the coolant circulated between the collector and the isolation member.    ADVANTAGE -   Eliminates leakage of solar rays and temperature of rise in cell. Improves durability and efficiency.
The roof member includes a solar cell and a metal reinforcing member, the member being placed on at least one conductive member. The conductive member is electrically connected with the metal reinforcing member and the conductive member, being a metal sheet mounted on a wood rafter, is electrically grounded.    The reinforcing support and the conductive sheet are made electrically conductive through a retaining clip which is at least partially conductive. The retaining clip has a screw which tightens the connection between the reinforcing support of the solar cell and the clip.    ADVANTAGE -   Easy to install, with improved safety, is cost-effective and efficient.
The support has a rear wall (2) extending up from a rear side of a bottom wall (8) and two opposite side walls (4) integrally joined to the bottom and side walls. Each side wall slopes from the rear wall to a front edge of the bottom wall. The support may be injection moulded or vacuum formed from recycled polyethylene. Also claimed is the combination of solar panels mounted on a support as above.    USE -   Installing solar panels, particularly on flat roofs (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   The lightweight and functional design of the support speeds up installation of the panels.
The energy conversion device includes an acoustic resonator. A pulse combustion mechanism creates a standing wave within the resonator. An electric alternator is coupled to the resonator so as to convert acoustically driven mechanical vibrations into electrical power. The pulse combustion mechanism comprises at least one inlet which feeds reactants into the resonator, and an outlet to allow exhaust gas to escape from the resonator.    The pulse combustion mechanism also has a fuel ignition device which provides a spark to a region containing the fuel within the resonator. A piston coupled to the resonator is driven for mechanical movement by dynamic pressure of the standing wave. The piston is coupled to the alternator. The alternator is attached to the resonator and movement of the resonator causes movement of at least a part of the alternator. The alternator comprises an armature and a stator.    ADVANTAGE -   Maximises acoustic reaction force for given fuel consumption rate. Increases power density by providing tuned induction well as pre-heating and pre-mixing of combustion reactant.
The electric converter includes a casing in which a heated cathode serves as a source of electrons, and an anode receives these electrons. The cathode is a wire grid having wires going in at least two directions transverse to each other.    A laser hits electrons between the cathode and anode to provide quantum interference to electrons just before reaching anode to lower their energy. A pair of charged focussing rings in the casing, between the cathode and the anode, direct electrons emitted by the cathode through the focussing rings on their way to the anode.    ADVANTAGE -   Uses of wire grid cathode provides larger surface area for electrons to boil off, and laser lowers energy levels of electrons such that they are more readily are captured by the anode, thus provides better conversion efficiency and reduced electron scatter.
Station comprises several wind power installations each with a wind motor kinematically coupled to a compressor and a system of pipes for feeding compressed air from the wind power installations to turbines kinetically linked to electric generators.    The station has flywheels with blades and additional compressors kinematically linked to the flywheels by clutches. The pipes have nozzles for feeding compressed air to the flywheels and turbines blades.    USE -   For converting wind power into electrical power.
The apparatus fixes a solar battery unit (36) consisting of modules between a pair of frames (10). A bolt (11) is used to fix a lower overhanging fixed piece of the frame to a roof structure. The upper part of the bolt is covered from the frames by an overhanging cover piece (26).    ADVANTAGE -   Improves waterproof nature. Reduces on-site construction labour.
The structure includes a cover board (9) which is arranged on the roof material (4) such as purline. A pair of frames (10) are arranged on the cover board. A pair of upper pieces (15) at the cover board are covered by the fixed pieces from the external of the frames. A fitting is installed on the surface of the fixed pieces.    A fixing bolt (11) is inserted into the gap (21) between the fixed pieces and upper pieces, after installating the solar battery module (28) on the frame. The fixed piece is fixed to the purline by the bolt through the fitting.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents rain water invasion reliably. Simplifies assembly process by reducing number of components. Eliminates need for notch work. Improves water proof ability.
The structure includes a board (9) on which several batten seam caps (45) are mounted. The batten seam cap is fixed to the board using a bolt (15).    A metal plate covers the top portion of bolt and batten seam caps. A solar battery module (28) is attached to the batten seam cap. The ends of solar battery are fixed to the batten seam cap.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces stages in construction process. Reduces number of components. Provides batten seam roof with favourable characteristics.
The structure includes a first purline (4) of a solar- battery installation roof whose height is less than the height of a second purline (3) of a general roof. A frame (10) mounting a solar battery is installed on sarkings (6,7). The solar battery is installed on the frame through a metal plate.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces number of parts involved thereby offers inexpensive roof structure. Reduces number of installation processes involved. Avoids rejection of solar battery from general roof. Improves waterproofness.
The converter includes several solar-energy conversion panels (2) which are fixed by upper and lower frames (3,4) installed along inclination surfaces of a roof. A pipe (33) for collecting rain water is provided on the lower portion of a covering unit (42). A water-drip member (44) provided at lower surface of a covering unit (42) directs rain water collected between solar panels to the pipe.    ADVANTAGE -   Eases installation. Ensures perfect water proofing. Simplifies assembly of solar conversion panels.
The attachment tool attaches a frame-less solar-battery module on a roof material. The module consists of several interconnected solar cells which are aligned along planar direction of the roof material. A frame is attached on the roof material at its lower portion through a stationary member.    A holder is fixed to the frame, through a coupling member (23) provided in the upper portion of the roof material. A projection (11a) provided in the lower portion of the roof material, fixes the holder with coupling member. Several grooves (11d) are formed on the upper portion of the roof material, which lead to the side edge of the module.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents generation of break of rafter. Avoids performing screw fixation. Simplifies solar battery module fixation.
In the purification of silicon by melting it with electron beams, the melting part is provided with a filter and the molten silicon is filtered.    USE -   The method can be applied to the removal of impurities such as P, Al, and Ca from silicon for solar batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   Since impurities are removed effectively with the filter, the downstream silicon purificn. process is conducted efficiently and the yields are improved.
The converter has an insulated substrate whose high temperature side is provided at each end-face of a number of thermoelectric elements. The thermoelectric elements are placed in a heat exchanger (8), in the area where the fluid flows at high temperature.    The substrate and the elements are placed in a thermoelectric conversion module. The low temperature side of the insulated substrate is provided in the area where the fluid flows at low temperature and is attached to a heat-transfer wall of the heat exchanger.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables utilization of exhaust gas. Enables economic generation of electricity, without requiring special low temperature side cooling system. Reduces device size. Avoids noise and oscillation. Avoids need for maintenance for long period of time.
The solar battery is made of silicon whose crystals are oriented suitably. The silicon has a specific principal plane [111].    A part of the principal plane is directed towards the surface [100]. A triangular recess is formed along this surface.    ADVANTAGE -   Increases efficiency of solar battery by enabling effective collection of available solar energy.
A charge transporting material comprises charge transporting fine particles composed of charge transporting organic compound as an essential component.    USE -   Effectively used in an organic electronic device such as an electrophotographic photoreceptor, an organic EL element, an organic solar battery or the like.
The equipment has a triaxial crusher (1) to crush the waste (a) into predetermined size. A heat-decomposition reactor (10) heats the crushed waste (a1) in the low oxygen environment under atmospheric pressure to generate a carbonisation gas (G1) and heat-decomposition residue (c). A discharging unit (14) separates the carbonization gas and the heat-decomposition residue.    A separation unit (17) separates the non-combustibility component (e) and the inflammable component (d') from the separated heat-decomposition residue. A combustion melting furnace (12) is employed inside which combustion of the separated inflammable component and the carbonisation gas is performed.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves heat-decomposition efficiency.
The plant has a refuse incinerator (1) and a waste heat boiler (2). The waste refused from the incinerator is collected in the boiler. The boiler heats the collected waste and generates vapour. A heater (4) is employed to increase the temperature of the vapour. A steam turbine (6) is set up below heater. The temperature raised vapour drives the steam turbine suitably.    The exhaust gas or vapour is extracted from the steam turbine during its operation and delivered again to the heater. The heater again raises the temperature of the delivered gas or vapour. The temperature raised vapour or gas is again supplied to the turbine.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves power generation efficiency. Improves thermal efficiency of heater.
The unit has a base (1) on which is mounted a turntable on a bearing (2). A connecting line (9) is mounted on one side and at the end of this is a demonstration object e.g. model aircraft (6) that has a motor (7) driven propeller (8).    A counterbalance weight (3) is fixed on the opposite side of the turntable. Electrical power is provided by a solar energy cell (4).    ADVANTAGE -   Solar power provides trouble-free supply.
The element with multifunctional properties is used as a banister, or parapet. One banister element is fitted on the sun-facing side with a solar installation for the bridge illumination and road surface heating. On the road surface side it locates sound absorbing panels for noise damping.    Preferably the banister, solar cell sets and sound-absorbing element form an integral module, which is typically U-shaped and can be additionally installed on existing banisters, or parapets.    ADVANTAGE -   Facility for meeting several functional requirements.
A solar power supply has a solar module that consists of one or more cells wired together, a load/battery and a DC converter to match the rated voltage from the supply to the load voltage. The solar module is constructed out of little, if possible, and for this, in accordance with individual cells of greater power.    The rated voltage of the solar module constructed from single cells is chosen to be much smaller than the load/battery voltage. The solar voltage is matched to the load/battery voltage by a transformer. The optimal working point of the solar module is established by a voltage divider.    ADVANTAGE -   Solar cells optimised for solar module.
The wind conveyance system for rotors of wind power plants, especially for rotors with a vertically aligned rotational axis, generally consists of two metal sheet wind guides (1) connected fixed with the rotating shaft (9) of a rotor. The respective guides are led continuously with multi-spirals around the rotor shaft with a pitch of 30 to 60 degrees, and are provided with inner lying cross plates (2).    The linear alignments are displaced relative to one another at 180 degrees beginning in the same direction of rotation, and thus end with the same spiral lengths, so that they are the same size surface to be acted on, with each oncoming flow angle. With this arrangement the closed trough long sides of the two wind guides (1) run as deflection surfaces against the wind or air flow, and the open trough sides provided with the cross plates as active or working surfaces before the wind flow.    ADVANTAGE -   Efficiency of vertically aligned wind power rotors is optimised, so that extremely high output can be obtained with this type of design.
An ingot plate made from a crystallised cleavable thermoelectric material, from groups V and VI, is formed with a layered structure having generally parallel cleavage planes (X,Y) configured such that substantially all the cleavage planes appearing in the longitudinal end faces (13) and side faces (14) of the plate have a cleavage angle of not more than 26.4 and 10 respectively relative to the upper (11) and lower (12) faces of the plate (10). The cleavage angles should be not more than 10 and 5 respectively.    Also claimed are: (1) a rectangular bar cut from the ingot plate and formed with at least one electroconductive layer on opposite sides of the bar; and (2) a process for fabricating the ingot plate above using a die with a flat cavity and a slit at one end, filling the cavity with a molten material extending into the slit, and controlling the crystallisation direction of the material from the slit and through the cavity.    USE -   In the manufacture of thermoelectric chips for assembly into thermoelectric heater/coolers, or generators.    ADVANTAGE -   The electroconductive layer formed on opposing sides or the bars cut from the claimed ingot plate which when cut into chips without appreciable fracturing and providing a pair of electrodes one each chip on opposite ends of the grain growth of the material.
The method uses a pipe with an inlet, an outlet and either an air or water turbine. The energy is extracted from the pressure difference between the upper and lower ends of the pipe. This difference is due to a head created by gravity.    USE -   For electricity generation or vehicle propulsion.    ADVANTAGE -   Method provides clean energy source which does not use up natural resources.
Fresh water extraction machine (40) for shore based open cycle thermal power plant inlets a part of vapour (2) which drives a turbo generator, from an evaporator. The vapour contacts the surface of a tubular cold fresh water film formed around a heat exchanger tube (4). The fresh water film is formed by reverse osmosis pressure created by a deep inlet tube of a condenser. The film condenses the vapour to form fresh water.    ADVANTAGE -   Thermal resistance of solid state heating surface is eliminated. The efficiency of condensation is improved. Handling is easy and fresh water production efficiency is improved.
The frame has a main material (11,31) with inner side (11c,31c) with a ditch (11a,31a). The periphery of a solar panel (5) is fitted to the ditch.    A wiring space (11b,31b) is also formed in the main materials. A cover (12,323) closes or opens the wiring space. The cover is released from the main material through fixing unit (13,33). Preferably, the fixing unit is provided with a clamp.    ADVANTAGE -   Uses detachable cover for easy installation and exchange of wiring. Wiring inspection is performed without extracting wiring.
The structure uses solar battery module (10) which includes solar battery main body (16). Each solar battery main body unit is formed with planar solar cells. The solar battery module has a frame (20).    The C-type frames (37) are arranged between adjacent solar battery modules. Preferably, the base of the C-type frame and the base of the solar battery module are on the same surface.    USE -   For installing solar power generation system on roof of residential building.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies maintenance, inspection and exchange of damaged solar battery module since removal through simple attachment of whole structure. Shortens construction time since solar battery modules can be set in parallel easily. Offers cost effectiveness and reduces size since inside space of C-type frame is used as electrical wiring space.
The structure uses horizontal rails (2) fixed on a roof (10). Each rail has a vertical side and a curved side.    The tiles are mounted on the roof in overlapping structure. Each tile has a joint clamp protrusion (43a) at the downward portion and a fixed auxiliary protrusion (44a) at the upward portion. The joint clamp protrusion of the preceding tile is clamped to the curved side of the rail. The fixed auxiliary protrusion of the subsequent lower tile is pushed against the vertical side of rail.    ADVANTAGE -   Ensures simple and firm roof tile attachment.
The structure has an attachment frame formed by vertical and horizontal rails (41-45) mounted on the roof surface of a building. A solar battery array (2) is formed after mounting solar battery modules (2a).    An air-passage layer (A) is provided between the reverse side of the solar battery array and the roof surface. Cold air flows from an external to air-passage layer through an intake hole (He). A ventilation hole (Hc) is provided on the roof surface arbitrarily. The cold air is heated by the solar battery modules. An air blower sucks the heated air to the reverse side of the roof and led between walls, before discharging from discharge hole of floor structure.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces power consumption since heated air is used for heating building. Cost effective and shortens construction time since header duct is not provided in attic side. Ensures uniform cooling of solar battery modules.
The method involves using several vacuum housings (301-305) which are connected by a gas path (306). The vacuum housings are provided with a gas introduction opening for introducing scavenging gas to a slit-like separation passage. By introducing the gas, a strip-shaped member (307) is moved continuously along longitudinal direction. A semiconductor thin film is sequentially laminated on the strip shaped member, from each vacuum housing. Then, the stripe-shaped member is rolled up. While rolling round, the temperature of the member is controlled .    ADVANTAGE -   Improves reproducibility. Improves yield. Performs efficient photovoltaic conversion with superior uniformity.
The solar cell module includes a photovoltaic device (102) provided between a surface covering material (101) and a back covering material (103). The photovoltaic device has an output lead-out terminal extending out of the photovoltaic device. The output lead-out terminal is covered with a resin and has no uncovered portion. The output lead-out terminal has an output lead-out box (104) at its extended portion. The output lead-out box has a projection which is inserted to a hole provided in the surface covering material to fasten the box. At least one of the surface covering material and the back covering material contains a non-woven fabric.    The solar cell module has no non-woven fabric at its portion provided with the hole. The surface covering material has a light-screening material that partly covers up the photovoltaic device. The light-screening material is provided at the four sides of the photovoltaic device. The portions at which light-screening materials overlap each other are filled with an adhesive. The light-screening material has a thickness of from 25-500 m.    ADVANTAGE -   Increases flexibility and prevents peeling.
The solar energy collector includes a cover penetrable by light, an absorber, a system of flow ducts in the absorber and a frame formed of edge profiles (15). The frame has joints each with an insert (17) fitted inside the edge profile of a prebent lock pin (18).    An intermediate support or projection and the insert have a hole for the lock pin. One or more of the holes has a plane face (18a) and the lock pin has a plane face. In this way the joint can be tightened by turning the lock pins so that the plane face of the pins is locked to the plane face in the hole.    USE -   Relates to solar energy collector with system of flow ducts in absorber and frame structure formed of edge profile.    ADVANTAGE -   Servicing, replaceability of components and appearance of solar energy collector are considerably improved.
A thermal machine contains a compressor, a combustion chamber, a fuel supply unit into the combustion chamber and a device to pick up energy from the working agent. The combustion chamber and the energy pick-up device contain a channel (9) of non-conductive material with 2 sections connected through their ends.    The connection section (10) is of conducting material and its outer surface is electrically connected to 1 pole of a direct current source through a ballast resistor and the second pole is connected to the fuel supply device in the channel.    USE -   Generation of energy using thermal power station.    ADVANTAGE -   High efficiency of machine.
The method involves rotating a silicon wafer (100) on which dispersing agent (1) is dropped by spin coat process. The dispersing agent is coated on the wafer surface for bonding plane formation. Only required amount of dispersing agent is coated on the surface of silicon wafer, whereas unwanted dispersing agent is removed by rotation of wafer.    ADVANTAGE -   Obtains desired photoelectric conversion efficiency. Minimises refractive index of anti-reflection film. Simplifies construction. Improves efficiency.
The cell has a bar electrode (13) and a grid electrode (14) formed on the surface of a comb-shaped electrode. The comb- shaped electrode is arranged on a wafer (1). The edges of the bar electrode are curved to correspond with edges of wafer.    ADVANTAGE -   Eliminates need for removal of oxide film. Increases output of solar battery.
The structure (1) has a solar battery (3), which is fixed on a substrate (2). A pair of polymerisation members (5,6) are formed on the vertical end of the substrate. The solar battery is connected to a pair of connectors (7,8) provided in the polymerisation members. A projection (9) is formed on the side end of the substrate.    ADVANTAGE -   Offers simple construction. Enables to clean, easily. Obtains high electricity generation efficiency.
The array comprises several solar cell strings connected in parallel, the array having two or more rated voltages of the solar cell strings. A voltage-power characteristic of the solar cell array has one power peak with the solar cell array having two or more numbers of series solar cells forming the solar cell strings.    The array has two numbers of series solar cell modules forming the solar cell strings. The array has the solar cell strings where the numbers of series solar cell modules are n, (n + m), (n + 2m),..., and (n + Am) (where n, m, and A are positive integers). The array has a solar cell array having a solar cell string where a number of series solar cell modules is n and a solar cell string where a number of series solar cell modules is (n + 1), where n is a positive integer.    ADVANTAGE -   Allows maximum output capacity of solar cell array to be designed in possible installation area of solar cell which gives high degrees of freedom of design.
A glass composition, for making thermally stable substrates or plates, contains (by wt.) 55-70 (preferably 55-60) % SiO2, 0-3 (preferably 0-1) % B2O3, 2-6 (preferably 3-5) % Na2O, 5-11 (preferably 5-9) % K2O, 0-6 (preferably 1-6) % MgO, 2-11 (preferably 7-11) % CaO, 4-12 (preferably 6-10) % SrO, 0-2 (preferably 0-1 or 1-2) % BaO, more than 0 and 0.5 (preferably 0.005-0.15) % SO3 and either (a) 0-5 (preferably 1-4) % Al2O3 and 5-10 (preferably 6-9) % ZrO2 or (b) 0-5 (preferably 1-4) % ZrO2 and 5-10 (preferably 6-9) % Al2O3. Na2O+K2O 8% (preferably 10-15%). MgO+CaO+SrO+BaO&gt;10% (preferably 15%). Composition (a) has a lower strain point temperature of above 600C and composition (b) has a lower strain point temperature of above 570 (preferably above 580 or 600)C.    USE -   Used for producing: (i) barium sulphate crystal-free substrates for emissive screens of plasma screen, electroluminescent screen or cold cathode screen type, especially from a glass sheet cut from a float glass ribbon; (ii) fire resistant glazing, especially from a glass plate or sheet cut from a float glass ribbon; and (iii) solar energy conversion systems of photovoltaic cell type (all claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   The glass composition can be subjected to the requisite conventional heat treatments above 500C without optical degradation, especially local yellow discolouration caused by barium sulphate crystal formation. Additionally, the glass composition has a thermal expansion coefficient (25-300C) of 80-90x10-7 (especially 82-86x10-7)/C, a liquidus temperature of 1180 (especially 1150-1170)C, a viscosity (in poises) corresponding to log = 3.5 at 1160 (especially 1160-1200)C, a resistivity (in .cm, at 250C) corresponding to log = 9 (especially 9-11) and a density (at 25C) of &lt;3 (especially ca. 2.7).
The method and system includes a thermal process developed inside the generator assemblies. It forms an air vol. flow with upward propulsive power, flowing put through the cylindrically shaped shaft (3). Which drives the generators (4) with impeller driven and stepless regulated gear units. That the water regenerated with the water regeneration and irrigation plant (14) uses water obtained from the atmosphere.    The water regenerated from the atmosphere is used partly for the prodn. of steam, and the remainder is used for land irrigation or in a collected condition, is used as drinking water for humans and animals. The prodn. of steam is carried out using solar collectors (7).    ADVANTAGE -   Different sets are combined and work together and with applying solar energy, wind power and steam creates bifunctional solar/wind-power plant.
The thermionic energy converter [10] comprises a housing [11]and first and second electrodes [12,13] arranged on or close to a heat emitting part of a combustion engine, for example, an exhaust pipe [14]. One of the electrodes [12] is designated the collector and the other [13] the emitter.    Both the electrodes are connected to power conditioners and a charging device [15] which in turn are connected to the battery and to the remaining car electric system. Preferably, the electrodes may be connected to the charging device through a regulating arrangement.    USE -   For use with external fuel injection system. Also usable as independent heat-electricity source for boats, construction sites, military use etc.    ADVANTAGE -   New method and arrangement for generating electrical energy for use in vehicle which obtains higher total fuel efficiency and achieves shorter heat-up time for car's catalytic converter. Gives extra electricity under low driving conditions.
The generator has a cyclic circuit for cycling a current in alternate directions. A polarised power converter (16) is connected in series with cyclic circuit to supply the current. The power converter has a negative and positive terminal, the direction from the negative terminal to the positive terminal is a forward direction.    A switching unit is connected to the power converter for switching the polarity of the power converter with respect to the cyclic circuit, whenever the current direction is reversed, so that the polarity of the power converter is always oriented to match the direction of the current flowing in the cyclic circuit.    USE -   E.g. thermionic power converter. For terrestrial applications or for space applications such as on satellites.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids the retarding voltage problem and reduces    conductive heat loss and hence achieves a much higher power generation efficiency.
Roll-forming an extruded arcuate, elongated linear thermoplastic Fresnel lens (104) involves moving the lens. It is an extruded sheet with a smooth outer surface and an inner surface with a series of elongated grooves serving as lens sections spaced side-by-side across its width. A drive/support roller (150-153) is rotatably mounted on a support frame, and engages and rolls the outer lens surface as it moves. A tooth-forming roller (140-143), rotatably mounted to the support frame, has an external profile with tooth-forming projections formed on it for engaging the grooves on the inner surface, the roller being positioned on the inner surface of the lens opposite the drive/support roller and loosely mounted on the frame, to track the grooves formed in the lens and improve the profile of the lens section by sharpening the root radius and flattening the optical face of each lens section.    Also claimed is a method of increasing the efficiency of a lens with the above apparatus.    USE -   The lens is used in a solar collection system.    ADVANTAGE -   The apparatus and method improve the formation of the grooves which serve as lens sections to increase the overall efficiency of the solar energy conversion unit.
A thermophotovoltaic energy conversion device comprises a substrate selected from AlInAs, AlInSb, GaAsSb, GaInAs, GaInSb or InPAs with a band gap (Eg) of 0.4 &lt; Eg &lt; 0.7 eV with an n-type or p-type emitter layer formed by doping its upper layer by ion implantation or diffusion. The substrate may also have lattice matched layers epitaxially grown on it.    USE -   Thermophotovoltaic energy conversion devices.    ADVANTAGE -   Method allows the synthesis of crystal material of a desired band gap and using ternary crystal substrates allows the epitaxial growth of lattice matched ternary and quaternary base and emitter layers.
Converter comprises a simple combination of liquid and solid dielectrics of different natures which move continuously w.r.t. each other by the action of the wind. The electrotransforming unit is made as a mass of sealed cells in the form of tubes filled to 60-85 per cent with a liquid electrostatic (transformer oil etc.) containing a static electricity current take-off and collected into a single unit, being a freely-suspended electrostatic reservoir in the form of a narrow extended screen-vane which can be wind oscillated.    USE -   Converter is for improving energy output of wind energy in large areas and in small quantities for needs of geological parties, tourists etc.
The device has a heat input unit (3) which makes the catalytic combustion heat of fuel gas as heat source. A heat dissipation unit (2) which has thermally conductive container with fin-shaped exterior surface, is provided. A sheet-like electricity generator (1) using thermoelement, is supported between outer wall of heat input unit and inner wall of heat dissipation unit.    A supply unit and mixer are installed in the thermally conductive container. The supply unit supplies the fuel gas contained in a fuel tank. The mixer mixes the fuel gas and air. The combustion heat is directly supplied to thermoelement, by mixing fuel gas and air in a catalyst. Simultaneously, heat dissipation unit is cooled either by water or air cooling unit.    ADVANTAGE -   Performs high density heat input to thermoelement. Simplifies structure.
The manufacturing apparatus has a first production line (100) provided with a first unit to form electrically conductive film pattern of first electrodes on insulated base material film. A second unit is provided to coat n type, i type and each p type semiconductor layers respectively, superimposing to electrically conductive film pattern.    A third unit is provided to form a transparent electrically conductive film pattern of second electrode. A second production line (200) is provided with a unit to form a solar ray convergence component. A laminating unit bonds solar ray convergence component and a film-like solar battery formed in the first production line.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables mass production. Prevents oxidation. Enables coating drying of semiconductor layer.
The generator has a condenser lens (1) to receive and condense the solar light. The condensed light passes through a light guide (2).    The light from the light emission surface (4) of the light guide enters luminous radiation body (5). A solar battery (10) is arranged on the circumference of the luminous radiation body to receive the solar light and to produce electrical energy.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents solar battery from ultra violet rays. Suits for any situation.
The module array has many solar battery modules (101) arranged one above the other. The lower end of upper solar battery module is piled upon upper end of lower solar battery module.    A cover board is piled up at overlap portion of upper and lower solar battery modules. The cover board is fixed by a fixing tool.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents fire spread between internally arranged solar battery module. Generates large scale of electricity. Protects from external environment.
The device has a solar panel (3) positioned inside a case (10) such that its light receiving surface is in face opposition to the light guide display surface of a light guide display board (1). A gap exists between the solar panel and the light guide display board which is coated with a material having diffused reflection characteristics.    USE -   For guide display, direction display, refuge place display during disaster.    ADVANTAGE -   Performs information display during day and night. Provides efficient display. Prevents leakage of light from light source. Requires less storage space.
The method involves rotating a rotor (1) by the electric field setup by the electric potential difference in atmospheric air. The fluctuation in the electrical charge during the revolution of the rotor is extracted as an electrical energy. The energy extraction is by using a transformer.    ADVANTAGE -   Offers inexpensive electricity generation. Eliminates bad influence on earth environment.
The method involves covering a solar battery module (10) with multiple solar batteries (13), with a sheet member(20). The sheet member is made of flexible sheet which comprises protective film and sealing resin. The sheet member is fixed to edges of the module using a string (21)    USE -   For tents, galvanised roof sheets.    ADVANTAGE -   Performs reliable fixation of battery. Simplifies operation.
The element has an electrode (16) formed on backside of a light receiving unit (24). A reinforcement member (18) is formed on periphery of the light receiving unit. A defect concentration area (12) formed in the center of a silicon substrate (10) is concentrated only in the reinforcement member by gettering.    ADVANTAGE -   Eliminates defects in electricity generation area. Improves carrier moving characteristic. Attains high conversion efficiency.
The method involves forming a silver electrode (7) in between rear side of a substrate (1) and an aluminium electrode (13). The silver electrode has multiple thin output lines (11) which overlap with the aluminium electrode. A non-contacting is formed on the aluminium electrode.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces brittleness of battery. Provides thin shaped battery thereby reducing material cost and improving yield during manufacture. Prevents damage to battery when it is arranged in module.
The battery has a transparent electrically conductive film (12) which comprises zinc oxide upon which a p-type amorphous semiconductor layer (14) is formed. An i-type amorphous semiconductor layer (15) as well as an n-type amorphous semiconductor layer (16) are sequentially formed over the p-type amorphous semiconductor layer. An ultra thin film layer (13) containing group (3) element is sandwiched between the transparent electrically conductive film and the p-type amorphous semiconductor layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves boundary condition with transparent electrically conductive film. Improves conversion efficiency.
The equipment (2) consists of a horizontal rotary drum (2) which has a supply port (22) at one end and an exhaust port (23) at the other end. The drum which is maintained below atmospheric pressure receives waste material. The waste is thermally decomposed resulting in the generation of carbon gas and other inflammable components.    The gas and inflammable components are separated from the decomposed residue and is supplied to a combustor (9) to aid combustion. A portion of the inner wall of the drum near the exhaust port is removed and replaced with a set of boards (25- 27).    USE -   For processing municipal, plastic refuse.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves heat decomposition efficiency.
The system is provided as a transport case, which has at least four solar modules (5-8), and which can be folded out when the case is opened, connected to an integrated charge and voltage regulator (4).    Each half of the case may have two similar solar modules folded one on top of the other, each provided by laminated polycrystalline solar cells attached to a lightweight flexible carrier.    ADVANTAGE -   Lightweight system. Easily transported to required location.
A solar heater for heating a substance, such as water, conveyed by pump action via a conduit or pipe (16) connected to a reservoir of fluid to be heated and arranged along a focal axis of a solar radiation reflector (12) which is driven by means of a displacement device (15) for displacing the reflector pivotally about the focal axis (14) and along a path which corresponds generally to a path followed by the sun as the earth rotates.    The solar heater also includes a solar radiation collector (11) which is provided with an elongate wall (18) having a parabolic transverse profile, a portion of the wall being used as the troughed, solar radiation reflector (12).    USE -   Water heating installation.    ADVANTAGE -   Efficient and cost-effective.
A sea wave barrier unit forming part of a tidal flow wave-energy power system includes a base (12) to which an adjustable flap (14) is pivotally attached, the flap carrying an elastic strip edge (18) and being held in position by means of a pressure device (20).    A number of individual barrier units of the wave-energy power system are installed on the sea bed and the base (12) is then wedged down by dropping front and rear fill on both sides of the base. Power is generated from the system by releasing headed lagoon water back into the sea via turbines arranged in the side walls and driving electric generators.    ADVANTAGE -   Relatively simple arrangement and relatively economical to produce.
Apparatus comprises a thermionic converter consisting of a first micromachined silicon wafer formed with a shallow depression coated with a thermionic emissive material, preferably silver, and having electrical and thermal contacts. The edge region around the depression is thermally insulated. A second similar micromachined silicon wafer is placed in edge contact with the first wafer such that a gap is formed between the respectively thermionic material coatings. The coatings are formed by vacuum deposition, and a vacuum formed in the gap between the coatings. The gap may also be filled with a caesium vapour.    Also claimed are: apparatus for converting heat to electricity using the thermionic converter claimed above formed by micromachining techniques; and a method of building a vacuum thermionic converter similar to that claimed above, using micromachining techniques is also claimed, together with a thermionic electricity generator formed by using at least two of the above convertors electrically and thermally connected together to form an array.    USE -   In the manufacture of thermionic electrical generators which can be used for a variety of applications.    ADVANTAGE -   The convertor is inexpensive, reliable, simple to produce in large quantities using micromachining techniques and has a high efficiency and long operational life with no moving parts. The electricity can be generated where required from a variety of heat sources.
The apparatus includes at least two wells (1,2) in mutual communication. One of the wells (1) is connected to a heat consumer via a heat exchanger and the other has a hydraulic turbine (4) with a shaft connect to a shaft of an electric power generator (5). Non-return valves (6) are situated in a lower section of each well (2) and fitted with hydraulic turbines and distributors (9) connected to the wells. All wells are in communication via an additional reservoir (7).    The water is directed into the well (2) and falls on turbines (4) fastened on the shaft (3) that rotates the generator. The water via the non-return valve (6) returns into the reservoir where it heats up to evaporation temperature using geothermal heat source and as steam raises onto surface and returns the heat in the heat exchanger (8).    ADVANTAGE -   Improved efficiency.
The method involves installing a water turbine (2) on a floating compact which is made of present material and urethane. The floating compact is anchored at one point and made to float on the water surface. By operating the water turbine, the energy extracted from high speed water flow is converted to rotational energy which is in turn converted to electricity using motors.    ADVANTAGE -   Increases capacity of electricity generation. Prevents environmental pollution. Increases buoyancy since resinous material is used.
The system includes a vapour steam-turbine (11) which is overheated by an overheating unit. Vapour is generated by a first combustion gas in an incineration unit. The overheating unit uses the first combustion gas as oxidising agent.    A second combustion gas is generated in a combustor (5). A high- temperature flue guides the vapour generated during the combustion process, into a superheater (4) where overheating is done.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces dioxine discharge.
The power generating plant has a heater (04) which uses an external fuel as heat source. The heater has a maximum heating area (05) which overheats the vapour supplied to the steam turbine (06) from the waste heat boiler (02).    The hot water absorption part (07) makes hot water from vapour by exchanging heat with the gas exhausted from maximum heating area. A flasher (13) guides the hot water coming out of hot water absorption part. The vapour in the steam turbine is mixed with the hot water in the flasher and drained as water supply to the waste heat boiler.    ADVANTAGE -   Utilises fuel, effectively. Improves plant efficiency by utilising vapour for electricity generation.
The system (1) includes solar panels (A) installed on the roof of a building. Electric power from solar panel is utilised for operation of domestic electrical equipments. The electricity generated by these solar panels is utilized for deicing purpose also.    ADVANTAGE -   Eliminates cleaning work of roof. Enables utilisation of energy from solar panel for deicing purpose.
The structure includes a roof with a front surface (A). Multiple solar panels (10) with solar battery elements (17) are arranged on the front surface. A non-flammable member (18) is arranged below the solar battery element.    ADVANTAGE -   Enhances external appearance.
The method involves installing a solar battery (11) in the recess of a tile shaping die (5) used for moulding the solar battery tile. A slurry containing SiO2-Al2O3, alkali metal silicate and water is poured around the solar battery inside the recess, to form a first precise layer (121').    A foaming agent is poured over the first precise layer, covering the rear of the solar battery to form a foaming layer (122'). Above the foaming layer, a second precise layer (123') is formed by pouring the slurry and filling the recess of the tile shaping die. The foaming layer and the precise layers are hardened to form the tile base material.    ADVANTAGE -   Manufactures light weight, crack proof tile base material. Provides durable tile material.
The method involves fixing a tile shaping die at the corner or edge of a projection member. The projection member is turned upwards such that only the group edge of a tile base material projects. A slurry for tile base material formation containing SiO2-Al2O3 system fine particle, alkali metal silicate and water is poured into a form work (3) to form a tile base material forming layer (12').    The tile base material forming layer is then hardened. The tile base material is formed which comprises a solar battery mounting member after the hardening of tile base material forming layer. The tile base material is clamped by a fitting.    ADVANTAGE -   Secures attachment of solar battery to tile base material for long term. Simplifies mounting work. Prevents crack generation tile base material. Reduces weight of tile.
The building includes a solar battery array (2) that is formed by several solar battery modules arranged in a roof surface. An air passage layer is provided in-between the solar battery array and the roof surface for cooling the solar battery array.    The absorbed heat by the roof surface is passed to the air which is then passed through the air passage layer. An air blower (3) provided at backside guides the air from the air passage layer into each habitation chambers (11a,12a) and underfloor surface (15) through inner hollow wall (C).    ADVANTAGE -   Utilises solar energy effectively. Reduces thermal load and cooling load. Reduces power consumption remarkably. Does not reduce efficiency of electricity generation due to temperature rise. Reduces number of installation processes involved thereby reduces cost.
A thin oxide thin film is produced using the thermal CVD technique where a tin cpd. and a fluorine doping cpd. are supplied to the surface of a substrate. The fluorine doping cpd. is 1,1-dichloro-2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropane (1,1-DCPFP), 1,3-dichloro-1,1,2,2,3-pentafluoropropane (1,3-DCPFP), or their mixt.    USE -   For producing tin oxide thin films on glass, ceramics, or metal surface. The thin film is used as a transparent conductive film for LCD's, touch panels, or solar cells.    ADVANTAGE -   Tin oxide thin films are produced in a cost-effective manner.
The gate includes a light receiving antenna (12a) that receives solar light. At the edge of the light receiving antenna a birds repulsion member is provided for repelling birds. A solar battery (SB) supplies power to a load based on received wireless signal.    ADVANTAGE -   Maintains light receiving surface clean without interruption of human hand.
The unit includes several thermoelectric conversion modules (2). Each thermoelectric conversion module is interposed between a heat exchanger (3) for heating and heat exchanger (4) for cooling. Helium gas is passed in the space between heat exchanger, thermoelectric conversion module and cooling heat exchanger.    The heat exchanger for heating, thermoelectric conversion module and cooling heating exchanger are pressed together by a pressure application unit (9). The pressure application unit is equipped with a fluid which acts as the pressure application medium.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents contact thermal resistors. Improves electricity generation efficiency. Avoids variation in output of each thermoelectric conversion module. Reduces apparatus weight and facilitates easy maintenance.
The wiring connector (1) has a receptacle (11) at one end of main body. A plug (12) is provided at the other end of the main body. A built in diode (21) is placed serially inside the main body.    ADVANTAGE -   Performs wiring without congestion. Reduces required space and labour. Secures water proofness. Improves safety of work.
The apparatus has a solar battery module (10) which consists of several solar battery cells (11a-11e) to generate electric power. When ice adheres to the solar battery module, a de-icing unit applies a bias voltage to the solar battery cell to dissolving the ice. A switching circuit (15) is provided for changing the connection between solar cells during power generation and de-icing.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables efficient heating of solar battery cell. Reduces de-icing electric power.
The method involves serially connecting a set of modules (40) through several blocks. A pair of baselines (43,44) connect the output of the blocks parallelly to a terminal box (45) via a plug (3) and a three branch connector. The plug is connected to a wire terminal of the base lines.    ADVANTAGE -   Ensures safety. Reduces labour.
The module consists of a solar battery element whose backside comprises a crystalline semiconductor substrate. The substrate bears a transparent electrically conductive film. On incidence of sunlight on the film, photo-electromotive force is generated by the battery elements.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids curvature of substrate. Utilises light transmitted from one end of element also.
The apparatus has a first conveying unit for carrying flexible film substrate (1s) on which many photo-electric conversion units (1u) are formed. A second conveying unit transfers a protective film (12). The photo-electric conversion unit is cut from the film substrate with a cutting blade (33) and is positioned on a suction table (32t) on a mounting mechanism (30). The mounting mechanism positions the photo-electric conversion unit set in the suction table on the protective film, which is carried by the conveying unit.    The protective film and the photo-electric conversion unit which are positioned over the conveying unit are bend together by a heating roller (22). A preheating roller (22K) provided between the mounting mechanism and the suction table performs temporary heat bonding of the sides of the photo-electric conversion unit and the flexible film substrate.    ADVANTAGE -   Laminates photo-electric conversion unit and film substrate, reliably. Performs continuous lamination. Facilitates usage of cutting unit of various shapes.
The battery consists of a single crystal substrate made up of Si1-xGex. A compound semiconductor layer with a pn junction is formed over the substrate. The compound semiconductor layer is made up of GaAs composition.    ADVANTAGE -   Increases efficiency of solar battery.
The apparatus includes a first electrode layer, a semiconductor layer and a second electrode layer which are sequentially laminated on an insulated substrate. The laminated structure is divided by several parting lines to form several photoelectric conversion cells.    These cells are electrically connected in series. First scribe lines (37) are provided with scribe groove section (171-173) that are of equal length. Crossing grooves (191,192) are formed at extended length edge of mutually overlapping scribe grooves.    ADVANTAGE -   Offers apparatus with high efficiency and reliability at low cost.
The apparatus has an incinerator space (2) where refuse is inserted by the upper stage. A mechanical stroker (1) has space (3) for heating which approaches a lower stage at the bottom wall surface of incineration space.    A pair of high temperature gas plants (9,10) supplies high temperature gas to incinerator space and the space for heating, respectively. Space for heating is made to join with the incinerator space and a flue (22) ejected. A melt exhaust passage ejects the melt of incineration ashes as a scum from the bottom of the incinerator space.    ADVANTAGE -   Performs fusion process of ashes as scum. Improves combustion capability.
The equipment consists of a heating type decomposition reactor which generates carbonic group gas and a non-volatile residue, separated by a discharge mechanism (3). A cooling system (6) reduces the heat decomposed residue from discharge mechanism and cools it. A separation mechanism separates the residue cooled by the cooling system into the flammable and non- flammable components. A combustion burner burns the carbonic gas and flammable components from the discharge mechanism.    A pair of seal members (30,34) are fitted to inlet and outlet ports (10,11) such that the cooling system inside is cut-off from outside. A screw conveyor (32,36) is provided on either sides of cooling system such that the residue conveyed through it acts as a sealing material (31,35).    ADVANTAGE -   Improves sealing property. Stabilises life of seal. Eliminates air leakage into reduction area.
The boiler consists of a vapouriser (5) which converts feed water (4) into steam (42) by combustion heat. A steam turbine (7) is connected to the exhaust side of vapourizer through a steam line (6). A condenser (11) is connected to the turbine for condensing the used steam. A deaerator (13) is connected to the condenser through a condenser exhaust line (12) for de-airing the condensate.    An economizer (15) is arranged midway between the deaerator and vapourizer connected through a boiler water supply line (14) on one side and an exhaust line (3) on the other. A return line (20) returns a part of boiler feed water after heat transfer to deaerator and is connected to the boiler water supply line, at the vapourising part of the economizer.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces temperature rise of feed water and heat transfer area of economizer. Improves effectiveness thereby providing compact size.
The cell includes a number of units which each comprise a photovoltaic device (2) and a thermoelectric Peltier device (4). The devices are separated by a layer of thermally conducting but electrically insulating material (3).    The Peltier device is thermally connected by a layer (5) to a heat sink or a heat exchanger (6). The outputs (8,9,10,11) of the two devices are connected together. A lens (1) may be used to concentrate sunlight onto the photovoltaic device.    USE -   For heating or cooling a house. For powering an electric car.    ADVANTAGE -   Increases output/efficiency of the voltage cell as the temperature generated in the photovoltaic device, which would otherwise be wasted, creates a temperature difference which provides an electrical output from the thermoelectric device.
The arrangement comprises a thermo-battery (1) with thermo-elements feeding the measuring apparatus. The battery contains a gas-catalytic heat generator (4) as heat source, supplied from a gas container (8). To the current supply is allocated an electric storage capacitor (20) held charged by the thermo-battery, as in DE 195 23 258.5.    With the current supply is associated an electrolysis cell, whose electrodes are connected or disconnected to the capacitor by an electronic switch depending on its charge level. The gas chamber of the electrolysis cell is connected to the gas container, which on the other hand is connected to the heat generator via a valve (10).    ADVANTAGE -   Extended operational time period at low cost.
The energy converter includes a control unit which accomplishes the conversion of stored mechanical energy to electrical energy with the highest possible efficiency. The mechanical energy is stored using a mechanical spring and the energy is converted using an electrical generator.    Preferably, the control unit includes a switching regulator with a locked loop controlled by a pulse width modulator or frequency modulator. The control unit may control the generator to withdraw minimal energy from the spring for slow discharge.    USE -   E.g. for operating electrical apparatus requiring low currents in area of 50 - 2000 milli-ampere with voltages in area of 3 volts, e.g. radio tuner.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides better energy utilisation.
The plant includes, floating on water (48), a circular platform rotatable about a vertical axis and comprising several oblong concentrator channels (4) each being covered with a linear lens (40). A turning device rotates the platform such that, during sunshine hours, the channels point to the azimuth of the sun.    Each concentrator comprises a trough-like structure having a wall portion (41) running vertically. Photovoltaic cells (3,60), targeted by concentrated solar rays (31,34), are arranged close to the lower end of the wall portion so that a passage of triangular cross-section (44) remains through which ambient air can flow. A mechanical driver turns the platform during no-sun hours to such a position that the channels run parallel to the direction of the wind.    ADVANTAGE -   Allows waste heat from photovoltaic cells, stored in water layer, to be sufficiently dissipated to ambient air.
A semiconductor particle is doped by: mixing it with a solution of a boron compound; drying; diffusing the boron into the particle; and melting the particle to form a uniformly doped particle.    USE -   For the manufacture of uniformly B-doped Si spherical (powder) particles for use in photovoltaic and solar cells.    ADVANTAGE -   A uniformly B-doped Si particle is obtained in a single low-cost process which does not leave a B-rich glass on the particle surface. Boric acid is used as a dopant source and is diluted with deionised water. Boric acid is a low cost commercially available product, it does not pose any special shipping, handling or disposal requirements.
The device has an engine (21) and a generator which are contained in the lower part of a box-shaped housing. A muffler cover is extended in the vertical direction in the upper part of the engine and generator. Air for cooling the engine and generator is introduced from the upper and lower parts of the housing. Air from the engine and generator is guided to the muffler cover to cool the muffler.    The air from the muffler is ejected from the housing upper part. When the detected internal temperature of the housing exceeds a predetermined value, flow of cooling air is stopped and the engine operation is stopped.    USE -   For fieldwork facility, emergency-power-source facility.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents trouble resulting from overheating of apparatuses in housing. Maintains sound-insulation effect of housing. Expedites detection of temperature rise of housing by directly detecting temperature of generator.
The turbine (10) has a stage (13) formed by combining a moving blade (12) and nozzle vanes (11). The nozzle vanes are supported by nozzle outer ring (15) and nozzle inner ring (16). A rotor (14) is formed on the rotor wheel (18) on which the moving blade is mounted. A labyrinth (17) is provided between the nozzle inner ring and rotor.    An excess thickness part (20) is formed continuously along the axial direction of the rotor from the rotor wheel. Preferably, the excess thickness part has a curved surface.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents corrosion of rotor and rotor wheel even when leakage vapour includes moisture by purifying leakage vapour. Facilitates inspection of leakage vapour path and labyrinth.
The roof sheathing (1) includes an insulating lining material (3) bonded to its rear side. A solar battery module (2) is adhered on the lining material. A tapering air passage ditch (4) is arranged on the adhesive surface of the insulating lining material.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents reduction of energy conversion efficiency. Improves waterproof nature of roof.
The structure (5) includes multiple planar rectangular solar energy conversion panels (4). The conversion panels are arranged adjacent each other along the sloping edge of a roof surface (1), which has an inclination edge (1A) making an acute angle.    The conversion panel arranged adjacent the inclination edge has a plane deformed shape whose first and second peripheries (7,9) corresponds to the inclination edge. The deformed confirmation panels are dummy panels without solar energy conversion ability whose surface shape is similar to the original panel.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces construction cost of roof. Offers favourable exterior surface of roof.
The structure includes multiplanar rectangular main panel (4) with solar energy conversion ability. The main panel is arranged on a roof material (2) along the sloping edge of a roof surface (1). The roof surface has an inclination edge (1A) which makes an acute angle with the roof surface.    An auxiliary panel (5) has its first periphery (7) joined to the main panel and a second periphery (9) corresponds to the inclination edge of the roof surface. The main and auxiliary panels form a waterproof surface on the roof material.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids seepage of rain water into roof material. Eliminates dead space of panel.
Removal of boron from silicon comprises atomising molten silicon into fine powder using high-pressure water while forming an oxide layer of boron and silicon on the surface of the fine powder and treating the oxide layer with an acid solution to dissolve and remove the oxides.    USE -   Production of silicon substrates for solar cells.    ADVANTAGE -   Boron can be removed from silicon in a short time to a level which is acceptable for silicon for solar cells.
The solar battery has a glass substrate (1) on which an optical absorption layer (3) is formed through a lower electrode. The optical absorption layer is formed by a compound that is expressed as M2 (InX Ga1 -x) (Sy Se1-y) where M is the element selected from group of lithium, sodium and potassium. The compound expressed as Cu (InGa)(S Se) is formed in grain boundary of the absorption layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Eliminates need for precise control of compositional distribution of optical absorption layer in depth direction. Reduces leakage current in reverse direction. Improves solar energy conversion efficiency.
The thermo-generator has the hot contact points of at least one thermoelement (9,10) for the thermo-generator associated with the flue of the combustion heating device, with the cold contact points associated with the flow channel for the heat exchange medium for the heating device.    The block-shaped thermo-generator module has plate-shaped thermoelements, which are sandwiched between the flue line for the heating device and the flow channel for the heat exchange medium.    ADVANTAGE -   Efficient operation of thermo-generator. Has compact structure.
Thermal energy, using e.g. seebeck effect devices to exploit relatively low temperature differentials, is obtainable from several suggested sources - e.g. animal (including human) skin, house walls or window-panes, soil, etc., ambient air constituting, usually, the lower temperature component. DC voltage, obtained (1) e.g. from several series-connected devices, with appreciable internal resistance (2), is applied to a transformer primary (3) in series with an FET (5) coupled to earth via a resistance (8) and by capacitance (9) to one of two earthed (7) secondaries (6',6).    The secondaries feed alternately operating chopper-booster circuits, comprising MOSFETs (11,12) and inductances (13,14), with output via Schottky diodes (15,16). A high-value capacitance (17) and peak-lopping diode (18) stabilise the output (U,U).    A reversible variant tolerates sources of changing polarity. Manufacturing methods are also described.    USE -   Autonomous low-power supplies.
The system includes a subterranean heat exchanger (1) that is installed in the earth. The phase changeable heat transfer fluid is circulated by a conduit circuit to transfer the thermal energy from the subterranean heat exchanger to the dynamic load heat exchanger (70). The gaseous heat transfer fluid is compressed by a compressor (13) in the conduit circuit. The heat transfer fluid is supplied in-between the heat exchangers through an expansion valve, when the system is operated in heating mode or cooling mode.    The liquid phase heat transfer fluid is trapped in a trap vessel. The liquid phase heat transfer fluid is stored in a reservoir in the conduit circuit. The heat transfer fluid is transferred from the gas compressor to the subterranean heat exchanger through the reservoir during heating mode. The heat transfer fluid is transferred from the heat exchanger to the gas compressor in cooling mode through the reservoir.    ADVANTAGE -   Stabilises heating and cooling operation in wide range of soil and climatic conditions. Improves heating and cooling efficiency.
The module consists of a solar panel (9) inserted into a frame (1). The solar panel is mounted on the upper surface of the kicking rail (5) of the frame or on the horizontal wall (27) of an in-horizontal rail. A spacer (21) with electric insulation is provided which holds the solar panel.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents short circuit of opto electric transducer. Raises endurance of solar panel.
The tool has a cylindrical main body (12) which is detachably attached by a support rope (1) of an antenna or a solar system. A water drip (13) provided on the main body, drops rain water and transmits it to the support rope. A cut (14) is formed on the cylindrical main body in axial direction and the rope is inserted inside the hollow cylindrical body.    ADVANTAGE -   Offers sufficient mounting strength with support rope. Provides simple structure and hence reduces manufacturing cost.
The structure includes a cover (3B) that is mounted over a panel (1). The cover is fitted in a flame (7) of a frame (2), in which the panel is arranged. A groove (9) is formed in the centre of receptacle surface (8) of the frame. A bolt (4) is inserted into groove.    The rotation direction of thread portion of the bolt is set such that a panel fixation fitting (15) is arranged on the rear side of the receptacle surface. Thereby, the panel fixed at predefined position temporarily, is mounted on the receptacle surface firmly.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies fixation structure. Prevents improper mounting state. Eases detection of improper mounting state.
The battery includes a p-type compound semiconductor thin film acting as optical absorption layer. The compound semiconductor film contains IB group element, III group element, VIB group element and IA group element. The ratio of content of III group element and IB group element is 0.22-0.75.    ADVANTAGE -   Solar battery with novel composition is obtained.
The system has a rigid collector housing (1) with a partly surrounding fastening edge (7) or fastening recesses. A strip type overlapping seal (6.1) is arranged on the battens (17) of the roof. A lower locking bracket (4) is fastened to the lowest roof batten to receive a section of the fastening edge and for making a locking connection with the fastening recesses.    The collector housing (1) is arranged on the seal. An upper locking bracket (5) is fastened to the uppermost roof batten (2) to receive a section of the fastening edge (7) and for making a locking connection with the fastening recesses.    ADVANTAGE -   Satisfies high aesthetic and arrangement requirements, keeping cost for assembly low. Ensures roof is sealed against moisture even when collector is dismounted.
The solar motor has a round heat-proof glass disc (1) which rotates and a fixed magnetic chain (3). The surface of the glass disc is coated with a ferrite granular layer, which in turn is coated with a black light absorbing layer of at least 2mm and a part of the disc.    The surface of the disc (1) is heated by the rays of the sun, and a part (2) of the disc is prevented from heating (cooled) by a mirror. A surface (3) results, which is not attracted, yet the cold surface (2) of the disc is drawn in a counter clockwise direction. The large disc rotates counterclockwise and the wheel (4) runs quicker and in a clockwise direction.    ADVANTAGE -   Designed to operate using Curie temp. effect and motor moves under 125 deg. C without large cost or energy consumption.
The module has each prism (16) comprising a component with a refraction index larger than that of air and of triangular cross-section. The prisms form a V-shape. On the underside of an extended section (30), continuing from an apex of the V-shape, is located a solar cell (12).    At an apex of the V-shape is formed a longitudinally extending V-shaped recess. The extended section has a higher refraction index than the prisms. The boundary of the extended section and the prisms is convex at the prism side. The rear side of each prism may be mirrored.    ADVANTAGE -   Fixed solar concentrator with high concentration capacity.
The collector (1) has a top cover plate (2) provided with spaced solar cells (3) and underlying flow medium channels (4) embedded in a foam thermal insulation material (5), for independent extraction of current and heat from the incident solar radiation.    The heat may be extracted via a pump for circulating the flow medium heated by the incident solar radiation through a heat storage device.    ADVANTAGE -   Efficient utilisation of incident solar energy.
The battery is provided by a stack of partial batteries, which are each provided by photoelements of different voltages for efficient utilisation of the full spectrum by energy sorting.    The light can be propagated within the partial battery by total internal reflection and/or mirrors, so that the non-utilised parts of the light spectrum are passed on to other photoelements.    ADVANTAGE -   Efficient utilisation of full light spectrum.
A solar-energy converter has pointers (1,5,8) respectively for the axes of the gyroscope held in bearings (4,6,9). The main axis (1) is linked to a wheel (2) rotated by electric motor (4) and the gyroscope as a whole is mounted on 'U' formed by the support (6) and bearing (7) and resting on bearing (9) counter balancing weight of converter comprising cup (15) on axis (5). The cup (15) is made up of parabolic mirror (3) which focusses sun's rays on rotating mirror (10) linked to axis (1) of gyroscope in addition to motor (4) and wheel (2), passage through parabolic mirror (3) sealed by basket (17).    Result in solar radiation is applied to pyroelectric crystals on the crystal belt (11) contained in the protective ampoule (16) by means of framework (13). The cup (15) is protected against dust penetration by cover (14) which further serves as a filter. The crystal belt is fitted with an electrical circuit maximising the current generated whilst around the crystals are arranged a lattice of energy collecting wires connected to the circular bar running alongside the crystal belt (11) contained in the protective ampoule (16) together with rarefied, inert gas.    USE -   Equipment is used for converting solar energy into electrical power.    ADVANTAGE -   Equipment is rotated by means of gyroscope.
A method (I) for preparation of nano-particles or nano-whiskers of a metal II-doped metal I oxide where the metal I is indium, gallium, tin or a transition metal comprises: a) heating a metal I material l with water in vacuum at 10-3 - 10-5 Torr or electron beam evaporating a metal I material with water or an oxygen-containing volatile solvent in vacuum at 104 - 10-5 - 10-6 Torr in the presence of a metal II salt b) recovering the oxide powder from the walls of the vacuum apparatus.    Also claimed is a method (II) for preparation of metal II-intercalated and/or metal II-encaged inorganic fullerene-like structures of a metal I chalcogenide, where metal I is as in (I), comprising: a) a step as (I) a b) annealing the oxide produced in a reducing atmosphere with H2X gas where X is sulphur, selenium or tellurium c) recovering the chalcogenide Also claimed is a metal I chalcogenide (III) as in produced in (II). Also claimed is a stable suspension (IV) of a chalcogenide, as (III) produced as in (I) or (II), in a polar solvent Also claimed is a method (V) for production of thin films of chalcogenides by subjecting a suspension as (IV) to evaporation of the solvent of electrophoretic deposition onto a conductive substrate. Also claimed is a tip for scanning probe microscope coated with a single layer of a chalcogenide.    USE -   Thin films as produced in (V) are used as the photosensitive element in solar cells, in secondary battery fabrication and in electrochromic devices (all claimed). Batteries include lithium rechargeable, hydride and rechargeable types. Structures as (III) are used as lubricant, particularly in solid lubrication (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   The chalcogenide structures are provided with intercalation with various metal atoms that influences solubility in aprotic solvents and formation of stable suspensions permits depositions of useful thin films used as claimed.
The concentrator has a pressurised chamber (210) for holding homogeneous reflecting fluid substance in a planar state. Several electromechanical transducers (218) are connected to the ground surface (216) of the pressurised chamber.    A control unit (220) energises the transducers for generating a standing wave of a predetermined shape in the reflecting fluid surface for projecting the incoming solar radiation towards a predetermined location. A solar energy collector (228) is provided at that predetermined location for collecting the solar radiation from the reflecting fluid surface.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves reflecting capability of fluid substance. Eliminates need for huge mirrors for reflecting solar radiation.
The plant includes a flash chamber (11) to which a liquid is supplied. The water in the liquid supplied to the flash chamber is converted into steam and more concentrated liquid is produced in the chamber. The steam output from the flash chamber is input to a steam turbine (15) which produces a corresponding heat depleted steam. A high salinity liquid and the heat depleted steam are supplied to a condenser (19). The heat depleted steam and the high salinity liquid are made to directly contact each other, and the steam is condensed in the high salinity liquid thereby diluted high salinity liquid is produced in condenser.    An enhanced evaporation system (34) evaporates the water from the diluted high salinity liquid and produces high salinity liquid which is supplied to the condenser. A low salinity liquid is combined with the concentrated liquid produced in the flash chamber. The liquid supplied to the flash chamber has a salinity in-between that of the low salinity liquid and the more concentrated liquid produced in the flash chamber.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces construction and maintenance cost of plant.
The solar battery tile includes a flat frame (2) on which a solar battery (3) is mounted in fluid tight manner. An upward hook (4) is provided at upper side of the frame, at its one edge.    A downward hook (5) is provided at lower side of the frame, at the opposing edge. The hooks are used for fixing the frame with the sarking of the roof and for enabling mutual engagement of adjacent frames.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies structure. Eases mounting work.
The roofing tile (10) has multiple recesses (11a) in which solar batteries (12) are mounted. The recesses are provided in an under tile member (11).    A surface round edge (11b) and a projection (11c) are provided along the periphery of the recesses. The projection projects above the upper surface of the solar batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves exterior design of roof. Prevents dust adhesion to upper surface. Prevents damage of solar battery. Ensures smooth flow of rain water.
The generator comprises a number of thermoelectric modules that are attached concentrically to the outer wall of piping (10) that when in use is immersed in sea water and carries flowing petroleum products that are extracted from a subsea production shaft. The modules are disposed in dishes (16) formed on the outer lateral wall of the piping. The dishes are sealed closed through use of covers (32) that are made from a thermally conductive material. Each cover, together with walls of the dish, and peripheral edges of the module creates a sealed chamber. The sealed chambers communicate with one another. The chambers are filled with a soft heat-insulating resin. At least one of the covers has an aperture (56) for filling the resin, the aperture being closed by a sealed deformable component (58) which allows the hydrostatic pressure of the external sea environment to be transmitted to the resin which fills the sealed peripheral chambers (4).    USE -   For use on equipment that is provided on the heads of drilling shafts. For use with drilling piping that is immersed in water, and in which there flows a petroleum product. For liquefaction of plugs of paraffin which are deposited on inner wall of pipes for transporting petroleum products.    ADVANTAGE -   The thermoelectric modules are insulated against sea water and are protected against the action of the hydrostatic pressure exerted by the sea water.
The photovoltaic device for converting photons into electrical energy, comprises gallium indium phosphide (GaInP) (10, 10') and gallium arsenide (GaAs) (12, 12') cells and gallium indium arsenide phosphide (GaInAsP) (14, 15) cells. The GaInP, GaAs and GaInAsP cells are connected to each other in a tandem configuration so that photons enter the GaInP (10), GaAs (12) and GaInAsP (14) cells in turn.    Also claimed is a further photovoltaic device for converting photons into electrical energy.    USE -   The device is a multi-junctioned solar cell that efficiently convert solar radiation into electrical energy.    ADVANTAGE -   The device improves upon existing solar energy to electrical energy conversion efficiencies by using materials that are more efficient than prior art combinations in converting the infrared.
The method involves a gas distribution network comprised of a high pressure gas reservoir and a low pressure delivery pipeline (24). The method directs at least a portion of the high pressure gas within the reservoir through a satellite assembly to generate electrical power.    Preferably the 'satellite' assembly includes an expander and shaft member (27). The 'satellite' assembly preferably further includes a generator (28) which is operatively coupled to the shaft which is to be driven by the generator.    USE -   E.g. for controlling generation of power for meeting variable demand.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces amount of wasted energy.
An hydraulic gravitational energy transformer includes a drive-wheel rotor (1), liquid reservoir (2), movable blades interconnected by a flexible fixing (3), outlet (4) with lateral flat plates, a frame (5), inlet (8) with lateral flat plates, blade carrying drum (9), blade tip supporting roll (10) and radial force eliminating roller (11).    The reservoir is filled with water, or possibly more dense liquids e.g. mercury or molten lead, which acts on the outside surfaces of the blades to create a clockwise rotating moment and causes the drum to rotate.    USE -   Provides fixed or mobile source of energy. Reservoir is not used source of energy, but is means by which gravitational force is enabled to provide energy which can be transformed into other desired modes.
The generator has a water tank (1) with a closed top cover which separates the inner space of water from external atmospheric pressure. A water inlet and air regulating port are formed on the top cover and are connected to an inlet water pipe and an air pressure regulating pipe respectively. A floater outlet is formed on the side wall of the water tank, near the upper portion. A double walled airtight gate is mounted on the floater outlet. A through hole is formed on the side wall of the water tank near the lower portion and is angularly separated from the floater outlet by 90deg, when viewed from upper plane of water tank. A manifold (17) is connected to the through hole with extension along outward and upward directions. An hydraulic control unit is attached to the outer opening of the manifold for controlling reciprocation of a movable cover against the opening and a push board provided inside the manifold.    A blade wheel with several blades is arranged outside the water tank on the lateral side of the floater outlet. The top end of a chute with crescent cross section, is connected to the lower edge of the floater outlet. The lower end of the chute is terminated at a point over the blades of the blade wheel. A hopper (4) having a partition member and a floater feeding hole at the bottom, is arranged below the blade wheel. Several carrier boards are provided on the outer surface of a conveyor for holding and conveying the floaters. The first end of the conveyor is extended to a point below the floater feeding hole of the hopper and second end is extended upwards from the floater feeding hole towards opening of the manifold. When the floater outlet is opened, the floaters pass down through the chute and collide with the blades of the blade wheel thereby imparting rotation to it.    ADVANTAGE -   Utilises small energy to generate tremendous energy output. Enables repetitive utilisation of produces energy as power source. Avoids pollution to natural environment.
The method includes supplying a fuel to a burner for generating a temperature differential across a thermoelectric element generating electricity for secondary power. A second fuel is preheated, the pre-heating comprising primary heat.    The second fuel is supplied to a fuel cell stack for generating electricity for primary power and secondary heat. The method also includes a step of cooling one side of the thermoelectric element to increase the temperature differential.    USE -   The method could be used for unattended communication repeaters, navigational aids and weather and oceanographic stations.    ADVANTAGE -   Combines fuel cell, thermoelectric generator and catalytic burner.
The device comprises a region of active layers (24) formed on top of a tunnel junction (23) formed on the top surface of an n-type semiconductor substrate (10) with a back surface reflector (16). The tunnel junction includes a layer of heavily doped p-type material (13) formed on a layer of heavily doped n-type material (11). An optional pseudomorphic layer (12) can be formed between these layers. The active layer region includes a p-type base layer (14) and an n-type emitter layer (15).    An optional front surface window layer (22) can be formed on top of the emitter layer to reduce front surface recombination velocity. An optional interference filter (18) can be formed on top of the emitter layer, or the front surface window when it is used, to improve the spectral control of the device.    ADVANTAGE -   The device maximises efficiency by minimising series resistance and below-bandgap parasitic losses by reducing the resistance of the device, by reducing the number of p-type regions and by integrating a back surface reflector spectral control device which reflects unused photons back to the source.
The column (1) is tubular, and the pump incorporates a piston (6) which works in conjunction with a pump cylinder formed by the tubular column. The tubular column has an opening (16) at its lower end part under the water surface and beneath the piston. the transmission incorporates a line (5) which is connected to the float (2) and extends downwards around a lower line plate (3) and then upwards to an upper line plate (4) which is supported at the column upper part above the water surface and above the piston.    The line extends downwards from the upper line plate into the tubular column and is connected with the piston inside it. The column in its upper part has a water outlet (7) which is located beneath a column opening (20), through which the line extends into the column to the piston.    ADVANTAGE -   The arrangement overcomes the problem experienced with known technique where the wave force acts eccentrically against the float so that it has a tendency to tip, thus being subject to movement friction along the column.
A reflector contains a central reflecting surface (1) and a peripheral reflecting surface (2), flexible sprung ribs, flexible non-stretching braces (4) and a focal construction under tension.    The ribs are made parallel to each other in two diametrically opposite directions and the peripheral reflecting surface is made of separate rigid rectangular profiled panels, placed in sequence one after the other and fixed to the ribs with a movement capability along them.    USE -   Construction of reflectors for solar batteries, solar radiation concentrators and other scanning elements for satellite communications, cosmic radio-telescopes, side view radar etc.    ADVANTAGE -   Compact closing of reflector for transport and reliable opening into working position.
The method involves setting DC voltage command value (VDC) equal to unladen voltage (VDCO) of the solar battery before initialisation of an invertor. After starting the invertor, the DC voltage command value is reduced during which generated output (PDC) of solar battery is increased. The reduction of DC voltage command value is stopped when optimum point voltage (VDCopt) that corresponds to maximum generated output (Pmax) of solar battery is attained and then operation is regulated with respect to DC voltage command value.    ADVANTAGE -   Stabilizes initiation operation of invertor, without sudden rise in output current.
The battery includes a first transparent substrate (1) on which a transparent conductive film (2) is formed. An electrolyte layer (3) and a semiconductor electrode (4) are arranged between the first substrate and a conductive second substrate (5). The second substrate is used as the counter electrode. Electrical energy is generated between the conductive film and the second substrate by photoelectric conversion. The semiconductor electrode has pigments that are included in a metal oxide film. The metal oxide film is formed by oxidation of metal of the conductive second substrate.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduced electrical resistance in boundary surface of transparent conductive film and first transparent substrate. Improved light beam utilisation efficiency. Improved energy conversion efficiency.
The wrist watch consists of a trunk (1) which is attached to a back cover (9) through a heat insulation ring (10). A thermally conductive low resin material is provided in this heat insulation ring which enables heat from the back cover conduct on a trunk. A glass (2) is attached by the side of trunk. On the internal diameter portion of the trunk, a needle (4) and heat dissipation ring are arranged. The heat dissipation ring consists of thermally conductive material. A thermoelectric generating element (12) which combines a number of thermocouples is inserted between heat dissipation rings and back cover through a protective material (13).    The protective material consists of flat spring like material of high elasticity. The heat radiated from thermoelectric generating element through the protective material is radiated to the trunk and a dial (3) of watch through the heat dissipation ring. The micro thermo-electromotive force caused by the generation of heat is utilised as main power supply or auxiliary power supply of main body of timepiece.    ADVANTAGE -   Utilises voltage of trace as power supply and starts timepiece.
The method involves estimating intensity of global solar radiation from atmospheric air transmittance, intensity of direct and scattered sunlight. The solar battery operation temperature is obtained from the estimated intensity of global solar radiation and the daily minimum temperature. The quantity of DC power and AC power generated from solar battery is estimated for every arbitrary time interval from the detected operation temperature.    ADVANTAGE -   Estimates energy generated from solar power generation system in arbitrary installation points, precisely.
The method involves detecting output voltage and current of a solar battery. The output voltage of the battery is varied so that the electric power becomes maximum. The mean value of the electric power having maximum level is used and the output voltage of the battery is controlled.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables carrying out maximum power tracking control of solar battery, reliably. Facilitates in obtaining maximum power from solar battery.
The cell (2) which comprises a solar battery module, has a light receiving surface (21). A surface electrode (22) is provided on the light receiving surface. A damp-proof layer (7) made of transparent resin, is provided on the electrode.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents corrosion of surface electrode. Prevents reduction of conversion efficiency. Improves endurance. Reduces electrical resistance value. Prevents penetration of steam into module. Prevents temperature rise by transmitting heat outside through adhesive agent.
The module comprises multiple solar batteries which are connected in series. A transparent number is connected at the light receiving surface of the solar battery through a transparent sealing agent.    An anti-reflection film (14) with refractive index ranging between 1.5-2 is formed at the light receiving surface. The reflecting rate of the transparent number in the visible light is in the range of 0.25-0.85.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables intermediate colour variation of battery module. Facilitates manufacturing with design freedom.
In the surface of a transparent cover which protects a solar battery, a transparent surface layer is formed which contains photocatalytic oxide particles, silicone and water-repellent fluoro-resin. The silicone can be replaced with amorphous silica.    ADVANTAGE -   Staining of the transparent cover which protects the solar cell is prevented. The energy conversion efficiency of a solar cell is kept high for a long period of time.
The manufacturing method involves forming a first polycrystalline layer (2) on a substrate (1). A first non- crystal film (3) is formed on the first polycrystalline layer.    A hole (4) of predetermined shape is formed on a first non- crystal film. The second non-crystal film is then deposited on a first non-crystal film. The second non-crystal film is heated and made to crystallize forming a second polycrystal layer (6).    ADVANTAGE -   Improves manufacturing efficiency of solar battery. Enables formation of large sized silicon crystal on substrate.
The module has a solar battery cell (102) which is bound with a cover glass (1) at the upper surface by an adhesive agent (103). The cover glass comprises several divisions which are adjoined mutually with a gap (2) parallel to the cell. The cover glass is positioned at slanting direction to the cell.    ADVANTAGE -   Designs battery module against environment resistance variation. Improves optical characteristics remarkably. Avoids rupture of battery cell by cover glass peeling.
The apparatus has two sensors, which are arranged at the periphery and inside a collector (1). A fine tuning sensor comprises a raise fine tuning sensor, a downward fine tuning sensor and a stoppage tracking fine tuning sensor. The stoppage tracking fine tuning sensor is arranged in the horizontal rotation direction and advancing side right angled direction of the collector.    A heat resistance photo conductor is provided for the raise fine tuning sensor and the downward fine tuning sensor. A slit is provided in a shading pipe (4) for guiding the light to the stoppage tracking fine tuning sensor.    ADVANTAGE -   Obtains special effect. Enables efficient tracking property. Simplifies operation . Increases life time.
The condenser includes several condenser lenses (8-1-8-3) that are arranged on a curve surface, for receiving and condensing solar beams (S4-S6). The solar beams from the condenser lenses are irradiated to a light-receiving lens (9).    The light-receiving lens produces and irradiates a condensed solar light (S7) to an optical fibre (10). A support stand (11) supports the curved surface for the condenser lenses.    ADVANTAGE -   Solar light utilization range can be enlarged by condensing solar beams efficiently. Prevents dispersion of solar light.
The device has two arms (10) each with two wheels (3) at its ends and the two arms are linked by two looped cables (4) on which the parachutes (1,6) are mounted. One parachute opens out and is displaced by the wind while the other closes up. Alternatively the parachutes may be rigid and permanently open with the return part of the cycle protected from the wind by a casing. To catch the wind, the device is mounted on a pylon (8) and a shell (7) with a vane (10) to direct it into the wind. To capture the force of the waves, the arms are replaced by a system of floats.    USE -   Renewable energy sources.    ADVANTAGE -   May use either source of energy.
The solar collector has a parabolic round reflector supported in a Cardan mount, and can be automatically followed up. The incident radiation is focused onto an absorption body (2). This has a hollow ball shape. The reflector is provided with a recess (8) to hold the absorption body as well as to feed through the connecting cables and is fastened to a Cardan bearing(7) on all sides in pivoting fashion.    The Cardan bearing consists of an inner ring holder (9) carrying the reflector, and an outer half-ring holder (12). The inner ring can pivot about an axis with the outer half- ring and the latter can pivot about another axis perpendicular to the first one in a mounting holder (23).    ADVANTAGE -   Simple compact construction with good efficiency.
The burner has a curved path in a venturi (5) for a lean fuel air mixture (7). The curvature causes the mixture to stratify due to the different weights of the molecules. The stratification creates an area of rich fuel air mixture which is readily ignitable by a spark.    The resulting combustion causes turbulence which mixes the rest of the stream to mix and burn at its hottest temperature. Preferably the fuel orifice which enters the venturi is shaped to prevent flashback. A wind may blow through the burners exhaust ports to create a low pressure to enhance combustion.    USE -   For transferring heat to a thermopile especially in a low power electronic monitoring or control device which communicates by radio, such as a cathodic protector on a pipeline in a rural area.    ADVANTAGE -   The supply is efficient and has a low cost, since the air fuel ratio may set in the factory and not need adjusting in the field.
The facet (10) has a flexible microsheet glass (12) whose thickness is in the range of 0.002-0.0101inch. The glass has a reflective silver layer (14) on its backside. A packing sheet (16) bonded to the microsheet glass, provides a smooth surface without introducing additional surface waviness. The backing sheet is then bonded to a support member (20) using a bonding adhesive (22).    The support member which is resin impregnated fibre glass sheet has radically extending ribs and several circularly arranged ribs provided between radically extending ribs. Both the ribs are not in contact with each other. The backing sheet is bonded to the rib structure of the support member, such that it maintains the microsheet glass at desired radius of curvature.    ADVANTAGE -   Attains light weight and improved optical performance using composite materials. Facilitates increasing reflector surface integrity, remarkably. Minimises wastage, effectively.
Piezoelectric mechanical pressure converters (4) into an electrical potential difference are placed on tracks between the sleepers (3) and the rails (1) and the pressure of wheels is transmitted to the converters for obtaining of an electrical potential difference.    A lever-console system is used to transmit force from the rails to the converters and the arm of the lever is used as a support, while the force is regulated by changing the flexibility of the supports and the length of the arm.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduced service labour required, exclusion influence of use of converters onto safety of movement of trains.
The facility has a waste heat-decomposition melting furnace (1) that decomposes waste and generates heat-decomposed gas. A combustion equipment (4) burns the generated gas from the waste heat-decomposition melting furnace. A vapour generator (5) forms vapour using the combustion gas from the combustion equipment.    A vapour electrical power generator (9) is provided from the vapour generator to drive and supply electricity to a turbine. A dechlorination mechanism (2) adds an antichlor to and removes chlorine compound gas from the generated gas between the waste heat-decomposition melting furnace and combustion equipment.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents corrosion since chlorine compound, which is corrosion substance in high-temperature corrosion, is reliably removed from combustion gas. Increases electricity generation efficiency by 25 to 30 percent due to improved steam-pressure power generation. Does not increase size of facility in reducing waste gas quantity. Ensures stable operation and uses simple high-temperature dust collector.
The assembly (7) serves as a steam entry regulator for low pressure steam. The valve plate (11a) is mounted over a swing type transverse shaft. The shaft central axis is at a slight radial offset with respect to that of the valve casing (11c). Under regular availability of steam, the valve is self closing and employs no drive springs.    The transverse shaft rotary actuation to effect steam flow regulation is through a hydraulic actuator (9) and has rotary stop provisions for the valve seat contacting to be free from impact related damage.    USE -   In turbine systems employing moderate pressure steam sources e.g. geothermal systems.    ADVANTAGE -   Needs nominal actuating torques for valve plate positioning apart from intrinsic fail safe closure provision when hydraulics fail.
The structure has a loading chamber (2) which is arranged behind a cab (1) of a vehicle. The surrounding wall of the loading chamber comprises an inner wall (2a) and an outer wall (2b). A heat insulating material (3) is arranged in a gap between the inner and outer walls. A vacuum pump maintains airtight gap between the inner and outer walls. A solar cell (5) supplies power to the vacuum pump.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves heat insulation capacity of loading chamber. Controls corrosion of loading chamber by ejecting moisture in heat insulation layer.
(US5905312-A)   NOVELTY - The working fluid flows from an upper level reservoir (70) into a tank (20), mounted at the top of a trestle (101). The fluid flows into tank (50) attached vertically below one another to the rings (401) of a ladder type endless chain conveyor (40) and makes the conveyor move. The conveyor movement is translated into rotation to run a generator (60) to generate electricity.    USE - To generate electricity.    ADVANTAGE - Generates power more economically than hydro and thermal plants since working fluid is recovered. Due to electricity generating system structure, non-polluting method of power generation is offered. Enables control of generated quantity of energy by scaling up-down conveyor height.    DETAILED DESCRIPTION - Each tank (50) has baffle plates to collect the optimum quantity of the fluid. A duct attached to the tank conveys the fluid from one tank (50) to another tank. A tank at the bottom collects the fluid from the tank (50) for pumping to the reservoir. The conveyor is installed in the trestle. A gear train (901) with a high velocity ratio, is mounted on the trestle to link the conveyor and provide high rpm to the generator. A flywheel (90) stabilizes the generator rotation.    DESCRIPTION OF DRAWING(S) - The drawing is a perspective view of the upper part of the gravity flow based electricity generating system.    Tank (20)    Conveyor (40)    Tank (50)    Generator (60)    Flywheel (90)    Trestle (101)    Rings (401)    Gear train (901)
A double acting piston pump comprises a cylinder and piston made from non-corrosive materials and with both ends connected to large inlet valves and smaller outlet valves with hydraulic hoses to a hydraulic motor or turbine to drive an electric generator or alternator.    The piston length is made to suit the depth of tidal fluctuation. A float e.g. a barge or ship prevented from drifting, is attached to the top end of the piston rod. The cylinder is attached to the ocean floor.    USE -   Provides ecological and environmentally friendly means of extracting tidal energy for production of electricity.
A generating plant, designed to produce electricity from a rising air flow, e.g. from a smoke stack (1), consists of a centering ring with a broad flange (2) supporting four generators (3).    The generator shafts are connected to bladed rotors (4) in two parallel pairs, with the hub of each rotor containing an additional generator in the form of rotor and stator windings. During operation the power produced by the plant is made from a combination of the main generator and rotor generator output.    ADVANTAGE -   Increased output capacity and more even weight distribution.
An adhesive sheet is formed of 2-ethyl hexanoxy carbonyl-t-butyl peroxide in an ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer. Also claimed is that a solar battery module is formed by depositing an ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer layer crosslinked by the 2-ethyl hexanoxy carbonyl-t-butyl peroxide on both the surfaces of a solar battery element. Also claimed is that the prodn. comprises: (a) superimposing a sheet consisting of the ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer layer crosslinked by the 2-ethyl hexanoxy carbonyl-t-butyl peroxide on both the surfaces of the solar battery element; (b) heating and melting the sheet; (c) sticking the sheet to the solar battery element.    ADVANTAGE -   The use of the adhesive sheet dramatically reduces the production period of the solar battery module to yield the solar battery moulded at lower costs. The solar cell module has no reduction in energy conversion efficiency for long periods of time. The method efficiently produces the solar cell module having good quality without changing the constitution of the solar battery module.
