WO9910165-A1  See also references of EP 1021296A1EP1021296-A1  DATABASE WPI Section Ch, Week 198434 Derwent Publications Ltd., London, GB; Class A88, AN 1984-209372 XP002164080 & JP 59 120211 A (ASAHI GLASS CO LTD), 11 July 1984 (1984-07-11);  DATABASE WPI Section Ch, Week 198049 Derwent Publications Ltd., London, GB; Class A25, AN 1980-87481C XP002164079 & JP 55 137005 A (TEIJIN LTD), 25 October 1980 (1980-10-25);  See also references of WO 9910165A1;  DATABASE WPI Section Ch, Week 198049 Derwent Publications Ltd., London, GB; Class A25, AN 1980-87481C XP002164079&JP 55 137005 A (TEIJIN LTD), 25 October 1980 (1980-10-25);  DATABASE WPI Section Ch, Week 198434 Derwent Publications Ltd., London, GB; Class A88, AN 1984-209372 XP002164080&JP 59 120211 A (ASAHI GLASS CO LTD), 11 July 1984 (1984-07-11)US6248469-B1  "Electrophilic Aromatic Sulfonation And Related Reactions"-Part I, pp. 1-45, No date.;  A. B. LaConti et al. "Morphology And Reverse Osmosis Properties Of Sulfonated 2,6-Dimethyl Polyphenylene Oxide Membranes", Reprinted from Reverse Osmosis Membrane Research, 1972, pp. 263-284.;  A. B. LaConti et al., "Solid Polymer Electrolyte Electrochemical Cells: Electrode and Other Materials Considerations", General Electric Company, Wilmington, MA 1974, pp. 354-374.;  A. Bhatnagar et al. "Synthesis and Characterization of Polyphenylene Sulfide Sulfones": Part II, pp. 111-112.;  A. Bhatnagar, et al. "Synthesis and Characterization of Advanced Fire Resistant Engineering Thermoplastics", pp. 227-228, No date.;  A. V. Anantaraman et al. "Studies on Ion-exhange Membranes. Part 1. Effect of Humidity on the Conductivity of Nafion", Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 414 (1996), pp. 115-120.;  Copy of PCT International Search Report (Form PCTISA210) dated Jan. 26, 1999 (3 pages) re Int'l Appln. No. PCTUS9817898.;  D. Weng et al "Electro-osmotic Drag Coefficient of Water and Methanol in Polymer Electrolytes at Elevated Temperatures", J. Electrochem. Soc. , vol. 143, No. 4, Apr. 1996, pp. 1260-1263.;  F. KuCera et al., "Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Sulfonation of Polymers: A Review", Polymer Engineering And Science, May 1998, vol. 36, No. 5, pp. 783-792.;  G. Alberti et al. "Layered Metal IV Phos phonates, a Large Class Of inorgano-organic Proton Conductors", Solid State Ionics, 97, (1997), pp. 177-186.;  J. J. Sumner et al. "Proton Conductivity in Nafion 117 and in a Novel Bis[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]imide Ionomer Membrane", J. Electrochem. Soc, vol. 145, No. 1, Jan. 1998, pp. 107-111.;  J. Kerres et al. "Development and Characterization of Crosslinked Ionomer Membranes Based Upon Sulfinatedand Sulfonated PSU Crosslinked PSU Blend Membranes By Disproportionation of Sulfinic Acid Groups", Journal Of Membrane Science, 239 (1998) pp. 211-225.;  Jones, D.J., et al. "New Proton Conductors For Fuel Cell Applications", Environmental Research Forum, vol. 1-2 (1996), pp. 115-126.;  Kerres et al., "New Ionomers and Their Applications in PEM Fuel Cells", ICE, Stuttgart, Germany, 1998, pp. 1951-1956.;  Kolde et al., "Advanced Composite Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Membranes", Electrochemical Society Proceedings, vol. 95-23, 1995, pp. 193-201.;  Kreuer, K. D., "Membrane Materials for PEM Fuel Cells: A Microstructural Approach", Electrochemical Society Proceedings, vol. 95-23, 1995, pp. 241-246.;  L. H. Sperling et al. "The Current Status of Interpenetrating Polymer Networks", IPNs Around the World, Edited by S. C. Kim and L. H. Sperling 1997 John Wiley & Sons Ltd, No date.;  M. Kurihara et al., "The Major Developments of the Evolving Reverse Osmosis Membranes and Ultrafiltration Membranes", Polymer Journal, vol. 23, No. 5, pp. 513-520 (1991).;  M. Schulze et al. "Proton Exchange With Alkaline Ions In Nafion", six pages, No date.;  M. Yoshitake et al. "Flemions and PEFC", pp. 509-512, No date.;  N. M. Belomoina et al. "Thermoreactive Sulfur-Containing Poly(phenylquinoxaline)s", Polymer Science, Series