TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Compositions: The electrolyte solution comprises of 0.01-50% by weight of corrosion inhibitor preferably 1-25% of component (A) and 0.01-5% of component (B) and the balance is 35% sulfuric acid in water. Preferred Inhibiting Solutions: The corrosion inhibitor solution comprises a mixture of hydrolyzed protein and polyvinylpyrrolidone; a mixture of hydrolyzed protein and complex iodides; a mixture of hydrolyzed gelatin, dodecyl diphenyloxide disulfonate and polyvinylpyrrolidone; a mixture of at least one of alkali/alkaline metal salts, hydrolyzable metal salts or their mixture and dodecyl diphenyloxide disulfonic acid or sodium dodecyl diphenyloxide disulfonate; or a mixture of hydrolyzed gelatin with at least one organic iodine complex or water soluble iodide and sorbitan monooleate. Preferred Compounds: The hydrolyzed protein comprises of gelatin hydrolysate and ethoxylated fatty acid. EXAMPLE - 12 lbs of hydrolyzed gelatin was dissolved in 60 lbs of water warmed at 90degreesF. 2 lbs of 75% phosphoric acid, 9.83 lbs of nonylphenoxy (polyethylene oxy) 8-ethanol, 4.67 lbs. of ethylene diamine dihydriodide were added while mixing continues until all components were dissolved completely. Then 7.5 lbs of propylene glycol and 4 lbs of an ethoxylated fatty acid such as POE(20)(RTM:Sorbitan monooleate) were also added to obtain a homogeneous solution of (A). An electrolyte solution was prepared by mixing 0.5 lbs of solution (A) with 99 lbs of 35% sulfuric acid solution, and lbs of 45% solution of sodium dodecyl diphenyloxide disulfonate. After thorough mixing, the solution is ready for use as an electrolyte in a lead-acid storage battery which exhibit reduced gassing effect and reduced corrosion at the posts, terminals, plates and cables compared to conventional one.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Materials: The dendritic has increased electrolyte stability, decreased electrolyte layer thickness and more efficient Li ion transport. The branched building blocks include polyethylene glycol functionalized, highly saturated branches and the dendritic material has greater specific energy density and battery cycle life, include linear neuromolecular arrays and are grown on polyalkyn based molecular wires. The unimolecular micelles include logical constraints for controlling torsional dynamic movement to separate or bring together terminal units. A guest molecule (disposed within the lipophilic centers) controls the dynamic movement, and comprises a halide counterion or polyion. Logical constraints include site specific molecular recognition, disruption of H bonding and swelling in void regions. There are polymetallic regions with bipyridal and tetrapyridal ligands accommodating metals.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The poly(vinylidene fluoride) has a number average molecular wt. of preferably less than 2000 atomic mass units. The electrolyte comprises poly(vinylidene fluoride) or its derivatives and one or more other polymers selected from polyacrylonitrile, poly(vinyl chloride), polyacrylics, polyesters, polyacetates, poly(tetrahydrofuran), polyitaconates, poly(vinyl pyridine), poly(vinyl pyrrolidones), polyphosphazenes, polysiloxanes, poly(vinylene carbonate), poly(acrylamides), poly(vinyl alcohol), poly(ethylene imine), poly(vinyl acetate), polyethylene oxide and combinations of these. The solvent is a copolymer comprises vinylidene fluoride and at least one of hexafluoro propene and tetrafluoroethene, The solvent comprises poly(vinylidene fluoride) and one or more solvents selected from diethyl carbonate, propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, dipropylcarbonate, dimethylsulphoxide, acetonitrile, dimethoxyethane, tetrahydrofuran, n-methyl-2-pyrrolidone and combinations of these.Preferred Composition: The solvent comprises at least 10 vol.% poly(vinylidene fluoride).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The electrolyte salt comprises an alkali metal salt having the formula M+X-, where M+ is an alkali metal cation and X- is an anion selected from Cl-, Br-, I-, ClO4-, BF4-, PF6-, ASF6-, CH3CO2-, CF3SO3-, N(CF3SO2)2-, C(CF3SO2)3- and combinations of these.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The additive includes a dye. The natural oil is hydrocracked and hydro treated oil. Naphthenic oil is 45 SUS.Preferred Method: The additive is used in combination with a sulfuric acid electrolyte concentration consisting 25% water. The step of inserting electrolyte additive provides a depth of 13-18mm of electrolyte additive.Preferred Composition: The natural oil is approximately 60% of the electrolyte additive. The additive is added to the battery providing a volume of approximately 75% sulfuric acid and 25% water. The additive is added to a battery providing a volume of 20% electrolyte additive and 805 sulfuric acid electrolyte. The additive comprises 64.5% natural oil, 23.0% naphthenic oil, 1.5% zinc-free rust and oxidation inhibitor, 11.0% ethylene-propylene copolymer and 100ppm antifoaming material. The additive constitutes less than 30% of the liquid volume of the battery. The electrolyte includes 200ppm dye. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The natural oil is mineral white oil    EXAMPLE - 12 ounces of electrolyte additive is used for a Porsche 911 battery.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred materials: The electrically insulating layer is a resin or rubber, and is situated on the flanks only.A gas manifold is formed on the flanks via the electrically insulating layer, and is of the same material as the electrically insulating layer.The joining of the gas-tight seal with the gas manifolds is effected by ultrasonic welding or injection molding    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Separator: The separator is composed of one or more metal plates with parallel concave linear gas distributing grooves.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred assembly: The battery tray and the drain hose are of polypropylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The polymer is a crosslinked polyacrylate and comprises 30-65 weight % of polymer obtained from monomers of formula (II)n = 8, 10 or 12;R = H    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Material: There is 3-65 weight % of ion-conductive liquid comprising an equimolar mixture of ethylene carbonate and diethyl carbonate and Li salt; the anode is of Li metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred membrane: The ionically conducting sheet is an electronically insulating material. The membrane is a fluorinated ion exchange material, and the catalyst layer is an electrocatalyst. In (A) the current collector comprises two parts one at either end of the passage. In (B) the fluid is air, nitrogen, or water. In (C) the removable element is a wire, and a current collector is formed in electronic communication with the catalyst. In (D) bonding is by hot-pressing, and a current collector is formed in electronic communication with the catalyst. In (E) a metal layer is formed on the upper and lower portion of the membrane in electronic communication with the metal layer in the passage which is an electrocatalyst. In (F) a current collector is formed in electronic communication with the catalyst.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred membrane: The membrane is a fluorinated ion exchange material selected from perfluorinated sulfonic acid polymers; perfluorinated carboxylic acid polymers; perfluoro bisulfonimide polymers; perfluoro phosphonic acid polymers and perfluorinated carbanion acids and their mixtures.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred membrane: The electrocatalyst is selected from platinum; platinum-ruthenium; platinum-tin; platinum-molybdenum; platinum-ruthenium-tungsten; platinum-ruthenium-osmium; and platinum-ruthenium-tin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Epoxidized Soybean Oil: (ii) is of formula (A):n = 1-10R = alkyl EXAMPLE - Lithium cobalt dioxide (50g) (active material) was mixed with carbon black (4g) (conductive agent) to form a powder mixture (B). Polyvinylidene fluoride (7g) (binder) was dissolved in N-methyl pyrrolidone (100g) (organic solvent) and epoxidized soybean oil of formula (A) (10g) (plasticizer) was added to form a mixture composition (C). (B) and (C) were mixed to form an active material composition (D), which was applied to a glass substrate and cast to form a 100 microns film. Two sheets of the film were laminated on both sides of a piece perforated aluminum foil (current collector) to form a positive electrode.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred pole. Graphite-epoxy is preferred material for the pole and battery module shell.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred tip. The tip of the pole may be of aluminum with a stainless steel point.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Electrolyte: The particles have a pore size of 0.5-0.9 mum, a pore volume of 0.2-0.6 cm3/g, a density of 1-1.2 g/cm3, a surface area of 1-30 m2/g and an average size of 5-60 mum. The electrolyte contains 1-10 wt.% of the particles. EXAMPLE - The electrolyte comprised 8 g solvent (20% propylene carbonate and 80% ethylene carbonate), 0.4 g Orgasol polyamide beads, 1 g PAN and 0.034 g lithium hexafluorophosphate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Fabrication: Lamination is by pressure and/or heating at least one of the layers above a glass transition temperature and annealing to form a mixed layer of desired thickness. The layers are organically or inorganically doped before lamination to vary light absorption, transport or injection characteristics.Preferred Components: The components are self-supporting with electrode substrates, which are metal foils, and at least one component is flexible and stored as a roll before lamination. The first electrode comprises ITO and has a higher work function than the second electrode, which is Al or the work functions are the same.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Semiconductor: The semiconductors are conjugated organic polymers, especially poly(phenylene vinylene) poly(thiophene), poly(thienylene vinylene), poly(isothianaphthene), poly(squaraine). The polymers contain perylene units. There is an organometallic polymer and at least one semiconductor material comprises an organic pigment or dye, a phthalocyanine, naphthalocyanine, merocyanine, an azo dye, a polysilane or polygermanate. The two semiconductors are POPT, or P3HT, and MCP respectively and the mixed layer is an interpenetrating network of the two materials. The layers contain at least 80% of the semiconductor and some of the other semiconductor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The acid-doped polyaniline polymer is sulfonic acid-doped polyaniline polymer or dinonyl naphthalene sulfonic acid-doped (DNSA) polyaniline polymer. The solution contains 0.01-35 weight percent (wt. %) of DNSA-doped polyaniline polymer preferably 10-20 wt. % of DNSA-doped polyaniline polymer.Preferred Method: The polymer coated capacitive element is washed with methanol or acetone. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The solvent contains alpha-pinene and beta-pinene sold under the name gum turpentine. The anode body is made of tantalum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The composite foil comprises a polycarbonate layer, a layer of fluorine-containing polymer, e.g. polyvinylfluoride, and an optional layer of adhesive between them, a layer of fluorine-containing polymer, a polycarbonate layer, a layer of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, and an optional adhesive between them. The polycarbonate layer is based on bisphenol A, and up to 60 mol.% on the total diphenol of 1,1-bis-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane. At least one of the multilayer composite foils is printed. EXAMPLE - Different foils were tested for color adhesion to adhesive tape using two different screen printing inks: Noriphan HTR (RTM) (a copolycarbonate binder based on bisphenol A) and APEC HT (RTM) (1,1-bis-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane) (ink A) and standard ink Jet 200 (RTM) (polyacrylic resin and cellulose derivative as binder (ink B). The foils tested were: polycarbonate-polyvinylflyuoride composite foil, printed over the polycarbonate side, and for comparison polyvinylfluoride, ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer, and polyvinylfluoride-polyethylene terephthalate-polyvinylfloride composite foil (I). No foils showed adhesion of the ink to the tape except for comparative foil (I), which showed ink loss to the tape.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The composite foil comprises a polycarbonate layer, a layer of fluorine-containing polymer, e.g. polyvinylfluoride, and an optional layer of adhesive between them, a layer of fluorine-containing polymer, a polycarbonate layer, a layer of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, and an optional adhesive between them. The polycarbonate layer is based on bisphenol A, and up to 60 mol.% on the total diphenol of 1,1-bis-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane. At least one of the multilayer composite foils is printed. EXAMPLE - Different foils were tested for color adhesion to adhesive tape using two different screen printing inks: Noriphan HTR (RTM) (a copolycarbonate binder based on bisphenol A) and APEC HT (RTM) (1,1-bis-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane)    (ink A) and standard ink Jet 200 (RTM) (polyacrylic resin and cellulose derivative as binder (ink B). The foils tested were: polycarbonate-polyvinylflyuoride composite foil, printed over the polycarbonate side, and for comparison polyvinylfluoride, ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer, and polyvinylfluoride-polyethylene terephthalate-polyvinylfloride composite foil (I). No foils showed adhesion of the ink to the tape except for comparative foil (I), which showed ink loss o the tape. The mechanical load carrying capacity of the foils was tested by free fall of a 250 g test weight with an underside of radius 20 mm onto the foil deposited on a base. The free fall heights were: A = 10 cm, B = 20 cm, and C = 30 cm. The foils tested were: (a) Tedlar (RTM) (polyvinylfluoride) coating, (b) a polycarbonate foil, and (c) Makrofol EPC (RTM) (a polycarbonate-polyvinylfluoride composite foil). Some foil breakages were observed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The plastic label is preferably made from PVC or hard PVC film. The primer may be a butyl acrylate primer
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred module: The module further comprises a conductive adhesive between the solar cells and the electrical conductors, preferably lead-tin solder, or thermosetting, pressure sensitive, epoxy adhesive comprising conductive particles preferably silver, carbon, or gold. The electrical conductors are copper, preferably tin coated.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred spool. The spool consists of insulating polybutyl terephthalate (PBT) material or insulating thermoplastic or thermosetting material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The solvent is ether, preferably THF, or polyether, 1,2-dimethoxyethane. EXAMPLE - 252.14 g oxalic acid dihydrate and 23.94 g calcined LiOH were dissolved in 1500 g distilled water. Through heat of neutralization, the temperature rose to 30 degreesC and a clear solution formed. Within 5 minutes, a solution of 61.83 g boric acid in 1300 g water were added. The solution was concentrated by distillation at normal pressure. Within 3 hours, 2165 g water were distilled off, and from the colorless solution crystals were deposited. A further 450 g water were distilled off and the remaining suspension (411 g) added to a porcelain dish and placed in a vacuum dryer for complete vaporization. After 24 hours at 100 degreesC, 184.4 g colorless granules of lithium bisoxalatoborate were obtained (95% yield).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The impregnant can be an inorganic acid selected from the group consisting of H3PO4 and HNO3    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The impregnant can be an organic acid selected from the group consisting of CF3COOH and CF3SO3H
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - The batteries are primary or secondary lithium batteries and the protective layer is a lithium silicate, borate, phosphorus oxynitride, aluminate or complex sulfide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Materials: The electrolyte is an organic electrolyte containing lithium ion. Average diameter of the filler is smaller than particle diameter of the electrode-active materials for constructing the electrodes, particularly not more than 1 mum. The equivalent of unit volume of the adhesive resin layer to the sum of the adhesive resin volume ratio and that of the filler is not more than 1, preferably 0.2-0.8. The filler material contains non-conductor or/and semiconductor. Preferably, the adhesive resin layer comprises a layer of an electrically conductive filler and a layer containing a non-conductor or semiconductor. Such adhesive layer is inserted in the spaces between the facing positive and negative electrodes, and they may also be in the form of an electrode body of a single layer then laminated into a plurality of layers as a laminate, or by inserting a plurality of, particularly coiled or folded form between the positive and negative electrodes in alternating arrangement. EXAMPLE - A positive electrode-active material of 91 pts.wt. LiCoO2 (average particle diameter = 10 mum), 6 pts.wt. graphite powder and 3 pts.wt. polyvinylidene fluoride was applied to an aluminum foil to 80 mum in thickness to give a positive electrode. Then a mixture of 90 pts.wt. meso-carbon microbeads (average particle diameter = 8 mum) and 10 pts.wt. polyvinylidene fluoride was applied to a copper substrate to 80 mum in thickness as the negative electrode. The adhesive resin solution was obtained from 10 wt.% polyvinylidene fluoride and 10 wt.% alumina powder (0.1 mum particle diameter) in N-methylpyrrolidone as a dispersion. The adhesive solution was applied to the electrode sheets and dried for 1 hr. to give single-layer electrode bodies (resin layer being 20 mum thick). Properties: peeling strength = 50 gf/cm; discharge capacitance = 60 mAh (1C); and porosity = 50%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The lens and body can be made from polycarbonate sheet.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Quaternary Salt: The quaternary salt is an alicyclic amidine, an imidazole or benzimidazole compound, substituted with one or more alkyl or arylalkyl groups and quaternized. More specifically is it selected from 8-methyl-1,8- diazabicyclo(5,4,0)undec-7-enium, 5-methyl-1,5-diazabicylco(4,3,0)non-5-enium, 1,2,3- trimethylimidazolinium, 1,2,3,4-tetramethylimidazolinium, 1,2-dimethyl-3-ethylimidazolinium, 1,3,4-trimethyl-2-ethylimidazolinium, 1,3-dimethyl-2-heptylimidazolinium, 1,3-dimethyl-2- (1'ethylpentyl-)imidazolinium, 1,3-dimethyl-2-dodecylimidazolinium, 1,2,3-trimethyl-1,4,5,6- tetrahydropyrimidinium, 1,3-dimethylimidazolium, 1-methyl-3-ethyl-imidazolium or 1,3- dimethylbenzimidazolium. EXAMPLE - An aluminum electrode capacitor was prepared by rolling up anode and cathode aluminum foils and a Manila fibre separator and impregnating with electrolyte consisting of 100 pts. wt. gamma-butyrolactone, 30 pts. wt. mono 8-methyl-1,8- diazabicyclo(5,4,0)undec-7-enium phthalate and 1 pt.wt.p-nitrobenzoic acid. This main body was rated at about 35V with electrostatic capacity about 2200 microF. Lead wires were coupled to the anode and cathode foils (a corrosion prevention treatment applied to the cathode lead before attachment). The capacitor element and an elastic seal, produced by vulcanization molding or 30 pts.wt. isobutylene-isoprene copolymer, 20 pts. wt. carbon and 50 pts. wt. inorganic filler with 2 pts. wt. dicumyl peroxide, were inserted into a case and the opening sealed by curling. The structure was then enclosed in a cover. After a leakage test of 20 devices for 2000 hours at 110 degrees C and at 85 degrees C with RH 85% none showed leakage.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Quaternary Salt: The quaternary salt is an alicyclic amidine, an imidazole or benzimidazole compound, substituted with one or more alkyl or arylalkyl groups and quaternized. More specifically is it selected from 8-methyl-1,8- diazabicyclo(5,4,0) undec-7-enium, 5-methyl-1,5-diazabicylco(4,3,0) non-5-enium, 1,2,3- trimethylimidazolinium, 1,2,3,4- tetramethylimidazolinium, 1,2-dimethyl-3- ethylimidazolinium, 1,3,4-trimethyl-2- ethylimidazolinium, 1,3-dimethyl- 2-heptylimidazolinium, 1,3-dimethyl-2- (1'ethylpentyl-)imidazolinium, 1,3-dimethyl- 2-dodecylimidazolinium, 1,2,3-trimethyl-1,4,5,6- tetrahydropyrimidinium, 1,3-dimethylimidazolium, 1-methyl-3-ethyl-imidazolium or 1,3- dimethylbenzimidazolium. EXAMPLE - An aluminum electrode capacitor was prepared by rolling up anode and cathode aluminum foils and a Manila fibre separator and impregnating with electrolyte consisting of 100 pts. wt. gamma-butyrolactone, 30 pts.wt. mono 8-methyl-1,8- diazabicyclo(5,4,0) undec-7-enium phthalate and 1 pt.wt.p-nitrobenzoic acid. This main body was rated at about 35V with electrostatic capacity about 2200 microF. Lead wires were coupled to the anode and cathode foils (a corrosion prevention treatment applied to the cathode lead before attachment). The capacitor element and an elastic seal, produced by vulcanization molding or 30 pts. wt. isobutylene-isoprene copolymer, 20 pts. wt. carbon and 50 pts. wt. inorganic filler with 2 pts. wt. alkylphenol formalin resin, were inserted into a case and the opening sealed by curling. The structure was then enclosed in a cover. After a leakage test of 20 devices for 2000 hours at 110 degrees C and at 85 degrees C with RH 85% none showed leakage.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The plastic frame consists of a foamed plastic, especially polyurethane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The moisture barrier layer is glass or a transparent plastic sheet of PTFE, PVF, ETFE or polycarbonate, solid or composite. Melt adhesive comprises ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) or polyvinyl butyrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Battery: The electrolyte is an organic electrolyte containing lithium. The adhesive resin layer comprises a layer of conductive filler and a layer containing an insulator or semiconductor. The adhesive layer is inserted in the spaces between the facing electrodes with separator sandwiched in, and they may also be in the form of an electrode body of a single layer then laminated into a plurality of layers as a laminate, or by inserting a plurality of, particularly coiled or folded, separators between the positive and negative electrodes in alternating arrangement.Preferred Filler: Average diameter of the filler is smaller than particle diameter of the electroactive materials for constructing the electrodes, particularly not more than 1 micrometers. The equivalent of unit volume of the adhesive resin layer to the sum of the adhesive resin volume ratio and that of the filler is not more than 1 (0.2-0.8). The filler material contains conductor or/and semiconductor. EXAMPLE - A positive electrode active material of 91 pts.wt. LiCoO2 (average particle diameter = 10 micrometers), 6 pts.wt. graphite powder and 3 pts.wt. polyvinylidene fluoride was applied to an aluminum foil to 80 micrometers in thickness to give a positive electrode. Then a mixture of 90 pts.wt. polyvinylidene fluoride was applied to a copper substrate to 80 micrometers in thickness as the negative electrode.    With a polypropylene polyethylene polypropylene three layer separator, the electrodes were bonded respectively to its two surfaces using an adhesive resin containing 10 wt.% polyvinylidene fluoride and 10 wt.% alumina powder (0.1 micrometers particle diameter) in N-methyl pyrrolidone as a dispersion. After drying at 80 degrees C for 1 hour, a single layer electrode body was obtained.    Properties: peeling strength = 50-70 gf/cm; discharge capacitance = 60-62 mAh (1 C); pore volume percentage = 50%; and thickness = 4 micrometers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The dielectric layer is silicon oxide, silicon nitride or silicon oxynitride. The hard mask is a metal, metal alloy, metal nitride, metal oxide or silicon, preferably titanium nitride or amorphous silicon. The first etchant gas is fluoromethane or difluoromethane, and the second etchant gas is trifluoromethane, tetrafluoromethane, hexafluoroethane or sulphur hexafluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Cathode channels are straight with the filament being placed obliquely within the channel and being a thread of cotton, silk, fiberglass, nylon or polyester, pref. coated with PTFE. The filament wicks fluid from the cathode channel, increases humidification and the residence time of oxidant; there is a criss-cross pattern of many threads.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - The cell can be charged at slightly above the open circuit voltage using an uninterrupted or intermittent current, the electrolyte is immobilized and is suitable for lead-acid cells, the catalyst container is removable from the housing along with the relief and the catalyst contains not more than 0.025 g of active material, the container is a ceramic and the hydrophobic coating is PTFE 0.02-0.003 inches thick with a pore size of 22 microns and is formed by soaking the vessel in PTFE solution and drying at 100-120 degrees C. The ceramic is alumina-porcelain, it is a cylinder with outside and inner diameters of 0.6 and 0.38 inches and the catalyst addition opening at one end is closed with epoxy. The PTFE film has four layers and the catalyst container is supported in a cage which is secured under the vent body in a recess.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte composition contains 1-49% (preferably 5-15%) of the binder. The binder is poly(ethylene oxide), poly(vinylidene fluoride), poly(acrylonitrile), poly(tetrafluoroethylene) or their mixture.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Phthalocyanine: The phthalocyanine is of formula (I).M = Li or Li2R1-R8 = H, 1-20C alkyl, 2-20C alkenyl, -X1-COO-X2, -X1-O-Y, -X1-C6H5 or -X1-COZ;X1 = a chemical bond, -(CH2)n- or -(CH2)a-CH=CH-(CH2)b-;n = 1-20;a, b = 0-20 provided their sum is 1-20;X2 = 1-20C alkyl or 2-20C alkenyl;Y = H, 1-20C alkyl or 2-20C alkenyl;Z = -OH or -NR1R2; andR1, R2 = H, 1-20C alkyl or 2-20C alkenyl.(I) is prepared by reacting the appropriate benzene dicarbonitrile with a lithium alkoxide of formula LiOR (R = 1-20C alkyl) in the alcohol corresponding to the lithium alkoxide, e.g. lithium ethoxide in ethyl alcohol. Conversion of the dilithium phthalocyanine to the radical-like lithium phthalocyanine may be accomplished by electrochemical oxidation. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The plastic pipes preferably consist of a multilayered polyethylene.
ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATION - The light absorbing polymer absorbs light to form a charge transfer state and is a conjugated polymer, preferably optionally substituted poly(phenylene vinylene). The carbon particles are formed by laser pyrolysis and are semiconducting having an average diameter of 5-30 nm. The donor/acceptor composite is corrugated such that its surface is at least 50 (100)% greater than the planar projected area. The carbon particles are embedded in a binder to form a layer in contact with a layer of the light absorbing polymer. The carbon particles are adjacent to a surface of the light absorbing polymer or are distributed through a portion of the polymer. The electron acceptor is a fullere
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The copolymer has a molecular weight of 50,000-500,000 (N-methylpyrrolidone as solvent; polystyrene conversion). The monomer for copolymerization is at least 1 of hexafluoropropene, chlorotrifluoroethylene, 2,3,3,4,4,5,5-heptafluoropent-1-ene (CH2=CFCF2CF2CF2H), perfluorovinyl ether (CH2=CFORf, where Rf = -CnF2n+1, with n = 1-3, or -CH2(CF2)kX, where X is H or F, and k is 1-8). The polymer is impregnated in a non-aqueous solution which is compatible with the polymer to give the polymer electrolyte. EXAMPLE - A polymer was produced by emulsion polymerization of 80 mol.% vinylidene fluoride and 20 mol.% tetrafluoroethylene (crystallinity - 40%, m.pt. = 128degreesC, molecular weight = 1.4 x 105). A 100-microm thick sheet was then obtained by heat-pressing and cut into strips (1 x 5 cm). The strips were soaked in propylene carbonate/ethylene carbonate (1:1) in 1 M LiClO4, at 60degreesC, under argon, for 24 hrs. Properties of the polymer electrolyte: volume increase rate = 122%; tensile strength = 3.1 MPa; ion conductivity = 4.5 x 10-4 S/cm-1; and overall evaluation = satisfactory.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Electrode: The electrode sheets comprises porous electrically conductive material, especially flexible nonwoven carbon fibre paper or cloth.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Electrolyte: The electrolyte is a derivative of perfluorosulphonic acid, ion conducting polyether ether ketone (PEEK) or ion conducting sulphonated polytrifluorostyrene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Battery: The anode/heat source comprises 60-90 wt% metal and 40-10 wt% fluorinated hydrocarbon. The metal may be in the form of 1-25 mm metallic shot coated with a layer of the fluorinated hydrocarbon. A preferred anode/heat source is Li and fluorinated hydrocarbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Battery: The fluorinated hydrocarbon is a poly-perfluoro-alkoxy, poly-tetrafluorethylene or a tetrafluorethylene telomer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: When applied, the polyvinyl alcohol is mixed with a non-compatible resin which is swell able or soluble in an electrolyte for cells in an organic solvent. The polyvinyl alcohol has a saponification degree of not less than 95% and polymerization degree of not less than 1000.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Cells: The polyvinyl alcohol and other materials used are as defined. The cells are particularly formed from multi layered electrode laminates, with the positive and negative electrodes separated with a number of separators, especially in a coiled or folded form.Preferred Process: A gelling stage is also incorporated in which the adhesive solution is gelled with addition of a second solvent. The polyvinyl alcohol and other materials used are as specified. EXAMPLE - A positive electrode was made from (wt.%) LiCoO2 (87), graphite (8) and poly vinylidene fluoride (5) as a 300-mum thick film on a 30-mum aluminum foil positive electrode current collector, drying at 60 degreesC for 1 hr. to give a 400-mum laminate after rolling. A negative electrode was prepared from (wt.%.) carbon micro beads (95) and poly vinylidene fluoride (5) as a 300-mum thick film on a 20-mum copper foil negative electrode current collector, drying at 60 degreesC for 1 hr,. to afford a 400-mum laminate after rolling. An adhesive was obtained by dissolving polyvinyl alcohol (3 g; saponification degree = 98 mol.% and polymerization degree = 300) in 97 g N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone. Specimens were made by hot-pressing the adhesive with positive or negative electrode and separator of porous polypropylene sheet after is application. A cell was also assembled with the electrodes, separators and an electrolyte made from 1 M LiPF6 in ethylene carbonate/diethyl carbonate (1:1). Results of the evaluation study were: bonding strength = not less than 40 gf/cm; and charge and discharge characteristics = not less than 70%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Copolymer: The copolymerisable monomers are hexafluoropropylene and trifluorochloroethylene. The vinylidene fluoride copolymer is obtained by polymerisation of the monomers in one go, and the amounts of other types of linkages in the vinylidene fluoride part of the copolymer is not less than 3%.Preferred Electrolyte: The polymer electrolyte contains 50-85 wt.% non-aqueous electrolytic solution. The vinylidene fluoride copolymer constituting the polymer electrolyte can be crosslinked, with polyamine, polyol or unsaturated bond containing polymerisable crosslinking agent. Crosslinking is effected by using a radical generator and irradiation with an electron beam or gamma-ray.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Battery: The polymer electrolyte is inserted between a positive electrode of the battery which is made from a material that can absorb, store and release lithium, with negative electrode produced from a material that can similarly absorb, store and release lithium or a lithium metal. EXAMPLE - Suspension polymerisation of vinylidene fluoride (378 g) and hexafluoropropylene (42 g) in water (1075 g), in the presence of methylcellulose (0.43 g) and diisopropyl peroxycarbonate (2.9 g) at 29 degrees C for 10 hours to give a polymer after work-up and drying (intrinsic viscosity = 1.7 dl/g; by 19F-NMR, vinylidene fluoride to hexafluoropropylene weight ratio being 93:7, with head head or tail head linkages = 3.6%). The polymer (10 g) was casted with ethylene carbonate propylene carbonate tetrahydrofuran (THF) (15:15:70, 100 g) and then THF was evaporated to afford a 100 micrometers gel film with 75 wt.% ethylene carbonate and propylene carbonate. Tensile strength of the film was 2.5 MPa when tested at a tensile rate of 100 mm/minute.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The polyester film is of poly(ethylene terephthalate). It comprises 500-3,000 ppm (preferably 1,400-1,800) of fumed silica agglomerates, 100% of which have a size below 1 mum, and 4-10 ppm of calcined silicone particles, which have a size distribution such that 100% of particles have a size below 6 mum (preferably below 5.5 mum), at least 95% have a size below 5 mum and 50% have a size below 2.2 mum. The calcined silicone particles are produced by calcining a silicone resin at 300-400degreesC for 0.5-3 hours. The film may further comprise a metallized surface coating (preferably of gold or aluminum). EXAMPLE - Tosprearl 130 (RTM: silicone resin) particles were calcined in air at 300degreesC for 45 minutes to produce a product with a size distribution such that 100% of particles had a diameter below 5.28 mum, 99% were below 4.84 mum, 95% were below 4.07 mum, 90% were below 3.73 mum and 50% were below 2.22 mum. Separate slurries in ethylene glycol were prepared containing (1) the above calcined particles (1.0 wt.%) and (2) Aerosil OX-50 (RTM: amorphous fumed silica aggregates) (4.0 wt.%). The slurries were mixed under shear for 1 hour then added to molten bishydroxyethylene terephthalate, which was polymerized using a conventional catalyst at 285-290 degreesC and a pressure of 0.5 mm Hg. Dried chips of the resin were extruded into a film at 285 degreesC. The film was biaxially oriented by drawing at a ratio of 2.9:1 in both machine and transverse directions and heat set at 225degreesC. The product had a thickness of 12 mum and contained 6 ppm of calcined silicone particles and 50 ppm (0.005 wt.%) of fumed silica agglomerates. The film had excellent optical and winding properties and excellent clarity. The Gardner haze was 0.5%. The surface roughness values were 10.5 nm (Ra), 12.3 nm (Rq) and 704.3 nm (Rt). The film could be metallized with gold or aluminum for solar window applications.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ionically charged additive is a quaternary aliphatic or cyclic aromatic ammonium salt. The reactive conductive salt is a quaternary ammonium salt, preferably a 1-4C alkyl substituted nitrogen containing atom and the non-reactive additive is a salt containing an aromatic nitrogen cation. The quaternary ammonium salt is a chloride, perchlorate, phosphate, borate or sulfonate. The ionically charged additive is an imidazolium or pyridinium salt, preferably substituted with 1-4C alkyl groups and is a chloride, perchlorate, phosphate, borate or sulfonate. The cell contains 0.05M of additive. The reactive conductive salt is an alkali or alkaline earth metal salt, preferably of lithium, sodium, potassium, magnesium or calcium. The organic solvent is a cyclic carbonate, cyclic or linear ether or a polymer, preferably polyethylene glycol, polyethylene oxide, propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, diethylcarbonate, dimethyl carbonate, ethylmethylcarbonate, tetrahydrofuran or dimethylglycolether. EXAMPLE - An electrochemical cell containing a lithium foil anode, a manganese dioxide cathode and a 1M LiBF4 salt in a 1:1 mixture of dimethylethylene glycol and ethylene carbonate had a conductivity of 0.116 S/cm and utilisation of 62% (amount of active material in the cathode reacted) at a current density of 10 mA / cm2. In comparison addition of 0.05M 3-ethyl-1-methyl imidazolium hexafluorophosphate to the electrolyte solution increased the conductivity and material utilisation to 0.0123 S/cm and 72% respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Carbonate: The carbonate is unsymmetric and is especially methyl isopropyl carbonate.Additional carbonate solvent having b. pt. of 80-300 degreesC and forming solute with lithium salts such as ethylene carbonate or dimethyl carbonate or their mixture may be included.Preferred Cell: Electrochemical cell comprises a separator in form of matrix made of polymeric acrylate, porous polypropylene, porous polyethylene or glass fiber; a counter-electrode comprising a lithium manganese oxide; and a solvent comprising ethylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate and methyl isopropyl carbonate. Preferred Definitions:    R' = linear 1-2C alkyl (especially Me); and    R'' = 3-7C branched alkyl (especially i-propyl, i-butyl, t-butyl, s-butyl, t-amyl, i-amyl or neopentyl).    EXAMPLE - A test cell was prepared comprising a rocking chair battery with a BG-35 graphite anode and a lithium manganese oxide cathode. A first solvent solution of 1 molar LiPF6 in an ethylene carbonate/dimethyl carbonate mixture (2:1 by wt.) was mixed in 90:10 wt. ratio with methyl isopropyl carbonate to form a solvent mixture for the test cell (EC/DMC/MIPC wt. ratio of 6:3:1). In tests the cell showed excellent cyclability and capacity characteristics and no appreciable side reactions or decompositions were evident over the extended life cycling. The cell maintained over 80% of its capacity over extended cycling to 165 cycles. No volume expansion or puffing up was observed, indicating a lack of electrolyte breakdown.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Features: The insulation is a sandwich composite, the core being polyurethane or mineral wool, foamed onto or adhered to outer and inner layers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Battery: The electrolyte may be chemically or electrochemically unstable or stable on the electrode. At least one electrode comprises lithium, lithium or another alloy, carbon, metal oxide, metal sulfide and an intercalation material or a combination. Preferably the electrolyte comprises a solid polymer and at least one electrode comprises lithium. The battery has a conductivity greater than 10-3 S/cm. The gas generated assists in forming a solid electrolyte interface (SEI) between the electrolyte and at least one of the electrodes. Preferred Gas-Generating Compound: The gas is carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide or trioxide, nitric oxide, nitrous oxide, nitrogen dioxide or nitrogen. The compound comprises a nitrite, sulfate, sulfite or sulfone, or it includes an azo or azoxy component. EXAMPLE - An electrolyte for use in a lithium ion cell with a graphite electrode, a separator and a lithium-cobalt oxide cathode was prepared by adding 1 wt.% ethylene sulfite to a solution of lithium hexafluorophosphate in 1:1:1 by weight ethylene carbonate/dimethyl carbonate/triethylphosphate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Devices and Methods: The layers used for the separation may be filler layers, protective layers or other exfoliation layers which are formed of non-crosslinking thermoplastic resins, degradable resins or foams or foam precursors. In a typical embodiment, the exfoliation layer is a foam precursor layer which blows on heating. In other embodiments, the layer is melted or degraded resin material. EXAMPLE - A solar panel is constructed using partially cross-linked ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer as a backside and side-surface filler and a tetra-fluoroethylene-ethylene copolymer as a protective layer. Both material exfoliate when heated to 200 degrees C, allowing the photovoltaic elements to be separated.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The plastic sheets are made of Kapton(RTM - polybenzimidazole)
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - The flow field plate is of metal, pref. stainless steel or Al, the isolating material is of epoxy and/or enamel, the solid electrolyte is a polymer and the whole comprises a PEM fuel cell. There are many parallel and serpentine flow field channels and there is a gas diffusion layer between the sections. The isolating material extends transversely over a flow field channel or along a perimeter of the face and protects from metallic ions.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred material: The inner heating distributor element can be of foamed aluminum. The outer heating distributor is of a copper alloy or aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The flexible substrate can be made of polymer film. The adhesives used can be acrylic, silicone, polyurethanes and their mixture. The conduits are insulated from one another by the adhesive. The flexible substrate is gas pervious.Preferred Method: Vacuum is applied during heating and pressing to remove air bubbles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Materials: The electrically conductive conduits can be conductive warp threads running along the length of the airship and are insulated by nonconductive weft threads. The warp threads can carry a voltage of 40 to 6000 V.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Process: The cell has an outside diameter of 100-1000 micrometer and at least 1 electrode comprises at least 1 fiber having an outside diameter of about 10-1000 micrometer. The cell has a cylindrical geometry with an outside diameter of 1-10 mm. The membrane separator is thinner than the cell outer diameter and is made from micro filtration, ultra filtration, reverse osmosis, ceramic, glass and polymeric membranes. The fibrous electrodes are entirely made from the electrocatalyst or electroactive material, or are made by impregnating, coating, or extruding the electrocatalyst or electroactive material on an electrically conductive substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Electrolyte: Salt is selected from those with anions such as I-, ClO4-, anions derived from 4,5-dicyano-1,2,3-triazole, and RfSO2NCN-; and cations derived from e.g. alkaline earth metals and onium type organic cations. The electrolyte also contains a cosolvent selected from e.g. ethers, polyethylene glycols, nitriles such as glutaronitrile, and amides such as dimethyl formamide. Polymer is selected from those with units derived from monomers such as propylene oxide, epichlorohydrin, and methyl methacrylate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred battery: The battery has a negative electrode made from lithium or one of its alloys; a carbon based insertion compound; and a positive electrode made from e.g. a mixture of lithium and vanadium oxides. EXAMPLE - Trifluoroethyl N,N-dimethyl sulfamate (claimed composition) was prepared by adding 7g sodium hydride to 18.2ml trifluoroethanol dissolved in 100ml ether; centrifuging and adding dimethylsulfamoyl chloride to supernatant liquid; filtering, evaporating ether and drying product.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The plastics frame is of a material which can be foamed, and especially polyurethane, which is foamed at the edge zone of the cover.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - The separator may contain the electrolyte, and at least 1 of the positive and negative electrodes contain the electrolyte too.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The organic monomer contains both the first and second chemical structures in its molecule and is particularly a compound of formula (I).X = j-valent linking group;R1 = -CpH2p- (where p = 0-10);R2 = -CqH2q- (where q = 0-10);R3 = -CtH2t- (where t = 0-10);R4 = -CrH2r- (where r = 0-10);R5 = CH2=CR6-C(O)-O- (where R6 = CwH2w+1, with w = 0-5);r, s = when r = 0, s = 1, and when r = 1, s = 0;j = 1-6;k = 1-500;m = 0-3;n = 0-20.Such monomer may also be a mixture containing a monomer with the first chemical structure and that with the second chemical structure, particularly a mixture of 2 or more compounds of formula (I), (II) and (III). (II) (III) The polymer preferably contains not more than 75 wt.% the first chemical structure in its molecule, which is produced from the organic monomer by polymerization by radiation with an electrically dissociating radiant ray. EXAMPLE - A thin lithium secondary cell is assembled as in Figure. The positive electrode composite (21) was made from lithium cobaltate in LiBF4 in gamma-butyrolactone and polyvinylidene fluoride as binder. The negative electrode composite (31) was made from carbon in the above electrolytic solution and binder. Separator (1) was prepared by polymerization of the monomer V and applied onto (21). Capacity of the cell thus produced was 10 mAh and ion conductivity was 3.5 x 103 S.cm-1, without leakage of electrolyte.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Materials: The polymer is selected from polyolefins, polyamides, polycarbonates, polyesters, polyethers, polystyrenes, phenolics and copolymers, the plate density is less than 1.4 g/cm3, the conductive elements comprise a pincushion array of graphite rods of rectangular cross-section extending through the biplate and at least two plates are endplates.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Materials: The current collector substrate is of Ni, Cu or stainless steel and has at least 70% open area, each module produces 350 mAcm2 at 0.5V and 10.5 W. There is a heat exchanger and a digital programmable controller coupled to each module. The pressure assembly comprises a thin metal plate and a synthetic polymer rigid foam; hydrogen is supplied at 1-10 psig and air at forced fan pressure. The membrane is less than 1 mm thick and is stable in water and operable at less than 80 degreesC, the hydrophobic backing layer is coated with a liquid suspension comprising 1-5 % surfactant, the balance being water, the hydrophobic polymer on the carbon backing layer is a fluorinated hydrocarbon and the hydrophobicity is varied across the successive coats.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred composition: The base material for the solar cell integrated cladding assembly is an asphalt type resin, a polystyrene type resin, a polyurethane type resin or a polyvinyl chloride type resin. The polyester type plasticizer is selected from sebacic acid type, adipic acid type, or phthalic acid type polyester plasticizers. The molecular weight of the polyester type plasticizers is 500-10,000. The phosphoric acid ester type plasticizer is tricresyl phosphate or trioctyl phosphate. The fatty acid ester type plasticizer is selected from tri-n-butyl citrate, dioctyl adipate, dioctyl azelate, dioctyl sebacate, and methyl acetylricinoleate. The epoxy type plasticizer is selected from alkyl epoxy stearate, epoxidised soybean oil, and isodecyl 4, 5-epoxytetrahydrophthalate. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The preferred resin is polyvinyl chloride.    EXAMPLE - A set of solar cells were connected in series. The connectors were sheathed in a polyvinyl chloride resin. The polyvinyl chloride was prepared with various different plasticizers (40 pts per hundred resin) and the output retention was measured in an accelerated test. When the base was an asphalt waterproof sheet the charge retention with dioctyl phthalate plasticizer was 5%. When a polyester type plasticizer was used the charge retention was 90%, a phosphoric acid ester type plasticizer, 96%, a fatty acid ester type plasticizer, 103%, and an epoxy type plasticizer, 98%.
EXAMPLE - In an EMBODIMENT, the liquid distributor (1) comprises a taut steel wire, nylon thread, glass fiber or carbon fiber which is vibrated by a piezoactuator (3) to create a standing transverse wave and which is constantly supplied (1a) with water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compositions: A composition comprising (a), (b) and (c), comprises 0.05-5.0, preferably 1.25 wt.% (b) and 0.01-2.0, preferably 0.20-0.25 wt.% (c), and may further include 0.01-2.0, preferably 0.20-0.25 wt.% (d). The compositions may optionally further include 0.01-2.0, preferably 0.2-0.3 wt.% of (e) a primer. The photovoltaic device may further include a layer of the encapsulating material, comprising (a), (b) and (c), on its lower surface. The encapsulating material is cured at 150-160degreesC for less than 6 minutes.Preferred Components: (a) is an olefin-vinyl acetate copolymer, preferably an ethylene-vinyl acetate having a vinyl acetate content of 25-35 wt.%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: (b) is 2,5-dimethyl- 2,5-di-t-butylperoxy-hexane, O,O-t-butyl-O-(2-ethylhexyl)mono- peroxycarbonate or preferably 1,1-di-(t-butylperoxy)-3,3,5- trimethylcyclohexane available as Lupersol 231 (RTM). (c) is bis-(N-octyloxy-tetramethyl) piperidinyl sebacate available as Tinuvin 123 (RTM). (d) is tetrakis methylene(3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydrocinnamate) methane, octadecyl 3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxyhydrocinnamate, 2,2'- ethylidenebis(4,6-di-t-butylphenyl) fluorophosphonite or preferably tris(2,4-di-t-butylphenyl) phosphite available as Irgafos 168 (RTM). (e) is gamma-methacryloxypropyl trimethoxysilane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Battery: The battery has a composite anode consisting of an anode composite containing an anode active substance, and the solid electrolyte separates the anode and cathode electrodes.The cathode consists of a cathode composite containing a cathode active substance and a cathode.The solvent is selected from cyclic esters, carbonic esters, or ethers, nitriles, chain esters, carbonic esters, or ethers, optionally substituted sulfolane, dimethylsulfoxide, N,N-dimethylformamide and N-methyloxazolidinone. EXAMPLE - To 8g of LiCoO2 as the anode active substance was added 3g of solid electrolyte precursor consisting of 2g of acrylate compound A-1 and 4g of propylene carbonate 1 mole/liter lithium perchlorate dissolved in it and 2g of acetylene black as electroconductive agent. After mixing in a mortar the mixture was cast onto an aluminum plate and the cast layer was crosslinked by electron beam irradiation in an argon atmosphere, accelerating voltage 250 kV, electron beam dosage 10 Mrads, giving a positive electrode of thickness 100 micron. After further coating of the solid electrolyte precursor on the positive electrode with a wire coater the coated layer was crosslinked as above to give a solid electrolyte layer of thickness 50 micron. To 7g of carbon powder as negative electrode active substance were added 0.3g of polyvinylidene fluoride and 10g of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone to form a paste, which was coated onto a copper foil, and after vacuum drying the coated layer at 200degreesC the coated layer was press stuck to the foil to give a negative electrode of thickness 100 micron. The solid electrolyte layer and the negative electrode layer were stuck to each other, and the assembly was tightly enclosed in a fluorocarbon resin cell to obtain a novel solid lithium battery.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The frame is a transparent acrylic plastic.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - The power supply is autonomous, for wireless transmission of data under microprocessor control from the various transducers.
POLYMER - The back skin is a copolymer of ethylene and methacrylic acid which has been neutralized by adding a salt supplying Na+, Li+, Zn+, Al3+, Mg2+, etc. cations or a copolymer of polyethylene and an acrylate to which such cations have been added. Mineral filler is also added to the back skin polymer to reduce its coefficient of thermal expansion and carbon black to increase its resistance to UV degradation. The electrical leads are coated with polyethylene or a blend of rubber and polypropyle
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Galvanic Cell: The organic acid is selected from formic acid and /or acetic acid. The buffer salt is an alkali salt of an acid selected from formic acid, and /or acetic acid. The cathode comprises of gold. The housing comprises a polyvinylidene fluoride polymer, and includes a flexible section. The oxygen polymer film is selected from polytetrafluoroethylene and fluorinated ethylene propylene, and is positioned adjacent to the cathode. A film or sheet permeable to water and protons, in close proximity to the cathode, separates the cathode from the electrolyte which additionally comprises water. EXAMPLE - A mixture of concentrated acetic acide, 1.0 M potassium acetate, and 0.1M lead acetate gave a resulting solution of 16.5M acetic acid with a pH of 3.2 and a conductivity of 2.2 mS cm-1 at room temperature. Assuming 20% excess lead, and not including housing and cathode, the minimum volume requirements of the sensor are 2.8 cm3/Ah current required.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The material (I) comprises a sheet with iron oxide particles attached onto or incorporated in the fiber surfaces. (I) is sandwiched between a pair of filter sheets of synthetic resin fibers. Iron oxide is iron hydroxide, hematite, magnetite, or maghemite particles of 20 - 200 m2/g surface area, 0.1-1.0 micron major and 0.02-0.05 micron minor axis diameter. Loading of oxide particles is at 1-20 g/m2 of filter material. Resin fibers are polyester, polypropylene, teflon, nylon, urethane or acrylic. EXAMPLE - A 1 m2 air filter obtained by weaving synthetic polyester resin fibers was immersed in aqueous dispersion containing 3 g iron oxide particles (with major and minor axis diameters of 0.3 and 0.03 micron and 100 m2/g surface area) plus a cationic surfactant as dispersant and vinylidene chloride resin binder then the fibers dried. The product was cut into 100 mm2 square sizes and burned in an electric furnace. No SO2 was generated at 300-600 degrees C and no HCl at 600-800 degrees C. Combustion of a blank containing no iron oxide particles generated SO2 above 300 degrees C and HCl above 600 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The gasket is of butyl rubber, the depolymerized butyl rubber material is isobutene and/or isoprene and there is a viscosity-reducing solvent which evaporates.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electrolyte is a LiCl-LiBr-LiF eutectic and the heat source is a Fe/KClO4 pyrotechnic heat source.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The insulating layer comprises epoxy and decomposes at less than 300degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - IMAGING AND COMMUNICATION - Preferred method: The converting step is at 250 - 350 degreesC for 15 - 120 min. The initial tin oxide surface has an initial haze level at most 30 % and more preferably at most 10 %.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred precursor: In claim (5) the precursor is an acrylated epoxy urethane polymer. EXAMPLE - A 10 OMEGA / square tin oxide coated glass with a haze factor of 5 % was coated with an electrochromic coating of tungsten oxide by; (i) 40 ml water, 800 ml of 1 : 1 hydrogen peroxide (31 vol%) and glacial acetic acid at ice temperature were reacted with tungsten metal for 24 hr, and the refluxed for 18 hr at 55 degreesC. The solution was then removed under vacuum and the tungsten peroxy acid recovered. (ii) 50 g of the tungsten peroxy acid and 250 ml dry ethanol were reacted to form the tungsten peroxyester. (iii) 8 g tungsten peroxyester dissolved in 60 ml ethanol and the glass substrate dipped and withdrawn at 27 cm / min. (iv) Coating heated to 250 degreesC for 1 hr to give 600 Angstrom dry thickness. The coating reduced the haze of the tin oxide from 5 % down to 2.9 %. When placed in 0.01N H2SO4 cell with an Ag / AgCl reference electrode and a Pt counter electrode with -0.4 V applied to color, its luminous transmission was 15 % and in the bleached state was 85 %
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The liquid electrolyte is an aqueous 2-10 M sulfuric acid solution. The solid electrolyte is a proton conductive polymer. The gelled electrolyte comprises a gel of sulfuric acid and silica retained in the pores of a polymeric membrane. The cathode comprises a carbon fabric acting as a catalyst support. The auxiliary positive electrode comprises a grid, fabric or perforated sheet of titanium coated with a mixture of platinum group metal oxides or of stainless steel.Preferred Operation: During the discharge phase, the cathodes are supplied with air or, when the battery is sealed, are supplied with oxygen which is stored in a sealed reservoir and which has been generated at the auxiliary electrodes during the charge phase. Water, formed at the back of the cathodes, is stored and periodically reinjected into the liquid electrolyte compartment, this compartment having an upper deflector system for aerosol breaking. When the cathodes are supplied with air, the liquid electrolyte compartment is closed by a valve which only opens during the charge phase.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Electrolyte: The solid electrolyte is preferably a proton conductive polymer, especially a perfluorinated compound with grafted -SO3H groups. The gelled electrolyte is preferably retained in the pores of a polyethylene or polypropylene membrane. The cathode preferably comprises a catalyst bonded to a carbon fabric support by a hydrophobic binder of PTFE or FEP.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - The frame comprises two separators arranged across two gas diffusion electrodes with the polymer film between them, the adhesive comprising a modified rubber comprising a mixture of epoxy resin and modified silicone and including resin beads of a given diameter.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - The gas diffusion layer has a porosity of 45-75 % and a specific volume of pores of diameter 17.9 mum of 0.45-1.25 cm2/g. The electroconductive porous material comprises carbon fiber paper made from polyacrylonitrile and at least one electrode is prepared by dispersing carbon powder supporting a noble metal catalyst on organic solvent, mixing with an alcoholic solution of polymer electrolyte to give a polymer electrolyte colloid adsorbed onto the carbon paper and applying to the liquid mixture to one side of the gas diffusion layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred process:The reactant gas supply stream is an oxidant supply stream, which is preferably at a pressure below 300 mbar at the inlet port, and the reactant gas exhaust stream is selected from an oxidant exhaust stream and a fuel exhaust stream. Alternatively the reactant gas exhaust stream is an oxidant exhaust stream and the reactant gas supply stream is selected from an oxidant supply stream and a fuel supply stream. Preferably the reactant gas supply stream is an oxidant supply stream with a flow rate of 6-90 L/minute. The flow rate of the reactant gas supply stream or the reactant gas exhaust stream through the supply stream chamber or the exhaust stream chamber is selected such that the residence to diffusion time ratio R for a water molecule in the supply stream chamber or the exhaust stream chamber is 0.75-3. The reactant gas supply stream and the reactant exhaust stream are directed through the combined heat and humidity exchanger in a counterflow configuration. The solid polymer fuel cell is air-cooled.Preferred system:The supply stream chamber and the exhaust stream chamber comprises flow channels having a depth of 0.02-0.1 inches. The water permeable membrane is a perfluorosulfonic acid membrane and is 0.007 inches thick. The combined heat and humidity exchanger has a configuration selected from plate-and-frame, jelly roll and tube bundle configurations, preferably a multiple plate-and-frame stack configuration. The exchanger is external to the solid polymer fuel cell, preferably mounted on it and in direct thermal contact with it. Preferably the exchanger is modular.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The compound in (B1) consists of a mono- or multi-valent alcohol that contains only carbon in the main chain or an alcohol that contains an oxygen, phosphorus or nitrogen atom in addition to at least 2C atoms, a silicon containing compound, a prim. amine, an aminoalcohol, a thiol and/or a compound having a thiol and a hydroxyl group. The carboxylic acid or sulfonic acid consists of an alpha,beta-unsaturated carboxylic acid, a vinyl ester and/or an alkyl ester of an aliphatic or aromatic carboxylic acid. (A) is lithium aluminate, lithium aluminosilicate, Li-amide, Li-borate, Li-carbonate, Li-carbide, Li-imide, Li-nitride, Li-oxide, Li-phosphate, Li-silicate, Li-sulfate and/or an Li-zeolite. The electrochemical cell is a car battery or instrument battery. EXAMPLE - A mixture of 12.5 g Polyox(RTM; polyethylene oxide; mol. wt. 2,000,000), 12.5 g Pluricol PE600(RTM; methacrylic acid diester of a propylene oxide-ethylene oxide block copolymer) and 0.02 g Lucirin BDK(RTM; UV photoinitiator) was added to a dispersion of 65 g Tremin 800 EST(RTM; epoxy-silane hydrophobized wollastonite) and 10 g Li2CO3 in 300 g toluene. The resulting mixture was applied as a 300 micron film to a silicon release paper at 60 degreesC. The solvent was removed within 5 minutes to yield a 40 micron thick film that was crosslinked by irradiation for 10 minutes. The resulting flexible film had good flexural strength and could tolerate bending to a radius of under 1 mm without breaking. No spherical polyethylene oxide crystals were observed after 2 weeks storage at room temperature and the film had good resistance to swelling in an organic solvent containing conductive salts. The film absorbed sufficient quantities of organic electrolyte solution by spontaneous diffusion within a few minutes at a weight increase of less than 50 wt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The supports consist of a PMMA moulding with an IR radiation reflecting layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Electrolyte: Ethylene oxide is substituted by haloalkyl radical e.g. bromomethyl, iodomethyl or preferably chloromethyl. Crosslinked copolymer results from crosslinking of statistical copolymer of formula (I)-(CH2CH2-O)p-(CH(CH2Hal)-CH2-O)q-Hal = bromine, iodine or, especially chlorinep = 80 - 95 mol.%; andq = 5 - 20 mol.%.Halogen atoms not participating in crosslinking are replaced by radicals with weak steric hindrance such as thiol or amine. Crosslinking is achieved by an agent containing at least two thiol functions, notably trithiocyanuric acid; or an agent containing two amine functions such as bis(aminopropylether), optionally in presence of crosslinking accelerator/decelerator. Electrolyte has Tg at most -50degreesC and degree of crystallinity less than 30%; it contains lithium salts such as perfluorosulfonate, BF4-, AsF6- or SCN-; and a mineral filler such as MgO, Li2CO3 or CaCO3. EXAMPLE - Copolymer comprised 87.9 mol.% units derived from ethylene oxide and 12.1 mol.% units derived from epichlorohydrin; it had Tg = -56degreesC; and degree of crystallinity = 13.6%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The container resin is a polymer alloy of polyphenylene ether (30-80 wt.%) and polystyrene (70-20 wt.%).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The flaky, humidity non-transmitting, material is mica or talc, present at 5-15 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Device: The difference in hardness between the terminal regions is 30 or more in Vickers hardness. The non-contiguous region has a Vickers hardness of 120 or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Device: The high polymer resin is a silicone resin or a moisture curing resin.