The method involves injecting 80-99.9wt% of fireproof heat resistant material and 0.1-20wt% of ceramic fibre between a thermoelement (1) and an imbedded material (3). The imbedded material for fixing the thermoelement is either heat resistant board, brick or metal.    The ceramic fibre acts as a packing cum fixing agent. On solidifying the fireproof heat resistant material and ceramic fibre fixes the thermoelement onto imbedded material.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids damage to thermoelement by different heat expansion rate.
The tile (10) has a recess (13) at its centre section, over which a solar battery (16) is fixed. A groove (14) is provided at the top circumference (12a) which is orthogonal with the tapering direction of a lower tile (11). A connection cord (16a) of battery passes through the inner side of the groove.    A water proof rib (15) is installed along the circumference of the lower tile.    ADVANTAGE -   Performs simple wiring. Offers water proof tiling. Avoids leakage of rain water.
The method involves filling an open die with a reinforced cement composition. The reinforced cement composition is made by preparing aqueous solution of water soluable polymer substance and then mixing a mineral filler. Then, reinforced fibre is added to the mixture and subsequently cement is added.    After filling the die with the cement mixture, a recess (11) is formed on the surface by dehydration and press moulding. Then, the surface and sides of tile is coated with a coating material. Then an isomorphic solar battery is inserted into the recess formed on tile.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies manufacturing process thereby reducing time required for manufacture. Eliminates need for change in exterior design of tile.
The module accommodates several solar battery elements (1), that are electrically connected in series by a connection member (4). A portion of the connection member exposed to the light incidence surface, is adhered with a colouring layer (4B).    The colouring layer is hydrophobic in nature. An electrically conductive cementing layer (4C) is adhered to the portion of the connection member. The connection member is in connection with the solar battery elements.    USE -   For use in electrical generation facilities in home.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies manufacture of connection object. Improves productivity. Improves external appearance of solar battery module.
Production comprises: (a) applying ion implantation to the major surface of a silicon substrate; (b) adhering a second substrate to at least part of the silicon substrate; (c) applying heat treatment to a constituent comprising the silicon substrate and the second substrate; and (d) forming a thin film of a silicon crystal having a thickness of 7 m or more on the second substrate by separation from the silicon substrate.    ADVANTAGE -   The process easily yields a thin film of a silicon crystal having a thickness of 7 m or more, preferably ca. 10 m, and a thin film of a polycrystal having a large particle diameter of several cm. The thin film of the silicon crystal has no decrease in efficiency, exerting photoelectric conversion equivalent to that of a solar battery of single crystal of silicon having a thickness of several 100 m. Remaining ingot or wafer is repeatedly used. Sixty solar batteries of the single crystal of silicon having a thickness of 10 m are available from one 6-inch wafer of the silicon single crystal.
The battery has a photosensitiser. The photosensitiser is selected from a polyhalogenide complexity, preferably having polyiodide. The photoelectric conversion efficiency is increased.    ADVANTAGE -   Excels in endurance. Offers good photoelectric conversion efficiency. Simplifies manufacture.
The method involves positioning a deposition source board (8) and a glass substrate (12) in a belljar (6) of a vacuum tank (1), opposite to each other. A temperature control plate (16) is positioned around the board, in which a heater for source board and a substrate heater holder (10) are positioned at two openings. An external heater (18) is positioned around the temperature control plate, for maintaining the temperature of the belljar between 180-300degC.    The source board is heated at a temperature of 1000degC for every 10 seconds, so that the deposition material is evaporated from the board. Then, the substrate is maintained at a temperature below 205degC, on which the source material guided through hollow path from the source board is deposited to form the thin film.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves thin film characteristics. Obtains TFT with large ON-OFF current ratio.
A mfg. method for copper phthalocyanine crystals comprises making copper phthalocyanine crystals into fine particles by in-gas evaporation method heating the crystals in a container with the pressure adjusted to a specific level with an inactive gas, treating with benzene by dispersing the fine particles into benzene and removing the benzene from the particles by evaporation.    Also claimed are the obtd. copper phthalocyanine crystals with a strong absorption in the near IR region.    USE -   The copper phthalocyanine crystals are useful as charge generation materials for solar batteries and electrophotographic receptors and also for inks, toners and coatings.    ADVANTAGE -   The copper phthalocyanine crystals have high purity and absorb light in the near IR region effectively. The mfg. method is simple and economical.
The structure includes panel fixing tools (5,5a) fixed at a predetermined space on a tile roof (2), so that a solar panel (W) on a fixed frame (9) is fixed on a rafter (4,4a). Bearing bars (6,6a) are seperately installed from the panel fixing tool and penetrated into a pottery tile (7) via a through hole (8). The bearing bars are projected upwards into the through holes of the pottery tile.    The solar panel fixed frame (9), on which the solar panel is fixed, is fixed to the projected ends of the bearing bars. Preferably, a sealing material is provided in the gap between the bearing bar and the through hole.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents rupture of pottery file causing water leakage in tile roof. Prevents permeation of rain water in gap between bearing bar and through hole since sealing-material is provided. Bearing bars can be installed regardless of size and shape of pottery tile.
The tile (10) has a solar battery (15) mounted on the recess (13) formed in the center of an under tile (11). A through-hole (14) is connected to the back side of the flow taper of the under tile recess.    Preferably, a ditch is provided and connected to the through-hole.    ADVANTAGE -   Eliminates fault of solar battery and degradation of wiring connection surface due to wetting by ejecting rain water that infiltrated into recess below through-hole.
The tile (10) has a solar battery (14) mounted on the recess (13) formed in the center of an under tile (11). A connection wiring (16) is embedded under the top periphery (12a) of the under tile.    One end of the wiring is extended to the external while the other end is connected to an outlet (17) provided in the inner-side of the top periphery. The plug (18) on the side of the solar battery can be connected to the outlet.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables easy attachment and detachment of solar battery to under tile since solar battery is just plugged-in to outlet of under tile. Reduces cost since replacement of damaged solar battery is simplified.
The tile (10) has a solar battery (12) mounted on the recess (11a) formed at the center of an under tile (11). An L-shaped fittings (13) are fixed in the circumference (11b) of the recess. The solar battery is fixed to the under tile by bending the L-shaped fittings.    Preferably, the fittings are fixed to the under tile using adhesive agent.    ADVANTAGE -   Ensures reliable fixation of solar battery on roofing.
The method involves depositing a thin film of Cu (2) of 1b group and In (3) of III b group on a glass substrate (1) provided with a Mo coating film in a quartz tube (4). The quartz tube is heated externally using heater (5). A gas (8) is flown into the organic substance diethyl selenium (6) containing VI b element maintained at a fixed steam pressure by a thermostat (7) and a Se (C2 H5 )2 is introduced into the quartz tube. A controlled atmosphere (9) is introduced into the quartz tube. The concentration of Se(C2 H5 )2in the quartz tube is controlled by the rate of flow of gas set up using a gas flow amount controller (10). The reaction pressure is controlled by the rate of flow of the controlled atmosphere set up using gas flow amount controller (11).    ADVANTAGE -   Offers efficient transformation of solar battery. Facilitates mass production of chalcopyrite structure semiconductor thin film with controlled homogeneity and forbidden bandwidth by large area.
The float has a hallow-like main body (10) preferably made from a titanium or titanium alloy. A light source (21) is mounted on the top of the float main body. A solar cell (24) is also mounted on the top of the float main body near the light source. A rechargeable battery (22) is placed at the bottom, inside the float main body. The rechargeable battery is connected to the solar cell via a charging-and-discharging controller (23).    The battery supplies electric power and operates the light source through the charging-and-discharging controller. The solar cell charges the battery through the charging-and-discharging controller.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables float to be clearly seen even at night through light source.
The apparatus has a set of vacuum housings, which are supported by stand. A strip-shaped member (201) for forming thin film on its surface, is conveyed to the vacuum housing through a set of conveyors (202, 203) continuously. The strip-shaped member is coupled with the coupling part, during conveyance.    The thin film is formed on the surface of the conveyed strip- shaped member, using CVD process. The stress produced by the strip-shaped member during conveyance, is reduced by arranging a set of contraction-expansion members between the vacuum housing and the coupling part.    ADVANTAGE -   Performs homogenous thin film formation. Improves producitivity. Simplifies maintenance.
Seawater taken into a waterproof and pressure-resistant equipment housing installed on the sea bottom is desalinated and the purified water is used for a hydraulic power generator installed in a vertical shaft under the housing.    ADVANTAGE -   Electric generation without heat source.
The oscillating sluice valve (1) has a plane rectangular surface set facing the oncoming waves. It has a hinge (3) at its base fastened to a concrete block (21). A helical spring (2) causes the surface to return while waiting for the next wave to arrive.    A pump (11,12,13) with buffer springs (8,9) is connected to the slice valve at a sliding hinge (4,5). Transmitting and suction pipes (16,17) with safety valves (14,15) connect with collector pipes (18,19) connecting several generators in parallel.    USE -   Converts wave energy into fluid pressure which may be used in electrical generator, for pumping water or compression of refrigerating gasses.
The island system includes a ringroad around the island with several recharging stations spaced around the ringroad. This enables the recharging of the batteries of electric vehicles, and establishing a secondary electrical grid defining a secondary electrical load, different from the primary electrical load. A distribution system supplies the primary grid during daytime, and the secondary grid at nighttime, and includes a geothermal power plant generating electricity at a constant rate.    The plant separates the geothermal fluid into steam, containing non-condensable gases, and geothermal liquid. A turbine responds to the steam to produce heat depleted steam, and has an associated condenser operating at a pressure greater than atmospheric pressure to vaporise the preheated organic fluid supplied to the condenser, and to condense the steam. There is an organic fluid turbine and a single generator driven by the steam turbine and the organic Rankine cycle turbine. A suitable mechanism supplies the geothermal fluid to a preheater, and the steam condensate, non-condensable gases and the cooled liquid are applied to a re-injection well.    USE -   For producing electrical power.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduced amount of pollution in creating electrical power.
Converter comprises permanent magnets, coils and heat sources in the form of parallel heat tubes. It now has a spherical clapper membrane located symmetrically between the tubes, with the ends of cylindrical permanent magnets fixed to its rigid centre and concentrically enveloping the fixed coils.    Thermo-bimetallic flexible elements are fixed to the free end surfaces of the magnets, one of which is introduced into flexible contact with the closest tube and the other separated from the other tube by a distance equal to the change in membrane flexure during clapping.    USE -   Converter is for direct conversion of thermal energy into electrical energy.
The thermoelectric element contains R2 Fe14 B intermetallic compound in which a part of Fe is substituted by Si, Ge and Co for generating high thermo-electromotive force. Sintered compact of C-axis anisotropy which has R2 Fe14B crystal structure as main phase is also included.    ADVANTAGE -   Obtains high thermo-electromotive force and current value. Does not contain poisonous element. Enables mass production.
The method involves forming a semiconductor joint between a single crystal thin film semiconductor and a microcoulomb silicon film. The thin film semiconductor is formed by vapour deposition. The microcoulomb silicon film is formed by epitaxial growth.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables mass production. Provides battery with favourable characteristics.
The method makes use of a polycrystalline silicon base (101). An epitaxial growth of a single crystal thin semiconductor film is performed on the polycrystalline silicon base. A semiconductor junction is then formed between the polycrystalline silicon base and single crystal thin semiconductor film.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables mass production. Offers good thin film solar battery.
The method involves heating a crystalline semiconductor substrate (101) which has a layer containing catalyst element positioned over its surface. During the first stage of heat treatment, the catalysts move into the defective areas of the semiconductor substrate. The heating is done in an atmosphere containing halogen element. During the second stage of heating the defect is removed and the catalysts are brought out. During the third stage, the oxide films formed on the semiconductor substrate during the second stage is removed by etching. The catalyst concentration in semiconductor substrate is less than or equal to 5 * 1018/cm3 and that of halogen element is 1*1016 - 1 * 1020/cm3.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces manufacturing cost. Provides solar cell with high conversion efficiency. Provides solar cell with small recombination centre.
An electrode layer is etched. A protective member for protecting the electrode layer is connected to the electrode layer by using a resist having adhesion.    Also claimed is the production comprising: (i) etching the electrode layer by using the resist having a thermoplastic property, or a thermosetting property; (ii) heating the resist by using heating means; and (iii) connecting the electrode layer to the protective member by using the resist.    ADVANTAGE -   Heating the resist having the thermoplastic property, or the thermosetting property yields adhesion. The resulting adhesion serves as an adhesive to connect the electrode layer to the protective member. The method requires no peeling the resist and no adhesive film, simplifying the production processes. The use of no adhesive film reduces production costs, and deposits the thin resist on the solar battery module, achieving the thin solar battery module.
The transparent conductive film consists of combined metal oxide of In, Sn, and Zn.    The mixt. of In2O3, SnO2, and ZnO was fired at 1000C, and filled into stainless steel dish to give the sputtering target. The transparent conductive film was formed by sputtering process using this sputtering target.    USE -   The transparent conductive film is used for several displays, solar batteries and energy saving windows.    ADVANTAGE -   The transparent conductive film has high permeability for visible light, and its etching speed can be simply varied by changing its composition.
The method involves setting the rolling rate and velocity of a stainless steel board to 20% or more and more than 400m/min respectively, during finish cold rolling. Then, polishing and final rolling are carried out. Following the atmospheric air annealing, electrolytic pickling of the stainless steel board is performed by immersing it into nitric acid solution. The surface roughness of the board along predetermined rolling direction is in the range of 0.3-1.4micrometers and 0.5-1.7micrometers, respectively.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves photoelectric conversion efficiency.
A metal complex polymer of formula (I) is new. E = Si, Ge or Sn; M = transition metal atom; L = ligand; R = organic gp.; m = 0-3; n = 1-4; x = 1-6; y = 10-100; z = 10 or more; y:z = 0.1:0.9-0.5:0.5.    Preferably in (I), E is Si, M is Ru, L is 2,2'-bipyridine and R is lower alkyl.    USE -   The polymer is suitable as a photoelectric conversion element for a photoconductive element, photodiode, phototransistor, a solar battery, electrophotographic photosensitive material, etc.    ADVANTAGE -   The polymer has optical conductivity to visible lights, film-forming properties and high light resistance.
The wind-turbine can be mounted on an automobile, a train, or an aircraft and extends across the travel direction, with curved turbine blades rotated by the slipstream during the movement of the vehicle.    The height of the wind turbine is selected so that the slipstream acts over half the turbine diameter, the generated electrical energy used by the vehicle for conserving the battery charge.    USE -   For electrical energy generation due to movement of vehicle, such as automobile, trucks, busses, railway vehicles etc.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides electrical energy for vehicle auxiliaries for reducing battery requirement.
The wind energy conversion system has a rotor extending parallel to the roof gable, so that the upper part of the rotor is acted on by the slip stream deflected across the roof surface, for rotation of the rotor blades. The rotor fits into a recess provided in the roof gable and is protected from rain and snow by a cover element acting as a wind deflector (31). The rotor blades may be straight or curved, with their free ends joined together by rings.    USE -   For integration in gable of pitched roof.    ADVANTAGE -   Compact system fitted in roof for providing electrical energy for building.
The self-sufficient energy centre makes use of different primary energy, and energy production conversion, collection, energy carriers and types of energy storage. In addition with day/night also as long term energy storage, as well as at least one zeolite storage combined together in one unit.    The self sufficient energy centre can be accommodated in a transportable manufactured construction. The self sufficient energy centre can be accommodated in an existing house. The transportable manufactured construction can also contain one or more garages. Energy media such as water, rain water, drain water, current, solar heat, gas, heating oil, wind energy can be collected, and also converted mechanically to different types of energy. Also equipment for radio and TV reception and mains connection and satellite dish.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides long term economic and convenient use of energy with self-sufficiency life style, environmentally friendly with facility to expand regarding transport and other facilities.
The buoyancy engine comprises at least two vertical rails (2) fixed on the sea bed and a float (1) which can move up and down between the rails in response to the rest and trough of the sea waves. The float has a vertical shaft (3) on its top which is connected to a reciprocating pump (4) which uses the vertical motion of the shaft to pressurise a fluid which in turn generates power.    The two rails are preferably fixed on the sea bed close to the place where the sea waves start. A shield is provided on the rails at a predetermined height facing the incoming waves when the rails are fixed near the sea shore.    USE -   For converting sea water to desalinated water.    ADVANTAGE -   Uses force of buoyancy experienced by float, in conjunction with periodic rise and fall of sea waves to produce energy.
The solar battery has a condensing system (1) provided with a curved surface (1a) that reflects and condenses incident light to a predetermined part. A first solar battery group is arranged on the curved surface of the condensing system. A second solar battery group is arranged on the predetermined part.    The optical absorption wavelengths of the first and second solar battery groups are different from each other.    ADVANTAGE -   Does not need component for expensive tandem die. Covers large spectral range and enables effective conversion of solar light energy to electrical energy.
The method involves forming a porous layer (12) on the surface of a semiconductor base (11). A semiconductor film (13) which comprises the barrier layer of solar battery, is formed on the porous layer surface.    Then, the semiconductor film is peeled off from the porous layer. The remnant semiconductor film on the surface of the porous layer is removed by etching process.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves efficiency of solar battery. Shortens energy recovery period of battery. Offers reliable solar battery which is thin and excels in crystallinity.
The method involves forming a first layer (2) containing refractory metal, boron nitride, aluminium nitride, beryllium oxide and silicon carbide on a glass substrate (1). A second layer (4) which consists of chalcopyrite semiconductor film is formed on the first layer.    A third layer (3) containing same elements as those contained in first layer is formed on the second layer. Then, the glass substrate is partially heated by a thermal treatment equipment (10).    ADVANTAGE -   Manufactures thin film solar battery of high efficiency. Prevents layers from being peeled off from glass substrate.
The apparatus fixes a solar battery (20) functioning as power supply to a dome shaped illumination unit (1) via a support member (22) and an attachment member (24) of an external frame member (9b). Several prisms arranged at regular intervals in a sheet of the illumination unit are controlled by a drive unit so that their rotation angle is adjusted corresponding to the solar ray position.    A control unit which controls the drive unit and the prisms are encovered by the dome like structure of the illumination unit. The solar battery drives both the drive unit and control unit. The solar battery is inclined at a predetermined angle to enable proper projection of solar light. The bearing direction is adjusted arbitrarily.    ADVANTAGE -   Supports solar battery strongly. Reduces noise level considerably.
The structure includes a coupling discarded board (1). A cover (2) comprising several solar batteries (22) arranged on its surface (21) is coupled with the coupling discarded board, along the solar light progressing direction. Eaves edges (13) are formed on one ridge side of the board.    Ridge edges (12) with water expelling part (121), are formed along the other ridge side of the board. A groove (14) for wiring is formed at the centre, along the width direction of the board, to accommodate a connection cable (221) of the solar batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   Performs wiring of solar batteries at groove, easily and simply. Improves workability and capability. Offers superior outer cladding structure.
The solar battery includes an optical absorption layer of p-type first semiconductor (2), an interface layer of second semiconductor (3), a window layer of n-type third semiconductor (4) and a transparent electrical conduction layer (5) which are sequentially laminated on a metallic substrate (1). The relationship, (PHI)1&gt;(PHI)2&gt;(PHI)3 and Eg1 &lt;Eg2 &lt;Eg3 are fulfilled, where (PHI)1, (PHI)2 and (PHI)3 are the work functions of the optical absorption, interface and window layers and Eg1,Eg2 and Eg3 are the band gap energies of those layers respectively. The electron affinities [1(chi),2(chi),3(chi)] of the optical absorption, interface and window layers are set to be equal.    ADVANTAGE -   Exhibits high energy conversion efficiency.
The manufacture of a thin film semiconductor device configured to form the thin-film semiconductor device on a first substrate and transfer the thin-film semiconductor device from the first substrate to a second substrate, comprises (i) forming a porous layer containing a separation layer on the first substrate; (ii) forming the thin-film semiconductor device on the porous layer; and (iii) after bonding the second substrate different from the first substrate in contraction coefficient by cooling onto the thin film semiconductor device, cooling the product by cooling unit to produce a shear stress in the separation layer in the porous layer and to separate the thin film semiconductor device from the first substrate along the separation layer.    Also claimed are (1) the apparatus for manufacturing a thin-film semiconductor device configured to transfer the thin-film semiconductor device formed on a first substrate onto a second substrate different from the second coefficient by cooling; and (2) a thin film semiconductor device.    USE -   The method is especially used in the production of solar cells (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   The thin-film semiconductor device is readily separated and transferred from one substrate to another. Problems of separation during the semiconductor device being made are avoided. Large area thin-film semiconductor devices are formed. Quality is improved at reduced cost. Flexibility, miniaturisation etc. are possible. The solar cell formed can be see-through.
An apparatus for applying components of source materials (405) to spatially addressable predefined locations on a substrate (410) has an assembly (415) to apply a spatially varying potential across the substrate to cause the components to deposit at the desired locations.    Also claimed are: (1) the method of applying the components to the substrate using the apparatus; (2) a material having a desired property prepared by depositing at least ten components using the apparatus, screening the array of resulting materials for the desired property, and determining which of the screened materials has the desired property; and (3) the apparatus for screening the materials comprising electrodes corresponding to the predefined locations for testing the materials for their specific characteristics.    USE -   For parallel deposition, screening and synthesis of an array of diverse materials at known locations on a single substrate surface, especially for the discovery and optimisation of materials such as superconductors, zeolites, magnetic materials, phosphors, nonlinear optical materials, thermoelectric materials, high and low dielectric materials, etc.    ADVANTAGE -   Arrays of materials can be efficiently formed with varying chemical composition, concentration, stoichiometry and thickness at known locations. The composition, structure and reaction pathways for the synthesis of solid state compounds can be determined with certainty.
A substrate for use in the manufacture of photovoltaic cell arrays comprises; (a) conductive substrate portions (23) joined to non-conductive substrate portions (25); (b) a photovoltaic cell (10) comprising a photovoltaic junction (11) supported on a metal foil base (12) connected to the electrically conductive portions of the substrate where part of the electrically conductive substrate and part of the electrically conductive surface of the cell are exposed. Also claimed is a method of assembling a photovoltaic cell array by manufacturing a roll of cells on a metal based foil, each cell being longer than it is wide, manufacturing a substrate as described above and joining the roll of cells to the substrate along the terminal carrying edges of each cell, and leaving a portion of the electrically conductive regions on the substrate exposed. The joining process electrically connects the cell terminals on the bottom surface of the cells to the conductive regions on the surface of t he substrate.    Preferably the metal coating on the substrate is produced by electrodeposition.    USE -   The substrate is used to manufacture large, series connected photovoltaic cell arrays that are used for electrical power generation.    ADVANTAGE -   The use of a metal backed cell roll allows high temperature processing of the cells thus improving the conversion efficiency of amorphous cells. The cells can then be separated and bonded to the substrate which already has the cell interconnections on it making array fabrication easier and cheaper. No metal removal steps during array fabrication are needed thus removing the need to dispose of waste material. The roll of cells and substrate may be automatically bonded together in a continuous process to produce large arrays.
The method involves coating internal wiring (3) of a solar battery module by a pair of protective films (41,42). A terminal fitting (5) is interposed between the internal wiring and an external lead (6). Coating sheets (81,82) cover the protective film and covers external lead with the help of silicone adhesive agents(7,9).    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies installation work of solar battery module. Eliminates penetration of external moisture. Improves operability and weather resistance.
The solar battery has a vacuous growth chamber (2), inside which a substrate holder (1) is arranged. Multiple raw material cells (21-25), each provided with a shutter (11-15) are arranged at the opening of the chamber. A substrate on the substrate holder is heated by evaporation and sublimation separately.    A p type-n type chalcopyrite thin films are formed on the heated substrate by opening and closing the shutters to promote the supply of the raw material element from the raw material cells. A homo pn junction is then formed on the substrate.    ADVANTAGE -   Increases photoelectric conversion effect. Reduces defect by upgrading.
The method involves supplying Ib group element, third group element and VIb group element on a substrate. Then Ia group element is supplied. Again III-Ib group element are supplied with III group element to Ib group element ratio smaller than the previous process thereby forming an optical absorption layer on the substrate.    ADVANTAGE -   Obtains high energy conversion efficiency.
The method involves forming a transparent electrically conducting film on a transparent base (1). A carbon group thin film with thickness less than 3nm is formed on the transparent electrically conducting film. Then, a first doped semiconductor thin film and a first intrinsic semiconductor thin film are formed on the carbon group thin film. A second doped semiconductor thin film having pole opposite to the first doped semiconductor thin film and a reflective electrically conducting film are sequentially laminated on the first internsic semiconductor thin film.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves transmittance rate and reliability of device. Improves conversion efficiency of solar battery. Improves electricity generation capacity.
The device has a reservoir container (2) embedded in an installation surface (Aa) of a road (A). The reservoir container is provided with a moving object (4) and a sliding object (5). The reservoir container encloses a reservoir chamber (3) divided into two reservoir areas. The reservoir chamber has a supply port (2b) and an outlet (2a) which are connected by a liquid circuit. According to the load of a motor vehicle (B), a pressure is applied on the moving object.    The fall operation of the sliding object applies a pressure on liquid (L) due to which it is forcibly circulated in a liquid circuit (6). Due to the circulation of the liquid, transfer pressure causes generation of electricity, supplied to a piezoelectric machine (7) by a storage battery (8). A series of piezoelectric machines are installed on the installation space on a road.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents atmospheric pollution. Enables stable electric power supply. Enables simple installation. Reduces installation space.
The module includes planar main body (1) which is mounted to a tile-shaped external frame (2). The main body is attached to a wound operation area of the frame which has two divisions including an intermediate frame extending along the flow direction.    The light reception surface of the main body contacts the V- shaped cross-sectional part of the frame. A step part is provided in the overlapping area surface along the flow direction.    ADVANTAGE -   Corresponds to various tile shapes flexibly. Improves utilization efficiency and reliability.
In an organic electroluminescent (EL) device forming a luminescent layer or multilayers containing a luminescent layer of an organic compound thin film(s) between a pair of electrodes, the improvement which comprises that the luminescent layer is a layer containing a luminescent material of formula (I).    A1-A4=optionally substituted 6-16C aryl; R1-R8=H, halogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkoxy, optionally substituted aryl or optionally substituted amino with two of neighbouring R1-R8 optionally fusing with each other to form a new 6-membered aryl ring.    USE -   The organic EL devices are useful for flat panel displays such as wall TV sets, surface illuminants as light sources for copying machines and printers, light sources for liq. crystal displays and measuring instruments, indicator panels and pilot lamps. The luminescent material is also useful for electrophotographic receptors, photoelectric conversion devices, solar batteries and image sensors.    ADVANTAGE -   The organic EL devices have high luminance, high luminescent efficacy, little luminescent deterioration and thus high reliability and a long life.
The element includes first ceramic crystalline particle comprising multiple oxide. Second ceramic particle comprising multiple oxide of different composition that of first ceramic particle, is arranged one above the other such that predefined epitaxy relation is maintained.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies manufacture of ceramic element.
A solar module (100), for mounting on a house roof, has a trough-like support (10) dimensioned for insertion in a water channel of a roof tile.    Also claimed is a combination of a solar module and a roof tile, in which the solar module is as described above.    Preferably, the support (10) is formed of thin extruded or rolled, tin-clad, lead-containing base material sheets or plates which are intimately joined together by plastic deformation, intercrystalline fracture during deformation being prevented by using, as the lead-containing base material, a tin-containing lead alloy of composition 0.15-0.85% Sn, 0.05-0.15% Sb, 0.03-0.06% Cu, 0.01-0.10% Bi, 0.10% other additions and balance Pb.    ADVANTAGE -   The solar module can be easily, rapidly and inexpensively mounted on an existing roof, without roof conversion and irrespective of the type of tiles present.
Near the focal plane of the position detecting collector lens (40) is fitted a position detecting sensor (42) on the lens peripheral surface. An electricity generating collector lens (10) is flat and made of resin. Near this collector lens focal plane is located a solar cell (12).    A drive (18-24) actuates the electricity generating collector lens and the solar cell as a unit, reacting to a signal from the position detecting sensor to align the electricity generating collector lens onto the sun. Preferably this collector lens is of Fresnel type with a linear focal plane.    USE -   For effective solar rays focussing.    ADVANTAGE -   Simple design, facility for precise sun following, and effective electricity generation.
The surface of the solar light reception section carries a P+ or N+-diffusion layer with an impurity concentration in the order of 10 to 100 times larger than that of the used silicon substrate.    Preferably on the surface of the solar light reception section is formed a structure of pyramidal uneven surface. The diffusion layer is linear or punctiform, and a dam section for reinforcing is formed round the light reception section, which may carry the diffusion layer.    USE -   For solar energy generating system.    ADVANTAGE -   Increase photoelectric efficiency due to prevention of carrier recombination.
The component Si support (10) has a front, light reception face (24) and a rear face with electrodes, with the light reception face carrying one or two or more protruding sections (26), each of pyramid- or frusto-pyramidal shape.    Preferably one side of the pyramid bottom region has a length of 1/100 to 1/10 of the collector lens diameter. Typically there is one protruding section in the middle of the light reception face, whose bottom region is 1/5 to 1/20 of the light reception face region. Alternatively there are two or more protruding sections located round central section of the light reception face.    USE -   For solar cell energy generating system.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevention excessive light concentration at one point without reduced focussing.
A method of manufacturing a photovoltaic module comprises placing some ionomer strips on a surface of a sheet of glass, having two flat opposite surfaces, ionomer strips, two sheets of ionomer, and U-shaped thermoplastic channel members, along and adjacent the edges of it. One ionomer sheet is then placed in overlying relation with another surface of the sheet of glass. String(s) of electrically interconnected photovoltaic cells, each having a front light receiving surface and a rear surface with the two electrical contacts attached to the front and rear surfaces, are placed in overlying relation with the ionomer sheet. The string(s) of cells are then covered with another ionomer sheet.    Another sheet of glass is placed in overlying relation with the second ionomer sheet so that its surface engages with the second ionomer sheet. Other strips are then placed on the second surface of the second sheet of glass along and adjacent the edges of it. U-shaped thermoplastic channel members are positioned so that they overlap the ionomer strips and the two sheets of glass. The obtained assembly of cells, sheets, strips, and channels are then heated under vacuum and pressure to cause the ionomer strips to soften enough to wet the glass sheets and the U-shaped thermoplastic channel members. The two ionomer sheets are further caused to soften enough to encapsulate the cells. The assembly is then cooled to cause the ionomer sheets and strips to bond to the two glass sheets, the cells, and the U-shaped channel members.    Also claimed is a photovoltaic module.    USE -   Used for a photovoltaic module (claimed), for solar cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The modules exhibit a long working lifetime and a minimum loss of power output, with improved sealing means, reduced overall weight, reduced cost, and consistent, reliable and high output.
The solar battery module has multiple solar battery units (1u) each equipped with an optoelectric transducer which is arranged on a flexible substrate. A cementing layer encloses the optoelectric transducer.    The exposed part of the cementing layer is sealed with a moistureproof film (4) by a sealing member (51). The solar battery units are connected through a wiring (2).    ADVANTAGE -   Offers long term reliability. Provides moistureproof structure.
The method involves forming a n-type GaAs layer (11) and a p-type GaAs layer (13) sequentially on the surface other than the surface (100) of a single crystal n+ type GaAs substrate (11). A transparent layer (14) is formed on the p-type GaAs layer by the crystal growth process. The upper surfaces of the transparent and the p-type GaAs layer is made then uneven.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves efficiency and product yield.
The method involves forming a transparent electrically conducting oxide film (21) on a transparent insulated substrate (1). The upper surface of the oxide film is exposed to the oxygen plasma. A semiconductor thin film (22) and an electrode (24) are deposited on the oxide film after appropriate time.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves transmittance. Improves short circuit photoelectric current and conversion efficiency.
The solar battery has a silicon substrate, on light receiving surface of which first titanium oxide film (2) is formed, doped with impurities selectively. A second titanium oxide film (3) is formed on the entire light receiving surface of the substrate. The impurity concentration in the first oxide film is made greater than that in the second oxide film.    A light receiving surface electrode (8) is provided in the portion of the first titanium oxide film. A back side electrode (6) is formed on the lower surface of the substrate. A pair of impurity diffusion layers (4,5) is provided in the upper surface of the substrate.    ADVANTAGE -   Does not reduce curved factor. Improves short wavelength sensitivity. Reduces surface reflex of light receiving surface.
The battery (S) has a transparent insulated substrate (1), on whose lower surface, a transparent electrically conducting film (2) is formed. The exposed surface of the transparent conducting film is made uneven to scatter the incident light. A semiconductor layer (3) comprising P,I,N layers (4-6) is formed on the lower surface of the electrically conducting film.    The upper surface (6b) of the N layer is made uneven, so that the pitch elevation difference of roughness is made different with that of the lower surface (6a). A set of first electrodes (7) of transparent electrically conducting film and a second electrode (8) of metal thin film are formed on the exposed surface of the semiconductor layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves photoelectric conversion efficiency. Increases optical absorption. Improves closing-light effect.
The module has several solar battery unit cells. The cells are connected together in series. Several solar battery unit cells of triangular and quadrilateral shape are connected together to form a joint structure of right angled triangular shape.    USE -   Examples are single crystal, polycrystal and non-crystal silicon solar battery module    ADVANTAGE -   Corresponds to various roof shapes such as triangular and trapezoidal shapes. Enables to use solar light effectively.
The method involves roughening the surface of a pair of sealing films (41,42) by a roughening apparatus (100). Then, the pair of sealing films and a pair of mold release characteristic type support films (61,62) are heat bonded to a base film.    Several solar battery units (1u) which includes opto-electric transducer, is formed on the base film. A pair of wiring members (2,3) is also fixed on the sealing films to form a multilayered solar battery module (M). The solar battery module is then rolled.    ADVANTAGE -   Eliminates need for process monitor. Eliminates dispersion in sealing of solar battery module. Performs de- airing of residual air from sealing film by decompression, quickly.
The film is made up of material with composition which includes a complex salt of first group element. The composition is given as [Cu2(SzSe1-z)]x[(In1-yGay)2(SzSe1-z)3]1-x. The values of x, y and z are given as 0.16 x 0.34, 0.05 y 0.55 and 0 z 1.0, respectively.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves conversion efficiency of solar battery.
The electrolyte pipe has a mounting flange part on its periphery. The flange part has a predetermined composition comprising one or more oxide components. Each component is separated mutually by arranging an inclination material whose shape varies continuously towards the periphery of flange part along diameter direction.    ADVANTAGE -   Excels in mechanical, electrical and corrosion resistance properties.
The equipment has a heat-decomposition reactor (2) in which wastes (a) are inserted, heated and decomposed below atmospheric pressure. A carbonisation gas (G1) and the heat-decomposition residue, which mainly consists of non-volatile components, are generated by the heat decomposition. The carbonisation gas and heat-decomposition residue are separated through a discharging apparatus (9).    After supplying and cooling the heat-decomposition residue in a cooling system (13) via a first seal mechanism (14), a separator (17) for the inflammable component (d1) and non-flammable component (e) supplies the separate components via a second seal mechanism (16). The carbonisation gas and inflammable component are then supplied into a combustor (11) for combustion process.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents oxidation of heat-decomposition residue without using special inert gas. Reduces construction and operation costs due to simplified structure. Prevents environmental deterioration caused by effusion of inert gas.
The separator (9) is provided for the inflammable component and non-flammable component of a cooled heat-decomposition residue (c). The heat-decomposition residue is ejected and separated from a carbonisation gas from a heat-decomposition reactor by a discharging apparatus.    A grinder crushes the inflammable component. The crushed inflammable component and the carbonisation gas are then supplied into a combustor. The separator has a first splitter (12) and a second splitter (13) that separate the linear object and large particles of the heat-decomposition residue, respectively.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents reduction in separation efficiency due to clogging in second splitter.
The method involves heating and decomposing crushed wastes using a heat-decomposition reactor which generates a carbonisation gas and heat-decomposition residue (c) mainly consisting of non-volatile components. A discharging apparatus separates the carbonisation gas from the heat-decomposition residue. After cooling the heat-decomposition residue ejected from the discharging apparatus, a separator (9) for inflammable component and non-flammable component processes the heat-decomposition residue.    A grinder crushes the inflammable component which is supplied into a combustor with the carbonisation gas. After separating and removing the first non-flammable component (e1), which is part iron, from the ejected heat-decomposition residue in predetermined partition, a nonferrous-metallic component (e2) and the second non-flammable component (e3) are then separated.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents reduction in separation efficiency and prevents meshing of separated components of heat-decomposition residue. Reduces construction cost due to reduced size of separator.
The furnace (7) ejects the ashes generated by the combustion process of the cracked gas and separated inflammable component of the heat-decomposition residue (c) as a molten slag. The cracked gas is generated during the heat decomposition of the wastes (a) inserted in a heat-decomposition reactor (1).    The furnace has a main body consisting of internal wall made of refractory material. An air-cooling wall is formed in several air passageways and arranged in contact to the periphery of the internal wall. A casing covers the heat insulating material surrounding the air-cooling wall.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces running and maintenance costs since person with special skill for operation of waste treatment equipment is not needed. Improves internal wall endurance since internal wall is cooled uniformly by air flowing through each air passageway.
Generator has a moving element (3) made as a cylindrical float with annular ferromagnetic linings (4) located at a constant pitch along the float lengthwise axis. Stator (1) is made in the form of an annular closed reservoir with float (3) in axial aperture (2). Spherical flapping membranes (8) are located inside the reservoir close to the walls of the aperture (2) in the axial and circular directions at an angle of 45 degrees to the reservoir generatrix. Permanent magnet (9) is fixed in the centre of each membrane and is concentrically enveloped by fixed winding (10).    ADVANTAGE -   Improved efficiency.
The structure includes a connection part (10) which attaches a back up material (5) on the back surface of a face panel (1) at either sides. The cell part (7) of the solar battery is formed on the surface board part (13) of the face panel and a cord (1a) with a connector (1b) is attached at one end extended from back side of surface board part.    A groove part (51) which accommodates the cord is formed on the surface of the back up material. A back up material for bonds is interposed between the adjacent solar batteries and the connector connects with adjacent solar batteries on either side.    ADVANTAGE -   Eliminates gap required for inserting cord and connector, simplifies work by avoiding complex techniques, prevents formation of pits on roof material.
The battery includes a solar panel which has a waterproof facility materials of roof by using tile, slate or iron board. The solar battery (8) installed on a roof. The battery part (9) placed on an upper surface of the roof.    The characteristics of a main body are lightening decreases, waterproof packaging secures and installation expenses of the solar battery reduces.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables to use economically by electric peak cut of electric-power company.
A solar cell module is claimed comprising a photovoltaic element covered by at least a sealant resin and a surface protecting film, where the oxygen permeability of the surface protecting film is 1-50 cc/m2.24 hr.atm at 25C/90% RH. Also claimed is a solar cell module comprising a photovoltaic element covered by at least a sealant resin and a surface protecting film, where oxygen is made to permeate the surface protecting film to reach the sealant resin, thereby dissolving yellowing of the sealant resin. Also claimed is a building material comprising a photovoltaic element covered by at least a sealant resin and a surface protective film as above and fixed to a module backing. Also claimed is an electric power generation system comprising a solar cell module as above, and a power converting device connected to the solar cell module. Also claimed is an air circulating system comprising a roofing material comprising a photovoltaic element covered by at least a sealant resin and a surface protecting film as above and fixed to a module backing, the roofing material being fixed with a space to a roof underlayment, where air is introduced into the space and is guided through the space to be discharged outdoors or to be taken indoors.    ADVANTAGE -   This solar cell module has high reliability free of deterioration of the sealant resin in outdoor exposure use for long periods, especially free of yellowing.
The converter has heaters in the zone of evaporation, and the working medium comprises a solution of lithium in caesium, with a concentration of 0.2-0.95, where the limiting solubility of lithium occurs at the maximum value of the operating temperature    USE -   The converter is used for conversion of heat to electrical power in current generating devices    ADVANTAGE -   The use of caesium in a lithium solvent allows continuous separation of oxygen from the working medium, and ensures stable operation and reproducible characteristics
Testing procedure involves measurement of the reactor neutron energy, measurement of the cesium vapour pressure in the inter-electrode gaps, checking of the collector temp and measurement of the generating set electric parameters. The thermal power of the set is evaluated by comparing the electric parameter measured with the analogous electric parameter calculated for different cesium pressures and the collector temps. The electromotive force of the volt-ampere characteristic of the generating set under tests is selected as the electric parameter. After setting of the loop channel and the generating set in the research type nuclear reactor the thermal power is increased in steps. After de-gassing cesium vapour is fed to the inter- electrode gaps at the pressure close to the working level. The electric generating set begins to generate electric energy and the voltage and current of the process is measured.    USE -   in conversion of thermal energy into electric energy.    ADVANTAGE -   thermal power can be determined at low current densities.
A narrowing channel is formed behind the fixed ramp (1) and is divided into two sleeves by a longitudinal baffle (13). The sleeves contains turbines (8,9), connected to a common electricity generator (11). The wave breaker body is provided with a sloping channel and an air pipeline located parallel to the latter, and their lower ends are connected to the inlet section one of the sleeves and the upper ends are connected to the pneumatic converter.    A valve is located in the channel in front of the longitudinal baffle, made as a slide valve (12). A float valve (26) is located at the inlet to the air pipeline (27). A bypass device is located in the lower part of the sloping channel, ensuring covering of the inlet to the sleeve. A slide valve with a floating turning mechanism, is located at the inlet to the other sleeve.    USE -   For shore protection and wave power conversion to electric power.    ADVANTAGE -   Protection and power conversion efficiency are increased.
The process involves forming a mask pattern on surface of a silicon wafer (1) other than that at the portion (4) where processing is to be performed. An etching gas is supplied to the exposed part of silicon wafer surface. A chemical reaction is carried out between the etching gas and silicon, thereby performing volatile removal of silicon from exposed part of silicon wafer. The mask pattern is finally removed.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies processing. Excels in mass production. Prevents deterioration of periphery of processing part. Prevents re-adhesion of removed silicon. Prevents crack generation in silicon wafer, by mechanical impact.
The method involves mixing a first material (Q1) comprising precursor (P) to form an additive agent (B) of predetermined composition. The additive agent is then applied on a base material (A) with an isotropic shape. The crystal plane of the additive agent is oriented w.r.t. that of the base material.    USE -   Used for e.g. dielectric material, pyroelectric material, piezoelectric material, wear-resistant material, ion/electron conductive material, ferroelectric material and thermoelectric material.    ADVANTAGE -   Production is simplified.
The apparatus has a diffusion board (100) which guides laser beam (5) from a pulse laser (1), towards a work table (12) through a laser propagation path. A relay lens group comprising pair of image formation lens (101,103) condense diffuse light on the surface of workpiece (11). A slit (102) for shaping laser beam, is installed in the relay lens group.    ADVANTAGE -   Ensures satisfactory shaping of laser beam. Improves laser etch processing efficiency of metal electrode.
The method involves inserting and sealing a solar battery unit which includes an opto-electric transducer (1c), formed on a flexible substrate, between the sealing films (4), using a main wiring (2). The mutual end faces of adjacent solar battery modules (M1,M2) are aligned and bonded with an adhesive agent (6).    ADVANTAGE -   Improves connection strength. Raises effective area of light reception. Reduces penetration of moisture.
The power generator has a photo-electric converter (1), which is constituted by a lens board comprising several integrally arranged lenses (11), for condensing light sequentially, from the incidence side. A spacer (12), which has a shape same as that of lens board, is connected with the lens board.    A wiring board (31), on which a solar battery cell (21) is mounted and connected electrically through a wiring, is attached to the spacer. The connection area of the wiring board and the spacer, is same or less than that of the lens board and the spacer.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents optical loss. Simplifies structure and assembly.
The array consists of a number of solar battery module (1- 1, 1-n) which are fixed by a solar battery frame made of a die- iron. A movable part and a preset part are provided in the solar battery frame for fixing the module.    A foundation solar battery frame is attached to the roof of a building through a foundation (4). The installation angle of module is directly varied based on natural energy e.g. wind.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents size increase more than required.
The module includes a photoelectric semiconductor layer formed on an electrically conductive base (204). A transparent electrically conductive film (202) is formed on the semiconductor layer. A number of collector electrodes (201) are provided in series on the transparent conductive film, to form a solar battery cell. A connecting member (203) is interposed, between the collector electrodes of one solar cell and the electrically conductive base of the other solar cell.    The connecting member is comprised of a metal layer (203a), a pair of insulating adhesive agents (203c) and an electroconductive glue (203b) connected between the metal layer and the adhesive agent. The collector electrode of one solar cell contacts the electroconductive glue of the connecting member, such that the solar battery cell adjoining the insulated adhesive agent are isolated mutually. The electrically conductive base of the adjoining solar battery cell contacts the electroconductive glue of the connecting member.    ADVANTAGE -   Replaces bus bar connection. Reduces man-day. Increases productivity, reliability, exterior property and industrial utilisation value.
The method involves arranging a semiconductor material (4) and a substrate (5) on both sides of a clearance. A semiconductor thin film is formed by heating the semiconductor material to a high temperature of above 100degC/part.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves conversion efficiency of battery.
The transducer has a junction forming layer (21) formed on a semiconductor substrate (11). A separating groove (31) of predetermined depth is provided in the semiconductor area, from the surface of the junction forming layer. The junction forming layer is divided into an effective area (21a) and an invalid area (21b).    A groove (32) for a first electrode formation is formed at the invalid area of the junction forming layer upto predetermined position of the semiconductor substrate. A first conductive electrode (41) is electrically formed through the groove. A second electrode (42) is formed over the surface of the effective area of the junction forming layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves production efficiency. Simplifies lamination of junction forming layer.
The hydro-jet power unit operates by aerating water in a main column continuously, resulting in an inrush of water (A) at the bottom of the main column, which after passing the impeller, is aerated. The aerated water at the top of the column is rotated by a vane which separates air from water. The water passes through the impeller and discharges onto the surface of the water. The air which was injected into the water at the foot of the column to aerate the water, rises until it is separated by the vortex effect of the rotating vane and into the atmosphere.    The power unit works on the principle that the column of aerated water (H) becomes unstable, causing an inrush of water. It is necessary to fill the body of the column with many pipes about 200 mm in diameter, to avoid separation of air and water. By continuously aerating the water there is a constant inrush of water, which is used to drive turbine impellers (D,K) on a vertical shaft, which drives a generator (P).
The plant has the fluid of a solar plant coupled to its coolant using heat exchangers. The suction gas of the heat pump plant in front of the entry to the compressor is directed through a heat exchanger.    The fluid in the solar plant in the return to the collector is also directed through a heat exchanger.    ADVANTAGE -   Energy of solar fluid is used directly to preheat suction gas of heat pump plant.
A conical nozzle (8) is set at the required angle according to the melting temperature of the plasma-forming material in a body (1) and a pressure of 6.65 x 10 power -3 Pa is formed in the body using a turbo-molecular pump (26). A transformer (20) is connected and a cathode (2) is heated to 1500-1600 deg.C and emits electrons, while the corresponding voltages are passed to a pre-cathode electrode (3), an anode (4) and a magnetic lens (6). High-speed elements of an electron beam (28) pass on to a substrate (15) in a crucible (16) and is ionised and secondary and reflected electrons in a vapour mass with finely-dispersed particles (29) tend to a screen, forming bunches (30) of low temperature plasma with channels (31) necessary for passage of the electron beam.    The electrons are deposited on collectors (14) and the ions on a cone (13), forming part of the screen, during simultaneous introduction of an ionisation flow from a source (19) if required. A high potential difference is formed between the collectors during rotation of the particle flow and is determined by the mass difference of electrons and ions. An electrical energy user (25) is connected to the device and the transformer is disconnected from the external power source, allowing the device to operate on its own power. The plasma bunches are constantly filled with plasma generated by the electron beam and the electrons and ions are separated by the centrifugal force formed during rotation. An internal partition can be placed on cone (13) to create localised rotation of the vapour-gas flow.    USE -   Generation of electrical energy using plasma processes    ADVANTAGE -   Simplified manufacture of device and reliable operation for obtaining cheap electrical power while observing ecological issues.
The optical device comprising a hollow body formed with an input aperture of first cross sectional area and connectable to light source, and having an output aperture of second cross sectional area different from the first area for delivery of light, and    wall connecting the input and output apertures, having smaller and larger cross-sectional areas. The wall consists of contiguous elongated prisms facing the hollow of the body and of a transparent dielectric material extending between the apertures and defining internal reflection paths along a cross section of the material between the apertures, enabling single-reflection transmission of light from the inlet to the outlet aperture within the wall.    The light flux is greater at the smaller of the cross sectional areas than at the larger cross sectional area. Each of the prisms has a base flank defines a surface of the hollow body bounding an interior space, and a pair of flanks including angles of 45 with the base flank and 90 with one another. The input aperture is the larger of the cross sectional areas and has a small acceptance angle. The output aperture has a large emission angle, and the device is an optical concentrator. The input aperture is the smaller of the cross sectional areas and has a large acceptance angle and the output aperture body has a closed periphery around an axis connecting the input aperture with the output aperture.    USE -   As optical connector or in like management system or simply as concentrator or even as spotlight.    ADVANTAGE -   Rectifies cost problem associated with high quality reflectors and solid dielectric concentrators by using refractive reflector.
A wave-powered generator consists of two or more floats (4), a pto shaft (12) and a reciprocating to rotary motion converter mechanism in the form of a ratchet wheel on the pto shaft and rockers (5) with springloaded teeth (9) to engage with the ratchet wheel.    Each rocker is attached to one of the floats, which is fixed in turn to a lever (6) allowing the float to move up and down freely on the wavy water surface. The teeth (9) on the facing surfaces of the rockers face in opposite directions, so that as the rockers move up and down with the floats the shaft is rotated constantly in one direction.    ADVANTAGE -   Simple in design, reliable in operation and convenient in use.
The saw has several wires (4) which are used to cut a semiconductor ingot block (1), simultaneously. A wire guide (3) is used to operate the wires.    The position of the wire guide is fixed. The semiconductor ingot is moved along the thickness direction and as well as in longitudinal direction.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables to manufacture wafer corresponding to tile shape. Enables to reduce wafer crack generated during cutting.
The solar battery has a P-type semiconductor substrate (30), on rear surface of which an oxidation silicon film layer (36) is formed. Several openings (11) are provided in the oxidation silicon film layer at pre-known positions. The oxidation silicon film layer reduces the number of minority carriers diffusing into boundary surface of the semiconductor substrate and thereby the recombination loss, by deactivating the recombination centres near the boundary surface of the substrates. A P-type fine crystal layer (37) is formed on the oxidation silicon film layer, which is connected to the rear surface of the substrate through the openings of the oxidation silicon film layer.    A small number of minority carriers diffuse into the P-type fine crystal layer, which has more impurity concentration than the substrate, from the substrate side. The fine crystal layer forms an electric field near the boundary of the substrate and collects majority carriers. A metal layer (10) is formed between the oxidation silicon film layer and P-type fine crystal layer, except at areas where the openings are formed.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves photoelectric conversion efficiency of battery, by reducing recombination loss. Reduces internal resistance of solar battery, by enhancing conductivity of thin film layers. Enhances solar light reflectivity of rear side of substrate, thereby improving closing light characteristics, by forming aluminium metal layer.
The apparatus includes a heat decomposition reactor, in which heat decomposition of waste is performed under hypoxia atmosphere below the atmospheric pressure. Carbonization gas and heat decomposition residue comprising non-volatile substances are generated during the heat decomposition of the waste. A discharging unit separates heat decomposition residue from the carbonization gas, cools it and ejects out. An isolation unit isolates inflammable components and non-inflammable components from the cooled heat decomposition residue.    The inflammable components are crushed with a grinder and burnt in a melting furnace with the carbonization gas. The combustion ashes, which are generated by combustion in melting furnace are rubbed with a molten slag and ejected. The molten slag is cooled in a water tank (14) and solidified. An inclination surface (15c) inclining upwards is provided at one side of the water tank. The inside material, that is, the molten slag is rolled in between mutually opposing inclination surfaces of the tank with a chain and made to contact base of the water tank.    USE -   For processing metal, pottery, ballast, concrete piece.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables to continuously process slag. Enables to automatically roll inside material inside tank with chain and reduces work load of labour.
The apparatus includes a heat decomposition reactor (1) that does heating of waste, at a pressure below atmospheric pressure. A carbonization gas (G1) and a heat decomposition residue (c) are generated due to heat decomposition of the waste. After cooling, a separation device (9) separates the decomposed residue into an inflammable component (d) and a non-flammable component (e). After crushing the inflammable component, a transfer unit (12) supplies the inflammable component to a combustor (7) of a melting furnace (6). The transfer device includes a casing in which a chain (19) is wound by a chain wheel, between ends of the transfer device.    Multiple receptacle objects (20) are attached at a predetermined space of the chain. The carbonization gas is also transferred to the combustor through a dissolution gas line (L2). The combustor performs combustion of inflammable component through carbonization gas.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables continuous operation of apparatus. Prevents scattering of carbon dust.
The device has a source of high temperature such as a solar heat accumulation panel (1) and a source of low temperature (9) such as underground water. The temperature of these sources is used to vapourise the working fluid like freon or ammonia in a vapourisation chamber (3).    Condensation of the working fluid is done in a condensation chamber (7). A generator (6) provided between the chambers is driven by a turbine (5) using the change of state of working fluid.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables stable electricity generation. Avoids need for expensive solar panel. Improves thermal efficiency.
The generator has a tank fixed in a shallow sea bottom. The tank is provided with a pipe in its upper part. The passage of air through this pipe is controlled by a valve, attached to the pipe. A wind force is generated in the tank based on the flood- tied state, tide stop state during low tide, tide stop state during high tide and an ebb state.    In the flood-tide state, sea water flows into the tank and air is thrushed out through the pipe. In the ebb state, air is drawn inside the tank and sea water flows out. In the tide stop states of high and low tides, the valve is opened and external air is collected in the tank.    ADVANTAGE -   Utilises fluctuation of tide level. Generates continuous wind force. Prevents usage of fuels. Prevents energy attenuation due to temperature fall.
The system uses submarine cables (10) to connect several ground facilities. Each facility contains several electric container seats, each of which is provided with a spare container seat. A unit base (40) containing electric containers (50) is connected via interconnecting tubes (11-13) with a pair of spherical shell type battery tanks (30a,30b) and a cylindrical battery tank (20).    Each container is provided individually with an e.g. water turbine, generator, motor, pump. Each battery tank contains a pressure-resistant container provided with a seawater inlet port.    ADVANTAGE -   Increases amount of electric power that can be stored.
The vehicle has at least one electric drive motor (1,2), at least one braking resistance (9) and at least one thermo-generator (8). Energy produced by generator braking is fed to the drive resistance. The thermo-generator stores the thermal energy given off by the resistance and delivers it as electrical energy when required.    The thermo-generator contains at least one Peltier element. The electric drive motor or drive motors is or are driven by at least one diesel generator (6,7).    ADVANTAGE -   Vehicle is structurally simple and is of low wt. despite its additional energy storage devices.
The method passes through open element (1) and cleaning filter (2) to reducer (9), maintaining assigned pressure. Gas flows to reducer through any closing element (7) along any of 3 pipelines depending on gas temperature, passes through closing regulating element (10) and restrictor-doser (11) of electric drive to turbo-expander (12), where it expands and turns shaft of generator (14). Temperature drop from expander is measured and, depending on value, gas through non-return valve (15) and condenser-collector (21) is directed either to heat exchanger (16) or to next expander if drop is insufficient to carry out required working mode of cooling chamber.    During operation of each pneumatic energy-generating unit, centrifugal regulator (13) of shaft speed of expander acts on the restrictor-doser to maintain assigned rotation frequency by regulating flow. The number of expanding stages is selected according to the required pressure to user, consumption of cooler, and energy drive with vaned machine, making up part of the pneumatic energy-generating unit, can contain a gas-dynamic seal of the rotor shaft to gas ejection system, directing all leakage between shaft and seal to additional pipeline connected to pipeline (22) connected to user main.    USE -   Produces energy and cooling distribution and compressor stations.    ADVANTAGE -   Efficient use of pressure drop energy.
The tile (1) includes a concave portion (2) whose one side (3) is slightly elevated than a tile head portion (1a). A through-hole (5) passing through the back side of the tile, is formed at the base (4) of the concave portion.    An adhesive agent is applied on the surface of concave portion before a solar panel is mounted.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies mounting of solar panel since panel is mounted on concave portion before installing tile at roof. Stable since gap between tiles is eliminated to prevent strong winds from blowing panel away.
The apparatus has a turbine which is driven by a vapour of a working fluid. An evaporation part (18) of a heat pipe is provided with a generator. The generator arranged on a lower side of the road surface (12) is actuated by the turbine, and generates an electric power. A condensation part (19) of the heat pipe is arranged on a cooling location (17).    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents generation of track. Enables effective usage of energy. Reduces maintenance cost by increasing modification period of road.
The training walls are curved in the horizontal plane and in the vertical plane so as to form a breakwater constructed in steel or concrete utilising the effect of wave phenomenon described as Mach Stem wave, reducing the need for breakwater armour.    The training walls form a device for raising the height of the crest and trough of a wave entering the device and allows for the volume of the water to fall to Kaplan type low head turbines, which are coupled to electricity generators at their exits. The training walls, turbines and generators may be constructed as concrete caissons and founded on the ocean bed, or designed as a floating structure tethered by mooring lines so that its entrance faces oncoming waves.    ADVANTAGE -   Protects installation from wave action by reducing wave impact force and eliminates or reduces Mach-Stem effect which reduces available wave energy in electricity generation installation. floating installation reduces foundation costs and provides improved wave regime siting.
A retractable bollard has an electric motor (18) which is controlled by a radio receiver (15) and electronic card (16) and driven by a battery (19) charged by solar panels (3) in the bollard cap. The motor has a pinion (33) which engages with a rack (32). The rack (32) is attached to a central column (31) which is part of the upper section (22,23) of the bollard which is thus raised and lowered as required through a waterproof collar (39). The whole equipment is installed in a pit (4) and has means of reversing it's movement on detecting an obstacle.    ADVANTAGE -   The bollard is equipped with solar panels and avoids the cost and disruption of providing external energy supplies. The simple design allows low maintenance costs.
One of many designs given in this specification is for a wind-motor (60) electrical generator (6). The motor includes different diameter propellers (64), freely rotating on a generator shaft (61). Centrifugal clutches (38) connect the shaft/propellers at given speeds. The assembly is mounted stop a pole or frame (23), comprising two captive rigid balloons (24). Directional fins direct the smallest propeller into the wind first.    A variable-speed generator rotor (455) has plural windings (456), with centrifugal switches (449) closing the circuit at given rotational speeds. The windings are connected to brushes (458) through slip-rings (457). Stator poles (453) are established with permanent magnets (454). The quantity of connected propeller/armature windings is determined by shaft speed, dependent on wind velocity and altitude of the unit.    USE -   Improved harnessing of fluid-streams for conversion into mechanical motion, e.g. for electricity generation, ascent of airborne vehicles, or driving water-borne vessels.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduction in wasted energy, e.g. from internal combustion engine prime-mover exhaust gas kinetic energy, and avoiding requirement for mechanical gear-boxes in motive power-trains.
The system includes a wood processing system, a combustor, a cyclone ash separator, a turbine, and a control system. The wood processing system serves to process, dry and prepare the biomass for injection into the combustor. The biomass is injected into the bottom of the combustor. Combustion of the biomass takes place in the combustor. The resultant combustion gas enters the cyclone ash separator for removal of ash in the combustion gas.    The cleaned combustion gas exits the cyclone ash separator via a duct. An air bypass assembly (104) permits and controls a flow of bypass air (129) from an annulus (98) of the cyclone ash separator into the duct to combine with the combustion gas. The combustion gas and bypass air (129) enter the turbine, where they expand to power the turbine.    ADVANTAGE -   System includes more efficient and smaller combustor and cyclone filter.
Element equalises the emitter temperature field by a heat tube being located between it and the end block, having lengthwise-radial heat transfer. The tube is made in the form of a two-walled sheath with a capillary structure located at the inner and outer walls of the sheaths and across the walls in the form of radial strips with apertures.    The tube working body is lithium, chiefly the isotope lithium-7. Tungsten or its alloys is used as the tube material. The capillary structure is made in the form of not less than one layer of a sieve or perforated screen.    USE -   Element is for use in power engineering, nuclear science and direct conversion of thermal energy into electrical energy using thermo-emissive reactor-converter.
Method is illustrated by the electrical generation channels fuel-emitter unit, with fuel condensate (1), ventilation system (2), fuel (3), emitter sheath (4), collector (5), collector insulation (6), cap pipe (7), electrical generation channels thermal power sensor (8), fuel condensate liberated thermal power sensor (9) and insulation (10).    The thermal power enters the reactor cell and the changes in thermal powers produced in the channels and that carried through the ventilation system condensed by the fuel are recorded. In the absence of fuel condensate a calorimeter records an electrical signal proportional to the heat liberation in the collector packet construction elements. After condensate appears it records another value and the heat liberation in the fuel escaping via the ventilation system by having condensed in the inter-cathode space is determined by an expression in terms of the thermo-emf, heat and heat liberation.    USE -   Thermo-emissive methods of converting thermal energy into electrical energy and reactor heat physics be used in programme for producing energy-stressed thermo-emissive electrical generation channels.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables continuous testing of rate of fuel carry from thermo-emissive electricity generating channels of thermo-emissive electricity generating elements in reactor conditions and models working regimes for real elements and manufacturing technology. Improves accuracy of determination of rate of fuel carried through channels ventilation system. Allows estimation of remaining life of installation and allows recommendations to be made on improving ventilation system.
The solar battery module comprises several solar battery elements (1) connected by a connection member (2) electrically. A reflected light control film is continuously provided at the light incidence side of several solar battery elements including the connection member.    ADVANTAGE -   Offers fine sight with superior solar battery module. Uses reproducibility concept.
The target consists of a compact with a tap density more than 1.8g/cm3obtained by moulding the indium oxide tin oxide powder. The diameter of the medium size particle distributed in the compact is 0.4 micron or less and that of the maximum size particle of the compact is 1 micron or less of the 80% of the cumulative distribution of the particle size. The compact is then sintered in the oxygen atmosphere.    USE -   For window material of solar battery and antistatic film.    ADVANTAGE -   Has high density. Prevents generation of module during sputtering. Improves yield of manufacture of products.
The drive unit has solar batteries (1-2,1-4) electrically connected by coils (2-2,2-4) to a disk part (3). The disk part is rotated by a revolving shaft (4) placed in between the poles of a horse shoe magnet (6).    ADVANTAGE -   Eliminates need of commutator, position detector and switching circuit. Provides simple structure with low frictional resistance.
Solar cell module comprises: a substrate (107); a photovoltaic device (I) (101); a filler resin (103) sealing (I) on the substrate; a surface film (104) covering the resin; an insulating film (106) between (I) and the substrate; and an inorganic fibrous sheet (102) between (I) and the surface film. The substrate is bent at an (edge) portion which is free from the insulating film (106). Process for forming the module by stacking the layers in sequence and then bending the edge portion of the substrate is claimed.    USE -   Especially as part of a roofing member and as part of a ventilation apparatus for a building which includes the roofing member (claimed). An electricity generator is also claimed which comprises the module and an inverter for converting module output.    ADVANTAGE -   The structure effectively suppresses moisture ingress into the module over prolonged outdoor periods, while maintaining high electrical insulation. The module also has excellent inflammability and the bent structure facilitates assembly into a roofing member.
The generator is comprised of frame made in the form of nozzle part (1) of tube in ballistic installation, and current conducting system (2) consisting of current conducting elements (3, 4) and load connected to their terminals. Each element (3) or (4) consists of at least two metal bars (5) or (6) in series connection and positioned in slots of internal surface of nozzle part (1) of tube and along its entire length. This construction of generator elements prevents their destruction during generator operation.    The generator has also source (7) for initial excitation connected via conductors (8, 9) to ends (10, 11) of current conducting elements (3, 4) and a contact element in the form of piton (12), which is brought into motion by a shot from a ballistic installation.    USE -   In generation of powerful current pulses and magnetic field.    ADVANTAGE -   Muzzle part of tube made from non-conducting current material also introduced metal bars positioned in internal shots of tube (1) producing convenient interconnection between them.
The module has a transparent organic polymer resin (103) over which a photovoltaic cell (101) is sealed. A rectangular organic polymer resin (105) is provided in the surface side of two opposing edges of the voltaic cell that does not receive light.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids penetration of moisture inside during long term outdoor use. Eliminates need for temperature/humidity cycle test. Secures electric insulation. Ensures high reliability.
The unit has a trough-shaped concave mirror (1) which reflects sunlight incident on it. A water pipe (2) or solar battery is attached to the mirror via a bearing (5), with a guide bar (4) attached to the clock type rotating unit (3).    The water pipe absorbs light reflected from the mirror. The pipe is moved along a circular track (R) by the bearing.    ADVANTAGE -   Generates solar power at low price.
The system includes an incinerator which combusts the waste and generates a first combustion gas. Atmospheric air is mixed with first combustion gas which acts as an oxidising agent. A fuel modifier (15) of a reforming combustor performs reforming of mixed gas into hydrogen content gas (14). A combustor (16) uses the hydrogen content gas as oxidising agent and combusts the first combustion gas thus second combustion gas is generated.    Oxygen density variation in first combustion gas is detected by a control system based on output of which flow of air to the reforming combustor is controlled and thus oxygen density of gas supplied by modifier is controlled. A temperature control system controls temperature of reforming combustor by controlling flow of fuel, based on detected temperature.    ADVANTAGE -   Eliminates toxic substance present in waste incineration exhaust gas, effectively.
The process comprises incinerating waste (C) in a combustion processor (1) such as a rubbish incinerator, waste melting furnace or a waste dry distillation heat decomposition fusion combustion furnace. The heat of combustion is used to generate steam in boiler equipment (2) and electric power is generated with an electricity generator (8) using a steam turbine. The HCl in the elevated temperature combustion gas is absorbed by an HCl gas absorber (3) using an alkaline compound of sodium group. The NaCl formed by absorption of HCl is subjected to an electrolysis in an electrolysis device (9) using the electric power from the electricity generator. The NaOH formed by electrolysis is made to absorb CO2 from the low temperature waste gas in CO2absorber (6) and reformed into a sodium group alkaline compound. The high temperature gas, after removal of HCl, is introduced into the main boiler (2b) of the boiler equipment by utilising the reformed sodium group alkaline compound recirculated to the HCl gas absorber. The high pressure steam generated by the main boiler is supplied to the steam turbine of the electricity generator.    ADVANTAGE -    HCl gas, soot and gas are efficiently removed from elevated temperature waste gas. The generation of high temperature corrosion is prevented. High pressure steam is continuously obtained. Electricity generation efficiency is improved. Sodium group alkaline compound, e.g. Na2 CO3 , is regenerated for reuse of HCl absorbing agent. Environmental pollution is eliminated by removing CO2. Effective waste energy recovery is economically performed.
Molybdenum or tungsten single crystal contains 0.007-0.090 atm% of at least one of Ca and Mg, and has controlled crystal orientation.    USE -   Mo or W single crystal having controlled crystal orientation is used for thermo-electronic power generating element.    ADVANTAGE -   Mo or W single crystal having controlled crystal orientation is easily manufactured without skilful work likes seeding and without influence of its magnitude and shape.
The multilayered body includes a double layered film (10) that consists of a silicon oxide thin film (12) which is formed on a first polymer film (11). A laminated film structure (50) is formed by bonding a second polymer film on the double layered film through an adhesive agent (20). A thin film layer (60) which constitutes a substantial proportion of oxides of indium and tin, a metal thin film layer (70) and a second thin film layer (80) with a substantial proportion of oxides of indium and tin are formed sequentially on the laminated film structure.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents faulty operation.
The multilayered body includes a base (10) that includes a first polymer film (11) and a silicon oxide film (12). A second polymer film is bonded to the base through an adhesive agent (20) which together constitutes a laminated film structure (50). A transparent electrically conductive layer (60) which constitutes a substantial proportion of oxides of indium and tin is formed on the laminated film structure.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves endurance of EL element during continuous light emitting operation.
The method involves forming a reinforcement layer on an insulating substrate (15). A photopolymer (11) is formed with the stripe-like pattern of equal thickness on the substrate. A first stage current is given to the substrate and a plating electrode film (13) is formed.    Plating is done with constant current lower than the first stage current continuously and a thermoelectric material film (17) is formed. The film of a thermoelectric p-type material and n-type material are laminated sequentially and are connected by the metal film.    ADVANTAGE -   The method enables to manufacture thermoelectric power generating element, easily.
The apparatus comprises a heat decomposition reactor (5) in which the waste is subjected to heat decomposition. The heat decomposition reactor forms carbonisation gas and heat decomposition residue which mainly consists of non-volatile component. The carbonisation gas undergoes combustion process in a combustor (12) and the inflammable component get separated from the heat decomposition residue. A dust collector (18) collects dust from combustion gas.    The combustion gas is supplied with an absorbent to the upstream side of dust collector. The dust collector collects absorbent and ash content present in combustion gas. The collected absorbent and ash content is supplied to the combustor.    ADVANTAGE -   Controls discharge of dioxine to atmospheric air. Removes dioxine in combustion gas. Offers clean exhaust gas.
The equipment includes a heat decomposition reactor (2) which decomposes industrial waste by heating, by which cracked gas (G1) and heat decomposition residue (c) are formed. Inflammable component (d) and cracked gas are supplied to a combustor (7) through a first supply line (L3) and a second supply line (L2) respectively, for combustion.    A first two way valve (19) is provided along the second supply line. One end of a branched line (L7) which has a second two-way valve (20), is connected to a part of the second supply line. The other end of the branched line is coupled with a decomposition gas treatment unit with deodourising function. The flow of cracked gas is controlled by switching the first and second two way valves.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents environmental pollution caused due to bad odour. Prevents misoperation caused by adhesion of dust.
The mechanism uses a heat decomposition reactor into which waste is inserted. The heat decomposition of the waste is performed below atmospheric pressure and a carbonization gas and a heat decomposition residue are formed, which are isolated. The heat decomposition residue is cooled using a cooling system. The heat decomposition residue is isolated into an inflammable and non-flammable components using a screw conveyor (11).    The screw conveyor has an inlet port at one end and an exhaust port at the other end. The carbonization gas and the inflammable component are supplied from the exhaust port to a combustor. The combustor performs combustion process of the carbonization gas and the inflammable component. The screw conveyor is driven after closing the inlet port through which heat decomposition residue is received.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents damage of screw conveyor.
The roof has the upper-end engaging portion of a downstream roof panel seam-jointed with a lower-end engaging portion of an upstream roof panel. At least the lower-end engaging portion has flexural rigidity enough to disengage the seam joint. The upper-end engaging portion of the downstream roof panel is fixed to a roof bed material by a retaining clip which can be exposed by disengaging the seam joint and lifting the upstream roof panel.    In a section of the seam joint, the downstream roof panel and the upstream roof panel are coupled with each other by a fastener, such as a rivet. A screw fixing member is provided at the upper-end engaging portion of the downstream roof panel, so that in the section of the seam joint, the downstream and upstream roof panels, and the screw fixing member are fixed by a screw.    ADVANTAGE -   Joint member has opening portion which allows wiring to be drawn through.
The roof unit includes a number of combinations of solar battery and roof panels (103), each having flanges at two opposite sides, placed adjacent to each other with clearance on a joining or fixing member (105). The adjacent combination solar battery and roof panels are fixed to the joining or fixing member in the clearance by a removable fixture (104), and a removable cap (107) is placed in the upper part of the clearance. A junction box for drawing an output of the solar battery to the outside is provided in the flange and wiring members connected to the junction boxes of the combination solar battery and roof panels adjacent to each other are connected in the clearance.    The joining or fixing member is rod-shape along the clearance, or a sheathing roof board of flat plate shape. The combination solar battery and roof panel is constructed in such an    arrangement that a solar battery element is sealed on a backing with a filling material and that a protecting film is provided on a surface. A removable deformation preventing member is    fixed in a direction perpendicular to the flanges. In the combination solar battery and roof panel a rib is formed in a direction perpendicular to the flanges.    ADVANTAGE -   Arrangement simplifies work at working site, decreases construction cost, and decreases work errors. Measurement or replacement of each module can be made even after    mounted, thus providing a practical vertical-roofing roof excellent in maintainability and also in wind endurance.
The solar system includes a hollow frame (1) of Cu sheet or plastics forming an equalising container of the frame front side. An intermediate, rod-like hollow body (2) fits as a base plate in the frame front side. A linkage (7), current conductors, an operating mechanism, a water inlet and outlet (6) of the collector assembly are fitted together in a foldable manner.    Solar module strips (3) are adjustable with respect to solar radiation by the linkage. At the collector front side a mirror strip (4) is secured to direct the solar radiation via magnifying glasses onto a curved reflector (5) to top-up the normal solar radiation impingement.    ADVANTAGE -   Assembly/apparatus is exchangeable and foldable within hollow frame.
The photovoltaic module includes a planar module body, an electrically activated liquid crystal display device on the module body for generating a visual informational display which indicates at least the power generating effectiveness of the module for its instantaneous orientation with respect to the energizing light source, an array of photovoltaic cells on the module body for generating a relatively high power output for a load and a relatively low power output for activating the LCD device, and also for generating power output signal for the LCD device indicating power generating effectiveness of the module.    The liquid crystal display device also creates a visual information display which indicates the direction of any change in the power output signal from the secondary photovoltaic cell, which is a dedicated cell for the power output signal alone. The module is mounted in combination with and externally on a case adapted to contain a load-creating device.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides useful information to operator about effectiveness module power output.
The device has a container (21) filled with working fluid which expands and contracts the container according to the working fluid temperature change. A variation lever (23) is attached to the container and displaces according to the contraction and the expansion of the container. Teeth are provided at the periphery of the variation lever, and engage with first, second and third transmission gears (30,31,32).    The first transmission gear is arranged at the periphery of a hairspring (11). The rotation of the hairspring drives a power generator (15) arranged at the output side of the hairspring.    ADVANTAGE -   Drives power generator at constant torque from hairspring. Allows constant supply of electric power for long periods of time without need of auxilliary battery, due to hairspring.
The system includes an inverter apparatus (6) which has an electric power rectifier (4) and an inverse transformation unit (5). The AC of mains power supply (1) is converted to DC by the electronic power rectifier and is again converted as AC of mains power supply with same voltage and frequency by the inverse transformation unit and supplied to a load (2). A thermoelectric cell module (3) having semiconductor thermoelectric cells is connected in series between the electronic power rectifier and the inverse transformation unit.    When the temperature of the heat emission part of the thermoelectric cell modules and the setting time of timer reach predetermined values, the mains power supply is switched ON/OFF. The polar conversion of the output of thermoelectric cell module is performed and then fed to the inverse transformation unit.    ADVANTAGE -   Obtains large energy saving effect.
The structure includes an i-type layer (3i) containing amorphous semiconductor element. An impurity layer (3n) with the optical band gap larger than that of the i-type layer is provided over the i-type layer.    A buffer layer (3b) containing a conductivity deciding impurity is provided between the impurity layer and the i-type layer in which the conductivity of the impurity is sequentially increased.    ADVANTAGE -   Suppresses recombination of generated optical carrier. Enables to obtain photovoltaic cell with sufficient photoelectric conversion efficiency.
The method involves aligning a prism (1) in front of a detector (5) at a predetermined distance. The detector detects the position of the sun during day time. The prism is fixed to a drive unit (2) which enables it to move in a circular manner with a fixed origin. The drive unit is controlled by a control unit which determines the axis of rotation of the prism for proper alignment.    The detector inputs the information of the position of the sun to a setting apparatus (4). The electric power required to operate the drive unit is obtained from a solar battery (6). Based on the detector's observation, the prism is rotated to face the sun's rays.    ADVANTAGE -   Increases efficiency. Generates enough power for data back-up.
The boiler has a low temperature combustion furnace (1) and a high temperature combustion furnace (2). A secondary superheater (3) is installed in a flow path which passes exhaust gas from the low temperature combustion furnace to high temperature combustion furnace. A primary superheater (4), a reheater (5) and an economizer (6) are arranged on the mixed flow path of exhaust gas generated from each combustion furnace.    The low temperature combustion furnace generates exhaust gas with low corrosive chloride compound and high temperature combustion furnace generator exhaust gas with high corrosive chlorine compound concentration. The flow path of exhaust gas generated from each furnace is isolated. The tubes used in flow path of low temperature combustion furnace are made from high temperature resistant material.    ADVANTAGE -   Raises electricity generation efficiency. Suppresses high temperature corrosion of tube.
The reactor has a horizontal rotating drum which is positioned at the internal surface of a heating tube (25). A heat transfers acceleration is positioned at the waste material insertion path through which the waste material from a waste supply unit is received.    The waste material is decomposed into the inflammable and non- flammable components from which carbonization gas is produced. The carbonization gas and the inflammable component are processed by the combustion process.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids formation of surface coating layer in heating tube by waste product processor. Improves thermal efficiency of heat decomposition reactor.
The system comprises a waste incinerating furnace (1), fossil fuel boiler (2), air heating heat exchanger apparatus (3,4) and waste inlet (5). Air for incineration is supplied from an inlet (7) to a combustion chamber (9) and to the bottom (8) of the furnace by a blower fan (6).    Combustion residue is taken from an outlet (10). Combustion gas is drawn by a fan (11) and is passed through the exchanger (3). Fresh air is preheated in the other heat exchanger (4). Water (F), purified in an ioniser, is passed to the combustion chamber to produce steam driving a turbine (24) for the electricity generator (25).    ADVANTAGE -   Increases net efficiency of plant under conditions of safe and stable operation.
The pitched roof system of a building is constructed from tiles (14) that act as solar energy collectors. Each tile has a hollow form and a transparent front surface (20). The internal volume (22) has an inlet and outlet port that establishes a connection between tiles to allow water to be circulated in a pumped circuit.    The tiles also include photovoltaic cells that respond to the solar energy and so generate an electrical output. The front surface of the tile is made of a weather-proof material such as glass or plastic.    ADVANTAGE -   Has reduced effect on appearance of roof of building.
The apparatus has feed pump (50) that supplies the azetrope fuel to the heat exchanger (44). The heat exchanger for original fuel (43) of azetrope liquid and exhaust gas (42) which are supplied to a combustor (12) of an overheating system.    A superheater (10) heats the azetrope fluid to a temperature more than the boiling point of the azetrope component with highest boiling temperature. The fuel is also pressurised to a pressure greater than the saturation pressure of the component with highest saturation pressure. A low pressure application unit allows the highly pressurised and heated fuel to have a saturation pressure below the saturation pressure of the component with lowest saturation pressure.    ADVANTAGE -   Ensures stable vapourisation of azetrope liquid fuel, whose components has different boiling temperatures, through high-pressure or low-pressure applications.
The reservoir has a gutter (3) in which rain water is collected. A water tank provided below the gutter, collects the rain water from the gutter. A drainage system (4) provided in the path between the gutter and tank, guides rain water from the gutter to the water tank. A detector detects the flow of rain water to the drainage system. The rain water is ejected from the gutter to the tank until the total flow of rain water reaches a predetermined amount.    A drain valve (12) guides the rain water from the gutter to the water tank. A generator (14) electrically charges a capacitor (16) such that its end voltage (V) rises gradually. When the voltage is below a reference voltage (Vref), the reservoir water valve (11) is closed. The drain valve is opened. The dirty water is drained out through a drainage pipe in the early stages of rain fall. When the end voltage reaches the reference voltage, the reservoir water valve opens and the drain valve closes.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables eliminating dirty rain water in early stages of rain fall. Does not require excessive installation space. Enables collecting clean rain water in tank. Eliminates need for excessive maintenance and cleaning of tank interior.