B, vol. 38, Nos. 1-2, 1996, pp. 98-100.;  P. Clemenson et al., "Synthesis and Characterization of New Water-Soluble Precursors of Polyimides", Polymer Engineering And Science, Jun. 1997, vol. 37, No. 6, pp. 966-977.;  R. W. Kopitzke et al. "Sulfonation of a Poly(phenylquinoxaline) Film", Journal of Polymer Science: Part A: Polymer Chemistry, vol. 86 (1998), pp. 1197-1199.;  Ren et al., "Methanol Cross-over in Direct Methanol Fuel Cells", Electrochemical Society Proceedings, vol. 95-23, 1995, pp. 284-298.;  S. Kim et al. "Aromatic and Rigid Rod Polyelectrolytes Based On Sulfonated Poly(benzobisthiazoles)", No date.;  Sillion, B. et al., "Sulfonated Polyimides As Novel Proton Exchange Membranes For H202 Fuel Cells", Laboratoire Des Materioux Organiques Aux Proprietes Specifiques, Vernaison, France, No date.;  T. A. Zawodzinski, Jr. et al. "Water Uptake by and Transport Through Nafion 117 Membranes", Journal of the Electrochemical Society, vol. 40, No. 4, Apr. 1993, pp. 1041-1047.;  T. Kobayashi et al. "Proton-Conducting Polymers Derived From Poly(ether-etherketone) and Poly(4-phenoxybenzoyl-1,4-phenylene)", Solid State Ionics, 106 (1998), pp. 219-225.;  T. Okada et al. "Transport And Equilibrium Properties of Nafion Membranes With H& and Na& Ions", Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 442 (1998), pp. 137-145.;  Tsuchida et al., "Synthesis And Proton Conductivity of Highly Sulfonated Poly(thiophenylene)", Macromolecules , 1997, vol. 30, pp. 2941-2946.;  Ueda et al., "Synthesis and Characterization of Aromatic PES Containing Pendant Sodium Sulfonate Groups", J. Polymer Science, vol. 31, 1993, pp. 853-858.;  Xu et al., "Preliminary Study of Phosphonate Ion Exchange Membranes for PEM Fuel Cells", SUNY, Syracuse, NY, 1996, two pages.;  Y. N. Liu et al. "Synthesis and Characterization of Poly(phenylene Sulfide Sulfone): Part I", pp. 109-110, No date.;  Y. Sone et al. "Proton Conductivity of Nafion 117 as Measured by a Four-Electrode AC Impedance Method", J. Electrochem. Soc., vol. 143, No. 4, Apr. 1996, pp. 1254-1259.;  Y. Uchimoto et al. "Ionically Conductive Thin Polymer Films Prepared By Plasma Polymerization. Part 7. Preparation and Characerization Of Solid Polymer Electrolyte Having Fixed Carboxylic Acid Groups With Single Mobile Species", Solid State Ionics, 4041 (1990), pp. 624-627.US7052793-B2  "Electrophilic Aromatic Sulfonation And Related Reactions"_Part 1, pp. 1-45.;  A. Bhatnagar, et al., "Synthesis and Characterization of Advanced Fire Resistant Engineering Thermoplastics", pp. 227-228.;  A. Bhatnagar, et al., "Synthesis and Characterization of Polyphenylene Sulfide Sulfones": Part II, pp. 111-112.;  A.B. LaConti, et al., "Morphology And Reverse Osmosis Properties of Sulfonated 2,6-Dimethyl Polyphenylene Oxide Membranes", Reprinted from Reverse Osmosis Membrane Research, 1972, pp. 263-284.;  A.B. LaConti, et al., "Solid Polymer Electrolyte Electrochemical Cells: Electrode and Other Materials Considerations", General Electric Company, Wilmington, MA 1974, pp. 354-374, no month available.;  A.V. Anantaraman, et al., "Studies on Ion-exchange Membranes. Part 1 Effect of Humidity on the Conductivity of Nafion", Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 414 (1996), pp. 115-120.;  Copy of PCT International Search Report (Form PCT/ISA/210) dated Jan. 26, 1999 (3 pages) re Int'l Appln. No. PCT/US98/17898.;  D. Weng, et al., "Electro-osmotic Drag Coefficient of Water and Methanol in Polymer Electrolytes at Elevated Temperatures", J. Electrochem. Soc., vol. 143, No. 4, Apr. 1996, pp. 1260-1263.;  Database WPI, sec. Ch., Week 198049, Derwent Publications, Ltd., London, GB; AN 1980-87481C, XP002164079. JP 55137005 A, Teijin Ltd., Oct. 25, 1980. (Abstract).;  F. KuCera, et al., "Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Sulfonation of Polymers: A Review", Polymer Engineering and Science, May 1998, vol. 36, No. 5, pp. 783-792.;  G. Alberti, et al., "Layered metal IV Phos phonates, a Large Class of inorgano-organic Proton Conductors", Solid