EXAMPLE - A mixture is formed of nano-particle TiO2 and a 0.7% methanol solution of p-PPV polymer to give a TiO2 to polymer weight ratio of 1:1. The mixture is spin coated onto a glass substrate and held at 320degreesC for 10 hours in a vacuum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The seal is a silicone material, grease or oil. The membrane is polyester up to 5.0mm thick.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - The seal protects a lithium ion polymer battery subject to e.g. 1 psig of pressure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Bonding Component: The bonding layer (delta) has melting point lower than that of the first layer and/or second layers. The bonding layer is polyethylene oxide, polyvinyl ether, poly(meth)acrylate, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyurethane, wax like (co)polyolefin, rubber like material and/or polyisobutylene, and/or solid (III) and/or plasticiser. EXAMPLE - 75 g of wollastonite hydrophobised with Tremin 800 EST (RTM: epoxy silane), having particle size 3 micrometers was dispersed in 300 g of toluene using high speed stirrer, and 12.5 g of polyethylene oxide with mean molecular weight 2000000, 12.5 g of Pluriol PE 6000 (RTM: methacrylic diester of propylene oxide ethylene oxide block copolymer) and 0.02 g of Lucirin BDK (RTM: UV photoinitiator) were added to the mixture.    The mixture was applied at 60 degrees C to silicone treated polyethylene terephthalate film using doctor blade with casting slit 300 micrometers, toluene was removed over 5 minutes period and dried coating was peeled off giving film with thickness 30 micrometers (separator film). Anode foil was powdered with Kynar 2811 (RTM: copolymer of vinylidene fluoride and hexafluoropropene), and joined to separator film at 160 degrees C using IL12HR laminator. Produced composite had excellent adhesion and electrochemical behavior.
ELECTRIC POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Battery: Separate electrical contacts are included for each of the lithium anode assembly and the metal supported cathode assembly. An outgassing vent tube extends from the sealed polyimide casing which is wide open when the battery is first constructed and sealed 24 hours after battery assembly. The metal film is nickel aluminum expanded metal, aluminum foil or copper-clad plasti
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The anode active material is an intercalation carbon and the cathode material is a lithiated oxide of Mn, Ni or Co.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The polymers are copolymers of vinylidenedifluoride and hexafluoropropene with acetone solvent and the substrate is of polyester, polyethylene, polypropylene or paper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: Layer has thickness notably = 100-500mum; transmission at least = 70%; and blurring level no greater than 2%. Conducting material is thermoplastic, elastomeric, thermosetting, or in form of gel, notably based on solution of at least a polymer, and an acid or a base of mineral or organo-mineral type; and it contains at least two polymers of different molecular masses, notably 200000-500000gmol.-1, as well as a number of additives such as plastifiers, surfactants and lubricants; said acid being selected from esters of phosphoric and sulphuric acids; and said base being selected from alkaline (earth) metal hydroxides. Face of layer not in contact with peelable film is itself in contact with either a second peelable film, or a substrate, or a functionalized or functional film. The layer is waterproofed by solidifying its ends by e.g. soldering or adhesive means. Preferred Substrate: Substrate is based on flexible transparent polymer such as polyethylene or polycarbonate and it is mounted on preferably an electrically conducting layer e.g. tungsten oxide. Preferred Film: Peelable film comprises at least one organic or organo-mineral polymeric layer, notably obtained from monomers containing fluorine and/or silicon; and several superposed layers of which at least one is made from material such as paper or metal foil. Film has low surface energy and is resistant to attack by acids or bases. Preferred Method: Layer is made by extrusion in an inert atmosphere at 30-120 degreesC. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 30 polymers for the conducting material are claimed including polyvinyl alcohol, polyoxyethylene, and poly methylmethacrylate.    EXAMPLE - A layer was produced by extruding polyoxyethylene (with phosphoric acid and additives) at 30-40 degreesC and coating it with two peelable films.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The solid electrolyte comprises a high-molecular gelled matrix and, as does the binder, consists of polyvinylidene fluoride or a copolymer with hexafluropropylene. The solid electrolyte layers on the two electrodes contact one another or have a separator positioned in-between.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The negative electrode is capable of doping/undoping lithium and consists of carbon, and the positive electrode contains a compound oxide of lithium and a transition metal.
EXAMPLE - Circular packing material with outer diameter of 200 mm and concentric ribs (A) was produced by holding a primer treated, stainless steel plate on a male mold and injecting fluid silicone resin, using a mold temperature of 160degreesC and a pressure of 300 kgf per cm2, through the gates of a female mold. The resulting silicone resin layer was 60 - 100 microns thick, had two ribs (21) with a trapezoidal cross-section 500 microns wide and high, and had a hardness of 60.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The molding material is preferably silicone rubber. The rigid cast material is preferably a thermosetting or thermoplastic material, especially epoxy resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Cell: The movable cathode structure is cylindrical with a hollow centre to allow air flow. The conductive medium is a film integrated with the movable cathode structure or metal fuel tape, or is a belt structure transported between them. The transport mechanism has (one or more) first and second electric motors to transport the metal fuel tape relative to the moving cathode structure and for moving the movable cathode structure at the same velocity as the metal fuel tape respectively.A third mechanism may be used to transport the ionically conductive belt at the same velocity as the metal-fuel tape. A mechanism included to maintain a sufficient level of surface tension between the conductive medium and metal fuel tape and/or between the conductive medium and movable cathode structure during cell operation, comprises a means to apply water and/or an electrolyte to the surface of the metal fuel tape and/or the conductive medium.The coating thickness of the water and/or electrolyte depends on the speed and water absorption properties of the metal fuel tape. The metal fuel material is in the form of cards or sheets, contained in a cassette type storage device.Preferred Belt: The source of ions is KOH, and CaCl2 is also present as a hygroscopic agent.Preferred Cathode Cylinder: The current collector is Ni mesh fabric or sponge embedded with a catalytic material (MnO2), carbon and binder (PTFE).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Movement: The transport mechanism is driven by mechanical, electrical or pneumatic forces, especially a spring. The code is a bar code, and is detected by optical means, or is a magnetic code.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Belt: The belts made of polyethylene oxide polymer, PVC or polyvinyl alcohol, and is 0.2-0.5 mm thick. Belt porosity = 30-70%. The solvent used in its manufacture is THF.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The functional carrier is a shaped body of polymethyl-metha-acrylate (PMMA) such as Plexiglas (RTM; acrylic glass), with a layer which reflects infra red rays.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred process: The preparation is at 0-200degreesC, the polymer is added during or after reduction and has an ion exchange capacity 0.5-5 mAngstrom, and reduction is in water optionally mixed with an organic solvent(s) or just organic solvent(s), using hydroxymethane sulfinic acid Na salt (claimed).The Pt is a water-soluble compound and the concentration of Pt compound or Pt, Rh, Ir, Ru and/or Pd compounds is 0.1-100 g/l solvent (claimed). SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The protective colloid is a water-soluble or solubilizable cation exchange polymer, preferably from sulfonated polyacryletherketone, sulfonated polyethylsulfone, sulfonated polyphenylene sulfide, sulfonated acrylic-butadiene-styrene, polystyrene sulfonic acid, poly(alpha,alpha,beta-trifluorostyrene sulfonic acid), polyperfluoroethylene-co-2-(1-methyl-2-vinyloxyethoxy)ethane sulfonic acid, perfluorinated cation exchanger resin or highly conductive polymer, preferably where the degree of sulfonation (where applicable) is 20-95%.    EXAMPLE - 570g water, 30g 5% sulfonated polyetherketone in NMP, 2.5g hexachloroplatinic (IV) acid hydrate and 5% ammonium were heated to 90-95degreesC reacted after adding 2.5g hydroxymethane sulfinic acid Na salt. After work-up, a dried gel of particle size 1 nm was obtained, which contained 63% Pt and 10.6% S and could be dissolved in water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - The back skin layer forms an edge seal, there are further bonding layers susceptible to e-beams and metal patterns are soldered to the cell surfaces.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Conductive epoxy is used to bond the back skin layer to the cells, irradiation doses are 2-16 Mrads, the back skin layer is polyethylene or polypropylene or ionomers and the bonding layer is EMAA or EAA, an acid copolymer or ionomer. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The encapsulant layer is ethylene vinyl acetate, ionomer, ethylene methyl acrylate or metallocene polyethylene.    EXAMPLE - With e-beam irradiation at 2-16 Mrads depending on the polymer used, the thermal creep elongation was reduced from 10-50% to 0-4%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Electrolyte: At least one of the first electrolyte and the second electrolyte is a perfluorocarbon sulphonic acid resin. EXAMPLE - The catalyst cluster (30) is formed by aggregation of carbon particles (36) with a catalyst (34) carried on the surface thereof, and the surface of the catalyst cluster (30) is coated with an electrolyte layer (38). A supply of protons that is fed from the anode passes through the electrolyte film (21) and is transmitted towards the gas diffusion electrode (25) via the electrolyte layer (38). A supply of electrons is fed together with oxygen molecules from the gas diffusion electrode (25) to the catalyst (34) included in the catalyst electrode (23).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The particles are formed of silicon oxide, titanium oxide, aluminium oxide and zirconium oxide and have a size of 0.01-10 mum. The substrate is formed from an insulator resin, glass or metal. Specific metals include stainless, aluminium and plated steel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred materials: The resin included in the light diffusion layer is acrylic resin, polyimide resin, polyester resin, silicon resin or polyether sulphone resin.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Converter: Grooves are arranged at a pitch in 10-30 mum, and each groove has a V-shape in a cross-section orthogonal to its longitudinal direction and has a depth of 10-30 mum and an opening angle of 45-120degrees.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Epoxy resin forms the mixture. Fibers are Kevlar, polyethylene glass, graphite, sapphire or steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Composition: The gel electrolyte preferably comprises a non-aqueous liquid electrolyte containing non-aqueous solvent and an electrolyte salt (S) and a high-molecular material with a nitrile group in its side chain, especially a polyacrylonitrile where the molar ratio of the acrylonitrile monomer to the non-aqueous solvent = 5.95 to 30:70. The non-aqueous solvent preferably contains propylene carbonate and ethylene carbonate (10-75 mol % propylene carbonate) and optionally at least one of gamma-butyrolactone, methyl ethyl carbonate and dimethyl carbonate. The electrolyte salt (S) is preferably LiPF6 at 0.4-2 mol/cm3 of non-aqueous solvent. The positive electrode preferably contains a lithium-containing compound especially a complex compound of Li and a transition metal. The carbonaceous material (C) has a BET surface area = 0.1-10 m2/g. EXAMPLE - An operating electrode for a coin-shaped evaluation cell was prepared as follows: fired meso-carbon micro-beads (MCMB6-28 from Osaka Gas KK) were kept for 1 hour at 600 degrees C in an Ar atmosphere to provide carbonaceous material with a specific surface area by BET = 3.5 m2/g. 90 pbw this material were mixed with 10 parts by weight of polyvinylidene fluoride were mixed in N-methyl pyrrolidone as solvent, to form a paste of a mixed negative electrode material. The paste was coated on a Cu foil as a current collector and dried at 90 degrees C. This construction was pressed and punched to a circular piece 15.5 mm in diameter to produce an operating electrode (Figure 1 part (2)). The gel electrolytes (5, 7) were prepared from propylene carbonate (35 mol %) and ethylene carbonate (65 mol %) and LiPF6 (1mol/cm3) by heating the mix to 120 degrees C and adding polyacrylonitrile (number average molecular weight = 150,000). These components along with Li counter electrode (4) and polypropylene film separator (6) were used to construct the cell of Figure 1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Batteries: (I) has a density of 1.2 g/cc, is nonconductive, and is stable in non- oxidizing bases when the electrolyte is an alkali, or stable in non-oxidizing acids when the electrolyte is sulfuric acid. (I) has a b.pt. of at least 200degreesC and a m.pt. of -10degreesC or lower, and is insoluble and immiscible in both water and the electrolyte. The battery may further include: a pressure relief valve allowing the battery to vent evolved gas during charging or expanding gas bubbles during ascent; and apparatus to compensate for changes in volume, comprising a distensible tube or a bellows connected in fluid communication with the housing. The battery array may include additional compensation fluid between the electrochemical cells.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - (I) is selected from chlorinated hydrocarbons and fluorocarbon polymers, preferably from 1,1,1,3,3,3- hexachloropropane, 1,2,2,3-tetrachlorobutane, tetrachloroethylene and alpha-chloronaphthalene. (I) may comprise a mixture of: light mineral oil, preferably silicone oil, or a synthetic organic hindered ester mixture; and a fluid of greater density, preferably tetrachloroethylene. Preferably (I) comprises silicone oil (80 wt.%) having a density of 1.07 g/cc and tetrachloroethylene (20 wt.%) having a density of 1.60 g/cc.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The substrate is preheated, preferably to 150degreesC maximum and the deposition is carried out in an H2 atmosphere. The deposited layer is heat treated to form a CuInS2 layer. The laser output is 3-6 Joule per square cm and the laser pulse rate is 12-50Hz. Following the deposition step a conductive oxide layer and optionally a buffer layer are deposited, preferably also by pulsed laser ablation of a target. The deposition target(s) may contain impurities such as boron, phosphor and carbon. The conductive oxide layer is zinc oxide or zinc oxide doped with a IIIB element, preferably aluminium or a gallium. The buffer layer is CuS or CdS. The flexible substrate may be a metal layer which is flexible at ambient temperatures.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The flexible substrate is polyimide, polyethylene terephthalate or PEN.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The gasket may be of polytetrafluoroethylene or polypropylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The water-repellent material has a PTFE fiber layer containing dispersed carbon powder, or a carbon fiber layer treated with PTFE, or a porous carbon material treated with PTFE.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The casing of the connecting members is a vinyl chloride resin (mixture). The substrate is selected from (modified) asphalt based roofing, vinyl chloride resin based roofing, polystyrene based resin or polyurethane based resin. The non-contact means is a tube covering the connecting members, a film sheet, tape, electric path supporting material, wiring binding device, paint or pressure sensitive adhesive, or is formed by cutting out or separating the rear material into multiple pieces.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - The connectors include leads to positive and negative terminals, and are of the same length. The photoactive member is an amorphous silicon semiconductor. The solar cell element is buried in a filler between a back reinforcing plate having a dark color casing and a light transmitting film. The output is fed to a power conversion means.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Unit: A smooth plastic coating (2) is arranged between carrier strip (1) and the first electrodes (10).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Unit: The silicon elements (18) are formed as parallel strips of width not more than 5 mm. The electrodes are a maximum 50 microns thick.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solvent mixture contains a solvent with high dielectric constant (DC), preferably ethylene or propylene carbonate and/or gamma- butyrolactone, and a solvent with a low DC, preferably dimethyl or diethyl carbonate and/or dimethoxyethane. The surfactant is a urea or thiourea compound or a non ionic surfactant selected from polyethylene glycol dimethyl ether and/or silicon-poly- paraphenylene oxide (SiPPO). The content of surfactant is 0.05-3 wt %.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Preferred lithium salts are LiPF6, LiAsF6, CF3SO3Li, LiN(CF3SO2)2, LiBF6 (sic) and/or LiClO4, in a concentration of 0.5-1.5 M. The negative electrode material is amorphous carbon. EXAMPLE - A positive electrode was formed by drying lithium manganate for 12 hours at 130 degreesC under vacuum, dissolving it in N-methylpyrrolidone with acetylene carbon and polytetrafluoro- ethylene, coating the mixture onto aluminium foil and oven drying for 5 hours. A negative electrode was made by cross linking purified coal tar and heating at 1000 degreesC to form a powder. The electrolyte was made by adding 1 g thiourea compound to 100 g of a 1 M solution of LiPF4 (sic) in a 2:1 (by volume) mixture of ethylene carbonate and dimethyl carbonate. A battery made with these components showed an initial charge capacity of 441 (437) mAh/g, an initial discharge capacity of 340 (306) mAh/g, a battery efficiency of 77 (70) % and a discharge capacity after 50 cycles of 906 (244.8) mAh/g. Values in brackets are for the same battery without thiourea.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Fuel Cell: The electro-catalyst is Pt, Pd, Fe, Ni, Ti, V, Cu or an alloy of these. The membrane is made of Pd, Ni, Ti, V, Fe, Ta, Cu or an alloy of these. The electrolyte is capable of tolerating carbonation and is preferably aqueous sodium bicarbonate or phosphoric acid. Preferred Method: The fuel is a fossil fuel (especially gasoline or gas oil), a 1-6C alcohol, alkane, alkene or alkyne, or carbon monoxide. The H2 source is a H2-containing gas or vapor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Fuel Cell: The insertion reaction side of the membrane also contacts colloidal polytetrafluoroethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The catalytic conversion is carried out by steam reforming of gaseous and/or liquid hydrocarbons with a subsequent shift reaction.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Apparatus: The first metal is platinum and the second is ruthenium and the catalyst is a non-alloyed catalyst. The metal particle range is 0.5-2 nm. The active temperature range is higher in the upstream region than in the downstream region. The mixture ratio of second metal to first metal is higher at the upstream region. EXAMPLE - By adjusting the Pt:Ru ratio from 90:10 at the downstream end to 15:85 at the upstream end, the temperature range where CO concentration became 1 ppm or less was maintained at    100-110 degrees C and 110-130 degrees C, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The wash coat is catalyzed in fuel gas and burner gas passages. It is catalyzed with nickel, with a noble metal or mixture of noble metals. The catalyst is platinum, palladium or its mixture. WIDER DISCLOSURE - The wash coat composite comprises 25 wt.% catalyst, 2-5 wt.% lanthanum oxide, 5-20 wt.% calcium oxide, 20 wt.% ceria and balance alumina.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The multi-component oxide layer is barium strontium titanate layers (BST), bismuth titanate (BT), lead zirconium titanate (PZT), strontium bismuth tantalate (SBT), strontium bismuth niobate tantalate (SBNT), doped lanthanum manganese oxide (LMO), yttrium barium copper oxide (YBCO), and bismuth strontium calcium copper oxide (BSCCO).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred materials: The electrically insulating layer is a resin or rubber, and is situated on the flanks only.A gas manifold is formed on the flanks via the electrically insulating layer, and is of the same material as the electrically insulating layer.The joining of the gas-tight seal with the gas manifolds is effected by ultrasonic welding or injection molding    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Separator: The separator is composed of one or more metal plates with parallel concave linear gas distributing grooves.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Composite: The composite comprises 0.05-2 mol of strong acid per mol of amino group, and has proton conductivity at least 10-6 S/cm at 100 degrees C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: Polysilamine can be crosslinked with crosslinking agent. EXAMPLE - Three types of polysilamine/phosphoric acid composites were prepared, having molar ratio of polysilamine to acid as 1:1 (I), 2:1 (II) and 1:2 (III). It was found that composite (I) contained 0.7 mol of phosphoric acid per unit of polysilamine, composite (II) contained 0.4 mol of phosphoric acid per unit of polysilamine, and composite (III) contained 0.8 mol of phosphoric acid per unit of polysilamine. The composites had heat resistance 200 degrees C and contained hardly any water. The tests also confirmed ionic conductivity of all composites.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Steam is introduced into the mixture of hydrocarbon and gas after the start of self-sustaining oxidation. The hydrocarbon is 1-15 preferably 1-8C hydrocarbon especially methane, propane, butane, hexane, heptane, n-octane, isooctane, naphthas, liquefied petroleum gas, reformulated petrol and diesel-type fuels. The oxygen-containing gas is air.The process is operated in combination with a catalyzed water-gas shift reaction for the reduction of carbon monoxide in the hydrogen produced from the hydrocarbon. The catalyst for the water-gas shift reaction is copper or iron based and is preferably added to the rhodium catalyst.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst contains 0.1-5 preferably 0.2-2.5 wt.% rhodium. The support is a mixture of ceria and zirconia in wt. ratio of ceria:zirconia of 0.5-99.5:99.5-0.5. The catalyst is preheated to temperature to start the self-sustaining partial oxidation, preferably by an initiating compound that is more easily oxidizable than the hydrocarbon, this is preferably methanol, hydrogen or dimethyl ether. EXAMPLE - Using a 1% Rh/ceria-zirconia catalyst, self-sustaining partial oxidation of methane with steam reforming gave 97% conversion with no evidence of deactivation during 7 hours of testing.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Process: Steam is introduced into the mixture after the partial oxidation of DME has commenced. The oxygen-containing gas is air. The catalyst is platinum or rhodium supported on zirconia or ceria/zirconia. The catalyst especially comprises 0.1 - 5 wt.% platinum or rhodium supported on ceria/zirconia where the weight ratio of ceria to zirconia is 0.5:99.5 to 99.5:0.5. EXAMPLE - 1%Pt/ZrO2 catalyst was formed by impregnating zirconia with a solution of 0.4 g tetraammineplatinum(II) hydrogen carbonate in citric acid (100 g/l), drying at 180 degreesC for 8 hours and firing at 500 degreesC for 2 hours. 0.2 g of catalyst was heated at 2 degreesC/minute in a flow of 5 sccm DME and 11 sccm air. Partial oxidation started almost immediately and a flow of 31 ccm steam and 112 ccm nitrogen was turned on. The highest hydrogen production was 18 % at 370 degreesC.
EXAMPLE - In an EMBODIMENT, integrated power module comprises a housing (110), in which a reformer (116), fuel cell (118) and combustor (120) are integrated into a single insulated assembly. Inlet air (112) is preheated to at least 1000 degrees F or higher and inlet fuel (156) is also preheated to between 500 and 1000 degrees F. Preheated fuel and air are introduced to the reformer through nozzle (169) comprising fuel injector (160) and air injector (22) which inject them into reformer for partial oxidation combustion at fuel-rich level. Reformer product gases pass out from reformer into passage (168) to heat exchange wall (172), which is in contact with annular volume (114). Temperature of reformer product gas is lowered to approximately 1300 degrees F and this flows from passage (168) into anode manifold of fuel cell through terminals (10,12) and anode exhaust gas exits fuel cell via exit passage (134) into combustor (120) after temperature quenching by contacting transfer barrier wall (126), and combustor operate at a fuel-lean level and includes heat recovery coil (142) to deliver heat recovered to a downstream user or appliance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred membrane: The ionically conducting sheet is an electronically insulating material. The membrane is a fluorinated ion exchange material, and the catalyst layer is an electrocatalyst. In (A) the current collector comprises two parts one at either end of the passage. In (B) the fluid is air, nitrogen, or water. In (C) the removable element is a wire, and a current collector is formed in electronic communication with the catalyst. In (D) bonding is by hot-pressing, and a current collector is formed in electronic communication with the catalyst. In (E) a metal layer is formed on the upper and lower portion of the membrane in electronic communication with the metal layer in the passage which is an electrocatalyst. In (F) a current collector is formed in electronic communication with the catalyst.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred membrane: The membrane is a fluorinated ion exchange material selected from perfluorinated sulfonic acid polymers; perfluorinated carboxylic acid polymers; perfluoro bisulfonimide polymers; perfluoro phosphonic acid polymers and perfluorinated carbanion acids and their mixtures.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred membrane: The electrocatalyst is selected from platinum; platinum-ruthenium; platinum-tin; platinum-molybdenum; platinum-ruthenium-tungsten; platinum-ruthenium-osmium; and platinum-ruthenium-tin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Separator: The thermosetting resin is a phenol resin where:(i) the resin contains methylene groups, methylol groups and trifunctional phenol residual groups as main units;(ii) D990-1015/D1600= 0.2-9.0 and D890/D1600= 0.09-1.9 where the absorption strength at 1600cm-1 in an infrared absorption spectrum by a KBr tablet method is D1600, absorption strength at 990-1015 cm-1 is D990-1015 and absorption strength at 890cm-1 is D890; and(iii) free phenol content by liquid chromatography is 5-50 ppm. The separator is injection molded or compression molded.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Module and Methods: The purge gas on the purge/product side of the membrane is a condensible vapor, preferably water, alcohol, fluorocarbon, chloro-fluorocarbon or a refrigerant compound. A preferred purge gas is water vapor. The module includes a downstream condenser for recovering the product gas. The module may also contain a catalyst in the mixed stream chamber to promote reactions such as a carbon monoxide shift reaction. The separation membrane is active at elevated temperatures, preferably above 400 degreesF. Other gases which may be separated from a mixed gas stream by the method are nitrogen, argon, carbon dioxide, ammonia and methane.The product gas may be hydrogen which is separated from a mixed stream supplied from a reformer or under-oxidised burner, the membrane being a palladium type membrane. Alternatively the membrane may be an ion-conducting ceramic oxygen separation membrane, preferably a zirconia membrane with voltage supply electrodes on each surface. The membrane may be used at elevated temperature. The gas purified using a ceramic membrane may be oxygen.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Fuel Cell System: The burner module is an under-oxidised burner for producing an H2-rich stream. An additional catalytic combuster may be provided for generating steam for use as the purge gas in the gas purification module. A turbo generator provides air under pressure to the burner.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Graphite cements such as that sold as Hyper Cast TM Graphite by Hyper Industries of Bonita, California may be screen printed and solidify upon sintering to form structurally cohesive graphite lands of about 98% or higher carbon content.