Vacuum lamination system has a number of vacuum applying assemblies (101 to 114) each of which has a lower support member (101) and a top cover sheet (102) between which the device to be laminated, sandwiched between upper and low filler sheets, is placed to be subjected to vacuum applied through a pipe (103) prior to applying heat to the assembly. The vacuum applying assemblies are stacked vertically prior to subjecting the assemblies to vacuum and heat, before the stack is dis-assembled and the sealed products taken out from the assemblies. Also claimed are the systems in which a number of stacks are cycled between loading, vacuum applying, heating, and unloading stations in succession; an apparatus for the vacuum laminating system as above in which the support member (101) is a steel plate with a vacuum pipe (103) arranged in a loop on and connected by intermittent welds to its surface, with perforations through the pipe wall at the inner circumference of the loop, and with a sealant sealing the junction between the pipe and the plate; and a process for vacuum laminating a stacked body using the apparatus.    USE -   Particularly in the mass production of solar cell modules.    ADVANTAGE -   Vacuum piping is firmly fixed and sealed to the support plate to provide a strong, durable, apparatus which requires no excessive care in handling. The apparatus is operable at high efficiency .
A flat solar battery has a prescribed shape. The solar battery is provided with several photoelectric conversion elements formed by dividing the flat surface of the battery. There are several conducting paths which are respectively provided adjacent to the photoelectric conversion elements, and connect the elements in series. Two lead-out electrodes are respectively connected to the two photoelectric conversion elements, at both ends of the photoelectric conversion elements connected in series, and appear on the surface opposite to the area of the surface where the elements are irradiated with sunlight.
The solar energy concentrator (18) is pivoted onto a pedestal (16) and uses a single linear actuator (32) for movement between a zenith, horizon and downward facing and intermediate positions. Upper and lower bars (14,12) are pivoted to the pedestal and concentrator and are connected via a slider (44). The slider has a follower nut section driven by the actuator.    A motor (41) drives a lead screw (42) attached to the pedestal or an offset support structure unit of the solar concentrator.    ADVANTAGE -   Uses single actuator and enables efficient tracking of energy source by solar powered electricity generating system which can be placed in a downward facing attitude to avoid precipitation and blown particles damaging reflecting surface when collector is not active.
The diffuser (10) for a solar energy receiver (12) has energy diffusing cavities (26) so that a portion of the solar energy passing through the cavities is reflected by the cavity walls (30) to be reoriented and diffused before being emitted to the receiver. The geometry of the cavities can be selected to achieve the desired effect.    The diffuser reduces the likelihood of inadvertent hotspot formation and allows the designed maximum receiver energy flux to be closer to the receiver tube material limits.    ADVANTAGE -   Cellular structure restricts exchange of hot air in receiver tube vicinity and reduces convection energy losses in the solar receiver chambers to improve overall system efficiency and reduce overall size of apparatus.
During rolling of a wheel, a pressing stem (6) is in the contact area of the wheel with the road and forms a pressure pulse in the fluid (3) in a hermetic section, which is distributed in waves along the hermetic section by the pulses from 2 opposite stems. The fluid moves between hollow cylinders (4) and the rim of the wheel and the maximum energy is formed when 1 revolution is described from the time of depression of 1 stem to forming of the next pressure pulse.    Sections (8) are made of a piezoelectric material with tangential polarisation and the voltage formed from these sections is picked up along busbars (9) by an electric voltage pick up device (10). Pressure in the hermetic sections can also be formed by movement of weights along pins during rotation of the wheel.    USE -   Conversion of mechanical deformation of person or vehicle into electrical energy.    ADVANTAGE -   Increased amount of generated electrical energy.
The circuit includes a thermo emf generation module (11) and a condenser (10) connected in series. At the time of usage of a portable device, the cathode of condenser is connected with an anode of the thermo emf generation module. The anode of the condenser is connected to an anode connection terminal of a drive unit (12).    The cathode terminal of the thermo emf generation module is connected with the cathode connection terminal of the drive unit.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves durability. Eliminates need of primary battery.
A new thermoelectric device having a porous structure comprises pn type elements made of beta- FeSi2 phase and p- and n-type electrodes made of alpha-FeSi2phase.     The production of the new thermoelectric device is also claimed, where the pn-type elements are formed by adding a phase change promoter to p- and n-type alpha-FeSi2phases; the electrodes are formed on the pn- type elements; they are fired and solidified; they are heated so as to change the pn-type elements from alpha to beta phase.    USE -   Used for generating electric power by temperature difference.    ADVANTAGE -    Alpha-FeSi2 changes into beta-FeSi2in a short time. The part which changes from alpha to beta and the part which does not changes are formed by single heating step. The process is simple and cost-effective.
The solar cell module (1A) is formed by covering solar cells (21) placed on the back surface of a transparent plate by a back surface covering member (24) so as to form a solar cell panel (2) and by sealing the peripheral portion of the solar cell panel by a framed-shaped end portion sealing member (3). A wiring hole (31a) or a wiring cut for passing an electrical wire (4) laid along the back surface covering member (24) is formed on a side wall portion of the end portion sealing member (3) so as to remove electrical power generated by the solar cells. The manufacture comprises housing the solar cell panel in a metallic mould composed of a surface mould incorporating an inner surface shape nearly coinciding to an outer surface shape of the front side of the solar cell module and a back mould incorporating an inner surface shape nearly coinciding to an outer surface shape of the back side of the solar cell module, a step for injecting and forming a high molecular material for the framed-shaped end portion sealing member in a cavity demarcated by the metallic mould and the solar cell panel.    USE -   They are suitable for providing solar cell modules arranged on a roof of a building.    ADVANTAGE -   Wiring of solar cell modules can be performed easily when arranging the solar cell modules on a roof of a building etc..
The method involves forming a CdS thin film (2) on a glass substrate (1) based on the heat decomposition of an organic cadmium sulphide mixture. A CdTe thin film (3) is formed on the CdS film. The CdTe film is coated with a solution containing water or an organic solvent in which cadmium chloride is dissolved.    The CdTe film is heat treated in an inert atmosphere in which the concentration of the oxygen mole is within range of 1000- 10,000ppm.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents corrosion of Cds film due to etching process. Enables to form good quality CdTe film at high speed. Eliminates need to perform etching process. Enables to update compound semiconductor battery with high conversion efficiency.
The method involves forming a n-type layer (12) on a p-type silicon substrate (11). A hydrogenated non-crystal silicon film layers (18,19) are formed on both the front and back sides of the substrate by CVD technique at temperature below 350degC. The substrate is heated in the range of 300-500degC at the first stage.    The substrate is heated above 800degC in the second stage to form thermally activated silicon oxide film layers (13,16) which are used as passivation film. Moreover, the thermal oxidation of the hydrogenated non-crystal silicon film layers are varied in forming the passivation film.    ADVANTAGE -   The method avoids formation and removal of Al layer, improves productivity, enables to obtain solar battery with excellent conversion efficiency, enables to de-activate defect on boundary surface, satisfactorily and enables to increase passivation effect.
The method involves making a set of probe members (30,32) of a short circuit removal unit to contact at predefined point of positive/negative electrodes of a solar battery. Thereby, the components which generates short circuit phenomenon is detected.    Then, specific voltage below a predefined level is applied between the electrodes in a reverse direction, so as to remove the short circuit components from the battery circuit.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables to remove/insulate short circuit components, reliably. Improves manufacturing yield. Enables to obtain maximum output in solar battery.
The reactor (1) mainly forms a carbonization gas from residue of a non-volatile component. The heat decomposition residue is separated into volatile and non-volatile components.    On the upper part, a horizontal type rotating drum (26) with a heating tube (25) is provided. A heater (30) is provided in the waste insertion opening side of the horizontal rotating drum to supply heat to the heating tube.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents fusing of plastic to waste or adhering to heating tube or forming carbonization layer. Increases thermal efficiency.
The module has a photovoltaic element (2) fixed on a reinforcing sheet with several junction boxes (10), for drawing power out from the element to the outside, provided on an anti-light receiving surface side of the sheet.    Spacer members (9a), having a height higher than the height of the junction boxes, are placed along two opposite sides of the sheet. A second spacer member (9b) is placed between the junction boxes, the boxes being placed in a space defined by the second spacer member.    ADVANTAGE -   Eliminates difficulties arising from fitting of spacer members in accurate position in working site on roof of poor foothold. Prevents panel from becoming deformed when subject to stress and prevents junction boxes from breaking.
The incinerator has a boiler whose area is divided into an arid zone (A), a combustion zone and a back combustion zone. In the arid zone, a mobile hearth is provided in a furnace wall (7). An arid zone stoker (3) is arranged on the arid zone.    A water spraying mechanism (8) is provided in a side attachment wall part (7a) of furnace wall to spray water on the refuse container near the side attachment wall in arid zone.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents pre-ignition of refuse near side attachment wall part. Controls deviation of air from bottom of furnace.
The system for capturing the energy of ocean waves comprises a support platform having a base and tiers spaced at different heights above the base. Each tier has a device for rotatably supporting a horizontal arm at one end of the arm. The arms are of different lengths. Another end of the arm is significantly extended from the support platform. A float device is attached adjacent to it.    The other end of the arm also having a device for receiving the force of ocean waves and current for transferring the force to the arms. One end of the arms are attached to a compression device for compressing fluids, and have device for transferring the compressed fluids to a storage facility.    ADVANTAGE -   Is capable of continuously absorbing energy over entire travel of wave, adjusts for fall and rise of tides, has no moving parts in water and can easily be protected from corrosive salt water environment.
The module (1) has a transparent electrically conductive film layer (3), a non-crystal semiconductor layer (4) and a back side metal layer (5) which are sequentially formed on an insulated substrate (2). Electrodes (7,8) are positioned on the ends of the module.    A lead wire (11,12) is drawn from the electrode. The lead wire is coated with a film (13) which has the heat resistance to withstand the temperature of the electrodes.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies work schedule. Prevents metallic foil short circuiting with lead wire. Improves yield.
The device has a solar battery (10) which receives solar light and generates an emf. The generated electric power is stored in a storage battery (16) which charges a light emitting display unit (100) to perform display. The storage battery charges the display unit during the non-reception state of the solar light using the electric power stored during the reception state of the solar light.    A receiving unit receives an external interlocking instruction signal (CS) to interlock the display operation. A controller drives the display unit autonomously, when the interlocking instruction signal is not received.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents wiring fault. Avoids malfunctioning by rupture of electronic component due to static during electric wiring.
The thermo-electric cell comprises a thermo-element (1) which has a p type semiconductor (2) and n type semiconductor (3). The thermo-element is joined with an electrically conductive material (6) of high thermal capacity.    USE -   For e.g. nickel-cadmium battery, nickel-hydrogen battery, lithium-ion battery used in portable telephone, notebook PC, Video camera, PHS.    ADVANTAGE -   Offers compact structure. Increases reliability.
The material includes multiple oxides of metal ions, chosen from among Fe, Co, Ni, Li, Na, K, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Sc, Y, Bi and Te.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids toxicity.
The solar battery (46) has a permeable substrate (8) which supports several solar battery elements (1). A wiring layer (16) is provided in the substrate.    Connection electrodes (15a,15b) are provided in the light receiving surface side (1a) of the elements, which are connected by the wiring layer.    USE -   In various OA apparatus, domestic electrical appliances and wrist watch.    ADVANTAGE -   Forms compact structure. Performs transmission of incident light to element through permeable substrate, effectively.
The apparatus has an ink discharge unit (1) that spews transparent electric conduction ink (4) on a substrate (2). The ink consists of ultra small particle formed with transparent conductivity material.    A transparent electric conduction circuit pattern is formed when the ink is spewed on the substrate.    ADVANTAGE -   Produces low resistance electric conduction circuit at low temperature. Reduces time and labour for circuit formation.
The reactor (2) has a first tube plate with a supply port arranged at one end of a shell (21). A second tube plate (25) with an exhaust port (24) is arranged at the other end of the shell. The ends of a set of heat exchanger tubes are mounted on the first/second tube plate. One of the heat exchanger tubes mounted at the second tube plate is arranged within the diameter region of the exhaust port. The heat decomposition of the waste is carried out at atmospheric pressure.    Consequently, carbonization gas and a heat decomposition residue consisting of a non-volatile component is formed. The combustion of the carbonization gas and the inflammable component separated from the heat decomposition residue is performed.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables to exhaust non-combustible component such as metallic component through heat exchanger tube. Improves efficiency of reactor.
The system has a waste treatment generator which receives the energy produced by incineration to generate a dump power. A reuse unit reuses the dry ash produced by incineration by separating the ash content into ferrous metal, non-ferrous metal, boiler aggregate.    A waste treatment unit which neutralises the oxidation toxic gas produced by incineration comprises heavy metal and organic substance. An air pollution control unit which cleans the exhaust air is directly coupled to the highway parking area.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables to remove waste from remote place. Improves efficiency of system.
The inventive system (37) comprises a generator driven by gas turbine (9) system, having improved efficiency. Oxygenating gas as combustion air (3) receives atomised water (6,38) for cooling during compression (22). Heat-exchanger 17 transfers some of the turbine flue-gas exhaust (10) waste heat to the compressed air input, feeding the combustion chamber (11) for firing the dried (34) biomass fuel (12).    The combustion chamber flue-gas is cleaned (15) of combustion ash (36) before driving the turbine. The gas is exhausted via the heat-exchanger (17,35) and wet biomass fuel drier (34), for dispersal to atmosphere via chimney stack 32.    ADVANTAGE -   Gas turbine power generation system achieving improved efficiency up to 55-57% by adding atomised water in proportion of 12-15% in weight, giving droplets of size 1-5 um to combustion air input.
The inventive system (1) comprises a generator (10), driven by gas turbine (9), system having improved efficiency. Oxygenating gas as combustion air (3) is compressed (2) and cooled by fluid e.g. water inlet (5,6,7). Heat-exchanger 17 transfers some flue-gas exhaust (16) waste heat from the turbine 9. Combustion chamber 11 admits non-gaseous fuel (12), particulate, liquid or mixture, and the oxygenated gas via the heat-exchanger.    The combustion chamber flue-gas (14) is cleaned (15) of particulate matter, and fed to drive the turbine, being exhausted (18) via the heat-exchanger 17 for disposal via e.g. chimney stack to atmosphere.    USE -   Gas turbine power generation system, burning particulate/liquid fuel or wet biomass organic mixture.    ADVANTAGE -   Efficiency improvement from 40-45% to 50-54% also enabling turbine exhaust to be cooled in heat-exchanger and water content reduced, and to be cleaned of particulate matter before emission to atmosphere.
The apparatus has overlapping roofing elements (1), e.g. of ceramic, glass, fibre cement, metal or bitumen compounds, and integral solar cells (2). The roof element forming the solar cell carrier is a mass-produced object meeting the required regulations. The solar cell is a glass plate with a semiconducting assembly on its underside.    A laminate foil on the underside of the cell has a damp protection film and the glass plate is so thin that mechanical loads from roofing elements can be accommodated. Connection terminals (4) are connected to the solar cell via conductors and they are formed in a direction according to the cell circuit, and a connector socket (5) is provided on the other side to which electrical cables (7) are connected from two neighbouring solar cells. The cell covers only a part of the roofing element so that no cell from another roofing element overlaps any other cells, and all electrical parts are provided in recess under the overlaps of the tiles. A cable connected to an electrical user lies upon and runs between two neighbouring roofing elements.    ADVANTAGE -   Cost of photovoltaically generated power is reduced to be comparable with thermally or hydraulically generated power from new power stations. Simple and reliable electrical connections.
The wave energy converter (10) includes a buoyant body (11) with an acceleration tube (14) for submersion in water. The tube is dependent from and attached to the buoyant body. A working piston reciprocates in the acceleration tube. An energy-absorbing device is operatively connected with the piston. A unit in the tube defines a fluid compartment, and another unit passes water into and out of the compartment.    The converter has a control valve provided in the passage unit. The converter further has a unit for assessing the wave conditions in the body of water and controlling the degree of filling of the fluid compartment with water in accordance with the assessed wave conditions.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides operation at different resonant frequencies.
A conversion device is fixed to a bearing object by a length-regulated unit (11) so that the lower end surface of a circular float (6) is at the level of the water surface during complete absence of swell. During forming of minimum swell, the float is moved upwards, reducing the distance between the fixing points of the ends of sections (8) of twisted cable, causing intense twisting and untwisting of the cables and angular movement of the float. Angular rotation of magnets (7) relative to a stator (1) is increased, causing an increased electromotive force to be induced in a winding (2).    During the oscillation period of a wave, the float describes a full series of linear and angular oscillations with a high natural frequency, determined by the mass of the float and the circular-longitudinal rigidity of the cables. As a result, low frequency wave oscillations cause longitudinal-twisting oscillations of the float with a high angular amplitude and frequency. Oscillation of the float is limited by covers (4,5).    USE -   Conversion of wave energy into electrical energy.    ADVANTAGE -   Better conversion efficiency of oscillating wave energy into electrical energy.
The system has a battery tank (11) which is supported at sea bottom by a tank unit base (23). The tank unit base is provided on top of a planar mound (2). An electrical equipment container (12) accommodates e.g. a pump turbine, a generator, a motor and is supported by a container unit base (24).    An earthquake-resistant material e.g. hard rubber (25) is provided between the mound and the two unit bases.    ADVANTAGE -   Ensures stable electric power generation even during earthquake. Repair can also be performed simply.
The module includes a insulating material formed on a base material. A photovoltaic element set (102) includes several photovoltaic elements (103) and a wiring material (104) for interconnecting the elements, formed on the insulating material.    A second insulating material is formed on the photovoltaic element set. The base material has an L sectional shape, and a bent portion formed in a portion where no photovoltaic element is located. The bending radius of the bent portion is not less than 3.00 millimetre.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves heat collection efficiency and power generation of heat collection panel, and panel can be easily assembled and has high mass productivity.
The energy generation device has a double-piston air pump attached to a carrier so that it is operated by the ebb and flow of the water, via a float (4) coupled to a lever arm (3), for providing pressurised air for rotating a turbine.    A number of air pumps may be used in combination for driving a relatively large turbine, with piston housings (2) for the air pumps positioned on the left and right sides of a carrier frame (6).    USE -   For electrical power generation, or for providing propulsion drive for amphibious tracked vehicle.    ADVANTAGE -   Efficient utilisation of dynamic wave action.
A laminated solar cell module (30) comprises (i) a front support layer (32) formed of light transmitting material and having first and second surfaces (32a, 32b); (ii) a transparent encapsulant layer (34) adjacent the second surface (32b) of the front support layer (32); (iii) a number of interconnected solar cells (36) having a first surface (36a) adjacent the transparent encapsulant layer (34); (iv) a back skin layer (38) formed of a thermoplastic olefin and having a first surface (38a) adjacent a second surface (36b) of the interconnected solar cells (36); and (v) 1 mounting bracket (92) bonded directly to a second surface of the back skin layer. Also claimed is the manufacture of the solar cell module.    USE -   Used especially for forming solar cell modules with an integral mounting structure.    ADVANTAGE -   Mounting each bracket directly to the back skin material can eliminate the need for other mounting hardware and simplifies the module mounting procedure. Costs associated with an Al frame and an edge sealing material and the difficulties of installing hardware in remote locations are all eliminated.
A laminated solar cell module (44) comprises: (i) a front support layer (32) formed of light transmitting material and having first and second surfaces; (ii) a transparent encapsulant layer (34) adjacent the second surface of the front support layer (32); (iii) a number of interconnected solar cells (36) adjacent the transparent encapsulant layer (34); and (iv) a backskin layer (38) formed of a thermoplastic olefin and having a first surface adjacent a second surface of the interconnected solar cells (36). The transparent encapsulant (34) and the backskin layer (38) together encapsulate the interconnected solar cells.    Also claimed is the manufacture of a solar cell module.    USE -   Used especially for forming the backskin of solar cell modules.    ADVANTAGE -   The backskin provides (a) a strong and weatherable backing for the module, (b) an edging which can eliminate the need for an aluminium frame, (c) an edge seal that eliminates the need for any additional seal materials, (d) a rear encapsulant that eliminates the need for a separate rear sheet of encapsulant material; and (e) the elimination of the need for a scrim layer to remove air during lamination. The backskin layer is easily formed and moulded in situ during the module manufacturing process. Manufacturing costs and module mounting costs are reduced.
The collector (2) of the device tracks the sun in two dimensions whether or not the sun is obscured by clouds, and is capable of assembly at a remote location. The collector comprises a base (3), a support frame (4), a movable frame (5) and a target (6). A number of concave mirrors (11) are pivoted on the movable frame.    The target is centred at the focal point of the mirrors. A small pump circulates liquid from a storage tank through the target with the liquid retaining the reflected heat and power for later use. Pivoting of the frame is controlled by an electric motor and gears. The motors and the pump are operated by a light sensor and a photovoltaic panel.    USE -   Suitable for supplying heating and power for industrial, commercial and domestic use.    D21
The power plant comprises a vertical duct (12) with its upper end being an inlet (16) which is open to the atmosphere. A spray system (20) mounted at the inlet sprays droplets of a predetermine amount of water into the air thereby cooling the air and increasing the density w.r.t. the outside air to generate a down-draft of fluid in the duct.    The down-draft of air drives a shrouded turbine array (24) located at the bottom (14) of the duct. By confining the moving air within the duct a large percentage of the available energy can be extracted by the turbine array. The amount of water sprayed into the inlet is more than can be evaporated in the air in the duct.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides a renewable energy source which maximises the power delivered through evaporative cooling.
The transducer includes a solar battery element (1) which is surrounded by a light receiving surface (1a). On the reverse side of the solar battery element a pair of connection electrodes (15a,15b) are installed and both are connected to a glass substrate (8) by a wiring (16).    A translucent cover (9) with a number of projections (10) made up of a permeable resin is placed such that its projections oppose the external surface of the solar battery element. An uniform spacer is distributed between the cover and the solar battery element to hold the projections.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents deformation of cover due to external pressure. Enables effective penetration of incident light. Improves degree of freedom of designing. Avoids impairing capability of solar battery element.
A new plastics material used for assembling solar cell modules is a transparent, non-yellow colouring thermoplastic polyurethane having a curing performance of (A) hardness (Hs) as defined by JIS (Japan Industrial Standard) is up to 90 deg.    USE -   For assembling solar cell modules. They are carried on solar cars.    ADVANTAGE -   Light weight solar cell modules resistant to mechanical shocks are obtd.
The method involves forming a semiconductor thin film (6) of chalcopyrite structure containing copper, indium and gallium, selenium and sulphur which are I, III and VI group elements respectively on the surface of a glass substrate (4). During thin film formation, the deposition period of selenium and sulphur is varied. The evaporation rate of the copper and indium and gallium are set constant and that of selenium and sulphur differs, mutually so as to control the rate at which the elements are converted into solution.    ADVANTAGE -   Forms semiconductor thin film with uniform element composition. Improves reproducibility, sufficiently. Obtains high quality semiconductor thin film, thereby enabling manufacture of highly efficient solar battery.
The method involves laminating a second thermoplastic elastomer layer (2) on a second double layer film (8). A solar battery cell (9) is mounted on the second thermoplastic elastomer layer. The mounted solar battery is made to contact the second thermoplastic elastomer layer by heating and fusing the second thermoplastic elastomer layer under a low pressure environment. The solar battery cell is bonded to the second thermoplastic elastomer layer by cooling and solidifying the second thermoplastic elastomer layer under an atmospheric pressure environment.    A first thermoplastic elastomer layer (1) and a first double layer film (7) are laminated on the second thermoplastic elastomer layer mounting the solar battery cell. Both the thermoplastic elastomer layers are made to contact mutually by heating and fusing both the thermoplastic elastomer layers under a low pressure environment. The solar battery is sealed and both the thermoplastic elastomer layers are bonded together by cooling and solidifying them under an atmospheric pressure environment.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves adhesion strength between first and second thermoplastic elastomer layers. Improves productivity.
The structure includes a pair of metal electrodes (24,26) formed at both sides of a plastic film substrate (21). An amorphous silicon layer (23) is formed on the first metal electrode.    A key electrode (29) is formed on the surface of the substrate. A transparent electrode (24) is formed on the amorphous silicon layer. A solar battery is arranged adjacent to the key electrode.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies manufacturing process of IC card. Improves reliability.
The method involves using a refuse hopper (2) which has a hopper cover (2b) provided at external side of a boiler (1). The refuse hopper has an opening (2a) to lower end part of the boiler where refuse is accepted into the boiler. A heating mechanism (8) heats the boiler. A bag filter (4a) is able to be switched between an air passage state and a storage state. When the filter is in air passage state, the combustion gas from the boiler is circulated. When the filter is in resting state, the combustion gas from the boiler is by-passed. An induced draft fan structure (5) attracts combustion gas from downstream side of the filter. A controller controls the fan structure and adjusts the pressure inside the boiler.    The controller holds the boiler internal pressure within predetermined limits when hopper cover is closed and fan structure is operated such that filter is held at storage state. The controller fixes service condition of fan structure when temperature of filters inlet port heated by heating mechanism, reaches predefined reference temperature. The controller restarts control of boiler internal pressure within predetermined limits after detecting seal completion of opening of refuse hopper when hopper cover is opened and filter is in air passage state.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents dewing to bag filter. Enables to maintain satisfactory combustion state in boiler. Improves stability of transition control. Avoids overshoot in control unit.
The reactor has a horizontal rotating drum (14) in which a heating tube (22) is equipped. A movable member (30) is fixed such that it contacts the surface of the tube. The industrial waste are inserted inside the reactor for heating below the atmospheric pressure.    The heat decomposition waste product mainly consists of carbonization gas and decomposition residue containing a non- volatile component. An inflammable component in the residue is separated from the non-flammable component.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents reduction of heat conductivity. Reduces abrasive damage of heating tube.
The electronic device has a solar battery which consists of flexible substrate (2) with an electricity generation part (3).    The fan shaped flexible substrate with the electricity generation part is folded by the rolling up shaft. The electricity generation part is exposed at the time of electricity generation by expanding the flexible substrate from the rolling up shaft.    ADVANTAGE -   Allows compact accommodation without damaging solar battery.
The method involves circulating the vapour generated by heating waste in a sand layer. The combustion of combustibles and fuel is done within the sand layer which is vapourised by blowing in air. A target trajectory generator (1) forms a target track of a controlled variable based on its desired and observed value. A simulator calculates on-line behaviour of the controlled variable. The controlled variable during continuous constant control input is calculated by a controlled variable calculator (2a). A mathematical model identifier (3) identifies a mathematical model which shows the relationship between the control input and the controlled variable, for every predetermined period.    An error calculator (2) obtains the error in the estimated controlled variable. A control input decision unit (5) decides the control input by applying the amount of deviation decided by a predictor controller (4) to the last control input.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables stable control of controlled variable to desired value.
A procedure for single- or dual-axis tracking of a heliostat, solar collector, solar panel etc, uses one or two pairs of solar cells, photo-diodes,photo-transistors or photo-resistances, a control unit and an actuator. One pair of solar cells, etc is assigned to each axis and forms a difference signal passed to the control unit.    The solar cells etc and the heliostat etc are preferably at right-angles to the direction of radiation. An automatic feed takes place in one axis direction. The tracking takes place according to the maximum of the total radiation. The heliostat, etc is driven by one or more bodies floating in fluid which engage a cable running over rollers.    ADVANTAGE -   Simple inexpensive procedure.
The mechanism consists of a three chamber vacuum assembly, forming an ohmic metal conductive layer, together with the P and N conductive semiconductor layers. The substrate strip is guided over the deflection rollers to the respective outsides of three rotary hollow mask cylinders.    The cylinder rotation is synchronised, and their periphery carries each one or more complete part-structures of a thermo-generator in the form of recesses. In the centre of each is located a source of the material for forming the respective layer components, which supplies the material to the substrate strip via the recesses.    USE -   Provides devices on strip substrate for use in clocks, sensors or current source.    ADVANTAGE -   Simple substrate continuous coating, without mask change at high manufacturing rate.
Filter system to transmit short wavelength radiation and reflect long wavelength radiation for use with a predetermined thermophotovoltaic (TPV) energy conversion cell comprises: (a) an optically transparent substrate segregation layer (6) at least one coherence length in optical thickness; (b) a dielectric interference filter (2) on one side of the segregation layer placed towards the radiation source; and (c) a high mobility plasma filter (4) on the opposite side of the segregation layer. The interference filter includes a number of alternating layers (10,12) of high and low optical index materials which change from transmitting to reflecting at a nominal wavelength (IF) which is approximately equal to the band gap wavelength (g) of the thermophotovoltaic cell, and is adapted to transmit incident radiation at approximately 0.5IF to IF and reflect at approximately IF to 2IF. The plasma filter becomes reflecting at approximately 1.5IF.    Also claimed is a thermophotovoltaic system comprising a thermophotovoltaic cell and a filter system as described above.    ADVANTAGE -   The system provides high transmission of energy above the TPV cell bandgap. The segregated tandem filter provides high reflection of energy below the TPV cell bandgap, a sharp transition between the regions of high and low reflection, and low absorption of energy at all significant wavelengths. The TPV system maintains high volumetric power density.
A n-area photo-voltaic converter is in the form of a strongly-alloyed n-type layer, a n-type layer, a varizone n-type layer and a p-area, containing a varizone p-type layer and a p-junction based on n- and p-type layers.    The instrument contains a lower solid ohmic contact and an upper mesh contact and the p-n junction and both varizone layers are made so that the depleted area is in the varizone layer to a depth of 0.1-0.2 of the summed thickness of the layers forming the p-n junction.    USE -   Construction of functional elements of electrical energy sources for electro-optical and cosmic systems.    ADVANTAGE -   Increased working temperature and output voltage.
The converter has two cells (1,2) each one with a body (3,4), solid electrolyte (5,6) which separates the body into low and high pressure cavities (P2,P1), electrodes (7-10) which are in contact with the solid electrolyte. The first cell is heated and the second cooled.    The similar pressure cavities of the first cell are connected to the similar pressure cavities of the second cell. The electrodes located in the low pressure cavities are electrically connected to each other. The electrodes in the high pressure cavities are electrically disconnected.    USE -   For carrying out calorimetric measurements, and control of heat carrier flow currents.    ADVANTAGE -   The efficiency is increased, and time resource increased. Bul.15/27.05.97
The motor has a variable volume float, which consists of a body (10) and a protruding piston (11), which are evenly fixed on an endless belt (5) stretched between upper and lower wheels (6,7), one of which is fitted on the axle (9) and the other on shaft (8). The wheels (6,7) with endless belt (5) and the float are placed in a chamber filled with working liquid (4). The chamber is sealed and is made as a tubular body (1) with an oval base (2) and cover, and an evacuation unit in order to continuously maintain the vacuum in the chamber.    ADVANTAGE -   The power output per unit of motor mass is increased. Bul.15/27.05.97
The structure includes a roof surface formed by a roof surface formation part (1), whose lower part is provided with a water flow part (2). The roof surface formation part and the water flow part are connected via a side attachment wall part (3). A module base provided with a penetration path is formed in the water flow part, dividing the roof surface formation part and side attachment wall part. A photovoltaic cell is mounted to the roof surface formation part on the module base.    ADVANTAGE -   Ensures water proof nature. Simplifies installation. Restrains module temperature raise. Suppresses reduction in output.
The arrangement comprises a housing (15) with a multi-cornered base, and right angled side walls (16) which carry a solar module. A pedestal (19) is located inside the housing, with light beam units (20) on its inner wall and a pyramid section (21) on top. The tip of the pyramid contains a light radiating element (23) while the base cut out (35) has two slats (37). The pyramids pref. consist of acrylic material.    USE -   The arrangement is used to increase the output of a photovoltaic installation.    ADVANTAGE -   The arrangement is environmentally friendly.
The generator arrangement has rollers consisting of rubber, manufactured from old motor vehicle tyres, which are moved axially by the movement of motor vehicles.    The rollers interact with the road surface so that they form one surface with the road layer and have so many degrees of freedom that they can move axially. The rollers are connected to a current generator, such as a dynamo.    USE -   For generation of electric current by the movement in travel of a road vehicle    ADVANTAGE -   Current generated by the movement of motor vehicles can be easily stored in storage blocks for later use
A thermionic electric generator has densely arranged fine anode strips which are parallel to the thermal conducting direction of a working medium, but perpendicular to a cathode, so they are heated non-uniformly to generate potential difference between the cold and hot ends. The negative charges of the cold end attract the positive ions in the working medium to form s positive charge sheath on its surface.    The fine anode strips and positive charge sheath can attract electrons in an internal circuit to accelerate them and generate unbalance electro-ionization, increasing electric conductivity of the medium. The circuit structure can generate new sheath-layer electric generation mode, increasing thermoelectric efficiency.
The gravitational electric generating apparatus has a transform disk which is driven by a motor and drives an electric generator set via a rotation speed increasing mechanism. The transform disk is fitted movably to the middle of a wheel column.    The top of the vertical column is movably fitted to a stabilizing disk with down extended wheel columns distributed uniformly, which pass through wheel column holes on the transform disk and are sleeved at their lower ends by an annular wheel running on a wave-shaped circular track at vertical volume bottom. Part of running annular wheels suspend to generate " adsorption" energy to drive an electric generator. The electric quantity generated is 2-3 times that consumed by motor.
The system comprises a pole-mounted (14) panel-support structure rotated by a motor (16) with a solar sensor to provide an output in response to the impinging rays during daylight. A processing unit controls the motor and is programmed to monitor the output from the sensor to identify one output below a first threshold and another output above a second threshold to signify the onset or beginning of daylight hours. A battery is charged, control is by microcontroller and temperature compensation is provided.    In response to the first output, the CPU controls the motor so that the panel support structure is moved to keep or to make the panel (10) perpendicular to the rays at the onset of daylight hours the next day. In response to the second output, the CPU controls the motor to move the panel support structure so that the panel remains oriented approximately perpendicular to the rays during daylight hours.    ADVANTAGE -   Panel remains approximately perpendicular to sun's rays during daylight hours.
The floating power plant comprises a body (2) which is designed to float on the water and which carries water turbines (6,7) and generators (60) which are connected to the turbines. Ducts (22,23,24) carry the water past the water turbines. The plant is equipped with a skirt (11) which projects below the underside (10) of the body and which carries outflow ducts.    The outflow ducts extend laterally and convergently from the underside of the body towards the sidewalls (3) of the body, past the water turbines. The turbines are located at or near the smallest cross section of the outflow duct. Water is led via the duct from the underside of the body past the turbines to the outside of the body when the body moves downwards relative to the water.    ADVANTAGE -   Efficiently harnesses major parts of the energy in a wave.
The element includes a pair of electroconductive substances each with different conductivity. The junction of these two substances is made at two points to form a circuit. The two junction parts are held at mutually different temperatures. A voltage is generated according to temperature difference between the terminals of the open circuit. One of the electroconductive substances is made of iron. The other substance is made of Fe-Al alloy containing aluminium of 4-12.0 weight %.    USE -   In industrial, domestic purposes.    ADVANTAGE -   Ensures mass production. Supplies large electric power of electromotive force. Obtains favourable thermoelectric transformation voltage.
The unit includes a discharging apparatus (16) which isolates carbonization gas and residual from the reactor (2) which performs burning of supplied waste. The discharging apparatus thus separates inflammable components from the residual and supplies carbonization gas to a burner (11). An exhaust passage (12) is provided at rear surface of discharging apparatus which leads to inlet of a residual conveying mechanism (13).    A cooling system is connected to the discharging apparatus through the conveying mechanism. The non inflammable components isolated/discharged from the discharge apparatus is heaped-up either in the exhaust passage or in conveying mechanism, so as to avoid circulation of cool air from the cooling mechanism to the discharging apparatus.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables to block circulation of air from cooling unit to discharging apparatus reliably. Prevents malfunctioning. Eliminates damage of discharge units.
The equipment includes a crusher (3) which crushes the waste to a predetermined size. A first separation unit performs selection of a crushed waste. After selection, a waste supply unit (9) supplies the selected waste to a heat decomposition reactor (10). The heat decomposition is then performed and its residual is ejected. A discharge unit (14) separates carbonaceous gases from the decomposed residue.    A second separation unit (17) separates inflammable component and a non-flammable component from the residue ejected from the discharge unit. A grinder (19) crushes the inflammable components. A combuster (11) performs combustion of the carbonaceous gases and the inflammable components.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents damage to heat decomposition reactor tube due to collision of massive objects. Reduces non-flammable components. Improves heat decomposition efficiency even when bulk amounts of wastes are to be processed.
The system uses a mixture of ammonia and water as its working fluid. The fluid with high concentration of ammonia is separated from the fluid with intermediate concentration of ammonia. Similarly, the fluid with low concentration of ammonia is separated from the fluid with intermediate concentration of ammonia.    The liquid with high concentration of ammonia absorbs the heat energy of vapour ejected by the turbine. The vapour of the heat energy absorbed high concentration working fluid, is absorbed by the low concentration fluid. Subsequently, the heat energy of the high concentration working fluid is raised which is then used up by the turbine.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents wastage of heat energy. Improves efficiency.
The orientation error removal structure has a number of solar panels with interconnection mechanisms (316b..316f). The panels are subject to periods of solar radiation and dark conditions.    To prevent panel distortion from bending the panel array, each panel is mounted on a low coefficient of expansion beam (333a..333b). By using this structure any panel distortion is confined to the individual panel and not passed on to the next in the series.    ADVANTAGE -   Allows accurate pointing of panels needed for Communications Satellites where directional antennas aligned to within 1 degree are needed.
A generator drive has a vertically moving pressure rail (3) with a return spring(98) that is depressed by a car passing over it. The rail works through a gearbox(93) and a free wheel with a mechanical energy store (91) which in turn is connected to the generator drive. The energy store has at least one spring operating a hydraulic cylinder(81) connected to the generator (10) by an oil-fed hydraulic motor(83) whose outlet goes to a pressureless oil store (85) via a return pipe.    The oil store is connected to the hydraulic cylinder by an inlet valve (86). The spring has a ratchet with release mechanism. The ratchet can be released when the spring is untensioned. All items can be returned to the starting position.    ADVANTAGE -   Overcomes the low efficiency and strongly varying generator speed of other designs.
The new-type thermo-acoustic engine device is composed of a heat-exchanger, a reheater, acoustic waveguide tubes, a resonant tube, a microphone and an acoustic waveguide tube with an acoustic impedance regulator and waveguide tube groups. The engine uses the thermo-acoustic action produced by half-wave resonance or near-resonance acoustic field to convert the heat energy from high-temp. heat source into sound energy. The sound energy can be directly used or converted into mechanical energy, electric energy and pressure energy, etc..
The generator includes a number of coils (23) each formed on a coil support sleeve (24) and slidably mounted over one the centre pole flux core (22) in the outer pole flux core linear bore and extending from it. A rocking float has first and second end portions that are attached to one the generator coil support sleeve for moving the latter in response to movement of the float. The electric generator can produce electric power responsive to movement of a float when the float is positioned to float on an oscillating fluid.    The amount of torque supplied to the output is dependent on the torque arm of the crankshaft, the number of coils attached to the crankshaft, and the speed at which the coils are reciprocating through the magnetic field. The coil support tube can be attached directly to any device that requires an applied reciprocating force for operation such as the direct drive for a piston pump.    USE -   As electric generator that produces electric power responsive to movement of float imparted by ocean swell.    ADVANTAGE -   Improved efficiency.
The solar energy plant has at least seven vertical towers open at both ends mounted on a base structure in an arrangement involving a single central tower surrounded by the other towers. Vertically spaced radially projecting heating chambers (15) project externally from each tower at a distance at least equal to the radius of an adjacent tower, each chamber being divided into segment-shaped compartments separated by radial divider walls, each compartment incorporating an ambient air inlet and a heated air outlet.    Secondary V-shaped heating chambers also with similar air inlet/outlets are each positioned beneath a radially projecting chamber, having one wall formed by the tower wall (14) and the other wall being upwardly and outwardly inclined from the tower wall and connecting to a bottom wall of the radially projecting chamber to support it. Cooler (35) and hotter (31) water reservoirs are mounted at the top of each tower and the plant base structure respectively, using a conduit and a pump for moving water between the reservoirs via heat exchange coils in the heating chambers, and tiltable concave mirrors mounted on the outermost edges of the segment-shaped compartments, with wind-powered electricity-generating impellers (30) horizontally mounted in the upper half of each tower in vertically spaced locations in association with the heating chambers.    ADVANTAGE -   Gives further improvements in efficiency.
The structure attaches a thermoelectric conversion module (1) between a high temperature board (4) and a low temperature board (5).    The high and low temperature boards are arranged by the sides of high and low temperature sources (6,7) respectively, by a set of screws (16).    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For electronic refrigerator. Enables stable fixing of electricity generation module. Prevents distortion caused by difference in thermal expansion screw. Improves electricity generation efficiency.
The element has an interposition layer (6,7,11,12) which respectively contacts an N-type and a P-type electric conduction layer (3,4).    The interposition layer is made up of semiconductor groups containing Al, Ti and Mg alloys.    ADVANTAGE -   The thermoelectric efficiency is improved as well as the junction strength of the interposition layer.
The element has a semiconductor substrate (1) on which a PN junction is formed. A pair of main electrodes, is arranged in the front/back of the substrate. The main electrode (2) has a set of finger electrode parts arranged crossing a busbar electrode part. A set of branch electrode parts are branched from the finger electrode parts, in the shape of an arrow.    The occupancy area of the main electrode on the backside of the substrate is more than 60%. The interval between the branch electrodes is set up in the range of 0.1-0.9mm.    ADVANTAGE -   Maintains intensity of conversion efficiency on both sides. Prevents generation of crack.
The method involves forming a SiO2 film (2) on a Si substrate (1). A thin polycrystalline Si film (3) is formed on the SiO2film. A first resist pattern (16) having a number of linear openings is formed on the surface of the polycrystalline Si film by first screen printing process. A similar record resist pattern (17) having a number of linear openings is formed on the surface of the polycrystalline Si, perpendicular to the formation of the first resist pattern,    Thereby, the through hole pattern having the shut pattern openings at equal intervals is formed by suspension of the openings of both the resist patterns. A number of through holes are formed at equal intervals by etching removal of the thin polycrystalline Si film. The etching removal of the insulated film is carried out through the through holes and the thin polycrystalline Si is isolated from the substrates.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces levelling amount of resist pattern. Reduces scattering in diameter of opening of shut pattern. Reduces frequency of screen printing. Stabilises resist mask formation method.
The reactor (1) has several tubes (2a,2b) which passes hot fluid to a shell (4). A heat resistant cylindrical object is arranged between the tubes, such that the object is movable. On heating the garbage a heat decomposition product consisting of the heat decompositioned residual which is mainly a non-volatile component, is obtained.    The heat decompositioned residual is isolated to a combustion component and non-flammable taking is performed. The non-volatile component results in the formation of a carbonization gas. The carbonization gas and combustion component are supplied to a combustor (16).    USE/ADVANTAGE -   For incinerating plastic waste, general waste, municipal solid waste. Maintains heat decomposition efficiency. Prevents formation of massive size waste object by entangling small sized exhaust object.
The method involves carrying out heat decomposition of the base material in a reactor (2). The pyrolysis gas and heat decomposition residual that consists of non-volatile component are formed by heat decomposition of the waste material. The heat decomposition residual is separated from the pyrolysis gas and is supplied to a separator (9). A part of the heat decomposition residual is separated into combustion component and non-flammable component. The combustion component and pyrolysis gas are supplied to a combustor through a pipe line.    A branch pipe (20) is provided whose one end is connected to a white smoke prevention heating furnace (18). The combustion gas of the combustor is emitted out in atmospheric air through the white smoke prevention heating furnace. The combustion gas of the pyrolysis gas is carried out in the heating furnace during service interruption.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies structure.
The thermoelectric generator has structure which includes a thermoelectric element or a planar electric generation unit comprising thermoelectric elements held between thermal input part and the heat radiation part, fuel gas supply device, and device for mixing fuel gas with air. The combustion heat can be directly supplied to the thermoelectric element by burning the mixed gas of the fuel with air in catalyst part having a heat conductive end plate and a catalyst part which are in contact with the thermoelectric element.    The face opposite to the thermoelectric element of the heat conductive end plate have convex and concave configuration, and the catalyst part is made in the convex and concave configured surface. The catalyst part is a metal carried catalyst made by coating ceramic fine powder carried with precious metal catalyst on the surface of heat resistant metal thin plate with thickness not more than 0,5 cm. The metal carried catalyst is in the form covering at least part of the convex and concave shape.    ADVANTAGE -   Output of heat generator can be suppressed and safety can be secured.
The device has components which have an outer contour and outer dimensions matching known roof tiles or slates or wall cladding which protect a building from rain, wind and other types of weather. When a photovoltaic solar module (2) is inserted and/or attached to the component the daylight and/or sun rays are used to produce current. The solar modules (2) and/or the current leads (3) and/or the electric connection parts (4) may be exchangeable.    The basic body of the roof tile or wall cladding may be made of sheet metal or recycled plastic readily available. Releasable connections (4) and/or unreleasable connections and/or current leads etc. may be inserted in or on the component.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides solar panel which has appearance of normal roof tile or wall cladding but generates current from sunlight.
The station operates by gas liquefied at cryogenic temperatures being stored in an externally ribbed storage tank exposed to ambient surroundings. The large latent thermal difference between the liquefied gas and the environment is then used to boil the liquefied gas, producing a low temperature high pressure gas stream released into the bottom of a fluid filled tower with inverted buckets fixed to a pulley belt. As the pulley belt is rotated by the buoyant lift of the gas filled buckets through the fluid, a generator coupled to the pulley belt produces electrical power.    The trapped gas is then released from the buckets as they turn over the upper pulley, is collected in the tower upper chamber ullage cavity and returned for recompression by a solar powered compressor. An auxiliary compressor powered by the partial output of the generator may be used to recompress the gas when the solar array is ineffective, under computer control.    ADVANTAGE -   Is capable of generating electrical energy at high efficiency anywhere on Earth competitive with large scale thermal power stations.
The controller detects the amount of inflow vapour in main turbulence when fixing control temperature and internal pressure of condensate.    A compensation amount is calculated and is added to forward feed using a detected control output. A calculating unit uses various physical quantities to calculate the ratio of weights of saturated water and steam. The control characteristics is formed based on the set temperature, pressure and calculated ratio.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves safety and control. Facilitates steady vapour supply.
The turbine has some rotary wings (3) arranged in the periphery of a wing rotating shaft (9). The wings are rotated in the same direction by the gaseous style, due to the operation of a motor (7) and bevel gears (8,10).    A flowmeter (12) detects the flow velocity of the air style in the rotary wing. A tachometer (11) detects the number of rotations of the wing. Based on the output of the flowmeter and tachometer, the rotating angle of the rotary wing is controlled.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves electricity generation efficiency.
The generator has a tank (1) for storing a liquefied gas fuel which is injected through a nozzle (4) to a combustion chamber. An ignition device ignites the gas fuel mixed with air. A catalyst provided in the outer wall of the combustion chamber sparks a catalytic combustion of the mixture.    A heating base (9) heated by the catalytic combustion is joined to a thermal diffusion board (10) which, in turn, is joined to a thermoelectric generating element (11). A water supply board (12) is joined to the thermoelectric generating element which is electrically connected to a charging circuit provided with external terminals for connecting to power supplies.    ADVANTAGE -   Minimises noise since rotary device e.g. rotor is not used. Generates electric power for long time since power can be supplied to storage battery system. Can be used in any place since storage and handling of commercial butane used as gas fuel is simple.
The solar battery has a Si-doped p-type area (1) and a Be doped n-type area (2). A low density impurity area (3) is arranged between the p-type and n-type areas. A barrier layer (4) which consists of semiconductor material is formed in the low density impurity area. A second semiconductor material layer (5) having narrow forbidden band width is also formed in the low density impurity area.    The second semiconductor material layer has higher quantum level energy in predetermined range of conduction band.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides high photoelectric conversion efficiency by reducing recombination probability.
The battery includes the first compound semiconductor layer comprising III-V group element. A second compound semiconductor layer of III-V group element different from the first layer, is formed on it. A third compound layer (9) of III-V group element is formed on boundary surface of first and second compound semiconductor layer.    The forbidden band width of third compound semiconductor layer is set to be larger than that of first or second compound semiconductor layers.    ADVANTAGE -   Obtains solar battery with high efficiency. Reduces recombination loss considerably.
The method involves producing a non-crystal silicon solar battery.    The battery is then subjected to heat processing in atmospheric air.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves solar battery characteristic.
The incinerator has a furnace (1) provided with a lower electrode (9) at the bottom. An upper electrode (10) is provided movably opposite to the lower electrode. The heat generated due to energizing of both electrodes melts the burnt ash inside the furnace. The melted ash is adhered to the wall of the furnace.    The furnace wall is provided with cooling parts (5,6) which cool the furnace to the extent by which an electrical insulation layer is formed between the fused salt and furnace.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves efficiency of melting and thermal efficiency. Expels fused salt easily.
The system includes a waste incinerator (1), a bag filter (4) and a NOx removal reactor (5). The gas is circulated inside a pair of circulation lines (31,33) provided in the NOx removal reactor. An ammonia supply pipe (28) is connected to the circulation lines. A gas heater (14) and a circulation lower (17) are connected to the first circulation line.    The NOx removal catalyst is provided in the NOx removal reactor. The exhaust gas from the waste incinerator is passed in the NOx removal reactor. Ammonia is added to the exhaust gas corresponding to the density of nitrogen oxide in the exhaust gas.    ADVANTAGE -   Facilitates prompt starting of NOx removal system at low temperature. Facilitates efficient denitration of exhaust gas.
The combustion device has a fixed quantity supply system (4) for inserting waste into a porous membrane type incinerator (1). The combustion gas of waste is used in a boiler (5) for generating steam. The steam drives an electric generator (6) to a turbine. Temperature of outlet gas and the porous membrane measured by respective thermometers (10,11) are input to a calculator (12).    The calculator computes the amount of calories generated based on the temperature data of the incineration installation. Based on the computed result, a pressure compensated flow control valve (1c) is so regulated as to control supply of fuel to a stabilizing burner (16).    ADVANTAGE -   Maintains both outlet gas temperature of furnace and temperature of porous membrane at desired value using single stabilizing burner. Avoids tripping of steam turbine driven generator by compensating shortage if any in amount of gas generated by burning waste.
The manufacturing method involves introducing reactant gas in a reaction container (3). The gas contains mono silane or high order silane and germanium. A pair of parallel planar electrodes (4,5) are installed inside the chamber and glow discharge plasma is decomposed. A substrate (6) is placed between the electrodes. Hydrogenated non crystal silicon thin film is formed on the surface of the substrate by plasma CVD process. Finally, heat treating is carried on the substrate.    ADVANTAGE -   Shortens film production process time. Improves productivity.
The deflector comprises a packet of Peltier elements (12) and a heat- conducting tube (1). The tube passes heat energy to the packet of thermoelectric elements and is connected by foils, fixed channels, tubular windings (14), heat exchangers (2,3) and photovoltaic elements (5,6) of a solar generator.    When current is passed to the packet of Peltier elements, heat energy is extracted from the heat-conducting pipe and cools on the surroundings of the pipe and the block of Peltier elements. The reversal of the thermoelectric element packet into the Peltier element packet is automatic, and is therefore a heat deflector relative to the demanded energy release in the form of electric current or heat/cold.    USE -   For switching pair of thermal units.
A thermoelectric module with hot and cold surfaces comprises: (a) a gapless egg-crate defining thermoelectric element spaces, occupied by n-type and p-type elements; and (b) metallised coatings on the cold and hot surfaces connecting p-type and n-type elements in series.    Also claimed are: (i) a module as above in which the egg-crate is an electrically insulating ceramic material; (ii) the production of the module; (iii) a thermoelectric generator with hot and cold side heat exchangers with at least one module between them; and (iv) the production of the above generator.    ADVANTAGE -   Shorts are eliminated.
The display device includes a first subsystem providing a data display. It is positioned so as to be subject to incident light on its top. It is partially transparent to allow the light to be transmitted through it to its underside. A second subsystem underneath the first generates electricity from the incident light.    An antenna is positioned at least in part over the top portion of the first subsystem. A semiconductor circuit is positioned underneath the second subsystem.    USE -   For pager or hand-held TV receiver.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces size of display device.
The generator has a first stainless steel shaft (S1) whose one end is attached to the upper portion of outside box (F1) through a first stainless steel universal coupling (U1). The middle portion of the first shaft is attached on a platinum alloy attachment portion (G1) through a second universal coupling (U2). The section of the first shaft between the first and second universal couplings is provided with a spring (P1) and a rubber cover (W1). One end of second and third shafts (S2,S3) is individually connected on a second platinum alloy attachment portion (G2) via a third universal coupling (U3).    The third shaft is provided with a second spring (P2). The other end of the third shaft is connected on a third platinum alloy attachment portion (G3) through a fourth universal coupling (U4) which is attached to the lower portion of the outside box. A crank shaft (K1), first and second bearings (B1,B2) and a shaft (V1) are attached to the third attachment portion through a fourth universal coupling (U4).    ADVANTAGE -   Enables generation of electric power by combining environment-friendly earth metals.
The generator has a pair of sliding shafts (6,7) pierced vertically to the hole at both sides of the upper frame (2) of a water tank (1). One end of a first set of ropes (8,9) is fixed to both edges of a base plate (5) fixed to the lower frame (3) of the tank. The first set of ropes are wound to a first set of pulleys (10,11). A weight (12,13) is connected to the other end of the first set of ropes.    A drag rod (14) vertically penetrates the sliding hole at the centre of the upper and lower frame of the tank. Condenser water boxes (15,16) and energy cell (17) are fixed to the upper part of the drag rod. One end of a second set of ropes (19,20) is tied to both ends of a hanging board (18) that is fixed to the frame of the uppermost condenser water box. The other end of the second set of ropes is connected to a spring washer (23,24). A transmission, coupled to a crankpin, is connected to the lower end of the drag rod.    ADVANTAGE -   Eliminates problem of pollution since energy is produced without using nucleus and fossil fuel. Prevents danger of ignition. Convenient since energy can be produced under normal temperature of ground regardless of installation place.
The apparatus comprises a welding head (2) having a pair of welding electrodes (1a,1b) in the welding position of a connection fitting (5) and a solar battery electrode (6). The welding head supports and supplies a current and a welding force to the welding electrode. A power supply (3) supplies a current to the welding head. A control device (4) is provided to control the current and the welding force. A detector (9) is provided to detect the deformation of a connection fitting due to heat at the time of welding near the welding point at the solar battery electrode and the connection fitting. A display device (10) judges and displays the quality of the heat deformation by the output of the detector.    ADVANTAGE -   Welding quality is directly judged. Clear quality control is achieved. Stable welding quality is obtained.
The wave collector structure (53) includes an outwardly extending and downwardly depending lip (105,107) below which is situated a mouth (61,67) of the collector. The collector includes side walls (75,79) for channelling waves into the collector mouth, which extend up to or beyond the lip, to partially enclose a volume of water between the lip and side walls.    The collector is placed in its desired location by sealing the mouth with gates and floating the structure to its desired location, and control valves may be opened to allow water into the collector to sink the structure to the sea bed (63) when the gates are removed. A wind powered rotor (116) may be mounted on the structure for supplementary generation of electricity.    ADVANTAGE -   Efficient conversion of wave into electrical energy, and sufficiently buoyant and stable for offshore use, while being safely anchorable to sea bed to withstand strongest waves encountered e.g. only once in (50) years.
A solar photoelectric and thermal energy collecting structure comprises roof cover like single bodies that is composed of concave body made of thermal insulating material, photovoltaic silicon wafers, heat collecting plate and heat pipes.    The pipes transfer the heat energy of heat collecting plate and the residual heat on insulating body after photoelectricity is generated by photovoltaic silicon wafers into storage tank. The single bodies may be combined together according to the structure of building. It can generate electricity and heat by sufficient use of solar energy.
The module (20) has several solar cells (22) in series connection, with a quarter of these cells each having a thermally activated switch (24) coupled in parallel across it. Each switch has a different calibration temperature at which it activates i.e. changes from an open circuit (off state) to a closed circuit (on state).    As the module temperature falls the switches start to turn on with the switch with the highest calibration temperature switching to an on state first, shorting out the associated cell and reducing the rise of the full module voltage. As the temperature continues to fall more switches start to turn on, shorting their associated cells and further reducing the module voltage.    ADVANTAGE -   Charges conventional batteries over extreme temperature swings whist avoiding excessive charging at low temperatures.
The system includes thermo element (15) which consists of a composition containing chrome-cobalt with ratio 0.03-0.07 respectively. A storage battery (17) generates electromotive force which heats the thermoelement.    The thermoelement converts heat energy to DC electric power which is fed to a voltage converter (16). The converter then converts DC electric power to AC electric power which is fed to an output circuit (18).    ADVANTAGE -   Provides simple circuit structure at low cost.
The liquid level regulation apparatus (1) includes an inlet port and an exit at upper and lower parts of its main body respectively. A first liquid level indicator (6) with a transparent surface is provided at one side of the main body externally. The first partition is vertically provided at the inner part of the main body, in such way that its upper end is in the same level at the centre of transparent surface of the first liquid level indicator. A second partition of height slightly greater than that of the first is provided inside the main body at a preknown distance from the first partition. A second verticular tubular liquid level indicator (7) is provided vertically below the first liquid level indicator.    A set of outlet pipes (9-11) is provided, through which the lower part exit, second partition and lower part of second liquid level indicator are interconnected. A set of valves (12-14) for adjusting liquid level are provided in the respective outlet pipes.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables to detect mixture of moisture in initial stage itself.
The incinerator has a main body in which garbage is burnt to generate heat energy. An electrothermal element (15) is inserted in the main body which converts heat energy into electrical energy.    The electrical energy is then stored in battery (17) and is converted into suitable voltage level using converter.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies structure. Avoids need for extra wiring.
The processor has a pyrolysis reaction device (5), an expelling apparatus (9), and a separator (12). A disintegrator crushes the waste products to a predetermined size. The pyrolysis reaction device forms a pyrolysis residue (C) containing non volatile component. An expelling apparatus (9) separates carbonisation gas from the pyrolysis residue. The separator (12) separates combustible and non-combustible components (d,e) from the pyrolysis residue.    The disintegrator crushes the combustible components from the pyrolysis residue, a non-combustible component consisting of non- metal component, a combustible component and a metallic component are separated. A first disintegrator (14a) crushes the combustible component. A second disintegrator (14b) crushes the non-combustible component. A pool (15) collects and mixes crushed non-combustible component (e') with the crushed combustible component (d') and supplies the mixed component to a combustor (6). The combustor burns up the crushed combustible component and the carbonisation gas.    ADVANTAGE -   Processes pyrolysis residue rapidly. Improves crushing efficiency.
The system uses vapour generated from waste incineration installation to generate electricity. The waste material is heated by a heat source. During incineration process of waste, vapour is generated.    The vapour other than used for electricity is separated out from the sewage plant, and is transferred to a drying unit. The generated vapour is used for driving a turbine, thereby electricity is generated. The vapour generation is varied according to demand for power generation and drying unit.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables to stabilise incineration operation. Enables to produce electric power according to power demand. Eases inspection operation.
The apparatus has a pair of sliding shafts (6,7) that are vertically arranged at both sides of an upper frame (2) of a water tank (1). A base plate (5) is fixed to a lower frame (3) of the water tank. One end of a first pair of ropes (8,9) are fixed to the base plate. The other end of the first pair of ropes are passed around a pair of pulleys (10,11), respectively. A pair of weights (12,13) are fixed to the first pair of ropes. A drag rod (14) is passed through the slider whole of the upper frame in the centre of the water tank. A set of condenser water boxes (15,16) and an energy cell (17) are fixed to the upper part of the drag rod. A hanging board (18) is fixed to the frame of the upper condenser water box.    One end of a second pair of second ropes (19,20) are fixed to the right and left of the hanging board. The other end of the second pair of ropes are passed around the second set of pulleys (21,22). A set of spring washers (23,24) are connected to the other end of the second pair of ropes. A set of locks (30-33) are provided at the bottom of the water tank. A concatenation rod (37) is connected between the lower end of the drag rod and the crank pin (38). The crank shaft (39) is rotated by the drag rod to generate energy by the gravitational movement of the drag rod.    ADVANTAGE -   Eliminates usage of nucleus and fossil fuel. Prevents pollution problem. Simplifies energy generation process.
The device includes an aseismic structure head tank cover (1) supporting a head tank (2) and a lower water tank (10). A perpendicular drop water removal pipe (4) is installed in centre section of the head tank cover. A funnel shaped water receiver (3) is connected to top point of the water removal pipe. A venturi (5) is connected to bottom part of the water removal pipe.    A venturi valve opens/closes the venturi and controls water flow quantity and hydraulic pressure. A cone type water guide with two or more rectification separator is connected to centre of an outer casing (6). A generator (8) is coupled with a turbine using a gear system.    ADVANTAGE -   Ensures development of pollution free power generation.
The power supply apparatus has an aperture part (15) which is extracted smaller than outer diameter of a missile. The aperture part is transformed as parallel part (16) extending longitudinally backwards. A steering drive part (9) with shell (14) and extended part (17) is attached to the missile body. The surface area of the extended part is maintained same as that of the aperture part. A first cylinder object (18) made of metal is sandwiched by the aperture part and an insulator. The cylinder object is made to contact the extended part. A second cylinder object also made of metal, containing gas at low pressure is maintained at a clearance with the first cylinder object.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids need for electrical wiring. Generates power regardless of missile posture. Eases high voltage generation. Excels in safety.
The method involves supplying a slurry containing an indium compound and a tin compound to a shaping die (1) constituted with a lower mould (2) of absorbent plaster and an upper mould (3) of non absorbent synthetic resin like vinyl chloride. The lower mould is formed with a rectangular recess (4) for shaping at the upper surface. The upper mould is fixed to cover the top of the lower mould. A couple of gates (5) of shallow concave shape are formed on both sides of the recess along the longitudinal direction in the upper surface of the lower mould. A couple of casting openings (6) are formed like holes piercing from the bottom of the lower mould and led to both the gates individually. The internal circumferential surfaces of the gates and the casting openings are covered with non absorbent liners (7,8) made from vinyl chloride. The slurry is supplied through one of the casting openings till it fills the shaping space (9) between the lower and upper moulds and overflows through the other casting opening. The compact obtained with the die is baked to form the sintered compact.    USE -   In manufacture of solar batteries and LCD by slurry casting technique.    ADVANTAGE -   Achieves high yield of sintered compact.
The energy generator includes a container (1) having a lower part which is provided with e.g. openable slats (3) for producing a controlled opening which when fully opened will open the major part of the underside of the container and in its closed position closes off effectively the entire base of the container. A turbine (7) is seated in the lower part of the container and accessible to the slats, and a lifting device (11) lift the container, with an electricity generator connected to the turbine.    When the container is placed in a volume of water, with the slats providing a small opening (9) at the turbine, the container sinks allowing water to pass into the container by flowing through the turbine and thus generating electricity. When the container reaches a lower level, the slats are opened to their fullest extent and the lifting device lifts the container to its original position, without the necessity of lifting the water contents of the container for a repeat of the operation.    ADVANTAGE -   Is environmentally friendly in that is does not cause pollution or consume planetary resources, while being relatively inexpensive especially with respect to cost of initial generating apparatus.
Inductive power transfer across an extended gap (100) from a primary conductor (119) is provided by means of a resonant intermediate loop comprised of a capacitor (118) with inductor (117), together capable of resonance at the system-wide resonant frequency. The inductor may be a non-coiled wire, carrying a larger resonating current that can in turn generate an inductive field to be collected by a pick-up coil (120).    Preferably, the intermediate resonant loop is extended over a lateral distance so that one or more, spaced-apart, secondary resonant circuits may draw power from the intermediate resonant loop. The intermediate resonant loop may include means, such a saturable inductor, to limit the amount of resonating current flowing.    USE -   For motive power battery charging and lighting e.g. road stud    ADVANTAGE -   Intermediate resonant circuit can reduce amount of primary current required, and/or reduce size of secondary pick-up inductor.
The battery with terminals (5,6), includes a positive grid (2), negative grid (3) and partition (4). The grid includes a thermoelectric generator and comprises microporous material, p-type and n-type semiconductor material, hot and cold junction plates (7) and a temperature sensor. The plates may be coated to preclude corrosion.    If the temperature within the cell is higher than a predetermined value, the power source sends a current to a thermoelectric generator and establishes a temperature difference between the hot and cold junction plates. The hot electrolyte is cooled by the cold plate which acts as a heat sink.    USE -   Enables fast charging of a battery e.g. for use as power source for electrically driven automobiles.
A regenerative fuel cell system comprises a 1st electrochemical cell to oxidise a 1st oxygenated hydrocarbon to CO2 and H2O and having a means to recover the electricity produced, and a 2nd electrochemical cell to reduce CO2 to a 2nd oxygenated hydrocarbon and O2 and having a means to input electricity. The cells are in fluid communication with each other so that the produced CO2 is fed from the 1st cell to the 2nd cell, and the O2 from the 2nd cell is fed to the 1st cell.    Also claimed are: (1) a method of reversibly interconverting oxygenated hydrocarbons and CO2 using the above system; and (2) a method of storing electrical energy as chemical energy, and then recovering the electrical energy, using the above system.    ADVANTAGE -   Off-peak and excess capacity electricity can be effectively stored, and undesirable CO2 emissions effectively utilised.
A paste for a lead-acid electrochemical cell comprises at least one lead-containing composition, a paste vehicle and a paste additive of polyvinylsulphonic acid or its salts.    Also claimed are: (i) a lead-acid cell as above comprising a housing containing a positive current collector (30) on which is a positive paste (54) as claimed above and a negative current collector (40) and negative paste (60) and a cell in which the paste additive is claimed in the negative paste. (ii) a plate structure having the paste above. (iii) a method for forming the plate structure comprising applying the paste to the collector. (iv) a method of forming the lead-acid cell above in which the paste additive is used in either the positive or negative collector.    USE -   As lead-acid electrochemical cells for vehicles, with start-light-ignition functions    ADVANTAGE -   Charge capacity is increased, internal stability improved and cycle life extended. Paste application and adherence is improved.
A storage battery comprises two half-cells which are in electrochemical contact with one another through an electrically neutral ionic conductor. One of the half-cells comprises an anode and the other half-cell comprises a cathode in the form of a solid-phase Fe(VI) salt in an amount of at least 1% of the half-cell weight. Electrical storage is accomplished by means of electrochemical reduction to a valence of the Fe salt to less than VI.    Also claimed is a battery as above, but where the cathode in the form of a solid-phase Fe (V) salt in an amount of at least 1% of the half-cell weight, and where the discharge in the electrical storage cell is based on the reduction of the Fe(V) salt. A battery as above, but where the cathode is in the form of a solid-phase Fe(IV) salt in an amount of at least 1% of the half-cell weight, and where the discharge in the electrical storage cell is based on the reduction of the Fe(IV) salt.    USE -   Useful as a storage battery.    ADVANTAGE -   The novel type of storage battery is inexpensive, highly stable and is environmentally friendly. It has a high storage capacity and a high voltage.
A preheat system to reduce emissions in a vehicle with internal combustion engine (2), an exhaust passage (3) having exhaust gases flowing in a flow direction, comprises:a) a catalytic converter (10), in exhaust passage, fluidly connected with exhaust gases b) a valve (5), in exhaust passage having a closed and open position, capable of restricting flow of exhaust gases in closed position.    USE -   Combining the preheating of a catalytic converter and converting the heat energy of the catalytic converter to electrical energy.    ADVANTAGE -   The invention recovers some of the waste energy that normally exits the vehicle through tailpipe via the conversion to electrical energy in the catalytic converter, electrical energy is then available to electrical system of vehicle to charge the battery or run any electrical components in the vehicle.
The turbo-alternator (16) comprises low and high speed portions to generate electrical power, the portions being parallel and mechanically independent from each other. Each of the low speed portion and the high speed portion comprise an alternator disposed between a compressor and a turbine.    A common shaft interconnects the compressor, the alternator and the turbine, the shaft being supported by hydrodynamic bearings. An intercooler interconnects the compressor of the low speed portion and the compressor of the high speed portion and a combustor interconnects the compressor and the turbine of the high speed portion. The at least one alternator and the shaft are provided with hydrodynamic lubrication and cooling.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides hybrid vehicle that is energy efficient, has low emissions and performance of conventional fossil fuelled vehicle.
Fuel cell comprises: a porous fuel catalyst electrode (15) rotatable within a housing and a fuel sparger (13) immersed in surrounding electrolyte; and an O2 electrode (23) preferably also rotatable within the housing and preferably having an O2 sparger (22) immersed in surrounding electrolyte.    USE -   Especially for electric vehicle propulsion (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   The rotating electrodes assist electrolyte flow within the cell. The cell yields more power per square foot of active area than prior art cells because of improved catalyst utilisation. Activation polarisation is avoided and the cell operating temperature can be reduced.
Hydrogen is generated in situ for use in an electric vehicle by reaction of bulk-loaded iron particles or pellets and water in the presence of an alkali hydroxide catalyst.    Preferably, the iron particles are freshly ground aboard the vehicle. The particles have a non-compressed packed density of 1-7.8 g/cc and at least 20% are smaller than 300. They are 25-1500 across and have a surface area greater than 0.001m2/g. The reaction is carried out at below 250C. The alkali is KOH at a concentration of 50-60 weight%.    ADVANTAGE -   Hydrogen can be produced at reaction temperatures of 200-250C at high rates so large amounts of iron are not required.
(RO113664-B1)      Battery has air duct(8), blower(6), and part(a) of regenerators for cowpers (1,2,3,4). Duct(8) is connected with burning chambers of each cowper(1,2,3,4).    USE -   Device used in burning processes in metallurgical industry.
The fuel battery has a cell consisting of a solid electrolyte board (35) sandwiched between an anode (36) and a cathode (33) separated by a separator (18). The cell is sandwiched between an anode end plate (39) and a cathode end plate (46) provided in the edge portion of a battery. Anode gas passage (37) and cathode gas passage (34) are provided in the anode and cathode end plates to guide anode gas and cathode gas into the multilayered main body. A gas supply discharge tube (41) is provided so as to supply gas to each gas passage provided in the anode and cathode end plates. The gases discharged from the anode and cathode end plates are expelled from the battery by connecting the gas supply discharge tube to an exhaust device (44).    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents corrosion of gas supply discharge tube due to electrolyte. Prevents short circuit of battery. Prevents leakage of electrolyte.
The fuel battery consists of a solid electrolyte (3) arranged between a fuel pole (4) and an air pole (2) inside a cylindrical container. The sheet resistance value (RS1) of the air pole is 0.05 omega or less and that of fuel pole (RS2) is 0.03 omega or less at 1000 degC. The difference in their sheet resistance values (RS) is given by `mod(RS1-RS2)'.    ADVANTAGE -   Obtains uniform current density over entire solid electrolyte. Improves output density of battery.
The structure has a holding member (21) with a discharge terminal (25) which is attached to a chassis (15). A battery case (22) contains a battery (36). A joint unit (37) with a discharge terminal (38) is provided in the battery case. The battery case is removably mounted on the holding member, by joining the concavo-convex fitting of the joint unit to the holding member. The discharge terminal (38) of the joint unit and discharge terminal (25) of the holding member contact the battery case, simultaneously.    ADVANTAGE -   Secures high degree of freedom for attachment position to chassis of battery.
The system includes an illuminance detector (19) that is selectively connected between a DC power supply (6) and a headlamp (5) according to the switching operation of a switch (21) via connecting lines (25,26). The headlamp is included in a light case (1), while the illuminance detector, the switch and a by-pass line (20) are included in a switch case (8).    The switch selectively chooses the corresponding contact (27,28) of the illuminance detector or by-pass line so that the headlamp is lighted via the illuminance detector or by-pass line. The switch case is separated from the light case in a position wherein the switch can be operated by hand of a bicycle rider.    ADVANTAGE -   Headlamp can be lighted via by-pass line when field of view is bad due to e.g. thick fog at day time. Enables informing position of one bicycle to rider of other bicycle, thus ensuring safety of riding bicycle. Convenient since switch can be operated by hand. Offers simple and convenient wiring since portion of electric circuit can be put together in one place. Simplifies operation of switch.
The power supply includes a fuel battery system (10) equipped with a fuel battery (20) and a secondary battery (30) which controls contact state of change over switches (40,42) when an opening in an accelerator pedal (33a) is closed. At the time of charging of the secondary battery from the fuel battery, output voltage of the fuel battery is boosted by a DC-DC converter (36) when the output of the fuel battery is detected to be maximum. Electric power is supplied to a motor (32) from both the secondary battery and the fuel battery when load in the motor is greater than a predetermined value. Supply of power is carried out only from the fuel battery, when the amount of load is smaller than the predetermined value.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents reduction in remaining capacity of secondary battery, when load is small. Prevents generation of voltage drop. Facilitates proper usage of fuel battery and secondary battery depending on power consumption quantity in motor.
The detector includes a current detector (11) and a voltage detector (12) which detects current and voltage of a battery (1). An internal resistance estimation unit (21) estimates internal resistance of the battery based on the detected battery current and battery voltage.    A release voltage calculation unit (22) calculates release voltage of the battery based on detected battery current and battery voltage and estimated internal resistance of the battery. A voltage calculation unit calculates battery voltage for supplying maximum power to load based on estimated internal resistance and calculated release voltage. A remnant time estimation unit (27) estimates remnant time until battery voltage is reduced to a predetermined voltage when continuing supplying of maximum power to load.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents over discharge of battery. Enables reliable generation of electricity.
The generator (11) generates a starting signal used to switch the power supply condition of a vehicle. Several switches (1-4) are provided to generate a switch signal of predetermined level depending on the ON/OFF condition of power supply switch.    Several pulse signal generating units (51-54) are provided corresponding to the switches, to generate a pulse signal containing pulse of predetermined time width. These pulse signals are input to a NAND circuit (3) via invertors (41-44). An interruption signal is generated when any one pulse signal generation unit inputs a pulse signal to the NAND circuit.    ADVANTAGE -   Minimizes power consumption of battery.
The apparatus has a coil (11) connected to a power supply line (10) from a vehicle mounted battery (1), which supplies power to an ECU (3). A switching transistor (12) is provided between the coil and a coil current detection resistor (14). When a starting switch (5) is ON, a control circuit (20) does the ON- OFF control of the switching transistor.    When the switching transistor is turned OFF, the counter voltage generated in the coil is smoothed by smoothing units (15,16), which comprise a diode and a capacitor. When the switching transistor is turned ON, the counter voltage generated in the coil is utilized by the ECU as booster voltage.    USE -   For engine control.    ADVANTAGE -   Supplies stable voltage to operate ECU, efficiently. Operates starter during engine start, effectively.
The power supply includes a pair of storage batteries (2,3) connected to a load circuit (10). Rectifiers (4,5) are provided in the power supply line of the respective storage battery.    When drive voltage from storage battery (2) is supplied to the load circuit, the rectifier (4) becomes non-conducting, whereas the rectifier (5) conducts. Similarly when drive voltage from storage battery (3) is supplied to load circuit, the rectifier (5) becomes non-conducting, whereas the rectifier (4) conducts.    USE -   For driving vehicle mounted load.    ADVANTAGE -   Is operated reliably.
The unit supplies air to a holder case (10) in which several battery modules (9) are arranged parallely. The battery modules electrically connect several cells (7) serially, to form a single tier. Air is blown to the holder case in a direction orthogonal to battery module.    ADVANTAGE -   Performs uniform cooling between cells. Improves safety.
The detector has a temperature sensor (4) externally mounted on each cell (7). When serially connected sensor detect the temperature rise of each cell, electrical resistance of the sensor increases. Then, total resistance of the temperature sensors is detected based on which abnormal temperature rise of each cell is determined.    ADVANTAGE -   Ensures safety of battery. Prevents generation of heat from temperature sensor.
The battery has a rectangular parallelopiped battery stack (2) which is interposed between two metallic end plates (3,4). The end plates are covered by an insulating film. Several manifolds (5-8) which are provided for supplying reaction gas, are distributed along the sides of the battery stack. The insulating film is coated on the surfaces of the end plates which are formed opposing the battery stack.    ADVANTAGE -   Increases electric insulation of insulating layer of end plate.
The separator (30) includes a base material (32) and a surface protection layer (40) containing a conductive ceramic powder and glass.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides superior conductivity and oxidation resistance. Provides fuel battery with high output, high efficiency. Improves durability.
The method involves applying high frequency to the carbon electrode in a low pressure atmosphere and exposing the surface of carbon electrode to vapours of polytetrafluoroethylene. By cathode sputtering of polytetrafluoroethylene, a water repellent fluoride coating is formed on the surface of carbon electrode.    USE -   For phosphoric acid type battery, alkali type fuel battery, solid polymer type fuel battery, aluminium-air battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Excels in water repellent property by forming fluoride coating on carbon electrode surface. Controls chemical reaction easily during formation of fluoride coating. Excels in gas supply property and maintains battery characteristics continuously.
The anode board contains active material having pores of 13-15vol%. The diameter of the pores ranges between 5-50micrometres.    USE -   For motor vehicles, industrial applications.    ADVANTAGE -   Offers battery with long life characteristics. Increases volume of anode board active material. Secures high industrial value.
The battery has a hollow portion (12) which is formed in the anode terminal (10) of the main body. A non-combustible gas supply body (13) is arranged in the hollow portion of the anode terminal. A current cut off board (14) is arranged below the non-combustible gas supply body. When the main body temperature raises, the non-combustible gas supply body generates non- combustible gas and the current cut off board interrupts the current path of main body on generation of non-combustible gas.    ADVANTAGE -   Interrupts current path of battery quickly, thereby preventing rupturing of battery. Avoids performance degradation resulting from non-combustible gas supply body. Improves safety during abnormal period such as short circuit, over charge.
The unit has a holder case (10) in which several battery modules (9) are parallelly arranged. The battery modules electrically connects several cells serially to form a single tier. A bar (28) electrically connects the terminals of the battery module to end plates (19,20) positioned at either ends of the holder case. The bar is inserted and moulded with the end plates made of resin.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves support strength and rigidity of battery module. Prevents incorrect insertion and twist. Detects voltage of battery module and abnormal temperature rise of cell.
The circuit includes a NPN transistor (Q1) and a multi- emitter structure NPN transistor (Q2) connected between a power supply node (11) and a ground node. The transistor (Q1) is connected to a standard current supply unit (13). The collector of transistor (Q1) is connected to its base and the power supply. The base of the transistor (Q1) is connected to a multi-emitter structure NPN transistor (Q3).    The emitter of the transistor (Q3) is connected to the base of the (Q2) transistor and input current unit is connected between the emitter of the transistor (Q3) and the ground node. Another NPN transistor (Q4) is connected between the current output node (12) and ground node. The base of the transistor (Q4) is connected to junction between the emitter of the transistor (Q1) and collector of transistor (Q2) .    USE -   For industrial use.    ADVANTAGE -   Obtains accurate microcurrent output. Reduces IC chip size as required.
The method involves measuring temperature at arbitrary measurement points (A-C) along inlet (5) formed between a set of spacer bars (31,32) of a plate fin type heat exchanger. The measurement point (C) is arranged on a side plate in lamination direction of a header tank. The measurement point (C) is arranged in a specific position with respect to other measurement points (A,B). The temperature gradient corresponding to measurement points (A-C) is computed. The temperature raise or reduction of the heat exchanger is regulated such that computed temperature gradient lies within a specific range before application of load.    USE -   For industrial plant e.g. chemical processing plant, fuel battery plant.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents damage of core component of heat exchanger due to prolonged usage under low temperature conditions.