State Ionics, 97, (1997), p. 177-186.;  J. Kerres, et al., "Development and Characterization of Crosslinked Ionomer Membranes Based Upon Sulfinatedand Sulfonated PSU Crosslinked PSU Blend Membranes By Disproportionation of Sulfinic Acid Groups", Journal of Membrane Science, 239 (1998) pp. 211-225.;  J.J. Sumner, et al., "Proton Conductivity in Nafion 117 and in a Novel Bis [ (perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl] imide Ionomer Membrane", J. Electrochem. Soc., vol. 145, No. 1, Jan. 1998, ppp. 107-111.;  Jones, D.J., et al., "New Proteon Conductors For Fuel Cell Applications", Enviornmental Research Forum, vols. 1-2 (1996), p. 115-126.;  Kerres, et al., "New Ionomers and Their Applications in PEM Fuel Cells", ICE, Stuttgart, Germany, 1998, pp. 1951-1956.;  Kolde, et al., "Advanced Composite Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Membranes", Electrochemical Society Proceedings, vol. 95-23, pp. 193-201.;  Kreuer, K. D., "Membrane Materials for PEM Fuel Cells: A Microstructural Approach", Electrochemical Society Proceedings, vol. 95-23, pp. 241-246.;  L.H., Sperling, et al, "The Current Status of Interpreting Polymer Networks", IPNs Around the World, Edited by S.C. Kim and L.H. Sperling, 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.;  M. Kurihara, et al., "The Major Developments of the Evolving Reverse Osmosis Membranes and Ultrafiltration Membranes", Polymer Journal, vol. 23, No. 5, pp. 513-520.;  M. Schulze, et al., "Proton Exchange With Alkaline Ions in Nafion", six pages.;  M. Yoshitake, et al., "Flemions and PEFC", pp. 509-512.;  N.M., Belomonia, et al., "Thermoreactive Sulfur-Containing Poly(phenylquinoxaline)s", Polymer Science, Series B, vol. 38, Nos. 1-2, 1996, pp. 98-100.;  P. Clemenson, et al., "Synthesis and Characterization of New Water-Soluable Precursors of Polyimides", Polymer Engineering and Science, Jun. 1997, vol. 37, No. 6, pp. 966-977.;  R.W., Kopitzke, et al, "Sulfonation of Poly (phenylquinoxaline) Film", Journal of Polymer Science: Part A: Polymer Chemistry, vol. 86 (1998), pp. 1197-1199.;  Ren, et al., "Methanol Cross-over in Direct Methanol Fuel Cells", Electrochemical Society Proceedings, vol. 95-23, 1995, pp. 284-298.;  S. Kim, et al., "Aromatic and Rigid Rod Polyelectrolytes Based on Sulfonated Poly (benzobishizoles)".;  Sillion, B., et al., "Sulfonated Polyimides As Novel Proton Exchange Membranes For H2/02 Fuel Cells", Laboratoire Des Materioux Organiques Aux Proprietes Specifiques, Vernaison, France.;  T. Kobayashi, et al., "Proton-Conducting Polymers Derived from Poly(ether-etherketone) and Poly(4-phenoxybenzoyl-1-1,4-phenylene)", Solid State Ionics, 106 (1998), pp. 219-225.;  T. Okada, et al., "Transport And Equilibrium Properties of Nafion Membranes With H+ and Na+Ions", Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 442 (1998), pp. 137-145.;  T.A. Zawadzinski, Jr., et al., "Water Uptake by and Transport Through Nafion 117 Membranes", Journal of the Electrochemical Society, vol. 40, No. 4, Apr. 1993, pp. 1041-1047.;  Tsuchida, et al., "Synthesis and Proton Conductivity of Highly Sulfonated Poly (thiophenylene)", Macromolecules, 1997, vol. 30, pp. 2941-2946.;  Ueda, et al., "Synthesis and Characterization of Aromatic PES Containing Pendant Sodium Sulfonate Groups", J. Polymer Science, vol. 31, 1993, p. 853-858.;  Xu, et al., "Preliminary Study of Phosphonate Ion Exchange Membranes for PEM Fuel Cells", SUNY, Syracuse, NY, 1996, 2 pgs.;  Y. Sone, et al, "Proton Conductivity of Nafion 117 as Measured by a Four-Electrode AC Impedance Method", J. Electrochem. Soc., vol. 143, No. 4, Apr. 1996, pp. 1254-1259.;  Y. Uchimoto, et al., "Ionically Conductive Thin Polymer Films Prepared by Plasma Polymerization, Part 7. Preparation and Characterization of Solid Polymer Electrolyte Having Fixed Carboxylic Acid Groups with Single Mobile Species", Solid State Ionics, 40/41, (1990), pp. 624-627.;  Y.N. Liu, et al., "Synthesis and Characterization of Poly (phenylene Sulfide Sulfone): Part I", pp. 109-110.