EXAMPLE - In an EMBODIMENT of the ion conduction device, between the layer electrodes and the interconnects current collector films are positioned, which function as gaskets to provide sealing, reducing the criticality of flatness of the layers. Seals are also provided to seal the edges of the electrodes and at the flow passages to prevent gas leakage between flow passages. The membranes and electrodes are stepped at the layer sides and flow passages to simplify manufacture and eliminate any need to insulate the layers against short circuits. Spaces (S1) to (S6) are provided between the interconnects and the layers at the layer faces (30) (31). The alternate spaces (S1) (S3) (S5) being in communication with flow paths (F1) and (F3) and the alternate spaces (S2) (S4) (S6) being in communication with a flow path (F2) which is physically separated from the other two flow paths. The device may be an oxygen generating device with the first gas flow path (F1) being for air and the second gas flow path (F2) for the generated oxygen and with the third gas flow path (F3), where provided, being for oxygen depleted air. The device may be a fuel cell with the first gas flow path (F1) being for a fuel gas, the second gas flow path (F2) being for a gas comprising oxygen and with the third gas flow path (F3), where provided, being for exhaust gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Fuel Cell Assembly: The wick is distributed over the entire backing and comprises a hydrophilic thread sewn through the backing. The distribution plate includes separate channels for fuel gas and water, preferably in serpentine form. The plate may be formed of porous hydrophilic or hydrophobic material with the gas and water channels on opposite sides. A separator retains water that leaves the anode side with the fuel gas.
EXAMPLE - Graphite oxide made from commercial crystalline graphite powder(325 mesh) was exposed to excess aluminum chloride to the sequence: 18 hours at 120degreesC, heat to 185degreesC in 6 hours and hold for 20 hours, heat to 230degreesC in five minutes and hold for 15 minutes to remove excess AlCl3 before removing from the reactor. The reaction product had an O:C atomic ratio of 1.4, an Al:C ratio of 0.23 by elemental analysis for the bulk and 0.32 by XPS for the surface, and an AlCl3 ratio of 3 for a 3 micron thick surface layer; XRD showed no peak and the surface area was 3 m2/g. Heating to 1000degreesC in nitrogen formed a product of 75 m2/g surface area and which showed XRD peaks for graphite and gamma alumina.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Separator: The separator is made of glassy carbon, graphite or metal or a composite of these.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Separator: The separator may be made of a composite material comprising a conductive powder and a thermosetting or thermoplastic resin. EXAMPLE - A separator formed of a 100/25 mixture of graphite powder and a phenolic resin is dipped in 30 wt.% aqueous sulfuric acid at 90degreesC for 30 minutes. The resulting separator has an Ra surface roughness of 1 micron and produces a contact resistance of 8 microOhm/cm2 with a carbon paper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The semiconductor comprises Si, Ge, H or halogen atoms and the grain is columnar with a semiconductor junction in the grain.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The impregnant can be an inorganic acid selected from the group consisting of H3PO4 and HNO3    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The impregnant can be an organic acid selected from the group consisting of CF3COOH and CF3SO3H
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The catalyst contains 5 wt.% Ni and is supported on inorganic support, preferably silica, and further contains copper, with wt. ratio of Ni:Cu of 20:1 to 1:8. The hydrocarbon gas is methane, natural gas, ethane, ethylene, propane, propylene, butane, pentane and/or hexane or hydrocarbons in the gasoline or diesel range, preferably methane and natural gas. The deactivated catalyst is regenerated by oxidation in air or steam gasification of the deposited carbon. The hydrocarbon gas is mixed with inert carrier gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred electrode unit: The reaction layers have a pore volume of 0.7-1.3, preferably 0.8-1.2 ml/g for pores with a diameter of 0.03-1 microns. The thickness of the reaction layers is 5-100, preferably 10-100 microns. The ionomer is a tetrafluoroethylenefluorovinyl ether copolymer with acid groups. The catalysts of the reaction layers are supported catalysts of catalytically active metals or metal alloys on electrically conducting and high surface area carbon. The catalytically active metals are present in an amount of 0.01-5 mg metal/cm2 and are Pt, Pd or Rh or their alloys, with further additives of Ru, Co, Cr, Mo, V, Fe, Cu, or Ni.Preferred process: The polymer in the membrane and the ionomer for the reaction layers are in non-azide form, and after drying are converted into the azide form. Solvent A is propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, glycerin or hexylene glycol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The carbon filaments or fibers are recovered for further use. The catalyst contains at least 5 wt.% Ni and further contains Cu, in a Ni:Cu ratio of 20:1 to 1:8. The catalyst is supported on an inorganic support preferably silica. The hydrogen gas is mixed with an inert carrier gas. The hydrocarbon gas is methane or natural gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred electrode assembly: The electrode backing substrate is plain TGPH 90 or 60 (TM: porous carbon paper) which may be coated with TEFLON (TM: polytetrafluoroethylene PTFE). The catalyst layers comprise three layers of increasing density. The water-repelling material is PTFE. The ionomer is perfluorosulfonic acid solution. Sintering is at approximately 350 degrees C under N2. The inert pore blocking layer comprises fine particles. The solid electrolyte membrane is pre-treated with a softening and swelling agent, preferably with 10 - 90 % isopropanol solution. EXAMPLE - No examples were given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred fluid: The dielectric shield includes an electric insulator, e.g. polyurethane, epoxy, nylon, ceramic glaze, silica, silicone rubber or glass. The photovoltaic core includes a photodiode, e.g. a fragment of a solar cell. The dielectric shield includes at least one buoyant body, e.g. a gas pocket or a hollow glass microsphere of density 0.2 g/cc, or a hollow plastic form. EXAMPLE - A ground bulk material containing gallium arsenide is encapsulated in a plastic and hardened into a slab. It is ground and mixed with a two-part adhesive and glass microspheres are added. A paste is formed and blended with dimethyl silicone oil. A probe is inserted and a potential applied, with light. The liquid solidifies and remains so after the light is extinguished, thus demonstrating photoelectroviscosity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Equipment: The methanol droplets are partially oxidized in a reaction chamber of length at least 1.5 times the diameter, with a methanol inlet parallel to the longitudinal axis and an air inlet tangential to the longitudinal axis to provide mixing. The catalyst is CuO-ZnO, FeZnO and/or CO supported on silica, especially CuO-ZnO. A steady-state reaction temperature is controlled, preferably at 450 degrees C or below, by varying the oxygen:methanol mole ratio at 0.25-0.4 and startup temperature is controlled by maintaining the oxygen:methanol mole ratio at 0.5 or more. The system further includes a unit for introducing a minor amount of water into the reaction chamber, preferably less than 20 vol.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Conditions: The mol.% of lithium carbonate in the electrolyte is preferably maintained between 60 - 70 and the mol.% of sodium carbonate can be maintained between 25 - 40. The mole percent of the alkaline earth carbonate (CaBaLiNa carbonate) is preferably maintained between 2 - 10. The electrolyte is maintained at 550-750 degrees C. The melting point of the electrolyte is about 450 degrees C.Preferred Compound: The alkaline earth carbonate has a quaternary eutectoid surface.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Condition: The impedance of the electrolytic cell containing the carbonate electrolyte is 50% less than that of the electrolyte cell have a eutectic Li/Na carbonate electrolyte. EXAMPLE - The eutectic 52/48 m/o Li/Na carbonate electrolyte and 40/60 Li/Na carbonate electrolyte were screened for non-segregation effect, using carbonate-wetted strips of LiAlO2. The sectioned strips were analyzed by inductively coupled atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP/AES). The results showed that the eutectic 52/48 m/o Li/Na carbonate electrolyte displayed greatest cation segregation even on the sodium rich side of the eutectic composition graph. While 40/60 Li/Na carbonate exhibits lower cation segregation than the eutectic electrolyte composition.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Apparatus and Methods: Preferably the unit contains a first catalyst for selective oxidation of the CO and a heater for heating the H2-rich gas before it is supplied to the unit. The unit may also include a second catalyst for selective oxidation of a component of the H2-rich gas. In a third embodiment, the unit contains a first catalyst for selective oxidation of the CO and a means for reducing the moisture content of the H2-rich gas. The second catalyst is platinum. The H2-rich gas and the oxygen gas streams may be combined at one inlet or may be supplied via separate inlets, the second catalyst being provided adjacent the inlet(s). EXAMPLE - In an example various times were measured between the start of the CO concentration reducing apparatus and attainment of the predetermined internal temperature throughout the entire CO-selective oxidation unit in a related-art example (control) and examples 1-6. The following results were obtained: Control example: approximately 7 minutes; Example 1, approximately 2 minutes; Example 2, approximately 1.5 minutes; Example 3, approximately 1.5 minutes; Example 4, approximately 2 minutes; Example 5, approximately 3 minutes; Example 6, approximately 3 minutes. Whereas the control example required about 7 minutes before achieving the predetermined internal temperature (150 degreesC), examples 1-6 only required about 3 minutes at longest and about 1.5 minutes at shortest. The results show that the embodiments are able to more quickly raise the internal temperature of the CO-selective oxidation unit to the temperature range in which the selective oxidation catalyst becomes activated.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Cell: The oxygen reduction catalyst is platinum and the hydrogen oxidation catalyst is iridium, rhodium or osmium, the oxygen electrode catalyst optionally being in alloy form.The catalyst at the oxygen side may be mixed with a H+ ion conductive material and may be in the form of a layer adjacent the membrane.The oxygen electrode is more hydrophobic at the side face the membrane than at the side remote from the membrane.The gas diffusion layer of the oxygen electrode consists of carbon. EXAMPLE - The electrolyte comprised a Nafion 115(TM) membrane which was conditioned in 1 M sulfuric acid and then in deionized water and dried at room temperature before production of the membrane-electrode unit. The hydrogen electrode was produced with two gas diffusion layers and with 0.2 mg/cm2 Pt as catalyst using the method of DE19544323-A1. The catalyst support of the oxygen electrode was a 1.4 mm thick carbon fiber paper of more than 70% open porosity, which was infiltrated with an aqueous PTFE suspension, dried and post-treated at 275degreesC. The catalyst suspension for the oxygen side, comprising a ball milled suspension of 0.6 g Pt black, 0.4 g Ir black, 2 g water, 1.25 g Nafion(TM) solution and 0.2 g PTFE powder, was applied onto the carbon fiber paper and dried to give a precious metal loading of 5 mg/cm2. The membrane/electrode assembly was hot pressed for 30 sec. at 80 bar at 130degreesC, covered at the oxygen side with a hydrophilic carbon fiber felt and fitted in a cell housing.    After an initial running-in phase of a few hr. at 80degreesC with satisfactory hydrogen supply, the following results were achieved:    (a) electrolysis voltage 1.67 V and fuel cell voltage 0.81 at 80degreesC and 150 mA/cm2 current density; and    (b) electrolysis voltage 1.74 V and fuel cell voltage 0.74 at 20degreesC and 150 mA/cm2 current density. The switch-over time was about 50 ms.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Reformer: The chamber length to diameter ratio is not less than 1.5. The methanol is introduced as droplets (mist) of size less than 100 micron, preferably 20-50 micron. The droplets are supplied axially and the air is supplied tangentially. The mole ratio of O2 to methanol is controlled to maintain the reactor temperature at below 500degreesC, preferably below 400degreesC. The weight of catalyst is not less than 11 kg/l/min. of liquid methanol. The igniter is a hot wire, palladium catalyst or spark or glow plug. A bed of ceramic pellets is positioned between the chamber inlets and the catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred system: The system has an integrated cooling means for the hydrogen, that simultaneously preheats combustion air. The fuel is gasoline, aviation fuel, alcohol or a hydrocarbon gas. The reformer comprises a casing, cylindrical filtration membrane, a cylindrical concentric bed wall, a catalyst bed, a burner and fuel and exhaust openings. The membrane is a thin palladium-containing film and the catalyst contains a group VIII transition metal, e.g. nickel. The system includes a desulfuriser - a metal oxide (zinc or iron), supported on a zeolite, zirconia and activated carbon. The system also includes a sacrificial guard for removing sulfur compounds from the vaporized fuel stream.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The partition member is made of polymer electrolyte, particularly a hydrogen-ion conductor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Module: The number of spherical solar battery elements can provide the required voltage of electromotive force for photovoltaic power generation and electrolytic voltage for the electrolytic solution. On the surface of each of the electrode pair for electrolysis, a metal coating film with a catalytic function to promote electrolytic reaction is applied. At the position where the electrode contacts with the electrolytic solution, a protruding acute part is formed at the end to reduce overpotential and to promote release of reaction product(s) from the electrolysis.Preferred Device: In the various solar battery modules, the spherical solar battery elements are connected and retained in transparent cylinders, with the anodes and cathodes located symmetrically at the ends as specified together with the other components as above. At least the upper part of the container is so constructed that sunlight irradiation is possible. EXAMPLE - An optical electrolysis device for electrodecomposition of water and carbon dioxide in an electrolytic solution by solar energy generated photovoltaic power was constructed as in Figure. The hydrogen ion-conducting polymer electrolyte was made from fluorinated sulfonic acid. Water and carbon dioxide gas were introduced into the device with photocell arrays having an electromotive force of 2-2.4 V and spherical solar battery elements with electromotive forces of 0.5-0.6 V and electrodes each protected with a silica coating, electrolysis gave products e.g. methane gas, ethylene, methanol, ethanol, formic acid and oxalic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Cathode channels are straight with the filament being placed obliquely within the channel and being a thread of cotton, silk, fiberglass, nylon or polyester, pref. coated with PTFE. The filament wicks fluid from the cathode channel, increases humidification and the residence time of oxidant; there is a criss-cross pattern of many threads.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Mixtures: The forming gas is an inert gas/hydrogen mixture containing not more than 10% hydrogen and the deactivator gas is an inert gas/oxygen mixture containing not more than 10% oxygen. Preferred Process: (a) is carried out at 100-500degreesC and (b) at 0-500degreesC. The catalyst material is subjected to the forming / deactivation cycle several times before placing it in the reactor. EXAMPLE - Conventional copper / zinc oxide / alumina catalyst pellets for reforming methanol with water vapor (as in fuel cells) are subjected to forming with inert gas / hydrogen at 100-500 degreesC followed by deactivation with inert gas / oxygen at 0-500 degreesC. The cycle is repeated until the catalyst shows no further loss in volume or mass.
ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATION - The light absorbing polymer absorbs light to form a charge transfer state and is a conjugated polymer, preferably optionally substituted poly(phenylene vinylene). The carbon particles are formed by laser pyrolysis and are semiconducting having an average diameter of 5-30 nm. The donor/acceptor composite is corrugated such that its surface is at least 50 (100)% greater than the planar projected area. The carbon particles are embedded in a binder to form a layer in contact with a layer of the light absorbing polymer. The carbon particles are adjacent to a surface of the light absorbing polymer or are distributed through a portion of the polymer. The electron acceptor is a fullere
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The inert gas atmosphere is at high temperature and the chill plate has a hollow inside and many inside props.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred process; The metal salts are soluble is water. The temperature of the solution is 0 - 150 degreesC. The film is grown for 1 minute to 8 days. The fibers may be grown perpendicularly, parallel or at any intermediate angle to the surface of the substrate. If desired, a first film of one metal oxide may be formed on the substrate, followed by a second film of the same or another metal oxide, and/or morphology, and/or particle size, using different solutions. The particles of the second film may be grown at a different orientation to those of the first.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Electrode: The electrode sheets comprises porous electrically conductive material, especially flexible nonwoven carbon fibre paper or cloth.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Electrolyte: The electrolyte is a derivative of perfluorosulphonic acid, ion conducting polyether ether ketone (PEEK) or ion conducting sulphonated polytrifluorostyrene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Materials: The hydrophilic surface is a layer of carbon/metal composite over a layer of hydrophilic polymer/copolymer, pref. a carbon-supported Pt-Ru catalyst and a copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and perfluorinated polyether sulfonic acid. The conductive elements are graphite rods in a pincushion array and have a square, rectangular, diamond-shaped or triangular cross-section. The air ports are 20-80% of the plate width and the wicking device extends below the air exit port.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - The cell outer diameter is 0.1-1 mm. The electrodes are cylindrical, composed of one or more fibres and have a diameter of 0.1 mm-10 mm. The separator is a microfiltration, ultrafiltration, reverse osmosis membrane of ceramic, glass or polymer, or alternatively is a semipermeable or ion-exchange membrane coated with a perm-selective or ion exchange polymer, or is made of an electroconductive material. The separator surrounding the inner electrode is thin compared to the cell outer diameter. The electrodes may be fabricated entirely from the electrocatalyst material, or the electrocatalyst material together with a bonding agent and electroconductive material is impregnated, coated or extruded onto the outside wall or inside the bore of the separator. Preferred Module: Terminals are formed by wrapping a conductive strip around the cell bundle. The potting material is a thermosetting polymer or ceramic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Apparatus: For the generation of electricity a fuel gas comprising hydrogen is used, or the fuel is a neat or aqueous solution of an alcohol and/or an ether, or methanol, dimethoxymethane, trimethoxymethane or their mixture. The oxidizer is air provided by unassisted or fan assisted convection, and is at a pressure less than 0.5 psi above ambient. The cells are arranged in a bipolar or monopolar configuration. The fuel cell stack is set in an apparatus manufactured from flexible materials and mounted on a curved barrier which provides one surface of a channel. The channel is surrounded by at least one set of cells, and contains a heat transfer element and means to improve coolant flow through the channel. The barrier protects portions of the electrodes exposed to the atmosphere and a portion of the barrier extending beyond the cells allows heat dissipation while operating the apparatus. A reactant chamber may be formed between the anode surfaces of adjacent arrays of cells.Preferred Electrode: The binder is conductive or non-conductive, and the opening occupy 30-75% of the substrate area. The electroconductive porous material is a mixture of powdered and fibrous carbon in a ratio of 1:1 to 5:1, preferably 2:1 to 3:1, or is powder metal. The ratio of binder to conductive component is 2:1 to 1:20, especially 1:1 to 1:3. The substrate is metal, a sheet of expanded metal, woven wire fabric or perforated metal sheet.Preferred Dual Electrode: A barrier is formed between the two electrodes by sealing all the open spaces of the substrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The electrode binder is a partially or fully fluorinated polymer, preferably PTFE. A hydrophilic foam (polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylate and/or sulphonated polystyrene) as moisture control element is formed adjacent the anode.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solar cell is of silicon or a III-V compound semiconductor such as GaInP/GaAs.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred System: The non-cryogenic oxygen-enriching means comprises a temperature swing adsorption device which includes two interconnected zeolitic molecular sieve adsorption beds which remove nitrogen from an air input to produce an oxygen-enriched mixture of oxygen and nitrogen. In operation, when the first adsorption bed is producing an oxygen enriched gas mixture, the second adsorption bed, which is saturated with nitrogen, is regenerated by stripping the adsorbed nitrogen using a portion of the oxygen-enriched output of the first adsorption bed and heating the bed using waste heat from the top stage. After stripping the bed is cooled to ambient temp. and a system of valves reverses the process in order to strip nitrogen from the first absorption bed. The combined cycle system may further includes means for removing carbon dioxide and moisture from the inputted air supply. The molecular sieve beds may be replaced by chemical reactor beds comprising lead oxide, silver and combinations thereof.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - The pressure applied to bond the electrodes to the electrolyte membrane is 5-75 kgf/cm2. EXAMPLE - A NAFION 112 (RTM: alcohol solution of polymer electrolyte) polymer electrolyte membrane was pressed between two electrodes containing platinum catalyst at 5 kgf/cm2 and the temperature increased to 150degreesC at 20degreesC/minute. The system was then hot-pressed at 50 kgf/cm2 for 5 minutes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Method: The raw material powder is uniformly mixed to prepare a slurry, which is granulated by spray drying and fed into a metal mold for heat pressing. The granulated material has a particle size distribution of 50-300 microns passing through the upper and lower eyelets of the wire clip, with an average particle size of 50-150 microns. The theoretical density of the separator is 93% of the density of the raw materials, and the separator surface is ground to eliminate the surface-projecting layer, before the separator is placed into the fuel cells.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The epoxy resin is a novolac type epoxy resin and the phenolic resin is a novolac phenolic resin. The ratio of the epoxy groups in the epoxy resin to hydroxyl groups in the phenolic resin is 0.8 - 1.2.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Carbon: The carbon powder is formed from scaly natural graphite particles with an average particle size of 5-50 microns.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred features: During start up, the membrane (6) is also heated by activated catalytic combustion in the hydrogen separation stage, of product gas being introduced by it. Alternatively, heating takes place from a section (11a) of the catalytic burner which is in thermal contact. Short-term electrical heating of the reformer initiates POX operation. Waste gases from the catalytic combustor (11a-c) are passed through the evaporator (2) and/or through heating channels of the membrane (6). During heating, the hydrocarbon (or an HC derivative) is fed directly into the catalytic burner. Via at least one intermediate feed line (5, 21) and/or fuel feed line (12, 13) added water forms a thermal transport medium to avoid overheating in the reformer and/or in the hydrogen separator and/or in the catalytic burner. With division of the catalytic combustor (into 11a-c), a burner section being allocated to the reformer, and another (11c) to the evaporator (2), the oxidant gas is supplied individually to the respective burner section. Evaporator and reformer are run hotter than normal, during heating. A further variant of the process is described
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The solder contains (by wt.) (a) 70% Ni, 19% Cr and 11% Si; (b) 55% Co, 18% Ni, 19% Cr and 8% Si; or (c) 3-7% Ti, Zr or Nb.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Structure: The spacing structure and catalyst material are sintered to the anode carrier and/or current collector of the fuel cell.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The catalyst and gas permeable structure are produced separately and bonded together.If non woven material or wire mesh is used for the spacing structure, then the production comprises:(a) shaping a first layer to form regular indentations;(b) embedding individual elements of catalyst material are into these;(c) covering with a second layer of non woven material or wire mesh; then(d) the two layers are bonded and/or pressed together.They preferably are sintered together and/or with the anode carrier and/or current collector of the cell and/or sintered with the catalyst material. In particular, a carrier for the catalyst material, in the form of a green ceramic composition with an organic binder, is bound to the spacer material, the binder is burnt off in an inert gas, reducing atmosphere or vacuum and the catalytically active material is applied to the support after cooling. Alternatively, catalyst material in a green ceramic composition is placed in the indentations of the first layer and formed when the fuel cell is started up. SPECIFIC MATERIALS - Specific examples of the spacing structure are materials that are not wetted or are wetted only slightly by fuel cell electrolytes and consist of pins, needles, fibers or wires, preferably of metal, especially nickel.    Specific examples of the structure are:    (a) monofilaments extending radially from the catalyst material; or    (b) layer(s), especially sintered layer(s), of non woven material or wire mesh wrapped around the catalyst; more especially (b-1) layers with hollows for the catalyst; or (b-2) a flat layer and a second layer with regular indentations in which individual elements of the catalyst material are embedded.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The metal of the metal chalcogenide is preferably one or more of copper, indium, gallium, cadmium, mercury, zinc or lead; and the chalcogen is selenium, sulfur or tellurium.Preferred Method: The metal chalcogenide film is formed on the substrate by spray depositing the suspension.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The volatile capping agent is preferably ammonia, (m)ethyl amine, acetonitrile, ethyl acetate, (m)ethanol, propanol, butanol, pyridine, ethane thiol, tetrahydrofuran or diethyl ether.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Apparatus: The fuel cells are circular, rectangular, square or octagonal, and the openings and tension rod are centrally arranged. The fuel cell stack (15) has conveyors which improve the air stream necessary for the reaction to produce current through the fuel cells or fuel cell stack. The conveyors comprise a ventilator (3) of smokestack (21) with or without an additional burner (22). The reaction chamber (2) is arranged to produce hydrogen in the smoke stack (21).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: Hydrides, especially lithium hydride, potassium hydride, sodium hydride, or calcium hydride, are used as solids (6) for the chemical reaction with water (8).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Devices and Methods: The layers used for the separation may be filler layers, protective layers or other exfoliation layers which are formed of non-crosslinking thermoplastic resins, degradable resins or foams or foam precursors. In a typical embodiment, the exfoliation layer is a foam precursor layer which blows on heating. In other embodiments, the layer is melted or degraded resin material. EXAMPLE - A solar panel is constructed using partially cross-linked ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer as a backside and side-surface filler and a tetra-fluoroethylene-ethylene copolymer as a protective layer. Both material exfoliate when heated to 200 degrees C, allowing the photovoltaic elements to be separated.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - The flow field plate is of metal, pref. stainless steel or Al, the isolating material is of epoxy and/or enamel, the solid electrolyte is a polymer and the whole comprises a PEM fuel cell. There are many parallel and serpentine flow field channels and there is a gas diffusion layer between the sections. The isolating material extends transversely over a flow field channel or along a perimeter of the face and protects from metallic ions.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Structure: In unit cells, each gasket comprises elastomer layer and adhesive layer, with elastomer layer adhered to at least one side of separator via adhesive layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The elastomer in elastomer layer of the gasket preferably consists essentially of olefin-type or olefin blend-type rubber, especially ethylene-propylene rubber, acryl rubber, butyl rubber or halogenated butyl rubber. EXAMPLE - In fuel cell as presented on the drawing, the gasket was obtained by adhering elastomer layer of olefinic ethylene-propylene rubber (EPDM) of 0.7 mm thickness to one side of separator plate, by means of adhesive layer. The shifting of the elastomer layer was prevented by the adhesive force of the adhesive layer. At the time of assembling of a cell stack, since the gasket was adhered to the separator beforehand, mispositioning of the gasket did not occur and the operation was conducted speedily and successfully. The EPDM layer was kept in contact with the ion exchange membrane in hot water of 80degreesC for 3 months, to examine the hot water resistance and acid resistance of the elastomer material. The EPDM layer showed no change, thus proving its high durability. It also remained unaffected after 5000 hours long-term performance test of the fuel cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - A source emits an ion beam at 100eV to 10keV to the substrate at or before the pre-film-forming stage. The pre-film is formed by plasma CVD using a mixture of a silicon-containing gas and hydrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Equipment: The equipment is a receiver placed below the catalyst bed. EXAMPLE - The catalyst was purged (1.34 mole/hour H2 at 3.8 bar and 280degreesC) was charged with 3.83 mole/hour mixture of water and methanol in 1.5 molar ratio. After 9 minutes, when the purge gas had been displaced completely, the H2 concentration was constant at 67 vol.