The assembly has two electrode assemblies (30) with anode and cathode separated by an electrolyte. A bipolar plate (35) with an electrically conductive thermoplastic polymer substrate has two opposing major faces with a number of channels on each face. The bipolar plate is disposed between the two electrode assemblies such that one major face is adjacent and adhesively bonded to a major surface of one of the electrode assembly's anodes. The other major surface is adjacent and adhesively bonded to a major surface of the other electrode assembly.    Also claimed is a fuel cell assembly having n membrane electrode assemblies each with anode and cathode separated by a polymer electrolyte membrane. The assembly has n-1 bipolar plates each with a thermoplastic polymer substrate selected from polyethylene, polypropylene, polycarbonate, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene, polyetherimide, polyimide, polyamide, and polyacrylate. The substrates have two major opposing surfaces with fuel channels (37) formed on one face and oxidant channels (37) formed on the other. The substrate is rendered electrically conductive by filling it with a metal or carbon filler. The plates and electrode assemblies are assembled in a stack such that they alternate and are bonded together, the bonds serving to seal the fuel and oxidant channels.    ADVANTAGE -   The assembly eliminates the need for gaskets and other sealing devices, reducing size and cost.
A fuel composition for fuel cells comprises a solution containing water, alcohol(s) of formula CaHbOH where a is an integer 1 to 4 and carboxylic acid(s) of formula CcHd(COOH)f, where e is 1 to 3, f is 1 to 7 and g is 1 to 3. The alcohol concentration is 1-38 to 99.99 wt.% and the concentration of carboxylic acid is 0.01 to 20 wt.%. A fuel composition is also claimed which contains one or more of methanol, ethanol, n-propanol and n-butanol alcohols and one or more carboxylic acids from formic acid, acetic acid, acetic acid propanoic acid, butanoic acid and halogenated alkyl carboxylic acids. A fuel composition for fuel cells composed of water, methanol and formic acid is also claimed.    ADVANTAGE -   Proton transport within the porous anode of the fuel cell is improved without using mineral acids such as sulphuric acid which cause problems due to their highly corrosive nature.
A supported platinum catalyst with good carbon monoxide poisoning resistance, for a polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cell, comprises a finely divided conductive support material bearing platinum and ruthenium in highly dispersed unalloyed form, the crystallite size of the platinum being less than 2 nm and that of the ruthenium being less than 1 nm. Also claimed is production of the above catalyst by suspending the support material in water, adding aqueous Pt and/or Ru compound solutions, adjusting the pH to 7-9, depositing the Pt and/or Ru using a reducing agent, filtering off and washing the resulting catalyst, optionally depositing the other precious metal in the same way, and then drying at 200C. Further claimed are a PEM fuel cell gas diffusion electrode, a catalyst-coated proton conductive polymer membrane for PEM fuel cells and a PEM fuel cell membrane-electrode unit with gas diffusion electrodes on both the cathode and anode sides of a proton conductive polymer membrane, in which the catalyst layer on the anode side comprises the above catalyst.    USE -   Especially as anode catalyst for PEM fuel cells useful as traction batteries for vehicles.    ADVANTAGE -   The catalyst allows carbon monoxide contents of more than 100 ppm in the reformed gas supply of the fuel cell without significant fuel cell power losses, thus permitting reduction of the requisite carbon monoxide removal steps, reducing the system costs, improving the system efficiency and reducing the overall system size. The catalyst is suitable for operation with fuel gases containing carbon monoxide, nitrogen and oxygen and exhibits extremely low voltage drop at high current densities.
A thermoelectric conversion module comprises: a honeycomb body (3) of insulating material; n-type semiconductor elements (1) in passages of a first group and p-type elements (2) in alternate passages of a second group; electrodes (7) connecting adjacent n and p elements in series on both end surfaces of the honeycomb body; and insulating filler members (4) in spaces between the elements and the inner walls of the honeycomb passages made of an inorganic adhesive of alkali metal silicate or sol-gel glass.    USE -   Especially as an electric power generating apparatus in e.g a vehicle exhaust system.    ADVANTAGE -   The insulating filler members prevent undesired heat dissipation through adjacent elements so that higher output power can be attained with good stability over a prolonged period. The module can be manufactured in an easy, precise and low-cost manner.
The battery supporting apparatus has a battery holder arranged between the lower parts of right and left down pipes (11) hanging from the front and upper side of the engine (3) towards the front of the engine case (4) and also downwards.    The battery holder is arranged in front of the starter motor located on the front part of the engine case. The holder is also located beneath the radiator located on the upper part of the downpipe, and on top of the oil filter projecting forwards from the lower part of the engine case.    ADVANTAGE -   Fuel tank and silencer chamber can be secured efficiently and reliably. Workability of battery maintenance is improved by arranging battery holder between down pipes.
The heater comprises a warm air blower with a timer a programmer and adjustable thermostat, allowing it to be switched on for a given amount of time before the vehicle is used to de-frost the windscreen and warm the passenger compartment.    It is compact in design, easy to fit and move, and is powered by a self-contained battery of 12V or 24V which is recharged when the vehicle is running. It could also be plugged into a cigar lighter or connected directly to the vehicle's battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Low in cost and economical to run,
Gas generator comprises a layer of a first material with a layer of second material on one surface and a layer of third material on the other opposing surface. The application of an external potential results in a flow of gas from one side of the generator to another, the first material being an electrolyte material and the second and third materials being mixed conductors. A method for generating a gas involves providing the above generator and providing an external potential.    USE -   For use in generating gases especially oxygen or gases for chemical reactions or for forming carbon dioxide and hydrogen from methane.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides high gas flow rate with maximum efficiency at lower operating temperature.
The assembly includes a pair of opposing end walls and longitudinal side walls comprising input and output connectors. The side end walls are provided with fastening openings extending along a center of longitudinal length.    A power unit (30) is provided with a DC storage unit and DC bus and power transistors connected with a heat exchanger generating AC signals. Several fastening units are provided extending through fastening openings and mounting apertures in the heat exchanger of power unit for installation purpose.    ADVANTAGE -   Excites magnetic field required to generate EMF. Increases flywheel speed.
The apparatus has a low speed portion (40) which has a first compressor (36), a first turbine (38) which are interconnected by a first axial shaft with an integral first rotor. The first portion also has a stator positioned adjacent the rotor so as to generate electrical power.    The apparatus also has a high speed portion (50) which has a second compressor (46) connected to a second turbine (48) by a second axial shaft with integral second rotor and which has a second stator positioned adjacent the second rotor for generating electrical power. The second axial shaft is parallel to and independent from the first axial shaft, with an intercooler duct (44) interconnecting the first and second compressor and a combustor interconnecting the compressor and the turbine of the high speed portion.    ADVANTAGE -   Eliminates the need for gears to connect the turbines to the alternators. Alternator is integrated with compressor and turbine thereby eliminating the need for gear reduction.
The apparatus has a generator which supplies electric current to an electric drive motor. The apparatus also has a dual shaft turbine engine which has a compressor turbine (16) and a gasifier turbine (18) coupled with a first shaft (14) and a power turbine (26), a flywheel (40), which is enclosed in a vacuum containment vessel (48), and the generator (30) coupled to a second shaft (28) to provide electric current to the drive motor (34).    The first and second drive shafts are uncoupled and are allowed to spin independently of one another with exhaust gases from the gasifier turning the power turbine, and thus turning the generator and flywheel as a unit. The flywheel is coupled to the second shaft by a magnetic coupling (44,46) and the power turbine and the generator rotate concentrically around the second shaft.    ADVANTAGE -   Flywheel provides additional torque when required or purely electric energy to drive vehicle without the use of the turbine engine. Flywheel rotates directly with the output of the engine while being contained in a vacuum enclosure. Do not require high speed clutches or transmissions.
Battery comprises main battery (1), with standby battery (2) made up of parts (4, 5), and commutator (8). When the engine starter is connected to the battery the starter current is from NiCad battery (3) as it has a greater internal resistance. When the engine is switched off the electrical equipment is supplied from main battery (1). In the pause between starts the standby battery is boost charged by the main battery by parallel connection. As an example a battery is made up of a lead acid accumulator 6ST-60EM and a NiCad 4 Ah battery. The lead battery was discharged and had a residual capacity of 20Ah with a voltage of 10.8V.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   Battery may be used for IC engine starter batteries. Battery gives more reliable starting.
An anode (1) is in the form of an alkaline metal or alloy, while a cathode (2) is in the form of a rotating cylinder pressed to the anode. At the point of contact, the cathode releases the oxygen sorbed in its surface and reaction products are formed in the contact zone. During is use, the anode is moved downwards and current is generated at the contact point, while the main advantage of the source is the absence of electrolyte.    The chemical current source allows use of alkaline metal and there is no internal resistance of the element. The high activity of the alkaline metal determines the character of the source according to specific power and energy capacity. The formed reaction products, I.e. carbonate of alkaline metals can be easily used for regeneration of fuel.    Construction of high power autonomic electrical energy source for electric transport    No requirement for expensive materials
The thermoelectric power generating apparatus includes several power generator units (20) that each includes at least one thermocouple and is capable of mutually generating an equal output voltage. A connection form switch (60) switches the electrical connection form of each power generator unit (24) between serial and parallel connection to another power generator unit. A parallel voltage measuring device (30) measures the parallel voltage when the power generator unit are connected in parallel to each other.    A connection form determination device (50) determines a connection form of all of the power generator units selected from serial connection, parallel connection, and a combination of serial and parallel connection, so as to generate thermoelectric power for a load, e.g. a vehicle battery, connected to the thermoelectric power generating apparatus, on the basis of a value of the parallel voltage measured by the parallel voltage measuring device. A broken wire detector (40) determines whether there is a wire breakage in any of the power generator units.    ADVANTAGE -   Generates optimal power according to temperature variation and temperature distribution of heat source. Avoids reduction of power generation caused by wire breakage in device.
The device uses a weighing rod (3) supported at one end and attached to the pivot stop (1) for the excavator shovel or the crane grab. The weighing rod is provided by a rotation axis transverse to the pivot axis of the pivot device.    A radio module may be used for transmitting the measured data provided by the weighing device to a remote evaluation device, with the energy supply for the weighing device and the radio module provided by a solar cell independent of the excavator or mobile crane energy supply.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents weighing error caused by load swinging.
A fuel cell stack consists of fuel cell segments (1 to 3) where a glued region between two segments is found and where wires (5) are provided for electrical series connection of the segments. The segments are glued together at their edges. Wires which serve for the series connection are passed between glued faces or edges. These wires are hard soldered to electrodes (1,2) as well as pressed onto them. Glass solder is used as a glue (4). The segments are dimensioned so that a current of 50 amps maximum can be generated. One electrode of a segment is self-supporting and the electrolyte layer found on it is much thinner. The diameter of the wires is no more than one millimetre.    ADVANTAGE -   Thermal voltages, power losses and current arcs can be kept small with this inexpensive and versatile design.
Control modules for various onboard equipment such as BCM (100), VCM (110), FIM (120), DDM (130), RIM (140), CCM (150), and PDM (160) are connected to a power source composed of a battery (10) through a looped power line PL. A power control module (PCM) (20) for controlling an engine is connected to the battery (10) through a power line (22) different from the power line PL.    ADVANTAGE -   Can reduce adverse effects on other control modules.
The battery is monitored by a data acquisition system that measures the temperature and the voltage in each cell. The voltage measurements (Un2 and Un1) are made directly between the pole terminals. By calculating the voltage difference the voltage drop across the conductor rail and the fastening screws is obtained.    Since the current in the series battery connection is known the coupling resistance can be calculated. The internal resistance of the battery is calculated by measuring the voltage at two different currents.    USE -   For checking the condition of batteries used in submarines, fork lift trucks or emergency supplies.    ADVANTAGE -   Simple and inexpensive system.
The wheel lighting system comprises an outer rim (20), removable spokes (22), inner hub (24), main fastener (26), main housing (28), light emitting diodes (30,32), circuit board (34), cover (36), centre cap and spinner (38,40).    Spokes may be removed and replaced by reflecting spokes. Each has preferably one flattened surface running along its length. LEDs direct light towards the light receiving end of the reflecting spoke which extends through the inner hub. The illumination may be controlled by a manual or remote control switch.    USE -   Provides aesthetically appealing active wheel illumination from reflecting spokes lit from within the wheel inner hub.
During a control movement mode, the traction electric motor (2) of a transport device obtains power from a contact circuit (1) and from an autonomic power unit with traction accumulator batteries (5) in a non-contact mode with the contact circuit.    Each accumulator battery is connected to the common terminals of charge and discharge circuits through the corresponding pairs of diodes and thyristors are connected between the different poles of the batteries and are closed and opened during charge and discharge of the batteries.    USE -   Use of electric vehicles with combination power units    ADVANTAGE -   Better working reliability with simultaneous extended range of action of vehicle
The battery consists of an anode plate (5) and a cathode plate (6) which are wound with an insulator (7) in between. The anode and cathode plates have projection edge portions. A collector (12) has silt portions into which projections of the electrode plates are inserted.    USE -   Electric vehicle.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents reduction of productivity. Increases reliability. Reduces internal resistance variation.
The battery consists of an anode and a cathode on which an occlusion discharge of a lithium ion occurs reversibly. A separator is provided between the electrodes. The battery can (14) containing the electrodes also contains an organic electrolyte or is coated with an organic electrolyte film containing lithium ion. The electrodes are laminated one over other and wound inside the battery can to form several individual cells (10). All these cells are connected together to form a large capacity battery.    USE -   Used for electric vehicles, portable batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   Offers safe and efficient battery system. Excels in productivity.
The battery includes anode pole (1) and a negative electrode (2). Lead and lead oxide are made to adhere on films (6,7) of the anode pole and negative electrode respectively. Dilute sulphuric acid is used as an electrolyte (3). The electrolyte is supplemented with sulphuric anhydride (4).    ADVANTAGE -   Eliminates time loss due to charging of secondary battery. Enables to treat fuel battery safety.
The battery (1) contains a first conductive sheet (14) which contains a conductive material or a cathode and is connected electrically. A second conductive sheet (12) which contains a conductive material or an anode is also connected electrically. An insulator holder (13) is arranged in between the two conductive sheets to maintain non-contact condition.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents heat generation due to internal short circuit. Enhances safety. Offers high industrial utility.
The battery (1) has first and second electrically conductive sheets (22,20) which contains either anode or cathode connected electrically with respective conductive material. An insulator (24) is arranged between the two conductive sheets to prevent short circuit. The sheets with the insulator are wound such that first conductive sheet is arranged at the most external periphery. The second conductive sheet which is arranged inside the first sheet, is a metal foil film.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents temperature rise due to short circuit by providing insulator. Enhances safety. Offers high industrial utility.
The structure includes several blocks (1) laminated between upper and lower pressure plates (12,11) respectively. The pressure plates are held tightly by a block tap bolt (13). Each block consists of a conductive upper board (3) and a conductive lower plate (4) with a fuel battery stack (2) sandwiched inbetween. An exhaust manifold (5) vertically placed on either sides of each block, contacts manifold of neighbouring block, when laminated between the board and plate.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies manufacture and assembly. Simplifies exchange of block containing weak single cell.
The method involves detecting carbon monoxide present in reforming gas, by a detector (1). A stainless steel container (2) is filled with an oxidation catalyst (3). An electronic controller (6) and a flow rate regulator (7) control the ratio of oxygen and carbon monoxide present in reforming gas that is introduced in the oxidation catalyst.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces quantity of oxygen necessary for CO removal.
The composition comprises complex of tetracyano quino dimethane deriv and conductive polymer. Tetra cyano di-pheno-quino dimethane is the derivative of tetra cyano quino dimethane. The conductive polymers are chosen from among polyaniline, polypyrrole and polythiophene.    USE -   For portable electronic devices as video device, telephone, PC.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids variation in electrolyte concentration. Raises discharge capacity of battery.
The material exhibits greater negative polarity ability during processing at normal temperature. Thereby, charging and discharging characteristics are improved.    USE -   For electric vehicle, portable electronic devices such as portable video, portable telephone, portable PC.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids affecting other component of battery.
The method involves impregnating resin solution on a non-woven fabric, by mercury pressurising process, to obtain a multilayered body with a bulk density of 0.03-0.15g/cm3 , a blow hole rate and diameter of 80% and 50micrometer respectively. Then, the multilayered body is subjected to vacuum degassing process and a specific amount of impregnated solution is removed. Subsequently, the multilayered body is pressed by maintaining the density of 0.03-0.15g/cm3, and the blow hole rate of 45-75% and heat hardening is carried out at 50-180degC. Further a baking carbonisation of the hardened formation of the multilayered body is done at a temperature more than 800degC in a non-oxidation atmosphere.    USE -   In heat insulating material, electrode material, fuel battery, secondary battery, and catalyst support.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides high blow rate and large diametered blow holes. Excels heat resistance corrosion resistance and electrical conductivity. Possesses high interlayer strength and thereby improves strength of porous carbon material.
The structure includes a case body mounted at predetermined position of a vehicle to accommodate a battery. A battery side contact (40) connected with the electrode of the battery is fixed at predetermined location of the case body.    A chassis side contact (42) which supplies power from battery to the electric component of vehicle is fixed at predetermined location of a chassis. The case body and chassis are located such that the battery and chassis side contact are made to contact predetermined position of case body during attachment.    ADVANTAGE -   Maintains stable contact of contacts thereby avoiding need for connection by connector. Prevents theft of vehicle. Simplifies mounting removal of battery.
Battery charger (31) is claimed. The charger (31) has refresh means to have a battery discharge until the voltage falls below a set value; an energiser to electrify the battery; a detector of amount of charge in the battery (35); and electrification stop device (33) to stop charging when the charge exceeds a set amount.    USE -   The charger is used for batteries such as nickel-cadmium or nickel-hydrogen batteries, which are repeatedly recharged; especially batteries which are useful for vehicles.    ADVANTAGE -   The charger easily detects when the battery is fully charged, and stop the recharging reliably at this point.
Process for operating a battery of cells connected in series comprises equalising the capacitance of each cell by delivering-receiving electrical energy by inductive coupling. Also claimed is a process for charging and discharging a battery. In the process, there is a primary winding (13) for each secondary cell (11); a switching element (12) which switches the flow of the discharge current of the secondary cell (11); a secondary winding (21) connected magnetically to the primary winding (13); a rectification circuit (24) to rectify the electromotive force induced in the secondary winding (21) and charge the secondary cell (11); and a voltage-control circuit which equalises the capacitance of the individual secondary cells by operating a switching element according to the charge state of the secondary cell.    USE -   The battery may be used to power a vehicle.    ADVANTAGE -   The process prevents some cells from being over-charged during re-charging, and improves the use of the electrical energy.
The electric vehicle has a secondary battery (3). The power supply for an electric motor (1) is supplied from the secondary battery. By the rotation of the electric motor, a set of wheels (5) of the vehicle body rotates.    A set of fans (13) at the front of vehicle body rotates due to the transit wind. A generator (15) is coupled to the fan. When the fan rotates electricity is generated. The generated electricity is supplied to the secondary battery for charging.    ADVANTAGE -   Increases distance covered by vehicle in single charging.
The battery assembly consists of a long and thin compartment (10). The batteries are sequentially and vertically arranged in the compartment and the battery modules have a gap for flow of predetermined fluid media. A bypass duct (32) is extended in vertical direction in the gap between the battery modules (2). Cooling air is introduced into the battery assembly from a lower part, upwards. First the cooling air passes through the bypass duct. In the upper part of the retainer the air flows into the media flow path (30). Cooling air which has not contacted the lower battery module is supplied to the upper battery module. Uniform cooling of upper and lower parts of module takes place.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables efficient battery cooling and warm up. Reduces temperature difference between batteries in assembly.
The capacity meter measures discharge current and terminal voltage of storage battery (1). The measurement data are received sequentially. Accelerator computes the discharge electric energy of the storage battery, based on received measurement data. An estimation unit estimates the open circuit voltage of battery, based on the relation between the discharge current and terminal voltage. While estimating open circuit voltage sequentially, if the current value is smaller than that of the previous value, the current value is neglected. The curve is drawn for obtaining the relation between the estimated open circuit voltage and computed discharge electric energy. The remaining capacity of the storage battery is estimated based on the obtained relation.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids deadlock of vehicle on street and overdischarge of battery.
The thin film includes a solid solution of 5-14mol% of yttrium oxide and 86-95mol% of zirconium oxide. The electrolyte material is heated and evaporated by high density plasma discharge and simultaneously rendered into a plasma. The plasma particles are applied on porous electrode substrate to form thin film.    ADVANTAGE -   Has high crystallinity thereby offers thermal stability and high conductivity.
The separator comprises a base material (21) which consists of several flexible graphite sheets (16) laminated together. The base material is press moulded by a pair of metal moulds (17,18). The oxidising agent gas supply flow path (1) and heating gas supply flow path (2) are formed on either sides of the base material. An oxidising agent gas supply hole (S) and a heating gas supply hole (7) are connected to respective flow paths. The oxidising agent gas and heating gas ejection holes (8,10), penetrate the whole base material layer and connect with the flow paths.    ADVANTAGE -   Manufactures superior separator for solid body polyelectrolyte fuel battery. Facilitates mass production of separator by simplifying manufacturing process.
The battery pack consists of cells of same variety A connected in series and another set of cells of variety B connected in series, with A and B connected in parallel mutually. Each of the cells contain a negative electrode with carbon as active material and anode with lithium ion as active material. A non-aqueous electrolyte is also included. The opposing capacitance ratio of positive and negative poles is set as 1. The ratio of active material per unit area of negative electrode between the cells of A and B group is set within 0.45-0.75. The active material density per unit area of negative electrode of cells of both groups is also set within 5-13mg/cm2.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables to produce battery pack which combined cells of small packing density with cells of large packing density of active material. Has instantaneous maximum output characteristics and improved charging and discharging capacitance.
The vehicle has a vehicle body which has a cabin (28). A battery case (10) is arranged behind the cabin. An opening (12) which is opened towards the cabin, is formed in the battery case. A case front plate (18) is detachably provided to close the opening. The battery case contains an accommodation section (10) in a case rear section (16) to accommodate multiple batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies maintaining work of batteries mounted in electric vehicle. Excels in destruction prevention and waterproofness of battery.
The battery holder has a gas outlet for discharging gas generated by batteries held in the pack. The tube type batteries are separated by walls at predetermined distance (16). The walls have battery support holes (18) for retaining the batteries horizontally. An airtight chamber is formed by side walls which enclose the battery and have a gas emission space. The gas discharged from a battery is collected in the gas space, and released out of the vehicle by an exhaust gas tube (26) through a gas drain hole in the intermittent walls.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces piping for ejection of gas as a result, reduces apparatus size and cost.
The jar for enclosed secondary cells comprises resin compsn. consisting of polyphenylene ether resin contg. phosphoric ester cpd. of formula (1), at amt. of 1-30 wt.parts to 100 wt.parts of the polyphenylene ether resin. R1,R2,R3,R4=respectively, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, alkyl substd. aryl, halogen substd. aryl, aryl substd. alkyl, halogen, or H; X=allylene residue, and n= integer of at least 1. The jar is composed of at least two parts, which are bonded with epoxy resin for which tris(dimethylaminomethyl)phenol and/or organic acid salt of tris(dimethylaminomethyl)phenol is used, as curing agent.    USE -   The jar is used for enclosed secondary cells to be used for cars, various electric and industrial apparatus and machinery.    ADVANTAGE -   The jar for enclosed secondary cells, having improved mechanical strength (stiffness, strength against impact), heat resistance, steam penetration resistance, can be obtd.
The lithium cell includes a rectangular battery container (2) which contains a polar group. The polar group consists of a positive and a negative plate (1). Several parallel first hollow grooves which project outside, are formed in the plane surface of the rectangular battery container which is not parallel to the polar group. Several parallel second hollow surfaces are formed in the plane surface of the battery container which is parallel to the polar group.    ADVANTAGE -   Suppresses deformation of battery container even when internal pressure rises. Offers lithium cell with superior structure which strains high reliability and high strength.
The apparatus has a pair of terminals (phi1,phi2) connected to a positive electrode (12) and a negative electrode (14) of each battery cell (16) connected serially in a battery box. A voltage detector (42) outputs an analog voltage detection signal "Va" after detecting the voltage between the terminals. An A/D converter (44) transforms the analog voltage detector signal into digital voltage data "Da".    A discrimination unit (46) distinguishes whether the level of the analog voltage detection signal is within a specified limit. A control signal output unit (48) generates and outputs a control signal based on the discrimination result.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves mass production property. Distinguishes defective battery cell easily in assembly line.
The system has a vessel (1) which is sealed so that it is pressure tight. By means of gyrating magnetic eddy currents (from gases and liquids) the gravitational structure of the vessel is also converted into gyrating magnetic eddy currents. The anti-gravitation generator can be filled with material (2) to drive a power generator (8) through a control unit (5) and converter (6). Energy can be supplied directly from the charged material. The anti-gravitation generator can have a double walled spiral hyperbolic structure with the internal envelope open at both ends to the outer envelope    USE -   In the following application fields - steam and power generation, fuel cells, conversion cells, HF transformers, pulse generators, metabolic converters, manufacture of medicinal substances and accelerators    ADVANTAGE -   Permanent power generation with low input of external energy
The device has input circuitry for receiving information related to the type of the battery and dynamic battery parameter determining circuitry for determining an intermediate dynamic parameter of the battery. Open circuit voltage sense circuitry is coupled to the battery to sensing an open circuit voltage of the battery.    Correction circuitry is coupled to the dynamic battery parameter determining circuitry, to the open circuit voltage sense circuitry and to the input circuitry to adjust the determined intermediate dynamic parameter based upon the battery type information and the open circuit voltage of the battery. Output circuitry is coupled to the correction circuitry to provide test results, indicative of the condition of the battery, which are provided as a function of the adjusted intermediate parameter.    USE -   Tests battery according to whether voltage under load is greater or less than particular value.    ADVANTAGE -   Automatically provides state of charge correction for wide variety of battery types, automatically correcting for low state of charge.
The apparatus has a stator and a rotor. The rotor has a rim portion (910) which is divided into two sections. A segmented polymer bonded magnet (920) is fixed to the inner surface of the rim section. A mass (930) is attached to the inner surface of the rim section.    The density of the mass is equal to the density of the magnet so that equivalent centrifugal forces are generated along a spin axis of the rotor. A carbon fibre overwraps the rotor.    ADVANTAGE -   Replaces battery in hybrid, electric powered motor vehicle. Reduces weight and size of flywheel. Minimises centrifugal stresses.
The apparatus has an acoustic pulse generator (1), which outputs acoustic pulses for exciting fuel flowing through an inlet path (18) of an IC engine. The counter electromotive force generated by the pressure variation in the fuel inlet path is collected and stored during stoppage of acoustic pulse generator.    USE -   For vehicle.    ADVANTAGE -   Raises fuel intake efficiency, by reducing load of acoustic pulse generator. Enables to collect counter emf precisely, by increasing non-operating period of pulse generator. Reduces size of pulse generator.
The device has an air introduction flow path which reaches the interior of a battery storage case (18) from a cabin (10). An ejection flow path is provided in the battery storage case. The air used for air conditioning the cabin is passed to the air introduction flow path of the battery storage case. Cool air or warm air used by a battery (14) is discharged out of a vehicle through the ejection flow path. When a gas is released from the battery, that gas is discharged out of the vehicle through the ejection flow path.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents leakage of gas at side of cabin. Enables utilizing waste heat, efficiently.
The device consists of a honeycomb type battery retainer (2) formed with a number of battery maintenance chambers (8) which maintain a predetermined number of long and slender battery modules (10) formed by being serially connected with several batteries aligned in the longitudinal and cross directions. Each battery maintenance chamber is partitioned from the others and maintains a battery module. Each battery maintenance chamber has a cross sectional shape and size different from each battery module. Each battery module is separated from the walls of the corresponding battery maintenance chamber. A main passage (A) is formed in the gap between the inner walls of each battery maintenance chamber and the corresponding battery module between the upper and lower ends for circulation of a temperature control medium (F) from one end to the other. An upper passage (22) is formed inside each partition between the adjoining pair of battery maintenance chambers with the upper end as the starting point and blocked in the middle with a stopper (18). A lower passage (20) is formed inside each partition for leading the temperature control medium from the lower end within each main passage. A bypass passage (B) which passes a temperature control media to the battery maintenance chamber in the middle of a main passage.    USE -   In temperature regulators for adjusting battery temperature using heat exchange effect between media such as air and batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces temperature difference between batteries by simple structure.
The structure comprises an 'U' shaped bracket (4) fixed to a shelf (3) of a hood ridge panel (1). The bracket is attached in front of a front wheel house (2). A battery (10) is mounted to the bracket. A clamp member (11) is capped on top of the battery. The clamp member is coupled to the hood ridge panel through a rod member (12) press fixing the battery. A connection member (7) attached to a rear wall (4f) of the bracket is coupled to the rod member. A junction member (7a) is provided at lower end of the connection member and rear wall of bracket. The junction member is bonded to the hood ridge panel.    ADVANTAGE -   Increases degree of freedom. Improves strength of structure. Provides reduction in cost.
The transmission includes an oil pump (6) provided in an automatic transmission output shaft. The deceleration situation of a vehicle is detected and a directional control valve (7) is made to operate.    An accumulator (13) is coupled with the oil pump via a non-return valve (12). An oil pressure controller (16) is connected to the accumulator.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables to reuse waste energy. Improves efficiency of automatic transmission.
The catalyst comprises a dinuclear oxo-bridged iron (III) core complexed by tetraphenyl porphyrin, octa-ethyl porphyrin or protoporphyrin (IX) ligands. The oxygen reduction catalyst has an oxidation potential of 0-2V.    ADVANTAGE -   The catalyst has excellent stability and high catalytic activity for oxygen reduction. Can be used as a heterogeneous electrode surface catalyst.
The appts. includes one of the rear wheels (2) of the vehicle, with a small wheel (1) fitted on the axle just inside the rear wheel. The small wheel sits directly on a roller which is held in place by a shaft. This shaft extends on both sides of the roller. On the inner side, the shaft extends through a housing comprising a bearing and a suspension.    The shaft continues into a generator. On the outer side, the shaft extends through a second housing comprising two sets of bearings, one set at the centre and the other set at an angle of 60 degrees downward from the centre. This shaft ends in the centre bearing of the second housing. Reclaimed energy can be stored in batteries and used again by the vehicle for various uses.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides extra source of energy.
The fabrication of a porous composite separator for an electrochemical cell including an electrode comprises disposing a solution of separator precursor on the electrode and transforming the solution to form a porous composite separator that adheres to the electrode. The solution comprises a solid particulate material and a polymer binder having a ratio of binder to particulate material of 5/95 to 50/50. Also claimed are an electrochemical cell comprising a layer of porous composite separator material disposed on a first layer of electrode material, where the separator material, having micropores and comprising a composite structure comprised of the binder and solid particulate, adheres to the first layer of electrode material; (b) a second layer of electrode material superjacent to th porous composite layer; and (c) a liquid electrolyte contained within the pores of the porous composite separator so that the electrolyte provides a conducting medium between the first and second layers. A process for forming a microporous separator for an electrochemical cell including an electrode comprising printing a continuous layer of the separator on the electrode by disposing a solution comprising the above solid particulate material and curing the layer to form micropores within. An electrochemical cell having a liquid-electrolyte-permeable separator comprising an electrode, a matrix of solid particulate material, directly bonded on electrode, which is so thin that it would not be self-supporting and sufficient binder to hold the material in an open matrix which permits liquid electrolyte to permeate the layer of solid particulate material.    USE -   For microelectronics in manufacture of electrochemical power supplies of high energy and power density for portable electronic devices, e.g. portable computers, telephones, audio, video devices, pacemakers.    ADVANTAGE -   Small and improved quality.
A methanol/steam reforming reactor (1a) holds a quantity of a catalytic material (3). The reactor (1a) has an inlet (4) admitting the mixture of gas and steam (6) which is to be re-combined. The improvement is that: (a) the reforming reactor (1a) inlet (4) surrenders the mixture to a droplet catcher (8), preventing their direct contact with the catalytic material (3).    USE -   The reactor reforms esp. methanol to generate hydrogen for use in vehicles powered by fuel cell.    ADVANTAGE -   The reactor is suitable for use in mobile esp. automotive applications and minimises the damage to the catalytic material.
The use of a palladium alloy membrane foil, produced by the following method, for hydrogen separation from a process gas mixture, is new. The production method involves (a) preparing electroplating baths (1,2) of different types, each containing an electrolytic solution (3,4) for deposition of one of the alloy components; and (b) forming a layer stack for the membrane foil by successive electrodeposition of alternate alloying component layers on the circumference of a rotating cathode roll (7) which is dipped in each bath.    USE -   Especially as membrane foil of palladium alloy with group VIII or Ib metal, used for high purity hydrogen separation especially from methanol reforming product gas for supplying automobile fuel cell systems.    ADVANTAGE -   Compared with rolling process, production method allows production, at comparable cost, of thinner membrane foils to provide much improved hydrogen permeation rate.
The use of a process involving dissolution of a hardened chromium(III) oxide layer (4) in a warm aqueous solution containing an acid and an oxidising agent, during disintegration of a high temperature fuel cell stack, is new. Preferably, the solution contains 10 wt.% inorganic acid (preferably sulphuric or phosphoric acid) or organic acid (preferably citric acid) and 30 wt.% oxidising agent (preferably potassium permanganate) and dissolution is carried out at 60C for about 8 hrs. with at least intermittent ultrasound application.    USE -   In the disintegration of spent corroded high temperature fuel cells for reuse of the fuel cell components.    ADVANTAGE -   The process rapidly dissolves hardened chromium(III) oxide layers from the cell connector plates without damaging the plate surfaces.
A plate reformer lies on the underside and/or topside of a stack. The distance between stack and reformer lies in the area of a few millimetres. The reformer consists of high temperature-proof metal or ceramic.    The plate reformers are filled with catalyser material are fixed on the end plates of the stacks. The fuel gas flows first of all in the plate reformer and then in the stack.    ADVANTAGE -   Couples heat consumption with heat generation so that cooling air quantity is reduced and so that the cell is not damaged by internal reforming.
The system has a load (410) which has a power level rating and has a battery placed across it to perform a test on the battery. The system has means for sensing the voltage developed across and the current through the load during the test.    Electrical circuitry is operative to generate a signal representative of the power consumed by the load as a function of the voltage and current during the test. An indicator (418) signals to the system operator when the power consumed by the load exceeds the rating.    ADVANTAGE -   Ensures resistive load used is not damaged due to inadvertent excessive temperature and does not consume excessive power without leading to overly conservative operation.
A hydrogen generation system comprises: (a) a water-containing vessel for receiving components of the hydrogen generation system, including a cap device for providing vessel closure and access for removing sodium hydroxide byproducts, changing the liquid and adding water and at least one pellet, and including a valve for venting hydrogen from the vessel, (b) a reactor chamber for maintaining the pellet(s) of material that is reactive in water to produce hydrogen gas, the pellet being coated with a water impervious coating and (c) a device in the water-containing vessel for opening the pellet coat, exposing the pellet reactive material to react with water in the vessel generating hydrogen gas.    USE -   Is a demand-type portable hydrogen generation system e.g. for fuel cells, internal combustion engines.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides controlled generation of hydrogen on demand.
The system includes a motor whose core (1) is used as the transformer of a battery charging circuit during charging operation. A drive winding wire (3) of the motor forms secondary winding wires (4,5) of the transformer.    USE -   For electrical vehicle, portable electric equipment e.g. cleaner.    ADVANTAGE -   Eliminates use of charger thereby reduces size.
The apparatus consists of either multiple non-aqueous electrolyte batteries or single non-aqueous electrolyte battery (21). An abnormal heat reduction unit (22) is provided for reducing the abnormal heat produced in the battery unit.    USE -   For space navigation machine, diving navigation ship.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables to operate abnormal heat reduction unit both manually and automatically. Enhances safety, efficiency, output and energy density.
The battery consists of a multilayered resin container having polyethylene as the inner layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Increases safety in using non-aqueous electrolyte battery.
The meter comprises a voltage and current measuring units which measures discharge voltage and current of a battery. A discharge amount calculator computes the discharge value of the battery from the measured discharge current. A discharge voltage deciding unit (140) decides the discharge voltage corresponding to the measure discharge value of the battery, based on a first stage discharging characteristics which shows the relationship between discharge value and discharge voltage of the battery.    A discharge characteristics estimating unit estimates the discharge characteristics which includes the measured discharge voltage and discharge value of battery. The estimated discharge characteristics is formed parallel to the first stage discharge characteristics. A remnant charging calculator computes the remnant capacity of the battery from the estimated discharge characteristics.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables charging and discharging of battery efficiently according to degradation of battery power.
The structure includes a battery frame (1) with a battery case (17). A battery cell (16) is accommodated in the battery case, along horizontal direction. Several vents (18) are formed on the upper and lower surfaces of the battery case at predetermined intervals. Cooling air is supplied from the lower surface of the frame and is circulated within the internal battery cell and is exhausted through the top vent. A celcon trawl unit (21) having a bottom base (23) is positioned at a specific portion on the upper surface of the battery case with a predetermined gap between them. The cold air from the top vent hits the celcon trawl unit and it is cooled.    ADVANTAGE -   Enhances cooling effect, remarkably. Simplifies exchange of battery celcon trawl unit. Reduces variation in voltage drop by harness.
The unit consists of power generating piezoelectric elements (20,30) which are mutually laminated in identical polarization direction. A frequency adjusting piezoelectric element (40) is installed between the power generating piezoelectric elements in the same polarization direction.    The power generating and frequency adjusting piezoelectric element arrangement forms a piezoelectric transducer (P). A rectifier (60) is connected between ground electrodes (21,32) of the power generating piezoelectric elements. A short circuit (50) is provided for selectively short circuiting the frequency adjusting piezoelectric element.    ADVANTAGE -   Utilizes variation of young's modulus of piezoelectric transducer effectively. Improves power generation efficiency in large frequency range.
The system includes a SMPS (2) that has a switching circuit (6). The specific DC voltage is output from a battery (17) by operating the switching circuit. The operation of the switching circuit is regulated by a controller (7). The specific voltage is output by a main power supply (1). A detection diode (D1) is connected to secondary coil (13) of a transformer (12) of the main power supply.    A first resistor (R1) is connected between the diode and base of an emitter grounded transistor (T1). A second resistor (R2) is connected between the positive terminal (1N+) and the collector of the transistor (T1). The collector is connected to the base of a transistor (T2). The collector of the transistor (T2) is connected to the positive terminal. The required operating voltage is passed to the controller from the emitter of the transistor (T2).    ADVANTAGE -   Facilitates simultaneous connection of main power supply and battery. Reduces cost by using inexpensive transistor for low power.
The battery consists of an anode (2) and a cathode (2) which are separated by a separator (3). An electricity generation component is sealed inside a case (10) which consists of an swirl electrode group (15) and a non-aqueous electrolyte. A container (20) filled with a coolant (21) is provided in a hollow cylinder (10b) of the case. When the pressure inside the coolant container is exceeding a predetermined value the coolant inside the container is vapourised.    USE -   For electric vehicle, electrically driven cart, personal computer and security equipments.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents temperature rise by evaporating coolant thereby enhances safety. Improves operativity by attaching coolant container directly to inner hollow cylinder.
The battery comprises an anodised cylindrical container (1) made of iron alloy containing a cylindrical solid electrolyte tube (2) made of ceramic. The upper end of the solid electrolyte tube is fixed airtight with an insulated ring (3). A cathode cover (4) is fixed airtight with the upper part of the insulated ring. An anode material (5) impregnated with sulphur as an anode active material is provided in the anodised chamber formed between the anodised container and the solid electrolyte tube. The solid electrolyte tube contains sodium (7) as cathode active material. A positive terminal (9) made from aluminium, a cathode terminal (10) are joined directly to the cathode cover.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces self electrical resistance of container.
The stack includes a stand on which several battery modules are mounted. An intermediate pressure board divides the battery modules into top module group (21) and bottom module group (22) in vertical direction. The first pressure additional equipment is installed on the top module group, and upper part of which is attached by the upper pressure board (25) . A coupling member connects the top and middle pressure board surrounding the top module group. A second pressure additional equipment is arranged on lower surface of the stand, and lower end of which is attached by the lower pressure board (27). Another coupling member connects the middle pressure board and bottom pressure board surrounding the bottom module group.    ADVANTAGE -   Secures safety of stack even when pressure bellows gets damaged. Prevents causing damage to pressure additional equipment.
The battery has a matrix body (1) with several laminated matrix (1a). An anode (2) and a cathode (3) with corresponding separators (2,3) are arranged on either sides of the matrix body. Reaction gas is passed between the electrodes and the matrix body. A pair of size adjusting units (20,21) are interposed between the matrix interlayers, separating the contact region of the electrodes.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces variation with time. Eliminates leakage of reaction gas.
The method involves mixing nickel, cobalt, cermet of nickel alloy and yttria stabilized zirconia with a binder. A base is immersed in the fuel pole material mixed solution (13) to which organic solvent is added depending on necessity. The fuel pole material adhering to the base is dried and a fuel pole material film is formed on the internal circumferential surface of the base. Finally, the fuel pole material film is baked.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables uniform film forming.
The battery has a solid polymer electrolytic film (12) which is formed between an anode (10) and a cathode (11), with a predetermined interval inbetween to form a battery unit (1). An active material separator (2) is arranged between the battery units and forms a negative electrode chamber (Ne) and a positive electrode chamber (Po) to which negative and positive active materials are supplied, respectively. An active material coolant separator (3) is placed between the negative and the positive electrode chambers and forms a coolant chamber (C). The active material separator and the coolant separator have press board. A coating layer is formed on the common press board.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces need for press die.
The separator consists of a hollow frame (9), a baffle plate (4), a corrugated sheet (5) and a collector board (6). A felt of alumina fibre is soaked in an electrolyte (11) and is used for wet sealing.    ADVANTAGE -   Utilises heating gas efficiently. Refills electrolyte automatically in separator. Prevents reduction of battery capability. Prolongs life of battery. Lowers rigidity of wet sealing portion.
The fuel battery consists of an electrolyte board (1) with anode (2) and cathode (3) arranged on either sides. A pair of collector boards (4) are laminated on the outer sides of the electrodes. The collector boards are made to contact a collector (9) and a collector board end support (8). A pair of separators (7) mounted on the outer side of the collector boards. The separator comprises the collector and collector board end support for which the amount of elastic deformation becomes almost equivalent.    ADVANTAGE -   Has uniform and excellent contact condition. Provides long life and high efficiency.
The electrode material comprises tetra fluoro ethylene oligomer which acts as a water repellant and is mixed with carbon material. A poly:tetra fluoroethylene is mixed to raise the binding nature of tetrafluoro ethylene oligomer.    ADVANTAGE -   Has high water repellant property, gas supply on gaseous diffusion property. Has prolonged battery durability and ability.
The electrode has a strip shaped positive and negative electrodes (1,2) wound mutually, with a strip shaped separator (4) in-between them. Several collector tabs (3) made of metal are joined to predetermined positions of both the positive and negative electrodes, along length direction. The collector tab also contains UV hardening resin and heat cured resin. When the solidification resin film (5) of the collector tab is removed, it contacts with the separator and generates internal short circuit.    USE -   Electric vehicle.    ADVANTAGE -   Secures high energy density. Avoids rupture of separator.
A textile product, made from active element yarn, active element-coated textile yarn or fibre or their composite and useful as a battery electrode support, is new.    Also claimed is production of a battery electrode support by textile processing of an active element yarn, active element-coated textile yarn or fibre or their composite.    Further claimed are (i) a battery electrode support consisting of the above textile product or made by the above process; and (c) batteries including the above electrode support.    Preferably the product consists of a woven or knitted metal (especially nickel) yarn or filament, nickel-coated textile (e.g. viscose) yarn, composite yarns or especially a filament produced from a metal-coated synthetic material film (e.g. nickel-coated polyethylene film).    USE -   As an electrode support in all types of rechargeable batteries ranging from wrist-watch, telephone or other portable device batteries to automobile starting and traction batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   The electrode support has a geometrically reproducible textile structure forming a skeleton having active material retaining, electron draining and electron collecting functions which can be independently optimised.
The device supplies an analogue and a digital signal to a processor (10), via a single output line (9) for both signals, coupled to an analogue input (12) and a digital input (11) of the arithmetic unit.    The voltage at the analogue input of the arithmetic unit is monitored for regulating the current flow through a load (1), with the voltage at the digital input detected as a low or high single for disconnection of the load when a low signal is detected.    ADVANTAGE -   Simple, accurate regulation of current through load.
During movement of a device of transport, air flows are formed which pass through air-collection channels (3) to active turbines (4). Because each of the channels is as a confuser-diffuser system in the form of a Laval nozzle, the air flow passes from them at high speed and turns the turbine. As the kinetic energy of the flow depends on the flow speed, the kinetic energy is increased and the power on the shaft (5) of the turbine and of an electric generator (6) is also increased.    The rotation of the active turbines is converted into electrical energy by the electric generators and is used for charging of accumulator batteries or is passed through a distribution device (7) to the electric circuit for operation of all systems of the vehicle during its movement and to increase the range of the vehicle having a non-petrol engine.    USE -   Increases range of the device of transport, particularly vehicular, water and railroad transport by use of natural energy source, i.e. wind.    ADVANTAGE -   Increases range without recharging from external energy source.
The power supply includes a high voltage module (42) that is connected to a control module (40). The control module receives a predetermined input voltage (Vin49) and outputs a high frequency low voltage power signal (46).    The input terminal of the high voltage module receives the high frequency low voltage power signal and outputs a high voltage power to the cold cathode tube. The high voltage module is mounted in the internal surface of the cold cathode tube.    USE -   For household, commercial application or automotive application.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces high voltage wiring since only low voltage power control signal is generated from control module. Facilitates to vary illumination of cold cathode tube without dark areas. Provides compensation for negative resistance of inert gas.
The battery has a container and a cover. The container has a handle attachment structure (36) of a belt loop (42) dimensioned to accept a handle and at least one spring pawl for engaging a handle. A handle has a service and a rest position and has hook ends (28,30) contained in the belt loop.    The hook ends are sized and positioned to abut against the pawl in the service position. The handle and belt loop are dimensioned to restrict side-to-side movement of the handle.    ADVANTAGE -   The handle can be readily attached and assembled by automation but is not susceptible to being inadvertently detached.
The terminal has a metal outer component (22) with a bore in it, the bottom of the bore being closed, and an insert (38) having an internally threaded hole in it. The method includes placing the insert within the bore in the outer component, such that it rests on the closed end of the bore.    The top edge of the outer component, which extends above the top surface of the insert is engaged with the operating head of a orbital head forming tool. With the orbital head forming tool, the portion of the outer component which extends above the insert is then reformed, such that the portion is formed in secure engagement with and overlaying the top surface of the insert and with a hole in it in alignment with the internally threaded hole in the insert.    USE -   Lead acid batteries for motor vehicles.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents leaking from battery in simple, cost effective manner.
The method involves heat treating binderless zeolite (sic) and reformed binderless halogen type zeolite (sic) at 500-1,200C. The binderless zeolite contains at least one metal chosen from manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, platinum and has a micropore of 95-100 wt.%. The reformed zeolite has a micropore of 90-96 wt.%. A devulcanising agent of Na X and Ca X type zeolite having a pore size of 5 at 0-50C is contacted with the hydrocarbon group gas containing small amount of sulphur. The pressure of the gas at normal temperature is maintained at 1-10 kg/cm2, at predefined flow rate.    USE -   In the manufacture of non-corrosive fuel for air conditioners.    ADVANTAGE -   Performs desulphurisation at room temperature and pressure hence saving energy. The apparatus has long-term stability, and as the need for a heat exchanger and gas compression machine is eliminated, the size is reduced.
The structure includes an electrical unit (18) operated by the electric power supplied by a battery unit (30). The electrical unit supplies hydraulic fluid to an actuator. The battery is covered by a heat-retention cover (40) made of an insulating material.    ADVANTAGE -   Facilitates driving of electrical unit even in cold condition, satisfactorily. Prevents cooling of battery by external temperature. Improves capability of battery.
The unit has a voltage detector (36) which is provided for detecting the voltage of a battery (21). A current detector (37) is provided for detecting the battery current. A discharge current integrating value detector is provided for detecting the integrating value of the battery current. A threshold voltage (Vf) is set up based on the battery current. The detected battery voltage is compared with the threshold voltage. The amount of the residual charge of the battery is computed by a controller (22) when the detected discharge current integrating value exceeds the threshold discharge current integrating value.    ADVANTAGE -   Displays residual charge correctly. Avoids reduction in battery life by over discharge.
The assembly includes a rectangular board over which several electrolyte layers (1) are arranged. First side surface of the rectangular board is formed of an oxygen pole along its thickness direction. Oxygen gas is allowed to pass through the oxygen pole side surface of the board. Second side surface of the rectangular board is formed of fuel pole. A fuel gas is allowed to pass through the fuel pole side surface of the board along the same thickness direction as that of the oxygen gas. A main flow path is formed along the row direction of the electrolyte layers. The width of the main flow path is approximately identical to that of the electrolyte layers. An auxiliary flow path is connected to an aperture of the main flow path corresponding to the electrolyte layers. The fuel gas and oxygen gas flows through the main and auxiliary flow paths. Several composition members are arranged in a contact condition along row direction of the electrolyte layers.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies composition.
The method involves connecting a fuel battery (2) to a battery (1). The fuel battery supplies power for charging the battery. A heat exchange tank (3) is connected to the fuel battery via a hydrogen supply pipe (31). The hydrogen supply pipe supplies hydrogen from a hydrogen storage tank (4) to the heat exchange tank. A fan (6) arranged in heat exchange tank forcedly transfers heat generated in battery during charging operation to hydrogen storage tank.    ADVANTAGE -   Restricts temperature rise in charging battery. Enables to charge battery in mobile manner.
The method involves regulating or setting the voltage generated by the power supply device (1) so that at least one electronic assembly (60) is supplied with an adequate minimal operating voltage.    An electronic assembly can contains its own energy storage device, pref. a capacitor. The operating voltage can be regulated or set according to the measured quality of the storage device so that the electronic assembly with the lowest quality storage device is supplied with an adequate minimal operating voltage.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables the effects of migration to be reduced.
A fuel cell comprises: (A) a cell including an electrolyte member positioned between an anode layer and a cathode layer; (B) a pair of current collectors, each contacting one of the electrode layers, wherein one collector(s) includes (a) a thin porous substrate and (b) a hydrophilic material, wherein (b) is provided either to holes of (a) or to surfaces of skeleton elements of (a), so that hydrophilic areas formed by (b) successively pass through (a) between both surfaces of (a); (C) a first channel member which includes channels which face the anode layer with one of the pair of current collectors in between; and (D) a second channel member which includes channels which face the cathode layer with the other one of the pair of current collectors in between, wherein the hydrophilic areas of the current collector(s) are exposed to channels of (C) and/or (D). Also claimed are: such a fuel cell in which, in (B), (b) is loaded into through openings which are established to pass through (a) between both surfaces of (a); a cell structure element, which is a structural unit of a power generation element of a fuel cell, comprising (A) and (B); a current collector comprising (a) and (b) as above; and a polymer electrolyte fuel cell comprising (A), (C), (D), and (B) in which the current collector(s) comprises (a), (b) and (c) a hydrophobic material, wherein both (b) and (c) are provided to either the holes of (a) or to the surfaces of skeleton elements of (a), so that a gas flow path(s) surrounded by particles of (c) passes through (a) between both surfaces of (a).    ADVANTAGE -   The current collector has high hydrophilic property, making condensation product water and reaction product water move freely in the collector so that reaction gas is not hampered by the water. This maintains reliable gas permeability so cell characteristics such as cell voltage do not decrease and stable power generation is achieved.
Electrochemical half-cell (1) comprises an electrode chamber (2) for containing an electrolyte (23), a gas chamber (6), and a gas diffusion electrode (7) separating a gas chamber (6) and electrode chamber (2). The electrode chamber (2) is divided into sections (2a,2b,2c) which are connected to each other to pass the electrolyte (23) in cascade fashion over shafts (17,18,19).    USE -   In alkali halide electrolysis.
The system operates a control circuit (6) in a car. At least one input signal is applied to the circuit and devices (2-4) by which the circuit is activated in reaction to a change of input signal. The activation of the circuit only takes place in an operating state in which the circuit is deactivated.    Especially one controller is provided through whose operation the circuit is brought into the operating state of deactivation. The devices have a first power supply device and a second one (61) is provided by which the control circuit can be supplied with power. In reaction to a change of input signal, the second power supply device is activated in order to activate the control circuit.    USE -   Operational control circuit used especially in hybrid car.    ADVANTAGE -   High operational security for control circuit without excessive power consumption.
The method firstly involves a condenser being charged up by the generator. Secondly, the condenser to at least 2% serves for two seconds in total to operate the electrical loads and/or to charge the battery.    A condenser with a discharge/charge power of at least 0.5 kW, preferably 0.7 kW and especially at least 1 kW is installed. A condenser with a cyclically exploitable store of at least 20 kJ and especially at least 28 kJ may be used.    ADVANTAGE -   Under unfavourable operating conditions, the power consumed in auxiliary aggregates is minimised and an excessively high number of charge/discharge cycles at the battery is avoided.
Production of an electrolyte layer for a fuel cell comprises:    (a) applying an ultraviolet- or light-sensitive lacquer layer on a substrate;    (b) irradiating the lacquer layer in such a way that a line- or net-like structure is produced in the lacquer layer;    (c) removing the irradiated structures;    (d) inserting catalyst material into the sites of the removed structures;    (e) producing a mechanical connection between the catalyst material and an electrolyte layer for a fuel cell; and    (f) removing the substrate.    After inserting the catalyst material and before applying electrolyte material to the catalyst material, the remaining light sensitive line-like or point-like lacquer layer is irradiated and then removed. The electrolyte layer has a catalyst alloy whose concentration changes in the direction of the surface norm of the electrolyte surface.    ADVANTAGE -   Only a thin catalyst layer is required.
A nickel hydride battery includes one or more negative electrodes (1) having a porous metal substrate formed from a Cu, Cu-plated Ni or Cu-Ni alloy. an electrode tab (2) attached to the electrode is directly attached to the porous metal substrate through a connection having low electrical resistance. Also claimed the negative electrode claimed above.    USE -   Used for high power NiH batteries for electric vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides batteries having peak power performance required for HEVs. Welding the electrode tabs directly to the substrate rather than staking the tabs to the electrodes increases the specific power of the battery. Values of 145 W/Kg for 20% DOD and 134 W/Kg for 50% DOD were demonstrated.
The stack (10) has a number of cells separated by separator plates (13,25) which have a flattened peripheral wet seal structure (12) extending to contact less than 1 inch of the electrolytes on each face of the plates completely around the anode chamber and partially around the cathode chamber. The electrolytes (16,24) and separator plates have aligned perforations, the plate perforations surrounded on the anode facing face by a flattened manifold wet seal structure forming a manifold wet seal to form fuel gas manifolds extending through the stack.    Fuel conduits through the wet seal structure provide communication between the fuel gas manifolds and anode chambers. Each separator plate has a dry peripheral seal structure (11) at least partially around its periphery, which provides a seal between plates. Each separator plate forms a gap between the peripheral wet seal structure and the peripheral dry seal structures.    ADVANTAGE -   The stack provides effective sealing of the reactant gases from one another while preventing electrolyte migration.
The process uses an integral power generator with a compression, electricty generation and turbine stages on the same shaft. The process includes compressing an gas containing oxygen in the compression stage and then heating some of the gas. Fuel and the gas are introduced into a fuel cell for oxidising the fuel to produce electricity and hot exhaust gas.    The turbine stage is driven with the exhaust gas at a speed of at least 50,000 rpm, and drives the electricity generation and compression stages. The generation stage generates AC electricity.The spent exhaust gas is removed from the turbine stage and introduced into the heating stage for heating the oxygen-containing gas.    ADVANTAGE -   The process has high energy efficiency, has capital and operating costs comparable to those of large scale installations and creates minimum pollution.
The assembly (4) includes several reflecting mirrors (2)arranged in its external side. Light beams irradiated on the reflecting mirrors are transmitted to a sun lamp, through holes (5) formed in the mirror. A silicon oxide film is formed on the reflecting mirrors.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids accidents. Facilitates indoor usage.
The battery consists of several anodes (60) and cathode plates (61) which are laminated with a separator (62) in between. The separator is made up of a porous polymer material. Anode and cathode collectors are formed by connecting each anode and cathode plate to respective lead wires (77,65) of a terminal.    USE -   For portable communication apparatus, notebook PC.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces internal resistance of battery since PTC element is not provided.
The battery consists of a positive electrode container (3) and a negative electrode container (2). The positive electrode container contains positive active materials like sulphur, selenium, tellurium, sodium polysulphide or a metal halide. A solid electrolyte enveloping tube (1) which separates the positive and negative electrode containers is positioned so as to form a clearance. A sodium container (5) supplies sodium (9) to the clearance via a small hole (6). A space (11) is provided to accommodate volume variation of sodium in the clearance.    ADVANTAGE -   Eliminates failure of negative electrode and its junction portion during temperature variation. Increases reliability and safety of battery.
The system includes an auxiliary unit (1) which includes a reducer generator (11) and reducer storage apparatus (12). The reducer generator generates necessary reducer such as hydrogen for electricity generation reaction of a fuel battery (7) using main power supply of night time. The generator reducer is stored in the storage apparatus. The stored reducer (4) is supplied to the fuel battery through a fuel pole and an oxidizing agent (6) is supplied to it through an air pole. The fuel battery performs electricity generation during peak load of day time.    USE -   For air conditioner.    ADVANTAGE -   Attains levelling of electric power. Prevents generation of carbon dioxide by avoiding catalytic reaction of hydrocarbon. Enables effective usage of energy. Eliminates need for rectifier, thereby simplifying apparatus.
The separator is arranged on the outer side of a fuel battery which consists of an electrode on both sides of an electrolyte board. A concentric gas passageway is formed connecting gas inflow path and outflow path.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces manufacturing cost of fuel battery since gas passage way is arranged in concentric circles. Offers uniform supply of heating gas and combustion gas. Enhances power efficiency of fuel battery.
The apparatus has a battery unit (31) supplying drive power to an electric motor. A rotatable battery mount base (17) is provided, on which the battery is positioned and mounted.    A seat tube (2) is rotatably provided in the battery mount base in a downward position and is connected with a main pipe (3). The battery unit is positioned on the rotatable battery mount base.    ADVANTAGE -   Facilitates easy mounting and removal of battery.
The bicycle consists of a battery (11) that provides the drive force to the electric motor. The battery is detachably located between a seat tube (2) and the rear wheel. A frame cover (26) is provided for a key unit (32) with a key (38). The key unit is provided with a locking mechanism for detachably locking one end of the battery by positioning the key unit ahead of the seat tube.    The other end of the battery is inserted to the attachment hole of the fitting, which is attached by a chain stay (41), and is fixed. One end of the battery has insertion hole for a lock pin. The vehicle is capable of being driven by short-legged persons and also by persons with good height or long legs.    ADVANTAGE -   Has provision for lowering or raising saddle. Provides easy access to ignition key.
The bicycle consists of a battery (11) that provides drive power to electric motor. A main pipe that cross-links the head tube and the seat tube, consists of a first main pipe (3a) and a second main pipe (3b). The battery for the electric motor is positioned between the first and second main pipes.    A cover case (58) with a support (18) on either sides is provided for the battery. The battery is provided on a fitting (26).    ADVANTAGE -   Facilitates mounting and de-mounting of battery. Provides inexpensive holding. Reduces weight required.
A rechargeable lithium ion cell (1) of prismatic shape has (a) a metallic housing which is electrically insulated internally by two non-conductive half shells, which cover the electrode plates and their lugs (7), and externally by an insulating coating; (b) a bursting membrane (4) normally located above the electrolyte level; and (c) a skewing preventer which extends over the entire surface of the cover (2) and which also serves for centring and mounting of the electrode plate assembly. Also claimed is production of the above cell by (i) welding the positive and negative electrode plate lugs (7), respectively, to aluminium and copper rivets (9) which are then rivetted to the positive and negative terminals (3) respectively; (ii) enclosing the electrode assembly with the half shells and inserting in the cell housing; (iii) welding the cover (2) onto the cell housing; (iv) filling the cell (1) with electrolyte through the filling socket (5) and cycling to achieve the functional state of the cell; and (v) sealing the filling socket (5) electrolyte-tight.    USE -   As an on-board power battery for vehicles (claimed), especially electric road vehicles.    ADVANTAGE -   The cell has high mechanical stability and safety, avoids short-circuiting, water penetration and heating (with consequent irreversible energy loss) on high current loading, prevents electrolyte leakage and is inexpensively produced from a reduced number of parts.
A method of producing a moulding, preferably a foil, comprises: (1) compounding and melt extruding a mixture containing a 1-100 wt.% blend. This blend is (a) 1-95 wt.% pigment with a primary particle size of between 5 nm and 20 m, selected from electrochemically inert solids, compounds capable of being charged by yielding lithium ions (Li+), compounds capable of being charged by taking up Li+ and a mixture of the solids and either compound, (b) 5-99 wt.% polymeric binder and (c) 1-200 wt.% plasticiser. The binder is a copolymer of vinylidene fluoride with 8-25 wt.% hexafluoropropylene, and the plasticiser is dibutyl phthalate, di(m)ethyl phthalate, tris(butoxyethyl) phosphate, propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate and/or trimethyl trimellitate are excluded.    Also claimed are (i) a method of producing a composite; (ii) the mouldings and composites produced; (iii) separators, solid electrolytes, electrodes, sensors, electrochromic windows, displays, capacitors or ion-conducting foils consisting of a moulding or composite of this type; and (iv) electrochemical cells with a separator, solid electrolyte and/or electrode of this type.    USE -   The mouldings or composites are used for making separators, solid electrolytes, electrodes, sensors, electrochromic windows, displays, capacitors or ion-conducting foils; and the electrochemical cells are used as batteries for cars or equipment or as flat batteries (all claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   The method gives mouldings with a special micro-structure which results in good compression strength and thermal conductivity. They also have a good resistance to short circuits.
A hybrid power generation system comprises: (a) a hydrocarbonaceous fuel pyrolysis unit to form a first gaseous stream comprising H2 and a partially dehydrogenated fuel stream; (b) converting H2 to an electrical current; (c) an electrical conversion unit for generating a first motion from the current; and (d) a combustion engine for converting partially dehydrogenated fuel stream to a second motion.    USE -   For producing mechanical power from a hybrid power generation unit.    ADVANTAGE -   The combination of pyrolysis, fuel cell, and high efficiency heat engine results in a procedure and device that is significantly more efficient in terms of utilising the energy present in the feedstock hydrocarbon fuel.
The battery monitor (10) has an attenuator (24) which provides a battery voltage signal to batteries (12). Switches (36) are independently selectively activated to provide the battery voltage signal of a particular battery. A controller selectively activates one of the switches to select a particular battery voltage signal.    A capacitor (38) is charged by the selected battery voltage signal in response to the selected battery voltage signal. The controller deactivates the selected switch after the capacitor is charged by the selected battery voltage signal and determines the voltage of the selected battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids overheating of batteries during charging. Eliminates use of costly transformers. Reduces electromagnetic compatibility. Reduces overall vehicle wiring. Isolates battery voltage and currents from other electrical systems.
The system includes a primary heat exchanger (32) consisting of a muffler (25) and a catalytic converter (26) which is connected to the exhaust unit (14) of IC engine. The muffler chamber and the converter chamber are coupled together to form a composite primary chamber (31) of the primary heat exchanger. The primary heat exchanger transfers the thermal energy from the exhaust gases to a working fluid in the primary chamber. An engine cooling system (15) circulates a cooling liquid to remove the thermal energy from the internal combustion engine.    An auxiliary heat exchanger (34) transfers the thermal energy from the coolant to a working fluid in the auxiliary chamber (35). A rotor (39) provided in an expander unit (37) is driven by the expansion of a circulated working fluid. An electrical generator (18) is mounted under the chassis so that the generator is coupled with the rotor. An air conditioner (19) is provided in trunk storage compartment of the vehicle to circulate cooled air through a passenger compartment. An electric motor (62) provided in the air conditioner is driven by the electric generator. An electric energy storage unit (87) is used to receive the electrical energy from the generator.    USE -   For motor vehicles.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables to cool engine as well as transfer energy to expander using liquid coolant. Provides additional energy source for expander using auxiliary air cooled radiator. Provides air conditioning by using energy recovered from system. Prevents over crowding of engine compartment. Recovers heat energy present both in muffler and catalytic convertor.
The module comprises a main battery (B1) which is connected between the load and the ground. During the normal operating mode, the power from the main battery is supplied to the load. A pair of auxiliary batteries (B2,B3) are charged by the main battery, which have different rating voltage. The reverse current flow from the auxiliary batteries to the main battery is prevented by the reverse flow blocking unit. During the emergency mode, the two auxiliary batteries are connected in series by multiple switches (SW1,SW2). The power supply from the auxiliary batteries is given to the load and the main battery is charged.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables automatic auxiliary battery connection. Shortens power charging time of main battery from auxiliary batteries.
The controller has a speed change setter (3) which is connected to the output terminal of a dry cell (1). The speed change setter sets up a speed change value and outputs a signal. The output of the dry cell and the output of the speed change setter are input to a control unit (2) which performs a digital process of ratio of these outputs. Then, the control unit outputs a speed change signal to a motor (4) which commands a speed change.    Simultaneously a display command is also output by the control unit to a display device (5) which displays speed, distance and time, atleast one at a time. A pair of switching elements (6,8) are serially connected to the display device and the speed change setter, respectively. The switching elements are turned OFF after predetermined time to stop continuation of transit after predetermined time.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces power consumption. Improves life of dry cell.
The battery consists of a sodium container (5) which is arranged inside a solid electrolyte tube (1). Sodium is filled up between sodium container and a solid electrolyte tube. The liquid level of sodium in the electrolyte tube is made almost equal to the upper surface of the carbon matte (7) of predetermined discharge depth. The liquid level is varied by charging and discharging. When the liquid level is below the predetermined depth of carbon matte, internal resistance is increased and electric conductivity is decreased .    USE -   For vehicle power supply, emergency power source, uninterruptible power supply, electric power system, frequency and voltage stabiliser.    ADVANTAGE -   Detects discharge depth precisely thereby enabling discharge control. Enhances reliability and safety during overdischarge.
The battery comprises a cylindrical bottom shaped anodised container (1). A cylindrical bottom shaped ceramic electrolyte tube (2) is provided inside the anodised container. A ceramic insulated ring (3) seals the upper end portion of the electrolyte tube and the anodised container by a cathode cover (4) in an air tight condition. Sulphur (6) and an anode electric conduction material (5) are provided between the anodised container and the electrolyte tube. Sodium (7) is provided inside the electrolyte tube Multiple graphite fibre mats (9) made of graphite powder which are obtained by chemical reaction of natural graphite with anode electric conduction material are provided in the anodised container in a direction normal to axis of the container.    ADVANTAGE -   The anode electric conduction material has a reduced cost.
The system (1) includes a DC electric power generation module (2) in its main body (9) for generating electricity by the electrochemical reaction of heating gas and oxidising agent gas. The power generation module consists of a battery periphery process system (10). The output side of the main body is connected to an electric power system (7) through a circuit breaker. A station load (6) from the electric power system is connected internally. An inverter (3) converts the DC electric power into AC. A supplement machine load (4) is connected to output sides of the inverter. A changing apparatus (11) varies supplement machine load, depending on the quantity of the station load.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables independent operation of electric power system. Maintains output of inverter and DC electric power generation module. Prevents battery characteristic deterioration.
The separator has a bulged portion (7) which turns to form an internal circumference (6) by performing press forming of stainless steel. A gold plated layer (9) of 0.01-0.02 mm thickness is formed on the bulged end surface. Electrodes (12,13) of unit batteries (10,11) are arranged so as to contact the gold plated layer of bulged portion. A passage for reaction gas (14) is provided between the separator main body and the electrodes.    USE -   For solid body polymer type fuel battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces resistance of electrode by applying gold plating at contact area. Increases output voltage of fuel battery. Improves productivity of fuel batteries since separator is made of metal. Reduces cost since only contact area is gold plated.
The storage battery (1) includes an anode plate (2) and a cathode plate (13). Both the plates have uneven surfaces and are formed in the waveform shape and are arranged adjacently with a separator (10) in-between them. The plates and the separator are accommodated in a battery jar (16).    USE -   Lead storage battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Has large electric capacitance. Increases durability of battery.
The battery terminal has a cylindrical stationary portion (33) with a bolting gap (43) formed along the radial direction. The ends of stationary portion are transformed as parallel pressure boards (35) mutually facing each other through the bolting gap. A flexible portion of low strength (57) is formed on facing edge (55) of the pressure board about the axis of stationary portion in an opposing manner. The facing edge has number of grooves (59) formed at predetermined pitch.    ADVANTAGE -   Carries out mounting fixation of battery electrodes. Aids in dispersing load concentrated on pressure board. Enables raising contact reliability. Prevents deformation and rupture of pressure board. Facilitates easy adjustment of dispersion degree of pressure load. Simplifies manufacture of flexible portion.
The battery has a rectangular casing (6) made of aluminium or aluminium alloy, that serves as cathode. The inner surface of the casing is coated with metals other than aluminium and lithium. Metals such as copper, iron, stainless steel, nickel are selected for coating the inner surface of the battery case.    ADVANTAGE -   Exhibits remarkable industrial value. Prevents reaction between lithium and cathode case. Provides high energy to weight ratio.
The bicycle includes a battery (34) that supplies power to a drive motor (10). The battery is enclosed in a case (3) fixed to an attachment portion (2) of a frame (1). The case has an U-shaped cross-section which surrounds the frame near the case attachment portion.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies structure of case for battery. Enables reliable positioning of case at attachment portion. Prevents projection of battery case to outer side.
The apparatus has magnetic shaft receivers (35) provided with two sets of magnetic bearing (3,4) which provide non-contact support in an axial direction to a rotor (2). Each magnetic bearing has several horse shoe shaped electromagnets (8,9) arranged on the perimeter of the rotor. Each electromagnet has diameter direction magnetic poles (8b,9b) and axial direction magnetic poles (8a,9a).    The diameter direction magnetic pole opposes the peripheral surface of rotor and sucks the rotor in the direction of diameter. The axial direction magnetic pole opposes the surface it faces and sucks rotor axially.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces number of power amplifiers used. Reduces power consumption and weight of apparatus. Enables high speed rotation.
The apparatus has an ignition switch discriminator (6) that distinguishes the ON-OFF condition of an ignition switch (2). The elapsed time from the instant at which the ignition switch is switched over from ON to OFF is determined. When the elapsed time lies between predetermined set up time, a cut-off controller cuts the electric power supply from a battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Alerts operator about cut-off of electric power supply, reliably.
The power supply consists of a high voltage battery (1) which is used as an energy source. A DC-DC converter (2) is connected in series with the high voltage battery. An electrical double-layered capacitor (3) is connected to the output terminal of a DC-DC converter.    The capacitor absorbs the ripples from the output of the DC-DC converter. The battery supplies electric power to a low voltage electric load (5). The DC-DC converter is connected to the low voltage load via a switch (4).    ADVANTAGE -   Features reduced size and weight. Enables effective usage of installation space. Increases durability.
The power supply equipment has a high voltage battery (1) that provides main supply voltage to a secondary electrical device (9) when an ignition key (5) is switched `OFF'. A primary electrical device (8) gets supply voltage, when the ignition key is switched `ON' and connected through a contactor switch (2).    The primary electrical device supplies voltage to a control circuit (13-1) in a controller (13). A battery (7) that gets charged simultaneously from the high voltage battery, while supplying power to the controller (13) via a converter (3) to enable driving of a motor (14).    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces number of batteries in operation thereby saving space and cost. Includes only low voltage batteries depending on need, thereby avoiding excessive discharging from batteries.
The unit includes a first sort vehicle electrical equipment goods (15) which is connected when a key switch (5) is made to switch ON. When the key switch is switched OFF a second sort vehicle electrical-equipment goods (16) is connected. A control unit (13-1) which is operated by a low voltage for driving a motor, drives a vehicle. A high voltage battery (1) is provided so as to provide necessary source to drive a motor of the vehicle. The second sort vehicle electrical equipment goods directly forms the rated voltage to first low voltage. A low voltage battery (4) which is connected to the first sort vehicle electrical equipment goods and the control circuit forms the rated voltage from the first voltage. And it is formed by intimate contact correlation with the second sort vehicle electrical-equipment goods through the key switch.    When the key switch is switched ON, the voltage input from the high pressure battery is transmitted to a first converter (2) which converts to the first low voltage. The low voltage battery is charged. When the output from the high pressure battery is lower than the voltage which drives the motor and is converted to a second low voltage which is higher than the first low voltage. A second converter (3) supplies the electric power to the first sort vehicle electrical equipment goods which forms rated voltage from the second low voltage.    ADVANTAGE -   Eliminates exhaustion of battery by leakage current in converter.
The battery includes a case (2) in which oil (9) is filled to a predetermined level. Oil which contact portion of an anode pillar (5) is covered by a cylinder (12).    - In e.g. electric fork-lift, motor vehicle    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents formation of organic acid by electrolytic oxidation of oil. Prolongs life of battery.
The battery consists of two chemical cells (1A,1B)connected in series by a conduction member (6). The first cell has a catalyst which reduces the ion in an electrolyte (4A) and gasifies an anode (2A). The second cell absorbs the gas released from the anode of first cell. The catalyst in the second cell oxidises the gas into cathode active material. The cathode of first cell and anode of second cell are used as electrodes for discharge or charging purpose. An airtight chamber (52) acts as gas discharge surface to anode of first cell and gas absorption surface to cathode of second cell.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids usage of high voltage container.
The method involves preventing freezing of water which exists in a gas outlet by an anti-freeze unit. The water present in the gas outlet is obtained by an electrochemical reaction. The gas outlet (25P) for oxidation gases, is provided in the cathode side and a fuel inlet pipe (24P) is provided in the anode side.    ADVANTAGE -   Maintains energy efficiency of whole apparatus. Avoids need for heating flow path for preventing freezing of water.
The structure includes a pair of rectangular seal members(38,40) which are formed on either sides of fuel battery unit (14), respectively. The contact surface of the seal member (38) has smaller width than the contact surface (44) of the seal member (40).    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents damaging thin film body. Secures reliable fixed function and excellent seal property.
The structure includes a pair of partitions (16A,16B) which separate three sets of gas conduction paths (10A-10C) made of low gas transparent material. The flow of gas from the gas conduction path (10A) is inverted and fed to the path (10B). Again, the flow of gas from the path (10B) is inverted by small diametered through holes (17A,17B) and is transferred to gas conduction path (10C).    ADVANTAGE -   Obtains superior battery characteristics.Improves fuel utilisation factor.
The fuel battery includes a gas division plate (1) which comprises a single cell, a fuel gas passageway (2) and an oxidising agent gas passage way. Multiple cooling plates comprising cooling water flow path is laminated and a hexagonal pillar-shaped multilayer body is formed. The entrance (4,6,11) and outlet side external manifolds (5,7,12) of the heating gas, oxidising gas and cooling water, respectively are arranged on the diagonal position of the sides of the hexagonal pillar-shaped multilayer body. The heating gas reaction area domain of the single cell of the gas division plate is divided to several heating gas supply zones and are made to face the heating gas entrance side and outlet side external manifold.    Multiple fuel gas passage base each having a bellow shape is arranged on each heating gas supply zone. The oxidising agent gas reaction domain of the single cell is divided into several oxidising agent gas supply zones facing the oxidising gas entrance side and outlet side external manifold. Multiple oxidising agent gas passage ways having bellow shape is arranged on oxidising agent gas supply zone. The direction of fuel gas passage way and oxidising agent gas passage way is made to cross orthogonally.    ADVANTAGE -   Attains size reduction by forming reaction gas passageway of heating gas and oxidising gas in bellow shape. Prevents shortage of reaction gas due to increase in temperature and reaction. Maintains gas seal property. Reduces influence of CO poisoning by oxidising it, effectively.
The structure has multiple lamination of cells made as a semi-block with alternate cooling plates. A cooling pipe is arranged for removing heat from the semi-block with cooling water through cooling plates. The cooling pipe has a sudden pressure drawdown unit of comparatively very small fluid flow cross- sectional area to drop the pressure of cooling water spontaneously. When pressure drawdown of cooling water takes place suddenly, the water begins to boil.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables keeping temperature distribution of each cooling plate uniform by ebullition initiation of cooling water done continuously. Improves capacitance of battery and durability. Performs fixing of temperature distribution of semi- block of battery.
The lead storage battery has a cathode electrode plate which is formed by adding 0.05-1 wt% of oil to a cathode active material. The battery is electrified by injecting it with a predetermined dilute sulphuric acid.    USE -   For fork lift trucks.    ADVANTAGE -   Sustains ability of battery for long period of time. Secures large industrial value. Avoids decrease of liquid when battery is used under high temperature.
The method involves dipping a positive electrode grating made from lead alloy in dilute sulphuric acid. A positive electrode paste which contains mixture of plumbic acid compound and dilute sulphuric acid is filled into the grating. An active material layer containing four basic lead sulphate as main constituents is formed on the surface of the positive electrode grating. Other active material layers which contain three basic lead sulphate as main constituent are formed consequently.    USE -   For industrial use.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents capacity reduction of lead storage battery. Improves durability and stability.
The battery terminal (31) includes a pair of cyclic portions (35a,35b) which comprise a post insertion hole (37). A battery post is inserted into the post insertion hole. The cyclic portions include a pair of internal circumference walls (53) which surround the edges of the hole. A concavo-convex portion (55) is formed at the end of the each internal circumference wall. The ends of the internal circumference walls are mutually connected through the concavo-convex portion.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids stress concentration on one internal circumference wall during bolting. Prevents deformation and rupture during bolting.
The terminal (31) has a cylindrical stationary portion (33) for electrode insertion. A stud holding board (49) is bent along a direction perpendicular to the axis of the stationary position. A planar unit (41) is formed at the peripheral surface of the stationary portion. One edge of the stud holding board is joined to the planar unit.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves workability and product strength. Enhances contact property of planar unit. Avoids spinning to form stud holding board.
The non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery comprises a power generating element having a positive electrode, a negative electrode and a separation body. The power generating element is provided with a portion where the negative electrode plate and the positive electrode plate are not opposed to each other.    The positive and negative electrodes are wound or laminated through the separation body so that the side edge portion of one of the electrode plates protrudes from that of the other. A collector connected to the side edge portion has a plurality of grooves bonded by welding or mechanically joining to the side edges of the negative and positive plates.    USE -   Non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery suitable as a driving power supply for electronic apparatuses or as battery for electric vehicles.    ADVANTAGE -   Battery has high rate of dischargeability and is provided with highly reliable collector structure, which can easily be produced.
A truck has an ignition switch, a primary battery (30) to start the engine, and a temperature regulation system (50). The temperature regulation system includes a heat pump and air conditioning unit (55) which comprise a climate control unit capable of delivering hot or cold air to the truck.    One or more secondary batteries (60) are used to power the temperature regulation system. A battery condition meter (97) is connected across the positive (74) and negative (76) terminals of the inverter and provides the operator with information about the charge of the batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides heating and cooling for vehicle whilst engine is switched off thereby reducing engine wear and emissions and without depleting primary battery's charge.
The system has a main controller (20) directly connected to the battery (1) and changeover devices (23,24) supplying current and control signals to the loads (101,102...) in the vehicle. An auxiliary controller is connected to a control current supply line (7).    In a first state the main controller operates the changeover devices so that battery current is supplied to the load current supply line (6) and the control current supply line. If a mode changeover signal does not change within a defined time of a change to a first mode changeover signal the main controller sets the first changeover switch to non-connecting, interrupting the load current supply. After a second period the second changeover switch is set to non-connecting, interrupting the control current supply.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables current consumption to be minimized when the vehicle is not being used.
The system has a battery (1) and several current distribution devices (2-5) connected via current delivery cables (7-12) in a loop. The system ensures that the current from each distribution device is provided to an electrical load built into the vehicle.    Each distribution device contains first and second changeover switches, each connected to one of two current supply lines, a current feed state monitor, a signal transfer device for communications between adjacent distribution devices and a controller. The controller controls the state of the changeover switches according to information from the signal transfer and state monitoring devices.    USE -   Electrical current supply system for motor vehicles.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables rapid fault location and isolation followed by continued supply elsewhere.
A process, in which a hardened chromium(III) oxide layer (4) is heated in a melt (6) of a hydroxide and an oxidising agent, is employed in the disintegration of a high temperature fuel cell stack. Preferably the melt (6) is an eutectic mixture of two alkali metal hydroxides containing ca. 10 wt.% peroxide or especially potassium permanganate as oxidising agent at 250-450C and the oxide layer (4) heating time is about 10 mins.    USE -   Used in the disintegration of corroded high temperature fuel cells for recycling of their constituents.    ADVANTAGE -   The treatment rapidly converts hardened chromium(III) oxide layers into soluble chromium(VI) oxide without damaging the surfaces of components from which the layers are dissolved.
The corrugated structure consists of two or more corrugated panels (1) resting parallel on top of each other to form a stack (2) with the contact points (3) joined. The resulting closed chambers (4) within the stack are discrete and separate. The wavelength (L) within each panel (1) is constant (1), but that different panels (1.1; 1.2) are of different wavelength (L1; L2). The panel (1.1; 1.2) wavelength (L1, L2) alternates within the stack, with one L2 being a whole multiple of the other (L2).    USE -   The stack of corrugated panels forms part of e.g. a sheet metal structure, corrugated cardboard, an automotive air filter, automotive oil cooler diesel engine exhaust filter, or ceramic heat exchanger.    ADVANTAGE -   The structure is stronger, provides a larger functional surface area within the same volume, and generates fluid turbulence supporting the application.
The voltage stabilizer has at least one supply voltage input (1) and at least one load voltage output (2) with a series regulator (3) connected between them. At least a first switching element (4) is provided, with which a first resistance (4') can be switched in series with the regulator.    The first resistance is arranged between the supply voltage input and the regulator. There is at least a second (5) or a third (6) switching element with which a second (5') or third (6') resistance can be switch in parallel with the first resistance.    ADVANTAGE -   Can be used with high output power whilst maintaining small circuit size.
The circuit supplies a consumer (10) with electrical energy provided by a battery (11) via a regulator (18), which prevents the battery voltage (Ub) from dropping below a predetermined minimum voltage (Umin), by regulating the power supplied to the consumer.    The regulator provides a setting value in the form of a pulse width modulated signal defining the mean electrical power for the consumer, with disconnection of the latter when the setting value drops to a given minimum.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents excessive charge drainage of vehicle on-board battery.
Two different types of cell (1,3) are connected in parallel to form a power supply contained in a housing (10) with positive and negative terminals (11,13). A carrying handle (14) improves ease of handling.    One battery has a higher peak amperage than the other in relation to their size and weight. The peak amperage from the combination is sufficient for starting an automobile engine several times without electrical recharging. The electrical characteristics of the cells is chosen so that one group can recharge the other during periods of non-use.    USE -   Provides a portable power supply able to provide automobile engine starting current on several occasions without external recharging and to supply a smaller current over longer periods of time and/or recover from large current drain.
The battery assembly consists of a number of battery modules (16) which are incorporated in a battery case (10) with fixed bulkheads (14) and intermediate bulkheads (20). The modules pass through battery holding holes (18) and battery inserting holes (22) in the bulkheads. The connecting section of the batteries (12) constituting each module (16) are held and supported by the holding holes of the fixed bulkheads. The batteries can be cooled or warmed by blocking the flow of a fluid which flows upward from the bottom of the battery casing. The flow is adjusted with tuning projections (38) or adjusting the cross-sectional area of the flow passage.    ADVANTAGE -   Batteries can be cooled or warmed efficiently regardless of their vertical position. Reduces number of parts and manufacturing time.
Method for cracking ammonia into hydrogen involves exposing an ammonia cracking catalyst to ammonia under conditions effective to produce nitrogen and hydrogen. The catalyst comprises an alloy including (1) alloys of general formula Zr1-xTixM1M2, where M1 and M2 each = chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt and nickel; x = 0-1, and (2) aluminium in an amount 20-50 wt.%.    Also claimed is a method for operating a hydrogen-fuelled internal combustion engine or hydrogen fuel cell having an ammonia storage vessel coupled with an ammonia cracking vessel which involves: (a) passing ammonia from the storage vessel into the cracking vessel containing the cracking catalyst to produce nitrogen and hydrogen gases, (b) passing the hydrogen to the engine or hydrogen fuel cell and (c) combusting the hydrogen gas to power the engine or reacting the hydrogen in the fuel cell to produce an electric current.    Also claimed is a hydrogen-fuelled internal combustion engine which comprises an ammonia storage vessel coupled with an ammonia-coupled chamber containing the catalyst and an internal combustion engine effective to combust hydrogen.    USE -   For use in hydrogen-fuelled internal combustion engine or hydrogen fuel cell.    ADVANTAGE -   The catalyst can catalyse the disproportionation of ammonia at efficiency and rates sufficient for use in internal combustion engines or fuel cells.
The method involves feeding hydrogen from a source, to absorption side of hydrogen transmitting membrane formed on an anode (2). Atomic hydrogen is applied to reaction side of hydrogen transmitting membrane. The carbon compound is electro- oxidised in the reaction side.    The electro-oxidised product is reduced with the atomic hydrogen supplied to the membrane. The reduction product is oxidised to obtain carbon-di-oxide has the principal product and electricity is generated from the cell.    USE -   For detecting carbon in components, eliminating carbon components sewage, destroy animal tissue e.g. tumours in medical field.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces poisoning of electrocatalyst in fuel cell. Manufactures cost effective efficient fuel cells with high durability and output characteristics. Operates at room temperature and pressure.
The polymer electrolyte fuel cell comprises a number of assemblies, each including a polymer electrolyte film (1) with hydrogen ion conductivity and a pair of electrode layers (7) sandwiching the electrolyte film. The fuel cell has a number of electrically conductive separators (5), each being piled alternatively with the assembly and including a gas supply channel to supply a gas to the electrode layer and a gas outlet channel for discharging a gas from the electrode layer. The electrode layer comprises a porous base area with water repellency and a penetration area higher in water permeability than in the base area.    USE -   For portable power supplies, electric vehicles and home power source systems.    ADVANTAGE -   Fuel cell is provided which can facilitate removal of water around catalytic layer of cell, so as to prevent cell performance from dropping due to excessive wetting of the electrode layer as in long-hour operation or high current density output operation.
A reactor for the water vapour reforming of methanol operates in two stages (7, 8) accommodated within a single reactor housing (1). The 1st stage (7) is on the gas inlet (3) side and the 2nd stage (8) is directly connected to it. Both stages are filled with catalyst (13). One of the stages is heated and the other remains unheated.    USE -    Used as a methanol reforming reactor to generate H2for fuel cell applications.    ADVANTAGE -   The construction is relatively simple. The reactor can be used in mobile applications and can tolerate frequent load variations.
The hydrogen manufacturing apparatus comprises: (a) a plate-type high-temperature shift converter having a shift reaction chamber filled with a high-temperature shift catalyst and into which a reformed gas is introduced, (b) a cooling chamber which is filled with a filler for promoting heat transfer and into which a cooling gas is introduced and (c) a partition for separating the shift reaction chamber and the cooling chamber. The shift reaction chamber has a hydrogen gas chamber separated by a plate-type partition of a porous plate and a hydrocarbon permeable film which is coated or plated. The film only lets hydrogen gas permeate through, therefore causing only the hydrogen which has been generated by a shift reaction of a reformed gas, to permeate the film and flow out into the hydrogen gas chamber.    USE -   The apparatus is for the manufacture of hydrogen from reformed natural gas, methanol or other hydrocarbons by shift reaction.    ADVANTAGE -   The apparatus produces hydrogen in a compact apparatus suitable for a limited space e.g. in a motor car.
Metal sheet is manufactured by: spreading metal powders (P) on a continuous moving supporting sheet (2), passing the sheet between rollers (15) and passing the rolled powders to a sintering oven (4) to fuse the powders.    USE -   The method is used to manufacture metal sheet which is especially suitable for the of a substrate for a battery electrode (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   The sheet is manufactured with controlled thickness and pore size and shape in a simple method without any adhesive agent. Active material powders can be charged to the sheet and the sheet has excellent current collecting performance.
The top of a road vehicle battery is formed with corner cut out recesses [7] in the region in which the connecting poles [4] of the battery are located. Inserted into the recesses are formed protective elements [2] that are produced in an insulating plastic.    Each element has a shaped base [1] with a hole [3] for position location and has side walls with an aperture [18] through which the cable connector passes.    USE -   Road vehicle batteries    ADVANTAGE -   Improved safety
The circuit arrangement includes a blocking converter consisting of a coil and a switching transistor, which delivers over a diode () a first supply voltage (U21). The coil (11) of the converter (10) forms the primary winding of a transformer (20). The transformer comprises at least one secondary winding (22, 23) which delivers a further, different supply voltage (U22, U23) over a respective diode (D22, D23).    The first supply voltage is preferably smoothed by a capacitor (C21), and used as a nominal voltage of a regulator circuit (15) which drives the switching transistor.    USE -   For power supply of several consumer loads with different voltages from single DC voltage source, especially motor vehicle on-board mains.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides simple and cost-effective circuit arrangement.
Process for obtaining electrical energy from a hydrogen or other gas cell by injecting the gas to other gas cells, obtained by combining various noble metals e.g. zinc or platinum, which are aligned in parallel alternate form.    ADVANTAGE -   Alternative way of producing electrical energy which is extremely simple, and makes electricity easily available in difficultly accessible places.
The current source (20) has a current mirror with an input for receiving the first reference current. A first transistor (34) is serially coupled to the input of current mirror. A second transistor (38) has a first conduction terminal coupled to common transistor control input (42) while second terminal coupled to output of current mirror.    A third transistor (50) has two conductor terminals, one of which is coupled to output of current mirror while other terminal provides output source current. A control terminal of third transistor receives the bias voltage.    USE -   For amplifiers, power MOS transistor driver control circuits, charge pumps.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides substantially constant output current even when operating at low output voltage.
The battery has a positive and negative electrode (10,12) each having an active material support comprising a body of ceramic needles welded together.    A separator (11) is supported between the electrodes and comprises a porous body of ceramic fibres welded together at their respective contact points. The resulting body is rigid and non-compressible and the separator has a porosity exceeding 90 per cent by volume.    ADVANTAGE -   The battery is lighter than prior art, and the battery separator is sufficiently rigid to permit the use of smaller and lighter electrodes.
The bipolar plate (31) has grids (36) attached to and spaced from either side of an electrically conductive electrode element (32) by posts (38) extending out from the element. Positive and negative active materials (39,40) are in contact with respective sides of the electrode element but not in contact with each other. The grids are surrounded by a respective one of the two active materials and facilitates maintaining the material in contact with the electrode element.    The electrode element has a metal-containing electrically conductive substrate with and electrically conductive material secured to one of its sides. The other side has an electrically conductive layer secured to it. A metallic layer is secured to the layer so that the electrically conductive layer separates the metallic layer and the substrate.    ADVANTAGE -   The battery provides effective and reliable power generation, and the plate is lighter than prior art while maintaining the necessary structural characteristics and stability against corrosion. The plate also provides effective active material adhesion to the electrode and can be produced using low cost fabrication techniques.
Laves phase hydrogen storage material comprises an alloy of formula 1-x x y . Where: represents R1-x1 Tix1 where R is Zr or Hf, and X1 is a real number of 0-1; includes at least one of La, Ce, Pr and Nd, mixed with a rare earth, alkaline or alkaline earth metal element; =Vy1 Niy2 , where Y1=0-0.8, Y2 is 1.3-3.0, and X=0-0.2 and Y=2.0-3.0. The alloy has a dendrite free structure, and also includes V, Ti and compositions of TiNi and ZrO2.     The alloy is of composition Zr0 .475 La0 .05 V0 .75 Niw, where w is a real number between 1.375 and 2.0.    USE -   Used as a hydrogen storage cathode in batteries and other energy cycle uses, especially for electrically powered vehicles.    ADVANTAGE -   Electrochemical hydrogen reactions are carried out in a higher rate, improving the activation and kinetics of the charge/discharge activities in battery cells while maintaining relatively long cell cycle life. Added weight ratio of Ni improves the resistance to corrosion of the electrodes for high temperature operations. La additions form inhomogeneous La-Ni clusters which further improve the electrode kinetics.
The generating system has an inlet fan (40) which is mounted in a duct of a module. A central shaft (34) is provided in the duct along the axis (25) of the duct for rotating fan. A reaction turbine wheel (60) is positioned at the downstream side of the duct and fitted with the central shaft. Several pressure chambers are provided around periphery of the inner shroud (64) of the turbine.    Plates act as pressure chamber, which curves against rotational direction of the turbine. An aft fan is mounted on the downstream side of the turbine and engages with the turbine through gear box. A power generation unit is operably connected with the turbine for generating power.    USE -   For on-board power system of vehicle, dwelling.    ADVANTAGE -   Achieves greater efficiency by modifying fan design. Decreases turbulence. Increases twining of reaction turbine wheel.
The fuel battery consists of a laminated cell body made up of two or more single cells. A stack container (2) with a cover (3) is provided to accommodate the laminated cell body. The cover has a press member (4) at its bottom portion and a screw (5) along its lateral direction. The laminated cell body is distributed between the bottom of the container and the press member of the cover.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces contact resistance between each cell by applying suitable bearing between them. Simplifies bolting process by using suitable erector.
The generator has a thermosensor (4) inside or in the outlet portion of a desulphurizer (3). A regulator (5) adjusts the temperature of the desulphurizer, based on the thermosensor signal. A preheater (2) heats the fuel beforehand. The desulphurizer removes the sulphur content from the fuel.    ADVANTAGE -   Uses fuel containing unsaturated hydrocarbons and oxygen. Operates desulphurizer at reasonable temperature.
The cathode has an active material that does the occlusion of a lithium ion (2) and forms lithium cluster. A heat treatment material (1) provided in the active material is heat treated by heating a petroleum raw coke (10) by 900-1150 C. The heat treatment material has oxygen and carbon atoms in atomic ratio values 0.0009-0.005 respectively.    USE -   In portable telephones, electric vehicles.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides high charging and discharging capacity.
The ceramic sheet has a range of thickness irregularity less than 5%. The thickness varies from 0.05 to 0.6 mm per 400 cm2arbitrary domain. The density is 95% or more than the theoretical density of the sheet.    ADVANTAGE -   The sheet has little grain boundary resistance and offers a smooth surface. High strength, ion conductivity, electronic conductivity and piezoelectricity are improved.
The structure has a frame (10) which is provided in one side of the seat. The frame is then connected to a side plate (4).    A battery case (38) is provided on the side of the side plate. A battery is enclosed inside the case for driving a motor for wheel rotation.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids need for external connections and cables. Provides easy assembly. Provides facility for charging and mounting of battery.
The generator has a DC-AC converter which converts the DC voltage of a pair of batteries (1) to an AC voltage. The AC voltage is used for starting the motor to drive a generator.    USE -   For domestic, agricultural purpose.    ADVANTAGE -   Facilitates permanent usage of generator by enabling exchange of storage batteries. Offers compact and light weight generator. Enables installation at any site, simply, at reduced cost.
The power supply unit (1) consists of an AC dynamo (20) which supplies power to catalyst (5). A relay switch (9) is provided to connect the dynamo output to the catalyst or a battery (3).    The output voltage of the dynamo is adjusted by a regulator (14) using resetting unit which increases the set voltage of regulator when supplying to the battery. A control unit (4) is used for operating the voltage resetting unit.    USE -   In engine exhaust system of vehicle.    ADVANTAGE -   Features simple circuit. Occupies less space.
The cooler consists of a thermo sensor (36) to detect the temperature of the battery (4). A circulation unit (11) performs heat exchange of the coolant filled in a chamber and supplies it to an injection nozzle (10). The injection nozzle injects the coolant on the surface of a battery (2). A controller (40) controls the operation of the circulation unit in coordination with the thermo sensor.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces overall weight of apparatus since less amount of coolant is used. Reduces power consumption. Prevents reduction in ability by dispersion of temperature between batteries. Maintains battery temperature by controlling air passage.
A new separator for vanadium-based redox-flow cells is made of a cross-linked polymer having pyridinium gps. Production. of the new separator is also claimed, where a polymerizing compsn. contg. polymerizing vinyl monomers having pyridyl gps.(A), cross-linking agent(B), and mono-functional polymerizing vinyl monomers(C) is moulded and polymerised; and then the pyridyl gps. are converted into pyridinium gps.    USE -   For vanadium-based redox-flow cells, where a redox couple of V(II)/V(III) is used as negative electrode and another redox couple of V(IV)/V(V) is used as positive electrode.    ADVANTAGE -   The new separator provide a vanadium-based redox-flow cell with an improved charge-discharge efficiency. It has a lower resistance and a higher proton permeability, preventing vanadium ion permeation.
The battery consists of a metal tank (2) containing electrolyte. A resin piping (3) is connected to the metal tank through a coupling (4). The edge portion of the coupling is provided with an outer flange (5). The internal surface of the tank and the coupling extending to the outer flange are lined by a resin film (6). The resin film is welded to the piping.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents leakage of electrolyte since contact part of piping and resin film are sealed. Has effective liquid seal property and insulation property.
The generator includes an aeration preventer (20) for preventing mixing of inert gas such as nitrogen with a desulfuriser (3) during stoppage of power supply. The inert gas is supplied through an injection line (21) provided in the fuel battery main body (6).    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents effusion of sulphur to modifier.
The energy generator has a hydrogen generator (1) which decomposes water and generates hydrogen by heating water. A heat pump (3) is operated by an electric power generated by a fuel battery (2) for heating the hydrogen generator.    USE -   For cold storage.    ADVANTAGE -   Stabilises energy generation. Increases hydrogen generation efficiency of hydrogen generator.
The generator consists of a fuel battery (3) which supplies heat. A boiler (2) heats the water in a hydrogen generating device (9). The hydrogen generating device decomposes water and generates hydrogen by using heat generated by fuel battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces heat dissipation from fuel battery. Improves electricity generation efficiency.
The method involves rotating two die cylinders (1,2) with punching blades (3,4). Stress is applied from one direction and a plate introduced between the blades gets pierced. Several collector portions are unified and grating is done continuously. An active material paste is painted on the grating portion and the plates are pierced one after another using the two die cylinder.    USE -   For backup power supply.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves plate smoothness. Reduces generation of internal short-circuit.
The battery (1) has an anode having laminated anode mixture layer. The laminated layer has lithium content metal oxide as active material layer and releases lithium ions during occlusion. A cathode contains a mixture layer containing specific reactant for releasing lithium ions. The third layer of anode mixture layer has high lithium discharging potential higher than the active material layer. After initial charging is over, the first specific reaction substance is consumed in the process.    USE -   For electric vehicle.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides irreversible capacitive component to cathode to improve discharge capacitance. Has high volume characteristics due to present of amorphous carbon.
The battery has an acid proof cover (3) which is provided at the upper portion of a jar (4) containing electricity generation component. A name plate (1) is attached to the top of the cover for displaying the mode. The name plate is composed of oxidation resistant substance.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies attaching name plate to cover. Prevents separation of name plate from battery. Improves productivity.
The battery mount has battery platform (2) welded to bracket (4) and bolted (8) to bracket (3) via clamping plate (7), battery platform (2) positioned by its part (12) on upper shelf (11) of longeron, and by its part (25) fastened via lower bracket (26) to edge (24) of horizontal element (22) of support (19), connected by its second edge (23) to upper shelf (11) of longeron and upper clamping plate (28) connected via ties (29) by its T-shaped ends (33) to brackets (3, 4).    The strengthening elements in battery platform (2) made in the form of depressions turned by their bottom parts towards longeron.    USE/ADVANTAGE -   In construction of battery mounts in automobiles. Increased mounting reliability of battery by ensuring safety during frontal impact of car causing deformation of car body. Bul.6/27.02.98.
The membrane (A) of antimonic acid with high proton conductivity, made of amorphous antimonic acid and cubic antimonic acid single crystals (B) which are dispersed into it. (2) (A) in (1), in which (B) are oriented. (3) Method of producing (A) i.e., metal antimony or its oxygen bearing compound is made to react with hydrogen peroxide to form soln., which is developed on insulating base plates then they are dried. (4) (A), produced by (3), is thermally treated. (5) Thermal treatment in (4) is carried out at the temp. lower than 500C.    USE -   Used as humidity sensor, hydrogen sensor, or as a part of hydrogen fuel cell.    ADVANTAGE -   This method is able to produce membranes of antimonic acid with excellent conductivity and with high response to humidity.
The structure (2) has a recess (2b) formed in its base. A hole (2c) for fixing a wire harness holder, is provided in the recess. A battery attachment bearing surface (2a) and the recess are coupled by an inclined surface.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves attachment efficiency. Increases degrees of freedom of design. Enhances durability of battery.
The vehicular power supply uses an electric double layered capacitor comprised by serially connected capacitor cells (10). A balance resistor (14) is connected in parallel to each capacitor cell respectively.    A discharge control switch is provided between the balance resistor and capacitor cells. A switch controls operation of capacitor cell and balance resistors based on drive operation of discharge control switch.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents overcharging of capacitor cells thereby improves life of capacitor. Increases charge holding period of capacitor cells.
The controller has a heat emission detector (22) which detects abnormal heat emission from a battery group (21). The battery group comprises several non-aqueous electrolyte secondary batteries integrated in it. A heat emission reduction unit (26) reduces the abnormal heat emission, according to output of the detector.    USE -   For space navigation machine, diving navigation ship.    ADVANTAGE -   Enhances safety. Has high-efficiency, high output and high energy density.
The system includes a judging unit that judges need for reducing power generation output based on signal output from abnormality detector (1). The processing unit (2) outputs a command for reducing the power generation output to set value based on output of judging unit, during link operation.    ADVANTAGE -   Increases power generation efficiency. Detects abnormal condition reliably. Prevents characteristic deterioration of battery accompanied by power generation stoppage.
The plant includes a fuel battery main body group that consists of several main bodies (1). A fuel pole and an oxidising pole are arranged oppositely in each of the main bodies. An electrolyte layer is sandwiched between the fuel pole and the oxidising pole. Electrochemical reaction is carried out between poles by supplying a heating gas and an oxidising agent gas. A temperature controller (4) controls temperature of main body by supplying water to fuel battery main body group. Dampers (16,17) are provided at inlet and outlet sides of temperature controller.    ADVANTAGE -   Utilises characteristics of each fuel battery main body, sufficiently.
The battery consists of a cell (8) which is laminated with an air pole (16) fuel pole (14) and solid electrolyte board (12). The cell and separator (20) are provided oppositely. A gas seal material is provided outside of the solid electrolyte board. A heat resistant thin plate is placed between the solid electrolyte board and the separator.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves gas seal property. Maintains electricity generating ability.
The battery (10) has a cell (18) which is made of a solid electrolyte board (12), a fuel pole (14) and an air pole (16). The cell is provided opposite a separator (20). A hot gas allocation bath (22) is formed on the opposing surface of fuel pole. A hot gas supply hole (26a-26c) and an air supply hole (30a-30c) are formed in opposing surface of the cell.    ADVANTAGE -   Increases effective electrode area. Prevents crack of cell.
The structure includes a solid polymer electrolyte film (12) sandwiched between an anode (14) and a cathode (16). Porous bodies (20,22) which hold catalyst layers (24,26) forming part of the two electrodes are fixed on either side of the electrolyte film. A frame material made from a resin (18) having air- resistance is press-fitted on top of the peripheral edge portion of the porous body.    ADVANTAGE -   Reinforces electrolyte film effectively. Improves handling operation effectively.
The system consists of a laminated main fuel battery (2) which is equipped with an auxiliary battery (1) whose capacitance is less than that of the main battery. The main battery contains an oxidizing agent electrode and a fuel electrode with an electrolyte layer in between. A passage way for both fuel gas and oxidising gas is provided on both sides of the laminated electrode. The auxiliary fuel battery is arranged on the upper stream side of oxidising gas passageway to main fuel battery. The oxidising gas is supplied to the main fuel battery through the auxiliary fuel battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents loss of electrolyte. Employs serial flow system to supply exhaust gas of fuel battery to auxiliary battery. Reduces fuel utilisation factor of heating gas. Reduces corrosion of fuel electrode due to fuel insufficiency. Enables simple exchange of fuel electrode of auxiliary battery. Increases fuel gas flow when cell voltage reduces due to heating gas insufficiency.
The collector is made of a lead alloy. The concentration of lead in the alloy increases from the ear part of the collector.    USE -   For battery used for motor vehicle, electric vehicle, hospital.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides improved discharge retention time.Suppresses voltage reduction.
The device includes an electric heater (5) provided in a storage tank. A water supply pipe (3) refills water to the storage tank and warm water in the storage tank is overflowed through a flood pipe (4).    The side portion of the storage tank is attached to a fuel battery (10) and an exhaust-heat reclaimer (20). Multiple connection openings are provided in the wall between the storage tank and the exhaust heat reclaimer so as to pass exhaust heat of the fuel battery in the warm water.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves overall efficiency. Reduces size of storage tank.
The vehicle includes a high voltage battery (11) whose high voltage terminal is connected to a first power supply line. An intermediate terminal of the battery is connected to a second power supply line.    A first solenoid (21) of an automatic transmission (15) is connected to the second power supply line while a second solenoid (22) is linked to a 0volts. An automatic transmission control unit (14) connects either the first solenoid to 12V or second solenoid to 0V.    ADVANTAGE -   Eliminates need for discharge of battery thereby lengthening service life. Enables utilisation of 24V or 12V battery.
An electrochemical fuel cell has a membrane electrode assembly disposed between two separator plates (11,12) comprising a polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) interposed between two electrode layers. An adhesive bond is formed between a portion of the assembly and each plate.    Also claimed is an electrochemical fuel cell stack of a number of the electrode assemblies.    Also claimed is a stack in which adjoining separator plates are adhesively bonded together.    ADVANTAGE -   The sealing function is improved, reducing leaks. Thinner individual cells can be used, and the cells can be more easily removed from the stack for repair which reduces costs. The membrane does not dry out due to exposure to air, reducing damage to membrane and electrodes, and improving cell performance.
The supply has a supercapacitor (18) connected either to the electric network for charging or to one or more heating resistances (20) through a switch (24) that can be a two-position (CHA,DEC) or three-position (CHA,COM,DEC) switch.    The moving contact (22) of the switch has its position controlled by a logic circuit (26) that responds to a number of parameter values obtained from monitoring temperatures and voltages associated with the resistance heating devices and with the vehicle electrical system. The logic circuit may be a microprocessor, suitably programmed.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces voltage dip on starting when supercapacitor is partly discharged by charging capacitor through resistances used to provide cabin and catalytic converter heating.
The assembly includes a rotor (12) of a generator integral with a stationary part (10) of the bearing, while the generator stator (13) is fixed to the rotating part (11) of the bearing. It is used for locally generating an electric current to power transmitter (16) fast for rotation with the rotating part of the bearing and connected to sensor (17,18) fitted to a member fixed for rotation with the rotating part (11) of the bearing.    The transmitter transmits information concerning the rotating parts to receiver mounted to a non rotating part, in particular fitted on board of the vehicle. The transmitter (16) is integral with the generator and they are mounted onto the bearing.    USE -   For vehicle wheel hub, with integrated current generator.    ADVANTAGE -   Allows transmission information to receiver on board of vehicle through single system of multi-channel transmission such as tyre pressure and temperature, tread wear, brake temperature, lateral and longitudinal accelerations.
A porous metal sheet is prepared by spreading metal powder onto a feeder belt that is continuously advancing through a sintering zone.so that the particles are bonded together at their contact points. Preferably the belt is endless and comprises a solid metal sheet, an inorganic sheet incorporating a porous metal sheet, or a laminate of those two components. In a modification the powder is spread onto a support sheet that is transported on the feeder belt ; the support sheet may be of solid or porous resin, or may be a solid metal or porous metal sheet or a laminate thereof. After sintering the sheet may be rolled to increase its strength and/or further powder may be spread onto the surface and the assembly re-sintered. The feeder belt or support sheet may be sinuous and pass under a scraper after deposition of the powder so that the peaks of the belt create large holes in the product ; alternatively a similar result is obtained by mixing a fugitive material with the powder and burning off prior to sintering. The porous metal sheet product of any of these processes is impregnated and coated with active material to create a battery electrode ; the active substance may be a hydrogen-storing alloy, possibly mixed or coated with transition metal.    USE -   Nickel-hydrogen, nickel-cadmium, or lithium primary or secondary batteries, alkali dry cells, fuel cells, or vehicle batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   Thickness and size and shape of pores are readily controllable. Sheet is prepared without use of adhesive. Active material can be loaded without binder to give improved electrical collection performance.
The battery has a number of electrodes (2) in a chamber (3) filled with electrolyte (4). At least one of the electrodes is a non-soluble secondary electrode which has a separator (7) by which at least its structural and/or shape change is related to the fall of mechanically unstable discharge products is reduced during cyclical charging and discharging.    At least the non-soluble electrodes have, in addition, an electrochemically active layer with a surface profile or relief with a number of recesses or ridges by which the structural or shape change is further reduced.    ADVANTAGE -   Allows inexpensive recharging.
An electrochemical accumulator has an alkali metal negative electrode, an inorganic alkali metal-containing electrolyte and an oxide and/or chloride salt positive electrode having a difference of 2 V wrt. the negative electrode material in the electrochemical series. Preferably, the alkali metal of the negative electrode and the electrolyte is lithium and the positive electrode material is lithium-manganese oxide or copper chloride.    USE -   The cell is useful in a traction battery for vehicles.    ADVANTAGE -   The cell can be operated at room temperature, has a high energy output per unit weight, has good electrochemical stability and has good cycling capability.
The turbo alternator (16) has a compressor (36) and turbine (38). An alternator (40) is provided inbetween the compressor and turbine. The compressor and turbine are hydraulically fitted to a common shaft (41) which inter connects them. Impellers (60,68) which are respectively provided in the compressor and turbine are connected to the common shaft.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides new and improved hybrid motor vehicles. Is energy efficient and excels in low emission and performance. Eliminates need for gears to connect turbines to alternators. Has integrated structure of compressor, turbine and alternator, these eliminating need for gear reduction. Possesses integral bearing lubrication, rotor cooling unit and hollow impellers for turbine and compressor.
The turbocharger has turbine rotor which runs by exhaust energy of engine. The rotary shaft has turbine rotor and compressor rotor fixed at both ends.    The compressor rotor has blades with controlled gap. Electricity is generated depending on amount of reclaimed energy.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables reduction in rotation load of turbine rotor. Reclaims exhausts energies. Improves electricity generation capability.
The electric vehicle has a flywheel battery which stores electricity generated by rotating a rotator at high speed. A wheel attachment position drive mechanism (10) provided corresponding to at least two wheels, controls the vehicle inclination by adjusting wheel mounting height. The size and direction of the gyroscope moment caused by the rotation of the rotator, are computed by a gyroscope-moment calculating unit (8).    Based on the calculation result, wheel attachment position calculating unit (9) computes the wheel mounting-height position for negating the gradient caused by the gyroscopic moment. Based on the computed wheel mounting-height position, the wheel attachment position calculating unit controls the wheel attachment position drive mechanism.    ADVANTAGE -   Gyro effect of flywheel battery does not influence running steering and manoeuvrability.
The method involves inserting a lead material inside a cavity (7) in-between a pair of vertical split types (5,6). The bottom of the lead material is supported by a projection (11) provided on a lower type (10). A punch (15) pushed inside the cavity penetrates through half of the lead material for forming a half finished product. The punch is pushed further for penetrating the bottom of the half finished product for forming a fully finished cylindrical product after forming a clearance in- between the bottom of the half finished product and the projection.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces manufacturing work and installation cost.
Prepn. of a hollow capsule made of a porous inorganic cpd. comprises adding an oil gelling agent to a soln. of an inorganic film-forming agent dissolved in an organic solvent to form gel, adding an alcohol to the gel to obtain a mixed soln., dropping a pH-adjusted aq. soln. into the mixed soln. to form a gel film around the dropped aq. soln. by a surface gelling reaction and simultaneously to form a porous film inside the gel film by subjecting the film-forming agent to hydrolysis and condensation polymerisation while the dropped aq. soln. is left to stand for a given period of time, washing the prod. contg. the gel film and porous film, and heating the prod. to remove the gel film and to leave only the porous film.    USE -   Used as materials for reinforcing the electrolytic plates of fuel cells and as materials for improving the functions of various catalyst supports.    ADVANTAGE -   The prodn. process is simple and the particle diameter and the film thickness can be controlled easily.
The electrical drive has an electrical energy storage unit (58) for storing electrical energy used for an electrical propulsion motor (14). The storage unit has a number of independently charged storage stages (64,66).    At least one of the storage stages can be fully discharged via a discharger (50), when the energy stored within a further stage of the energy storage unit is above a given threshold value.    USE -   For hybrid vehicle with i.c. engine and electric propulsion motor.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents loss in storage capacity of energy storage unit.
The parallel flow heat exchanger includes duct plate units with flow ducts and shaft openings and intermediate plate units. The heat exchanger is designed, so that for the flow ducts (2a-2d) each of the both halves of the next but one duct plate units (1,8), several connecting shafts are formed on each connection side (3a,3b).    The connecting shafts, for one half of the next but one duct plate units (1) alternate along each connection side with those for the other half of the next but one duct plate units (8). A pair of adjacent flow duct ends is arranged, which open out in the same connecting shaft, along each of the both connecting sides of the duct plate units between respectively two shaft openings (4a,4b,5a,5b,5c).    USE -   E.g. for chemical or biological reactors, high capacity oil coolers, e.g. of racing cars, coolers for high temperature batteries for electric vehicles.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides relatively simple production, has comparatively high power density and only minimum pressure loss and has substantially homogeneous temperature profile in flow ducts at right angles to flow direction.
The fuel cell has part of the heat of the gases fed from the anode and cathode used for pre-heating the gases fed to the anode and the cathode, to obtain the required temperature for optimum operation of the fuel cell, using anode and cathode gas circuits (1,2). The quantities of the reaction gases fed to the anode and the cathode are regulated in dependence on the required electrical output of the fuel cell, with an equivalent gas quantity extracted from each circuit for recycling.    USE -   For operation in temperature range between 850 and 1000 degrees C.    ADVANTAGE -   Optimum operating efficiency of fuel cell.
A SOFC fuel cell stack current collector has a base (2) of an alloy containing more than 2.0 wt.% aluminium and one or more contact elements (3) of an alloy containing less than 2.0 wt.% aluminium.    Preferably, both alloys are heat resistant ferritic alloys.    Also claimed is a fuel cell stack including the above current collector (1) in electrically conductive connection with a fuel cell electrode (4) by means of the contact elements (3).    USE -   In a fuel cell stack (claimed), especially a SOFC stack.    ADVANTAGE -   Chromium oxide evaporation is suppressed by the relatively high aluminium content in the base alloy (e.g. Cr5FeY2O3) which causes preferential formation of a stable aluminium oxide layer. Satisfactory electrical conductivity at the contact points between the current collector and the electrode is ensured by the relatively low aluminium content in the contact elements which allows formation of a more conductive chromium oxide layer.
Particulate zinc (Zn) deposits are removed from the major surface of an electrode in an electrochemical bath tank, having an at least partially immersed electrode, using apparatus comprising: a) a plate having a scraper blade retaining slot along one of its edges, and attached to actuator means to move the plate relative to the surface to be cleaned, and b) a scraper blade removably inter-engaged with the slot, of similar length to the surface to be cleaned. The actuator means causes the scraper blade to move in a downward stroke over the surface and then upwards over the surface to return to the initial position.    USE -   The electrochemical bath is in particular used for the preparation and/or regeneration of an alkaline Zn slurry for rechargeable Zn batteries, e.g. Zn-air batteries, suitable for electric vehicle propulsion and energy storage systems.    ADVANTAGE -   The process affords a commercially viable means of removing the Zn deposits.
The power supply has an electrical double layered capacitor connected to an AC dynamo (10) and a starter motor (16) via a connection line (12). A lead storage battery (20) is connected to an electric load (30) via a connection line (26).    The electrical double layered capacitor and the lead storage battery are connected by two connection lines (22,32). A resistance (24) for supplement charging is provided in one connection line and a forward direction diode (34) is provided in other connection line.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces size and weight. Prevents influence of voltage drop of electrical double layered capacitor on electric load.
The power supply includes several electrical double layer capacitors (10) that have positive and negative electrodes (12A,12B) individually. The capacitors are serially connected through a wiring member. A PCB (18) is provided between the positive and negative electrodes of the capacitors in which an excessive charge prevention circuit is provided.    USE -   In motor vehicle.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves efficiency and reliability of overcharge prevention circuit. Prevents deviation of position relationship between each element. Prevents inferior junction connection.
The structure has a set case (3). Multiple batteries are arranged in the case. Each battery contains several plate groups (10) in a battery-jar (14). Each plate group has a flat anode (11) and a flat cathode (12) that are laminated via a separator (13). Multiple high thermal conductivity spacer (2) that are provided parallel to the separator is made to contact the case.    ADVANTAGE -   Attains weight reduction. Improves heat dissipation ability of apparatus.
A thin film solid electrolyte having fine pores for ion migration is made up of polyolefin resin.    The resin has 10-60 m film thickness, 0.1-0.6 m average pore size, 75-90% blow hole rate, 50-90% surface rate of aperture and 130 kg/cm2 or more tensile fracture strength in the vertical direction.    A lithium salt electrolyte is impregnated and immobilised in certain fine pores.    ADVANTAGE -   Offers high ionic conductivity and mechanical strength. Avoids break-through of electrolyte. Offers high contact efficiency with electrode. Excels in flexibility and workability.
The battery includes a plate group that contains an anode(1), a cathode (2) with a separator (3) in-between. The plate group is arranged in a battery-jar (4) such that the lower portion of the plate group forms a space for stationary portion (5). The lower portion of the plate group is fixed in the battery-jar using an alkali silicate.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves charging and discharging characteristics. Prevents deterioration of plate life. Improves reliability of battery.
The fuel battery has multilayer cells which are laminated in a case. A pressure application member presses and maintains multilayered body from the edge side. A parallel maintenance unit maintains the parallel accuracy of the multilayered body. The pressure application member maintains the direction of the welding force applied to the fuel battery multilayered body. The pressure application member is arranged parallel to the laminated direction of multilayered body.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces frictional force produced between guide parts. Performs operation smoothly.
The method involves producing a projection (7) for collector at one portion of a frame structure (6). A recess is formed at the junction which connects the frame structure and the projection. A continuous casting system is applied to form the recess.    Features stability. Realises high industrial utility value.
The apparatus consists of a water container (3) provided with an open projection. The vent of the projection is sealed by a cork thereby preventing effusion of water. The cork is fixed to the open surface by adding a substance dissolved in concentrated sulphuric acid. The container is installed in a battery jar (1) such that the projection is immersed in an electrolyte (2) inside the jar.    ADVANTAGE -   Requires less installation space.
The battery has a spacer (6) parallelly arranged with a battery jar (1). A plate group is inserted into the battery jar. A recess (7) is formed in the spacer. An intermittent rib (8) is also formed in the spacer. The two ends of the plate group are held in contact.    USE -   For e.g. electric vehicle used in motor sports field.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides high industrial value.
The method involves dividing each cell in a battery provided in a battery jar using a set of partition boards (1), inserted between them. A through hole (2) which has a connection board on both sides (5,6) is provided in the partition board. The connection boards are pressed by a pair of welding electrodes (7,8) which has a projection to fit tightly into the through hole. Welding is done by passing current and the perimeter of the welded portion is pressed. The welding electrodes have a first projection portion (9) which has a flat surface with dimension larger than the diameter of the penetration opening of the partition board. A second projection portion (10) is also provided on the welding electrodes which has an upper end whose diameter is smaller than that of the through hole. At least one side of the welding electrode limits electric conduction with the second projection of the welding electrode and connection board, during welding.    ADVANTAGE -   Enhances strength of welding portion. Offers prolonged life and earthquake proof property. Offers high industrial utility because of high productivity and low cost.
The battery case consists of a stainless steel board (1) which has an average surface roughness (Ra) of 0.5-3 mm. A glass frit which has a lower thermal expansion coefficient than that of the stainless steel is baked at a low temperature. The glass frit contains oxides of materials chosen from Si and Na, or Pb having upper limit softening point of 490C and 420C respectively. A mineral glass layer of 30-80mm thickness is coated on the stainless steel board surface.    ADVANTAGE -   Offers superior coating which has high heat-resisting property, insulation, antiwear quality, peeling strength and hardness. Prevents deterioration of coating.
The jacket material consists of a coating material which forms the upper layer. The coating material comprises unimolecular substance with two reactants obtained from partial hydrolysate polymerisation oligomer of methyl or ethyl silicate. The reaction is supported by a catalyst. It also contain ethyl or methyl alcohol, an inorganic powder chosen from silicon oxide, aluminium oxide, partially stabilised zirconium, titanium oxide, talc,mica, boron nitride, molybdenum sulphide. Silane coupling agent is used forming subcoating layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Has film coating hardness and high anti-wearing quality and does not cause sagging.
A fuel reforming apparatus comprises a heating portion (1) for the liquid feed comprising water and alcohol or hydrocarbon; a portion (2) for evaporating the heated liquid feed to generate feed gases; a portion (3) for superheating the feed gases from an evaporation to a reforming temperature; a reforming portion (4) for generating H2 rich reformed gases from the superheated feed gases by reforming catalysts; a catalytic combustion portion (6a,b) for supplying reforming heat to the reforming portion and evaporation heat to the evaporation portion and the steam superheating portion by combustion of the catalysts; a shift reaction portion (4a) for reducing CO in the gases generated by the reforming portion; a CO oxidation portion (5) for reducing the CO contained in the reformed gases emerging from the shift portion by catalytic oxidation; and a heat recovery portion (7a,b) for using exhaust heat of high temperature combustion gases obtained by the combustion of the catalysts as h eat sources for the steam superheating portion and the evaporation portion. The elements are formed into flat plates of light alloy, having a manifold for performing intake and exhaust and also having heat transfer fins in the interior, and integrally stacked in close proximity to one another from a high temperature side to a low temperature side in the order of (6b), (4), (3), (7b), (4a), (2), (5) and (1).    USE -   The apparatus is used for reforming fuel, e.g., for generating H2 for portable fuel cells, or for converting alcohol or hydrocarbon to hydrogen-rich reformed gases.    ADVANTAGE -   The apparatus is compact, suitable for mass production, supplies heat directly by the combustion of off-gases and sets the temperature distribution of the CO oxidation portion to the optimum.
The circuit arrangement includes solar cells (14) and a manually activated switch (1) for switching the power supply from the solar cells to the cooling fan motor (11) and/or to the battery (12). An automatic control (15) switches the power supply from the solar cells according to the temperature in the motor vehicle interior measured by a temperature sensor (13) and/or a battery charge condition determined by a voltmeter (16).    The automatic control is overridden through activation of the manually activated switch in a semi-automatic operating mode, and an optic display arrangement (8, 9,10) is provided for the automatic and/or the semi-automatic operating mode. The optic display arrangement is preferably integrated into the activation element of the switch.    USE -   For supply of cooling arrangement of motor vehicle interior or battery of motor vehicle.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables optimized control and indication of operation of arrangement.
The system to control the connection of one or more circuits to a battery, in a vehicle, has a connecting clamp round the pole (P) projecting through the battery housing (2) of an electrically insulating material, with at least one conductor (10) in the housing (2) linked to the connector. At least one connection (29,30), at the housing (2), is a link to external circuits or systems. At least one moving contact in the housing (2), is secured to the conductor (10) to work with at least one connection (29,30). A control unit, moving in the housing (2), is coupled to at least one moving contact, with a spring system to keep it in the working position at a gap from at least one connection (29,30). An electromagnetic solenoid control, in the housing (2), coupled to a retainer, works with the control unit so that when not energised the retainer holds the control is a rest position to force the moving contacts against their spring tension into contact with the connections (29,30). When the solenoid is energised, the moving contacts are withdrawn from the connections (29,30). The solenoid is activated by an external signal.    ADVANTAGE -   The system is for the disconnection of certain circuits and units in the event of a vehicle collision, rapidly and effectively.
A gas manifold which has an excellent anti-phosphoric acid property and an excellent electric insulation property, and which has a sufficient anticorrosion property over a long period of time. A resin sheet which has a high anti-phosphoric acid property is folded at each inside corner of a gas manifold (15,16) so that the sheet may become smaller by the quality of thermal expansion. The folded faces are airtightly bonded together by heating to form a box-like lining (20,21). The inner face of the gas manifold (15,16) is lined with the lining (20,21). At an outside bottom face of the lining (20,21), patche are bonded by heating and male hooks (41) or female hooks (43) are mounted loose on the patches, and then female hooks (43) or male hooks (41) to be engaged with the hooks mounted on the patches are installed at the corresponding positions on an inner face of the gas manifold (14,16). Using these hooks (41,43), the lining (20,21) is removably fixed to the gas manifold (15,16).
The arrangement comprises disc-shaped fuel cells layered axially in a stack which and secured by a tie rod,. The fuel cell has an aperture (3) for the intake of a first gas and for accommodating the tie rod. The fuel cell arrangement comprises an ion-conducting electrolyte (17) in form of a high-temperature ceramic electrolyte or a low-temperature polymer electrolyte, a porous cathode layer ( 18) as an oxygen electrode, and a porous anode layer (19) as the fuel electrode, on each side of the electrolyte.    A gas-permeable carrier (2) has a first and a second surface and ducts for the passage of gases, a small separator plate (20) of which at least part lies on the first surface of the carrier, and a large electrically conductive separator plate (1) which lies on the second surface of the carrier, and which comprises devices which guide the gases in a targeted manner and cooperate with the ducts in the carrier.    USE -   For converting liquid or gaseous hydrocarbons into electrical DC current.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides compact arrangement with improved utilization of space, as well as increased degree of efficiency.
The indicator (10) includes a housing (12) which is mounted on a vehicle battery (102) through a fastener (14). The top wall (12A) of the housing includes positive and negative indicia (16,18) for identifying terminals (104,106) of the battery.    An electrical circuit comprising a pair of light bulbs (30), a battery (32) and a time delay opening switch (34) is provided inside the housing. A button (34A) of the time delay opening switch is pressed, by which no light bulbs illuminate the positive and negative indicia.    ADVANTAGE -   Determines polarity of battery terminals even in poor lighting conditions. Eliminates usage of jumper cables thereby facilitates easy mounting to battery.
The turboalternator comprises an alternator (40) which is positioned between a compressor (36) and a turbine (38). A common shaft (41) supported by a bearing interconnects the alternator, compressor and the turbine along the same longitudinal axis.    The compressor has an impeller (60) which has a first end (62) extending axially and a second end (64) extending radially. Multiple blades (66) are arranged at the circumference of the second end of the impeller. A cavity is formed in the second end to reduce the mass of the impeller.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves integral bearing lubrication resistance and rotor cooling efficiency. Improves energy consumption efficiency and performance characteristics. Avoids need for gear system to interconnect turbine and compressor with alternator. Improves dynamic resistance with less overhanging mass. Enables compact and cheap impeller.
The turboalternator comprises an alternator (40) with a rotor (76) which is positioned between a compressor (36) and a turbine (38). The alternator is connected with the compressor and the turbine along the longitudinal axis by a common shaft (41). The coolant flow path is formed longitudinally in the rotor and extending radially from the common shaft by which the alternator is cooled.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves bearing lubrication resistance and rotor cooling efficiency. Improves energy consumption efficiency and performance characteristics. Avoids gear system to connect turbine to alternator. Improves dynamic resistance through reduced mass and increased rotor stiffness.
Solid state secondary cell comprises an anode, an electrolyte of an inorganic ion salt in a polymer matrix and a cathode of a mixture of LixMn2O4 spinel (x = between 0 and 2) and at least one of LiFeO3, - or -LiFe5O8, LiFe3O4, LiFe2O3, Li1+wFe5O8 (w = between 0 and 4) and Li2V2O5 (y = between 0 and 2).    Pref. the anode comprises a carbon material selected from carbon black, cock, graphite, or mixtures of these.    USE -   For e.g. electric vehicles.    ADVANTAGE -   The cathode additive(s) provide a smooth voltage profile during discharge without inflections or discontinuities.
A fuel cell stack (60) which comprises: plastic manifolds (50) having conductive vias (52) and forming overlapping chambers (34,36) such that the depth of chambers for adjacent cells is not additive; membranes between the manifolds; and chemical feeds to the chambers.    Pref. the manifolds are made of a dielectric material i.e. a metal, ceramic or a polymer.    USE -   For use in a portable electronic device (claimed) e.g. a notebook computer.    ADVANTAGE -   The stack has a low profile, since chambers for adjacent cells are not additive in depth, thus reducing thickness. Light weight and low cost, due to manufacture of manifolds from plastic with conductive vias.
The motor vehicle has a piston assembly (22) provided with an IC engine and a generator (21). The piston assembly includes a magnetic field coil (39) and a stator coil (41) respectively. The stator coil is made to linearly reciprocate inside the magnetic field coil, thereby generating current in the stator coil.    The current from the coil is forwarded from the generator to a motor control (23). The motor control inturn drives a pair of AC motors (7,9) for driving wheel assemblies (3). A pair of electrically driven motor (15,17) is provided for driving additional wheels. Both the stator and magnetic coils are annular in design.    USE -   For driving auxiliary devices like water pump, air- conditioner and lubrication system.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides vehicle with increased power, improved fuel efficiency, reduced complexity and less weight. Extends travel range.
The apparatus has a revolving shaft (14) provided with a flywheel (15) and extended in vertical direction. A ball bearing (16) supports one end of the revolving shaft whose the other end is supported by a magnetic bearing (17).    The magnetic bearing energises the revolving shaft in the thrust direction by magnetic force equal to a power that performs pre-application of pressure of the ball bearing to support the weight of the revolving shaft in the radial direction of the revolving shaft.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves reliability of electric vehicle. Supports revolving shaft in thrust and radial direction with good balance, thus rotation of revolving shaft is stabilised.
The apparatus has a wind-force introduction unit (1) provided at the front grill of an electric vehicle. A wind vane (2) is installed on the wind-force introduction unit and rotated by wind when the vehicle is in transit. When the wind vane rotates, a generator (3) produces an electric power supplied to an inverter (7) connected to a battery (8) through a distribution cable.    The inverter converts the electric power output of the generator. The converted electric power is supplied to the battery for battery charging. A sensor (5) and an IC regulator (6) are included to prevent the overcharging of the battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Expands drive range of electric vehicle since charging of battery is expanded by using wind force, eliminating need of motor. Shortens charging time and reduces charging rate of battery.
The unit has an electric double layered capacitor (14) and a lead storage battery (16) which are charged with a vehicle mounted generator (10). The voltage generated by the vehicle mounted generator is adjusted by using the lead battery and the capacitor. The lead storage battery is charged with usual voltage when the battery is connected with the generator after the starting of an engine.    The double layered capacitor is charged with a voltage level which is higher than the usual voltage level. The battery is used to supply power to small electric loads. The capacitor is used to supply power to large electric loads. The battery, the capacitor and the power generator are connected through a relay switch.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves engine starting operation. Reduces size and volume of capacitor.
Electrically conductive composite article comprises a main body containing (a) polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and (b) electrically conductive particles and (c) an elastomer material disposed within the main body.    USE -   As electrically conductive grounding and shielding material, in battery and fuel cell applications, as a catalytic material, as a flow through electrode in electrolyte systems, instrumentation applications, electrofiltration applications, microwave applications, and antenna systems or strip lines. Particular use is as EMI shielding gaskets in pocket pagers, cellular phones, laptop computers and wireless local area networks.    ADVANTAGE -   The addition of elastomer material provides articles that are permanently and continuously conductive throughout the entire structure, and which are flexible with increased z-strength and tensile strength and have a degree of resilience. The article has a main body that may be easily formed into any suitable shape or thickness.
The output voltage [Uz] is generated based upon a variable input voltage [Ubatt]. After an initial period the voltage is held at a constant value [Unenn] until a specific voltage reduction has been obtained [(U2] relative to the input voltage. The voltage control is provided by a regulating stage coupled to a switching circuit.    ADVANTAGE -   Output protected against sudden changes.
The connector consists of a frame component (13) with a frame to form a leakproof seal between the connector and a fuel cell. It also has a contact component (14) made of electrically conductive material to provide the electrical contact between two fuel cells.    The contact component can have a structure designed to distribute oxidation agents or fuel in the cathode or anode compartments. This can be achieved by designing the contact component with a two sided comb structure. The frame component can be provided with recesses which form the anode and/or the cathode compartments    USE -   To provide for the series connection of a number of fuel cells    ADVANTAGE -   Reduced cost as each component material can be chosen as the most suitable for the component function.
A wheel or track driven mobile vehicle with hydraulically powered articulating boom supported worker platform has a controller (28) and includes an IC engine (18) driving a 48V DC generator (20) connected to two battery packs (22). Drive motors (26) provide propulsion for left and right wheels or tracks.    The positioning assembly for the platform includes an electric motor (37) and hydraulic pump assembly (36) connected via an hydraulic valve (40) to power hydraulic cylinders (43).    USE -   Enables indoor or outdoor working vehicle to provide mobile high access using power from battery which may be charged by IC engine driven generator or external power source. Can be used in battery, hybrid or battery assist (or recharge) mode.
The battery has a fuel cell having a solid polymer electrolyte and inlets for fuel and oxidant gases to the fuel cell. The battery has a static mixing device (20) and a variable pressure water reservoir (35) upstream of the mixing device.    The static mixer has a heating device connected to it capable of maintaining the mixer at a temperature in the range 60-140 degrees C. The mixing device and the water reservoir provide for increasing the relative humidity for either or both of the gases prior to the gas passing through one of the inlets.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids drying out the electrodes, and the fuel cell can run under relatively high temperature and pressure conditions.
The energy storage apparatus, comprises an axial shaft with a rotor rotatably and concentrically mounted on it. A number of balance bars (596) are provided on the rotor to compensate for its imbalance. Each balance bar (596) abuts at least one other adjacent balance bar. A device is used for reducing eddy currents around the balance bars, and comprises a laminated structure.    The rotor has a bore formed through it defining an inner diameter. The balance bars are provided on the inner diameter of the rotor. An adhesive is disposed between the balance bars and the rotor compensating for hoop strain mismatch between them.    USE -   As energy storage system for hybrid vehicle.    ADVANTAGE -   Replaces battery in the hybrid electric vehicle, minimises eddy currents, rotor balance is offset.
The battery has a flexible substrate over which amorphous battery element is laminated. An attachment unit with terminals is provided. The attachment unit has a cross-section with acute angle cross-section, extending towards exterior of the flexible substrate.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies attachment even to curved surface because of its flexibility. Reduces wind cut off sound during transit. Increases adhesive property. Enables simple detachment.
The unit has a main body (1) fixed in the interior of a vehicle room. The main body includes map lamps (11a,11b), switches (12a,12b), and an accommodation section (18).    A detachable sub-unit (2) includes an interior light and a switch (23). The detachable sub-unit is mounted on the accommodation section of the main body. Preferably, the detachable sub-unit is provided with a secondary battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Illuminates arbitrary places since sub-unit is removable from unit main body. Enables using sub-unit outside vehicle. Enables illuminating anywhere depending on length of connecting wire. Reduces discharge of secondary battery since sub-unit is switched only when required. Enables lighting interior light even when switch is in OFF state since door switch can be used. Reduces power consumption of map lamp. Performs electric connection easily since sub-unit is inserted and removed simply.
A vehicle has an IC engine and an energy source assigned to it plus electrical loads which are supplied by a current generating device. The latter is a fuel cell aggregate which can be activated independently of the operation of the engine. The aggregate contains two stacks of fuel cells (1,2) which can be wired selectively in parallel or series. The aggregate is connected to a buffer battery (4).    ADVANTAGE -   Electrical loads can be supplied at good efficiency independently of engine operation.
The method involves providing the circuit with at least one transient state which the circuit enters after power is applied to it. The circuit leaves the transient state at some later time. Initial power is applied to the circuit. The power is sufficient to cause the circuit to enter the transient state and to later leave the transient state. The power is limited to decrease the likelihood of damage to the circuit    while the circuit is in the transient state.    It is detected when the circuit leaves the transient state. Additional power is applied to the circuit after it has left the transient state. The circuit has at least one capacitor (432). Applying power to the circuit results in a voltage which is applied to the capacitor. The circuit is in the transient state from the time of initial application of power until the voltage across the capacitor terminals is equal to or greater than 90% of the voltage is applied to it.    USE -   For battery controller used in e.g. electric hand drills or electric vehicles.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents excessive current draw across controller during initial start up while avoiding extra safety problems.
The wind power generator (2) is installed on the roof of a motorcar (1). It takes in an air stream and generates electric power. A battery (3) and a controller for controlling the wind power generator are installed in the motorcar (1). When the motorcar is driven, air stream is taken in the generator and electric power is generated and stored in the battery.    USE -   Also for lorry, tram.
A fuel cell includes a single sheet of polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) divided by chemical treatment into regions having different electrical and ionic conductivities. The regions are divided into at least three regions with a repeat pattern ABC-ABC-ABC, where region A is ionically conductive but electrically non-conductive, region C is electrically conductive but ionically non-conductive, and region B has ionic conductivity lower than A and electrical conductivity lower than C. The sheet has means for delivering fuel and oxidant to different sides of the sheet in a way to prevent their mixing.    USE -   For electric vehicles and remote or portable power sources.    ADVANTAGE -   Side by side series configuration of individual PEM cells fabricated from a single uncut sheet, film or roll of PEM, thus assembly is simplified, and sealing of the cells is less labour intensive as adhesives between cells are not used.
The vehicle includes an IC engine (1) which is coupled to a generator (3). A capacitor (4) is charged by the generator, to supply power to a transit motor (2). The IC engine is operated based on the optimum torque characteristics. The amount of power generation required to maintain specific transit condition is calculated. The target rotation speed of the generator is calculated based on power required for the particular transit condition and the optimum torque characteristic.    The field control of the generator is performed corresponding to the target rotating condition. Based on the target rotating speed, an electricity generation controller performs control operation such that torque generated by the internal combustion engine balances with driving torque of the generator.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables operation of engine corresponding to optimum torque characteristics.
The positive electrode material has multiple oxides of lithium and manganese with spinel type crystal structure. The composition formula of the multiple oxide is Li1+xMn2-xO4-yFz; where x = 0.0133-0.3333; y = 0-0.2; and z = 0.01-0.2; and z y.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves charging and discharging cycle characteristic. Avoids reduction of discharge capacitance by providing oxygen deficiency in crystal lattice. Maintains crystal structure in stable state by introducing fluoride and increases energy density and life of material.
The system transmits the power applied to a brake pedal (201) to a master cylinder (202) which generates a hydraulic by the pumping effect of a variable discharge pump unit (300). The transit condition of a vehicle is sensed by a control unit (220) to apply a proper damping force on a wheel (210).    An oil quantity regulation valve (240) is provided for supplying a variable damping force. An electricity generation unit (230) supplies power to the control unit by using the hydraulic generated.    ADVANTAGE -   Utilizes energy generated at time of braking effectively.
The supply has a triangular piezoelectric conversion oscillator (P) which is inserted into an outer wall (11) of a rest board (10) through its fixed end (P1). The width of the oscillator narrows gradually from the fixed end to free end (P2). The oscillator comprises a pair of piezoelectric boards (30,40) affixed on both sides of a metal plate (20). The metal plate and the piezoelectric boards are almost in the form of equilateral triangle.    A cubical weight (50) is fixed along free end of the piezoelectric oscillator. When force is applied to the weight, the oscillator generates piezoelectric output. A rectifier rectifies the piezoelectric output, which is then subjected to smoothing by a smoothening unit.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables uniform supply of piezoelectric output as power.
The inverter has a phase switching circuit (4a) with serially connected low-voltage side MOSFET (54) and high-voltage side switch (53) which are formed in voltage drive type and connected to the terminals of a battery (1). High and low voltage side drive circuits (61,62) output drive voltages to the gates of the high and low voltage side MOSFETs, respectively, based on input signals. Both drive circuits are provided with individual power supply (63,64) which applies a source voltage.    The nodes of both MOSFETs are connected to a three-phase AC motor. The power supply for the high-voltage side drive circuit operates independently with the operation of the power supply for the low-voltage side drive circuit. When the source voltage from each power supply becomes insufficient, a backup power supply (300) outputs source voltage for back up from the battery to operate the drive circuits.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents short-circuit operation of phase switching circuit, thus operation reliability of converter is improved.
The power supply (1) includes an electric charger (6) connected midway through a circuit from a rechargeable battery (4) to current discharging components (2,3). A power discharging unit (7) discharges the electric power of the charger to the current discharging components. A voltage detector determines the predetermined voltage of the circuit from the battery to the current discharging components.    A voltage variation calculation device computes the voltage variation in the circuit according to the detection output of the voltage detector. The power discharging unit is regulated by a control unit (11) to supply the electric power of the charger to the current discharging components, when the computed voltage variation exceeds a predetermined threshold value.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves durability of electric charger and power discharging unit by suppressing fluctuation of voltage in circuit from battery to current discharging components even when large starter of power consumption is operated. Charging and discharging state of rechargeable battery is not affected by charging insufficiency.
The method involves connecting a battery (5) to a battery charger (8). The charging capacity is computed from the charging efficiency and charging time, based on the temperature of storage battery. The capacity insufficiency during high temperature is set beforehand.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables computing battery charging capacitance correctly and quickly. Improves accuracy of residual metre.
The method involves detecting the temperature of a storage battery (4) which supplies electric power to a load (5). The temperature is detected at a fixed external temperature. At a temperature less than the fixed temperature, the permissible maximum discharge current is controlled. The stoppage of discharge because of voltage reduction does not happen.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents generation of discharge stoppage condition due to voltage reduction. Maintains transit ability of electronic vehicle.
The vehicle (1) includes a first battery (2) mounted on the main body (A1). A second battery (11) is mounted on an electric power supply unit (B1). The main body and the electric power supply unit are coupled detachedly by a mechanical coupling unit.    The drive of motors (3,10) of the main body and electric power supply unit is controlled by a controller (14), based on transit condition. An electric power supply line and a control line are connected detachedly by a connection unit (5) between the main body and electric power supply vehicle.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables using alternate battery when one battery is discharged. Increases loading space and driving force. Facilitates insertion and removal of electric power supply vehicle.
The capacitor includes a polarisable electrode having a tissue like structure. The electrode is made from a carbon material on which metal or metallic compounds are dispersed.    USE -   For e.g. solar clock, electric vehicle, auxiliary electric storage system.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves electric capacity, internal resistance, charging and discharging velocity.
The diaphragm includes a base material comprising polyethylene whose thickness is 10-120 m. The average molecular weight of polyethylene is 1 x 105 or more. An ion-exchange membrane is provided above the base material for adhesion of ion-exchange resin.    ADVANTAGE -   Offers superior endurance to batteries. Improves charging and discharging efficiency.
A fuel cell comprises a fuel electrode reactable with H, an air electrode consuming O, and an electrolyte layer placed therebetween. The battery characteristic is evaluated on the basis of equation (I) In (I)V is terminal voltage, F(T) is excess term, H(1) and H(2) are H partial pressure coefficients, O(1) and O(2) are O partial pressure coefficients, DH is H diffusion term coefficient, and DO is O diffusion term.    ADVANTAGE -   The battery characteristic can be quantitatively evaluated with high accuracy.
The 1st shift converter is provided at the anode inlet port of the cell, and anode side gas path has turning part having the 2nd shift converter.    USE -   The method is used to improve the performance of a phosphoric acid type fuel cell.    ADVANTAGE -   The phosphoric acid type fuel cell can prevent the increase of CO concn. at turning part of anode side piping, and can prevent the lowering of voltage.
The electrode has a carbon porous object (2) which has a resin layer. The resin layer is baked and moulded. A non-crystal carbon layer (3) is formed on at least one side of the carbon porous object under carbide gas atmosphere. The resin acts as an active material (4).    ADVANTAGE -   Improves charging and discharging cycle characteristics.
The active material comprises crystal particles nickel hydroxide with a heterogeneous element. The interior and surface of the particle include at least one compound of an element chosen from Ca, Sr, Ba, Ca, Ag, Cd, Y and Yb. A nickel oxide content active material is obtained.    USE -   For nickel cadmium battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Improved charging efficiency at high temperature.
The method involves activating a secondary battery (29) by using a main switch (22). When a motor (8) is in non-operating state during ON state of the main switch, a microcurrent is passed to the motor. Based on the energisation state of the microcurrent, the voltage of the secondary battery is measured. Based on the detected voltage, the remnant charge in the secondary battery is estimated. According to the estimated remnant charge, the lighting of a display lamp (23) is controlled.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables correct detection of remnant charge before vehicle transit. Improves reliability.
The device (1) consists of a cylindrical casing (13) into which a mixed gas containing a heating gas and air is introduced and burnt. A couple of catalyst filling parts (20a,20b) which are individually filled with a catalyst (19) are installed to the interior of the casing in an order along the longitudinal and width directions. The thickness of each catalyst filling part is made thin relative to the casing. A baffle plate (16) is sandwiched between the catalyst filling parts. A combustion gas passageway (24) is formed on the downstream side of each catalyst filling part individually against the inner wall surface of the casing and the baffle plate. An introduction path (23) for introduction of mixed gas is formed on the upstream side of each catalyst filling part individually against the baffle plate and the inner wall surface of the casing. The mixed gas is made to flow into the catalyst filling parts in a direction orthogonal to the longitudinal direction of the casing. A catalyst layer (14) is provided to close each catalyst filling part at the upstream side edge part of each combustion gas passageway obstructing the gas which flows out from each catalyst filling part. Another catalyst layer (15) is formed in the midway of the casing so as to block the downstream side portion of the catalyst layers formed on the catalyst filling parts.    USE -   In motor vehicles, ships for transportation using fuel batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces thermal storage effect of catalyst. Prevents thermal deterioration of catalyst. Reduces pressure loss even if air flows in large quantities. Makes flow rate of gas slow through catalyst layer. Progresses reaction of gas adequately with catalyst. Performs combustion of unburnt gas effectively.
The monitor includes a power semiconductor circuit breaker which is connected into a battery feed line. The feed line includes a power FET group (11) and an associated sensing FET group (13).    Circuitry coupled to the sensing FET enables current flowing in either direction to be monitored by resistors (R1,R2). The power FET group forms the circuit-breaker which can provide short circuit protection or prevent unauthorised use.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides the possibility of switching off the battery current. Provides bidirectional current sensing to enable charge monitoring for the battery.
The electric motor vehicle is fitted with batteries to supply the electric motors and also carries five low speed direct current generators which supply the batteries to recharge them. Each of these generators is driven by a wind turbine which is displaced by the movement of the air past the vehicle while the vehicle is in motion. The use of low speed D.C. generators allows the wind turbine to be fitted directly to the shaft of the generator removing the need for any gear coupling.    The generators are connected to the batteries through a converter circuit which is activated when the speed of the vehicle exceeds a set threshold.    ADVANTAGE -   Extends range of electric vehicles by using movement through air to drive low speed DC generators to recharge batteries while vehicle is in motion.
A switch arrangement for vehicle electrical control device including a conductor rail (50) with given thermal conductivity and thermal capacity and connected to a first given current supply potential, a number of switch devices (101-401) for switching at least one associated current load (1-4c) of the respective switch device on and off. In each case, a first line (current) terminal of the switch device (101-401) is connected to the conductor rail (50) with given thermal conductivity and thermal capacity.    Each current load (consumer) (1-4c) of a respective switch device (101-401) is connected into circuit between a second line (current) terminal of the switch device (101-401) and a second assigned current supply potential. The first given current supply potential is specifically the battery 'positive' and the second the battery 'negative' i. e the 'earth' potential.    USE -   For implementing in motor vehicle electrical systems-control devices.    ADVANTAGE -   Has good switching and monitoring properties, effective removal of heat and is cost-competitive.
A fuel cell system has anode and cathode chambers (2,3) that are separated by a proton-conducting membrane (PEM). A pipeline (6) feeds acid-containing gas to the cathode chamber and another one (5) feeds a liquid fuel/coolant mixture to the anode chamber. There is a return pipeline between the anode chamber and the anode pipe, plus a cathode exhaust gas pipeline. The coolant is water.    The liquid fuel is an electrochemically oxidisable substance with the general structure H-[CH2O]n-Y with 1n5 and Y=H or CH3. In the return pipeline is located a gas separator (18) and in the cathode exhaust pipeline is located an exhaust catalyser (34). Between these two, a pipeline is provided through which the gas separated is fed into the exhaust pipeline upstream of the catalyser.    ADVANTAGE -   Compact design with improved overall efficiency.
The ship has modifier for reforming the methanol extracted out from the methanol storage tank (1). A hydrogen separator (5) isolates hydrogen from mixed gas that contains hydrogen and carbon dioxide. An oxygen storage tank (2) is provided, which supplies oxygen to a fuel battery. Hydrogen from the hydrogen separator is also supplied to the fuel battery, which generates power according to the chemical reaction of oxygen and hydrogen. Power output from the fuel battery dries an electric motor (6) which inturn operates a propeller (17).    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents generation of nitrogen oxide. Prevents need of special apparatus for sulfur oxide removal. Reduces size of oxygen storage tank.
The supply has a vehicular meter (1) which contains volatile memory (18). Data relating to integrating distance is stored in the volatile memory and is checked during ignition on of the meter. A first voltage generation unit generates a battery voltage which is supplied to an electronic circuit. A second voltage generation unit boost the generated battery voltage and generates a predetermined voltage which is supplied to light sources like fluorescent display tube.    A third voltage generation unit generates voltage equal to the voltage generated by the first and second generation units. When the generated voltage (VDD) of the vehicular meter reduces to a voltage (Vt1) which is higher than the data maintenance voltage (VH) of the volatile memory, the generated voltage is set to zero volt, forcibly. The data stored in the volatile memory is then cleared.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves reliability.
The apparatus interlocks operation of brake pedal (51) with a rotary compressor (26), such that the energy during transit is stored as compressed air in a tank. The compressed air ejected from the rotary compressor is sent to the tank through a first path. From the tank, the air is sent to a control port through a second path, when a valve (31) is switched to the second path.    When brake operation is detected, the rotation and interruption device (29) changes to a rotation transmission side. A first controller controls the valve for selecting the first path. When accelerator operation is detected below a first travel speed, a second controller controls the valve to select the second path.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces generation of harmful gas. Reduces fuel consumption.
The apparatus includes contactless switches, such as transistors, that are attached to the electrodes of several capacitors. A programmable controller (PC) is connected to the switches.    A switch turns to a conduction condition during discharge of the corresponding capacitor. All the switches turn to the conduction condition during the charging of the capacitors.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables simultaneous charging of many capacitors. Has high efficiency and light weight.
The power supply has a battery (1) to which a main relay (2) is connected in series. A capacitor (11) is connected between the DC insertion lines of force. An inverter (10) for electric load supply charges the capacitor to a predetermined voltage when DC current is supplied from the battery through the main relay during reserve charging. A discharge relay (3) and a discharge resistance (4) are connected in series between the DC insertion lines of force. A discharge consumption circuit discharges the capacitor when electric load supply is stopped. A control circuit (7) regulates the operations of the main relay, inverter, and discharge relay.    A constant current circuit is provided parallel to the main relay. The constant current circuit performs the reserve charging of the capacitors.    ADVANTAGE -   Shortens reserve charging time, thereby quickening starting of electric supply to load. Eliminates need for reserve charging resistance.
The structure includes a battery pack in which a battery (5) is mounted through a guide member (17). The battery pack includes a lower cover (11) and an upper cover (13). An electric power terminal (49) provided in the under surface of battery and a control terminal (51) are connected at a pair of pin terminals (53,55) on the guide member. A connecting pin terminal (51) couples the pair of pin terminals provided in the guide member. A control output wiring (67) and a power output wiring (65) are externally drawn-out from one of the pin terminals. An air- conditioning unit (19) which has a first heat exchanger (41) and a blower fan (43) is provided in the adjustment passage formed by the guide member.    ADVANTAGE -   Controls temperature of battery. Simplifies structure. Improves efficiency of battery.
The system includes a discrimination terminal (32) provided in a detachable battery (29), which characterises a predetermined potential corresponding to each variety of the battery. A potential detector is provided for detecting the potential of the discrimination terminal. Based on the potential detected by the detector, the variety of the battery is distinguished.    ADVANTAGE -   Distinguishes variety of battery reliably. Suits for characteristic of battery. Enables to change control method depending on battery ability.
The battery contains a casing (1) provided with an electricity generating element (2) which combines a nickel pole, and a metal hydride electrode through a separator impregnated with electrolyte. A catalyst layer is formed in the inner wall of the battery case, corresponding to the electricity generating element, to catalyse reaction of oxygen generated from nickel pole and hydrogen. The temperature rise in the catalyst layer due to the exothermic reaction is detected by a thermistor (11).    ADVANTAGE -   Enables detection of completion period of charging.
The assembly includes a metallic foil comprising an anode (1) and a cathode (2). The electrodes are wound oppositely via an active material. A tab for collectors is formed as the metallic foil of the anode and a cathode. A coil (5) is wound around the electrodes, to a predetermined length. A notch is formed in the axial direction of the coil.    ADVANTAGE -   Offers large sized lithium ion battery.
The diaphragm consists of an ion-exchange membrane and a base material comprising a saturated copolymer resin of a withering conductive monomeric unit and conductive styrene group unit. The ion-exchange membrane, which adheres onto the base material, has an ion-exchange resin of aliphatic hydrocarbon monomer.    ADVANTAGE -   Maintains charging and discharging efficiency of battery, giving good endurance life.
The diaphragm consists of an ion-exchange membrane, adhered to the base material, which contains a copolymer resin and an ion-exchange resin, the copolymer resin comprising acrylonitrile butadiene copolymer and the ion-exchange resin containing aliphatic hydrocarbon monomer and a saturated withering conductive monomer.    ADVANTAGE -   Maintains charging and discharging efficiency of battery, giving good endurance.
The method involves casting lead and calcium based alloy. A cast piece of predetermined thickness is produced, which is then cut into predetermined size. A paste is applied to a thickness of 0.25mm on the alloy casting which is then subjected to rolling and pressing to form anode and cathode. The cast piece contains 0.04-0.12wt% of calcium and tin of about 3wt%. When the ratio of constitution of tin to that of calcium in the casting is less than 9, and the environmental temperature is higher than 273K, the paste is applied after the lapse of time t1=7560/(T-273)*1.5, where `T' is the environmental temperature in Kelvin scale. When the ratio is more than 9, the paste is applied after the lapse of time t2=15120/(T-273)*1.5. When the temperature is less than 273K for the second case, the casting is subjected to rolling pressing within 30days.    ADVANTAGE -   Realizes highly stabilised performance of battery. Enhances industrial value.
The battery has a -alumina tube (25) incorporated with sodium ions to form a solid electrolyte which divides an outer cylinder container (21) into an anode chamber (23) and a cathode chamber (24). A fused salt containing NaCl-AlCl3 -SClx, where x = 0-4, acts as an anode active material. Liquid sodium is used as the cathode active material. The anode (26) comprises carbon and four tungsten wires (27).    ADVANTAGE -   The cell assembly is simplified and the battery efficiency is improved.
The battery has a battery cover (1) equipped with an anode terminal and a cathode terminal (2). A terminal seat (3) is provided for each electrode terminal. A short circuit prevention rib (5) which divides the battery cover is provided between the anode and cathode terminals.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents short circuit due to leakage of electrolyte. Enhances safety. Offers desired battery height.
The battery has a separator (1) which consists of a porous synthetic resin sheet. The separator sheet is bent at both the sides (2) and a bag shape is formed. Finally the sheet is wrapped up.    ADVANTAGE -   Obtains prolonged life. Prevents accumulation of oxygen gas by using porous resin sheet. Releases air smoothly. Obtains excellent discharge voltage characteristics. Prevents short circuits due to rupture of separator.
The battery (1) has an anode (10) which does reversible occlusion discharge of an alkali metal ion and a cathode (12). The anode and the cathode are separated by a separator. The separator has a multi layer structure formed with at least two interlayers (31,32) arranged with an electrochemical boundary surface. An ion in the separator moves between the two interlayers.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents short circuit due to overcharge condition, mechanical deformation. Prevents precipitation of alkali metal ion on cathode. Offers large capacity.
The tank has a motive power unit (1) coupled with an application unit (2), provided with an engine (6). A special mechanism unit (3) is coupled detachedly at the front and rear part of the motive power unit and application unit. The motive power unit, the application unit and the special mechanism unit are coupled in arbitrary order.    USE -   In e.g. steam generated vehicle, command vehicle, personal transport vehicle, collecting industrial vehicle, communication vehicle.    ADVANTAGE -   Offers transportation by air. Offers long distance travelling performance. Provides surprise attack at high speed. Performs long distance transit without fuel refilling. Removes damaged part during tyre damage and performs transit.
The unit has an energy storage unit (battery) connected to a vehicle electrical generator . The energy storage unit is charged up by the generator and can be connected to the on-board network if the network voltage fails.    The energy storage unit can be automatically connected to the on-board network if the network voltage falls below a defined value. The energy storage can be manually connected to the on-board network. It can be a second car battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Constant availability.
Producing natural gas fuel cells comprises using anodes made of bifunctional catalysts, proton-conducting membranes and an oxygen cathode.    USE -   The natural gas cells are used for the production of power and/or hydrocarbons and/or heat operating by direct utilisation of natural gas (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   The natural gas fuel cells allow simultaneous generation of electric power, saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons and/or heat, can operate at low (100-190 C) or high (300-650 C) temperatures, and can thus be used in remote areas for power generation.
An electrolyte system for a rechargeable electrochemical cell comprises a polymeric support structure having an electrolyte active species dispersed in it comprising an electrolyte salt dispersed in a solvent comprising poly(vinylidene fluoride) having a mol.wt. of less than 50000 atomic mass units.    Also claimed are: (1) an electrolyte for an electrochemical cell comprising an electrolyte salt dispersed dispersed in a solvent comprising at least 10% low mol.wt. poly(vinylidene fluoride); and (2) an electrochemical cell comprising an anode, a cathode and an electrolyte comprising an electrolyte as above.    USE -   The electrochemical cells are used in batteries for cellular communications, satellites, portable computers, electric vehicles, etc..    ADVANTAGE -   The batteries are high in energy, cost effective and have improved performance characteristics.
A battery paste for a lead oxide battery plate comprises lead oxide, sulphuric acid and a water soluble naphthalene sulphonic acid formaldehyde condensate with a molecular weight of 9000-15000. Also claimed are (i) a battery plate coated with the paste, and (ii) a battery incorporating the battery plate.    USE -   For automotive applications requiring smaller batteries that are just as efficient as larger ones.    ADVANTAGE -   Natural lignin used conventionally can be replaced with the sulphonated aromatic dispersant which can be readily reproduced and allowing reproducible battery performance from batch to batch. BaSO4 in the electrode paste is completely dispersed, a stronger electrode plate can be produced, and battery performance and life are extended. Less synthetic material, about a half ot a third that of conventional lignin, is required. The battery is stable at higher temperatures.
Prismatic-shaped batteries have an optimised thickness to width to height aspect ratio giving maximum capacity and power output. The case allows for unidirectional expansion compensated for by applying an external counterpressure.    The batteries are bound together in a module (32) under external mechanical compression optimised to balance outward pressure due to expansion and provide additional inward pressure to reduce the distance between positive and negative electrodes. The pack includes coolant flow channels formed between the case walls and between modules within the case.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduced weight, improved thermal management, decreased cost, improved reliability.