% and the carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration was constant at about 12 vol.%. Up to 17 minutes, the concentration of intermediates rose to maxima of 7 vol.% for CO and 0.2 vol.% for dimethyl ether (DME). The stationary state was reached after 20 minutes, when the concentrations were 0.8 vol.% CO and 70 ppm DME. The reformer, containing the methanol-water mixture, was stopped. On restarting without purging, the CO concentration was slightly higher, as 2.5% CO, after 3 minutes and the stationary state was reached 2 minutes later (after 5 minutes), i.e. much sooner than usual.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The flexible substrate can be made of polymer film. The adhesives used can be acrylic, silicone, polyurethanes and their mixture. The conduits are insulated from one another by the adhesive. The flexible substrate is gas pervious.Preferred Method: Vacuum is applied during heating and pressing to remove air bubbles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Materials: The electrically conductive conduits can be conductive warp threads running along the length of the airship and are insulated by nonconductive weft threads. The warp threads can carry a voltage of 40 to 6000 V.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Process: The cell has an outside diameter of 100-1000 micrometer and at least 1 electrode comprises at least 1 fiber having an outside diameter of about 10-1000 micrometer. The cell has a cylindrical geometry with an outside diameter of 1-10 mm. The membrane separator is thinner than the cell outer diameter and is made from micro filtration, ultra filtration, reverse osmosis, ceramic, glass and polymeric membranes. The fibrous electrodes are entirely made from the electrocatalyst or electroactive material, or are made by impregnating, coating, or extruding the electrocatalyst or electroactive material on an electrically conductive substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Materials: The polymer is selected from polyolefins, polyamides, polycarbonates, polyesters, polyethers, polystyrenes, phenolics and copolymers, the plate density is less than 1.4 g/cm3, the conductive elements comprise a pincushion array of graphite rods of rectangular cross-section extending through the biplate and at least two plates are endplates.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - The backing layer is carbon paper, the sintered layer comprises a catalyst plus a waterproofing amount of Teflon and the free layer comprises catalyst and Nafion. The electrode is hot-pressed to the membrane and the catalyst behaves similarly to platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Materials: The current collector substrate is of Ni, Cu or stainless steel and has at least 70% open area, each module produces 350 mAcm2 at 0.5V and 10.5 W. There is a heat exchanger and a digital programmable controller coupled to each module. The pressure assembly comprises a thin metal plate and a synthetic polymer rigid foam; hydrogen is supplied at 1-10 psig and air at forced fan pressure. The membrane is less than 1 mm thick and is stable in water and operable at less than 80 degreesC, the hydrophobic backing layer is coated with a liquid suspension comprising 1-5 % surfactant, the balance being water, the hydrophobic polymer on the carbon backing layer is a fluorinated hydrocarbon and the hydrophobicity is varied across the successive coats.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The organic material preferably contains partial structures capable of forming hydrogen bridges, especially where the organic material is selected from cellulose, (especially aromatic) polyamide, polyester or viscose staple fibre.The reinforced skeleton preferably exhibits a pore size gradient. The polymer with a three dimensional globular structure is preferably phenol/aldehyde based.The gas diffusion electrodes are made by impregnating the reinforced skeleton with an acid solution of monomers, polymerizing the monomers into a three dimensional globular structure, drying the resulting composite and pyrolyzing (at 600 - 2000 degreesC) under an inert gas. If necessary the gas diffusion electrodes can be hydrophobed with a perfluorinated polymer. EXAMPLE - 40 % formaldehyde solution (15 g) and resorcinol (10.99 g) were mixed and 0.005 N oxalic acid solution (4.0 g) and water (4.0 g) added. The resulting solution was used to impregnate a coarse viscose staple fibre filter with an average pore size of about 20 mum. The impregnated material was sandwiched between two flat glass plates and stored for 24 hours in a closed container, to the exclusion of air, to polymerize the sample. The sample was matured for 24 hours at 50 - 90 degreesC and then removed from the container and dried at 90 degreesC. The dry sample was pyrolyzed in a nitrogen atmosphere at 1100 degreesC for 1 hr. The product was hydrophobed by dipping in a 1 % solution of a copolymer of perfluoro-2,2-dimethyl-dioxol and tetrafluoroethylene in perfluorodecane, draining off excess solution and drying at 330 degreesC for 15 mins. A hydrophobic, mechanically stable gas diffusion electrode was obtained with a pore diameter of about 10 mum and a surface roughness of approximately the same dimensions.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The membrane and bed are in the same vessel. The membrane is palladium-based, a ceramic or a zeolite and is a Pd-based coiled or spiral tube, a bundle of straight tubes and comprises a thin film of Pd alloy on a porous ceramic support. The catalyst bed has a methanation catalyst, granular particles or a porous ceramic catalyst support and is coaxial around the diffusion membrane. Heat from the reaction keeps the membrane at a similar temperature to the bed and the reactor operates by a combination of partial oxidation and steam reforming and water-gas shift.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred composition: The base material for the solar cell integrated cladding assembly is an asphalt type resin, a polystyrene type resin, a polyurethane type resin or a polyvinyl chloride type resin. The polyester type plasticizer is selected from sebacic acid type, adipic acid type, or phthalic acid type polyester plasticizers. The molecular weight of the polyester type plasticizers is 500-10,000. The phosphoric acid ester type plasticizer is tricresyl phosphate or trioctyl phosphate. The fatty acid ester type plasticizer is selected from tri-n-butyl citrate, dioctyl adipate, dioctyl azelate, dioctyl sebacate, and methyl acetylricinoleate. The epoxy type plasticizer is selected from alkyl epoxy stearate, epoxidised soybean oil, and isodecyl 4, 5-epoxytetrahydrophthalate. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The preferred resin is polyvinyl chloride.    EXAMPLE - A set of solar cells were connected in series. The connectors were sheathed in a polyvinyl chloride resin. The polyvinyl chloride was prepared with various different plasticizers (40 pts per hundred resin) and the output retention was measured in an accelerated test. When the base was an asphalt waterproof sheet the charge retention with dioctyl phthalate plasticizer was 5%. When a polyester type plasticizer was used the charge retention was 90%, a phosphoric acid ester type plasticizer, 96%, a fatty acid ester type plasticizer, 103%, and an epoxy type plasticizer, 98%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred features: The layer catalyses combustion of hydrogen and/or methanol with oxygen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The ionomer precursor (II) is a copolymer of polytetrafluoroethylene and a sulphonated or carboxylated vinyl ether that is converted to the sulphonic or carboxylic acid membrane form by hydrolysis.Preferred Process: The expanded tube is cooled by air emerging from a cooling ring mounted on the outlet of the die. The cooled expanded tube is collapsed and cut into film sheets. The membrane film is 5-250 (10-125) micrometers thick and is substantially isotropic. EXAMPLE - A melt processable copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and perfluorosulphonated ethyl propyl vinyl ether was prepared according to US 3282875, 3560568 and 3718627. The copolymer pellets were extruded at 250 degrees C (19 mm single screw extruder; internal die diameter 25 mm; 30 rpm) and the extruded film was air blown to a bubble of 47 mm in diameter and cooled by ambient air. The bubble was collapsed to lie flat and was passed through pinch rollers and onto a wind-up roll at 13 m/minute. The resulting film was 34 micrometers thick and had an axial and/or hoop shrinkage ratio of 1.19 when heated at 70 degrees C for 30 minutes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Suitable substrates for use with these dyes are compounds with a rutile structure (e.g. zirconium and other metal oxides) or an anatase structure. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layers: The buffer layer is gallium arsenate, 500 nm wide and has a zinc concentration of 3x10E18 cm-3. The BSF layer is indium gallium phosphide, 1.2 microns wide and has a zinc concentration of 2x10E17 cm-3. The intrinsic layer is intrinsic indium gallium phosphide, 300 nm wide. The emitter layer is indium gallium phosphide, 50 nm wide and has a seleniumconcentration of 3x10E18 cm-3. The window layer is indium aluminum phosphide, 20 nm wide and has a selenium concentration of 3x10E18 cm-3. The cap layer is gallium arsenide, 500 nm wide and has a selenium concentration of 1x10E19 cm-3. The antireflection layer is Si3N4, 600 nm wide.Preferred Etchant: The ratio of HCl to H2O is 1:20.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The semiconductor substrate comprises doped Ge and epitaxial growth employs MOCVD.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The magnesium component is Mg or a Mg compound of formula Mg1-xAx or (Mg2-zNi1+z)1-xAx, where A = one or more of Li, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Al, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, In, Sn, O, Si, B, C, F and Be, x = at most0.3 and z = -0.3 to +0.3. The other component is an element selected from V, Ti, Fe, Co, Nb, Na, Cs, Mn, Ni, Ca, Ce, Y, La, Pd, Hf, K, Rb, Rh, Ru, Zr, Be, Cr, Si, Li and their hydrides, especially V or Nb, or a compound selected from LaNi5, MnNi5, ZrMn2, ZrV2, TiMn2, Mg2Ni and their hydrides.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - A preferred composition in weight % is 2.2 MgO, 5.8 Al2O3, 60.5 BaO and 31.5 TiO2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The polymer (I) has:(i) a molecular weight of 50000-310000 g/mol;(ii) in contact with water has a proton conductivity of greater than 3 x 10-3 S/cm;(iii) an E-modulus in the dry state of greater than 1300 N/mm; and(iv) an elongation at rupture in the dry state after 4 hours at 23degreesC/50degrees R.H. of greater than 20 %. EXAMPLE - The figure shows the performance over the first 1000 hours of a long-term (4300 hour) test on a sPEEK membrane with a degree of sulfonation of 50 % and a thickness of 40 mum, operating with H2/O2 at 50degreesC, not under pressure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Cell: The cell contains a diaphragm and is used for producing chlorine, NaOH, KOH, H2SO4, for regenerating acid and base values, for water or Na2CO3 electrolysis, for pollutant destruction or regenerating catalytic intermediates. A fluid flow inlet is connected to the inflatable cavity comprising a valve stem and flow valve.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The elastomer is neoprene, ethylene-propylene terpolymer, polypropylene, natural rubber or mixtures and has a durometer hardness of 20-60. The inner laminate member comprises (halogenated) butyl rubber and the outer member is selected from neoprene, ethylene-propylene terpolymer or PTFE. The synthetic diaphragm comprises 5-70 weight % halocarbon polymer fibers and 30-95 weight % of fine inorganic particles in a non-isotropic fibrous mat. The joints are vulcanized and the elastomeric strip has a width:thickness of 3:1
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The glass-solder preferably contains 14 wt. B2O3, 11 wt. Al2O3, 50 wt. SiO2, 0.5 wt. As2O3 and 0.5 wt. BaO and has a viscosity of less than 105Ns/m2 at 1000 degrees C.
POLYMER - The back skin is a copolymer of ethylene and methacrylic acid which has been neutralized by adding a salt supplying Na+, Li+, Zn+, Al3+, Mg2+, etc. cations or a copolymer of polyethylene and an acrylate to which such cations have been added. Mineral filler is also added to the back skin polymer to reduce its coefficient of thermal expansion and carbon black to increase its resistance to UV degradation. The electrical leads are coated with polyethylene or a blend of rubber and polypropyle
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Apparatus: The pre-reformer stages consist of two serially arranged pre-former stages (3, 4). Units (8, 9) are provided to prevent the connection between the CO-shift stage (6) and the CO oxidation stage (7). A switching valve (11) is connected to the exit of the CO removal unit (6, 7), directly to a burner feed line (14) or a gas inlet of a fuel cell system (12).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Arrangement: The catalytic burner unit has two burners (7, 8). Thermally insulated burner elements are provided between modules (9, 12, 16, 19). Heating channels are provided in the oxidation stage/pre-reformer module and/or in the shift stage/pre-reformer module.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components:R = F or Cl; the six- membered rings are fully substituted with R constituents.Preferred Product: A thin film transistor (TFT) having an ordered layer of the substituted phthalocyanine coordination compound (I) with a thickness of about 30-100 nm, in which the field effect mobility of (I) is greater than 10-3 cm2/Vs and its conductivity is 10- 9-10-7 S/cm at 20degreesC, and the TFT has an on/off ratio of the source-drain current of at least 103. Preferred Process: Substrate is heated to 30-215 degrees C during deposition of film. EXAMPLE - A layer of a phthalocyanine coordination compound with copper (Cu-Pc) was deposited by means of vacuum deposition onto sample silicon substrates having a layer of dielectric material and metal contacts, the substrates being heated to 30, 125 and 200degreesC during the deposition process. Field effect mobility measured (cm2/Vs) 6.0 x 10-4, 2 x 10-2 and 6.7 x 10-3, conductivity (    S/cm) 1.8 x 10-9, 4 x 10-9 and 3.1 x 10-9 and on/off ratio 3.7 x 104, 4 x 105 and 1.7 x 105 at the respective temperatures.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred electrode: The electrolyte is perfluorosulfonic acid-type polymer electrolyte and the electron-conductive material is supported on a cluster network in the electrolyte.Catalyst particles have an average diameter of 20-40 Angstrom and comprise a platinum group metal or alloy and reduction is by hydrogen gas at not above 280degreesC or hydrazine in inert gas with surface material being reduced in preference to material in the electrolyte.Adsorption is by ion exchange with the electrolyte, the process is repeated two or more times and the electrode obtained is immersed in aqueous acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - A catalyst for generating a synthetic gas from a gaseous mixture of (CH3)2O and carbon dioxide contains Cu or Fe as the active component. Another catalyst for generating a synthetic gas from a gaseous mixture of (CH3)2O and steam contains Co, Pd, Ir, Pt, Rh or Ni as the active component. Yet another catalyst for generating H2 from a gaseous mixture of (CH3)2O and steam contains Cu or Fe as the active component. Another catalyst for generating a synthetic gas from (CH3)2O and steam is Co or Pd carried on a basic metal oxide.PROCESS - H2 is generated by bringing a gaseous mixture of (CH3)2O and steam or CO2 into contact with the catalyst.PROCESS - Forming a synthetic gas or H2 from (CH3)2O is carried out at a medium or low temperature. WIDER DISCLOSURE - A fuel cell comprises this catalyst and (CH3)2O or a gaseous mixture as a fuel. A power generating method comprises a step (1) for changing dimethylether into fuel gas by bringing a gaseous mixture of (CH3)2O and H2or CO2 into contact with the catalyst and using the obtained gas as a fuel for a generator. A power generator comprises a gas changing vessel filled with the catalyst, a combustion room and a gas-turbine.    EXAMPLE - Ion-exchanged water containing Cu(NO3)2.3H2O (91 g), Zn(NO)2.6H2O (73 g) and Al(NO33.9H2O (368 g) and ion-exchanged water containing Na2CO3 (250g) were added dropwise to a stainless steel container while maintaining the pH at 8.0. The contents of the container were aged for 1 hr, filtered, washed and dried at 350 0C for 5 hrs so as to obtain a catalyst containing Cu, Zn and Al (CuO : Cr2O3: Al2O3 = 30:20:50). The obtained catalyst was filled in a stainless steel reactor (inner diameter = 20 mm). (CH3)2O and CO2 (mole ratio = 1) were brought into contact with the catalyst at a flow rate of 5000 /h so as to obtain a synthetic gas with a yield of 74.8%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - IMAGING AND COMMUNICATION - Preferred method: The converting step is at 250 - 350 degreesC for 15 - 120 min. The initial tin oxide surface has an initial haze level at most 30 % and more preferably at most 10 %.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred precursor: In claim (5) the precursor is an acrylated epoxy urethane polymer. EXAMPLE - A 10 OMEGA / square tin oxide coated glass with a haze factor of 5 % was coated with an electrochromic coating of tungsten oxide by; (i) 40 ml water, 800 ml of 1 : 1 hydrogen peroxide (31 vol%) and glacial acetic acid at ice temperature were reacted with tungsten metal for 24 hr, and the refluxed for 18 hr at 55 degreesC. The solution was then removed under vacuum and the tungsten peroxy acid recovered. (ii) 50 g of the tungsten peroxy acid and 250 ml dry ethanol were reacted to form the tungsten peroxyester. (iii) 8 g tungsten peroxyester dissolved in 60 ml ethanol and the glass substrate dipped and withdrawn at 27 cm / min. (iv) Coating heated to 250 degreesC for 1 hr to give 600 Angstrom dry thickness. The coating reduced the haze of the tin oxide from 5 % down to 2.9 %. When placed in 0.01N H2SO4 cell with an Ag / AgCl reference electrode and a Pt counter electrode with -0.4 V applied to color, its luminous transmission was 15 % and in the bleached state was 85 %
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - The frame comprises two separators arranged across two gas diffusion electrodes with the polymer film between them, the adhesive comprising a modified rubber comprising a mixture of epoxy resin and modified silicone and including resin beads of a given diameter.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - The gas diffusion layer has a porosity of 45-75 % and a specific volume of pores of diameter 17.9 mum of 0.45-1.25 cm2/g. The electroconductive porous material comprises carbon fiber paper made from polyacrylonitrile and at least one electrode is prepared by dispersing carbon powder supporting a noble metal catalyst on organic solvent, mixing with an alcoholic solution of polymer electrolyte to give a polymer electrolyte colloid adsorbed onto the carbon paper and applying to the liquid mixture to one side of the gas diffusion layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred process:The reactant gas supply stream is an oxidant supply stream, which is preferably at a pressure below 300 mbar at the inlet port, and the reactant gas exhaust stream is selected from an oxidant exhaust stream and a fuel exhaust stream. Alternatively the reactant gas exhaust stream is an oxidant exhaust stream and the reactant gas supply stream is selected from an oxidant supply stream and a fuel supply stream. Preferably the reactant gas supply stream is an oxidant supply stream with a flow rate of 6-90 L/minute. The flow rate of the reactant gas supply stream or the reactant gas exhaust stream through the supply stream chamber or the exhaust stream chamber is selected such that the residence to diffusion time ratio R for a water molecule in the supply stream chamber or the exhaust stream chamber is 0.75-3. The reactant gas supply stream and the reactant exhaust stream are directed through the combined heat and humidity exchanger in a counterflow configuration. The solid polymer fuel cell is air-cooled.Preferred system:The supply stream chamber and the exhaust stream chamber comprises flow channels having a depth of 0.02-0.1 inches. The water permeable membrane is a perfluorosulfonic acid membrane and is 0.007 inches thick. The combined heat and humidity exchanger has a configuration selected from plate-and-frame, jelly roll and tube bundle configurations, preferably a multiple plate-and-frame stack configuration. The exchanger is external to the solid polymer fuel cell, preferably mounted on it and in direct thermal contact with it. Preferably the exchanger is modular.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalytic layer is made of a ceramic containing Al2O3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The reducible oxide is of copper, chromium, cobalt, iron and/or manganese, and is in an amount 0.1-5 wt.%. The concentration of ceria is 30-70 wt.%, titania is 5-25 wt.% and zirconia is 5-25 wt.%. EXAMPLE - A gold catalyst was used in the oxidation of methanol. Despite its lower metal loading, the gold catalyst had better oxidation activity at temperatures below 100 degreesC, giving 99% at 30 degreesC and 100% oxidation at 50 degreesC compared with 50% and 80%, respectively, for a Pd/alumina catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred method: The heater unit has a porous, preferably honeycomb structure. The catalyst unit contains a steam reforming, partial oxidation and decomposition reaction catalyst or a CO shift reaction or CO selective oxidation reaction. The heater is made of a sintered, metallic or composite material, as long as one component is electrically heatable. The heater can be upstream or downstream of the catalyst. A heat exchanger downstream of the catalyst recovers heat to heat the catalyst. The metallic honeycomb structure is made of an alloy of Fe-Cr-Al, Fe-Cr, Fe-Al, Ni-Cr or Ni-Al. Alternatively the metal is selected from elements of Groups VB to VIII, Group IB and Group IIB. The heat resistant oxide is Al2O3, SiO2, TiO2, ZrO2, MgO, zeolite, SAPO or ALPO. The catalyst has passages of dimensions 0.5-10 mm in diameter and an open frontal area of 50-95%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - The device offers a new compact and reliable way of feeding a fuel cell with hydrogen reformed from methane and water.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred features: The casing is tubular and heated especially by an electrical resistance heating coil (2). In the first region (1a) of the casing there is a material unaffected by the mixture of hydrocarbon derivative and water. In the second region, there is a suitable reformer catalyst. The first region is filled with steel wool or metal braid. The second has a catalytic packing. A dosing unit (20) introduces the mixture, with an on/off valve mechanism. A second device limits flowrate by throttling the flow cross section. A pressurized supply vessel (6) feeds the mixture. Pressurization is obtained from a compressed gas vessel (7), or alternatively using a spring.Compact micro-scale equipment is feasible for hydrogen production.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - A special use concerns gas generation to produce chromogens in glass layers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Cell: The movable cathode structure is cylindrical with a hollow centre to allow air flow. The conductive medium is a film integrated with the movable cathode structure or metal fuel tape, or is a belt structure transported between them. The transport mechanism has (one or more) first and second electric motors to transport the metal fuel tape relative to the moving cathode structure and for moving the movable cathode structure at the same velocity as the metal fuel tape respectively.A third mechanism may be used to transport the ionically conductive belt at the same velocity as the metal-fuel tape. A mechanism included to maintain a sufficient level of surface tension between the conductive medium and metal fuel tape and/or between the conductive medium and movable cathode structure during cell operation, comprises a means to apply water and/or an electrolyte to the surface of the metal fuel tape and/or the conductive medium.The coating thickness of the water and/or electrolyte depends on the speed and water absorption properties of the metal fuel tape. The metal fuel material is in the form of cards or sheets, contained in a cassette type storage device.Preferred Belt: The source of ions is KOH, and CaCl2 is also present as a hygroscopic agent.Preferred Cathode Cylinder: The current collector is Ni mesh fabric or sponge embedded with a catalytic material (MnO2), carbon and binder (PTFE).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Movement: The transport mechanism is driven by mechanical, electrical or pneumatic forces, especially a spring. The code is a bar code, and is detected by optical means, or is a magnetic code.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Belt: The belts made of polyethylene oxide polymer, PVC or polyvinyl alcohol, and is 0.2-0.5 mm thick. Belt porosity = 30-70%. The solvent used in its manufacture is THF.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: the liquid water is mixed with the gas stream and vaporized prior to the reaction. Water vaporization and mixing with the gas stream is enhanced by placing a gas distribution unit in the flow path of the mixture, the distribution unit comprises an inert packing material such as glass beads, ceramic pellets or metal wool or mesh, static mixer(s) and/or baffle(s). The catalyzed reaction is selective oxidation and/or methanation, preferably oxidation and air or oxygen is introduced into the gas stream. The purification comprises two or more catalyzed reactions for the selective removal of carbon monoxide from the gas stream and the liquid water is introduced to only some of the reactions. The gas stream is a reformate gas mixture and the catalyst is supported noble metal or base metal catalyst. The carbon monoxide concentration is reduced to below 10 p.p.m. The process is operated in combination with a water-gas shift reaction. EXAMPLE - Using the above process, a gas stream containing 0.5 vol.l% carbon monoxide was purified to a product gas stream containing 3-5 p.p.m. carbon monoxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred process: The preparation is at 0-200degreesC, the polymer is added during or after reduction and has an ion exchange capacity 0.5-5 mAngstrom, and reduction is in water optionally mixed with an organic solvent(s) or just organic solvent(s), using hydroxymethane sulfinic acid Na salt (claimed).The Pt is a water-soluble compound and the concentration of Pt compound or Pt, Rh, Ir, Ru and/or Pd compounds is 0.1-100 g/l solvent (claimed). SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The protective colloid is a water-soluble or solubilizable cation exchange polymer, preferably from sulfonated polyacryletherketone, sulfonated polyethylsulfone, sulfonated polyphenylene sulfide, sulfonated acrylic-butadiene-styrene, polystyrene sulfonic acid, poly(alpha,alpha,beta-trifluorostyrene sulfonic acid), polyperfluoroethylene-co-2-(1-methyl-2-vinyloxyethoxy)ethane sulfonic acid, perfluorinated cation exchanger resin or highly conductive polymer, preferably where the degree of sulfonation (where applicable) is 20-95%.    EXAMPLE - 570g water, 30g 5% sulfonated polyetherketone in NMP, 2.5g hexachloroplatinic (IV) acid hydrate and 5% ammonium were heated to 90-95degreesC reacted after adding 2.5g hydroxymethane sulfinic acid Na salt. After work-up, a dried gel of particle size 1 nm was obtained, which contained 63% Pt and 10.6% S and could be dissolved in water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - The back skin layer forms an edge seal, there are further bonding layers susceptible to e-beams and metal patterns are soldered to the cell surfaces.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Conductive epoxy is used to bond the back skin layer to the cells, irradiation doses are 2-16 Mrads, the back skin layer is polyethylene or polypropylene or ionomers and the bonding layer is EMAA or EAA, an acid copolymer or ionomer. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The encapsulant layer is ethylene vinyl acetate, ionomer, ethylene methyl acrylate or metallocene polyethylene.    EXAMPLE - With e-beam irradiation at 2-16 Mrads depending on the polymer used, the thermal creep elongation was reduced from 10-50% to 0-4%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred catalyst: The alkali metal or alkaline earth metal is supported on the carrier as a single unit or in the form of an alloy with the ruthenium.Preferred preparation: The vinyl polymer is prepared by adding a lower polymerizable functional olefinic compound (A) during or after living radical polymerization. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The alkali metal is lithium and /or potassium. The alkaline earth metal is barium.    EXAMPLE - Porous alumina pellets (formed from 3 mm diameter particles) were immersed in distilled water, then lithium acetate aqueous solution added dropwise while stirring, to adsorb the lithium salt onto the alumina. Then, the pellets were dried and heated at 200degreesC for 1 h, to give Li-supporting pellets (0.005 mole / l Li w.r.t. alumina vol.). These were immersed in distilled water, ruthenium chloride aqueous solution added dropwise under stirring to adsorb the ruthenium salt, then the pellets dried and heated at 500degreesC for 2 h in a hydrogen atmosphere, to give a lithium-ruthenium supported catalyst (0.036 mole/l Ru w.r.t. alumina vol.). The catalyst reduced the concentration of CO contained in a gas (composition = 75% H2, 24.5% CO2 and 0.5% CO) to 69, 5 and 10 ppm at 100, 140 and 200degreesC, respectively, compared to 250, 7 and 10 ppm, respectively, for a comparative example using an alumina-supported Ru catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The microelectronics material layer is a carbon material, sulfur material, incompletely cured silicate SOG, silsesquioxane SOG, hydrogen silsesquioxane SOG, methyl silsesquioxane SOG, ethyl silsesquioxane SOG, other carbon-bonded organo-functional silsesquioxane SOG or fluorocarbon functional silsesquioxane SOG. The fluorine plasma etch uses a perfluorocarbon, hydrofluorocarbon, SF6 or NF3 gas, and is a magnetically enhanced reactive ion etch method. The oxygen plasma etch uses O2, O3, nitrous oxide or nitric oxide, and is carried out at 1-100 mtorr. The wet stripping uses acetone, NMP, THF, ethanolamine or their aqueous solutions.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Methods: The CO is purged chemically using O2 or electrochemically by switching in a purge circuit which raises the potential of the anode to at least 0.8V (RHE). In the CO monitoring phase, the probe is discharged through a constant load and the current and voltage are monitored, or is discharged at constant voltage and the current is monitored.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Method: The anode catalyst is platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The particles are formed of silicon oxide, titanium oxide, aluminium oxide and zirconium oxide and have a size of 0.01-10 mum. The substrate is formed from an insulator resin, glass or metal. Specific metals include stainless, aluminium and plated steel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred materials: The resin included in the light diffusion layer is acrylic resin, polyimide resin, polyester resin, silicon resin or polyether sulphone resin.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Converter: Grooves are arranged at a pitch in 10-30 mum, and each groove has a V-shape in a cross-section orthogonal to its longitudinal direction and has a depth of 10-30 mum and an opening angle of 45-120degrees.