The box accommodates a number of storage batteries (39) which are arranged along an axial line direction. The storage batteries are arranged in three rows. The centre row is unevenly distributed compared to the other rows such that a space is formed at the edge of the centre row. A current fuse (55) is installed in the empty space.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces size of battery box.
The machine includes a compressor, a direct expansion type evaporator (5) and a condenser (7). An absorbing unit (10), a regenerator (9) and a solution pump (11) are attached instead of the compressor. The coolant used is CH2F-CF3 and dimethyl ether tetraethylene glycol is used as an absorber.    ADVANTAGE -   Offers miniaturised absorption machine.
The battery comprises an electrolyser (1) which is formed by connecting several voltage cells. The electrolyser has a anode and cathode chambers (1b,1a) which are separated by a diaphragm (10). The first and second pumps (5,6) circulates the anode and cathode electrolyte stored in respective tanks (2,3) to anode and cathode chambers respectively. Electric power supply is performed by electric power storage and discharge by charging the active material. The potential measurement unit measures the potential of reference electrode which are connected to the piping (51,53).    Electrolyte supply measuring unit measures the amount of electrolyte supplied to the electrolyser. Current detector (8) detects the charging and discharging current value. Liquid level detectors (14,15) detects the electrolyte quantity in the storage tanks. A calculation unit computes the charging capacity of cathode electrolyte from the measured value of reference electrode pair potential.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves system efficiency, remarkably. Maintains high battery efficiency. Attains labour saving of pump power.
The system includes an electrolyser (1) that is formed by connecting multiple battery cells and which includes a positive electrode chamber (1a) and a negative electrode chamber (1b) separated by a diaphragm (1c). A positive electrode electrolyte and a negative electrode electrolyte are circulated in the electrolyser by a set of pumps (5,6). A first detector (7) detects the voltage value of the electrolyser.    A second detector (8) detects the open circuit voltage of the electrolyte. A third detector (9) detects the value of charging or discharging current flowing in an external circuit (4). A calculation unit (11) calculates the battery cell resistance factor based on the detection values. The supply of electrolyte is fluctuated such that the battery cell resistance factor becomes a standard.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces power consumption. Improves voltage efficiency and operativity.
The connector (10) has a terminal clamp (12) with a portion (16) which clamps to a battery terminal. A bracket (14) has a portion (20) that connects with fuses.    The terminal clamp and the bracket are formed of the same material, e.g. brass, and are non-detachably joined together, e.g. by soldering.    USE -   Connecting between terminal of battery an a number of fuses.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides better and permanent electrical connection between terminal clamp and bracket.
NOVELTY - The method involves cleaning a plate lug surface by combined action of flux and ultrasonic vibration. The water rinsing is performed under ultrasonic vibration. The drying is performed by gas blasting.    USE - Method for manufacture of pore-free cast-on-strap joints for lead-acid battery (claimed) used in automotive field.    ADVANTAGE - The presence of lead oxides, greases, oils, active material pastes, fluxes, residual reaction products and humidity are eliminated from the surface of the plate lugs. The contact of the gases with the liquid lead-based strap alloys is reduced, so that the porosity of the cast-on-strap joints is reduced or eliminated.    DESCRIPTION OF DRAWING(S) - The drawing shows an isometric view of the lead-acid battery.    Lead-acid battery (10)    Positive plate (11)    Negative plate (12)    Negative plate lug (13)    Positive plate lug (14)
A positive electrode for an acid lead accumulator battery comprises a holder based on an alloy with improved corrosion resistance. Also claimed are: (i) a lead alloy for a grid in a acid lead accumulator battery holder; and (ii) a sealed or un sealed lead accumulator battery with low water consumption which includes the above positive electrodes.    USE -   Lead accumulators are used in motorcars with special cycling characteristics, corrosion strength and improved behaviour at high temperatures.    ADVANTAGE -   The lead alloy provides good service under high temperature cycling.
The circuit (20) includes a charge pump (5) which has an oscillator for a square wave pulse and a booster unit that amplifies the voltage of a DC power using the square wave pulse. The DC power is supplied from a power supply unit (1) to a power MOSFET (3).    A first power supply line (L1) connects the power supply to the booster unit. A second power supply line (L2) connects the power supply to a load (2). A noise removing unit (21), provided on the first power supply line, removes a conduction noise from the power supply to the booster unit.    ADVANTAGE -   Operates load satisfactorily since noise generated by booster unit does not conduct in second power supply line connected between power supply and load. Simplifies structure of booster circuit since number of components in noise removal unit is reduced. Prevents tone quality degradation in audio apparatus.
The device (10) has a charge pump circuit (13) that controls the operation of a semiconductor switching circuit (Q) which supplies electric power. The charge pump circuit generates a booster voltage from the voltage obtained from a voltage source (Vcc), and transmits the booster voltage to a load (20).    Power supply lines are separately provided to transmit electric power to the charge pump circuit and to the semiconductor switching circuit. Noise is prevented from propagating to the semiconductor switching circuit while the charge pump circuit is controlling its operation.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables correct detection if semiconductor switching circuit is in overcurrent or overheating condition. Prevents malfunctioning of self-protecting circuit and abnormal signal formation circuit due to switching noise. Prevents dielectric breakdown or degradation in characteristics of electrolytic capacitor, since drive waveform that exceeds breakdown voltage of capacitor is prevented from being applied to capacitor.
The vehicle has a cover in a battery box (14) which makes the end connection (43) of the connector for charging (38), open and close. A reed switch (40) detects opening and closing of the end connection, based on the position of the cover. A controller (13c) opens the electric supply circuit of the motor for driving, when the end connection is opened and is connected to detector.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents penetration of muddy water or rainwater into battery box by cover. Forms detachable battery box without increasing number of components. Prevents motion of vehicle, when accidental charging of battery is caused. Has warning device to ensure end connection opening.
The circuit (6) has first and second potential terminal (1,2) that receive first and second potentials respectively. A potential supply terminal (3) is used to supply the potential. First and second setting voltage generating units (11,21) output setting voltages. The collector and emitter electrodes of a first transistor (15) are connected to the first potential terminal and potential supply terminal respectively.    The setting voltage from the first setting voltage generating unit is supplied to the base electrode of the first transistor. The collector and emitter electrodes of a second transistor (25) are connected to the second potential terminal and potential supply terminal respectively. The setting voltage of the second setting voltage generating unit is supplied to the base electrode of the second transistor.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents damage of bipolar transistor whether low or high breakdown voltage is applied to IC for motor vehicle airbag.
A fluorine ceria-based cpd. consists of (Mx Ce1-x )O2-y . M = a dopant consisting of a combination of a Ce-opt. substd. and -solid solved trivalent rare earth element and a divalent alkaline earth metal element, or a trivalent rare earth element and a monovalent alkaline metal element; x = greater than 0.2 and less than 0.4; y = greater than 0.1 and less than 0.36. A defective fluorite ceria-based solid electrolyte has effective factor (EF), given by EF = (Rc /Ro ) x (R-m/Rce ) (I), of 0.875-1.05. In (I), Rc = average cationic ion radius; Rm = average dopant M ion radius; Rce = average cerium ion radius; Ro = oxygen ion radius; Rc = Rm x + Rce (1-x); 0.2 &lt; x &lt; 0.4; 0.97 &lt; Rm &lt; 1.14; Rce = 0.97; Ro= 1.4 x (1-0.5y); 0.1 &lt; y &lt; 0.36. Unit = angstrom.    USE -   The defective fluorite ceria-based solid electrolyte is used in a cell material for fuel cell.    ADVANTAGE -   The defective fluorite ceria-based solid electrolyte has enhanced ion conductivity. The use of the electrolyte for the cell for the fuel cell exerts superior output density, and high stability for a long period of time.
The secondary battery (1) consists of electrode made of carbon material which is coated and baked with a mixture of graphite powder and a thermosetting resin in an inert atmosphere or vacuum. The carbon material consists of a resinous coal compound of predetermined weight percentage. The graphite powder has BET specific surface area of S(m2/g) such that S and X satisfy the formula X2.77xS-3.85.    ADVANTAGE -   Possesses high energy density and high discharge density. Is used even under cold climates.
The group battery has multiple batteries connected parallelly. Each battery has multiple cells connected serially. The rated capacities `X',`Y' of the cell and battery group are set to satisfy the relation XY. The maximum and minimum values of real capacities `a' , `b' of the battery group satisfy the relation a-b0.15*n*Y where `n' is total number of batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces yield of group battery. Offers overcharge prevention circuit.
The system includes a generator (2) that generates electricity using natural energy, is provided in a first power station at remote place. The generated electricity is transferred to an electrolysis apparatus (3). Hydrogen obtained by the electrolysis of water in the electrolysis apparatus is carried out to a second power station.    The second power station is provided with a fuel battery (14) that uses hydrogen as a fuel. Thus, electricity is generated by the fuel battery. The generated electricity is then supplied as mains electric power.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces generation of air pollution. Avoids necessity of transmission line for long distance.
The vehicle has a double adiabatic wall (2) which divides the vehicle (1) interior space into a driver's chamber (1a) and a loading chamber (1b). An air cell (3) is formed between the adiabatic walls. A generator (4) for electricity generation is installed in the loading chamber. An engine (5) which drives the generator, a radiator fan (6) which drives the engine are also installed in the loading chamber.    An exhaust port (10) which exhausts external air passing along the radiator which is blasted by the radiator fan. An inlet port (13) is provided at the bottom of the air cell. One end of the inlet port is connected to the upper part of the air cell, and the other end has an air duct opened in ventilation direction of the radiator fan.    ADVANTAGE -   Raises break thermal effect between driver's chamber and loading chamber. Reduces required heat insulation space. Increases amount of air inflow to air cell.
The assembly consists of a winding unit (3) for winding up a cable (3a) which suspends a battery (6). A hanger member (4) for battery mounting is coupled with the cable. A bracket (2) is provided in the chassis for regulating the winding up of the battery. The hanger member is provided with a cope box (4a) coupled to the cable. A drag frame (4b) supports the battery from the under surface. A pair of `J' bolts (5a) and nuts (5b) on each side fasten the drag frame with each corner of the cope box.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces labour of battery exchange work, by simplifying lifting up and lowering down work of battery. Avoids requirement of large space for battery exchanging work. Improves external appearance of side surface by equipping side gauge for vehicle. Ensures correct fixing and mounting of battery to bracket. Facilitates easy exchange of battery from hanger member.
The relay (24) contacts normally (b) connect the motor (12), via a power unit (14) with electronic control (16), directly to the battery (20). Through the relay coil (26), the logic unit (28), with inputs from the capacitor bank voltage (U) and a directional current sensor (36), selects the alternative contact position(s) when preset conditions are met. The motor supply circuit then includes, in series with the battery (A-B-C), the supercapacitor unit (22). Basically, capacitors are included during regenerative braking and periods of acceleration, provided the bank is charged within its operating range.    The circuit provides (44,46) for the connection of an on-board or external battery charger (38). As regenerative braking generally does not fully recharge the capacitors, a separate, battery-dependent, charger (34) is used.    ADVANTAGE -   Series connection makes full capacitor charge available.
The clamp (10) includes two sprung and movable jaws (14) which define a passage (27) for the battery terminal post (72).The jaws are closed towards one another by a screw operated clamping arrangement (22,40,50).    The screwed part (40), which is prevented from turning, carries a threaded portion (50) having an internal frusto-conical cam surface (60) which closes together the corresponding frusto-conical cam surfaces (28) on the jaws which then clamp the terminal post.    USE -   Rotation of exposed hexagon headed part in one direction causes jaws to close on battery terminal post. Even if cam surfaces bind, rotation in opposite direction frees cam surfaces and allows jaws to release from terminal post.
The thermionic energy converter [10] comprises a housing [11]and first and second electrodes [12,13] arranged on or close to a heat emitting part of a combustion engine, for example, an exhaust pipe [14]. One of the electrodes [12] is designated the collector and the other [13] the emitter.    Both the electrodes are connected to power conditioners and a charging device [15] which in turn are connected to the battery and to the remaining car electric system. Preferably, the electrodes may be connected to the charging device through a regulating arrangement.    USE -   For use with external fuel injection system. Also usable as independent heat-electricity source for boats, construction sites, military use etc.    ADVANTAGE -   New method and arrangement for generating electrical energy for use in vehicle which obtains higher total fuel efficiency and achieves shorter heat-up time for car's catalytic converter. Gives extra electricity under low driving conditions.
The system includes a DC-DC converter (11) and an inverter (13). The inverter converts the DC output of the converter to an AC output. A generator (1) and a battery (2) are used as an emergency power supply.    A terminal of the battery of a motor vehicle (A) and the input terminal of the DC-DC converter are connected by a power cord. Electric power is supplied to the DC-DC converter from the battery at the time of disaster such as earthquake.    USE -   For motor vehicle.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables quick electricity generation during disaster.
The fuel battery consists of a fuel pole and on oxidising pole arranged opposite to each other, sandwiching a matrix layer which maintains the electrolyte. A hot gas is supplied to the backside of the fuel pole. Electrochemical reaction takes place by supplying a gaseous oxidising agent. A heat exchanger tube (23) is used for circulating a cooling medium on the inner side of cooling plate (13). A separator (12) is arranged on the heat exchanger tube of first and second cooling substrates (21,22). Electrolyte proof sheet (26) covers that side of first and second cooling substrates which contacts the reaction gas respectively. The edge of electrolyte proof sheet is inserted in the junction of cooling substrate.    ADVANTAGE -   Ensures long-term stability and has corrosion-proof resistance.
The battery includes a container (5), in which a multilayered laminating group (4) consisting of several anode boards (1) and cathode plates (2), is formed. The anode board consists of nickel plate. Each anode board and cathode plate is separated by a separator (3). A predefined additive agent is added to inner area of the laminating group along the lamination direction of anode board.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves charging efficiency at high temperature. Increases storage capacity. Simplifies assembly.
The battery includes a number of cells connected in parallel. Each cell is in full charge condition. The charging and discharging cycle life of each cell is increased.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves charging and discharging cycle life effectively. Reduces overcharge of cell.
The structure discharges the gas generated from several batteries (2) arranged at the right and left side in a vehicle. The batteries are arranged in groups (11-14) queued in a line at the right and left direction. The batteries in the groups are connected serially. The battery groups are joined in parallel by joint members (15,16).    ADVANTAGE -   Equalises distance between batteries thereby facilitating equal removal of gas.
The alloy contains predetermined amount of Ti, Zr, Mn, Cr and Cu. The elements are set according to the formulae (Tia*Zr1- a) Mnb*Crc*Cud where `a' ranges between 0.71-0.75, `b' ranges between 1.2-1.3, `c' ranges between 0.7-0.8 and `d' ranges between 0.05-0.15. The elements form a Laves phase alloy. Further more carbon is also included.    USE -   In communication apparatus.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves pressure and flat property of plateaux. Increases hydrogen occlusion release ability.
The detector has a motor driver (91) supplied by a battery (B) using a switch (9). A capacitor (92) is charged by getting an input from the motor driver. The switch is connected between the battery and motor driver in two orders. The battery and the switch are connected via a resistor in first order.    The battery and the switch are connected parallelly in the second order. A pair of detector terminals (1,2) are connected between the input of the motor drive and the switch. A voltage detector circuit (3) connected across the detector terminals, determine the potential difference between them.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces cost of apparatus by avoiding need for independent discharge circuit.
The assembly includes a square-shaped capacitor unit (1) which connects each cell comprised by an anode and cathode, parallelly. The anodes and cathodes have polarisable electrode and their corresponding collector poles. The anodes and cathodes are laminated alternately and a separator is interposed between them. An electrolyte is made to impregnate on the electrodes.    A synthetic capacitor circuit consisting of anode and cathode external terminals (18a,18b), connects the capacitor units. A charging limitation circuit mounted on PCB, limits the charging in the capacitor unit, when the terminal voltage of each capacitor unit during charging becomes equal to predetermined value.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces labour. Offers inexpensive assembly.
The terminal unit (T) includes a terminal (12) provided at the end of a wire (11). The terminal has a detent piece (18) extending along outer direction. The detent piece enables support of the terminal on a support member (15) provided with a pillar (13) at its center.    A nut is fastened after the terminal is inserted through the pillar. The detent piece regulates motion of nut along bolting direction.    ADVANTAGE -   Facilitates smooth bolting work. Prevents mounting in unsuitable condition.
The battery system includes a battery (1) which is surrounded by thermo storage material (4). A power system (7) transmits the heat to a thermal storage material through a heat pipe (6). The evaporation side of a variable conductance heat pipe (2) is connected to the battery or thermal storage material.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves durability. Facilitates efficient usage.
The simulator (0) includes a drooping characteristic measuring unit (2) to measure the drooping characteristic of a sample battery (1) by varying predetermined parameter, repeatedly during charging and discharging of battery. A direct current power source (8) applies a DC voltage and drives a test body (42). The drooping characteristic of the sample battery measured by measuring unit, is stored in a memory (3). Based on the drooping characteristic of sample battery stored in memory, the variable control of output voltage of direct current power source is done.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves work efficiency. Excels in initiation accuracy of output voltage by increasing number of insertion emphasis of drooping characteristic data.
The battery includes a rib which is arranged at the bottom of battery jar (2), such that its surface is not visible from the upper side. The rib and the bottom portion of a plate group (1) are fixed using an adhesive or anchorage. The battery main body includes polyolefin type resin, thereby maintaining sufficient vibration-proof property.    ADVANTAGE -   Offers vibration-proof property, reliably. Has very high industrial value.
The battery system has an absorption media which is sucked in when the battery system is in cold state. An absorber (5) with an absorbent (52) is included to absorb the absorption media. The heat generated during absorption warms up the fuel battery, on initialization.    ADVANTAGE -   Eliminates electric heater for warm-up.
The power generating plant consists of a desulphurising device, a fuel cell, a combustion device, a CO2gas separator, and a water electrolysis bath.    USE -   The process is used to provide the power generating plant which is free from generating environmental pollution.    ADVANTAGE -   The power generating plant is free from generating NOx gas, and recovers CO2 gas easily.
The conductive jointing agent, to be used for jointing electrically hydrogen electrodes and interconnectors of solid electrolyte fuel cells or steam electrolysis cells, comprises nickel oxide, iron oxide, titanium oxide, and coarse particles of yttria stabilized zirconia.    USE -   The conductive jointing agent is used for jointing the hydrogen electrode and the interconnector of the solid electrolyte fuel cell or the steam electrolysis cell.    ADVANTAGE -   In jointing the hydrogen electrode with the interconnector, peeling-off defect due to disagreement of thermal expansion can be suppressed, and stronger jointing force can be obtd.
The material includes a positive active compound having graphite crystal structure. The size of each microcrystal in the graphite structure along predefined axis is 2.8nm or less. The specific surface area containing conductive support agent of graphite fine crystal particles in the whole surface area is set to 100m2/g or more.    USE -   For power supply of electric vehicle.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves charging and discharging characteristics. Maintains stable volume energy density. Improves durability.
The method involves immersion of a collector made of lead- calcium alloy in an alkaline solution. A paste fills up the collector pores and forms an electrode plate. The plate is treated at 60-100 degC in 30-100% oxygen environment.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces maturing period of plate. Offers battery which retains life of conventional battery.
The battery consists of lithium metal, a lithium alloy and occluded lithium. The cathode consists of a conductive material. The cathode is treated with an oxidising agent by which lithium is oxidised. The oxidising agent is contained in a non-aqueous electrolyte (4).    ADVANTAGE -   Blocks reaction of lithium metal of negative electrode and non-aqueous electrolyte. Excels in cycle characteristics. Offers highly safe lithium secondary battery. Suppresses formation of dentrite of lithium metal in cathode surface and lithium compound.
The adapter is attached to a bolt-type terminal (1) of a lead storage battery (2). A terminal bushing (5) with a tapped hole is provided in which a bell and spigot are inserted. A tapering connection (5b) is provided in a part of a terminal bushing.    USE -   For two wheeled vehicles.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids damaging of terminal by use of clip.Enables use of various cords.
The battery has a casing (1) with an opening within which an electrode plate group is accommodated. The opening of the case is covered by a cover (4) which is provided with a bushing terminal (5). The upper end of an electric pole (3) which is attached to the electrode plate group, is inserted in the bushing terminal. The upper end of the electric pole and bushing terminal are coupled so as to form a junction (J). A predetermined gap ranging from 0.0-0.3mm is provided between peripheral surface of the electric pole and internal circumference surface of bushing terminal.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents propagation of vibration to junction region of electric pole and bushing terminal. Prevents peeling and crack generation in junction region. Improves endurance.
The battery contains a separator placed between positive and negative poles of a 2-pole board. The separator has liquid holding property and high fibre density at the core than at edge of winding. The separator is wound and accommodated in a battery jar.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies construction. Equalises charging and discharging reaction in longitudinal direction. Prevents local, internal short circuits.
The detector includes a voltage detecting unit which detects voltage of a lithium ion secondary battery. A comparator judges whether the detected voltage exceeds a predetermined voltage which is higher than the rated voltage of the battery. A timer measures the time in which the battery is in a high voltage condition.    A capacitive degradation calculator calculates degradation characteristics of the battery based on the measured time. A remaining amount correction unit corrects the battery charge based on the degradation characteristics    ADVANTAGE -   Detects battery charge correctly.
The battery includes a pair of inter connectors (11,12) which are separated mutually and are arranged parallely. An electricity generation film (13) with an air pole and a fuel pole is formed on both sides of a solid state electrolyte.    An oxidizing agent (14) is passed through the air pole and a fuel (15) is poured into the fuel pole of the electricity generation film. The pitch roughness of electricity generation film varies towards the direction of an exit from the inlet port of the oxidizing agent or the fuel.    ADVANTAGE -   Maintains uniform thermal stress.
The cover plug (1) is mounted on a fixing body (2), on the battery case, and has a filling interruption float (3) fitted with a point (4) for closing of an electrolyte input. The cover (1) has two fixed pipettes (5), integrated in its wall, which open into a supply chamber (6) extending above the electrolyte input in the upper part of the plug body (2).    The two pipettes (5) are connected to each other inside the chamber (6) and communicate with the latter (6) via a small diameter (1mm) orifice (7). The plug cover has on its periphery of its side facing the body (2) a strip of solder (8) for fixing it onto the body (2).    USE -   Designed to permit automatic filling of series of batteries without risk of spilling and which avoids escape of acid vapours during filling operation.
The generator comprises: a reaction chamber (10a, b, c)to effect the reforming of a primary initial 3-component mixture consisting of a reactive gaseous fuel (hydrocarbon or alcohol), O2 and water vapour, thus forming a secondary 3-component mixture comprising H2, CO2 and CO ; - a system(18 - 40) for mixing the 3 initial components and heating the resulting mixture to a high temperature before passing to the reaction chamber ; -an arrangement (48)external to the chamber for maintaining the high temperature ; -a system (12 or 82 - 84) for effecting an appropriate treatment of the secondary mixture to use at least one of the components to supply directly a fuel cell ; -a wave guide/microwave (52 - 56) or high voltage electrode system (58 - 64 - 66) to generate a plasma in the reaction chamber.    USE -   The generator provides pure H2 for use in fuel cells e.g. in electric vehicles or other transportable generators.    ADVANTAGES -   The process is a new application involving the reactions of ionised gases, which enables rapid reforming reactions with consequent reduction in the longitudinal dimensions of the reaction chamber for a given power. The apparatus incorporates a membrane with a selective permeability to H2, which dispenses with the use of solid catalysts.Apparatus designs which incorporate solid catalysts(figures 4 and 5) instead of a permeable membrane can be used for fuel cells operating at higher temperatures.They are suitable for fixed applications of medium power. High purity hydrogen is obtainable which can be used directly in fuel cells.
The cell activator has a 2-part ferrous metal grid with an applied magnetic field for oxygen ionisation. The metal grid parts may be provided as capacitor plates at right angles to one another with only their contacting surfaces requiring insulation.    The applied magnetic field causes the positively charged part of the grid to provide negatively charged oxygen ions and the negative part of the grid to provide positively charged oxygen ions.    USE -   For medicine, space research, house design and construction.    ADVANTAGE -   Separate provision of positive and negative oxygen ions.
The voltage supply method provides the voltage for the data detection device from the pulse energy of an inductive pulse source (26) with a coil (1), a permanent magnet (2) and a relatively displaced ferromagnetic body (3). The pulses from the pulse source may be fed to a voltage converter (4,5) for providing a DC supply voltage for the data detection circuit (9), with a pulse transmission path for direct transmission of the electrical pulses, or a corresponding digital signal, to the data detection circuit.    USE -   For detection and storage of logistic and/or operating data for machine or vehicle for use by machine or vehicle operating control. For moving parts such as motors and drives    ADVANTAGE -   Simple provision of operating voltage from relative displacement of moving part.
The system comprises a chassis (15) in which multiple wheel units (20,30) are rotatably coupled. Each wheel unit comprises a hub above which a wheel (35) is rotated.    A magnetic field generator (13) is positioned in the wheel unit, from which the electric power is generated when the wheel is rotated. The generated power is transmitted to the wheel through the reactive wire, for driving the wheel.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids reduction in vehicle speed while power generation. Improves power generating efficiency in vehicle. Enables vehicle drive with self-generating power. Avoids pollution of environment from waste gas.
The power system comprises a battery pack (12) in which one CCA battery and two or more deep cycle batteries are accommodated. The voltage of the CCA battery is higher than that of deep cycle batteries. The CCA battery is connected with the engine starting system whereas the deep cycle batteries are connected serially. The deep cycle batteries output power to the electrical devices, when engine is in idle condition.    The output of the CCA battery is used to start the IC engine (40). A switch (32) is parallelly connected in between the CCA and deep cycle batteries. An alternator (33) is provided, which charges the batteries through the switch during operating condition of the IC engine. The switch isolates the batteries mutually, when IC engine is in OFF state.    ADVANTAGE -   Extends service life of batteries.
The device includes several receptacles that are arranged in predetermined interval. The fuel cell of each parked vehicle is connected to the receptacles through the cables. A collection grid is electrically connected to the receptacles to transfer the DC power from the fuel cells, to a collection station.    An inverter is electrically connected to the collection station to convert the DC power to the AC power. The AC power is passed to the load and an utility grid that supplies power to various loads.    USE -   For use in school, airport, shopping centre, stadium, theatre, hotels, restaurants.    ADVANTAGE -   Facilitates usage of fuel cell powered cars to supply power to large commercial-industrial building. Facilitates usage of fuel power of even scooter or motor cycle. Facilitates supply of power required for computer, TV and consumer electrical products. Reduces cost of power generation.
The hybrid electric motor vehicle drive charged by a gas turbine alternator comprises the electric motor (20) driving a set of wheels (22) through a mechanical transmission (24) for electromotive propulsion of the vehicle, and a number of series connected electric battery banks (28,30) , contained within the vehicle, connected to the electric motor supplying electrical power for energising the motor. A battery bank switch-over control (30) is associated electrically with the battery banks for selecting at least one battery bank to supply power to the motor, permitting all remaining banks to remain at rest. Sealed-gel electrolyte lead-acid batteries may be used.    A battery charging sequence control (34) is linked to the switch-over control permitting selective charging of at least one remaining at rest bank, with sequence and duration modulation of selected batteries in the battery bank, for prolonging battery life by varying input charge location relative to its series connection and battery condition. A gas turbine driven alternator (44) electrically connected to the sequence control for producing power to charge at rest battery banks. A motor driven alternator (52) and regulator is electrically connected through the battery charging sequence control to augment battery charging, and enable regenerative battery charging.    ADVANTAGE -   Increased vehicle range.
The reactor comprises separator plates press-moulded with a number of protrusions on the faces and the backs and flat plates adhered to the faces and the backs of the separator plates with the protrusions. The separator plates and the flat plates are alternately put in layers to form high temperature gas flow passages and low temperature gas flow passages therebetween.    ADVANTAGE -   The plate reactor is highly precisely and efficiently manufactured at a low cost, without machining and welding a number of pipes.
The device has a tractor-side connector (4) and a trailer-side connector (5) which link tractor-side electric circuit and a trailer-side electric circuit.    An IPS component (7) is mounted in a position near the trailer-side connector. A fault indicator (8) is connected to the output terminal (7a) of the IPS component by the connectors.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents flow of short-circuit current to tractor-side electric circuit when short circuit occurs in trailer-side electric circuit. Enables informing operator of tractor about occurrence of fault, due to function of fault indicator.
The structure includes a main frame (41,42) which suspend the battery tray (7) and attach batteries to the chassis undersurface. The width of the battery tray is equal to the width between the outer walls of the main frame. The side attachment wall (15) of the battery tray is attached to the lower part of main frame.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces number of parts for fixing battery tray.
The capacity meter includes a temperature detector (3) which detects the temperature of secondary battery. A calculator calculates the first remaining capacity of the secondary battery, until a battery controller (4) limits the output of battery and the second remaining capacity of battery. A comparator compares the first and second remnant capacities of battery. When the first remaining capacity of battery is lesser than the second remaining capacity, the second remaining capacity is displayed as a correction value using a display unit.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves quotient character of electric vehicle. Computes estimation of remaining capacity with simple parameter, thereby eliminating detector or controller.
The battery consists of an anode container (2) and a cathode container (3). An alloy consisting of Al and Si is used as the material for the anode container. A copper plating is applied by heating at a temperature of 550-650 C.    ADVANTAGE -   The battery provides junction strength and strong air resistance.
The battery has a positive active material (14) injected inside a solid electrolyte (11). Sodium ion is selectively passed into the electrolyte. The solid electrolyte and the positive active material together form a cell (101). Several such cells together form a module. A negative electrode active material (20) is filled in the negative chamber. The positive electrode chamber and the negative electrode chamber of each cell is shared mutually.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies manufacturing process and reduces weight. Does not require outer cylinder container of each cell. Reduces number of parts. Reduces dead space inside module.
The method involves positioning a multilayered body between upper and lower collector boards (8,10). The multilayered body is obtained by laminating multiple fuel battery units. A grooved holding member (16,18) is formed at both ends of upper and lower collector board. The fuel battery lamination frame has a pair of tie rods (1) whose both ends are fastened to the grooved holding member of the collector boards. The support frame has a lower beam (30) which supports the fuel battery lamination frame (6). The lower stationary portion performs insulated fixation of the lower collector board to the lower beam.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents damaging of lower stationary portion. Offers economical, safer and light weight fuel battery.
The meter includes a current and voltage sensors (2,3) which measures the current and voltage values during charging and discharging of a battery (10). Then calculated voltage and current values are read. A control circuit calculates the remnant battery charge by substituting the read voltage and current values in a first order relation defined previously.    ADVANTAGE -   Calculates remnant charge accurately. Simplifies handling and structure.
The apparatus has a first detector to detect the source voltage of the power supply which charges the capacitor for back up. A second detector detects actual charging voltage of the capacitor. Based on the result of second detector, calculation conditions are set up.    A calculation unit is provided to calculate the charging voltage of the capacitor based on the source voltage and the calculation conditions. A decision unit decides whether the capacitance of the capacitor for backup has reached a value greater than a predetermined value during charging.    ADVANTAGE -   Judges charging condition of capacitor exactly.
The vehicle power system includes a base plate (16) having a planar member, at least one rod extending from the planar member, the rod having a free end. A battery (12) has a bore through it, the bore positioned and configured to receive the rod when the battery is positioned on the planar member.    Two terminals protrude from the planar member, and two more terminals are recessed within the battery, the second terminals configured and positioned to contact the first terminals when the battery is positioned on the planar member. Two third terminals connect to a vehicle's battery cables and the first terminals. At least one fastening device connects to the free end of the rod to secure the battery to the base plate.    ADVANTAGE -   The battery can be easily removed and installed so that it can be stored in doors in cold weather.
A continuous method for making plates for lead acid batteries comprising: (i) feeding a lead alloy strip (10) through a slitting and expanding station (16) for form a side frame bar strip and an integrated expanded mesh, the strip and mesh together defining the plate width; (ii) pasting (28) the expanded mesh; and (iii) cutting (42) the pasted mesh and frame in a transverse direction to form plates of preselected height while leaving one frames side bar longer to form a lug.    USE -   Especially for forming plates of sealed valve-regulated lead-acid batteries (claimed), used in e.g. motor vehicle. Also for stationary applications such as standby electrical power systems.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables grids of any desired size, design and electrical performance to be produced in continuous manner.
The hybrid electric propulsion system (10) comprises the electric drive motor (34), the generator supplying electric current to the motor, and the dual shaft turbine engine (12). The engine has a compressor (16) and a gasifier (18) coupled to a first shaft (14) and a power turbine, a flywheel (38) and the generator coupled to a second shaft (28).    The first and second shafts are uncoupled and exhaust gases from the gasifier cause the power turbine to rotate, so that the rotating power turbine turns the generator and flywheel. The generator also operates as a motor and accepts electric current. The drive motor also operates as a generator when the vehicle is braking to generate electric current, the electric current generated from the drive motor/generator being supplied to the generator/motor to turn the flywheel.    ADVANTAGE -   Increases engine operating efficiency.
The composition includes 10-30 wt% of Fe and the remainder Cu.    Preferably 0.1-15 wt% of Ni, or Co and Cr are added.    ADVANTAGE -   Exhibits high conductivity. Contributes to high output.
The apparatus has a DC-DC converter that boosts the level of a voltage input from an external based on a supplied clock pulse. Several back-up capacitors (5,25,47,54) are separately connected between the output terminal of the DC-DC converter and ground potential through the corresponding anti-suck back diodes (9,22,41,48). Electric power is supplied from the back-up capacitors to several loads where operating current is divided.    A first abnormal voltage detector senses if the input voltage of the DC-DC converter is abnormal. A second abnormal voltage detector senses if the voltage output from the DC-DC converter is abnormal. Switching transistors (6,23,42,49) are placed between the back-up capacitors and a constant voltage circuit (34). A microcomputer (15") drives the switching transistors when the outputs of the first and second abnormal voltage detectors are input and the supply of clock pulses to the DC-DC converter is stopped.    ADVANTAGE -   Shortens operating impossibility time. Increases accuracy in operation of microcomputer.
The circuit has a DC-DC converter (21) which boosts the output voltage of a battery (1). A first switching circuit is connected in parallel to the output terminals of the DC-DC converter. The first switching circuit supplies the boosted voltage to a detonator (28,28').    A second switching circuit is connected in parallel to the output terminals of the battery. The output terminals of the second switching circuit are individually connected to the output terminals of the first switching circuit. The first and second switching circuits are alternately operated.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces number of circuit components, and minimises power loss. Enables accurate inspection of back-up capacitor during activation of power supply, thus fault detection can be performed without resetting operation of side airbag unit.
The circuit has a DC-DC converter (21) which boosts the output voltage of a battery (1). A first switching circuit is connected in parallel to the output terminals of the DC-DC converter. The first switching circuit supplies the boosted voltage to a detonator (28,28').    A second switching circuit is connected between the output terminals of the first switching circuit and the output terminals of the battery. The first and second switching circuits are alternately operated.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables reliable and accurate inspection of back-up capacitor during activation of power supply, thus fault detection can be performed without resetting operation of side airbag unit.
The apparatus uses several coils (12a-12d), reverse-biased diodes (13a-13d), and transistors (14a-14d) to increase the output voltage of a vehicle-mounted battery (11) connected to an input terminal (Tin).    When setting a booster ratio as n increment, where n is two or more integer, the transistors are correspondingly connected to the parallelly connected coils. A control circuit regulates the switching operation of the transistors after the phase of drive signals deviates by two pi for every n increment.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables switching regulator system to increase output voltage of vehicle-mounted battery. Eliminates need of capacitor with large capacity, thus size and cost of whole apparatus are reduced.
The apparatus includes the power supply input terminal of several semiconductor switch chips on which semiconductor switches are formed correspondingly. The power supply input terminal is connected directly to a metal plate (28) to which the source voltage is applied.    The power supply output terminal (26) of the chips is connected directly to a bus bar for power supply output in an electric connection box. A control signal input terminal of each chip and a signal wiring pattern formed on a circuit substrate (23) are connected to supply a switching control signal to each chip.    ADVANTAGE -   Attains small circuit area of circuit substrate in power distribution apparatus since only signal wiring pattern is necessary when supplying power to each semiconductor switch.
The display device has a detector (18) which detects the remaining capacity (W) of the battery. A speed setting unit (20) sets up the maximum speed of the vehicle. A calculator (22) computes the transit time (T) based on the value (W) in comparison with the maximum speed of the vehicle.    The transit time is displayed on a display unit (24). The transit time is calculated using the formula T=W/I where `T' is the transit time and `W' is amount of charge remaining in the battery and I is the maximum speed of the vehicle.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves versatility of vehicle. Informs operator clearly about remaining transit time using simple computing equation. Reduces calculation time remarkably. Simplifies programming.
The method involves using V2O5 as raw material. The raw material is reduced to vanadium trioxide and made as a principal component. Equivalent moles of V2O5 and V2O3 are mixed with vanadium oxide. The mixture is treated with H2SO4 to obtain a tetravalent vanadium sulphate solution.    ADVANTAGE -   Uses cheaply available materials.
The method involves recirculating the cathode exhaust gas through a high temperature blower (7a) to the cathode gas inlet. The high temperature blower is rotated, keeping the blower inlet valve (14) and outlet valve (15) closed, at a predetermined speed for inducing a rise in temperature of cathode exhaust gas. The exhaust gas gets heated up in a heater (7b) so that heater outlet gas temperature becomes almost equal to fuel battery temperature. Subsequently, the rotation speed of high temperature blower is altered to a specific speed so that the recirculated gas temperature remains at fuel battery temperature. Then, blower inlet valve and outlet valve are opened and cathode gas is recirculated.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces number of operating personnel by enabling easy operation of high temperature blower. Offers blower operation that reduces failure substantially.
The separator has graphite sheet of bulk density of 0.6- 1.0, preformed with graphite powder. The sheet is pressed by metal mould. The final formed product has bulk density of 1.0-1.7.    ADVANTAGE -   Has superior impermeability to gas-liquid and electrical conductivity. Has corrosion resistivity. Is small sized.
The positive electrode board consists of tin oxide fibre as a basic component. The electrode active material consists at least a kind of metallic oxide among zirconium oxide, titanium oxide and hafnium oxide. Lead oxide is filled up into the collector.    ADVANTAGE -   Has high industrial value. Has excellent reproducibility. Sustains for long period of time.
The battery consists of a positive electrode and a negative electrode with an organic electrolyte in-between. The positive electrode is made up of a composite material (3) having a metallic core (1). Multiple active materials (2) such as LiNiO2 or LiMn2 O4are fused around the core. A lithium ion insertion elimination reaction is carried out in the electrodes.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves charging and discharging characteristics. Increases life time of battery. Improves conductivity in electrolyte. Increases contact area between core and active material.
The material (1) is made up of nickel hydroxide crystals (2). The surface of nickel hydroxide crystals are liquefied with at least one element among group A and group B elements (3).    The group A elements consist of Mg, Ca, Sr, Zn, Cd, Al, Fe, Cr, V, Cu, Ti, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nb, Yb, Sc, Ag, Pb and In.    The group B elements consist of Co and Mn.    ADVANTAGE -   Has high charging efficiency at high temperature. Reduced discharge potential.
The negative electrode (5) has multiple negative electrode plates. Multiple porous gas absorption layers are interposed between the negative electrode boards. The porous gas absorption layers are formed with net-like structure with carbon fibres.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves energy density of battery. Maintains superior gas absorption capacity. Reduces high discharge for long period of time. Increases life of charging and discharging cycle.
The method involves adhering an alkaline solution with a concentration of 2-12 mols per litre to the collector. The collector is of tin composition containing lead-calcium-tin alloy of 0.8 mass% or more. A paste of lead-calcium-tin alloy is filled up over collector.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves life capacity. Increases productivity. Uses for various applications.
The circuit has a semiconductor switch (1) inserted in a main current path and a current detector circuit (2) detecting a current passing through the path. A logic circuit (3) switches off the switch when the detector circuit detects a current exceeding a set value for an overcurrent level.    A control circuit (5) can prohibit the logic circuit from switching off the semiconductor switch even if the detector circuit detects a current exceeding the set current value for a short time period after the switch is switched from a breaking state to a conductive state, or when the switch remains in a conducting state.    ADVANTAGE -   The circuit does not determine a fault even if an overcurrent state occurs for a short time period.
An organic electrolyte battery comprises positive and negative plates comprising an active material contained in an electroconductive substrate and a resistor layer of higher resistance than the substrate.    USE -   Used for electric vehicles, storing night-generated electricity.    ADVANTAGE -   The battery has good safety under extreme conditions e.g. nailing and breakage while maintaining high energy density.
A liquid cooled bipolar plate (8) separating adjacent cells of a PEM fuel cell comprises corrosion resistant metal sheets (58,60) brazed together so as to provide a passage between the sheets through which a dielectric coolant flows (82).    The brazement comprises a metal (85) is substantially insoluble in the coolant. The corrosion resistant sheets and spacer sheet (62) are preferably titanium and the brazement (85) an alloy of nickel, preferably NiCr.    ADVANTAGE -   The bipolar plates are less brittle than the conventional graphite and gas impermeable.
The storage battery accommodates an electrode plate group composed of alternating laminated positive and negative plates through separators with electrolyte in its inside. A case is sealed by a cover with safety vent and terminals. Each terminal (2) has screw, pole portion and sealing groove (2c), current collectors (2f) and flange.    Several current collectors project to the electrode plate group side from the flange. The lead plates come out from the electrode plate group and divides into several groups of positive and negative electrodes. These are individually connected to the current collectors of the terminals.    ADVANTAGE -   Is high in volume capacity density, high in output density, high in reliability and small in temperature rise.
The fuel cell generating set includes a fuel cell (14) and a Lysholm compressor (16) and a gas liquid separation apparatus which condenses the humidity generated in the fuel cell into water and retaining the water in it. An injection pump injects water to an intake port of the compressor.    The water exchanges heat with air under pressure in the compressor to cool the air to be discharged from the compressor by latent heat by vaporisation. The water injected from the injection pump seals the leakage path in the compressor.    ADVANTAGE -   Enhances volumetric and temperature efficiency and decreases power required. Allows compact, light weight implementation.
The electric vehicle has a voltage and current battery block (a) with 10 batteries, connected in series with one another and a voltage and current battery block (b) with 10 batteries connected in parallel with one another.    The separate battery blocks are connected in series with one another, to provide an overall battery block with 6.5 times the charge capacity for extending the vehicle range by 6.5 times.    USE -   For battery-driven vehicle, battery-operated electric tool, mobile radio telephone, heart pacemaker, or portable radio.    ADVANTAGE -   Increased overall battery charge for extended operating life before battery recharging or replacement.
An electrochemical cell comprises a 1st sheet member (2) including a gas permeable section supporting one or more planar electrodes (4,6,8) sealed around the periphery with a 2nd sheet member (12) to form a reservoir (14) containing electrolyte (10). Electrical connections (41,61,81) extend from each of the electrodes through the sealed periphery (2) for external connection.    Also claimed is an electrochemical cell assembly comprising the cells described and above and including a manifold to direct 1st and 2nd gases to each section for contact with 1st and 2nd sheet members.    USE -   The cells are used for gas sensors and fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The cell construction is very simple and economical. It can be produced as very thin assemblies in a variety of shapes so allowing e.g. disposable sensors. The production and assembly can be simplified so reducing costs.
The method involves measuring the net discharge current I for the operating battery, and calculating a fast average current If using the equation:    If=(If*C1+I)/(C1+1),    where C1 is a constant matched with the battery characteristics. A slow average current Is is calculated using the equation; Is=Idt/t (between t and 0).    The Ampere Hour Capacity is calculated using the equation:    AmpereHourCapacity=C2*P1(Is)-P2+(1-C2)*P1(If)-P2    where P1 and P2 are Peukert constants, and C2 is a weighting constant determined to match the operating characteristics of the battery being measured.    USE -   Electric vehicle traction batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   Can be used to provide accurate fuel gauge.
The method involves providing a voltage-divider for each battery of a vehicle. Each voltage-divider provides suitable output voltage between the positive and negative terminals of the respective battery. Multiple electrical connections are provided between each voltage-divider output and chassis ground of the vehicle.    The output voltage of the first voltage-divider is measured when the electric connection between the first voltage-divider and the chassis ground is closed. The electrical connection between the first voltage-divider and the chassis ground is opened after measurement of the output voltage of the first voltage-divider.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables effective leakage detection. Enables to identify even leakage location accurately.
The ventilator has two exhaust blower units (11a,11b) which are individually mounted to the two exhaust ports (5a,5b) of a battery box which contains several battery cells (1).    Each blower unit is provided with an exit cone (7a,7b) which is widely opened by the wind pressure generated by a blower (Ba,Bb). A lid, which swings only towards external direction, is mounted to the exit cone such that the exit cone will be closed when the operation of the blower is stopped.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents suction of external air into exit cone when corresponding blower breaks down, due to function of lid, thus efficient ventilation of battery box is attained. Prevents infiltration of refuse and dust into exit cone when blower is not operating, due to function of lid.
The ventilator has a small sized battery (1) arranged separately from existing battery of motor vehicle. A solar battery charger (2) charges the small sized battery.    The small sized battery operates an air blower (7) by supplying power to it. A forced ventilation of interior of motor vehicle is thus performed during stoppage of engine and parking of vehicle.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces abnormal temperature rise inside vehicle during summer.
The battery has several individual cells connected electrically in series, arranged in a common block case. The block case contains nine individual cells, and the positive and negative electrode plates in the individual cells, have a ratio of height:width of 0.3 to 0.6.    The height-width ratio of the electrode plates lies between 0.45 and 0.55. The height of the electrode plates lies between 60 and 80 mm. The starter battery specifically comprises of two accumulators connected one behind the other.    ADVANTAGE -   Starter battery esp. suitable for use in motor vehicle with vehicle electric system of higher voltage.
Electrically non-conductive plate structure, for use in high pressure electrochemical cells employing ion-exchange membranes that creep or flow under pressure, comprises (a) a first and second surface; (b) a central bore; and (c) at least one through aperture that opens onto the first and second surfaces; in which (d) the plate structure is provided with means for impeding membrane creep or flow when the cells are subjected to high axial loadings, such that, when the first surface of one such plate structure forcibly contacts a first surface of an ion-exchange membrane employed in a high pressure electrochemical cell and when the first surface of a second such plate structure forcibly contacts a second surface of the membrane, the plate structure alone and collectively serve to contain, and thereby form a fluid tight seal with the membrane.Also claimed is a high pressure electrochemical cell employing at least one ion-exchange membrane that creeps or flows under pressure.    USE -   High pressure electrochemical cells using ion exchange membranes.    ADVANTAGE -   The electrochemical cells demonstrate improved adhesion between cell components and reduced membrane creep when subjected to high axial loadings, and capable of successfully operating at extremely high pressures for log periods of time by providing an electrically non-conductive plate structure or grip sheet that effects such reduced membrane creep or flow.
An electrochemical device for generating direct current comprises two conductive strips (30,30') which are anode and cathode moved from storage devices (31,31') at the same speed to be close together, with electrolyte being supplied to the inside surface of one strip (22) and at least one collector (12,12') of the generated direct current. Also claimed is a device as above in which one of the strips has an inside coating of lithium and the other is of stainless steel.    USE -   In generating electric power for motor vehicles    ADVANTAGE -   The device is lightweight, is not dependent upon fuel combustion and would give vehicles a long range without recharging.
The module includes multiple batteries which areaccommodated in a heat insulation container (5). The battery is connected to an electric power system (1) through AC-DC converters (3,3') and a current switch (62). The AC-DC converter consists of an IGBT element. The magnetic switch is employed as the current switch.    ADVANTAGE -   Offers battery with simple composition.
The system includes a laminated type lithium ion secondarybattery (3) as a main power supply for driving. A composite metallic oxide dispersed with lithium is used as the negative electrode active material in the secondary battery. A temperature controller (4) is also provided in the secondary battery. An auxiliary power supply (9) such as solar battery or fuel battery supplies power for a regenerative braking device (8).    ADVANTAGE -   Improves charging capacity. Improves safety.
The electric vehicle (1) has a generator (2) which generates electricity from the combustion of flammable fuel. A motor (7) connected to drive shaft of a vehicle is driven by the electricity from the generator.    The batteries (6) mounted on the vehicle also supply electricity to the motor when the generator is not in operation. If charging of motor is insufficient then electricity is supplied from the generator for driving the vehicle.    USE -   In e.g. gasoline vehicle, diesel vehicle.    ADVANTAGE -   Minimizes air pollution. Reduces usage of combustive fuels.
The apparatus has a power MOSFET (21) used to supply power to a load, is switched according to the input of a control signal to a control-signal input terminal. A power supply (1) is connected to the input terminal of the power MOSFET. An abnormality detector (25-28) senses whether the power MOSFET is overheated due to the flowing of an overcurrent.    An OFF-state holder (23,24) holds the power MOSFET to an OFF state, by continuing the dropping of the signal level of the account control signal by which abnormalities e.g. overcurrent, overheating are detected. The OFF state holding operation of the OFF-state holder can be released only by a hold operation release unit (40,52,T5).    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents unnecessary release of abnormal-condition holding operation after abnormal generation, thus preventing worsening of abnormal condition of component.
The controller includes a speedometer (12) to detect the speed of a vehicle and thermometer (11) to detect the temperature of the battery which is accommodated in a battery chamber of the vehicle. A fresh air intake hole and a ventilating fan are also provided in the battery chamber. When the detected temperature of the battery is more than a predetermined value and when the speed of the vehicle is more than a predetermined value, a controller (13) operates the ventilating fan.    ADVANTAGE -   Sustains electric power of battery. Prevents rise in temperature of battery easily.
The battery (1) includes an active material which performs occlusion release by the lithium ion. An electrode is provided, which comprises solid polymer electrolyte that absorbs an electrolyte. The inorganic solid electrolyte with surface area of 0 m2/g or more is also included.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves safety. Improves industrial value.
The method involves dividing a collector comprising a plate, into M x N rectangular meshes. Then, the collector volume V(i,j) where i and j ranging between 1-3 is then calculated. The average collector thickness tG(i,j) and the average active material thickness tM(i,j) are obtained, using the equation relating the calculated volume and the thickness tP of the plate, tG(i,j)=V(i,j)/(A*B) and tM(i,j)=tP-tG(i,j). The conductivity ()X(i,j) and ()Y(i,j) of each mesh along the vertical direction and the specific conductivity of active material is calculated using the equations relating average thickness and specific gravity of the collector and the average thickness of the active material. ()X(i,j)= ()G*tG(i,j)*(A/B)+()M*tM(i,j)*(A/B) and ()Y(i,j)= ()G*tG(i,j)*(B/A)+()M*tM(i,j)*(B/A). Subsequently, the current distribution or the internal resistance of the plate or the polar group, is measured using the conductivities of the meshes.    USE -   For inspecting current distribution, internal resistance of storage battery in motor vehicle.    ADVANTAGE -   Offers superior battery with suitable internal resistance.
The terminal (1) in a terminal member (2) equipped with bolt head (2b) is made of a metal to fix an electrically conductive member (3) made of brass. A lead bush (4) with a joint provides electrical contact between the electrically conductive member, the electric pole (5) in the lead storage battery and the bush member. The bolt head and the electrically conductive member are fitted intricately.    ADVANTAGE -   Keeps bolt head flagging even when excessive torque is applied to terminal. Avoids plastic deformation of electrically conductive member. Avoids discrepancies by terminal member such as slipping. Secures predetermined torque reliably. Provides reliable surrounding for terminal for lead storage battery. Promotes long life to terminal.
Composite oxides (A) with high oxide ion conductivity. (A)'s main constituents are rare earth element and Ga. (A) also contains at least one element of group 1-8. (A) has no conductance derived from the migration of electrons or holes.    USE -   Used as the electrolyte in fuel cells, chemical sensors and isotopes separating membranes.    ADVANTAGE -   Shows high oxide ion conductivity in oxygen or in hydrogen atmosphere.
A method for casting connecting straps on the plate lugs of electrode plates for lead accumulators comprises immersing the plate lugs into a connecting strap mould and recasting the plate lugs with liquid lead. The plate lugs are melted in a melt bath at high temperatures before casting the connecting straps.    USE -   In the manufacture of starter batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   The quality of the lugs in the connecting straps is improved.
A process for producing a high temperature fuel cell stack (2), having first and second components (4, 6) joined together by a multilayer (12), involves (a) providing a surface (8) of the first component (4) with an adhesion promoter layer (14), a mechanical functional layer (16), an electrical insulation layer (18) and then an infiltration layer (20); and (b) providing a glass solder layer (22) on the infiltration layer (20) for filling the soldering gap between the first and second components (4, 6).    ADVANTAGE -   The soldering gap, between the assembled components, is significantly smaller after assembly than before assembly (e.g. reduced from about 100 to approaching 50 ), since part of the glass solder layer infiltrates into the infiltration layer, resulting in thermo-mechanical stability combined with the requisite low viscosity.
The control system comprises a voltage control which sets system voltage to charging voltage in low load condition and regenerative braking condition and regenerative braking condition, and sets system voltage to output voltage from the energy storage device for the high load condition.    A current control system sets output power from the auxiliary power unit to a charging level in the low load condition an regenerative braking condition, and sets the power level from the auxiliary power unit based on vehicle speed, motor load and state of charge of the energy storage device for the high load condition. A control unit switches on the auxiliary power unit when the state of charge of the energy storage device is below a predetermined level and switches off the auxiliary power unit when the energy storage device is fully charged.    ADVANTAGE -   Ensures best possible utilisation of onboard energy resources for different operating conditions of vehicle. Utilises strategy modified in real time depending on input from sensors measuring speed, current and voltage levels at different locations in system.
A fuel stack (110) includes endplate assemblies (115,120) and fuel cells (125). Compression bands (130) extend tightly around the endplate and fuel cell assemblies to secure the stack in its assembled state. The bands are preferably formed from rolled stainless steel and prewelded with the joint located on one of the end assemblies.    The edges (115a,120a) of the end plate assemblies are preferably rounded to reduce stress on the band. Strips of reactant and coolant fluids are supplied and exhausted through internal manifolds via a central distribution plate (150).    USE -   Provides simple compact and lightweight compression mechanism for fuel stack.
A capacitor comprises an anode and a cathode, each with an electrode layer, and a dielectric separator between the electrodes which permits an electrostatic field to be developed between them. The anode, separator and cathode form an elongated capacitor stack, and multiple stacks are connected together in a honeycomb structure.    Also claimed is a method of assembling the components into a stack and assembling the stacks together, and wetting the separator with an electrolyte.    USE -   In electric or hybrid vehicles, to satisfy peak power demands.    ADVANTAGE -   Increased energy density, increased current collecting material reduces internal impedance and increases capacitor efficiency, and less highly optimised capacitive materials can be used thus allowing easier and less expensive manufacture. The capacitor system is integral with the vehicle structure, thus saving weight and allowing storage of large amounts of energy.
The method includes supplying a fuel to a burner for generating a temperature differential across a thermoelectric element generating electricity for secondary power. A second fuel is preheated, the pre-heating comprising primary heat.    The second fuel is supplied to a fuel cell stack for generating electricity for primary power and secondary heat. The method also includes a step of cooling one side of the thermoelectric element to increase the temperature differential.    USE -   The method could be used for unattended communication repeaters, navigational aids and weather and oceanographic stations.    ADVANTAGE -   Combines fuel cell, thermoelectric generator and catalytic burner.
The battery is taken apart in a series of sawing stages. At the first stage (1) circular saws cut through the base of the battery to allow the electrolyte to flow out and be captured. The liquid electrolyte is separated (1A) from the lead sludge and plastic granules. The electrolyte is then chemically separated into its various constituents. At the next stage (2) the base is sawn off, cleaned (2A) and the plastic reclaimed.    Further stages remove the plates, saw off the cover, separate the terminals and internal wiring, dismantle the plate and insulator assembly. At the end of the process, all components have been separated, decontaminated and can be sent for re- use.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables environmentally sensitive disposal of potentially hazardous components.
The device consists of a revolving shaft (14) supported by a pivot bearing (16) at one end by a magnetic bearing (17) at the other end. A flywheel (15) is fixed to the slippage portion of the pivot bearing through the intermediate portion of the revolving shaft. The rotor (6a) of a multifunctional motor generator (8) is fixed in the slippage area of the magnetic bearing.    USE -   In e.g. electric vehicle.    ADVANTAGE -   Offers highly efficient and inexpensive apparatus.
The battery (D) includes a strip shaped positive electrode collector and a negative electrode collector which are wound in shape of roll thereby a unit cell (S) for electricity generation is formed with a hole at its centre. A positive electrode collector board and a negative electrode collector board with several holes are electrically connected to either end face of the unit cell respectively. A hollow core is inserted into the hole of the unit cell.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves heat dissipation property. Enhances rigidity of battery group. Facilitates ejection of gas generated inside battery.
The battery module (1) includes multiple square-shaped secondary batteries (3a-3b). Each secondary battery includes an anode, a cathode and gel-like electrolyte. An air cooling spacer of desired shape is inserted in between the secondary batteries. The secondary batteries are accommodated inside an outer cladding container.    USE -   For game machine, wheel chair, super computer.    ADVANTAGE -   Facilitates efficient and uniform radiation of heat from batteries. Improves charging and discharging characteristic of batteries.
The module (M) includes a cylinder (1) which has an insulator. Several unit cells (5) are installed on the external side of the cylinder. An outer case (2) covers the unit cells and the cylinder.    ADVANTAGE -   Ensures sufficient heat dissipation due to good ventilation inside cylinder. Reduces weight of battery module.
The unit (1) has a capacitor block (3), in which several capacitor cells (27-1 - 27-5) are connected serially by a busbar (30). Several electronic circuits (40) are provided to control the operation of a capacitor cell. The electronic circuits and busbar are mounted on the capacitor cell.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces wiring impedance between capacitor cell and electronic circuit. Reduces voltage drop in capacitor cell. Reduces length of busbar and wirings formed between capacitor cell and electronic circuit. Prevents temperature use of capacitor cell.
The power supply has a capacitor unit (3) that consists of several serially connected capacitor blocks (a-d) each of which is provided with several capacitors connected in series. The capacitor unit outputs a voltage from a pair of electrode terminals (1,2). A first remaining electric-charge-amount detector (4) senses the remaining amount of charge amount of the capacitor unit.    A current flowing between the electrode terminals is bypassed by a bypass unit (6), provided between each capacitor block, during a discharge process. When the reduction in the remaining amount of electric charge is detected after the discharge process, a bypass controller (7) releases the bypass state of the capacitor block.    ADVANTAGE -   Minimises variation of voltage between electrode terminals during discharge process of capacitor blocks.
The vehicle comprises a flywheel driving generator to rotationally drive a flywheel, an axle driving generator to rotationally drive an axle, a battery to store electric energy for starting, a generating unit to rotationally drive the axle driving generator and a power controller to control the flywheel driving generator and the axle driving generator.    ADVANTAGE -   Extra power is stored in the flywheel and power is resupplied from the flywheel at high-speed run, resulting in less required power.
The controller includes a control unit (10) to which an engine (1) and a capacitor (3) are connected. A generator (2) is connected to the engine. A transit motor (4) is driven by electric power generated by a generator or that supplied from the capacitor. An inverter circuit (7) is arranged between the generator and transit motor. The controller receives a speed signal, an accelerator opening signal, a brake actuated valve position signal, engine speed signal and a capacitor voltage signal based on which standard engine condition is set up.    The charging electric energy of engine and amount of power consumption of capacitor are balanced. The control command value corresponding to transit characteristics of engine is computed, based on which output of engine is controlled.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies structure. Enables precise engine control. Reduces energy fluctuation of capacitor.
The method involves computing the cell reaction, gross calorific value and amount of effective work of the battery using predetermined parameters. The parameters include variation in entropy and terminal voltage of battery which are calculated when fixed micro quantity of electricity is discharged from the battery under fixed constant temperature. The calorific value of the battery and its effective work are repeatedly computed until the terminal voltage of the battery exceeds a discharge termination voltage.    ADVANTAGE -   Computes transit distance correctly. Enables to simulate driving operation of vehicle.
The method involves detecting the remaining capacity of a module (1) consisting of several cells connected serially. The discharge current and voltage of the battery module are detected. The battery module temperature is detected by a temperature detector (2) when the battery module is maintained in the charging state. Then the discharge voltage and battery temperature are detected. A memory stores an equation which uses the discharge current as a variable. A current detector detects several discharge current values in predetermined time. The charging quantity of state of the battery is obtained by integrating the discharge current values. The charging quantity of state is corrected using the equation stored in the memory.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces influence of voltage raise by charging voltage. Evaluates charging and deterioration condition, accurately.
The battery has a container (7) divided into two chambers. The container is filled with a solid electrolyte (1) which separates anode and cathode active materials. The anode active material consists of sodium in the form of chlorides such as mixed salts e.g. sodium polysulphide or metal chloride, chalcogen or a transition material and is filled in one chamber. The cathode active material consists of sodium and is filled in the other chamber. The cell container and an insulating material (5) consists of a glass material.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents thermal stress generation during manufacture. Simplifies manufacture.
The battery includes an outer cylindrical container that is divided into two chambers. A sodium ion conductive solid electrolyte is accommodated in one of the chambers in which a mixed fused salt that consists of NaCl-AlCl3-SClx component is filled as positive active material. A negative electrode active material containing liquid sodium is filled in the outer chamber of outer cylindrical container. An injection tube for positive active material is made from an alumina sintered compact. The airtight sealing of a positive active material injection hole and the injection tube is done after injecting positive active material using gas soldering material.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves efficiency and life span of battery.
The battery (1) includes several battery stacks (11-18) which are arranged horizontally in matrix shape through a number of insulating pillar members (21-28, 31-33). Each battery stack includes several single cells and separators that are laminated alternately in a vertical direction. Each single cell includes an anode and an electrolyte layer. The battery stacks are supported between pair of end plates (50,60). The pillar members are distributed between corner parts of adjoining battery stacks. An anode gas flow passage and a cathode gas flow passage are formed between the single cell and separator of each battery stack. The battery stacks are arranged so that positive and negative poles of adjacent battery stacks are mutually in opposite direction. Several connection members (52a,54a,56a, 61a,63a,65a, 67a) provided between the end plate and battery stack which connect positive and negative poles of adjacent battery stacks.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies composition of battery. Eases assembly work of battery. Saves labour.
The fuel battery has a fuel gas storage chamber in its inner side. A container (6) for fuel gas storage is provided with an opening at bottom surface for refilling hydrogen gas from the external at the storage chamber. A single cell (5) of square shape is comprised by oppositely arranged cathode (4) and an anode (3) with an electrolyte film (2) coated on the backside of the anode. This cell is arranged above the container so that a window (10) of the container faces anode of the cell. A square shaped insulating pressure plate (7) is arranged on the cathode of the single cell, so that a window (11) of the pressure plate opposes the window of container for fuel gas storage. The insulating pressure plate is fixed by a pair of crimp members (13,14).    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents reduction of battery capacity during preserving. Uses openable-closable cover that covers window of plate and supplementary air hole during preserving period. Promotes air supply to cathode by establishing supplementary air hole to plate. Suppresses reduction of voltage at time of operating with high current density.
The electrode contains nickel powder mixed in the hydrogen storing metal alloy in the range of about 1-7wt.%. The particle diameter of the nickel powder is kept 1/50 or less. Oxygen gas absorption capability is made high.    ADVANTAGE -   Offers high output hydrogen storing metal alloy electrode. Excels in rapid charging and discharging capacity and improves oxygen gas absorption capability.
The battery includes an open cell inside which an acid- proof sheet is formed. Multiple through holes (2) are formed in acid-proof acid, inside which active material is filled. A lead or lead alloy sheet is laminated with the acid-proof sheet.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves cycle life time. Provides high energy density airtight battery.
The battery has a positive electrode plate (5) and a negative electrode plate (6) which are wound around a base (1) in which a pair of terminals (2) are provided. The positive and negative electrodes are separated by a separator (7). A plate- like member (4) made of active material with predetermined width ranging between 1 mm-5 cm is coupled to upper and bottom end side of positive and negative electrodes by laser welding respectively. A pair of collector terminals (10a,10b) is connected to the top and bottom plate members, respectively.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies collector structure. Increases discharge capacity.
The method involves performing connection between cells by combining electric pole (2) of the plate group and partition (4) by piercing welding. The partition is inserted between the cells and connected with the electric pole of the plate group. During piercing welding process welding current energizing is done and by two stage pressure application, the welding force is increased to perform piercing welding. Before piercing welding, the partition thickness ranges from 1.0-2.75mm and electric pole thickness value lies between 3.5-4.0mm. After piercing welding operation, the partition thickness is between 1.0mm and 2.0mm. The electric pole thickness ranges between 5.5mm and 6.0mm.    ADVANTAGE -   Obtains sufficient welding strength. Uses less conductor for connection. Excels in endurance.
The method involves computing a watt-hour characteristic table correlating discharge electric energy and a maximum discharge electric power of a battery (11). The maximum discharge electric power and maximum charging electric power are computed based on the watt-hour characteristic table. The computed maximum discharge and charging electric power values are corrected by a deterioration correction factor that is coupled based on deterioration of temperature correction coefficient of battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables computation of maximum charging and discharging electric power of battery accurately.
The apparatus (1) includes a voltage measurement unit (3) and a current measurement unit (2) to measure the voltage and current of a battery (B) periodically. Based on the measured voltage and current, a no load cell voltage is computed by a voltage calculation unit (4). A current integrator (5) integrates the discharge amount of the battery for every predefined time interval from the measured current value. The no load cell voltage value and discharge value are stored for every predefined time interval in a memory (6). A standard discharge characteristic line which specifies the relation of discharge value and no load cell voltage is stored in a standard memory (7). A co-efficient calculation unit (8) calculates correction factors based on the contents of both the memories such that a new discharge line in which the observed values are fixed is obtained. Discharge value corresponding to the predefined voltage of the new discharge line is obtained. The currently obtained discharge amount is subtracted from the obtained discharge amount by a remnant capacity calculator (9) and the remaining charge of the battery is thus computed.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids changing inclination of overall discharge characteristic even when disturbance is generated.
The device has a memory (5) that stores an initial voltage value. A detector (4) determines the actual value of the voltage in a battery (1). A reference voltage generator (3) outputs a reference voltage.    A controller (2) determines the variations between the stored initial voltage value and the detected actual voltage values of the battery. A display (6) exhibits the multi-stage voltage values obtained by the controller.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents difficulty in adjustment and does not make product allowance of component part of problem.
The system comprises a signal output device which detects (11,12,13) and generates signals regarding vehicle speed and power consumption, and a cruise control selection of an operating vehicle. A controller (41) controls the general operation of the vehicle according to various detected information and established map data.    A power generator generates drive electric energy. A drive device processes the drive energy of the power generator and makes adjustments of the vehicle operation according to the signals from the controller. A vehicle speed sensor detects key information to set cruise control, vehicle speed information and energy consumption and inputs resultant signals to the controller.    USE -   Relates to compound cruise control system for solar cars in which consumption of electric energy and vehicle speed are simultaneously controlled at optimum levels of efficiency when cruise control is selected.    ADVANTAGE -   Eliminates motor overload and increases life of drive efficiency.
An electrochemical storage battery has a double walled evacuated housing, the space (2,3) between the walls being connected to a vacuum pump. The housing consists of several parts which can each be connected to the pump. The housing can be ventilated by valves.    The inter-wall space serves as a heat-exchanger of an air heating/cooling device. The housing has a removable part in which a separate volume is available for a heat-exchanger medium. The walls of the inter-wall space have a reflecting coating.    ADVANTAGE -   Low expense for repair to the housing which itself is easily accessible.
A fuel-cell module has at least two fuel-cell stacks which have a common gas chamber (2,3). Actually there are several such chambers, all in series, serving to conduct the operating resource i.e. fuel into the stacks.    The common gas chambers side-walls are more than 80% formed by the fuel cell stacks. The stacks, which generate different voltages, are in series. They also generate the same voltage and are in parallel. The gas chambers are located one above another.    ADVANTAGE -   No sealing problems arise.
The arrangement is applicable to a system with at least two molten carbonate or solid oxide fuel cell stacks (1,2,3). The cathode flows (14) of the stacks are connected in series while the anode flows (25) are connected in parallel. All the stacks have a reforming device for a hydrocarbon fuel. Anode gas is recycled (24) from the stack outlets to the inlets.    The cathode streams between the stacks are cooled by, for example, adding streams of cool air to them. Thus the cathode inlet temperatures can be controlled by relatively inexpensive low temperature air valves.    ADVANTAGE -   Increases efficiency is system which allows the use of stacks of a single design whilst retaining the advantages of series connection of the oxidant streams and giving low per pass fuel utilisation.
The station includes a displacement assembly (16) that removes spent batteries of electric vehicles by placing charged batteries into position within the vehicles so as to laterally displace spent batteries. The latter are received by the receiving station (15), where the batteries are tested both electrically and by comparing battery status data against set criteria.    A computer is coupled to the conveyor such that the computer programmably moves batteries along the conveyor from the receiving end to the delivery end. At least one electronic sensor is coupled to the computer positioned along the conveyor to read unique ID codes of batteries on it. A database is coupled to the computer for storing historical data for the batteries, which is stored in association with the unique ID codes of the batteries.    USE -   As battery transfer and charging system for electrically powered vehicles    ADVANTAGE -   Provides efficient handling during removal, and installation procedures. Fully automated system that is adaptable to variety of battery powered vehicles.
An assembly has a current collector and carrier included in at least one of the electrodes of an alkali metal polymer electrolyte electrochemical device which includes a negative electrode, a polymer ion conductive layer and a positive electrode. The current collector comprises a ribbon of expanded or perforated metallised plastic with the metal selected from nickel, copper, aluminium, and chromium.    USE -   Used as a lightweight current collector and carrier for use in electrodes of electrochemical devices.    ADVANTAGE -   The assembly is lightweight, with a long shelf and operating life. It increases energy density, reduces the cost and weight considerably, is suitable for mass production etc.
The following are claimed: (A) An electrolyte system for a rechargeable electrochemical cell having a C-containing anode and a lithiated transition metal cathode. The system comprises a polymeric support containing an electrolyte salt dispersed in an organic solvent. The solvent is a ternary system comprising 90% diethyl carbonate (DEC), propylene carbonate (PC) and at least one additional solvent selected from ethylene carbonate (EC), dimethyl carbonate, dipropyl carbonate, dimethylsulphoxide, acetonitrile, dimethoxyethane, tetrahydrofuran and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone. The amount of PC is always greater than the additional solvent. (B) An electrolyte which remains liquid to -20C comprising an electrolyte salt dispersed in a ternary solvent system consisting of 70% DEC, 10% EC, and PC with the amount of PC being greater than that of EC. (C) An electrochemical cell comprising an anode, a cathode and an electrolyte salt dispersed in as ternary solvent system consisting of either (i) 70% DEC, PC and at least one of the above additional solvents such that the amount of PC is always greater than the additional solvent, or (ii) 60% DEC, 10% EC and 10% PC.    USE -   The electrolyte is used in high performance batteries liable to be exposed to low temperatures e.g. in cellular communications, satellites, portable computers and electric vehicles.    ADVANTAGE -   The electrolyte combines high ionic conductivity with excellent low temperature performance e.g. its capacity at -20C is 55% of total capacity. Performance at higher temperatures is not compromised and the electrolyte is economical and easy to produce.
The structure includes an accommodation chamber (55) formed as a single body at the rear side of a bottom frame (13), which is dented at lower side. A closing cover (57) is formed removably at the upper portion of the chamber and attached at front end bottom edge of the seat in a chassis cover (23).    The front end of the closing cover is moulded in the shape of a plane view arc. A battery (56) is enclosed within the accommodation chamber.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids need for lid thereby reducing required number of parts. Enables easy insertion or removal of battery, engine. Prevents interference of cover with leg shield.
The moulding material for battery jars of the enclosed type alkaline secondary cells comprises (A) 100 wt. parts of amorphous polyolefin resin, (B) 0-50 wt.parts of impact resistance improving agent, and (C) 0-50 wt. parts of polyphenylene ether resin.    USE -   The moulding material is used for moulding battery jars of the light wt. enclosed type alkaline secondary cells for use in electric cars.    ADVANTAGE -   Battery jars having improved resistance to alkali, and improved mechanical strengths and heat-resistance, can be obtd. Small size jars having reduced wall thickness and lighter wt. can be prepd.
A combined electrode and electrolyte unit has a solid electrolyte layer (2) with at least one undulating surface adjacent an electrode (1, 3), the height difference between the peak and trough being greater than or equal to half the electrolyte layer (2) thickness.    Also claimed is a method of producing the above unit involves applying a solid electrolyte layer (2) onto an undulating surface of an anode (1), the height difference between the peak and trough being greater than or equal to half the electrolyte layer (2) thickness.    USE -   E.g. in a fuel cell.    ADVANTAGE -   The undulating surface provides an increased contact area between the electrolyte layer and the adjoining electrode, resulting in a more mechanically stable joint and an enlarged electrochemically active surface for increased fuel cell power.
The system comprises a device for directing any available surplus electrical energy from the vehicle's electric propulsion system back to the stored power unit, which powers an electric drive motor. The wind turbine (45,50) electric generator is rotatably attached to the electric drive motor and is electrically connected to the device for directing any available surplus electrical energy. The power reserve module, integrally installed within the stored power unit, is in operable communication with the device for controlling the flow of electricity from the stored power unit.    The power reserve module also is in direct electrical communication with the propulsion motor such that when the device for controlling the flow of electricity from the stored power unit senses a loss of power from the electric generator due to increased loading, the power reserve module provides additional energy directly to the propulsion motor. A by-pass circuit is electrically connected between the stored power unit and the propulsion motor, and a switch is operably connected to the by-pass circuit. The switch is open during normal operation, and can be closed when the device for controlling the flow of electricity becomes disabled, so that the by-pass circuit can then be used to operate the vehicle in an emergency.    ADVANTAGE -   Senses electrical needs of propulsion motors and provides additional high energy boost to propulsion motors to meet sudden peak demands and other emergencies.
The multilayered body comprises a first strip shaped sheet member which holds several cuts provided along longitudinal direction at predetermined intervals. The bending direction is changed alternately in the area containing the cuts. Several first strip shaped sheet members with the cuts are folded to form a first folding object by combining them by their edge parts. A second strip shaped sheet member holds several cuts provided along longitudinal direction at same intervals as that for the first strip shaped sheet member. Several such second strip shaped sheet member are folded to form a second folding object by changing the bending direction. The first and second folding objects are laminated such that the first and second strip shaped sheet members are laminated alternately.    USE -   In portable electrical equipment and electric vehicle.    ADVANTAGE -   Eliminates offset of sheet member. Manufactured in short time and with sufficient quality. Enables mass production with good yield.
The glass includes 0.5-12% of SiO2, 5-10% of M2O3, 10-18% of Li2O and predetermined percent of P2O and TiO2. The element `M' is represented by Al or Ga. The above mentioned composition is heat treated such that the composition Li1+x+yMxTi2-xSiyP3- yO12 is precipitated. The value of x lies between 0-0.4 and that of y lies between 0-0.6.    USE -   Used in various electrochemical devices, gas sensor.    ADVANTAGE -   Exhibits stable and strong thermal characteristics.
The power supply unit (1) consists of a pair of capacitor block (3,4) having double layer capacitor cells (27a,28a) along with bypass switches (27b,28b), respectively.    A capacitor management unit ECU (21) detects the voltage of capacitor blocks and connects them in series if the voltage is found to be less than the preset value. If the load requires more electrical power, a motor control unit ECU (25) gives signal to the capacitor management unit which inturn connects the capacitors in parallel via change over switches (7,8). The switching regulator delivers power to motor (16) via a PWM unit (14).    ADVANTAGE -   Improves system efficiency.
The power supply module (1) consists of a capacitor block (3), an input smoothing circuit (4), a switching regulator (2) and a capacitor management ECU (21). The capacitor block has a capacitor cell (27) with an electrical double layer capacitor (27a) and a bypass switch (27b). The input smoothing circuit has a coil (11) and a capacitor (13). The switching regulator has a switch (19), a coil (22), a diode (20) and a control circuit (23).    A stable load electric power is supplied to a PWM driver (14). When supplying the output electric power from the capacitor block to the switching regulator, the ripple produced in the output electric power of the capacitor is smoothened and reduced by the switching operation of the switch.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves efficiency of capacitor. Offers large capacity. Decreases internal loss of capacitor.
The battery has an electricity generating element (1) equipped with a pair of strip shaped anode and cathode (3,4) which are arranged in a battery container (10). The anode and cathode are wound around a metallic shaft (2) through a strip shaped separator (5). The upper end of the metallic shaft contacts the backside projection portion of a container cover (10b) of the battery container through a cap (8) and a spring (9). The lower end of the metallic shaft is supported by the inner side base part of a main body (10a) of the battery container, when the lower end of the metallic shaft is pressed towards the inner side base part of the main body according to the energising hose of the spring.    ADVANTAGE -   Radiates heat generated by main part of electricity generating element efficiently. Inhibits damage of inner components of battery due to vibration, impact. Prevents short circuit, reliably.
The plant includes multiple external manifolds which perform supply or exhaust gas of fuel batteries. The fuel batteries are laminated together and forms a multilayer body. A corner cover (6) is provided between the boundary parts of the manifolds and is arranged along lamination direction. A pressure sensor (11) detects pressure inside the corner cover. If the output of sensor exceeds a predetermined value, a detector (12) performs desired action.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves reliability.
The system comprises a primary power source (1), water electrolysis apparatus (4) for generating hydrogen while using power from the primary power source (1), gas drying apparatus (5) for dehumidifying the hydrogen generated by the water electrolysis apparatus (4), hydrogen storage apparatus (6) for storing and releasing hydrogen while using a hydrogen storage alloy (7), and power generating apparatus (8) for generating power while using the hydrogen released from the hydrogen storage apparatus (6) as fuel. The system incorporates a first membrane-type gas drying apparatus (28A) for drying the wet hydrogen generated by the water electrolysis apparatus, a second membrane-type gas drying apparatus (28B, 28C) for supplying purging gas to the first membrane-type gas drying apparatus (28A), and air driven valves (27A-E) provided at respective inlets and outlets of passages for hydrogen and compressed air to the first and the second membrane type gas drying apparatus.    USE -   Used as an emergency power source for use in suburbs.    ADVANTAGE -   Drying efficiency for wet hydrogen is good.
The mechanism includes a cooler (10) mounted inside a chassis (1) of a forklift truck. The water drops on the cooler surface are collected in a water supply tank (12). The water collected in the tank is then distributed to each cell of the battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids need for routine checking of remaining amount of water. Ensures prolonged life of battery.
The material includes a clad steel plate base metal layer (2) on whose both sides alignment layers (3,4) are formed respectively. The thickness of the base metal layer lies in the range of 0.01-0.7 mm. The alignment layers are different from the base metal layer and its thickness is 10 or less micrometers.    USE -   For batteries such as alkaline manganese dioxide battery, lithium primary battery, lithium secondary battery, nickel cadmium battery, nickel hydrogen battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves battery characteristics. Reduces manufacturing cost. Enhances corrosion resistance at external surface of can. Improves external appearance. Reduces number of processes involved. Improves workability of battery.
The battery includes a cell accommodation jar (1) in which several cell chambers (4a-4f) are arranged in a row. The surface area of the cell chambers differ from that of outer cell (2) of the jar. A heat dissipation promotion member (5) with thermal conductivity more than that of the material of the jar, is provided on the outer wall of the jar, corresponding to the third and fourth cell chambers.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces variation in temperature between various cells. Realises large battery capacity and prolonged life span.
The battery case (31) includes several projections (41) that are formed on external surface of angular part of adjoining attachment walls (33,34). Recesses (42) are formed in-between the projections. Recesses (43) are formed at position corresponding to outside projection in the angular part of adjoining attachment walls.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves productivity. Facilitates cooling within short time. Shortens moulding cycle. Improves accuracy of battery case. Reduces amount of resin material used.
The electrical circuit has several power semiconductor end stages (51-5n) driving associated loads (71-7n) and influenced by a microcomputer (1) to which they are connected via a circuit complex (41-4n) contg. a computer system and interfaces (31-3n) for protecting and driving the power semiconductor end stages.    The computer system is influenced by a physical parameter for each power semiconductor end stage. Each circuit complex responds to impermissible, highly time critical variations in the physical parameter directly via the interface hardware. It responds to impermissible, less time critical variations via a programmable protection function.    USE -   For controlling servo-pumps, fuel pumps and fan drives as well as bulbs for head- and indicator-lights.    ADVANTAGE -   Ensures optimal protection of power semiconductor end stages and connected load circuits.
The arrangement includes an electric machine operable as generator or as a starter, which is driven by a combustion engine, and which is connected over an intermediate circuit with a battery. The intermediate circuit includes at least one voltage converter and at least one converter.    The voltage converter is bridged by device of a switching element (20) at an operation of the machine as starter or as a generator underneath a pre-settable number of revolutions per minute, and the converter (14) is directly connected with the battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces required power output at starting of engine.
The control device is arranged in an in-board network with at least two batteries charged by a generator, which serve for the supply of a first and a second consumer, and are selectively connected with each other through the control device. The control device (10a, 10b) includes a voltage supply part (11) with at least one FET (23), and devices for a voltage regulation (32, 33), connected with the batteries (16, 18).    The FET is switched on by a signal, for activating the control device. A control- and regulation unit (12) which includes a microcomputer, is provided as an element of the control device, and triggers the control- and regulation processes.    USE -   For engine management parameters, such as revs, idling revs and load.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides permanent connection to batteries, and assures fast and simple activation of control device after ignition.
Apparatus for recovery of hydrogen and/or synthesis gas by endothermic partial oxidation and/or reforming comprises a reaction chamber integrated inside of a high temperature fuel cell so that heat exchange occurs between the chamber of inside of the cell. The chamber comprises gas inlet and outlet. The outlet is connected to an external gas purifier.    Also claimed is a process for recovery of hydrogen and/or synthesis gas comprising passing the feed gas for the reaction via the gas inlet into the reaction chamber, partially cooling the fuel cell, and feeding the gas into the gas purifier.    USE -   In energy production (claimed).    ADVANTAGE -   Good utilisation of waste heat.
Nanoscale powders are pressed into discs and sintered to an appropriate density when constructing ion conducting solid electrolytes from nanoscale precursor material. Metallic material is mixed with nanostructured electrolytic powders to form a cermet mix and coated on each side of the disk and fitted with electrical leads.    The electrical conductivity of such an Ag/YSZ/Ag cell shows an order of magnitude enhancement in oxygen ion conductivity.    USE -   Electrolytes can be used for wide range of applications including sensors, oxygen pumps, fuel cells, batteries, electrosynthesis reactors and catalytic membranes. Electrolyte thickness can be reduced and concentration of triple points in ion conducting devices is enhanced.
The fluid storage tank (12) has a wall defining an enclosed volume for storing a fluid, and having two spaced-apart openings (52) extending from an interior wall (54) to an exterior wall. An open conduit disposed within the enclosed volume has two portions circumferentially engaging and sealingly attached respectively to the openings.    The openings are circular, and the conduit includes a straight tubular section having a circular cross section which has an outer diameter the same as that of the circular openings. The tank and the conduit are both fabricated from steel and the sealing attachment is a weld.    USE -   Especially for use with refrigerated cargo transport container.    ADVANTAGE -   Increased fuel tank capacity while problems of re-routing engine exhaust pipe and power cable from generator to exterior, since exhaust can now pass though tank via passage and openings.
The apparatus (100) has a measurement circuit for measuring a terminal voltage of a battery in the vehicle. The circuit provides an output which varies in linear relation to the battery terminal voltage within an expected range of voltages. The output is provided only when the terminal voltage of the battery exceeds a threshold level.    A needle display circuit (140) indicates at least one charge storage system operating condition based on the battery terminal voltage, the display circuit being electrically connected to the output of the measurement circuit. The measurement circuit is electrically connected to the battery.    USE -   Automobiles, aircraft, powerboats    ADVANTAGE -   The apparatus is cheaper and smaller than prior art
The electric vehicle (1) has a power-supply moving vehicle unit (B) that is coupled with electric-vehicle main body (A). The vehicle unit has a battery box that contains a secondary battery (7) with a predetermined power capacity. The main body which is also provided with a secondary battery (2) pulls the moving vehicle. A coupling receiver (6) and a coupler (9) mechanically couple the rear of the main body and the front of the vehicle unit. The electric connectors (5) of an electrical-connection unit (10) are provided at the rear of the main body and at the front of the vehicle unit.    The electrical-connection unit also has a common pipe (11) that contains several electric cables. The repeaters (12) provided at the ends of the common pipe are joined to the electric connectors. A power supply switching device (4) provided in the main body, determines if the electric power used for transit drive of the main body is supplied by the secondary battery in the vehicle unit or in the main body. The electric connector at the rear of the main body is connected to the switching device by a power cable (8).    ADVANTAGE -   Facilitates exchange of power-supply moving vehicle unit.
The mechanism forms a part of battery pack (BP) which has an inner case (20) containing a battery group (10) which includes several battery cells (12). An outer case (30) surrounds the inner case.    A coolant filler (50) has a coolant (CL) filled in it. When the temperature of the battery group rises to more than a predetermined value, a coolant sprinkling unit (60) sprinkles the coolant from the coolant filler into the inner case.    USE -   For lithium, nickel, nickel-cadmium and lead storage battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents abnormal rise in temperature. Realises high cooling efficiency.
The apparatus has a pair of heat retaining chambers (12). The chambers are provided on either sides of a battery unit (11) containing multiple secondary batteries (A-F) which are joined mutually and maintained at integrated state. Then, heat dissipated from the battery is regulated by the chambers.    ADVANTAGE -   Achieves size reduction of heat retaining chamber. Obtains effective heat retaining effect, easily. Cancels dispersion fluctuation of internal temperature of secondary battery, easily.
The method involves connecting an external charging circuit (12) between a pair of output electrodes (11a) of a secondary battery (11). An external alternator (14) is connected to the charging circuit.    The alternating current for pre-heating is given to the variable resistor (16) inside the secondary battery from the external alternator. The variable resistor is then heated directly thereby heats inside of battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Obtains expected pre-heat effect easily.
The method involves measuring potential variation of alkaline cell equipped with nickel electrode and a mixture of two or more nickel hydroxides of different composition. The potential variation is measured from correlation between capacitive ratio of nickel electrode and mix ratio of nickel hydroxides. The remaining capacity is detected from capacitive ratio.    ADVANTAGE -   Estimates remaining capacity accurately and effectively.
The battery includes a container with a positive active material electrode, a negative active material electrode, a separator and a non-aqueous electrolyte (1). Fluorine (2) is also contained in the container along with the electrolyte. Fluorine contains an organic compound with boiling point lying below 25degC.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves safety. Avoids ruining of battery.
A hydrogen fuel cell accumulator comprises a polymer electrolyte membrane cell with a ruthenium catalyst, an air filter, a metal hydride storage unit, a small compressor and a thermoelectric heat exchanger. The hydrogen from the hydride storage unit is converted electrochemically with oxygen from the air. The latter is cleansed by passing the air through a filter.    USE -   The accumulator is used, e.g., for electric vehicles.    ADVANTAGE -   The accumulator does not require expensive catalysts such as platinum, and is economical to produce.
A container for a traction battery of an electric vehicle for testing purposes has the following features. Several pivoting rollers (3) make the battery transportable. The container walls (4) provide electrical, thermal and fire-preventing insulation. Interfaces (8) are provided in order to get to the battery terminals. A waste air opening (11) and a feed air opening (10) with flaps (12) are provided.    After removal of a waste-air hose, the relevant flap closes automatically. The flaps for the feed air have central locking. At least two side walls and an upper hood (7) can be dismantled easily. A shorter side wall is fixed and carries a waste air opening with hose union at the highest point.    ADVANTAGE -   Minimal expense in construction.
Container is for refuelling a refuellable battery with an electrochemical cell using a particulate electrode. It comprises a case, an electrolyte reservoir, two valves, a fuel compartment for holding electrochemically active fuel particles and electrolyte solution, and a conduit in fluid connection with the reservoir and fuel compartment.    The transportable container and refuellable battery define a closed flow circuit through the transportable container and battery, and the container is connected to the battery during operation.    USE -   Apparatus container is for power sources using electrochemical cells e.g. metal-air batteries used in electric vehicles, lawnmowers etc.    ADVANTAGE -   Apparatus container is made more convenient, safe and rapid, has transportable containers capable of feeding more than one electrochemical cell, does not expose user to caustic electrolyte, especially during refuelling and replacement and refilling of transportable containers, and allows containers to be safely refilled at device for storing or forming metal fuel.
A microporous material (I) in the form of a sheet, film, tube having an internal dia. of at least 8 cm, or layer, thereof has a thickness of 5-26 m which on a coating-free, printing ink-free, impregnant-free basis and pre-bonding basis comprises: (A) a matrix consisting of : (A1) 0-100 wt.% high mol. wt. linear polyolefin (II) consisting of a high mol. wt. substantially linear polyethylene (ASTM D 1238-86 Condition E melt index of less than 50 g/10 mins, an ASTM D 1238-86 Condition F melt index of at least 0.1 g/10 mins., and a density of 0.910-0.965 g/cm3) and/or a high mol. wt.substantially linear polypropylene (ASTM D 1238-86 Condition L melt index 0.2-50 g/10 min. and density greater than 0.89 g/cm3); and (A2) 0-100 wt.% ultra high mol. wt. substantially linear polyolefin (III) consisting of an ultra high mol. wt. substantially linear polyethylene (intrinsic viscosity of at least 18 dl/g) and/or an ultrahigh mol. wt. substantially linear polypropylene (intrinsic viscosity of at least 6 dl/g); (A) contains 90-100 wt.% of ((II)+(III)); (B) 20-85 wt.% of finely divided water-insoluble filler particles distributed throughout (A); (C) at least 25 vol. % of a network of interconnecting pores communicating through out (I). Also claimed are: (i) an energy storage device (IV) having at least two electrodes separated by a dielectric material (I); (ii) a label (V) consisting of (I); and (iii) a multi-layer film (VI) containing at least one layer of (I).    USE -   (I) is useful for the production of dielectric materials used in capacitors, fuel cells and lithium ion batteries and for labels which can show evidence of tampering.    ADVANTAGE -   (I) may be produced as a very thin film, and may be coated, impregnated, and/or printed with a wide range of coatings.
A membrane separation process, including pressure driven membrane separation, diffusion dialysis, Donnan dialysis, electrodialysis, electrochemical synthesis and pervaporation, comprises: employing a charged membrane comprising a porous substrate and (I) a crosslinked polyelectrolyte or hydrogel located in the pores of the substrate. Also claimed are such charged membranes suitable for water treatment applications (1) or for electrodialysis, diffusion dialysis or Donnan dialysis applications (2).    USE -   For water treatments, for treating industrial waste streams and purifying industrial acids, and in battery separators and fuel cell separators. Also used in pervaporation techniques for purifying ethanol/water streams.    ADVANTAGE -   The membranes have good ion-rejection properties, enabling water softening at ultra-low pressure. They also have good electrochemical separator properties, low electrical resistance and good long-term stability.
The system includes a power supply (47) which is connected to multiple electric power allocation units which are arranged corresponding to various loads. An electric power supply line (56) is provided by which the power supply is performed.    A short circuit detection layer (64) is provided on the peripheral side of the power line which detects the voltage variation of the electric power supply line. A first control unit cuts off the power supply to the respective power allocation unit by non-conducting the power on the power supply line by using a switch unit based on the detection result.    ADVANTAGE -   Transits vehicle, safely. Performs electric power allocation reliably and quickly. Prevents dilatation of wire harness. Prevents damage due to short circuit generation in trunk line.
The system includes several allocation units (28,29,32,33,38), which allocate electric power to several loads mounted in a vehicle. The power is allocated to each load through a main power supply line (30) from a power supply (27). The power supply is connected to each allocation unit through the power supply line.    A voltage converter (31) is arranged in each allocation unit, to perform voltage conversion of power applied to the load. The power supply is carried out to each allocation unit, through the converter. The electric power allocation of each electrical load is performed through a sub-power supply line (30a).    ADVANTAGE -   Controls dilation of wire harness. Reduces installation place. Prevents short circuit generation. Stabilises electrical power. Improves safety.
The plug (1) has a tubular plug housing with top and bottom parts (2a,2b) connected and divided along the longitudinal direction. A pair of flat-spring contact components (17), whose free ends protrude from the right and left sides of the plug housing, is fixed by the base end side in the plug housing. A detachable insulated cap (5) is attached to the opening end (2c) of the plug housing. A slidable head terminal (9) is attached to the point of the insulated cap. The head terminal is electrically connected with a fixed terminal (15) via a fuse tube (16) and an electrically-conductive coil spring (11) for fixation in the plug housing.    The base ends of the flat-spring contact component pair are coupled via a connecting plate (14a), forming a U shape. the fixed terminal is formed on a metal plate. The connecting and metal plates are provided vertically on a PWB attached in the plug housing, and soldered to the ground and power supply patterns at the rear side of the PWB.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies structure and assembly of fixed terminal and contact components in plug housing; ensures smooth assembly without increasing plug size. Prevents incorrect connection.
The structure includes an intermediate holder (5) which has several stacks that are laminated and contain single cells. A set of gas pipings which perform supply and exhaust of gas to and from the stack along the height direction, is connected to the intermediate holder. The upper and lower ends of the stack are fastened by a tie rod (4) through the intermediate holder. The tie rod penetrates through a through hole formed in the intermediate holder. An insulating sleeve (17) is provided in the through-hole. The tie rod penetrates through the insulating sleeve. The tie rod is screwed at its upper and lower ends with a nut (13), sandwiching the intermediate holder. An electric insulating material is provided between the nut and the intermediate holder.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves safety and reliability of battery.
The structure (20) couples a pair of flanges (21,22) with a bolt (23). Electric insulating material (27,28,30) are installed between the bolt and any one flange and also between both the flanges. One of the flange has a raised part whose peripheral part (35) is slightly curved.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents rupture of electric insulation gasket at high temperature. Enhances battery operation.
The secondary battery has a negative electrode, a positive electrode and a non aqueous electrolyte. The positive active material of the positive electrode contains an electrically conductive agent. This electrically conductive agent contains composite material of metal, oxide, nitride, carbide, boride, silicide, graphite or amorphous carbon.    USE -   In e.g. electric vehicle.    ADVANTAGE -   Obtains stable characteristics. Improves discharge rate characteristics.
The method involves computing first discharged electric energy based on discharge capacity of battery and power required for electric vehicle. Second discharged electric energy is obtained based on terminal voltage (V) and current value (I) of battery. The remaining capacity of battery is obtained by integrating second discharged electric energy.    ADVANTAGE -   Computes remaining capacity of battery, accurately.
The connector comprises a male and a female connector. The male connector (2) includes a cylindrical contact section divided by slits extending along it from the outer end, forming a number of arms. The contact is held in an insulating housing and a piece of silicone rubber (90) engages the contact on the inside surfaces of the arms.    The female connector (100) is also held in an insulating housing and is equipped with another cylindrical contact section that engages the outer surface of the male contact when the connectors are engaged. The piece of rubber drives the arms outward against the female connector when they are bent inward by the mating contact.    ADVANTAGE -   The connector provides good and uniform electrical connection over a broad area even when the male and female connectors are not properly aligned.
The battery has positive and negative terminals (10,2) and a control circuit sealed within the battery. A heavy duty switch is provided between the positive terminal and a dummy terminal (3). The negative and dummy terminals are accessible from the battery exterior.    Terminal posts are provided on the battery exterior for connecting the normal positive and negative cables. The control circuit is in turn controlled by an external device sending a coded signal to a receiver which is part of the control circuit.    USE -   The battery could also be used for a motor cycle or marine craft.    ADVANTAGE -   Can be switched off internally so that no power is available to the positive terminal, improving security.
Especially in vehicle-borne equipment (microprocessors, digital telephones, etc.) the nominal 12v DC voltage is subject to occasional degradation due e.g. to starting loads. The compensator output voltage (US) is equal to the input (UE) when the latter exceeds 12v, and is maintained at 12v for inputs between a minimum 9.5 v. threshold and nominal voltage. The compensator input passes via an inductance (1) and energy transfer circuit (2) to a stabilising capacitance unit (3) at which the output voltage is obtained, here also a control loop (4) is connected, feeding back via a control circuit (5) to a chopper unit by which energy is returned to the inductance.    ADVANTAGE -   Compact, robust, avoids need for supplementary battery, and introduces no parasitic frequencies under normal service conditions.
The power supply includes an isolating transformer (Tr1) which has a primary winding (W1), a secondary winding (W2) and a switching transistor (TP21). One end of the secondary winding is connected to a rectifier diode (DS10). A variable zener diode (IS10) is connected downstream of the rectifier diode.    The variable zener diode is used as an error amplifier to regulate the output voltage (UE) of the switched mode power supply or any voltage of another power supply. The anode of the zener diode is connected to earth and the control electrode is connected to the output voltage via a resistor network (RS10-RS13).    USE -   For e.g. electronic entertainment equipment. Also for use in conjunction with car battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces component count and complexity.
The terminal connector [1] for use with the batteries of a road vehicle system fits over the battery contact posts and is screw clamped [2].    The cable connection to the terminal is made via a built-in switching unit [3,4,5] that has connecting bushes [6]. The switches can be manually operated to isolate the vehicle electrical system in the event of an accident.    USE -   Road vehicles    ADVANTAGE -   Isolation of vehicle electrics
Process for completely utilising pure synthesis gas obtained by high temperature recycling of waste comprises bombarding the synthesis gas obtained with water vapour in a catalytic process to convert CO in the synthesis gas into CO2 and H2, to feed the remaining residual gas back to the high temperature reactor, to separate the main product consisting of H2, CO and CO2 by pressure swing adsorption into H2, CO and CO2 and utilise.    USE -   For completely utilising pure synthesis gas obtained by recycling waste.    ADVANTAGE -   No emissions are produced.
A prismatic battery with electrodes (6) and tabs (8) has robust positive and negative terminals (2). The connector strap (11) is mechanically joined to one end of the cylindrical terminal post (10). The post is made of any electrically conductive material inert to battery chemistry e.g. copper, nickel-plated copper or nickel-plated copper alloy.    The strap base (12), with legs (14), is mechanically joined to a protrusion of (16) of the post. Electrode tabs (8) are collected into bundles (17) welded together and welded to the connector strap.    USE -   Enables reduction in battery weight and battery case head space by bringing separate electrode plate connections out of case for connection to external circuit using robust terminal especially for nickel-metal hydride prismatic batteries for electric vehicles.
The method is for diagnosing the relative condition of a battery undergoing discharge periods interposed with charge periods. The method involves, subsequent to discharge periods, providing battery depth of discharge, and rate of discharge.    A scalar value is calculated as a predetermined function of depth and rate which provides a direct indication of the condition of the battery. During discharge periods a battery voltage condition is detected and include in the predetermined function.    USE -   The method could also be used for hybrid electric vehicles and stand alone battery energy storage systems    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids mis-diagnosis and unnecessary or incomplete battery replacements
The method involves using a current detector (23) to detect the current passed to an inverter of an electric vehicle from a DC power supply unit (1). The power supply unit includes a main power supply (11) and a sub-power supply (12). The mean value and peak value of detected load current is calculated.    The operation of the main and sub-power supplies are regulated so that the load current passed to the inverter has the calculated mean value. Thereby, the sub-power supply is used to compensate the load of the main power supply.    ADVANTAGE -   Increases capacity of DC power supply. Increases life span of battery.
The system includes a storage battery that supplies electric power to a motor, which drives a wheel of an electric vehicle. A capacitor (3) stores the electrical energy generated by the motor. A switching part switches connection of the motor to either storage battery or capacitor.    When the motor is detected to be in a state in which it is capable of generating electricity just enough to charge the capacitor, a control part controls the switching part so that the motor is connected to the capacitor after assessing the effective charge capable of being stored by the capacitor. Otherwise, the control part controls the switching part so that motor is connected to the storage battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Obtains electric vehicle with high efficiency. Enables effective utilisation of electric energy. Eliminates need for complicated conversion circuit.
The device has a motor controller which controls a transit motor. The motor controller reduces the rotation speed of the motor when a battery is in over-discharge condition.    The over-discharge condition of the battery is judged based on the voltage of the battery. A flag is set when the battery is in over-discharge condition.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables operator to easily know whether battery is in over-discharge condition, thus battery life reduction and cargo work discontinuation can be prevented.
The battery includes a planar cell which has an air pole (3) and a fuel pole (2) on either sides of a planar solid electrolyte layer (1). A separator (4) is laminated on the sides of the air pole and fuel pole for connecting adjoining cells electrically. The electrolyte layer is curved and is made convex by the application of load from the fuel pole side. The contact condition of the air pole and separator is maintained. A collector object (6) of small elasticity is inserted between the spacer and fuel pole.    ADVANTAGE -   Maintains contact between air pole and separator even if collector object is compressed. Prevents crack is electrolyte, resulting from difference in thermal expansion coefficient.
The battery consists of a cell (5) and a composite separator (9) laminated alternately. The cell consists of an electrolyte matrix (2), an anode (3) and a cathode (4). The separator includes a separator board (6) on either sides of which porous substrates (7,8) are provided. A cooling part comprising partition plates (10) is inserted between the adjoining composite separators. The cooling part comprises first and second passages formed along lamination surface in different directions for circulating cooling medium.    ADVANTAGE -   Equalises temperature distribution in surface of cell. Improves life and electricity generation efficiency. Eliminates need for special cooling plates.
The apparatus has a blower (2) which converts a wind pressure into rotational energy. A belt (5) transmits the rotational energy from the blower to a turbine. The turbine is connected to a generator and a battery.    USE -   For converting transit air resistance to transit energy. For e.g. two-wheeled vehicle, watercraft, light airplane.    ADVANTAGE -   Ensures effective use of air resistance.
The battery, with planar high temperature fuel cells, comprises a stacked alternating arrangement of electrochemically active elements (2) and interconnectors (1). Each of the interconnectors are in the form of an air heat exchanger and include a base body which determines the thermal expansion of the interconnector and which separates an air side from a gas side. A structured layer (4, 5), for electrical conduction, heat transport and air and fuel gas transport along the active elements, is provided on both sides of the base body. Each base body is in the form of an air heat exchanger and forms a resistant surface oxide layer in the presence of oxygen under the battery operating conditions. The air-side structured layer (4) is joined to the base body so that the joint locations (43) of the base body are protected against oxidation.    Preferably, the base body is made of a ferritic alloy selected from Fe/22% Cr/5-8% Al, Fe/13-15% Cr/3.5-5% Al, Fe/3-5% Si /3-5% Cr or Fe/2-4% Si/8-12% Cr.    ADVANTAGE -   The battery interconnectors are made of a relatively inexpensive material.
The alloy composition includes 100 parts by weight of a LnNi5 type hydrogen absorbing alloy, wherein Ln represents at least one rare earth element, and 0.2 to 20 parts by weight of at least one rare-earth hydroxide. The rare-earth hydroxide is a hydroxide represented by R1 (CH)3 where R1 is selected from the group consisting of Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb and Lu.    The rare-earth compound as the first component is at least one compound oxide or compound hydroxide, which comprises at least one rare earth element selected from the group consisting of La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Y Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb and Lu.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides high capacity and long service life upon repetition of alternate absorption and desorption.
An inverter for creating a mains voltage supply from that of a car battery has the total output as a multiple of a basic output, with one circuit module per basic output value. Each has at least one transformer (14,15) controlled by at least one end stage with two transistors plus a rectifier and filter circuit (16) whose output is connected with an inverter stage (17) of pre-specified frequency.    The transistors are field effect ones (13). The transformer(s) can be formed by several ones with a smaller turns ratio coupled with their primaries in parallel and their secondaries in series. The inverter is for 50 or 60 Hz operation.    ADVANTAGE -   No special cooling arrangements need be made because of the modular design.
The power supply circuit has two power storage devices in series for supplying loads. Two supply voltages are taken from between the positive pole of the first storage device and the junction between the devices and from the junction and the negative pole of the second device. An externally driven generator produces a multiphase output voltage applied to inverters (2,3) supplying positive and negative voltages to the positive pole of the first device and the negative pole of the second device.    A middle point inverter (4) supplied from the generator (1) feeds the junction (11) and is controlled to maintain a desired relationship between the first and second voltages by means of output compensation currents.    ADVANTAGE -   Overcomes some disadvantages of conventional circuits and is esp. very efficient.
The device includes circuitry adapted to measure a first conductance of a first portion of a string of cells that makes up a battery to be tested. Circuitry is adapted to measure a second conductance of a second portion of the string of cells that makes up the battery. Further circuitry compares the first conductance and the second conductance to provide an output based upon the comparison which is related to a condition of the battery.    The comparison comprises a ratio of the first conductance and the second conductance. A warning output is provided if a difference between the first and second conductances is more than about 10 %.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides new way of establishing reference for use in battery test. Makes battery test results more accurate and useful.
A coil (4) on a shaft (15) is mounted within a magnet (16) which has an inner casing (6) to which it is attached. Currents produced in the coil when it rotates are delivered via leads (3). The coil shaft is mounted on one end of the magnet via a bearing (8) and the connection end of the coil is mounted in a bearing (1) in an end cap (2) fixed to the open end of the magnet.    A weight (7) attached to the outer surface of the inner casing is shaped to allow the magnet to rotate about the shaft within an outer casing (9) and keeps the magnet oriented.    USE -   Improves road vehicle and rolling stock safety by illumination powered from motion of wheels.
A bipolar separator (1) is formed from a stainless steel plate compatible with an oxidant gas. It has surfaces (2A,2B) including a nickel laminate or cladding compatible with fuel gas. The plate incorporates opposing troughs (4A,4B and 4C,4D) around a central area (3).    Troughs (4A,4B) form wet seal rails for the cathode when the separator is used in a fuel cell unit. Troughs (4C,4D) form rails resulting in wet seals for the anode.    USE -   Provides improved bipolar separator which is simpler to fabricate e.g. using simple stamping and bending operations, and which is resistant to corrosion and assists in electrolyte management in fuel cell stack.
The power converter has resonant circuits each of which includes a resonant capacitor (C1-C3) and a transformer (T1-T3). The transformer includes a magnetic core having a primary winding loosely coupled to a secondary winding, and control winding wound on the core.    The resonant capacitor of the circuit is connected in series with the primary winding of the transformer. The control winding saturates the core in response to the application (84-86) of direct current to control the output of the resonant circuit.    USE -   For use with e.g. battery charges, communication systems, electric furnaces, electric tools, personal computers and electric toys, electric and hybrid vehicles.    ADVANTAGE -   Better control of single and multiple output applications, with independent regulation of outputs at lower manufacturing cost, better reliability and smaller packaging requirement. Generates output current at lower values of input voltage.
The battery tray assembly has two members (32,46), both having an interface surface and a battery retaining surface, where one retaining surface retains the top suraface of a battery and the other retains the bottom surface of the battery.    The two interface surfaces are secured together by a series of projections (38) on one or more of the members and corresponding slots (44), to join the two batteries in a fixed position.    USE -   Especially useful in battery packs for electric vehicles, for providing traction force.    ADVANTAGE -   Materials used are low in cost and modular construction allows members to be positioned in wide variety of orientations to enable use of standard battery sizes.
The system has a fuel cell stack end plate (10) and a number of current collectors (15-18) detachably mounted to a peripheral edge portion (13) of the plate. Each current collector is in electrical contact with an adjacent current collector.    Each current collector has two end portions, the first end of a first collector and the second end of an adjacent collector forming a bus connector. Bus connectors (28,29) are in electrical contact with at least one of the current collectors and a power bus (35) is mounted to the bus connectors.    ADVANTAGE -   The system achieves field modifiable current collector plates which enable a power bus to extend from any side of the stack, and provide a large contact area with the end plate for lowering electrical resistance and reducing current gradients.
Indicator comprises the magnetically controlled contact (2) and the magnetic float (5). The magnetically controlled contact (2) is placed in the capsule (1) mounted in the battery (4) plug (3). The capsule (1) lower end is mounted at the battery plate separator (6) level. The magnetic float (5) is ring shaped and its weight is selected from the relevant relationship involving the electrolyte limit low density corresponding to the battery discharge allowable degree and the float volume. When the electrolyte density reaches the minimal value, e.g. equal to the electrolyte density at battery 50 % discharge or if the electrolyte level decreases to the minimal level (8) the magnetic float lowers down. This leads to the magnetically controlled contact (2) operation and the indicator lighting up signalling low density and level of electrolyte in the battery.    USE -   In remote control of acid or alkali battery state in transport vehicles.    ADVANTAGE -   Each battery cell electrolyte level, discharge degree and charge-discharge process dynamics is continuously controlled.
Charging system consists of the microprocessor (1), digital-analogue converter (2), controlled current supply (3), traction battery bank (4), electrolyte temp. automatic control system (5) with the electrolyte sensor (6), microprocessor signal conversion and transmission device (7), automatic switch (8) and the switching off unit (9). During the battery bank (4) charging process the microprocessor (1) and the automatic switch (8) are supplied with voltage. The signal conversion and transmission unit (7) interrogates the electrolyte temp. sensors (6) and determines whether the charging process can start. The automatic switch (8) energises the controlled current supply (3). The controlled current supply (3) feeds the stabilised current during the first stage of the process. The electrolyte temp. sensors (6) are monitored and the temp. is measured. After the initial time period the mathematical model coefficients and time constants are calculated individually for each battery of the bank. The microprocessor (1) calculates the individual charging current levels for each unit.    USE -   For charging of acid battery banks.    ADVANTAGE -   Charging process is accelerated and electrolyte temp. is controlled.
Battery comprises the body housing the positive (2) and negative (3) electrodes divided by the separator (4). The electrodes (2,3) are in the form of ribbed plates with rounded angles. Each of the ribs is formed by an isosceles triangle with an angle at the peak less than 60 degrees. The number of ribs is equal to a whole number. The body side walls are made with ribs identical to the plate ribs. The battery body is filled with an electrolyte and charged. The capacity increase is of the order of ampere-hours in comparison with the known batteries.    USE -   For supplying internal combustion engines and radio equipment.    ADVANTAGE -   Battery capacity is increased and manufacturing labour input is reduced.
The structure has a power supply chamber (F) that is mounted on a chassis frame and provided with outer walls that surround an engine generator. Power supply cables (C) are pulled from the power supply chamber through a bumper (1) at the rear of a mobile power-supply vehicle (T) to supply power.    A recess (1a) is formed on the upper central part of the bumper to expose part of the power supply chamber. A power-cable drawing opening with an openable lid (2) is formed on the rear bottom of the exposed part of the power supply chamber. The power supply cables are pulled out through the power-cable drawing opening and the recess.    ADVANTAGE -   Does not need to lower position and reduce size of bumper thereby preventing lowering impact-absorption characteristic of bumper and maintaining safety. Enables bumper to be used as step to rear door. Prevents unexpected accidents caused by electrical shocks.
The motor vehicle (10) includes a fuel battery (11) and a flywheel (12). A main transmission unit (14) and a main clutch (13) are arranged between an electric motor (16) and the flywheel, to store braking energy. A second battery (15) that stores electrical energy required for start operation is connected to the electric motor. A flywheel controller (17) controls the flywheel, main clutch, main transmission unit and electric motor.    The controller converts the electrical energy from the fuel battery and second battery into mechanical energy through the electric motor. The converted mechanical energy is transmitted to an axle shaft. The flywheel controller controls operation of flywheel, main transmission unit and main clutch to store the surplus mechanical energy.    ADVANTAGE -   Obtains vehicle with maximum efficiency. Enables storage of surplus power in flywheel. Reduces load power of fuel battery by discharge of power stored in flywheel.
The choke coil has a bobbin (21) with through-hole. A terminal (22) is provided at one hilt (32) of bobbin. A winding wire is wound to periphery of bobbin and connected to terminal and then inserted into through-hole.    A main body (27) is provided with closed magnetic circuit-like core (26) comprised by a first core (24) and a second core (25). The closed magnetic circuit-like core is formed with iron dust core.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables noise removal from low frequency region to high frequency region. Offers compact choke coil. Prevents heat emission. Reduces core loss in low frequency region. Facilitates attenuation from low frequency region to high frequency region with constant attenuation value.
The separator consists of 60 wt.% or more of water absorbent polyolefin based fibre with swelling property. The remaining consists of a water-proof polyolefin based fibre.    ADVANTAGE -   Excels in self discharge, electrolyte maintain and short circuit substance barrier properties. Obtains high capacitance.
The vehicle has a water cooled engine (1) connected to a main radiator (2) for heat exchange through a cooling water circulation pipe (6). A power transmission (4) transmits the water cooled engine output to the wheels (3) of the vehicle. A main generator (5) produces electricity using the engine output to drive either of several drainage pumps (P1-P4).    The cooling water from the cooling water circulation pipe is also cooled by an auxiliary radiator (12) with a cooling fan (11). The drainage pumps are also operated by a sub generator (15) that produces electric power according to the output of an auxiliary engine (14).    USE -   Used as e.g. drain for temporary engineering works, agricultural water works.    ADVANTAGE -   Increases heat exchange capability even when vehicle stops. Ensures continuous operation of drainage pumps for long period of time. Increases maximum total displacement of drainage pump. Installation space for generators can be reduced.
The controller (1) includes a first comparison device to connect the auxiliary battery to the main battery during engine starting if the auxiliary battery voltage is greater than a first threshold. A second comparing device disconnects the auxiliary battery from the main battery during engine running if a battery voltage is less than a second threshold.    The second comparing device is arranged, after disconnection of the auxiliary battery from the main battery, to connect the auxiliary battery to the main battery if the main battery voltage is greater than a third threshold. The third threshold is equal to the second threshold.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents discharge of auxiliary battery by isolating it.
The fuel cell installation uses high temperature fuel cells, provided by rotationally symmetrical fuel cell elements (1), supplied on the inside with combustion air as the cathode gas (2a) on the cathode side (2) and on the outside with a fuel gas as the anode gas (3a) on the anode side (3).    The fuel cell elements are contacted on the anode side by a high-temperature stable conductive metal fibre mat, e.g. a nickel fibre mat (4), for providing a voltage plane.    USE -   For fuel cell power plant.    ADVANTAGE -   Simple serial connection of individual fuel cell elements.
CO is removed from a gas stream also containing H2 and CO2 by a process comprising (i) high temperature selective catalytic methanation to lower the concentration to a level above which CO2 methanation can occur, and (ii) low temperature selective catalytic methanation to reduce the residual CO to below 40 ppm.    USE -   is in the hydrogen clean-up unit for fuel cells based on a hydrogen production unit.    ADVANTAGE -   The high temperature stage removes CO without the occurrence of CO2 methanation to cause loss of H2 which can only occur if all of the CO is removed; there is very little loss of H2 in the low temperature step. Compared to single-step processes significantly less catalyst is required and to enable the provision of a very compact unit.
The buck boost converter has first and second switches (Q1,Q2) which are serially coupled between the positive and negative terminals (12,14) of a first voltage source (V1), with third and fourth switches (Q3,Q4) serially coupled between the positive and negative terminals (16,18) of a second voltage source (V2). The first source is e.g. a motor (24) operating normally or generatively, and the second voltage source is an ultra-capacitor bank (22) used as auxiliary storage for the motor.    A free-wheeling diode (D1-D4) is coupled, respectively, in parallel opposition with each respective switch, and an inductor (Vl) is coupled between a junction of the first and second switches and a junction of the third and fourth switches. Gating pulses supplied by a gate pulse generator (20) selectively enable operation of the switches for transferring power between the voltage sources.    USE -   For voltage source pair in which voltage level at each source is subject to change and power flow is independent of relative voltage levels. For use in DC distribution system in e.g. electric vehicle, especially when operated in regenerative mode with low i.e. discharged battery voltage, to protect battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Transfers power between voltage levels without being constrained by relative voltage levels or direction of power flow.
An electrochemical storage cell has at least one electrode consists of an electrically conductive polymer comprising at least one fluorophenyl polythiophene selected from poly(3(2-fluorophenyl) thiophene), poly(3(3-fluorophenyl) thiophene), poly(3(2,4-difluorophenyl) thiophene), poly(3(3,4-difluorophenyl)thiophene), poly(3(3,5-difluorophenyl) thiophene), and poly(3(3,4,5-trifluorophenyl)thiophene.    Also claimed is a battery containing the electrochemical storage cell.    USE -   Used in battery operated automobiles and satellites, and other compact devices.    ADVANTAGE -   The electrode materials can undergo multiple doping and undoping cycles with high cycling efficiency and chemical stability.
The connector comprises a body portion folded from a single sheet of metal, the body portion including a contacting portion for engaging a battery terminal post and a ferrule portion for attachment to a battery cable. The ferrule portion is coplanar with and extends from one of the sides and is adapted for connecting the contacting portion to the battery cable. The contacting portion includes a first side and an opposed second side and has apertures for engagement with the battery terminal.    A set of slotted openings formed within and coplanar with the first and second sides communicate with the apertures, the slotted openings being asymmetrically aligned across from each other. The end tab portions extend from a distal edge of each of the first and second sides and are adapted for overlapping and receiving a fastener for clamping the contacting portion to the terminal post of a battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Battery terminal connector and adaptor providing improved mechanical and electrical connection to battery terminal post.
The method involves supplying power from a battery (14) to multiple loads (A1-AY) through relay switches (R1-RY). When a engine is stopped, the remnant storage capacity of the battery is calculated by a capacity judging unit (40-3). When the remnant capacity is less than the predetermined value, the power supply to the load is stopped immediately. When it is larger than predetermined value it re-operates the engine.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables automatic power consumption reduction. Enables to cut-off usage of battery charge during parking state, reliably.
The apparatus. has a set of power supply switching unit (R1-Rn, Ry) provided on a power supply line which connects a load (A1-An, Ay) and a battery (14). An operation signal output unit outputs an operation signal (S1) which shows a transportation start when an operator operates an ignition key switch of a vehicle. A switching control unit (40-1) controls the switching unit in a released state based on input of the operation signal. A transport detection unit (40-2) detects a condition of transport of the vehicle based on a situation signal (S2).    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents battery rises by dark current at time of vehicle transportation. Improves operability at time of stowage. Reduces number of parts.
The power supply unit includes several secondary batteries (1) that are connected mutually. A control unit (2) controls energising of the secondary batteries.    A wire harness (5) connects the battery group and the control unit electrically. The wire harness includes several conductors that are covered using an insulator. The wiring path of the wire harness is set at optimum value.    USE -   For scooter, electric forklift truck    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents wiring fault. Improves safety of power supply unit. Enables to connect edge of conductor with secondary battery, directly thereby attaining space saving.
The charger (10) has DC electric power transducer (12) which converts DC electric power of constant voltage from a power supply unit to the DC power of constant current. The converted DC power of constant current is supplied to a current storage unit (11). The storage unit has multiple capacitors which are connected in series-parallel form.    ADVANTAGE -   Facilitates usage of existing chemical cell.
The generator includes a modifier (6) which reforms fuel gas containing hydrocarbons. A fuel battery and modifier are controlled at predefined operating temperature using a cooler. The liquid fuel is vapourised by supplying heat to the fuel battery to energise the modifier.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces usage of electric heater. Enhances system efficiency.
The electrode is formed by mixing a binder and synthetic resin with metal alloy particles to form collector object.    ADVANTAGE -   Enhanced charging and discharging characteristics. Reduced resistance of collector object.
The plate includes an active material comprising lead or lead dioxide. The active material includes first pore domain A and second pore domain B. The pore size of the first pore domain is 0.8-10 m and second pore domain pore size is of 0.01- 0.2 m.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves discharge and cyclic characteristics.
The proton conductive material is composed of a cpd. consisting of SiO2and Bronsted acid, and polymer having sulphonic base at side chain.    USE -   The proton conductive material is used for electrochemical element, e.g. power source for electric automobiles.    ADVANTAGE -   The proton conductive material has good proton conductivity, without reduction of proton conductivity at drying condition, and has good workability.
The generator includes current detecting circuits (10a-10h) that detect the current from the output voltage of several solar cells (1-8), and latch relays (11a-11f) that supply the current to the corresponding converters (1-8). Based on the solar cell output, a CPU (14) generates a control signal for a relay control circuit (15) to regulate relay operations and improve the converting efficiency of the converters.    Control signals are likewise generated by the CPU for the corresponding converter pre-drivers (16) so that one or more selected converters can be operated at a high-converting efficiency according to the variations in the individual operating conditions of each cell.    ADVANTAGE -   Highly-efficient electric power conversion can be done by performing tracking control over each converter. Solar cells are classified based on capability in absorbing solar energy, thus enhancing conversion efficiency. Relay of specific AC voltage can be used as DC active power relay when short circuit occurs between input terminal and competing terminal during contact switching of latch relays, thereby reducing operating and component costs.
In a hydrogen storage power generating system comprising a primary power source, a water electrolytic device to produce hydrogen, a gas drying device to dehumidify the hydrogen produced by the water electrolytic device, a hydrogen storage device to occlude and discharge the hydrogen using a hydrogen occlusion alloy, and a power generating device using the hydrogen discharged from the hydrogen storage device as the fuel: a gas non-return device (24) is installed in a pure water supply tube (27) to supply pure water to the anode of the water electrolytic device by the water level difference; and the water level of pure water flowing at the gas non-return device (24) is kept lower than the water level of the pure water in contact with the anode.    ADVANTAGE -   Since it is difficult for vapour phase oxygen to stay at the gas no-return device (24) part, pure water can be supplied to the water electrolytic device without using pumps.
A proton conductive ceramics is composed of a double oxide having a perovskite crystalline structure of a formula R1-x Ax ScO3-a(I), where R is at least one of La, Nd, Sm and Gd, A is at least one of Sr, Ca and Ba, X is more than 0 and less than 0.5, and a is more than 0 and less than 0.25.    USE -   Effectively used as a material of a proton conductive solid electrolyte fuel battery or the like.
The battery case mounted at the rear end of a chassis (2) of a battery forklift truck has a double sided front side attachment wall. The front wall is curved and a curvature board is fixed on the undersurface of a cover that encloses the above arrangement.    ADVANTAGE -   Protects operator from spilling of battery liquid during fall of forklift truck.
The device is connected to a battery which is connected to a charging power supply. A semiconductor switching circuit which bypasses the charging current supplied to the battery is connected in parallel to the battery. The voltage between the battery terminals is boosted by a booster circuit. A predetermined constant voltage is produced by a constant voltage circuit from the booster circuit output voltage. A high gain amplifier is operated with the output of the booster circuit. The high gain amplifier compares the predetermined constant voltage produced by the constant voltage circuit and the power supply voltage between the battery terminals and performs switch drive of switching circuit. The current which flows in the semiconductor circuit due to the switch drive is controlled by a negative feedback circuit.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents battery overcharging. Enables efficient and simple fixing of charging voltage. Simplifies handling. Improves life of battery.
The apparatus includes a power supply (16,17) from which power is supplied to various loads along a power supply line, fusible links (FL1-Fln) and relays (R1-Rn). A current detector (20) is provided between the relays, links and power supply line. The current detector detects the amount of current in the power supply line. An abnormality judging unit (21A-1) judges whether the detected current is abnormal. When it is abnormal, controllers (21A-2,21A-3) output a control signal to the relays to open them.    The power supply to the loads is thus stopped. A power supply line (200) wired in the area, in which relay is not provided and which has high smoke emission probability, is used as the smoke emission prevention power supply line.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents smoke emission from power supply line by simple structure. Enables specifying location of abnormal current generation. Avoids damaging coating of power supply line even when oscillation is generated. Prevents short circuit. Reduces weight and cost of smoke emission prevention line.
The apparatus (1) has a pair of capacitor block (3,4) with multiple serially connected capacitor cells (27,28). Each capacitor cell has multiple capacitor modules (33-36) with multiple capacitors. First and second bus bars (51,52) are connected to either terminals of each capacitor module.    Each bus bar is provided with discharge units (53,54) at one end. The arrangement of bus bars is adjusted so as to increase the area between the terminals of the capacitor modules and the bus bar towards the discharge units.    ADVANTAGE -   Facilitates uniform distribution of heating value along bus bars. Prevents temperature rise of capacitor cell.
The battery has a sodium container (3) with a small hole, that is arranged inside a solid electrolyte covering tube (1). A cathode container (2) containing the sodium and inert gas is arranged outside the solid electrolyte covering tube. An anode container (6) contains an anode mould (7) consisting of sulphur or sodium polysulphide and carbon fibre. An insulated member (9) is connected to the cathode and the anode containers. The sodium container is extended to a level lower than the vent of the solid electrolyte covering tube. The anode container is extended till the upper part of the solid electrolyte covering tube.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves capacity and reliability.
The alloy powder includes particles with an average grain size of ca. 5-100 m. The specific surface area is ca. 0.5 m2/g. Among the particles, 90 wt.% or more have grain size in the range of 20-70 m.    USE -   In e.g. thermal accumulator, actuator, compressor and temperature sensor.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids formation of oxide film on alloy powder surface. Forms secondary battery with long life cycle.
The installation consists of a cooling water piping (44) with a pump (29) which circulates cooling water inside a fuel battery main body (21) in a submarine (20). The piping is connected to an external heat radiator (27). A regenerator (26) with a piping (26a) for thermal storage is also connected to the cooling water piping to absorb heat from the circulating water.    ADVANTAGE -   Absorbs heat from cooling water and radiates it efficiently.
The board consists of a lattice material (1) and a cathodeactive material (3) arranged on the upper part of the lattice. A gap (5) or a metal lead is provided in the active material. A resistance layer is also provided between the lattice material upper part and the active material. The layer has a specific resistance larger than the gap or the metal lead.    ADVANTAGE -   Suppresses sulphation of cathode. Offers longlife for lead storage battery. Prevents early deterioration of anode.
The battery includes a swirl-shaped electrode object withwhich a strip-shaped positive electrode (1) and a negative electrode (3) are wound through a separator (2). A projection (9) provided at the bottom inside of a container (8), is inserted into the winding core part of the electrode object.    ADVANTAGE -   Exhibits superior cycle characteristic.
The clamp (17) has a nut (3) which is thrusted into the screw shaft (2) of a bolt (15). An expansion slot (18) for nut is formed at the end of the screw shaft.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves working efficiency since mounting work of nut for second time is avoided. Performs smooth thrusting of nut to end of screw shaft since taper surface is formed on split end of screw shaft.
The supply installation has a number of electrical loads (3) spaced along a voltage supply bus (1), connected to a central device (9) with at least one supply voltage input and supply voltage output (A,B).    Each supply voltage output is checked for detection of a short-circuit, with a switching device controlled to allow the voltage to be supplied to the output only after verification that a short-circuit is not present.    USE -   For automobile air-bag or seat belt locking passenger restraint.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents failure of entire system due to single short-circuit.
The circuit is connected between a microprocessor (1) and a control element in a motor vehicle. It contains a comparator (2) circuit whose input (21) is connected to the microprocessor output (11).    When a defined voltage level is reached at the input the comparator switches a voltage between a high and a low level which is applied to the control element (3). An energy storage device (C) buffers the input of the comparator circuit.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables maintenance of functionality of microprocessor controlled element when microprocessor is reset because of voltage supply drop-out.
A mobile vehicle fuel cell power system includes a rechargeable battery coupled to a motor which drives the vehicle. A fuel cell, converting fuel to electrical power, is connected to the battery to recharge it. Fuel for the fuel cell is stored.    An off-board station receives electrical power from the power system, providing at least some of the power for use off-board. The off-board station can also deliver fuel to the vehicle power system. Both station and vehicle are designed for quick and easy interconnection.    ADVANTAGE -   Comparable range to combustion driven vehicle, economically feasible, environmentally cleaner
The battery housing has cell compartments each adapted to receive a plate stack having a number of positive and negative plates interleaved with separators. Each stack also has a terminal strap and a weld strap coupled by the base portion to one of the plates.    One of the compartments is adapted with a positioning formation and complimentary formations on the housing vertical walls. Each complimentary formation has a pair of outer ribs (40,42) and an inner rib (44), the ribs extending from the bottom to the top of the compartment, the inner rib being shorter and the outer ribs having chamfered upper portions. The outer ribs engage the sides and bottom of a base portion for positioning the base portion.    ADVANTAGE -   The apparatus overcomes terminal post jamming
The cover is for a battery having a housing and a number of cells and has a flat rectangular cover member and an interior area lying over a portion of each of the cells. The interior area is divided into chambers, two of which communicate with cells in the housing via chamber drain apertures and vents, the first cell being centrally located. An additional chamber communicates with the first cell via an additional drain aperture and vent in the central area.    An inter-chamber path is provided for electrolyte and electrolyte gas flow between the first two chambers. An atmospheric vent communicates the interior to the atmosphere and an additional path is provided for electrolyte and electrolyte gas flow from the additional chamber and the additional vent. Gases from the second cell travel through its chamber, the first chamber, first cell, additional chamber and path and then to the atmospheric vent.    ADVANTAGE -   The electrolyte does not have a direct route to an atmospheric vent
The method involves impregnating phenol resin solution mixed with drying oil or fatty acid, on a carbonised organic polymer fibre sheet. Then, the sheet is laminated, pressed and punch processed to a predetermined shape followed by baking in inert atmosphere, at a temperature above 800C.    USE -   In e.g. fuel battery and various slide materials.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves gas transparent nature. Performs punching to predetermined shape, efficiently.
The system has a microcomputer (31) which stores a torque signal and receives the input torque and speed of a bicycle. Using the stored torque signal and an input torque signal sent from a torque detector (35) the microcomputer controls the PWM of the FET drive circuit (33) and the FET component (33) connected to a motor (8). The motor is controlled.    The microcomputer also receives the battery voltage of the motor detected by two resistors (R1,R2), and the battery current detected by a single resistor (R3). The battery current is regulated by the microcomputer as such that the current should not be more or less than the standard value. The microcomputer also reduces the duty ratio of the PWM of the FET drive circuit.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents sudden motor drive stop to ensure riding comfort. Does not affect battery life. Enables effective battery use. Can use any of other types of batteries.
The power supply (44) is installed on a battery holder (91) connected with a seat tube (6) arranged at a vertical position between the front and rear wheels (10,15) of an electrically-driven hybrid bicycle (1). The bicycle is supported by a frame (2) having a pair of seat stays (7a,7b) prolonged diagonally downward from the upper portion of the seat tube through both sides of the rear wheel (15). A power-assisting unit (26) is provided with an electric motor (40) used as an auxiliary power source once the person riding the bicycle is tired of pedalling.    A battery case (47), which can contain several secondary batteries, has cylindrical cases (75,76) arranged on both sides of the rear wheel.    ADVANTAGE -   Use of separate carrier to support power supply becomes unnecessary. Compact in arrangement, thus improving structural appearance. Battery unit is installed at position by which boarding of person is not interrupted, thus eliminating structural problems.
The structure includes a groove (20) for sealing, formed on top part of a frame (10) in longitudinal direction. The frame is inturn attached to the lower part of a chassis floor. A foaming sealant (E) is filled in the groove. The opening width of the groove is smaller than that of its internal width, along orthogonal direction.    ADVANTAGE -   Stabilises foaming height of sealant. Prevents peeling off sealant. Reduces usage amount of sealant, considerably.
A 240v vehicle battery comprises four series connected groups (G1-G4) of five 12v units. An on-board charger (11) operating from standard one-phase 220 v/16A AC mains (Va) is connectable, via any one of four switches (S1,S3,S5,S7) on the positive side, and any one of four (S2,S4,S6,S8) on the negative, to the positive and negative terminals, respectively, of each group.    A sequencer (12), receiving output current (I) and voltage (V) signals from the charger, and monitoring battery temperature (T), issues control signals (C1-C8) to open and close the switches selectively, charging each group in succession for, e.g. 10 seconds at 40A, the other three groups remaining open-circuit. Series-parallel applications, and other variants, are also described.    ADVANTAGE -   Battery recharged without specialised facilities, e.g. at user's residence. Relaxation between charging pulses extends service life.
An apparatus for reducing concentration of carbon monoxide in a hydrogen-rich gas comprises a means for introducing oxidising gas; a catalytic oxidising unit to enable preferential bonding of oxidising gas to CO; and a water supply means. Also claimed is a fuels-cell generator including a reformer unit for converting crude fuel to a hydrogen-containing gas.    USE -   In a fuel-cells generator system for reducing CO concentration.    ADVANTAGE -   To enable all catalysts packed in a cooling layer to be kept within an active temperature range, thereby reducing the carbon monoxide concentration in a hydrogen-rich gas. Also enhances efficiency of power generation of a fuel-cells generator system.
The fault detection apparatus has a power supply changeover switch with a generator (3), a battery (11), and an electrical load. A switch controller switches on a changeover signal should it be necessary to supply the load with electrical power. A changeover switch (25) joins the battery to the generator in one position when the changeover signal is switched off and the load to the generator in the other position when the changeover signal is switched on.    An output voltage controller (5) interrupts the generator action for a certain time when the changeover signal is switched on. A detection device (30) determines that the switch is faulty if the generator voltage is higher than a certain value when a certain time has passed that is shorter than the changeover period since the switch-on of the changeover signal.    USE -   For high load vehicle systems, such as heaters and defrosters.    ADVANTAGE -   A simple procedure is used to determine faults.
The control system is for a power supply changeover switch with a generator (3), a battery (11), and an electrical load (21). A changeover switch (25) joins the battery to the generator in one position and the load to the generator in the other position. A power supply controller (5) ends the generator action when the changeover switch needs to be activated.    A switch actuator (30) moves the switch between the two positions when the current flowing in it is less than a predetermined value after the generator action has been stopped by the power supply controller. It determines this after a certain time has elapsed since the ending of the generator action.    USE -   For vehicle components with a high electric load, such as heaters and defrosters.    ADVANTAGE -   The welding together of the metal contacts on a mechanical relay and dielectric failure of a semiconducting switch can both be avoided.
The system uses a fuel gas containing a hydrocarbon or alcohol as well as steam. There is internal reformation which works with a supply of an oxidising gas. At least two such cells are in series with a methane generator reactor (9). There is a cell section (2) with several cells each with an electrode where the fuel gas is supplied and another electrode where the oxidising gas is supplied.    The reformation section is in thermal contact with the cell section and here the fuel gas is converted into a fuel gas that chiefly contains hydrogen. The crude gas that is fed to the fuel gas electrodes reaches them via the methane generator reactor.    ADVANTAGE -   The system is system as well as highly reliable and efficient, with no fuel gas circulating fans necessary or an excessive number of cooling pipes for the fuel gas.
The power supply comprises batteries connected in a series circuit and a shunt circuit for shunting the current in response to a battery being charged to a preselected upper charge limit. A sump battery is connected in series with the batteries series circuit and a load is connected across the sump battery.    Once the individual battery potential is detected as having reached its charge limit, a shunt current is generated about that battery of a magnitude approximately equal to the current in the string. This causes the current through the individual battery to drop to zero, removing the battery from the string without actually switching it out.    USE -   Power supply is for battery powered vehicles and prevents individual batteries from becoming overcharged during charging or from becoming excessively depleted during discharge.    ADVANTAGE -   Supply monitors the individual batteries in a battery string and prevents each from overcharging or discharging below a minimum potential.
An electrode (I) for a polymer electrolyte electrochemical cell comprises: (A) a support carrying catalyst particles; (B) a first solid polymer electrolyte layer present on (A). (B) is insoluble in water and an organic solvent (II); and (C) a second polymer electrolyte layer coated on only a part of a surface of (B). (C) is insoluble or soluble in (II) and elevates the bonding strength among flocs of (A).    USE -   The electrode (I) is useful for solid polymer electrolyte fuel cells for electric automobiles and space craft.    ADVANTAGE -   (I) maintains a high bonding strength among the electrocatalyst support particles and suppresses the dissolution of polymer electrolyte coated on the particles.
The apparatus powered by solar cell photon energy has a motor (14) for rotating a drive shaft by the use of compressed air. The motor comprises the cylindrical housing with a drive shaft extending through it, a rotor having concave cups (18) on its exterior surface mounted on the drive shaft within the housing, ports extending through the housing to cause rotation of the rotor, and a number of sources of compressed air positioned adjacent to the housing. The apparatus further includes an alternator and/or a system for converting solar energy into mechanical energy comprising a battery chargeable through solar panels to generate power for reciprocating pistons to thereby generate the compressed air.    The apparatus includes the compressor for generating electrical current and compressed air. The compressor comprises a cylindrical housing and magnet having a circular cross-section and opposed parallel planar faces. Resilient members are coupled at their external ends to the faces of the housing and at their internal ends to the faces of the magnet. A primary wire is adapted to initiate reciprocation of the magnet, the primary wire being coupled to a source of potential and wound with opposite ends adjacent to the faces of the housing for being intersected by the ends of the magnet when reciprocating. A secondary wire is wound oppositely from the primary wire with opposite ends adjacent to the faces of the housing for being intersected by the ends of the magnet when reciprocating for generating current for use.    USE -   For generating electricity and propelling vehicle on land and water or through air or space. Non-polluting, self-contained, automatically monitored power producing apparatus having motor for rotating drive shaft by use of compressed air.    ADVANTAGE -   Lightweight, high power apparatus with minimum number of functioning parts reducing manufacturing cost and reducing need for constant maintenance. Non-polluting, non-toxic and non-evaporative.
The system includes four drive motors (16A-16D) of four wheels (14A-14B), which are charged by four secondary battery units (2A-2D), respectively. A guard plate (12A) and a bottom board (12B) are arranged on the lower floor of a chassis (10), in an accommodation unit (12). Each of the battery units is arranged in the accommodation unit.    A fifth secondary battery unit (2E) is also arranged in the accommodation unit for charging of control units and other electrical equipments. A central control unit controls the rotation number of the wheels and performs direction control of the vehicle.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids dead stop state of vehicle transit. Secures drive of motor. Facilitates handling.
The power generation system is composed of a primary power source, a water electrolyzer for generating hydrogen by receiving power from the primary power source, a gas dryer for dehumidifying the hydrogen generated by the water electrolyzer, a hydrogen storing unit for occluding and discharging the hydrogen by using a hydrogen occlusion alloy, and a generating unit using the hydrogen discharged from the hydrogen storing unit. The power generation system incorporates a storage tank (22) for the hydrogen and a pure water used in the water electrolyzer, a pressure control valve (27) connected to the storage tank, and a gas-liquid separator (25). The storage tank (22) for the hydrogen and a pure water stores the high pressure hydrogen and the pure water introduced from a cathode of the water electrolyzer after a gas-liquid separation process and the high pressure pure water is supplied to an anode of the water electrolyzer and the pressure control valve (27) controls pressure of the hydrogen stored in the storage tank (22). The gas-liquid separator (25) stores high pressure oxygen and the pure water from the anode of the water electrolyzer, discharges high pressure oxygen through a float valve (28) driven by floating motion of a float (29) in the pure water, supplies the separated high pressure pure water to the anode of the water electrolyzer in conjunction with the pure water in the storage tank (22), and a portion of the pure water supplied to the anode is sent to the cathode through an electrolyte in the water electrolyzer.    USE -   The system is suitable as a power storage system.    ADVANTAGE -   A high pressure storage of the hydrogen is possible while suppressing consumption of the pure water to 1/9 as compared with a conventional system.
The separator has a substrate onto which carbon based material (3) is applied on applying pressure along thickness direction uniformly. Projection mould members (41a, 42a) of a shaping die are transferred to both the sides of the carbon based material. A groove passage through which an electrode active material passes is formed on both sides of the carbon based material.    ADVANTAGE -   The separator has good strength.
The battery includes a cover (2) provided on a battery jar (1). A set of through holes (3) with specified diameter are formed in the cover at predefined intervals (D). An anode board (4), a cathode board (5) and a separator (6) are arranged inside the battery jar, which constitute a plate group (7). The anode and cathode boards are arranged such that their edge parts (4a,5a) lie along a line which bisects intermediate part lying between adjacent through holes of cover. A pair of collector members (11) of same size which are arranged at top side of anode and cathode edge parts contact the respective electrode pillar part (8,9) inserted through any two through holes in cover.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies connection work. Improves working efficiency.
The structure includes a tubular saddle attachment frame (18) in which battery (10) for driving a motor (12) is placed. Over the saddle attachment frame, a saddle (16) is fixed. The battery is removed through an opening (20) in the upper end of the frame with a cover (22) attached to the saddle attachment frame.    ADVANTAGE -   Offers convenient space for battery. Facilitates replacement of battery. Improves strength of saddle attachment frame.
The system has a control circuit (d) which performs ON/OFF control of a switch (e) which passes current to a squib (c). The squib operates a passenger protection unit (f) by the reception of electric power.    An acceleration detector (b) is provided to detect the acceleration at the time of collision of vehicle. When the output of acceleration detector is more than the set value, then the current flowing from the switch is controlled.    ADVANTAGE -   Ensures safety operation. Offers effective improvement of air bag operation for passenger protection in vehicle.
(1) Catalyst (A) made of porous alpha alumina (B) catalyst carrier and ruthenium (C). (A)'s specific surface area is 8-50 square meter per gram. (2) Ratio of specific surface of (A)/(B) is 3-50. (3) Micro pores in (A) has a peak in their dia. distribution in 5-1000 angstrom. (4) Four more clauses are also claimed.    USE -   Used as catalysts for denaturing processes in hydrogen production.    ADVANTAGE -   Owing to its high compression strength fragmentation of the catalyst as in conventional products can be avoided, besides it holds high activity at high temperature.
The charger consists of several electrical double layer capacitors (C1-Cn) which are connected in series along the main cable (M). A set of switching regulators (SR1-SRn) are provided which are connected in parallel to each capacitor.    A sub cable (S) connects the output terminals of the regulators to the main cable. A monitoring control circuit (SC) controls the switching operation of the regulators such that uniformly high voltage is obtained.    ADVANTAGE -   Obtains high electric power utilisation efficiency.
The unit has several parallelly connected capacitors (C1- Cn) and switches connected between the terminals for charging. The voltage between the capacitor and terminal is monitored using voltage detector circuits (D1-Dn) and voltage monitoring wires (d1-dn). If this voltage is below a predetermined value, bypass cable run corresponding to that capacitor is done using a monitor control switch for conduction.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents power loss during reverse charging.
The controller has a distributor (4) which receives power from a battery (1) through a switch (2). The distributor draws the supply through a main line (3) linked to the battery. A number of power supply terminals (8,11,14,18,21,23) are linked to loads (9,10,12,13,15-17,19,20,22). The terminals obtain power supply from the distributor through a set of supply line (5-7,27).    The power distribution circuit has a tree or star configuration. The power supply to any particular terminal or load is switched OFF by a switch.    USE -   For vehicular lighting system, electrical equipment in vehicle.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids short circuit. Prevents vehicle fire due to failure of load drive element. Reduces current consumption in vehicle. Avoids blowing of fuses.
The vehicle has an engine (12) using fuel for combustion. A generator (14) is driven with the engine. A vehicle drive charger (56) uses the generator to charge high voltage to be supplied to an electric motor. The generator is also used with an auxiliary machine charger (64) to charge the low voltage to be supplied to an auxiliary machine (67) for the engine drive.    When the actual charging amount of the auxiliary machine charger is smaller than a predetermined value, a charging controller (40) selects the auxiliary machine charger over the vehicle drive charger. An external charging terminal is provided in the auxiliary machine charger.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables reliable drive of engine using auxiliary machine with e.g. booster coil cable. Enables simple charging.
The apparatus includes a sensor which detects information corresponding to a set of cells which constitutes a battery. A transmitter (T1) transmits cell information detected by the sensor. A receiver (11) monitors the condition of cell transmitted by the transmitter. The shift in transmission timing of the transmitter from the time of application of clock pulse is sensed by an offset detector (31).    ADVANTAGE -   Detects existence of signal lapse. Prevents breakage in monitoring operation.
The non-aqueous electrolyte includes a heterocyclic compound composed of at least one from triazine, 2- (2-benzotriazole)-p-cresol, and coumarin, or their derivatives, as additive.    USE -   Effectively used in a cordless power source, and a power source used in an electric car
The fuel battery has multiple cells (C) held by a cell holding member (F). A power supply terminal (L) is provided on either sides of corresponding cell modules which are arranged at predetermined interval. The terminal of the adjacent cell modules are connected electrically. An oxygen gas passage (s) is formed on one side of the cell module. An oxygen pole and a fuel pole are provided on either surfaces of an electrolyte layer. A fuel gas passage (f) is formed facing the fuel pole.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves productivity.
Fixing high polymer solid electrolyte film to electrode comprises keeping inner part of a porous electrode, consisting of electro-chemically active substance at reduced pressure.    USE -   The method is used for fixing high polymer solid electrolyte film to electrode in prepn. fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -   High polymer solid electrolyte film, having even and thin thickness, can be obtd.
The catalyst has a metal element selected from either ruthenium or tin. Another element such as indium is also included.    ADVANTAGE -   Ensures high output. Obtains highly active anode catalyst.
The electrode includes hydrogen and homogeneous high hydrogen storing metal alloy, in which occlusion release is possible. A transition metal rich layer is formed on the surface of the metal alloy.    USE -   Used as an electrode for portable apparatus or electric vehicles.    ADVANTAGE -   The discharge characteristic is improved. The lifetime of the electrode is improved.
The battery has an electrode collector object on the surface of which, a thermosensitive resistance layer (3) is formed. The resistance value of the thermosensitive resistance layer increases above a constant temperature. An electrode layer which stores electrical energy is laminated on the thermosensitive resistance layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Suppresses short circuit. Offers safety. Provides high intensity charger.
The material (52) consists of an outer layer (53) having corrosion resistance against sodium polysulphide and molten sulphur, and an inner layer part (54) consisting of Co group alloy.    ADVANTAGE -   Improved corrosion resistance, and mechanical and electrical adhesion due to junction strength of inner and outer layer parts. Function of battery is not obstructed and welding strength is increased. Usage of raw material is reduced so reducing costs
The circuit (10) includes a pair of input terminals (51,52) and an output terminal (53). A controller (11) is provided with a pair of booster transistors (Q1,Q2) and a diode (D1). The first and second input terminals are connected to the input side of the first and second booster transistors, respectively. The output side of both transistors, is connected to the output terminal.    The base of the first and second transistors is connected to the anode and cathode sides of the diode, respectively. A detector detects the fluctuation of voltage output through the output terminal. A comparator compares the detected voltage with the reference voltage and outputs the control signal corresponding to the differential voltage. An amplifier amplifies the control signal output from comparator. The operation of the controller is controlled, according to the amplified control signal.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces voltage drop between I/O terminals. Prevents variation in output of controller. Prevents malfunctioning of first transistor. Reduces leakage current of transistor.
The method entails obtaining a physical quantity when observing a battery (11) at the time of regeneration. The remaining capacity of another battery is measured beforehand.    The obtained physical quantity is compared with the predetermined remaining capacity to determine the actual remaining capacity of the observed battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables exact and high-speed detection of remaining capacity of battery without basing on internal resistance. Obtains capacitive meter suitable for practical use.
A sealed alkaline storage battery comprises many alternating positive and negative electrode plates with separators between them, an alkaline electrolyte and a sealed battery case. The negative electrodes have larger capacities then adjacent positive electrodes except for the negative electrodes at the ends of the group. Also claimed is a battery as above in which the capacities of both types of electrode in the centre of the group are larger than those closer to both ends of the group.    USE -   Used in sealed alkaline storage batteries, especially of the nickel-metal hydride type, in large scale battery power source systems for household appliances and electric vehicles    ADVANTAGE -   The heat-dissipating ability of the electrodes is balanced so that deterioration is minimised and cycle life extended.
The cover (6) includes a conductive portion (3) and one or more terminals (4) which are provided on the conductive portion. They are, respectively, connected with one or more battery posts (2). There is a cover main body (7) for covering at least part of the conductive portion (3). At least one post cover portion (8) is integrally and/or unitarily formed with the cover main body to cover at least part of the terminal portion and/or the conductive portion.    The cover main body and the post cover portions are integrally made of a soft insulating material. At least a portion of the cover main body forms a tubular portion through which the conductive portion can be preferably passed.    USE -   For automobile battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies construction. Allows for variation of distance between posts caused by vibration.
In a bio-fuel cell, a microorganism which can react directly with an electrode without a mediator is used as microbial catalyst.    USE -   The bio-fuel cell converts reducing equivalents generated from oxidisation of a substrate by an organism into electric energy.Thus organic or inorganic matter in waste water can be used as fuel.    ADVANTAGE -   Possible toxicity and environmental problems associated with use of an electron transfer mediator are avoided. Efficiency of catabolisation of organics is increased, and sludge production reduced.
A method of operating a polymer-electrolyte-membrane (PEM-) fuel cell arrangement which includes at least one PEM-fuel cell stack (4) having an input-side connected revs-controlled compressor (8) for supplying the air-volume flow V2, in which the revs n of the compressor (8) are controlled to a desired value nsn in order to adjust the electrical current I of the PEM-fuel cell stack (4) to a specified value ISN, wherein the desired value nsn is derived from the specified value ISN of the electrical current I.    More specifically, the desired value nsn of the revs m for the revs-controlled compressor (8) are specified by a control unit (18).    USE -   For application e.g. in motor vehicles as exhaust- gas-free electrical drive.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides simplified control of air volume flow for PEM-fuel cell stack.
The heat-transfer element has one ore more laterally separate flow channels (1) running in parallel within the plate in a plane between inlet and outlet ports. The element consists of two combined plates (4,5), at least one of which has weld connecting walls (4a,5a) protruding from a main side.    The plates are welded together along the weld connecting walls to form a fluid- and pressure-tight seal. The welded wall connections (6) also function simultaneously as lateral flow channel boundaries.    USE -   As cooling element for high-temperature batteries in electric vehicles.    ADVANTAGE -   Can be made functionally reliable, esp. in series and with a length/thickness ratio of greater than 500 at relatively low cost.
The voltage converter (1) uses a number of switched regulator systems which are connected to earth in the case of an open load, each provided with overload and overtemperature protection.    All electrical and electronic components are contained in a sealed housing, with a transistor (6) detecting a minimum load current for switching the voltage converter circuit (3) when a load (8) is connected to the output (7), supplied via a shunt (5), with a bypass resistance (4) ensuring that a voltage is obtained at the load during disconnection of the converter circuit.    USE -   For supplying 24 V lighting circuit of trailer vehicle from 12 V on-board supply of tractor vehicle.    ADVANTAGE -   High reliability with easy installation.
A power generating plant having at least two fuel-cell stacks in which the first stack (1) comprises an internal or an external reformer thermally coupled on to the stack and with at least one gas treatment plant (10) arranged in the combustion gas feed line of the second stack (2).    At least three further lines are provided next to the usual output and/or the anode chamber input of the first stack (1) to the input of the gas treatment-plant (10), a second line (9) joining the latter's output to the combustion gas line of the first and/or second stack (1,2) and a third line (5) joining the output of the anode chamber of the second stack to the combustion gas line (14) of the first stack and/or to the first line (4). A further line (6) is specifically provided and joins the cathode off-gas to the oxidant feed line (8) of the first stack so that the off-gas is fed out of the cathode space into the oxidant in feed line (8).    USE -   Electrical power generation.    ADVANTAGE -   Increased efficiency obtained for low power (less than 3 MW) systems.
A corrugated or rippled intermediate element, or bipolar plate, for thermal, mechanical and electrical joining of two elements, in which each wave alternately juts up and down to form slotted wave-crest/wave-trough profiles.    The intermediate element is specifically made of metal, the surface of which is coated with a precious metal, such as gold.    USE -   As cooling- and contact-plate in fuel cell stack and for mutually supporting discrete fuel cells of stack.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides exchange of flow media on active surface of plate from centre of media flow out to outer zones. Capable of uniformly transmitting mechanical pressure.
A stamping and embossing (forming) device including an arrangement for advancing the strip materials to be stamped and embossed, a stamping (punching) tool and at least one embossing (forming) die.    The stamping tool stamps, or punches, areas of the strip material and the embossing (forming) die then embosses the stamped areas from the top and from the bottom. The embossing die is specifically integrated into the stamping tool and is connected into line downstream of the stamping tool.    USE -   For intermediate elements mfr for bipolar plates used with air cooled fuel cell stacks.    ADVANTAGE -   Mfg. method allows automated simplified, cost-effective mfr of intermediates.
An ultra-capacitor having at least one cell comprises: (a) two solid, non-porous current collectors; (b) two porous electrodes separating but in electrical contact with the current collectors; (c) a porous separator between the electrodes; and (d) an electrolyte containing hexa-substituted guanidinium salts of formula (I), occupying the pores in the electrodes and separator. In (I): R1 and R2 = 1-6C alkyl, or R1 and R2 together form a 1-6C alkylene; R3-R6 = 1-6C alkyl, or at least one of the R3-R5 and R4-R6 combined form a 1-6C alkylene; Z = an element capable of forming a perfluorinated anion; and m-1 = the valence of Z.    Also claimed are: (i) a hexa-substituted guanidinium salt of formula (I); and (ii) the preparation of a guanidinium salt having a non-halide anion.    USE -   Used as replacements for batteries in electric vehicles and in vehicles with hybrid power sources, and as back-up power sources for use during power failures.    ADVANTAGE -   The new hexa-substituted guanidinium salts are highly conductive, have advantageous potential windows for use in ultra-capacitors, and are relatively inexpensive to prepare.
The generator includes the photovoltaic frame (2) with mounting brackets (3) that are positioned on the top (4) of the vehicle (5) with a cooling space between the vehicle roof and the photovoltaic frame. Preferably a number of photovoltaic panels (1) are positioned in the photovoltaic frame and covered with a light-transmittable material (28) such as plexiglass or a screen of suitable material.    Direct current generated from the photovoltaic panels is transmitted to a primary battery (6), to a secondary battery (7), to AC electrical items (13) and to DC electrical items (14). Power generated in excess of needs for the vehicle is inverted to alternating current for electrical items in such structures (15) as a home, workplace, recreational vehicle, boat or other structure near the vehicle. A cooling fan (12) powered by current from the photovoltaic panels is used to cool the photovoltaic panels. Control regulators control flow of current from the photovoltaic panels to one or more batteries for charging, for inverting to AC current and for distribution of AC current and DC current for nearby use.    USE -   Solar-power generator attachable to motor home, car or boat and for powering other electrical items near to vehicle, e.g. in home or office.    ADVANTAGE -   Easily attachable to vehicle. Enhanced generation efficiency.Convenient and versatile to use.
The material (52) includes an outer layer (53) which has the corrosion resistance to sodium polysulphide and molten sulphur. An inner layer (54) is arranged inside the outer layer. The inner layer consists of Ni group alloy.    ADVANTAGE -   Enhances capacity to corrosion resistance. Aims at reduction of raw material cost. Does not degrade function of battery.
The alloy has predetermined composition expressed by A1- xQxB5-yRy where `A' denotes La or Mm, `Q' denotes y, `B' indicates Ni and `R' for Al or Mn and 0x0.3, 0y1, respectively. The above composition is heated for predetermined time at temperature lower than melting point. Then, the mixture is immersed in liquid cryogen and solid phase quenching is carried out.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces hysteresis and inclination of plateaux. Performs occlusion/release efficiently.
The vehicle has a compatible main frame provided with a driving wheel. The wheel is rotated by a driving force generated by a motor. A battery (9) attached to the main frame, supplies power to the motor.    The battery is accommodated in a case. The battery is built-in the case such that it is positioned at bottom part of the main frame.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables to exchange battery simply. Improves assembly nature of battery. Simplifies structure of vehicle. Improves versatility.
The wheelchair has a vehicle stand (3) which is supported by a pair of front wheel (1) and rear wheels (2). A seat (6) is provided in the upper part of the vehicle stand. A pair of vertical frames is coupled to the vehicle stand on either sides.    A detachable support member (9) is provided which serves foot rest. A battery accommodation unit (20) is provided between pair of vertical frames.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves weight balance of electric wheelchair. Eases exchanging of battery operation. Uses rear wheel of electric drive type.
The circuit has auto power-off function that cuts off DC power input e.g. DC12V and DC24V after progression of a constant time. A DC-AC inverter is provided for the conversion of a DC input to an AC output.    USE -   Also applied to e.g. bus, equipment vehicle.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents degradation and discharge of battery if switching off of DC-AC inverter is forgotten or restarting of engine is impossible. Reduces overloading of battery by addition of load to vehicle.
The method involves obtaining the charging and discharging amount of the battery supplying electric power to conveyor at predefined intervals by an A/D converter. The values are summed up by an integrator (16) repeatedly. After every predefined time period the current integral value is used by a software program (18) to compute the life of the battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Eliminates burden of calculation capability of integrating software. Reduces processing time. Simplifies maintenance management. Avoids increase of capacitance of microcomputer. Estimates life of battery accurately.
The battery has an anode container (10a) equipped with a cylindrical base (11). A metallic layer (12) having a corrosion resistance higher than that of the cylindrical base is formed on it. A chromium plating layer (13) is formed covering the surface of the metallic layer. A sodium ion permeable cylindrical solid electrolyte (10b) is arranged inside the anode container. A cathode active material (10c) consisting of metallic sodium is accommodated inside the solid electrolyte. An anode active material (10d) consisting of sulphur is accommodated in between the solid electrolyte and the anode container.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces internal resistance of battery. Improves endurance and electrical energy generation efficiency.
The battery module consists of two or more high temperature Na secondary batteries (2) in a heat insulated container (1). A tube like barrier plate (3) is provided in the perimeter of a high temperature Na secondary battery. An insulating material (4) which is in powdered form or fibre form is filled up into the outer side of the barrier plate. A cooling medium is poured inside the barrier plate, for cooling the high temperature Na secondary battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies cooling of battery. Prevents rupture of battery, due to leakage of active material.
The module has a cathode container (2) containing sodium.An anode container (5) containing anode mould consisting of sulphur, sodium polysulphide and carbon fibre. A solid electrolyte pipe (1) connects the cathode and the anode. The anode container contains a contact piece of a cylindrical part (51) and a flange part (52) for connecting two or more sodium sulphur batteries containing an insulated member (7) joined to the cathode container and the anode container. The material of cylindrical part has a corrosion resistant layer of Al or Al alloy in the surface. The cylindrical part is connected with a bus bar made from Al or Al alloy. The stainless steel is used as flange part. The flange part and the insulated member are joined.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides reliability of high output operationof junction part. Raises corrosion resistance of anode container.
The cooler has cell stack structure (10) comprising a sub- stack (7) of multiple single cells (1) and multiple cooling plates (6) laminated alternately. Near the side of the cell stack structure a water supply manifold (4) and a drain manifold (15) of cooling water are arranged. The edge of cooling pipe (12) of water supply and drain is provided in several cooling plates and is connected directly to one end of an insulated hose (22) by an union (21). Several branch pipes (23) corresponding to the cooling pipes are welded to each of the former pipe of the water supply manifolds. The edge of each branch pipe is directly connected to the other end of each insulated hose by the union. A flow rate adjusting sleeve (24) suppresses the cooling water flow rate inserted inside all the unions.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves dryness fraction of drain manifold. Maintains refrigeration capacity most suitably. Improves fuel battery plant efficiency.
The structure includes an active material (4) consisting of lead/lead oxide as principal component. A predefined amount of fibre-like porous glass (1) is added to the active material.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves discharge characteristic. Improves durability.
The storage battery has a pair of handles (30) which is rotatably provided in a cover (20) at the top of an outer cladding case (10). The handle has an arm part (31) which is rotated focussing on a fulcrum axle line, with a cylindrical holding part (32) articulated at its free end. The handles are accommodated in a recess (40) extending from the edge vicinity of cover to inner side. A side part (11) is formed at outer side of the recess, whose upper face is at same level with respect to top face part of the cover.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves strength of top part of cover.