EXAMPLE - Calendered flexible graphite sheet containing 5 wt.% calcium metasilicate fibers (100 mm x 100 mm) was stamped into a shape suitable as a fluid flow plate of a fuel cell having 1-1.5mm thick walls. Density before and after stamping was 0.1-0.3 g/cc and 1.1 g/cc respectively. The plate was impregnated with 10% phenolic resin with acetone diluent under 15 psi to provide 20 wt.% resin after curing at 235 degreesC. The plate had increased flexural strength, improved heat dispersion and lower voltage drop across its thickness.
SPECIFIC MATERIALS - The multifunctional layer consists of porous silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred method: The technique can be used to form:(i) a field effect transistor, formed by successively depositing a gate region, gate electrode insulator layer, gate insulator layer, source/drain regions, and an active semiconductor layer between the source and drain. Before depositing the active semiconductor material, interface layers are deposited on facing walls of the source/drain regions to control the barrier height of the transistor. An isolating layer is deposited over the transistor;(ii) a sensor, with portions forming part of an amorphous silicon thin film transistor switching array, and with the device including a signal comparison and amplification circuit. The device may have a polyethylene glycol biocompatible layer formed on its surface;(iii) a polymeric battery, with a polymeric electrolyte formed between contact layers of doped polyaniline or a TiS2 organically-modified ceramic. The electrolyte is formed from PEO/LiClO4, PPO/LiCF3SO3, a polyphosphazene and a polyelectrolyte;(iv) a flat panel display, by depositing soluble or dispersed phosphors and dyes in a suitable fluid to form phosphor-containing layers adjacent to an imaging pixel on a glass cover which houses a transparent top contact;(v) a photovoltaic device and an emissive device, by depositing stripe or pixel dye filters of ferrous chelate, a silicophosphate and an organically-modified ceramic; and(vi) an optical waveguide, by successively depositing polyimide, PMMA and organically modified ceramic layers.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The printing technique can be used to form an electrolyte of PEO/LiClO4, PPO/LiCF3SO3, a polyphosphazene and a polyelectrolyte, for a polymeric battery, with contact layers of doped polyaniline. In forming an optical waveguide, polyimide and PMMA layers are deposited.
SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The layer contains Cr3C2, CrC, Cr7C3 or Cr23C6.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Coated Objects: The process is applied to produce capacitors from materials with specific surface are of not less than 1 x 108 m2/m3, (photo) catalysts from support coated with precious metal(s) including e.g. removal of porous substrate and activation by heating), oxide semiconductor electrodes from oxide semiconductors through reaction of their porous material(s), and pigment-enhanced solar cells from these oxide semiconductor electrodes. EXAMPLE - Phenol-type active carbon powder (specific surface area = 6.2 x 109 m2/m3, specific gravity = 0.59, specific surface area per unit weight of active carbon = 3,100 m2/g; 70 pts.wt.) and phenol resin powder (30 pts.wt.) were well mixed and then molded into an article (20 mm diameter, 1 mm thickness). After carbonization in nitrogen at 800degreesC for 1 hr., a disc capacitor was obtained for supercritical coating with tetrabutoxytitanium (1 g) as the reactive precursor in supercritical carbon dioxide at 120degreesC and pressure of 240 atmosphere by contacting. A composite active carbon material with non-crystalline titania on its surface was formed which was then annealed at 1000degreesC in nitrogen for 1 hr. to give a crystalline titania active carbon composite.
SPECIFIC MATERIALS - The glass-solder preferably comprises (by wt.) 11-13 % aluminum oxide, 10-14 % boron oxide, 5 % calcium oxide, 23-26 % barium oxide and 50 % silicon oxide. The glass-ceramic preferably comprises (by wt.) 9-11 % aluminum oxide, 11-13 % boron oxide, 22-23 % barium oxide, 45 % silicon oxide, 10 % magnesium oxide and 1 % titanium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Apparatus: The layer (10, 10') is arranged vertically to the flow direction of the reaction mixture. The catalytic material is pressed with a carrier structure, preferably made of copper. Several parallel connected layers (10, 10') are provided. Channels (12, 14, 14') are provided in the layers (10, 10') to feed the reaction mixture and products.Preferred Catalyst: The catalytic material is especially platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - One or both outer layers consists of a palladium-silver alloy containing at least 25 wt.% silver.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The substrate is preheated, preferably to 150degreesC maximum and the deposition is carried out in an H2 atmosphere. The deposited layer is heat treated to form a CuInS2 layer. The laser output is 3-6 Joule per square cm and the laser pulse rate is 12-50Hz. Following the deposition step a conductive oxide layer and optionally a buffer layer are deposited, preferably also by pulsed laser ablation of a target. The deposition target(s) may contain impurities such as boron, phosphor and carbon. The conductive oxide layer is zinc oxide or zinc oxide doped with a IIIB element, preferably aluminium or a gallium. The buffer layer is CuS or CdS. The flexible substrate may be a metal layer which is flexible at ambient temperatures.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The flexible substrate is polyimide, polyethylene terephthalate or PEN.
EXAMPLE - A system (10) for purifying metallurgical grade silicon has a ladle (12) for holding molten silicon (14). Ladle (12) has a container (16), an inner lining (18), and a tightly fitting insulating cover (17) with an exhaust system (19). Extending downwardly into the molten silicon (14) are a number of immersion heaters such as oxygen-hydrogen torches (20). For controlling directional solidification, the container (16) is mounted in a tank (26) with conduits having controllable valves, e.g. inlet valve (28) for bringing in a fluid coolant (44) such as water, and multiple outlets (30,31,32,33,34) at separate vertical heights. Control system (42) controls the operation of the inlet and outlet valves.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The casing of the connecting members is a vinyl chloride resin (mixture). The substrate is selected from (modified) asphalt based roofing, vinyl chloride resin based roofing, polystyrene based resin or polyurethane based resin. The non-contact means is a tube covering the connecting members, a film sheet, tape, electric path supporting material, wiring binding device, paint or pressure sensitive adhesive, or is formed by cutting out or separating the rear material into multiple pieces.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - The connectors include leads to positive and negative terminals, and are of the same length. The photoactive member is an amorphous silicon semiconductor. The solar cell element is buried in a filler between a back reinforcing plate having a dark color casing and a light transmitting film. The output is fed to a power conversion means.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The chromium steel contains (wt.%): 10-22 (preferably 15-19) Cr; 0-2 C, Si, P and/or S; 0-20 Mn; 0-10 Mo; 0-20 Ni; 0-15 Co; and less than 0.5 Al, Y, Ti and/or Ce and is preferably No. 1.4404 (AISI 316L) chromium steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Unit: A smooth plastic coating (2) is arranged between carrier strip (1) and the first electrodes (10).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Unit: The silicon elements (18) are formed as parallel strips of width not more than 5 mm. The electrodes are a maximum 50 microns thick.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - The flow machine is used for converting the energy provided by an underwater flow current into electrical energy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Structure: The thermoplastic adhesive is a polyester or polyamide thermoplastic with a softening point of 100-150 degrees C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Structure: The top and bottom sides of the HgCdTe structure are passivated, preferably by interdiffused CdTe.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - The flow machine is used for converting the energy provided by an underwater flow current into electrical energy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - The solar cell device provides a photovoltaic voltage supply
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - The first and second detectors provide a signal corresponding to wavelengths (a) between 1.5 and 3.5, and between 3.5 and 4.5 mum, respectively, (b) between 2.2 and 3.0, and between 4.2 and 4.8 mum respectively, (c) between both 2.5 and 2.8, and 5.0 and 8.0 mum, and between 4.2 and 4.8 microns, respectively. The filters are of HgCdTe covered with insulating CdTe, arranged on a common IR transmitting substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - IMAGING AND COMMUNICATION - Preferred filter: The first color is a primary color and the second and third are complementary colors. Preferably red with yellow and magenta; green with yellow and cyan; or blue with cyan and magenta. Each of the filter layers of the second and third colors is made from a photoresist containing dye.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred filter: The yellow filter contains an azo pigment, the cyan filter a phthalocyanine pigment, and the magenta filter a xanthene pigment. EXAMPLE - A silicon substrate including photosensitive elements was prepared by conventional methods and then coated with yellow colored resist by spin-coating, pre-baking, patterning by an i-ray stepper, and developing with aqueous tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide. The entire surface was then exposed by the i-ray stepper to bleach the photosensitive contained in the photoresist for forming the yellow filter layer and the resist was then hardened by post-baking. IN this way a yellow filter layer was formed at positions where red and green color filter elements were to be formed. In the same way cyan and magenta color filter layers were formed to give a red color filter element formed by stacking yellow and magenta layers, green by stacking yellow and cyan, and blue by stacking magenta and cyan. The resist compositions comprised (parts by weight); 100 HPR204ES-Z ex Fuji Film Olin KK (TM: novolak positive resist), 1 of hexamethoxymethylmelamine, 20 of dimethylformamide, and 8 of pigment shown in the drawings.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - The force applied during use of sports training apparatus is used for driving electrical generators for charging an electrical storage battery.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The partition member is made of polymer electrolyte, particularly a hydrogen-ion conductor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Module: The number of spherical solar battery elements can provide the required voltage of electromotive force for photovoltaic power generation and electrolytic voltage for the electrolytic solution. On the surface of each of the electrode pair for electrolysis, a metal coating film with a catalytic function to promote electrolytic reaction is applied. At the position where the electrode contacts with the electrolytic solution, a protruding acute part is formed at the end to reduce overpotential and to promote release of reaction product(s) from the electrolysis.Preferred Device: In the various solar battery modules, the spherical solar battery elements are connected and retained in transparent cylinders, with the anodes and cathodes located symmetrically at the ends as specified together with the other components as above. At least the upper part of the container is so constructed that sunlight irradiation is possible. EXAMPLE - An optical electrolysis device for electrodecomposition of water and carbon dioxide in an electrolytic solution by solar energy generated photovoltaic power was constructed as in Figure. The hydrogen ion-conducting polymer electrolyte was made from fluorinated sulfonic acid. Water and carbon dioxide gas were introduced into the device with photocell arrays having an electromotive force of 2-2.4 V and spherical solar battery elements with electromotive forces of 0.5-0.6 V and electrodes each protected with a silica coating, electrolysis gave products e.g. methane gas, ethylene, methanol, ethanol, formic acid and oxalic acid.
ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATION - The light absorbing polymer absorbs light to form a charge transfer state and is a conjugated polymer, preferably optionally substituted poly(phenylene vinylene). The carbon particles are formed by laser pyrolysis and are semiconducting having an average diameter of 5-30 nm. The donor/acceptor composite is corrugated such that its surface is at least 50 (100)% greater than the planar projected area. The carbon particles are embedded in a binder to form a layer in contact with a layer of the light absorbing polymer. The carbon particles are adjacent to a surface of the light absorbing polymer or are distributed through a portion of the polymer. The electron acceptor is a fullere
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The protective polymer silation layer is 1-15 Angstrom thick, and is formed from a hexamethyl disilizane gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - COMPUTING AND CONTROL - A microprocessor is used to implement the algorithms determining the muscle characteristics of the user and the desired velocity profile, as well as to control the exertion of the desired torque.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Devices and Methods: The layers used for the separation may be filler layers, protective layers or other exfoliation layers which are formed of non-crosslinking thermoplastic resins, degradable resins or foams or foam precursors. In a typical embodiment, the exfoliation layer is a foam precursor layer which blows on heating. In other embodiments, the layer is melted or degraded resin material. EXAMPLE - A solar panel is constructed using partially cross-linked ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer as a backside and side-surface filler and a tetra-fluoroethylene-ethylene copolymer as a protective layer. Both material exfoliate when heated to 200 degrees C, allowing the photovoltaic elements to be separated.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - The solar module converts incident solar energy into electrical energy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - COMPUTING AND CONTROL - A central processing unit (CPU) is used in the exercise apparatus to control the settings in accordance with the instructions received from the remote control via the electromagnetic receiver.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Suitable substrates for use with these dyes are compounds with a rutile structure (e.g. zirconium and other metal oxides) or an anatase structure. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The supports consist of a PMMA moulding with an IR radiation reflecting layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - COMPUTING AND CONTROL - A Hitachi (RTM) H8-325 microprocessor is used in the display controller.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Device: The difference in hardness between the terminal regions is 30 or more in Vickers hardness. The non-contiguous region has a Vickers hardness of 120 or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Device: The high polymer resin is a silicone resin or a moisture curing resin.
EXAMPLE - A mixture is formed of nano-particle TiO2 and a 0.7% methanol solution of p-PPV polymer to give a TiO2 to polymer weight ratio of 1:1. The mixture is spin coated onto a glass substrate and held at 320degreesC for 10 hours in a vacuum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The particles are formed of silicon oxide, titanium oxide, aluminium oxide and zirconium oxide and have a size of 0.01-10 mum. The substrate is formed from an insulator resin, glass or metal. Specific metals include stainless, aluminium and plated steel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred materials: The resin included in the light diffusion layer is acrylic resin, polyimide resin, polyester resin, silicon resin or polyether sulphone resin.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Converter: Grooves are arranged at a pitch in 10-30 mum, and each groove has a V-shape in a cross-section orthogonal to its longitudinal direction and has a depth of 10-30 mum and an opening angle of 45-120degrees.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - The foil photovoltaic modules used for the cover convert the incident solar radiation into low-cost electrical energy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Silicone coating as elastic buffer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Acrylic glass or transparent plastics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - The receiver is used to generate encoder signals in a computer mouse.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - The body is a tubular member, preferably a silicone tube containing material (6) such as air or an inert gas e.g. nitrogen or argon at a pressure greater than atmospheric, a liquid or gel-like material, preferably liquid paraffin or a solid such as silicon glue. The material may comprise spheres or beads of comparable size to the cross sectional area of the passage The passage walls are opaque and the internal walls are light reflective and are of constant or variable circular or rectangular cross-section throughout its length. By coupling a shaped member to the outer surface of the passageway, the resistance of the passageway to an applied force may vary periodically along its length. The light emitter is preferably an IR light emitting LED and the receiver is an IR photo sensor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred features: The temperature gradient is induced by converting a fluid flow energy into heat energy.A geothermal apparatus, preferably an extendable heat pipe or an expandable element is used to apply the temperature gradient across the thermoelectric device. The heat pipe has one end thermally coupled with the first thermocouple and selectively couples the second thermocouple with a surface of the well bore.A convection fluid apparatus may be coupled with the second thermocouple and a nuclear-powered heat source may be coupled with the first thermocouple.A flow energy conversion device (400) may be included within the tubing string to further increase the temperature of the fluid flow heat source next to the thermoelectric device.The battery recharge circuit is a step-up transformer.The heat sink source is a well bore surface of the well and the heat source is a produced fluid from a subterranean formation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - The solar cell device provides a photovoltaic voltage supply
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Steps (c) and (d) can be repeated one or more times, sequentially or alternately, either on the whole sol layer to form a continuous metal oxide layer or on selected parts to form a discontinuous/embossed metal oxide layer.Selective UV irradiation is performed by depositing a mask on the sol layer, irradiating the sol layer through the mask, removing the mask, and removing the zones of the sol layer that were masked during irradiation.The mask is especially a photoresist resin deposited by photolithography or is deposited on a glass substrate.The sol is deposited by spin coating, dipping, laminar coating or spraying.The UV radiation has a wavelength of 250-360 nm and an intensity of 100-200 mW/cm2.Heat treatment is effected at 100degreesC or more, especially 200-550degreesC.Preferred Materials: The metal oxide precursors are metal halides, organometallic compounds or metal alkoxides, especially stannous chloride, stannic chloride, tin 2-ethylhexanoate, tin tetraalkoxides or alkyltin trialkoxides.The dopant precursors can be metal halides, e.g. antimony tri- or pentachloride.The solvent can be an aqueous sodium hydroxide or ammonia solution.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The chelating agents/stabilizers are ketones and/or esters, especially beta-diketones such as 2,4-pentanedione, 1-phenyl-1,3-butanedione or ethyl acetoacetate.The dopant precursors can be fluorinated organic acids, e.g. trifluoroacetic acid.The solvent can be an alcohol, e.g. ethanol or isopropanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - The generation device is used for providing electrical power from the standing or moving force of people, animals, or road traffic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - The energy conversion device uses a heat storage device in combination with a photovoltaic device for using solar energy to provide heat and electricity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The plastic frame consists of a foamed plastic, especially polyurethane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The partition member is made of polymer electrolyte, particularly a hydrogen-ion conductor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Module: The number of spherical solar battery elements can provide the required voltage of electromotive force for photovoltaic power generation and electrolytic voltage for the electrolytic solution. On the surface of each of the electrode pair for electrolysis, a metal coating film with a catalytic function to promote electrolytic reaction is applied. At the position where the electrode contacts with the electrolytic solution, a protruding acute part is formed at the end to reduce overpotential and to promote release of reaction product(s) from the electrolysis.Preferred Device: In the various solar battery modules, the spherical solar battery elements are connected and retained in transparent cylinders, with the anodes and cathodes located symmetrically at the ends as specified together with the other components as above. At least the upper part of the container is so constructed that sunlight irradiation is possible. EXAMPLE - An optical electrolysis device for electrodecomposition of water and carbon dioxide in an electrolytic solution by solar energy generated photovoltaic power was constructed as in Figure. The hydrogen ion-conducting polymer electrolyte was made from fluorinated sulfonic acid. Water and carbon dioxide gas were introduced into the device with photocell arrays having an electromotive force of 2-2.4 V and spherical solar battery elements with electromotive forces of 0.5-0.6 V and electrodes each protected with a silica coating, electrolysis gave products e.g. methane gas, ethylene, methanol, ethanol, formic acid and oxalic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - The photvoltaic module converts incident solar radiation into electrical energy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - Requires steam at temperatures above 200 0C and pressure greater than 10 bar with a steam flow of 10 m3/min i.e. suitable for output from 1 MW By combining several bore holes outputs above 20 MW are possi
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The multilayer stack is made of metal. A cold surface is located on the other side of the thermoelectric material. The thermoelectric material is formed of alternate p and n regions and is bismuth telluride or bismuth telluride based alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: A plastic egg crate is high temperature liquid crystal plastic, especially Zenite (RTM) or silicone plastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The mixture is a solution of alkali metal beta or beta''-alumina and alkali metal beta or beta''-gallium oxide. The conductor comprises a ceramic containing zirconia, ceria, hafnia or thoria. Preferred Process: In step (ii) the composite is heated to a temperature greater than 800 0C. for example 1200-1500 0C. The composite is embedded in a powder that releases vapour containing alkali metal oxide and the stabiliser at the temperature to which the shaped composite is heated. The conversion of the precursor is conducted in the presence of a stabiliser such as an oxide of magnesium, lithium or zinc. EXAMPLE - 8 mol% yttrium oxide stabilised cubic phase zirconia and an equal volume of alpha-alumina were pressed into discs and sintered. The discs were then placed in a powder and calcined for 2 hours at 1250 0C. and then maintained at 1450 0C. for 2-16 hours. The powder had the composition by wt. 8.85% sodium oxide, 0.75% lithium oxide and 90.45% aluminium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solar cell is of silicon or a III-V compound semiconductor such as GaInP/GaAs.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - The solar module converts incident solar energy into electrical energy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred System: The cyclical system provides heating and cooling for increasing and decreasing the buoyancy of the lifting gas. The heating is provided by an exothermic reaction such as from a fuel cell. A portion of the heating is provided by an electronic telecommuniations assembly which includes thermal shutters.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The lifting gas is a combination of helium and hydrogen gas. The recyclable energy storage material is a hydrogen containing compound. Heating and cooling is provided by a desiccant regeneration cycle. Heating and cooling is provided by hydrated salts, ammoniated salts, methanolated salts, hydrogenated metals, hydrated zeolites, eutectic salts, water and methanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - A generator (100) may by connected to the loading gears via differential gearing to produce electricity from the oscillating action.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - The synthesis gas drives a generator.