The battery comprises multiple open type cells which are electrically connected in series, parallel or combined form, inside an airtight container (2). A polar group part of each cell is covered with a film (1) of electrical insulation. The film inhibits flow of electrolyte.    ADVANTAGE -   Realizes light weight battery of smaller volume. Has superior characteristics. Reduces number of parts.
The controller includes a switching unit (2) that is connected between a DC power supply (1) and an inductive load (3). The opening/closing of switching unit is performed based on an input control signal. A recirculation diode (5) is provided between the switching unit and the inductive load, that leads the current flowing in switching unit to flow through the inductive load, during opening recirculation state. A current detecting resistor (4) detects the flow of current in the inductive load, which is amplified by a differential amplifier (6B).    A reference voltage corresponding to current which is input to the inductive load, and the detected voltage are compared by an error amplifier (7) that outputs a control signal after comparison. A switching unit has a compensation voltage source (9) that generates a compensation voltage corresponding to in- phase voltage component of detected voltage which is input to the differential amplifier during opening recirculation state.    ADVANTAGE -   Eliminates usage of expensive high precision components. Reduces weight of device.
The measurement meter includes a first sensor (5) which detects the charging and discharging current of a battery (1). A second voltage sensor (6) detects the voltage between the terminals of the battery. A first memory stores the charging and discharging current values detected at predetermined times. A breakdown unit computes and groups the battery condition, according to the evaluation value which indicates the charging and discharging condition at a predetermined time period based on the stored current values. A second memory stores the current and voltage detection data for every classified battery condition. A regression unit performs regression of grouped charging and discharging current and voltage and obtains primary function for every breakdown. The standard discharge current/voltage is calculated from the obtained primary function. First calculator computes a standard discharge voltage. A second calculator (3a) computes the battery remnant charge, based on the discharge characteristic of the battery under standard discharge current/voltage.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves measurement accuracy.
The battery includes air pole, mixolimnion and solid state electrolyte film which are orderly laminated. The blow hole rate, blow hole diameter and electric conductivity of the air pole are set ranging between 28-40%, 5-11m and 70S/cm or more, respectively. The gas permeability coefficient and the hardness of the air pole are set ranging between 1.0-12.0 m2 /hrxatm and 2.5 kgf/mm2 or more respectively. The blow hole rate, blow hole diameter and electric conductivity of mixolimnion are set ranging between 5-20%, 0.5-3.0 m and 10 S/cm2or more respectively. The total die thickness of the air pole and mixolimnion is set ranging between 1.0-3.0 mm.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves structure of air pole and solid state electrolyte film. Improves cell output density and manufacture yield of battery.
The electrode includes YSZ substrate (1) on front face of which Ni/YSZ cermet fuel pole (2) is formed. The content of YSZ in the fuel pole is raised, towards the substrate side.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves operation efficiency of electrode. Enables to form electrode easily. Prevents reduction of property of electrode.
The fuel cell (1) has an anode-electrolyte-cathode unit (2,3,4) with an anode catalyst, which has a device (5,6), for impressing a positive voltage pulse on the anode (2). The preferred time duration of the pulse is from 10 to 200 ms, and the electric current amounts to a few A/cm.squared, e.g. up to 10 A/cm.squared.    ADVANTAGE -   Creation of fuel cell, with which power loss due to adsorbed impurities at anode catalyser can be prevented reliably and cost-effectively.
The vehicle has at least one electric drive motor (1,2), at least one braking resistance (9) and at least one thermo-generator (8). Energy produced by generator braking is fed to the drive resistance. The thermo-generator stores the thermal energy given off by the resistance and delivers it as electrical energy when required.    The thermo-generator contains at least one Peltier element. The electric drive motor or drive motors is or are driven by at least one diesel generator (6,7).    ADVANTAGE -   Vehicle is structurally simple and is of low wt. despite its additional energy storage devices.
The arrangement is for a system in which battery loading is subject to intermittent high current loading. It includes a battery (10), load (12), and a system controller circuit (20) coupled to the battery and load for controlling power to the load. An ultracapacitor (26) and a diode (28) connected in series are poled to conduct current from the ultracapacitor to the load.    The ultracapacitor provides current to the load and battery when the battery terminal voltage is less than the ultracapacitor voltage by atleast the voltage drop across the diode. A MOSFET current limiting switch and resistor in parallel are connected in parallel with the diode provides a recharge current path and limits the average recharge current to the ultracapacitor. The switch diverts current to the resistor in a high impedance condition when the recharge current is above a certain level.    ADVANTAGE -   The arrangement provides simple, cheap interface and control.
A battery isolator alternator bracket incorporating one or more heat sinks comprising at least one heat sink, the bracket formed of two segments, an upper closure segment, and lower base segment, the heat sinks formed preferably of extruded aluminum are shaped to conform to the interior of the bracket.    Each heat-sink includes a finned heat exchanger, having a terminal connecting at its front, being in electrical contact with a button diode, adhered to it, with the terminals of each heat sink connecting either directly or by cable to the battery post of the alternator, for transmission of charge to the various batteries during alternator electrical generation.    USE -   For ignition system of RVs and motor boats.    ADVANTAGE -   Battery isolator is capable of mounting directly on to alternator.
A portable fuel cell comprises: (a) a fuel line connected to a reaction chamber; (b) a fuel reservoir connected to the fuel line to supply gaseous fuel to the chamber; (c) a mixer connected to the fuel line to mix the fuel with a gaseous oxidant; (d) an exhaust line connected to the chamber; (e) a water trap connected to the exhaust line and containing a water absorbing medium to dry the exhaust gas; and (f) a vent to release the dry gas into the ambient atmosphere.    USE -   To power portable electronic products.    ADVANTAGE -   The exhaust gas containing CO2 and H2O is processed effectively.
The battery cover for a battery casing has a number of electrolyte containing cells, a primary cover and a secondary cover. The primary cover has number of barrels arranged along a longitudinal axis and the secondary cover has a number of tubular elements extending downwardly and insertable in the barrels of the primary cover.    Each of the tubular elements has an inner tubular member and an outer tubular member. The outer tubular member has an axially extending cut-out portion which runs from its tip to the surface of the secondary cover. The battery cover also has a number of baffles defining a circuitous passageway for gases which are evolved in the cells of the battery to be released to an external port located on the secondary cover.    USE -   Venting system for automotive and truck storage batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents spillage and gushing of electrolyte from battery cells; prevents build-up of gas pressure in housing by controlled venting of gases.
Sequential switch over of the sections (5.1) and (5.2) of battery ensures their even discharge. Alternate use of the battery sections as a reference voltage source allows removal of the influence of the ambient temperature on the process of monitoring the battery state, since the temperature influences the voltage of both sections to the same extent.    The arrangement includes an of electric motor (1), regulation unit (2), contactor (3) with contacts (3.1, 3.4) contactor (4) with contacts (4.1, 4.4), storage battery (5) with sections (5.1 and 5.2), two voltage relays (6, 7) with contacts (6.1, 6.3) and (7.1, 7.3) for controlling contactors (3, 4), firing relay (8) with contacts (8.1, 8.2), diodes (9, 10) and capacitor (11).    ADVANTAGE -   Uniform discharging of battery sections and removal of influence of ambient temperature on monitoring process. Increased effectiveness in switching over battery sections.
Arrangement for the preparation of heat energy for a gas production system, consists of: (a) a central component with a main combustion chamber in which a fuel is catalytically oxidised with the aid of an oxygen-containing gas; (b) a first pipe for introducing a fuel/gas mixture to the chamber; (c) a second pipe for removing the reacted fuel/gas mixture; and (d) a device for transferring heat energy from the chamber to the gas production system. The novelty is that two further combustion chambers (3, 4) are provided containing catalyst material (24) for oxidising the fuel. The second combustion chamber (3) is the cold start component and contains an electrical heater (27). The untreated third chamber (4) is used to react any residual gas. Also claimed is a process for starting up the arrangement.    USE -   Used in the operation of fuel cells for mobile purposes, in which hydrogen is produced from a hydrocarbonaceous crude gas, especially methanol, by steam reforming or partial oxidation.    ADVANTAGE -   Waste gas emissions are reduced.
An accumulator has a plastic housing whose case is closed with a one- part or multi-part lid. The lid has a ridge in the middle and on its two longer sides it has ledges. The carrying handles are on the sides of the ridge. The legs of the handles are provided with lateral extensions in their end regions pointing to the middle of the lid.    The extensions extend almost to the edge of the lid and correspond approximately to the ledge width. They extend over 25% to 45% of the handle leg length, but more especially, over 30% to 40%. They extend over 80% to 100%, but especially, 90% to 100%, of the ledge width.    ADVANTAGE -   Satisfactory bracing within a car and can be handled by an robotic tool.
A method of operating a fuel-cell installation (2) having at least one fuel-cell stack (4) in which at least one working resource for the fuel-cell stack is compressed with a liquid annular compressor (8) and following compression, water is precipitated out of the operating equipment and is then used to cool the fuel-cell stack (4).    The water is utilised to cool the fuel-cell stack after it is flowed through in order to drive the liquid annular compressor (8).    ADVANTAGE -   Reduced number of components installed in fuel cell installation resulting in reduced costs.
The device has a P channel FET (Q1), a N channel FET (Q2,Q4) and a load (L). A bridge edge circuit with two terminal is connected in parallel. Inbetween a drain 'D' and a source 'S' a latching prevention unit (14) is provided, for preventing inductance, when one FET is turned ON and the other is turned OFF.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids accidents and malfunctioning.
The cover (1) consists of a heater (3), a heat insulating material (4) and a thermal storage object (5). The thermal storage object is arranged such that it controls the heat dissipation from the heater to an external surface, using heat insulating material.    ADVANTAGE -   Retains heat for long time. Prevents battery being exhausted. Improves performance of motor during winter season.
The panel (12) includes a main body (2) which has a pair of ear parts (18) which is protruded from an angular part which constitutes an active material. A recess (30) is formed on one side of an edge to which the ear parts are connected.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables to detach every part, reliably. Simplifies structure. Miniaturises size. Enables to perform isolation of plate panel smoothly.
The anode includes a collector part made up of aluminium. An alumina fibre is provided along with aluminium.    ADVANTAGE -   Raises strength of collector part. Enhances reliability.
The system includes a photovoltaic solar power module (3) which is mounted on the vehicle exterior, e.g. roof, for generating electrical power from solar radiation incident on the vehicle exterior to power the solid state peltier effect heat exchanger (9), mounted in the luggage compartment of the vehicle, to add heat to or absorb heat from air circulating within the vehicle (1).    A controller (7) is adapted to sense the air temperature (13) within the vehicle and to cause the heat exchanger to add/absorb heat to/from the air within the vehicle according to the sensed temperature, and according to a measured outside temperature (15). The heat exchanger can be deactivated and the power from the solar module directed to other vehicle systems, e.g. battery charger, if required. The heat exchanger comprises a refrigeration circuit having a rotary compressor or a non-rotating compressor driven by a swing motor.    USE -   For heating or cooling interior of car, bus, truck, train, aircraft, boat or for refrigerated van or container.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables interior temperature to be maintained at comfortable level for extended period of time, e.g. when vehicle is left unattended, without having to use large batteries.
A demonstration apparatus for energy production from hydrogen, having a hydrogen reservoir and a fuel cell with a housing (16) divided by a membrane/electrode unit (11) associated at both sides with perforated collector plates (12) and contacts (15) leading to an external consumer, includes a transparent gas supply element (13) which has open channels (10) for gas supply over the membrane/electrode unit (11) and which is held under constant pressure by pre-tensioned transparent elastic material (14) in the space between each wall of the housing (16) and the gas supply element (13). Preferably, the elastic material (14) is silicone and the gas supply elements (13) and the housing (16) consist of plastic, especially acrylic glass.    USE -   For demonstrating hydrogen-energy production technology in schools, universities, etc.    ADVANTAGE -   The apparatus provides clear visibility of the water formation process at the fuel cell electrode, has low manufacturing cost, provides effective current output and has a long operating life.
The power output apparatus has a motor for outputting power to the drive shaft, an engine, a generator, and a battery.    A state of the battery is detected and a driving condition of the vehicle is predicted.    A target state of the battery is set based on the predicted driving conditio and the engine and the generator are controlled, in order to enable the state of the battery to become equal to the target state.    ADVANTAGE -   Enhances charge-discharge efficiency of battery and ensures sufficient supply of electric power required for driving vehicle.
A drive unit for models consists of a current source and an electric motor. The current source is an electrolysis apparatus (3) for generating hydrogen and following this is a fuel cell (4). Either one or the other, or both, has/have a storage container (5) for the hydrogen. This container is attached in detachable fashion to the electrolysis apparatus or fuel cell respectively.    In front of the electrolysis apparatus comes a solar module (8). The motor and the other components mentioned are attached to the model in detachable fashion. All or some are in a casing. The fuel cell is a double one.    ADVANTAGE -   The drive is independent of primary energy sources.
A fuel cell system with a stack of cells (20) and a storage battery (30) in parallel and joined to a load has power to the load coming from both the battery and the cells. There is a device (46) to measure the remanent charge of the battery and an output controller (50) which limits the power delivered from the battery to the load when the remanent charge is below a certain threshold.    The load comprises several individual loads and the power limitation is achieved by interrupting the power to some of the loads. The controller also limits the power to a certain maximum value to allow the cells to charge the battery.    ADVANTAGE -   The remanent charge of the battery is prevented from falling too low and the fuel cells are protected against too high a power drain.
A cell or battery (10) comprises a vessel (12) containing an electrolyte (14), 1 metallic anode (16) and 1 inert cathode (18). The improvement is that an aqueous solution containing an alkali metal chlorite or hypochlorite is used as the electrolyte (14) and the metal of the anode (16) is selected from Mg, Al and their alloys.    USE -   Used especially as a battery for powering motor vehicles.    ADVANTAGE -   The battery is environmentally benign and produces only alkali metal chloride and Mg and Al hydroxide as waste products. The battery is simple in construction and uses readily available materials.
The material (3) is made-up of cobalt group alloy with a composition of 15-30wt% of chromium, 5-30wt% of nickel, 10-20wt% of tungsten, 0.1-5wt% of iron, 0.2-2wt% of manganese, 0.01-0.3wt% of carbon. The remainder of the cobalt group alloy consists of cobalt and an unescapable impurity more than 35wt%.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves strength of anode receptacle material. Improves storage capacity of sodium-sulphur battery.
The back-up power supply circuit is coupled to a secondary battery (5) via a switch element (9). When the engine switch (2) is in OFF state, the switch element is operated and the second battery is charged for predetermined charging time (T1) and quiescent time (T2) alternately by an intermittent charging unit. This secondary battery supplies power to the microcomputer (4).    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces capacity of back-up power supply. Reduces power consumption of battery of vehicle.
The battery has a porous positive body and a negative electrode board (2) comprised by a plate group. The porous positive body and negative electrode board are isolated by their liquid maintenance property. An electrolyte is impregnated and held by the plate group. A battery jar (6a,6b) with a lid (7a,7b) accommodates the plate group and an electrolyte (9). An exhaust valve (8) is provided in the lid. A small amount of electrolyte exists in lower part of the battery jar. A water receptacle is arranged inside the battery jar near the top of flow electrode and side part of plate group.    ADVANTAGE -   Ensures long life of battery. Prevents deterioration of battery by reduction of electrolyte. Maintains fixed absorption state of negative electrode.
The battery has an anode (1) and cathode (2) which are arranged alternately. Each anode has an anode material (1b) which is adhered to an anode collector object (1a). Each cathode has a cathode material (2b) which is adhered to a cathode collector object (2a). A separator (3) is arranged between the anode and cathode. The electrodes and the separator are arranged in a battery receptacle (4). The edge of the anode collector object is not adhered to the anode material and is crimped to an anode terminal (4b). The edge of the cathode collector object is not adhered to the cathode material and is crimped to a cathode terminal (4a).    ADVANTAGE -   Increases current flowing area of collected o objects. Enlarges battery capacity. Improves stability. Improves cycle characteristic and charging-discharging characteristic.
The battery has a receptacle (4) in which an electrode group constituted by a separator (3) enclosed between an anode (1) and a cathode (2) is accommodated. The electrode group is wound spirally on a winding core (10) through which it is fixed to the receptacle.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves stability. Inhibits shaking of electrode group within battery receptacle.
The system includes a water electrolysis unit (4) that receives the electric power from a primary power supply unit (1) and generates the hydrogen. A drier (5) dehumidifies the hydrogen from the water electrolysis unit. The occlusion and release of hydrogen is carried out in the hydrogen storage metal alloy (7) of a hydrogen storage unit (6). A power generator (8) uses the hydrogen discharge from the hydrogen storage unit as the fuel. The socket joint (26) of a reverse gas flow stopper (31) is connected to the water electrolysis unit. A pair of coupling structures (25,25A) that are made up of metal are connected to the socket joint. A pure water feed pipe (30) is connected to the reverse gas flow stopper. A vent (27) is provided in the side face of a float (22) that is mounted inside the reverse gas flow stopper. The forward direction water flow is carried out through the vent.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents oxygen leakage from water electrolysis unit. Improves oxygen storage efficiency.
A new polymer electrolyte for fuel cells is made of a sulphonated polymer consisting of units of formula -[Ph-SO2-Ph-O-SO2-Ph-O]- (I) and units of formula -[Ar-O-Ph-SO2-Ph-O]- (II), where only the structure unit of formula (II) is sulphonated. The polymer has an equivalent weight of ion exchanging gp. of 500-2,500 (550-1,500) g/mol. In formulae, Ar = -Phn (n = 1,2,3), -Phn-Ph- (n =1,2), -Ph-O-Ph-, -Ph-S-Ph-, -Ph-CH2-Ph-, -NaPh- or -Ph-Ph- (Ph = phenyl and NaPh = naphthyl). Further claimed are: (1) a polymer electrolyte membrane for fuel cell, (2) the prodn. of the polymer electrolyte membrane, where the new polymer electrolyte is moulded by liq. casting, melt pressing or melt extrusion, and (3) a fuel cell using the new polymer electrolyte membrane.    USE -   Used for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The new polymer electrolyte is produced in a simple, cost effective manner. It has a higher water resistance providing a fuel cell with a higher current-voltage performance.
The cathode has an active material containing carbon to which an oxide containing one kind selected out of Li, Ge, Sn, Pb, Sb, Bi, B, Al, Si and In is coated.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves volume energy density of cathode.
The electrode includes an electrically conductive tab (13). The active material of first composition is provided near the tab. The active material of second composition is filled into the collector object.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables heavy current charging and discharging. Reduces temperature rise near tab. Exhibits superior characteristics.
The system includes a main body (1) which has a battery unit (4) on which a substrate (2) which has a circuit pattern (3) is arranged. The battery unit has positive and negative electrode terminals. The circuit pattern has multiple series and parallel wirings at which multiple series and parallel contacts (5,6) are arranged respectively. The positive and negative electrode terminals of the battery units are connected with the multiple series and parallel contacts of the circuit pattern respectively.    USE -   For portable information terminal such as PDA, personal intelligent communicator, hand-held communicator, illumination system, electric train.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces size of system. Simplifies assembly of system.
The armour can (4) has a main body on whose external/internal surface, a polyurethane resin coating is formed. The polyurethane resin coating is formed by the reaction of an electrically conductive material of the main body, an active hydrogen group of a polyurethane resin material having an average molecular weight of 2000-100000 and a polyisocyanate hardener having two or more isocyanate groups.    USE -   For lithium ion battery used in PC, portable telephone, video camera.    ADVANTAGE -   Fulfils large electric power requirements. Improves durability of battery.
The armour can (4) has a main body on whose external/internal surface, a polyurethane resin coating is formed. Polyurethane resin coating is formed by the reaction of an electrically conductive metallic material of the main body, an active hydrogen compound of a polyurethane resin material and a polyisocyanate hardener having long chain polyol with two or more functional groups.    USE -   For lithium ion battery used in PC, portable telephone, video camera.    ADVANTAGE -   Fulfils large electrical power requirements.
The apparatus includes a central controller that controls power supply state for each current consumer which are connected to a set of control modules (10,11,15,16,25) based on information transfer between them. During power interruption state, operation data from each control module is transmitted to the central controller which is operated by a backup battery through transmission wires (12,36).    The central controller stores the data transmitted from each control module. During power supply restoration, the stored data is retransmitted to respective control modules.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces number of power supply lines.
The measuring meter has a terminal voltage and current sensors (21a,21b) which measure the terminal voltage and current of a battery, respectively. The terminal voltage-current characteristics of a battery model (32) with a fixed discrete valued parameter of remnant capacity are used. The voltage- current value at any instant within a preset sampling time in the voltage-current characteristics of the battery under study, is compared against the corresponding voltage-current value of the characteristic curve of the battery model at an instant just before the sampling time. The expected voltage and current value are derived based on the comparison result. The difference between the expected and observed values of voltage and current are estimated. Based on the estimated difference, the remnant capacity corresponding to the minimum expectation value at a predetermined sampling time is output.    ADVANTAGE -   Maintains required accuracy in measuring remnant battery capacity.
The apparatus comprises a voltage-correcting storage battery connected in parallel to each of several storage battery cells. A storage battery cell selector selects an arbitrary storage battery cell. A switching device constitutes a circuit for charge transfer between a selected storage battery cell and the voltage-correcting storage battery.    A controller controls the switching operation of the switching device. The storage battery cell group constitutes a storage battery of electric double layer type. The electrostatic capacitance value of the voltage-correcting storage battery is small compared with the electrostatic capacitance value of the storage battery cells.    ADVANTAGE -   Obviates voltage differences due to performance variations among individual storage battery cells to increase working voltage range while improving durability of storage battery as whole.
The anti-theft protection system includes a battery which has a series of cells and a terminal. The series of cells and the terminal have an electrical connection between them. The connection can be activated and deactivated. A mechanical contact is positioned inside the battery so as to physically connect and disconnect the series of cells and the terminal.    The system may also include a control unit, an intruder alert system or a battery load sensor. A control circuit operates the mechanical contact so as to activate and deactivate the electrical connection. The control circuit receives a command signal from either the control unit, the intruder alert system or the battery load sensor.    ADVANTAGE -   Allows vehicle battery to be deactivated so as to avoid theft. More difficult to neutralise due to being internal to battery. Prevents permanent damage to battery due to use of sensor to detect problems.
The combined driving apparatus includes a primary power source for driving an output shaft. An auxiliary power source assists the primary power source in driving the output shaft. A rotation speed or rotation torque detector determines a rotational speed of the shaft or a rotational torque applied to it by the primary power source.    The auxiliary power is controlled so as to apply drive to the output shaft in proportion to the detected speed or torque. The controller drives the auxiliary power source in reverse so as to apply braking to the output shaft.    USE -   For electricity assisted carrier or controllable damping device.    ADVANTAGE -   Drives load independently.
A sintered plate/substrate for use when heating ceramic products is produced by a method where a top layer of a refractory having a thickness of 0.1-5 mm and 0.1-10 m is introduced onto or into a plate of refractory material having a pore size of 0.1-5 mm. Also claimed is a method of refurbishing a plate as described above by at least partially removing the top layer and applying a new top layer, which is at least 0.1 mm thick and of 0.05-10 m pore size, and mechanically machining the surface. Also claimed is a plate as above which is plane parallel and has the top layer applied to both surfaces.    ADVANTAGE -   The coarse porosity allows for the removal of gases, and the top layer has a dense surface which prevents adhesion and can be machined to maintain dimensional stability and thereafter can be economically refurbished.
A drive assembly comprises a direct current (DC) electric motor and an integrated charger/controller/regenerator which includes a power module, a step-up module and a control circuit. The input of the power module is connected to an electric power source during charging, and to the DC motor during regenerative braking. The input of the step-up module is connected to the power module, and the output is connected to the battery. The control circuit includes a switch, and has three modes of operation: driving, regenerative braking and charging.    During driving, the switch connects the battery to the power module input and the power module output to the DC motor. During regenerative braking, the switch connects the DC motor to the power module input and the power module output to the step-up module input, and the step-up module output charges the battery. During charging, the switch connects the power module output to the step-up module input, and the step-up module output charges the battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Uses low-power battery and single-phase DC electric motor
A method of making a rechargeable electrochemical cell including first and second electrodes and a porous separator element having first and second major sides comprises: (i) providing the porous separator element as a first polymer region comprising a multilayered polymer region; (ii) coating at least one of the electrodes or the separator element with a layer of a gelling polymer, which when exposed to an electrolyte active species and heat, will bond the porous separator element to the electrodes; (iii) disposing the first and second electrodes on opposite sides of the separator element; (iv) introducing the electrolyte active species into the gelling polymer (v) sealing the first and second electrodes and the separator element in a liquid and vapour impermeable package; and (vi) heating the electrodes, separator and gelling polymer to a temperature sufficient to cause the gelling polymer to bond the electrodes to the separator element.    USE -   Production of rechargeable electrochemical cells for use in cellular communication, satellites, portable computers and electric vehicles.    ADVANTAGE -   High energy, cost effective batteries with improved characteristics are obtained.
During release of a sprung speed control pedal (2) of a vehicle, no power is passed to an electric motor (5) and a capacitance accumulator (6) is charged through a diode (7) to the voltage of an accumulator battery (1). When the pedal is pressed, the switch of a supply circuit (4) is closed and voltage is passed from the battery through a variable resistor (3) to the traction electric motor. During further pressing on the pedal, the slide of the resistor is moved, reducing the resistance of the supply circuit and increasing the current and the magnitude of torque of the motor.    Voltage of the battery falls because of the voltage drop on its internal resistance. To increase acceleration, i.e. during passing of another vehicle, the driver presses the pedal to the limit and a second switch (8) is simultaneously closed, connecting the additional capacitance accumulator (6) for supply of the motor. During release of the pedal from its extreme position, switch (8) is opened and the motor is supplied only by the battery.    USE -   Supply of electric vehicles.    ADVANTAGE -   Improved dynamic characteristics of vehicle.
The circuit includes a solenoid with one end connected to a high voltage power supply (2), and other end connected to a reference potential through a resistance, based on a valve opening signal. A valve opening unit applies the high voltage stored in the solenoid to open a fuel injection valve. The high voltage power supply is disconnected from the solenoid, after a pre-determined period and a low voltage power supply (2) is connected. A rapid discharge unit quickly discharges the solenoid, until a current flowing through the solenoid reduces to a pre-determined value to maintain the valve opening state. The rapid discharge unit controls the discharging and the application of low voltage to the solenoid. A current control unit (5) controls the current flow through the solenoid to a pre-determined value. A capacitor (C2) is charged with the residual magnetic energy stored in the solenoid, when the power supply is disconnected. A valve closing unit connects the capacitor with the solenoid for a predetermined period to close the injection valve.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces excessive current and heat emission from fuel-injection valve enables praise opening and closing to fuel-injection valve. Enables effective utilisation of energy reduces manufacturing cost, by reducing number of parts.
New copolymerised high-molecular weight compound (CHMC) comprises repeated units of formula -[CH2-CH(OCOR1)]- (Ia) and -[CH2-CH(NHCOR2)]- (Ib). R1, R2 = 1-4C alkyl.    USE -   The CHMC is a heat-sensitive hydrophilic-hydrophobic reversible polymer and is suitable for heat-sensitive light-screening materials, temperature-sensors, moisture adsorbers for building materials having temperature-dependency, fuel batteries, secondary batteries, carriers for pharmaceuticals, separating films, artificial muscles and mechanochemical materials and toys.    ADVANTAGE -   The method easily gives CHMC and is safe.
The structure includes an impact absorbing member (6) installed on the effective region of inertia force effected on the group battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents damage to battery during collision of vehicle. Prevents reaction caused by electrolytic liquid spill.
The power supply has a current sensor (8) to detect the charging and discharging current of a battery (4), which is connected to the DC side of an inverter circuit (3). This circuit gives a rotary magnetic field to a squirrel cage induction machine (2) coupled to an IC engine (1). A controller (5) regulates the rotary speed of the rotary magnetic field. The controller operates the induction machine in current generation mode and current powered mode. The output of the current sensor is input into the current circuit.    An operation memory calculates and stores a value equivalent to the present charging quantity of the battery by performing time integral value of the output value of the current sensor. A charging/discharging control unit controls the value of the charging current and discharging current in the electricity generation mode and electricity powered mode according to the value stored in the memory.    USE -   In e.g. marathon relay vehicle.    ADVANTAGE -   Offers stable electric power supply. Controls output power of IC engine, rationally. Reduces exhaust gas or black smoke generated from internal combustion engine.
The electric vehicle has a brake pedal (7) which when pressed connects a clutch (52) to the rear wheels (2) and actuates a compressor (50). Hydrogen is sent into a first MH tank (20) from a second MH tank (30) through a circulation path. When an accelerator pedal (6) is pressed, the clutch is disengaged and the compressor is stopped. Hydrogen stored in the first MH tank is passed to the second MH tank. In the first MH tank side hydrogen is released and a battery part (16) is cooled when load current is large.    ADVANTAGE -   Inhibits temperature rise and boiling of battery. Reduces power consumption of battery. Enables using cooling power of first and second hydrogen MH tank for vehicle chamber.
The vehicle uses a laminated lithium ion secondary battery (3) as the main power supply for drive. The anode of the lithium ion secondary battery includes active material comprising lithium manganese oxide of spinel structure. A temperature controller (4) is provided to the lithium ion secondary battery. Auxiliary power supplies (9) such as solar battery and fuel battery is also mounted.    ADVANTAGE -   Maintains transition capacity/safety.
The vehicle has a chassis frame (1) with an elevated rear terminal part (1a). A seat support (2a) and a support part (2b) are installed in the chassis frame. A cover charger (4) is provided with a hole (12) for air suctions, a hole (14) for air ejection and a fan.    A battery charger is accommodated in the cover charger. Air is inhaled via the hole for air suctions and is passed through the rear part of the chassis frame before it is discharged finally via the hole for air ejection. The discharge of the inhaled air cools the battery charger.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces required number of parts thereby reducing size and cost of assembly. Improves cooling efficiency of battery charger.
The apparatus includes an expelling unit (3) that expels fluid using a pump (2), which is heated with a heater (1). The expelling unit is connected to a heat exchanger (4) through a pair of fluid paths (5,6). A by-pass path (7) is connected to the pair of fluid paths through a pair of control valves (8,9). A battery (10) provided along the by-pass path is also heated.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves battery capacity. Prevents fall of generated voltage.
The module includes multiple batteries (2) that are connected in a serial-parallel connections. The batteries have an electrolyte that contains organic solvent. A gas sensor (5) is provided near the batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables reliable detection of stay of gas.
The battery has a positive electrode chamber and a negative electrode chamber between which a diaphragm and a porous electrode are arranged. A dialysis board is arranged such that the porous electrode satisfies certain conditions. The ratio H/L between the mean height `H' of the porous electrode and the length `L' perpendicular to the direction in which the electrolyte of the electrode flows, is within the range of 0.18- 1.95. A position electrolyte and a negative electrolyte are poured into the respective chambers, through a conductive inlet between one base of the positive electrode chamber, negative electrode chamber and the porous electrode. The electrolytes are discharged from the chambers through a drain hole which is provided at the other base of the positive electrode chamber, the negative electrode chamber and the porous electrode. The ratio h/H between the height `H' of the porous electrode and the mean height of groove in which electrolyte of porous electrode flows, is within the range of 0.01-0.14.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces load factor. Performs efficient operation. Simplifies structure.
The fuel battery module has an electricity generation chamber (11) with a fuel battery stack (12) in which solid electrolyte fuel batteries are connected serially. A fuel supply chamber (13) supplies natural gas and steam as a fuel (22) to the fuel battery in the electricity generation chamber. A fuel ejection chamber (14) discharges the fuel exhaust gas and non- converted gas generated by fuel battery reaction, to the external as ejection fuel (25). A heat exchanger (17) performs heat exchange of air (24) and ejection air (26) which are supplied to the electricity generation chamber. A heat insulating material (19) surrounds the electricity generation chamber. A pre- reformer (31) with a steam reforming catalyst is arranged on the fuel supply chamber. The reforming reaction of the natural gas of the fuel and the steam, is performed. The deheat generated at the time of electricity generation by endothermic reaction is absorbed.    ADVANTAGE -   The module eliminates need for apparatus to perform reforming of electrical power generating device, thereby simplifying plant composition.
The fuel cell has a battery cell which comprises a solid electrolyte (13) on upper surface of which a fuel pole (14) is provided. An air pole (11) is provided on lower surface of the solid electrolyte. A separator (15) is mounted on the solid electrolyte through the fuel pole. A seal part having a sealant (17) seals the edge of interface boundary of battery cell and separator. The sealant consists of sintered compact of raw material powder with an average grain size of 0.5 m or less and melting point higher than battery operating temperature.    ADVANTAGE -   Inhibits generation of thermal stress in seal part. Raises chemical stability of seal part. Plans at air-tight conservation. Raises endurance of battery towards thermocycle.
The press roller has a cover layer (3) which contains ceramic group material. The cover layer is formed on the upper surface of a core part.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents adhesion of electrode material on roller surface. Speeds up electrode formation. Improves mold release characteristic and endurance. Prevents generation of crack on surface.
The structure includes a tapered pillar part (3) with an upper part having diameter lower than the base part. The pillar is inserted in a hole (47) provided in a battery terminal (41). A circular part (45b) of the hole is attached to a clearance (49), through which a bolt for connecting the pillar and terminal, is attached to the pillar. A corrosion proof cover (63) with a clearance (69) attached to a lower board part (65), is inserted between the terminal and the circular part. The pillar and a board-shaped insertion part (71) have a conical angular part, formed on its both sides.    ADVANTAGE -   Eliminates partial support of insertion part. Prevents deformation of cover. Improves reliability.
The apparatus includes a data collection equalisation unit (17) which collects the currents and voltages flowing from a battery (3) to a load (2) as obtained by a data reading circuit (10) through a current sensor (6) and a voltage sensor (7). An area particle number decision circuit (26) judges the number of particles of the collection data in each area.    A correlating coefficient decision circuit (19) decides the correlating coefficient of the collection data when the number of particles is more than a predetermined value. An approximate linearity calculator (21) obtains an approximate linearity based on the collection data if the high correlating coefficient is shown. A remaining charge calculator (22) shows the remaining charge of the battery on a display (16) based on the approximate linearity.    ADVANTAGE -   Obtains accurate remaining charge of battery since it is specified by approximate linearity produced with high accuracy because high correlating coefficient is shown.
The method involves performing surface preparation of a barium cerium group oxide layer (1) and removing its surface impurity using acid aqueous solution or organic acid. An anode electrode (3) and a cathode electrode (2) are then formed on opposing layers of the oxide layer. The electrodes are formed using metal and platinum. The metal has thermal expansion coefficient equal to that of the oxide layer.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves flouring of electrode electrolyte boundary surface. Increases life and reliability.
CO is removed from treated gas by absorbing on to an organic metal complex having one or three dimensional channel structure.    USE -   The CO treating agent is used for removing and recovering CO from H2 gas.    ADVANTAGE -   CO contained in H2 gas is removed and recovered with good performance.
The power circuit involves e.g. a vehicle head lamp (36) which is connected in series with a field effect transistor e.g. a MOSFET (38) between first and second lines (30,32) connected to a ground and the positive terminal of a power source e.g. a battery (34) respectively. A first oscillator circuit (40) and a voltage pump (42) produce a positive gate-source voltage on the MOSFET to turn on the headlamp.    If the battery is connected up the wrong way round so that the potential difference between the two lines is reversed i.e. the second line (32) is at a negative potential, a second oscillator circuit (60) drives the voltage pump (42) to maintain a positive gate-source voltage to turn on the transistor.    ADVANTAGE -   Circuit ensures that MOSFET will be turned on when the battery is wrongly connected, thus preventing need for large heat sink normally required for MOSFET because of its high resistance when reverse-connected without a positive gate-source voltage.
The battery system for a battery powered vehicle utilises a pair of batteries that are connected by a pumping system to an acid supply tank. The batteries are coupled so that one battery is used until the power level has fallen to 40 % of full charge.    At this point, the vehicle uses the second battery and the acid from the first one is replaced and the battery regenerates. The process repeats when the second battery is depleted.    USE -   Battery powered vehicles    ADVANTAGE -   improved performance and range.
The proton conductor (I) contains 1-99 wt.% acid and 99-1 wt.% amphoteric substance (II) and is thermostable at temperatures up to 400C.    Also claimed are: (a) a membrane containing (I), resistant to temperatures up to 400C; and (b) methods for producing (I) and the membrane.    USE -   (I) is used for coating sheet materials, especially membranes, foils and electrodes; and the membranes are used in secondary batteries, electrochromic displays or electrochemical cells (all claimed), including fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -   Known proton conductors resistant to temperature above 100C have limitations. Mixtures of oxo-acids or salts with anhydrous amphoteric substances are useful only at ca. 200C and have unsatisfactory power/weight and power/volume ratio for mobile applications, whilst oxides, hydroxides and apatites have satisfactory proton conductivity only above 500C. Polymer electrolyte membranes are useful only up to 100C. (I) have good proton conductivity over a wide temperature range and high chemical, electrochemical and physical stability, are resistant to chemical attack by acids and bases and to both high and low temperatures. Their large power/volume and power/weight ratios, with values of &gt; 300 W/l, preferably &gt; 350 W/l and &gt; 150 W/kg, preferably &gt; 190 W/kg in a fuel cell stack.
The method involves transmitting a train of a first or second state which represent a high bit or a low bit on a transmission line (15). A third state can be generated on the transmission line. The third state is different from the first and second states and is used as a synchronisation signal.    In an alternative method signals of the first and second state are transmitted on the transmission line. A synchronisation pulse and two information pulses are formed from the two states. The periods of the pulses are different from each other.    ADVANTAGE -   Eliminates need for both stations to generate synchronisation signal.
The auxiliary battery (30) circuit has a temperature compensation circuit (32) for a DC/DC converter (22) and has a voltage sensitive resistor (120), such as a thermistor, coupled to a clamped voltage divider network (126, 128). The voltage divider generates a resistance versus temperature characteristic so as to control the DC/DC converter (22) and provide an output voltage which matches the voltage temperature profile of the auxiliary battery. The converter functions as an inverter in which the switching devices (44, 46) alternately conduct current from the 360 volt battery (14) through the primary winding (70) of the transformer (68). This induces current through the secondary winding (72) which is rectified by the diodes (76, 78) and filtered by the inductor (80) and capacitor (82) to provide a regulated 12 volt DC output terminal (34).    ADVANTAGE -   Has voltage and temperature compensation to prevent overcharging, auxiliary battery is charged from high voltage propulsion battery
The battery apparatus comprises a housing (100) with an external case and two external terminals (101,102), and a number of bipolar plates (104) located in the housing and stacked relative to one another. The plates, forming battery cells, and physically stacked together and bounded at the end by first and second end collectors. The plates include an electrical conducting core plate with positive and negative sides having a positive active material and a negative active material, respectively.    The plates also include an edge portion, extending in a direction that is perpendicular to a direction extending of the plates, and is inclined relative to the perpendicular, so that the stacked plates have an outer stacking surface of a first bipolar plate stacked against an inner surface of a second adjacent bipolar plate, forming a sliding seal for a battery cell that is formed by the first and second plates. A compression element biases the stack of bipolar plates relative to the housing.    ADVANTAGE -   Achieves optimal performance by maintaining high uniform, separate pressure of optimum value.
The centre post electrochemical cell stack (10) for the generation of a product gas from a supply fluid has a frame (12) with a base plate (14) with a wall (16) affixed to it to define a cell chamber (18) to house an electrochemical cell. A T-cap (22) with a top plate (24) and centre post (26) extends away from the top plate which is secured to the wall of the frame (12) to close the cell chamber (18) and the centre post (26) passes through a central through-bore (127) in the cell and is adjustably secured to the base plate (14) so that the T-cap (22) and frame (12) cooperate to contain pressure generated by operation of the cell.    USE -   Used for the production of oxygen gas for use in air or spacecraft. A further use is as a fuel cell configured to produce electrical energy from gaseous supply fuels.    ADVANTAGE -   The cell stack has enhanced sealing properties w.r.t leakage under an internal operating pressure of approximately 2000 psi and does not have large heavy frame components.
The system includes a housing connectable to the casing exterior to a casing, while a battery connector is mechanically coupled to the housing and configured for engaging the power line. A starter connector is mechanically coupled to the housing and configured for engaging the power terminal of the starter motor. A power switch is disposed in the housing in electrical series between the battery connector and starter connector. A control circuit is electrically connected to the power switch and responsive to an enable signal to close the power switch upon receipt of the enable signal.    The control circuit includes a time delay circuit for causing the power switch to open when a predetermined period after receipt of the enable signal has elapsed. An audible alarm is activated during at least a portion of the predetermined period.    USE -   For disabling component, such as starter motor of the vehicle, connected into the vehicle ignition system, unless security code in input into system    ADVANTAGE -   Easy to use and cost effective.
The cation group Au ethylenediamine complex is adsorbed by a cation exchange membrane and immersed in a reducing agent soln. to deposit Au on the surface of the membrane.    USE -   The combined matter of Au and ion exchange membrane is used for electrolysis apparatus and fuel cells.    ADVANTAGE -   The combined matter of Au and ion exchange membrane has good adhesion, low contact resistance and small relative surface resistance.
The tail lamp has a main body (1) which is mounted on the front side of the rear fork (12) of a bicycle. An attachment tool fixes the main body to the rear fork. The attachment tool is fixed to the attachment lag of the main body with a screw. A magnet unit (2), which is mounted on the spokes of a rear wheel, rotates with the wheel.    A predetermined coil gap is formed between the magnet unit and main body, which is set to a predetermined mounting position, as the magnet unit passes near the main body. The attachment lag is formed on the upper section of the peripheral surface of the main body.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables easy identification of running bicycle from rear side at night through automatic flashing of light-emitting diode. Eliminates use of wiring from battery and head lamp. Prevents feeding of main body in between spokes even when main body contact spokes, thus improving safety.
The indicator has a switch (3) fixed to a grip (2) on its lower part. A transparent salt board (10) is also attached to the grip. An indicator case light (7) is fixed on the front and the rear of a metal plate (9) on a handle bar (1).    An electric wiring (13) is made to pass through a pipe along the handle bar and is coupled with a lamp (12) which is provided inside the case.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables clear indication during night time. Avoids occurrence of danger.
The method for testing and determining the state of charge of the first capacitor (C1) involves firstly charging the second capacitor (C2) connected in parallel, from a voltage (Ubat) via a switch (S2). Discharge of the second capacitor via a resistor (R3) is monitored and the time taken to reach a threshold level is determined.     If the first capacitor is then charged via a switch (S1) from a source (Vs) an the process is repeated, the discharge time is extended since the first capacitor also contains charge. Comparison of the discharge times indicates the state of charge and/or condition of the capacitor.    USE -   For testing storage device such as may be used to indicate and store status of equipment e.g. IC engine control system, for functional capability. E.g. for storing status of microcomputer so that storage content is maintained in short-term voltage collapses but lost in longer term collapses, e.g. when IC engine is turned off.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables functional capability of storage element to be constantly guaranteed. Method requires minimum component outlay and simple and reliable performance.
The metallic terminals of adjacent single battery cells are electrically connected by a connecting bar(8). Both sides of the connecting bar are covered with an insulating protective layer(9) of either natural rubber, synthetic rubber or synthetic resin. The electrical connection is left exposed.    The surfaces of the metallic parts for electrical connection are also insulated and protected. This prevents corrosion of the connecting bar and metallic connections and prevents capacity fluctuation due to leakage current.    ADVANTAGE -   Is usable under severe conditions for long periods at high operating voltages with improved reliability and reducing maintenance load.
The motor vehicle has a solar generator applied to the surface of a fold-out sunblind (12), which is opened out manually to cover one of the vehicle windows, for reducing the amount of solar radiation entering the vehicle passenger space.    The solar generator may employ a number of rows of individual solar cells (18) coupled together via flexible cables, with the fold lines for the sunblind running between the solar cell rows. The sunblind may be formed from a number of relatively hinged panels (16), each carrying a respective solar cell row.    USE -   For utilisation of solar radiation blocked by sunblind.    ADVANTAGE -   Low cost solar generator for powering ventilation fan or recharging vehicle battery. Easily handled and can be placed manually from rest position to working position. Is easily removed for storage in garage or boot when not needed e.g. during winter.
The interrupter switch includes an electromagnet system (26) with its armature (28) coupled with a pawl or latch (39), an input conductor (7) running to one battery terminal (4), and an output conductor running to the load current circuit. A movable contact (36) switches contact between the input conductor (7) and output conductor (8).    A contact rocker (34) is provided for the moving contact tip, an actuator arm (45) engages with the contact rocker (34). A hand-operated control (49) moves the actuator arm (45) towards the contact rocker (34) in order to lock it in a switched on position. The contact rocker, actuator arm and the manual control element (49) function in unison so that the pawl locks the actuator arm on the contact rocker when the magnet system is non-energised.    ADVANTAGE -   Compact design of switch for isolating vehicle battery in critical situations.
The idling speed control method for an internal combustion engine involves detecting the battery voltage. A battery current consumption value is estimated from a state of change in the detected battery voltage. A generated current value of the alternator is determined without directly detecting current generated by the alternator. A target value of an electric load current is calculated based on the estimated battery current consumption value and the determined current value of the alternator.    The air intake is increased based on the calculated target value of the electric load current. The air intake is increased when a first set value is exceeded by the calculated target value of the electric load. An increment of the air intake is set based on a difference between the calculated target value and a second set value. The air intake is increased only when the detected battery voltage decreases to an extent that charging of the battery is required due to the determined alternator current value.    USE -   Ensures high idling stability against fluctuations of electric loads. Operations on some cylinders can be interrupted during idle operation. Target idling setting can be set at lower value so fuel efficiency is improved.
The battery voltage measurement system includes two electrical junctions (18,20). Switches (SW1,3,5,7,9), e.g. a series connection of FETs or electromechanical relays, are electrically connected to each battery. The switches includes a first side coupled to a terminal of the battery and a second side is coupled to the first junction. Second switches (SW2,4,6,8) have a first side coupled to the other terminal of the battery and the second side coupled to the second junction. An amplifier (22) includes an input terminal, an output terminal and another terminal.    A third switch couples the amplifier input to the first junction. A fourth switch couples the amplifier input to the second junction. A fifth switch couples a reference terminal to the first junction. A sixth switch couples the reference terminal to the second junction. An analog-to-digital converter (28) is located in the high-voltage portion of the system and is coupled to receive a signal from the output of the amplifier. A voltage isolator e.g. optical isolator, is coupled between the analog-to-digital converter and the low-voltage portion of the electrical system.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces inaccuracies caused by passing analog signal across isolation boundary.
The system (1) includes a secondary battery surrounded by a warming member which keeps the secondary battery warm by accommodating a heat carrier inside. The time of conclusion of supply of power is detected by a detector. A cooling medium supplier supplies the cooling medium for a predetermined period from the fuel battery to the warming member, based on detector output.    ADVANTAGE -   Maintains high temperature for long time. Prevents reduction of capacitance of secondary battery at time of starting of low temperature. Reduces burn out fuel in fuel battery.
The manufacturing method involves pressing and hardening a raw material prepared in the shape of minute particle. The raw material is then moulded into a predetermined shape to form a separator (30). A hydrophilic substance is mixed into the raw material before pressure application.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies processing. Improves yield. Provides predetermined binding capacity and strength.
The structure includes a battery. A hemi-spherical shaped projection (3) is formed on an anode pole part (2) arranged at the left side of the main body. A recess (5) is formed on the cathode pole part arranged at the right side of the main body. A positioning device is provided by which projections and the recess of adjoining batteries are mutually fit.    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids positional offset.
The structure includes an air-tight battery frame (1) fixed at the underchassis of a floor panel (7) into which a battery is stored. An air outlet (9) is provided to release air used in cooling the stored battery.    The vehicle room side of the floor panel has a duct exit (20) opening towards the rear portion of the chassis. A jet pipe (18) is provided with a duct inlet port (19) connected to the air outlet of the battery frame.    ADVANTAGE -   Eradicates instances by which water penetrates into battery frame via air outlet when vehicle negotiates flooded areas, since cooling air is ejected from air outlet to duct exit via jet pipe. Eliminates restrictions on rear suspension since jet pipe is provided at vehicle room side of floor panel. Improves battery-cooling efficiency due to enhanced exhaust efficiency, since jet pipe is layed out sufficiently along floor panel. Sets up duct cross section at manner by which structure can likewise be applicable to other vehicles with different rear suspension. Enhances chassis floor rigidity since front portion of jet pipe is formed on width direction of vehicle.
The structure includes an air-tight storing panel (4) situated below a chassis floor (2) into which a battery (B) is stored. Air for cooling the battery is introduced via air-introducing portion (4A) provided in the front portion of the storing panel.    An air passageway (9) formed at the undersurface of a hood (8) extends from an air-scooping portion (10) to a duct end connector (11). An air intake duct (5) has its upper panel installed detachably to the end connector, with the lower panel connected directly to the air-introducing portion.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables satisfactory introduction into and subsequent discharge of air from storing panel. Prevents floodwater from penetrating air passageway, as air-scooping portion opens up towards front end of hood with high ground clearance. Prevents rainwater from going directly into storing panel, as rainwater adhering on wall of air passageway is made to flow down via front side of hood. Prevents upper panel of air intake duct from interfering during opening and closing of hood. Improves cooling and ventilating capability of
A battery load levelling arrangement comprising a passive energy storage device; a first bidirectional converter coupled in circuit with the passive energy storage device and the direct current link for transferring electrical power between the direct current link and the energy storage device; a second bidirectional converter coupled in circuit between the battery and the direct current link for transferring electrical power between the battery and direct current link.    A unidirectional conducting device is used for coupling the battery to the energy storage device and is poled to conduct conventional current from the battery to the energy storage device whereby battery current can be coupled to the direct current link through each of the first and second converters when battery terminal voltage is greater than voltage on the passive energy storage device by an amount at least equal to a voltage drop across the unidirectional conducting device.    USE -   For an electrically powered system in which battery loading is subject to intermittent high current loading, the system including a battery coupled to supply electric power to a DC link, a load, and a system controller coupled in circuit between the DC link and load for controlling application of power to the load. Used for supply of electrical power to electric traction motors in electrically powered vehicle    ADVANTAGE -   Avoids voltage reduction at battery terminals when high current is drawn in bursts from conventional batteries e.g. during acceleration, and otherwise interfering with the correct operation of or reduce the efficiency of the switching devices in the power control circuit.
A battery reserve system includes a mode selection circuit including a temperature transducer, coupled to the reserve battery, for sensing the temperature of the reserve battery and a mode-changing circuit, coupled to the temperature transducer, for selecting an alternative one of a heating mode, wherein the source of electrical power is coupled to the heating element, when the temperature of the reserve battery is less than a reference temperature thereby to heat the reserve battery, and a charging mode where the source of electrical power is coupled to the reserve battery when the temperature is greater than the reference temperature thereby to charge the reserve battery.    USE -   For use in a battery reserve system, such as in the automobile industry and computer fields, having a reserve battery, a charging circuit coupled between a source of electrical power and the reserve battery for charging the reserve battery and a heating element in thermal communication with the reserve battery for increasing a temperature of the battery    ADVANTAGE -   Capable of ensuring longevity of conventional batteries in harsh environments.
The device supplies the output of a battery (101) to a load via an operation switch. A first normally opened switch is connected between the output terminal of the battery and the input terminal of an operation switch (104) and is connected in parallel with a first switch (106). A second switch (111) and a breaker (113) of normally closed state is connected in series circuit.    A first switch is driven to a shut state corresponding to the shut operation of the operation switch. The shut operation of the operation switch is equipped with second switch drive unit (112) which drives the second switch to an open state after predetermined time.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables to prevent breaker from becoming open superfluously in state of operation.
The telephone (1) has an external power supply switch (8) provided between a battery (5) and an external energizer (9). During ignition OFF, the external power supply switch is turned OFF and power is supplied from the battery. A control unit (2) identifies whether the telephone is in a call state.    When there is no call operation, a power supply control unit (6) turns the power supply OFF, by switching OFF a power supply switch (7). Thus, the supply from the battery is turned OFF.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables continuing call even when ignition is OFF. Does not apply load to vehicle battery.
The battery encloses an electrolyte in which multiple anode plates (1) and cathode plates (2) are immersed. A lead anodised strip (3) is joined to each corresponding anode plate. A lead cathode strip (4) is joined to each corresponding negative plate. The junction parts of the anode plate and anodised strip, and the negative plate and cathode strip are sealed. A separator (5) which surrounds the anode and cathode plates has gas aperture (5b) opened at a position such that it does not contact the anodised strip and cathode strip.    ADVANTAGE -   Short circuit between the anode plate and cathode plate is prevented. Corrosion of the anode and cathode strips is prevented.
The lead storage battery comprises an electrolyte comprising dilute sulphuric acid to which 0.9-4.0 wt.% of a silicate is added.    ADVANTAGE -   Voltage characteristics are improved. Cathode precipitation is prevented. A reduction of hydrogen over-voltage of the cathode is prevented.
CO2 gas contained in a combustion exhaust is fixed and Ar and N2 gases are recovered from the exhaust in a fuel cell power plant where H2 -contg. gas converted from fuel with a fuel converter and air are reacted separately at electrodes to generate electricity. The combustion exhaust is generated as follows: the N2 -concentrated gas generated at the air electrode is cooled; water is separated from it; it is separated into O2 and N2 by PSA (press. swing adsorption); unreacted fuel contained in the CO2 -concentrated gas generated at the fuel electrode is combusted in an oxygen-enriched condition with the O2 separated from the N2 -concentrated gas so as to supply heat for the fuel converter while the combustion exhaust is generated which contains CO2 , steam, Ar, and small amt. of N2 . In another method fixing CO2 gas in a fuel cell power plants claimed, N2 gas separated from the N2 -concentrated gas and the combustion exhaust is used as a source for NH3 prodn; the CO2 gas recovered or fixed from the CO2 -concentrated gas is supplied to the urea prodn. factories with the N2 gas, so that the CO2is fixed as urea.    USE -    For recovering or fixing CO2gas generated in fuel cell power plants.    ADVANTAGE -    CO2 gas by-produced in fuel cell power plants is recovered and fixed in a cost- effective manner while N2 gas and Ar gas with higher purity are recovered. CO2 gas and N2gas recovered are used as source material for urea synthesis.
The separator comprises a vessel main body over which cyclic tube having uniform diameter is provided. Cooling water is circulated through the cyclic tube.    ADVANTAGE -   Dead space is reduced. The steam separator is compact.
The battery has a positive electrode (7), a negative electrode (1) and an electrolyte which is dissolved in a non-aqueous solvent. In the elemental analysis of JISM8813 normal, the rate of carbon content is 75 wt.% or more. The ash content obtained by burning coal at 700-3300C in an inert atmosphere is 5 wt.% or less, using carbon material as the negative electrode material.    USE -   Used as a power supply for small electronic devices, lightweight machines and electric vehicles.    ADVANTAGE -   Large charging and discharging capacitance are obtained.
The battery has positive and negative electrodes and a non-aqueous electrolyte. The negative electrode is made of coke obtained by heating coal at 800-1500C in an inert atmosphere. Elemental analysis of the coke material shows a carbon content of ca. 55 wt.% or more, an ash content of 5 wt.% or less and an O/C nuclear ratio of 0.03-0.4.    ADVANTAGE -   The discharge capacity is increased.
The battery has a nickel content of 0.0002 wt.% and a lead-tin system alloy content of 0.003 wt.%. The composition is used in the plate connection, the connection between the cells and part of the electric pole.    ADVANTAGE -   The industrial value is increased. The abnormal corrosion of the plate connection or connection between cells is reduced.
The battery has a nickel content of 0.0002 wt.% and a lead- antimony group alloy content of 0.003 wt.%. The composition is used in plate connection, the connection between cells and part of the electric pole.    ADVANTAGE -   The industrial value is improved. Abnormal corrosion of the plate connection or connection between cells is reduced.
The battery (9) includes a goods card (1) which is provided with a transverse plane wall (2), a side face wall (3) and a top wall (4). Receipt pockets such as an operation instruction manual is provided inside the side face wall of the goods card. A through-hole (6) is provided at the top wall of the goods card. A terminal (10) is pierced into the card via the through hole. Each wall of the goods card is made to cross mutually in an orthogonal manner.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies attachment work of operation instruction manual to storage battery.
The method involves charging a lead storage battery (6) for a constant time by connecting the lead storage battery with a live part (2). A discharge part (3) is connected to the terminal of the battery for performing discharge operation. A voltage measurement unit (4) measures the open circuit voltage of the lead storage battery before the charging operation. Moreover, the charging termination voltage at the time of charging termination and the discharging terminal voltage during discharging termination are measured.    A control unit is provided to judge the life of the lead storage battery based on the measured discharging termination voltage.    ADVANTAGE -   Evaluates exact life of lead storage battery.
The supercapacitor (above 1500 Farad) is connected across the electrical supply of a motor vehicle so it can assist starting and be recharged from the alternator.    The charge on the supercapacitor is controlled by a circuit that measures (1) the state of charge of the battery (B). The voltage over the terminals of the supercapacitor (SC) is measured and used with the battery state to control operation of a switching circuit (I1,I2) that determines whether the capacitor is connected to or disconnected to the battery. The connection is via a bidirectional or unidirectional controlled switch.    ADVANTAGE -   Assists starting of engine, which reduces cyclic loading of the battery, extending battery life and allowing full recharging over shorter distance.
A power supply system with a stack of fuel cells 920) and a storage battery (30) in parallel across the load, electric motor, has a remanent charge monitor (42) for the battery and a device to evaluate the total electrical load.    A device estimates the battery state of charge on the basis of these two. Another device determines the fuel flow to the fuel cells, based on the estimated battery state of charge.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents fuel shortage to the fuel cells which would otherwise lead to voltage drops and heat emissions.
The power supply system has a fuel cell stack (20) and a storage battery (30), so that at least the stack or the battery can supply the load (motor) with electric power. A residual charge monitoring unit (46) determines the charge remaining in the battery.    A charging unit facilitates a re-charging of the battery. The recharging is carried out, if the residual charge of the storage battery determined by the residual charge monitoring unit, is lower than a predetermined first level up to the time of a stop operation of the power supply system (10), and the fuel stack then charges the battery, until the residual charge of the battery reaches a predetermined second level.    ADVANTAGE -   Provides sufficient power output without increasing size of power supply system, to ensure stable output power up to start of power supply system.
In explosion-proof cells or batteries with aqueous electrolytes, the surface resistance of plastic parts (plugs, covers, drainage plates, etc.) in the gas venting regions is reduced to 103 -1011 (preferably 105 -109) ohms by silicone-based, graphite or conductive carbon black additives.    USE -   As explosion-proof lead and nickel-cadmium batteries, e.g. starter batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   The additives protect new batteries against dangerous charging of the plastic parts, which is caused by accumulation of negatively charged aerosol droplets and by external static electricity and which can lead to spark formation and ignition of the explosive gas mixture within the batteries.
A formulation (F) comprises: (A) 2-95 wt.% metal or metal alloy fibres with a diameter of 8-10 m, a length of 2.5-10 mm and a length/diameter ratio of 100-2000; and (B) 5-80 wt.% polymer of formula (I).     HO-(-CO-R1 -CO-X-Y-Z-)n-H (I)     In (I): R1 = phenyl, naphthyl, cyclohexyl or cyclohexenyl, optionally substituted with 1-4C alkyl; X and Z = O or NR2 ; R2 = 1-4C alkyl or H; Y = (CH2 )m, phenyl, cyclohexyl or cyclopentyl; m = 1-2; and n = a whole number.    Also claimed are: (i) the preparation of (F) by granulating a mixture of (A) and (B); (ii) mouldings comprising (F); and (iii) the preparation of these mouldings by injection moulding granular (F) at 180-350C.    USE -   (F) are used to make accumulator cells, batteries or corrosion protection electrodes (claimed). The corrosion protection electrodes comprising electronegative elements such as magnesium or aluminium are used to prevent corrosion of steel boilers in heating systems. Bimetallic electrodes can also be made from (F). Other applications include electrical automotive parts (e.g. lights, batteries or lamps) or electrically conducting contacts for low voltage lamps, spot lamps or domestic appliances.    ADVANTAGE -   Being thermally and electrically conductive, (F) can be used as lightweight and corrosion-resistant substitutes for metal. Conductivity is more uniform compared with polymers containing metal particles, due to more homogeneous distribution of the fibres.
A Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM)/Solid Polymer Electrolyte (SPE) fuel-cell having at least one cell comprising a pair of opposite polarity electrodes each having a first face for exposure to a gaseous reactant, a membrane electrolyte bonded to and interjacent the electrodes for conducting protons between the electrodes when discharging the cell, and an electrically conductive contact element having a second face engaging a first face for conducting electrical current from the electrode through the first face.    The second face comprises a number of lands engaging the first face and defining a number of grooves between them for distributing a gaseous reactant uniformly across the first face, the improvement comprising a number of electrically conductive filaments embedded longitudinally in the first face, the filaments extending across a number of the lands in a direction transverse the lands and grooves.    USE -   As power source e.g. for electric vehicles    ADVANTAGE -   Designed to eliminate the use of carbon/graphite paper otherwise resulting in e.g. impeded outflow of water from the membrane electrode assembly (MEA).
The battery post protrudes from a battery and the battery cable terminal is provided for clamping connection with the battery post. The battery post is an elliptical cylinder projecting perpendicularly from the surface of the battery, and the battery cable terminal has a mating elliptical clamping ring. When the clamping ring is fitted over the post and tightened around it, the elliptical shapes of the post and terminal substantially prevent twisting of the terminal relative to the post and so inhibit loosening of the terminal.    The smoothly curved, cornerless elliptical shape of the post allows the ring to slide around the perimeter of the post as the ring is tightened so that the normal contact force between the ring and the post is substantially constant around the perimeter of it.    ADVANTAGE -   Battery post and terminal are resistant to relative twisting movement between two components and thus are less likely to inadvertently become disconnected from one another.
The circuit includes a power supply line (2), which is connected to a vehicle mounted battery (12), through an operation switch. One end of a current limitation resistor (30), is connected to the power supply line. The other end of the current limitation resistor is connected to a constant voltage supply unit (5), which supplies a predetermined voltage to a microcomputer (46).    A first surge absorption element (31) is connected in parallel with the current limitation resistor. A second surge absorption element (32) is connected between the end of resistor and ground.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents malfunctioning of microcomputer. Reduces size of current limitation resistor thereby reducing size of power supply circuit. Avoids damage caused to current limitation resistor.
The glass material forms a glass solder (1) to join a beta alumina group solid electrolytic pipe (3) and a ceramic insulation ring (2). The chemical composition of the glass solder includes SiO2 of 15-30 wt%, B2O3 of 20-45 wt%, Al2O3 of 15-30 wt%, RO of 10-30 wt% and Na2O of 0-10%. The electrolytic pipe stores a cathode (7) in its surface. An anode (6) is stored in the periphery of the electrolytic pipe. A cathode electrode container (4) and a positive electrode container (5) are provided at top and bottom of the insulation ring.    ADVANTAGE -   Secures reliability and stabilises operation for long period of time.
The generator includes an optoelectric device (1) that has a number of optoelectric transducers (3) which are arranged vertically. The optoelectric transducers receive the solar light beam through a set of optical irradiation units (5) respectively.    A solar battery (2) is also arranged with the transducers. The optoelectric transducers convert the irradiated light beam into electric energy which is used to charge a storage battery (17). The storage battery is connected between the optoelectric transducers and the solar battery.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces installation space. Enables efficient photoelectric conversion. Enables continuous operation of device.
The apparatus includes an one side converter (8) that is connected between a capacitor (1) and a battery (4), in parallel. The battery is connected to a drive motor (7) through a switching relay (11). One end of a wiring (12) is connected to input side of the capacitor and other end is connected to one terminal of switching relay. The other terminal of switching relay is connected to the battery. During regeneration, the other end of the wiring is connected to the drive motor, through the switching relay. At times other than regeneration, the battery is connected to the drive motor.    A detector (5) detects whether the regeneration current exceeds a predetermined capacitor charging current limiting value. A converter control unit (3) controls the converter to supply electric power to motor from the capacitor prior to battery, and charges battery with the excess current, except during regeneration period.    ADVANTAGE -   Improves regeneration efficiency. Controls electric power loss.
The battery includes a cathode formed by applying a metal on the surface of a thin tape. A hole (9) for air passage is formed in a drum like pulley (8) with which an air diffusion paper is wound. A water repellent film (6) is twisted and wrapped around a separator (3). The winding crimp of the metal surface of cathode is carried with the anodized separator surface.    ADVANTAGE -   Performs long distance continuous operation.
The battery includes a number of cells (C). A flow path (4)    is provided between adjacent cells. An interval holding member    (G) is provided between the cells to maintain predetermined    interval between them. A gas passage way is connected to each    flow path. A projection part (6a) which projects in the shape of    a rectangle is formed at either end faces of each cell. An    insinuating member (P) having thickness almost equal to that of    the cell is formed on each projection part. A gas passage way    formation member which forms gas passage way is provided in the    projection part and insinuating member of interval holding    member.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces cost by rational modification.
The battery includes a set of cells (C') which forms oxygen content gas passageway (s) along the side which faces an oxygen pole. The cells are laminated such that an interval holding member (a) forms gas passageway (f) between adjoining cells dividing a flow path formation member. The fuel gas passageway is formed between adjoining cell facing the surface where fuel pole is positioned. A gas/oxygen side gas passageway formation member along with interval holding member forms a gas passageway (Fi) which is divided along cell lamination direction.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies formation of gas passageway. Improves reliability of gas passageway. Improves operativity of gas passage formation.
The coupling member (6) couples tubular shaped first and second pipelines (11,12) mechanically which are arranged in opposing manner. A small diametrical part and a taper part (20) are formed from end faces (11a,12a) of the first and second pipes respectively towards the opposite side. The large diameter edge of the first and second pipelines are almost equal to the outer diameter. A third covering pipeline (13) is formed through a tubular sleeve (10) made up of electrical insulation material at the central portion of the small diametral part of second pipeline from the central portion of the first pipeline. The internal circumference of the third pipeline is adapted to peripheral surface of the first and second pipelines. Thereby, double sided central large diameter part, double sided taper part and double sided small diameterical edges are formed on the third pipeline. A double sided small diameteral edge of sleeve exceeds the double sided end faces of the third pipe and only a predetermined shape projects. The projection part covers the peripheral surface of small diametrical part of the first and second pipes.    ADVANTAGE -   Simplifies structure. Excels in coupling intensity. Prevents leakage of jet of coolant. Improves reliability. Reduces manufacturing cost. Improves heat resistant and withstand voltage performance.
The method involves immersing a polyvinylidene fluoride group resin compact in an electrolytic plasticiser solution at a temperature of about 35-200 C.    ADVANTAGE -   The method avoids the need for using low boiling point solvent.
The electrode consists of a catalyst powder and an ion exchange resin. A fluorine polymer dissolved in a solvent which contains an ion exchange group different from that of the resin covers the non-porous surface.    ADVANTAGE -   The gas electrode is water repelling, pollution is prevented. The fuel batteries have a time dependent flouring characteristic.
The method involves performing electrolytic oxidation of a base material surface (1) consisting of lead or its alloy, using an aqueous solution of weak acid such as sulphuric acid. The pH of the aqueous solution is less than or equal to 1.    ADVANTAGE -   Protects boundary surface of collector object reliably. Inhibits early flouring in deep discharge cycle. Enhances flexibility.
The circuit includes an error amplifier to which output of dividing circuit and reference voltage are supplied. The error amplifier amplifies the output difference of these two input signals. A constant current source (15) is provided, which is directly connected to the input terminal (1). A current mirror circuit outputs current increment responding to the output signal of the error amplifier.    A control circuit is provided which controls the current supplied from current mirror circuit, based on current flow in amplifier circuit. The amplifier circuit supplies bias voltage to the base of a control transistor (4). The collector and emitter of the transistor are connected to input and output terminals, respectively.    USE -   For industries.    ADVANTAGE -   Reduces chip size. Consumes less power.
The apparatus (1) has a data collection unit, which collects data relating to amount of discharge of a battery (3),for every fixed period, during transit state of the electric vehicle. A remnant capacity notification unit (15) obtains remnant capacity of the battery, from the collection data instantaneously. The notified remnant capacity value is displayed on a display unit (14). A voltage integrator (19) integrates the voltage of the battery, for every fixed period. At the time of high load, the integrated voltage value of the battery, is subtracted from the displayed remnant capacity value, when it becomes more than a predetermined integrated voltage value. The    subtracted value is also displayed on a capacity display unit (22).    ADVANTAGE -   Offers remnant capacity of battery, even during transit state of the vehicle, exactly.
The meter has a voltage detector (9) which determines the discharge voltage of a battery (1). A current detector (8) detects the charging and discharging current of the battery. A memory (5b) temporarily stores the discharge voltage and the charging and discharging current detected. An amount operation calculator computes the amount of discharge voltage from the charging and discharging current. A regression unit regresses the relationship between the discharge voltage and the charging and discharging current based on the discharge voltage and charging and discharging current stored.    A reference discharge voltage operating unit responds to a predetermined reference discharge electric power or a reference discharge current based on a first order function, and calculates the reference discharge voltage. The discharge voltage calculated by the amount operation calculating unit and the reference discharge voltage are compared. A residual charge operation calculating unit computes the residual charge amount of the battery based on the discharge characteristic of the battery foreseen by a predicting unit.    ADVANTAGE -   Displays actual residual charge left in battery.
The electrical system management has separate supply to the high power consumption components and the low power consumption components. The battery is supplied in the same circuit as the low power consumption components. A controller (2) delivers current to both the high and low power circuits.     The controller delivers a potential U1 to the low power consumption circuit and a potential U2 to the high power circuit. The latter potential (U2) is greater than the low power potential. A filter (6) ensures the low power supply potential is stable regardless of fluctuations in the potential in the high power circuit.    ADVANTAGE -   Improved quality of supply potential in motor vehicle electrical system with heavy load, and control of Joule heating losses in system.
The vehicle has a cooling system which may be a secondary system. A gaseous cooling medium passes through the cooling system. The fuel cells can be arranged so that the cooling medium is passed around the system wholly or partially by the ram pressure of the wind due to the vehicle's motion.    A further source of pressure e.g. a fan, can be used in addition to the ram pressure to force the coolant through the system. A liquid primary coolant can be cooled by a secondary coolant and regenerated after heating in a primary cooling system.    ADVANTAGE -   Enables mobile fuel cell power supply with cooling system to be fitted with less additional wt. than customary for this technology, whilst providing comparable power.
A system for producing hydrogen gas in an electrochemical cell and using the hydrogen gas for powering a fuel cell, comprises: (a) an electrochemical cell, including: (i) means for oxidising hydrogen halide to produce hydrogen gas and protons, (ii) means for transporting the cations, one side of which is in contact with the oxidising means, (iii) means for reducing the protons to produce hydrogen gas, which is in contact with the other side of the cation- transporting, and (iv) outlet means for releasing the hydrogen gas from the electrochemical cell; and (b) a fuel cell connected to the outlet and powered by the hydrogen gas.    Also claimed is a process for powering a fuel cell from hydrogen gas produced in an electrochemical cell.    USE -   The process is useful for the conversion of aqueous or anhydrous hydrogen chloride (claimed), which is a largely unwanted by-product of processes which use chlorine, e.g. to manufacture polyvinyl chloride, isocyanates and chlorinated hydrocarbons/fluorinated hydrocarbons.    ADVANTAGE -   The DC power produced by the fuel cell is used to supplement the total power required to run the electrochemical cell (claimed) and the system may be used to convert anhydrous, aqueous or liquid hydrogen halide to halogen gas, avoiding the environmental problems of disposing of HCl or other hydrogen halide by-product. Electrical power is produced without consuming fossil or nuclear fuels or producing atmospheric pollutants.
A boost power supply for producing an output voltage at an output higher than a supply voltage at an input comprises an inductor and a diode joined at a node and serially coupled between an input and an output. A storage capacitor is coupled between the output and ground. A switch is connected between the node and ground so that inductor current flows through the switch at increasing values when the switch is closed to attain a peak value and then when the switch is open inductor current flows through the diode to the output at decreasing values to charge the capacitor.    A control circuit for operating the switch includes a device responsive to the current flow through the switch for opening the switch when the current flow through the switch attains a set maximum value. A device is responsive to current flow through the storage capacitor for closing the switch when the current flow through the capacitor decreases to a set value. The storage capacitor current and the switch current determine switch cycling.    ADVANTAGE -   Boosts voltage in power supply without causing electromagnetic emissions. Power supply operates in continuous mode.
Catalyst comprises a three-dimensional substrate with external and shielded surfaces coated on all or most of its surfaces with an Sn oxide precursor in liquid form which is then converted to Sn oxide while being contacted with a dopant source to form a stable conductive coating. The coated substrate is then contacted with a catalyst material to incorporate catalyst. The substrate is preferably in the form of spheres, extrudates, flakes, fibres, a porous substrate, irregular shaped particles or a multi-channel monolith. The Sn oxide precursor is preferably SnCl2.    USE -   Used especially as a conductive substrate catalyst for use as an additive in batteries such as the positive active material of lead-acid batteries.    ADVANTAGE -   The catalysts have a conductive coating of high thickness uniformity and have very high stability in terms of eg electrical properties and morphology.
The device has a power consumption operating unit (5) that computes power consumption based on detected supply voltage from main battery (1) and a sub-battery (18), and the DC current from the main battery. Remaining battery amount is computed based on predetermined charging quantity of main battery and integrated power consumption of both batteries.    An output controller controls the drive units of electric compressor (13), indoor fan (16) and outdoor fan (17) based on power consumption of air conditioner and power consumption allowance of air conditioner. The power consumption allowance for each unit is established. When the power consumption of air conditioner exceeds the established allowance, the rotation number of compressor is reduced and the number of rotations of the outdoor and indoor fan motor are increased to compensate air conditioner capacity.    ADVANTAGE -   Prevents reduction is transit of vehicle. Ensures comfort inside vehicle by increasing rotation number of fans during reduction in air conditioner operation. Allows operator to determine operating and non-operating time of air conditioner through display.
A new electrolyte membrane for fuel cells is of a specific polysulphone which has repeating units of formula (1) and sulphonic acid groups which are introduced into the aromatic rings of the repeating unit. The membrane has an ion-exchanging capacity of 1.6-3.2 meq/g-resin and a pressing resistant load of 80 kgf/cm2. The production of the new electrolyte membrane is also claimed, where (i) the aromatic rings of the repeating unit are sulphonated so as to introduce sulphonic acid groups; (ii) a solution of the resultant sulphonated polysulphone which has an ion-exchanging capacity of 1.6-3.2 meq/g-resin is applied to a support; and (iii) the coating is heated at 40-80C for 12 hours to obtain a membrane.    USE -   For polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells. The fuel cells are used as a power source for electric vehicles.    ADVANTAGE -   The new membrane has a higher ion-exchange capacity as compared with conventional membranes, e.g., Nafion ((RTM) Dupont Corp.) with 0.91 meq/g-resin.
First and second rollers (33,36) and first and second rails (31,35) are disposed in such a manner that, during containing of a slide box, the first roller (33) falls from the end in a    draw-out direction of the second rail (35) and the second roller (35) falls from the end in a press-in direction of the first rail (35).    ADVANTAGE -   Slide box is reliably held in containing part and safety is improved.
Right and left vertical floor joists (20) are fixed on a chassis frame (12) for a vehicle along a longitudinal direction. A battery box containing part (21) is formed between the vertical floor joists (20) and between the chassis frame (12) and a    cargo box (19). A battery box (18) to contain a battery (15) is contained in the battery box containing part (21) by a slide mechanism (20).    ADVANTAGE -   Battery is high-efficiently mounted on car body.
The electric vehicle has supplementary batteries charged by photo-voltaic cells placed on the top surfaces of the body work (1) of the vehicle, and in the glassed areas (2) of the vehicle body work. A wind turbine (4) may also be fitted to the front of the vehicle to charge the supplementary batteries.    The supplementary batteries are brought into use either manually through the driver operating a switch, or automatically through detection of loss of potential at the drive motor. The supplementary batteries are large enough to drive the vehicle for some tens of kilometre.    ADVANTAGE -   Extends range of electric vehicle and provides emergency power source if batteries fail or become drained.
The bicycle is equipped with auxiliary electric drive in addition to foot pedal power. It includes a first control circuit (2) with a micro-computer for controlling the electric drive (1) and a second control circuit (7) with a microcomputer for a monitoring of the rechargeable battery (5), which supplies the electric drive with power, and/or the control of the electric bicycle by switching.    The first and second control circuits are connected with each other across a communication circuit (15). The auxiliary present. intake is given by an auxiliary present. intake selection switch, and a signal related to this intake is entered across the second control circuit in the first control circuit, in order to control the electric drive.    ADVANTAGE -   Assists human muscle power within certain limits corresponding to pedal power.
In a direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) having fuel and oxidant supply and discharge channels, a membrane-electrode unit and bipolar plates, the fuel supply channel is preceded by an evaporator so that the fuel is supplied in gaseous form for reaction at the anode. Preferably, the moisture content is greater than 70% and the methanol, water and/or inert gas concentration in the fuel can be adjusted by pumps preceding the evaporator. Also claimed is a fuel cell battery comprising a stack of the above DMFCs, the evaporator and optionally one to three pumps in the fuel feed line, as well as a CO2 separator or heat exchanger provided in the fuel exhaust line for physically or chemically separating unconsumed fuel from the CO2 reaction product. Further claimed is a method of operating a DMFC, in which the fuel is fed in gaseous form to the anode.    USE -   In a fuel cell battery useful as a mobile energy source, e.g. in automobiles, or as a large stationary energy source, e.g. in power stations or for electric current and heat supply to dwellings or office buildings.    ADVANTAGE -   The DMFC has (i) increased Faraday efficiency, even at low current density, since the cell employs load-dependent methanol supply and consumption in the anode space so that the methanol concentration is insufficient to produce a high methanol diffusion pressure towards the cathode; (ii) increased voltage since the operating temperature can be increased to minimise kinetic inhibition of the anodic reaction; and (iii) extremely low water transport through the polymeric electrolyte by addition of an inert gas (e.g. CO2 and/or N2) to reduce the water content at the anode side.
A biological battery comprises 2 dissimilar electrodes, with an electromotive potential, inserted into biological matter, where the biological matter contains, as a primary ingredient, moist Sewage Sludge Compost, and as a secondary ingredient composted biodegradable filler that remains from the sewage composting process. Also claimed is a process for renewing biological activity in the claimed biological battery by adding a water and nitrogen compound solution to the biological matter when loss of electrical output is exhibited.    USE -   The batteries use Sewage Sludge Compost for electrical energy production, generated by biological oxidation and reduction reactions. Sewage Sludge compost can be used to replace up to 4/5 of standard dry cell material in a common non-alkaline battery without any loss of electrical output.    ADVANTAGE -   Sewage Sludge Compost is pathogen-free and odourless. Electrical output is provided by the naturally occurring aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, Actinomycetes and fungi found in the compost. Seven species of bacteria, 14 species of Actinomycetes and 34 species of fungi have been observed. Thus, no inoculation of the material with a marine organism is required, as is necessary in some previous processes to provide biological activity. The absorbing quality of the compost controls any free liquid that may be added to foster biological activity.
The apparatus has a battery power supply divided into a main power supply and a back-up power supply. The main power supply and the back up power supplies voltage to a load according to necessity.    The back up power supply supplies voltage to the load through a back up power supply line (L13b, L13bA). The main power supply supplies voltage to the load, through a separate main power supply line (L13a).    ADVANTAGE -   Provides power supply to load using back up power supply, when main power supply line is damaged by accident. Prevents stoppage of transit of vehicle by interception of main power supply when required. Secures light weight by reducing thickness of back up power supply line. Secures simplified structure.