POLYMER - The back skin is a copolymer of ethylene and methacrylic acid which has been neutralized by adding a salt supplying Na+, Li+, Zn+, Al3+, Mg2+, etc. cations or a copolymer of polyethylene and an acrylate to which such cations have been added. Mineral filler is also added to the back skin polymer to reduce its coefficient of thermal expansion and carbon black to increase its resistance to UV degradation. The electrical leads are coated with polyethylene or a blend of rubber and polypropyle
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - The solar collector allows solar energy to be used for heating a heat transfer medium in a solar-thermic energy plant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The substrate is BaF2 and the buffer layer is PbTe or PbEuTe, the barrier layers comprise PbEuTeSe and the well layers BiSb.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - The foil photovoltaic modules used for the cover convert the incident solar radiation into low-cost electrical energy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The casing of the connecting members is a vinyl chloride resin (mixture). The substrate is selected from (modified) asphalt based roofing, vinyl chloride resin based roofing, polystyrene based resin or polyurethane based resin. The non-contact means is a tube covering the connecting members, a film sheet, tape, electric path supporting material, wiring binding device, paint or pressure sensitive adhesive, or is formed by cutting out or separating the rear material into multiple pieces.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - The connectors include leads to positive and negative terminals, and are of the same length. The photoactive member is an amorphous silicon semiconductor. The solar cell element is buried in a filler between a back reinforcing plate having a dark color casing and a light transmitting film. The output is fed to a power conversion means.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Unit: A smooth plastic coating (2) is arranged between carrier strip (1) and the first electrodes (10).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Unit: The silicon elements (18) are formed as parallel strips of width not more than 5 mm. The electrodes are a maximum 50 microns thick.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The catalytic conversion is carried out by steam reforming of gaseous and/or liquid hydrocarbons with a subsequent shift reaction.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Compositions: The electrolyte solution comprises of 0.01-50% by weight of corrosion inhibitor preferably 1-25% of component (A) and 0.01-5% of component (B) and the balance is 35% sulfuric acid in water. Preferred Inhibiting Solutions: The corrosion inhibitor solution comprises a mixture of hydrolyzed protein and polyvinylpyrrolidone; a mixture of hydrolyzed protein and complex iodides; a mixture of hydrolyzed gelatin, dodecyl diphenyloxide disulfonate and polyvinylpyrrolidone; a mixture of at least one of alkali/alkaline metal salts, hydrolyzable metal salts or their mixture and dodecyl diphenyloxide disulfonic acid or sodium dodecyl diphenyloxide disulfonate; or a mixture of hydrolyzed gelatin with at least one organic iodine complex or water soluble iodide and sorbitan monooleate. Preferred Compounds: The hydrolyzed protein comprises of gelatin hydrolysate and ethoxylated fatty acid. EXAMPLE - 12 lbs of hydrolyzed gelatin was dissolved in 60 lbs of water warmed at 90degreesF. 2 lbs of 75% phosphoric acid, 9.83 lbs of nonylphenoxy (polyethylene oxy) 8-ethanol, 4.67 lbs. of ethylene diamine dihydriodide were added while mixing continues until all components were dissolved completely. Then 7.5 lbs of propylene glycol and 4 lbs of an ethoxylated fatty acid such as POE(20)(RTM:Sorbitan monooleate) were also added to obtain a homogeneous solution of (A). An electrolyte solution was prepared by mixing 0.5 lbs of solution (A) with 99 lbs of 35% sulfuric acid solution, and lbs of 45% solution of sodium dodecyl diphenyloxide disulfonate. After thorough mixing, the solution is ready for use as an electrolyte in a lead-acid storage battery which exhibit reduced gassing effect and reduced corrosion at the posts, terminals, plates and cables compared to conventional one.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The initial manganese oxide is a compound of approximate formula Li0.3MnO2. EXAMPLE - An initial compound of formula Li0.33MnO2.03 (average Mn oxidation degree +3.71) was lithiated as follows. Lithium turnings (3.36 g or 0.48 moles) were added to 600 ml pentanol-1 to form the corresponding alkoxide after 2 hr. at ambient temperature. Spinel-type manganese oxide (34.8 g, corresponding to 0.4 mole Mn) was added and the dispersion was heated at atmospheric pressure under reflux at 139oC for 6 hr. The dispersion was filtered and the lithiated oxide product was rinsed and vacuum dried at 250oC for 1 hr. The product had an average Mn oxidation degree of +3.05, corresponding to a lithium insertion of 0.66 mole Li per mole Mn. The x-ray diffraction diagrams (approximatelyl = 1.78901 A) of the initial compound and the product are shown in the drawing.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Apparatus: The first metal is platinum and the second is ruthenium and the catalyst is a non-alloyed catalyst. The metal particle range is 0.5-2 nm. The active temperature range is higher in the upstream region than in the downstream region. The mixture ratio of second metal to first metal is higher at the upstream region. EXAMPLE - By adjusting the Pt:Ru ratio from 90:10 at the downstream end to 15:85 at the upstream end, the temperature range where CO concentration became 1 ppm or less was maintained at    100-110 degrees C and 110-130 degrees C, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The wash coat is catalyzed in fuel gas and burner gas passages. It is catalyzed with nickel, with a noble metal or mixture of noble metals. The catalyst is platinum, palladium or its mixture. WIDER DISCLOSURE - The wash coat composite comprises 25 wt.% catalyst, 2-5 wt.% lanthanum oxide, 5-20 wt.% calcium oxide, 20 wt.% ceria and balance alumina.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The poly(vinylidene fluoride) has a number average molecular wt. of preferably less than 2000 atomic mass units. The electrolyte comprises poly(vinylidene fluoride) or its derivatives and one or more other polymers selected from polyacrylonitrile, poly(vinyl chloride), polyacrylics, polyesters, polyacetates, poly(tetrahydrofuran), polyitaconates, poly(vinyl pyridine), poly(vinyl pyrrolidones), polyphosphazenes, polysiloxanes, poly(vinylene carbonate), poly(acrylamides), poly(vinyl alcohol), poly(ethylene imine), poly(vinyl acetate), polyethylene oxide and combinations of these. The solvent is a copolymer comprises vinylidene fluoride and at least one of hexafluoro propene and tetrafluoroethene, The solvent comprises poly(vinylidene fluoride) and one or more solvents selected from diethyl carbonate, propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, dipropylcarbonate, dimethylsulphoxide, acetonitrile, dimethoxyethane, tetrahydrofuran, n-methyl-2-pyrrolidone and combinations of these.Preferred Composition: The solvent comprises at least 10 vol.% poly(vinylidene fluoride).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The electrolyte salt comprises an alkali metal salt having the formula M+X-, where M+ is an alkali metal cation and X- is an anion selected from Cl-, Br-, I-, ClO4-, BF4-, PF6-, ASF6-, CH3CO2-, CF3SO3-, N(CF3SO2)2-, C(CF3SO2)3- and combinations of these.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The additive includes a dye. The natural oil is hydrocracked and hydro treated oil. Naphthenic oil is 45 SUS.Preferred Method: The additive is used in combination with a sulfuric acid electrolyte concentration consisting 25% water. The step of inserting electrolyte additive provides a depth of 13-18mm of electrolyte additive.Preferred Composition: The natural oil is approximately 60% of the electrolyte additive. The additive is added to the battery providing a volume of approximately 75% sulfuric acid and 25% water. The additive is added to a battery providing a volume of 20% electrolyte additive and 805 sulfuric acid electrolyte. The additive comprises 64.5% natural oil, 23.0% naphthenic oil, 1.5% zinc-free rust and oxidation inhibitor, 11.0% ethylene-propylene copolymer and 100ppm antifoaming material. The additive constitutes less than 30% of the liquid volume of the battery. The electrolyte includes 200ppm dye. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The natural oil is mineral white oil    EXAMPLE - 12 ounces of electrolyte additive is used for a Porsche 911 battery.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Graphite coating used as a protective coating in fuel cells, is a graphite tooling material that is similar to monolithic graphite in a manufacturing environment, but has increased strength. One such material sold as Hyper CastTM Graphite by Hyper Industries of Bonita, California, is sold in paste form for ease of application.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred materials: The electrically insulating layer is a resin or rubber, and is situated on the flanks only.A gas manifold is formed on the flanks via the electrically insulating layer, and is of the same material as the electrically insulating layer.The joining of the gas-tight seal with the gas manifolds is effected by ultrasonic welding or injection molding    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Separator: The separator is composed of one or more metal plates with parallel concave linear gas distributing grooves.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The polymer is nitrated so that 0.1-2 polymer repeating units are nitrated. The MCAP are poly(etheretherketones) (PEEK) or polyethersulfones (PES), e.g. PEEK Victrex and PES Victrex. The primary amino groups of the sulfonated and aminated aryl polymers are quaternized. The membranes are asymmetrical porous capillary membranes or integral symmetrical dense capillary membranes. The polymer blends contain: polyimide, polyetherimide, polyamide, or PES groups, and membrane blends are prepared polymer blends, with dissolution of the blend components in a solvent, and processing of the polymer solution to give dense polymer membranes. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - Specific examples of the MCAP are poly(etheretherketone), poly(ethersulfone), poly(phenylsulfone), poly(etherethersulfone), poly(phenylenesulfide), or poly(phenyleneoxide).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Separator: The thermosetting resin is a phenol resin where:(i) the resin contains methylene groups, methylol groups and trifunctional phenol residual groups as main units;(ii) D990-1015/D1600= 0.2-9.0 and D890/D1600= 0.09-1.9 where the absorption strength at 1600cm-1 in an infrared absorption spectrum by a KBr tablet method is D1600, absorption strength at 990-1015 cm-1 is D990-1015 and absorption strength at 890cm-1 is D890; and(iii) free phenol content by liquid chromatography is 5-50 ppm. The separator is injection molded or compression molded.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: Polypropylene is a material suitable for the shell and lid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Separator: The separator is made of glassy carbon, graphite or metal or a composite of these.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Separator: The separator may be made of a composite material comprising a conductive powder and a thermosetting or thermoplastic resin. EXAMPLE - A separator formed of a 100/25 mixture of graphite powder and a phenolic resin is dipped in 30 wt.% aqueous sulfuric acid at 90degreesC for 30 minutes. The resulting separator has an Ra surface roughness of 1 micron and produces a contact resistance of 8 microOhm/cm2 with a carbon paper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The catalyst contains 5 wt.% Ni and is supported on inorganic support, preferably silica, and further contains copper, with wt. ratio of Ni:Cu of 20:1 to 1:8. The hydrocarbon gas is methane, natural gas, ethane, ethylene, propane, propylene, butane, pentane and/or hexane or hydrocarbons in the gasoline or diesel range, preferably methane and natural gas. The deactivated catalyst is regenerated by oxidation in air or steam gasification of the deposited carbon. The hydrocarbon gas is mixed with inert carrier gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The educt and product streams are passed through respective alternate sectors (31a, b) of an annular space (29a) surrounding a cylindrical central region (30) of the micro-reactor, the central region and/or portions of the sectors acting as one or more reaction regions (21). The educt and/or product streams are passed through channels having at least a portion of width less than 2 mm. The reaction region may contain a supported catalytically active material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - The electrode late and separator combination is used in an electrolyte storage battery.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - The fuel cell is used in a fuel cell stack for generation of electrical power.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Equipment: The methanol droplets are partially oxidized in a reaction chamber of length at least 1.5 times the diameter, with a methanol inlet parallel to the longitudinal axis and an air inlet tangential to the longitudinal axis to provide mixing. The catalyst is CuO-ZnO, FeZnO and/or CO supported on silica, especially CuO-ZnO. A steady-state reaction temperature is controlled, preferably at 450 degrees C or below, by varying the oxygen:methanol mole ratio at 0.25-0.4 and startup temperature is controlled by maintaining the oxygen:methanol mole ratio at 0.5 or more. The system further includes a unit for introducing a minor amount of water into the reaction chamber, preferably less than 20 vol.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The battery container meets the requirements of the degree of protection regulations IP 23 according to IEC publication No. 529 (1989-11). Also meets the requirements of BSEN 50014 and BSEN 50019.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Cell: The oxygen reduction catalyst is platinum and the hydrogen oxidation catalyst is iridium, rhodium or osmium, the oxygen electrode catalyst optionally being in alloy form.The catalyst at the oxygen side may be mixed with a H+ ion conductive material and may be in the form of a layer adjacent the membrane.The oxygen electrode is more hydrophobic at the side face the membrane than at the side remote from the membrane.The gas diffusion layer of the oxygen electrode consists of carbon. EXAMPLE - The electrolyte comprised a Nafion 115(TM) membrane which was conditioned in 1 M sulfuric acid and then in deionized water and dried at room temperature before production of the membrane-electrode unit. The hydrogen electrode was produced with two gas diffusion layers and with 0.2 mg/cm2 Pt as catalyst using the method of DE19544323-A1. The catalyst support of the oxygen electrode was a 1.4 mm thick carbon fiber paper of more than 70% open porosity, which was infiltrated with an aqueous PTFE suspension, dried and post-treated at 275degreesC. The catalyst suspension for the oxygen side, comprising a ball milled suspension of 0.6 g Pt black, 0.4 g Ir black, 2 g water, 1.25 g Nafion(TM) solution and 0.2 g PTFE powder, was applied onto the carbon fiber paper and dried to give a precious metal loading of 5 mg/cm2. The membrane/electrode assembly was hot pressed for 30 sec. at 80 bar at 130degreesC, covered at the oxygen side with a hydrophilic carbon fiber felt and fitted in a cell housing.    After an initial running-in phase of a few hr. at 80degreesC with satisfactory hydrogen supply, the following results were achieved:    (a) electrolysis voltage 1.67 V and fuel cell voltage 0.81 at 80degreesC and 150 mA/cm2 current density; and    (b) electrolysis voltage 1.74 V and fuel cell voltage 0.74 at 20degreesC and 150 mA/cm2 current density. The switch-over time was about 50 ms.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymers are polyether(ether) sulfones, polyphenyl sulfones or polyphenylene sulfides (claimed). The metallized polymer has a main chain of units R1 and R2:R3 = H, CF3 or CnH2n+1, preferably CH3;R4 = H or CnH2n+1, where n = 1 -10, and is preferably CH3 or C6H5;x = 1, 2, or 3;R6 = SO2;and is preferably (R1-O-R2-R6-R2-O)n, where R2 has x = 1 and R4 is H.The preferred sulfuryl halide is SO2FCl or SO2Cl2.Preferred Process: The solution further contains polymer with NHR groups where R is COCH3 or group (i) or (ii): EXAMPLE - 11.05 g Udel P 1800 (RTM: polysulfone) was reacted with 2.5 ml n-BuLi and 2.4 ml SO2Cl2 in 400 ml water to give sulfochlorinated polysulfone with one SO2Cl group in a yield of 97%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Container: The container is injection molded from ethylene-propylene impact modified copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Mixtures: The forming gas is an inert gas/hydrogen mixture containing not more than 10% hydrogen and the deactivator gas is an inert gas/oxygen mixture containing not more than 10% oxygen. Preferred Process: (a) is carried out at 100-500degreesC and (b) at 0-500degreesC. The catalyst material is subjected to the forming / deactivation cycle several times before placing it in the reactor. EXAMPLE - Conventional copper / zinc oxide / alumina catalyst pellets for reforming methanol with water vapor (as in fuel cells) are subjected to forming with inert gas / hydrogen at 100-500 degreesC followed by deactivation with inert gas / oxygen at 0-500 degreesC. The cycle is repeated until the catalyst shows no further loss in volume or mass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: In (1) the non-aqueous liquid electrolyte has the following composition (vol.%): (a) fluorinated solvent (60-95); (b) solvent with dipole moment less than 3 debyes (by molecular orbital calculation) (5-40); (c) solvent with dipole moment not less than 3 debyes (0.1-10). In (2) the preferred non-aqueous liquid electrolyte has the following composition (vol.%): (a) methyl perfluorobutyl ether (at least 80); (b) dimethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbamate or diethyl carbonate (less than 20); (c) ethylene, propylene, trifluoropropylene, chloroethylene, vinylene, butylene or dimethylvinylene carbonate (0.1-10.0), as well as LiN(SO2CF2CF3)2 as an organic Li salt (0.2-1.2 moles/L) and LiPF6 as an inorganic Li salt (0.005-0.5 moles/L).Preferred Components: In (1) the non-aqueous liquid electrolyte is made up of an ion nonconductive solvent comprising a methyl perfluoroalkyl ether of formula CnF2n+1-O-CH3;n = 4-12.The electrolyte contains an organic Li salt (such as LiN(SO2CF2CF3)2 and an inorganic Li salt (such as LiPF6); a low dipole solvent such as dimethyl carbonate or ethyl methyl carbonate; a high dipole solvent such as ethylene or propylene carbonate. EXAMPLE - A liquid electrolyte was prepared for a lithium secondary battery by mixing together methyl perfluorobutyl ether (83 vol.%), ethyl methyl carbonate (15 vol.%) and LiN(SO2CF2CF3)2 (0.8 moles/L). Then, ethylene carbonate (2 vol.%) was dissolved in the resulting solution together with LiPF6 (0.1 mole/L). This electrolyte produced no flash point in the Cleveland open-cup flash point test.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - The active material has a crystallite size not exceeding 200 Angstrom and there is no plateau region during constant current discharging.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The polymer fibers have a diameter of less than 0.5 microns, the mat has an average pore size of less than one micron, a porosity of more than 70%, a thickness of 0.05-3 mm and the polymer fibers have a surface area greater than 0.9 m2/g. The polymer is polypropylene, metallocene-catalysed with a molecular weight distribution of 1.0-3.5.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - The fibers are treated with a photoactivable hydrophilic polymer, pref. polyvinylpyrrolidine or polyacrylamide to render them acid-wettable and a wetting agent dispersed through the fibers and a second wetting agent as a coating. The mat has many longitudinal ribs, has a weight of 6-160 g/m2 and is compressed at 20-140 degrees C and 13-105 MPa to 20-50% of its original thickness.
INDEPENDENT CLAIMS are included for a device for carrying out the method and use of the device.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The drive belt is made of rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - The cell outer diameter is 0.1-1 mm. The electrodes are cylindrical, composed of one or more fibres and have a diameter of 0.1 mm-10 mm. The separator is a microfiltration, ultrafiltration, reverse osmosis membrane of ceramic, glass or polymer, or alternatively is a semipermeable or ion-exchange membrane coated with a perm-selective or ion exchange polymer, or is made of an electroconductive material. The separator surrounding the inner electrode is thin compared to the cell outer diameter. The electrodes may be fabricated entirely from the electrocatalyst material, or the electrocatalyst material together with a bonding agent and electroconductive material is impregnated, coated or extruded onto the outside wall or inside the bore of the separator. Preferred Module: Terminals are formed by wrapping a conductive strip around the cell bundle. The potting material is a thermosetting polymer or ceramic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The mixture is a solution of alkali metal beta or beta''-alumina and alkali metal beta or beta''-gallium oxide. The conductor comprises a ceramic containing zirconia, ceria, hafnia or thoria. Preferred Process: In step (ii) the composite is heated to a temperature greater than 800 0C. for example 1200-1500 0C. The composite is embedded in a powder that releases vapour containing alkali metal oxide and the stabiliser at the temperature to which the shaped composite is heated. The conversion of the precursor is conducted in the presence of a stabiliser such as an oxide of magnesium, lithium or zinc. EXAMPLE - 8 mol% yttrium oxide stabilised cubic phase zirconia and an equal volume of alpha-alumina were pressed into discs and sintered. The discs were then placed in a powder and calcined for 2 hours at 1250 0C. and then maintained at 1450 0C. for 2-16 hours. The powder had the composition by wt. 8.85% sodium oxide, 0.75% lithium oxide and 90.45% aluminium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Apparatus: For the generation of electricity a fuel gas comprising hydrogen is used, or the fuel is a neat or aqueous solution of an alcohol and/or an ether, or methanol, dimethoxymethane, trimethoxymethane or their mixture. The oxidizer is air provided by unassisted or fan assisted convection, and is at a pressure less than 0.5 psi above ambient. The cells are arranged in a bipolar or monopolar configuration. The fuel cell stack is set in an apparatus manufactured from flexible materials and mounted on a curved barrier which provides one surface of a channel. The channel is surrounded by at least one set of cells, and contains a heat transfer element and means to improve coolant flow through the channel. The barrier protects portions of the electrodes exposed to the atmosphere and a portion of the barrier extending beyond the cells allows heat dissipation while operating the apparatus. A reactant chamber may be formed between the anode surfaces of adjacent arrays of cells.Preferred Electrode: The binder is conductive or non-conductive, and the opening occupy 30-75% of the substrate area. The electroconductive porous material is a mixture of powdered and fibrous carbon in a ratio of 1:1 to 5:1, preferably 2:1 to 3:1, or is powder metal. The ratio of binder to conductive component is 2:1 to 1:20, especially 1:1 to 1:3. The substrate is metal, a sheet of expanded metal, woven wire fabric or perforated metal sheet.Preferred Dual Electrode: A barrier is formed between the two electrodes by sealing all the open spaces of the substrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The electrode binder is a partially or fully fluorinated polymer, preferably PTFE. A hydrophilic foam (polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylate and/or sulphonated polystyrene) as moisture control element is formed adjacent the anode.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred features: During start up, the membrane (6) is also heated by activated catalytic combustion in the hydrogen separation stage, of product gas being introduced by it. Alternatively, heating takes place from a section (11a) of the catalytic burner which is in thermal contact. Short-term electrical heating of the reformer initiates POX operation. Waste gases from the catalytic combustor (11a-c) are passed through the evaporator (2) and/or through heating channels of the membrane (6). During heating, the hydrocarbon (or an HC derivative) is fed directly into the catalytic burner. Via at least one intermediate feed line (5, 21) and/or fuel feed line (12, 13) added water forms a thermal transport medium to avoid overheating in the reformer and/or in the hydrogen separator and/or in the catalytic burner. With division of the catalytic combustor (into 11a-c), a burner section being allocated to the reformer, and another (11c) to the evaporator (2), the oxidant gas is supplied individually to the respective burner section. Evaporator and reformer are run hotter than normal, during heating. A further variant of the process is described
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The solder contains (by wt.) (a) 70% Ni, 19% Cr and 11% Si; (b) 55% Co, 18% Ni, 19% Cr and 8% Si; or (c) 3-7% Ti, Zr or Nb.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Apparatus: The fuel cells are circular, rectangular, square or octagonal, and the openings and tension rod are centrally arranged. The fuel cell stack (15) has conveyors which improve the air stream necessary for the reaction to produce current through the fuel cells or fuel cell stack. The conveyors comprise a ventilator (3) of smokestack (21) with or without an additional burner (22). The reaction chamber (2) is arranged to produce hydrogen in the smoke stack (21).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: Hydrides, especially lithium hydride, potassium hydride, sodium hydride, or calcium hydride, are used as solids (6) for the chemical reaction with water (8).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Structure: In unit cells, each gasket comprises elastomer layer and adhesive layer, with elastomer layer adhered to at least one side of separator via adhesive layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The elastomer in elastomer layer of the gasket preferably consists essentially of olefin-type or olefin blend-type rubber, especially ethylene-propylene rubber, acryl rubber, butyl rubber or halogenated butyl rubber. EXAMPLE - In fuel cell as presented on the drawing, the gasket was obtained by adhering elastomer layer of olefinic ethylene-propylene rubber (EPDM) of 0.7 mm thickness to one side of separator plate, by means of adhesive layer. The shifting of the elastomer layer was prevented by the adhesive force of the adhesive layer. At the time of assembling of a cell stack, since the gasket was adhered to the separator beforehand, mispositioning of the gasket did not occur and the operation was conducted speedily and successfully. The EPDM layer was kept in contact with the ion exchange membrane in hot water of 80degreesC for 3 months, to examine the hot water resistance and acid resistance of the elastomer material. The EPDM layer showed no change, thus proving its high durability. It also remained unaffected after 5000 hours long-term performance test of the fuel cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The material is conducting and contains nickel. EXAMPLE - In an EMBODIMENT of the process slurry is applied with a spreader knife on a carrier film supported on a conveyor. The conveyor passes through a heating oven where a transverse magnetic field is applied. On emerging from the oven the film and porous sheet are removed from the conveyor and wound up separately.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The cathode stand-off are made of ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - The anode material is a lithium ion intercalation structure and the cathode material is a LiMn(2) O(4) spinel; the conductors are Al and Cu.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The capture mold is made of molded rubber and ethylene-propylene copolymers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - A solar cell collector plate is used for converting incident solar radiation into electrical operating energy for the sunblind electric motor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The plastics frame is of a material which can be foamed, and especially polyurethane, which is foamed at the edge zone of the cover.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - The demonstration model uses a fuel cell to provide electrical energy for powering an electrical drive.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The membrane and bed are in the same vessel. The membrane is palladium-based, a ceramic or a zeolite and is a Pd-based coiled or spiral tube, a bundle of straight tubes and comprises a thin film of Pd alloy on a porous ceramic support. The catalyst bed has a methanation catalyst, granular particles or a porous ceramic catalyst support and is coaxial around the diffusion membrane. Heat from the reaction keeps the membrane at a similar temperature to the bed and the reactor operates by a combination of partial oxidation and steam reforming and water-gas shift.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred features: The layer catalyses combustion of hydrogen and/or methanol with oxygen.
EXAMPLE - In an EMBODIMENT, the liquid distributor (1) comprises a taut steel wire, nylon thread, glass fiber or carbon fiber which is vibrated by a piezoactuator (3) to create a standing transverse wave and which is constantly supplied (1a) with water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The polymer (I) has:(i) a molecular weight of 50000-310000 g/mol;(ii) in contact with water has a proton conductivity of greater than 3 x 10-3 S/cm;(iii) an E-modulus in the dry state of greater than 1300 N/mm; and(iv) an elongation at rupture in the dry state after 4 hours at 23degreesC/50degrees R.H. of greater than 20 %. EXAMPLE - The figure shows the performance over the first 1000 hours of a long-term (4300 hour) test on a sPEEK membrane with a degree of sulfonation of 50 % and a thickness of 40 mum, operating with H2/O2 at 50degreesC, not under pressure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electrolyte consists of e.g. diluted sulfuric acid or potassium hydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The electrodes and their suspension members are nickel plated stainless steel or carbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The electrolytic bath is preferably made of nonmetallic material such as polyethylene, porcelain or rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The graphite-sodium-oxygen compound preferably has the formula C475+/-0.05.NaO0.35+/-0.05. The insertion process is performed in an electrolytic cell in which one electrode is lithium, the other is the graphite-sodium-oxygen composition and the electrolyte is a mixture of ethylene carbonate and lithium perchlorate. The insertion process is carried out at 20-90degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The glass-solder preferably contains 14 wt. B2O3, 11 wt. Al2O3, 50 wt. SiO2, 0.5 wt. As2O3 and 0.5 wt. BaO and has a viscosity of less than 105Ns/m2 at 1000 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Apparatus: The pre-reformer stages consist of two serially arranged pre-former stages (3, 4). Units (8, 9) are provided to prevent the connection between the CO-shift stage (6) and the CO oxidation stage (7). A switching valve (11) is connected to the exit of the CO removal unit (6, 7), directly to a burner feed line (14) or a gas inlet of a fuel cell system (12).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Arrangement: The catalytic burner unit has two burners (7, 8). Thermally insulated burner elements are provided between modules (9, 12, 16, 19). Heating channels are provided in the oxidation stage/pre-reformer module and/or in the shift stage/pre-reformer module.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - A catalyst for generating a synthetic gas from a gaseous mixture of (CH3)2O and carbon dioxide contains Cu or Fe as the active component. Another catalyst for generating a synthetic gas from a gaseous mixture of (CH3)2O and steam contains Co, Pd, Ir, Pt, Rh or Ni as the active component. Yet another catalyst for generating H2 from a gaseous mixture of (CH3)2O and steam contains Cu or Fe as the active component. Another catalyst for generating a synthetic gas from (CH3)2O and steam is Co or Pd carried on a basic metal oxide.PROCESS - H2 is generated by bringing a gaseous mixture of (CH3)2O and steam or CO2 into contact with the catalyst.PROCESS - Forming a synthetic gas or H2 from (CH3)2O is carried out at a medium or low temperature. WIDER DISCLOSURE - A fuel cell comprises this catalyst and (CH3)2O or a gaseous mixture as a fuel. A power generating method comprises a step (1) for changing dimethylether into fuel gas by bringing a gaseous mixture of (CH3)2O and H2or CO2 into contact with the catalyst and using the obtained gas as a fuel for a generator. A power generator comprises a gas changing vessel filled with the catalyst, a combustion room and a gas-turbine.    EXAMPLE - Ion-exchanged water containing Cu(NO3)2.3H2O (91 g), Zn(NO)2.6H2O (73 g) and Al(NO33.9H2O (368 g) and ion-exchanged water containing Na2CO3 (250g) were added dropwise to a stainless steel container while maintaining the pH at 8.0. The contents of the container were aged for 1 hr, filtered, washed and dried at 350 0C for 5 hrs so as to obtain a catalyst containing Cu, Zn and Al (CuO : Cr2O3: Al2O3 = 30:20:50). The obtained catalyst was filled in a stainless steel reactor (inner diameter = 20 mm). (CH3)2O and CO2 (mole ratio = 1) were brought into contact with the catalyst at a flow rate of 5000 /h so as to obtain a synthetic gas with a yield of 74.8%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - The frame comprises two separators arranged across two gas diffusion electrodes with the polymer film between them, the adhesive comprising a modified rubber comprising a mixture of epoxy resin and modified silicone and including resin beads of a given diameter.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalytic layer is made of a ceramic containing Al2O3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The rigid material matrix is an open cell thermoplastic foam, especially polycarbonate, or a thermoset foam such as polyurethane, epoxy resin, formaldehyde, phenolic, or isocyanurate. It may also be an alkenyl aromatic polymer foam or propylene foam.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The rigid matrix may also be silica, fiberglass, glass bead, aerogel, or xerogel.
EXAMPLE - Circular packing material with outer diameter of 200 mm and concentric ribs (A) was produced by holding a primer treated, stainless steel plate on a male mold and injecting fluid silicone resin, using a mold temperature of 160degreesC and a pressure of 300 kgf per cm2, through the gates of a female mold. The resulting silicone resin layer was 60 - 100 microns thick, had two ribs (21) with a trapezoidal cross-section 500 microns wide and high, and had a hardness of 60.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred method: The heater unit has a porous, preferably honeycomb structure. The catalyst unit contains a steam reforming, partial oxidation and decomposition reaction catalyst or a CO shift reaction or CO selective oxidation reaction. The heater is made of a sintered, metallic or composite material, as long as one component is electrically heatable. The heater can be upstream or downstream of the catalyst. A heat exchanger downstream of the catalyst recovers heat to heat the catalyst. The metallic honeycomb structure is made of an alloy of Fe-Cr-Al, Fe-Cr, Fe-Al, Ni-Cr or Ni-Al. Alternatively the metal is selected from elements of Groups VB to VIII, Group IB and Group IIB. The heat resistant oxide is Al2O3, SiO2, TiO2, ZrO2, MgO, zeolite, SAPO or ALPO. The catalyst has passages of dimensions 0.5-10 mm in diameter and an open frontal area of 50-95%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: the liquid water is mixed with the gas stream and vaporized prior to the reaction. Water vaporization and mixing with the gas stream is enhanced by placing a gas distribution unit in the flow path of the mixture, the distribution unit comprises an inert packing material such as glass beads, ceramic pellets or metal wool or mesh, static mixer(s) and/or baffle(s). The catalyzed reaction is selective oxidation and/or methanation, preferably oxidation and air or oxygen is introduced into the gas stream. The purification comprises two or more catalyzed reactions for the selective removal of carbon monoxide from the gas stream and the liquid water is introduced to only some of the reactions. The gas stream is a reformate gas mixture and the catalyst is supported noble metal or base metal catalyst. The carbon monoxide concentration is reduced to below 10 p.p.m. The process is operated in combination with a water-gas shift reaction. EXAMPLE - Using the above process, a gas stream containing 0.5 vol.l% carbon monoxide was purified to a product gas stream containing 3-5 p.p.m. carbon monoxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The magnetically susceptible bars are fabricated from a copper alloy, with forty percent by weight of the bars coming from an aluminium oxide, which enables the bars to maintain a high tensile strength, a lower weight, and a more effective surface area for better high frequency current capability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred process: The preparation is at 0-200degreesC, the polymer is added during or after reduction and has an ion exchange capacity 0.5-5 mAngstrom, and reduction is in water optionally mixed with an organic solvent(s) or just organic solvent(s), using hydroxymethane sulfinic acid Na salt (claimed).The Pt is a water-soluble compound and the concentration of Pt compound or Pt, Rh, Ir, Ru and/or Pd compounds is 0.1-100 g/l solvent (claimed). SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The protective colloid is a water-soluble or solubilizable cation exchange polymer, preferably from sulfonated polyacryletherketone, sulfonated polyethylsulfone, sulfonated polyphenylene sulfide, sulfonated acrylic-butadiene-styrene, polystyrene sulfonic acid, poly(alpha,alpha,beta-trifluorostyrene sulfonic acid), polyperfluoroethylene-co-2-(1-methyl-2-vinyloxyethoxy)ethane sulfonic acid, perfluorinated cation exchanger resin or highly conductive polymer, preferably where the degree of sulfonation (where applicable) is 20-95%.    EXAMPLE - 570g water, 30g 5% sulfonated polyetherketone in NMP, 2.5g hexachloroplatinic (IV) acid hydrate and 5% ammonium were heated to 90-95degreesC reacted after adding 2.5g hydroxymethane sulfinic acid Na salt. After work-up, a dried gel of particle size 1 nm was obtained, which contained 63% Pt and 10.6% S and could be dissolved in water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - The vehicle preferably has 12 to 24 6-volt (or 12-volt equivalent) lead-acid batteries of the deep dish variety, such as the T-125 and 27TMH models sold by the Trojan Battery Company of Santa Fe Springs, California.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Methods: The CO is purged chemically using O2 or electrochemically by switching in a purge circuit which raises the potential of the anode to at least 0.8V (RHE). In the CO monitoring phase, the probe is discharged through a constant load and the current and voltage are monitored, or is discharged at constant voltage and the current is monitored.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Method: The anode catalyst is platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - The injector is preferably a perforated lance (18) which projects into a distribution space within the housing (12) and which may be integrated in a gas inlet (24) used for supplying gas to be superheated. The heat exchanger (14) is preferably a plate heat exchanger, gas being supplied and delivered to and from flow channels at the plate ends.
EXAMPLE - Calendered flexible graphite sheet containing 5 wt.% calcium metasilicate fibers (100 mm x 100 mm) was stamped into a shape suitable as a fluid flow plate of a fuel cell having 1-1.5mm thick walls. Density before and after stamping was 0.1-0.3 g/cc and 1.1 g/cc respectively. The plate was impregnated with 10% phenolic resin with acetone diluent under 15 psi to provide 20 wt.% resin after curing at 235 degreesC. The plate had increased flexural strength, improved heat dispersion and lower voltage drop across its thickness.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Apparatus: The layer (10, 10') is arranged vertically to the flow direction of the reaction mixture. The catalytic material is pressed with a carrier structure, preferably made of copper. Several parallel connected layers (10, 10') are provided. Channels (12, 14, 14') are provided in the layers (10, 10') to feed the reaction mixture and products.Preferred Catalyst: The catalytic material is especially platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Coating Resin: The coating resin for the elongated cylindrical vessel, and the loading and discharge chute, is made of foamed plastic and elastic vinyl resin. The preferred resin of the interior surfaces of the reactor is sprayed with a suitable epoxy resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition. The azeotropic composition comprises 52 wt.% (I) and 48 wt.% (II). It has a boiling point of -10 degreesC at a pressure of 24 psia. EXAMPLE - A mixture of 52 wt.% 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane and 48 wt.% 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane was used to remove heat from a space at the rate of 12,000 Btu/hour (3516 watts). The evaporator temperature and pressure were 0 degreesF and 17.5 psia respectively. The condenser temperature and pressure were 130 degreesF and 178.6 psia respectively. Superheat was 90 degreesF and subcool 40 degreesF. The displacement was 10.7 feet3/minute/ton. The coefficient of performance (COP) was 2.34. In comparison, dichlorodifluoromethane (CFC-12) gave a COP of 2.42 and 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134) gave a COP of 2.50.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Process: The impermeable floor is preferably comprised of clay or asphalt. A leachate is preferably created by adding enough water to the waste material to remove heavy metals and other contaminants from the humus. The leachate is preferably channeled using a trench leading to a reservoir. Composting-enhancing bacteria are added preferably during grinding of the waste material. Segregation of most of the glass, metals, concrete and other dense non-grindable materials from the rest of the waste materials is preferably conducted prior to grinding. Plastics and light materials are preferably separated and removed. A magnet is preferably used to remove any metals from the humus. The holding cell preferably includes side walls. Sludge from a sewage treatment system is preferably added to the waste material during composting. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Apparatus: The first metal is platinum and the second is ruthenium and the catalyst is a non-alloyed catalyst. The metal particle range is 0.5-2 nm. The active temperature range is higher in the upstream region than in the downstream region. The mixture ratio of second metal to first metal is higher at the upstream region. EXAMPLE - By adjusting the Pt:Ru ratio from 90:10 at the downstream end to 15:85 at the upstream end, the temperature range where CO concentration became 1 ppm or less was maintained at    100-110 degrees C and 110-130 degrees C, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The wash coat is catalyzed in fuel gas and burner gas passages. It is catalyzed with nickel, with a noble metal or mixture of noble metals. The catalyst is platinum, palladium or its mixture. WIDER DISCLOSURE - The wash coat composite comprises 25 wt.% catalyst, 2-5 wt.% lanthanum oxide, 5-20 wt.% calcium oxide, 20 wt.% ceria and balance alumina.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Features: The support elements (32) are U-shaped bars with a spacing of 50-100 mm and may be combined into modular units arranged side by side. The use of mesh side walls, selective overhead spraying bars and overlying covers is also disclosed. A range of alternative configurations is disclosed along with a range of harvesting devices for removing said sludge after treatment.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composition contains 50-90 preferably 60-80 wt.% fossil fuel and 10-50 preferably 20-40 wt.% non-fossil fuel. The fossil fuel is methane, fuel oil which may be an emulsion or fossil coal dust which may be a suspension. The non-fossil fuel comprises a solid waste fraction, elastomeric fraction and non-elastomeric polymer fraction, the amounts of each fraction being preselected as a function of the desired calorific power. The non-fossil solid fuel has apparent density 0.6 g/cm3 or less and is particles of less than 4 mesh or 5 mm in size. The boiler zone into which the fuel is fed is at 1500 degrees C or more. The boiler has at least two burners and the fuel supply device is a mechanical transportation device especially an Archimedean screw, optionally with units for crushing aggregates; or is a pneumatic transportation device.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred materials: The electrically insulating layer is a resin or rubber, and is situated on the flanks only.A gas manifold is formed on the flanks via the electrically insulating layer, and is of the same material as the electrically insulating layer.The joining of the gas-tight seal with the gas manifolds is effected by ultrasonic welding or injection molding    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Separator: The separator is composed of one or more metal plates with parallel concave linear gas distributing grooves.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Conditions: In (a), (I) are mixed and dispersed by means of spraying. In (b), a device that electrostatically fractionates the particles is preferred. In (c), the PM comprises a filter with a pore size greater than the size-controlled particles. In (d), the ultrasonic waves are applied as pulses with a width of 1 millisecond - 1 second and an interval of 100 milliseconds - 100 second.Preferred Reagents: (II) is a reactive gas selected from SiH4, PH3, B2H6, AsH3, SiCl2H2, H2, HCl, Cl2, HF, F2, HBr, Br2, HI, NH3, CH4, C2H2, C2H4, C2H6, C3H8, C4H10, NO, NO2, N2O, CO and O2, the gas being kept at a pressure greater than atmospheric, or (II) is a liquid selected from water, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, hydrogen fluoride, aqueous ammonia, hydrogen peroxide, acetic acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, hydrofluoric acid, ammonium fluoride solutions, propanol, acetone, ethanol, methanol, trichloroethylene, methyl ethyl ketone, toluene, xylene, trichloroethane, methyl iso-butyl ketone, hexamethyldisilazane and dichloromethane. EXAMPLE - Silicon dioxide (SiO2) particles of varying size were dispersed into ultra-pure nitrogen gas at ca. atmospheric pressure. After electrostatic fractionation in a commercial electrostatic aerosol fractionator, the SiO2 particles were collected using as the porous member a stainless steel filter suitable for ultrahigh purity gas applications. The collector was then removed from the first half of the system and placed in the main dispersion setup where hydrogen chloride gas (6 kg/cm2) was employed as the matrix fluid. Ultrasonic waves (27 KHz) were applied for about 1 minute (pulses of 10 millisecond width applied 10 times at 6 second intervals) from an oscillator while the HCl was allowed to flow through the filter at constant velocity. As a result a gas containing size-controlled, mono-dispersed particles (0.30 mum) was obtained.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The hydrocarbon mixture (I) contains 10-80 wt.% 1,3-butadiene, 10-60 wt.% butenes, 5-40 wt.% butanes and 0.1-5 wt.% other 4 C hydrocarbons (II). Preferred Conditions: The ratio of NMP and (I) in stage (1) is (5-20):1. The butadiene fraction from stage (2) may be contacted with NMP from stage (5) in another absorption zone to absorb part of the fraction and most of (II) present as impurities, after which the unabsorbed part is separated and the solution is recycled to stage (1). Two interconnected columns are used for the first extraction zone. All extraction zones are columns in which the gas streams flow in countercurrent to NMP. Desorption in stages (2) and (3) is carried out by heating by indirect heat exchange with NMP from stage (5).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Steam is introduced into the mixture of hydrocarbon and gas after the start of self-sustaining oxidation. The hydrocarbon is 1-15 preferably 1-8C hydrocarbon especially methane, propane, butane, hexane, heptane, n-octane, isooctane, naphthas, liquefied petroleum gas, reformulated petrol and diesel-type fuels. The oxygen-containing gas is air.The process is operated in combination with a catalyzed water-gas shift reaction for the reduction of carbon monoxide in the hydrogen produced from the hydrocarbon. The catalyst for the water-gas shift reaction is copper or iron based and is preferably added to the rhodium catalyst.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst contains 0.1-5 preferably 0.2-2.5 wt.% rhodium. The support is a mixture of ceria and zirconia in wt. ratio of ceria:zirconia of 0.5-99.5:99.5-0.5. The catalyst is preheated to temperature to start the self-sustaining partial oxidation, preferably by an initiating compound that is more easily oxidizable than the hydrocarbon, this is preferably methanol, hydrogen or dimethyl ether. EXAMPLE - Using a 1% Rh/ceria-zirconia catalyst, self-sustaining partial oxidation of methane with steam reforming gave 97% conversion with no evidence of deactivation during 7 hours of testing.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Process: Steam is introduced into the mixture after the partial oxidation of DME has commenced. The oxygen-containing gas is air. The catalyst is platinum or rhodium supported on zirconia or ceria/zirconia. The catalyst especially comprises 0.1 - 5 wt.% platinum or rhodium supported on ceria/zirconia where the weight ratio of ceria to zirconia is 0.5:99.5 to 99.5:0.5. EXAMPLE - 1%Pt/ZrO2 catalyst was formed by impregnating zirconia with a solution of 0.4 g tetraammineplatinum(II) hydrogen carbonate in citric acid (100 g/l), drying at 180 degreesC for 8 hours and firing at 500 degreesC for 2 hours. 0.2 g of catalyst was heated at 2 degreesC/minute in a flow of 5 sccm DME and 11 sccm air. Partial oxidation started almost immediately and a flow of 31 ccm steam and 112 ccm nitrogen was turned on. The highest hydrogen production was 18 % at 370 degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - PHARMACEUTICALS - Preferred Composition: The composition contains: 82.38 wt. % water; 8.00 wt. % butane; 2.88 wt. % glyceryl monostearate; 2.52 wt. % dimethicone polyol; 2.00 wt. % propane; 1.26 wt. % lanolin; 0.90 wt. % stearic acid; and 0.06 wt. % methylchloroisothiazolinone or methylisothiazolinone. ACTIVITY - Dermatological.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - The composition provides a protective barrier over the skin.    EXAMPLE - A composition was prepared comprising: 82.38 wt. % water; 8.00 wt. % butane; 2.88 wt. % glyceryl monostearate; 2.52 wt. % dimethicone polyol; 2.00 wt. % propane; 1.26 wt. % lanolin; 0.90 wt. % stearic acid; and 0.06 wt. % methylchloroisothiazolinone or methylisothiazolinone.
EXAMPLE - The two reservoirs may be housed in a common container (10) or in separate containers. In the common container the second reservoir may be a cylindrical expandable container, with circumferential crimping (13), able to vary its internal volume or the common container may be divided by a diaphragm into first and second reservoirs or a bulkhead may divide the common container with the separate second reservoir seated on the bulkhead and a balance line penetrating the bulkhead to provide pressure communication. The vapor volume increasing and the first and second propellant volumes decreasing as propellants are fed to the rocket engine. A third reservoir containing a third liquid rocket propellants may be included the third liquid rocket propellant having a different volatility than the first and second liquid propellants.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The aniline monomer is selected from aniline, alkyl-substituted anilines, and alkoxy-substituted anilines.The alkyl-substituted anilines comprise a 1-3 C alkyl group and the alkoxy-substituted anilines comprise an alkoxy group having 1-3 C atoms.The acid solution is prepared from a compound selected from hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, an alkyl benzene sulfonic acid, benzene sulfonic acid and an alkyl sulfonic acid.The oxidizing agent is selected from a salt of persulfuric acid, a salt of sulfuric acid, a salt of iodic acid and ferric chloride. EXAMPLE - First batch polymerisation. A reactant feed which contained 100 pts wt. of aniline monomer, 120 pts. wt. of HCl solution and 30 pts. wt. ammonium persulfate were mixed in a reactor to undergo polymerisation at room temperature for 2 hours. The polyaniline solid particles and the acidic aqueous solution formed in the reactor after the reaction were separated by filtration. The separated acidic solid particles of polyaniline were neutralized by an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution. The water in the neutralized solid particles was then removed via a second filtering step. Finally, the solid polyaniline particles wee dried and formed into a conductive polyaniline powder. The powder as formed had large particles. The acidic aqueous solution was then recycled and further batch polymerisation processes carried out on it.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The method further comprises recovery of the metals. The moving bed reactor is a moving bed granular filter. The supporting material of the moving bed reactor is sand. The method also further comprises biotransformation.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The biomass growth is regulated with means comprising feed. The feed comprises one or more constituents from a nitrogen source, carbon source, and/or phosphate source etc. The microorganisms are Alcaligenes eutrophus CH34, Alcaligenes eutrophus ER21, Pseudomonas mendocina AS302, Citrobacter sp. N14, Arthrobacter sp. BP7/26 and BP7/15 and/or Methylobacillus MB127. The method also further comprises biotransformation. EXAMPLE - An inoculated moving bed granular filter was used to treat 1.5 m3 waste water per hour. The feed of the filter contained 5 mg carbon source/l, 1 mg NH4NO3/l as nitrogen source and 0.05 mg orthophosphate/l. Typically, the filter bed resistance (i.e. the increase in resistance due to the biofilm growth compared with a clean filter bed resistance) was between 1-25 (especially 1-5) (Hact/H0). The control of the growth of the bacteria in the filter was essential for an efficient and fully continuous system. A biodegradation of 10 mg COD/l leads theoretically to the formation of 4 mg biomass which counted for about 4 x 106 cfu/ml. About 100 ml wash water/l feed was generated. The wash water contained about 100 times more biomass which corresponded to the increase of biomass due to the addition of nutrients. The amount of metal recovered from the wash water, after settling and dewatering was typically about 27 g Zn/kg, 8 g Ni/kg, 25 g Co/kg, 5 g Al/kg and 100 g Fe/kg biomass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The polymer is one of polyetherpolyamide block copolymers, polyetherpolyester block copolymers and polyetherurethanes and the film is reinforced by a nonwoven material or net. EXAMPLE - A 25 micron thick film comprised polyetherester-polyamide block copolymer comprising polyoxyethylene and polyamide 12 chains in a weight ratio of 1:3. The permeabilities were 5100g/meter squared for water vapor, 3700 centimeter cubed/meter squared for oxygen and 55,000 centimeter cubed/meter squared for carbon dioxide over 24 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The benzene content of the feedstream fluctuates from 2-30 wt.%. The output stream passes in indirect heat exchange with the feedstream entering the saturation zone to heat the feedstream. The quench stream passes directly to the isomerization zone when the intermediate stream is above 400 degrees F. The temperature at the inlet of the isomerization zone is 250-350 degrees F.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Microorganism: The single microorganism is a stably transformed Saccharommyces cerevisiae expressing cellodextrinase, endo-beta-1,4-glucanase, cellobiose and cellobiohydrolase. SPECIFIC MICROORGANISMS - The single microorganism is a stably transformed Saccharommyces cerevisiae.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred process: The higher hydrocarbons are 2-3C. Molar ratios CH4/O2 are 5-8. Rapid cooling by expansion takes place in a turbine. After expansion the gas temperature is 500-600 degreesC. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Module and Methods: The purge gas on the purge/product side of the membrane is a condensible vapor, preferably water, alcohol, fluorocarbon, chloro-fluorocarbon or a refrigerant compound. A preferred purge gas is water vapor. The module includes a downstream condenser for recovering the product gas. The module may also contain a catalyst in the mixed stream chamber to promote reactions such as a carbon monoxide shift reaction. The separation membrane is active at elevated temperatures, preferably above 400 degreesF. Other gases which may be separated from a mixed gas stream by the method are nitrogen, argon, carbon dioxide, ammonia and methane.The product gas may be hydrogen which is separated from a mixed stream supplied from a reformer or under-oxidised burner, the membrane being a palladium type membrane. Alternatively the membrane may be an ion-conducting ceramic oxygen separation membrane, preferably a zirconia membrane with voltage supply electrodes on each surface. The membrane may be used at elevated temperature. The gas purified using a ceramic membrane may be oxygen.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Fuel Cell System: The burner module is an under-oxidised burner for producing an H2-rich stream. An additional catalytic combuster may be provided for generating steam for use as the purge gas in the gas purification module. A turbo generator provides air under pressure to the burner.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Trimer: The aldehyde-ammonia trimer is of formula (I).R1-R3 = H or (1-8C) hydrocarbon selected from (cyclo)alkyl, aryl, alkaryl, aralkyl and heterocyclic alkyl containing oxygen or tertiary nitrogen as a ring constituent.Preferred Process: The substrate is treated at a temperature between ambient and 65.6 degreesC using 0.8-1.7 ppm of trimer per 1 ppm of hydrogen sulfide. Preferred Definitions:    R1-R3 = methyl.    EXAMPLE - An aldehyde trimer was prepared by slowly reacting chilled 28 wt.% aqueous ammonia (169.4 g) with acetaldehyde (122.8 g) at less than 30 degreesC. The resulting white suspension was treated with methanol (107.6 g) and water (40.0 g) to yield a colorless solution containing 27.25 wt.% reaction product.    The diluted solution (100 g of 5% solution) was placed in a 'bubble tower' (a transparent acrylic tube of internal diameter 1.25 inches) and pressurized to 20 psi. A gas mixture comprising 2000 ppm H2S, 1% CO2 and methane to balance was passed through the tube at a rate of 5.5 standard cubic feet per hour. After 1, 5, 10, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 105 and 120 minutes the outlet H2S concentrations (ppm) were 0, 0, 0, 0.1, 4.2, 10, 60, 1300, 1600 and 1600 respectively. The column height increased from 7 inches (at 1 minute) to 11 inches (at 120 minutes). After 24 hours, a 2-phase liquid product containing no solids was formed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Apparatus: The bag is made of blow molded polypropylene. If (I) is being used for the treatment of lipids blocking a drain line, the bag is composed of a plastic that reduces the light reaching the microorganisms.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Microorganisms: The microorganisms are naturally occurring soil microorganisms selected from Pseudomonas (preferred) and Bacillus. The liquid culture medium contains at least 106 cells/g.Preferred Apparatus: The bag is preferably collapsed and has a closable and sealable filler opening in the uppermost portion of the bag through which water is filled. It is mounted in a support means with the bag expanded. When filled with water a bag (supported by a crate) which holds about 5 gallons of liquid culture medium is suitable for treating waste from a restaurant. In every 24 hours the pump meters 700-1400 ml of the liquid culture medium into the waste container over a period of up to 30 days. A bag (supported by a drum) which holds about 55 gallons of liquid culture medium is suitable for treating waste material from an industrial plant. In every 24 hours, the pump meters 7700-15400 ml of the liquid culture medium into the waste container over a period of a day. The pump is a peristaltic pump with a timer/control device attached for metering the liquid culture medium into a drain containing the waste at periodic intervals.Preferred Process: The microorganisms may be kept at reduced temperature during storage and shipment and under conditions where the light reaching them through the bag is reduced. The liquid culture medium is metered into a waste container holding the waste material over 1-3 days. The feed line may have a strainer to prevent obstruction of the feed line as the bag is emptied of the liquid culture medium. The culture medium may be metered into a sink line leading from a sink trap. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The transformant is mutagenized to further enhance cellulase production relative to an unmutagenized transformant. EXAMPLE - No relevant examples are given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The hydrogen sulfide-containing gas contains 100 ppm to 50 volume% sulfur, measured in terms of hydrogen sulfide. Preferably it is natural gas containing no more than 4-5 volume% sulfur. The liquid redox solution comprises an iron-based absorbent. There are no nonmoving fluid-adjacent surfaces or additional mixing devices within the housing. EXAMPLE - The absorber (15) has an improved configuration in which the sour gas (25) enters an inner absorber region (contact zone 52) through tangential inlets (54) spaced and distributed about the inner surface (56) of the absorber. The liquid redox solution (60) is introduced axially into the contact zone either concurrently or countercurrently to the ultimate direction of the gas flow.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - The equipment is mounted in a container on hydraulic legs, which can be lifted onto the back of a lorry and carried from site to site.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The waste material is preferably supplied to a reactor or a mechanical counterstay achieving a throttling effect.Preferred Device: The screw conveyor is made rotatable so that the waste material is kneaded and transported by repeated forward and backward movement. EXAMPLE - The fermentation machine (1) has a feeder funnel (2) with a cover, through which fermentable household waste and garden waste are fed into the machine. A tube (3) projects out of the machine and a screw is situated in the tube. The screw drive, has connections through which oxygenation and liquid can be fed into the tubelike shaft, on which several screw are placed to knead and transport the material to be fermented. The screw sections are separated by partial portions, where the material to be fermented is during a short period resting relatively still. Several sections might be arranged in a certain interspace on the screw. The screw drive lets the material to be fermented be pushed forwards and backwards to let the material, repeatedly, take three steps forwards and two steps back when passing through the tube. The fermentation machine tube intrudes into the formed post-fermentation stack directly above the ground, on which the stack lies. In this way, the stack provides a counterstay, by means of which a counter pressure is built up to let the waste material fill the whole screw. When the stack has grown to a desired size, by means of additional material from below, the fermentation machine can be moved a short distance or is allowed to move due to the reaction forces from the output from the tube.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The supported amount of palladium is 2 - 20 % by weight ratio based on the support. Palladium and platinum can be used together where the amount of platinum is 10 - 50 % by weight ratio based on palladium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The cellulose-containing fuel component is made of wood in the form of chips, preferably in an amount of 40-80 wt.%, more preferably 50-70 wt.%. The manure is present in an amount of 20-60 wt.%, preferably 30-50 wt.%. The fuel further comprises more than 5 mg, preferably 15-30 mg urea. The fuel is in the form of a briquette. The fuel is obtained by intensively mixing wood and horse manure, drying to give a moisture content of not more than 18 wt.% and then sealing, preferably at 40-70 bar.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Apparatus: (IV) decomposes methane into carbon and hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst. This occurs in a methane steam reforming unit which forms carbon dioxide and hydrogen by reacting methane with steam in the presence of a catalyst. (I) also comprises both a methane and hydrogen combustion unit which combusts part of the methane separated in (III) and part of the hydrogen produced in (IV) and a reaction heat transmission unit which recycles heat produced by the combustion of methane and hydrogen to (II) and (IV). (I) also comprises a unit which converts part of the heat generated by combustion of both methane and hydrogen to electric power. In addition (I) comprises a passage which supplies gas containing carbon dioxide to the carbon dioxide fixing unit. (I) also comprises an intra-system carbon dioxide supply unit formed by a steam condenser and a vapor-liquid separator supplied with mixed gas containing steam and carbon dioxide generated from the methane combustion unit. (I) also has a passage for supplying the carbon dioxide produced in the vapor-liquid separator to (V). However (V) also has a source of carbon dioxide supplied to it from outside the system. The ratio of gas generated in (II) to that fed to the methane combustion unit is adjusted so that the number of moles of carbon dioxide fed from the methane combustion unit to (V) and that fed from (II) to (V) is equal to the number of moles of this methane fed to (V). EXAMPLE - No relevant example given in the specification.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Apparatus and Methods: Preferably the unit contains a first catalyst for selective oxidation of the CO and a heater for heating the H2-rich gas before it is supplied to the unit. The unit may also include a second catalyst for selective oxidation of a component of the H2-rich gas. In a third embodiment, the unit contains a first catalyst for selective oxidation of the CO and a means for reducing the moisture content of the H2-rich gas. The second catalyst is platinum. The H2-rich gas and the oxygen gas streams may be combined at one inlet or may be supplied via separate inlets, the second catalyst being provided adjacent the inlet(s). EXAMPLE - In an example various times were measured between the start of the CO concentration reducing apparatus and attainment of the predetermined internal temperature throughout the entire CO-selective oxidation unit in a related-art example (control) and examples 1-6. The following results were obtained: Control example: approximately 7 minutes; Example 1, approximately 2 minutes; Example 2, approximately 1.5 minutes; Example 3, approximately 1.5 minutes; Example 4, approximately 2 minutes; Example 5, approximately 3 minutes; Example 6, approximately 3 minutes. Whereas the control example required about 7 minutes before achieving the predetermined internal temperature (150 degreesC), examples 1-6 only required about 3 minutes at longest and about 1.5 minutes at shortest. The results show that the embodiments are able to more quickly raise the internal temperature of the CO-selective oxidation unit to the temperature range in which the selective oxidation catalyst becomes activated.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The amount of cyclopentane in the blowing agent mixture is 60-80 wt.% and the amount of isopentane and/or n-pentane and isobutane and/or n-butane is 20-40 wt.%. The wt. ratio of iso- and/or n-pentane over iso- and/or n-butane is 75/25 and 25/75, preferably 2/1 and 1/2. The blowing agent mixture is selected from: a mixture of (wt.%): 70 cyclopentane, 10 isopentane, 10 isobutane; 70 cyclopentane, 10 isopentane, 20 isobutane; 75 cyclopentane, 15 isopentane, 20 isobutane. EXAMPLE - A refrigeration cabinet was filled with a polyurethane blowing agent formulation (A) containing (parts by wt.): Polyol (100), water (2.1), cyclopentane (10.5), isopentane (1.0), isobutane (2.5) and isocyanate (144), where polyol is a composition of OH value 390 mg KOH/g, isocyanate is a polymeric MDI composition. Comparison of the cream time, string time, free rise density, flow index, lambda, froth level, and fill wt. with a blowing agent composition (B) containing only cyclopentane showed that (A) had a lower density than (B) and improved flow, resulting in lower fridge fill weights. The insulation properties (lambda and energy consumption) of (A) were also better.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Reformer: The chamber length to diameter ratio is not less than 1.5. The methanol is introduced as droplets (mist) of size less than 100 micron, preferably 20-50 micron. The droplets are supplied axially and the air is supplied tangentially. The mole ratio of O2 to methanol is controlled to maintain the reactor temperature at below 500degreesC, preferably below 400degreesC. The weight of catalyst is not less than 11 kg/l/min. of liquid methanol. The igniter is a hot wire, palladium catalyst or spark or glow plug. A bed of ceramic pellets is positioned between the chamber inlets and the catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred system: The system has an integrated cooling means for the hydrogen, that simultaneously preheats combustion air. The fuel is gasoline, aviation fuel, alcohol or a hydrocarbon gas. The reformer comprises a casing, cylindrical filtration membrane, a cylindrical concentric bed wall, a catalyst bed, a burner and fuel and exhaust openings. The membrane is a thin palladium-containing film and the catalyst contains a group VIII transition metal, e.g. nickel. The system includes a desulfuriser - a metal oxide (zinc or iron), supported on a zeolite, zirconia and activated carbon. The system also includes a sacrificial guard for removing sulfur compounds from the vaporized fuel stream.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Process: The thick bed is more than 1 meter deep, preferably more than 2 meters deep. The anaerobic treatment is continued for at least 1 year, especially for than 2 years. The treated mud is broken up and aerated. ACTIVITY - None given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The partition member is made of polymer electrolyte, particularly a hydrogen-ion conductor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Module: The number of spherical solar battery elements can provide the required voltage of electromotive force for photovoltaic power generation and electrolytic voltage for the electrolytic solution. On the surface of each of the electrode pair for electrolysis, a metal coating film with a catalytic function to promote electrolytic reaction is applied. At the position where the electrode contacts with the electrolytic solution, a protruding acute part is formed at the end to reduce overpotential and to promote release of reaction product(s) from the electrolysis.Preferred Device: In the various solar battery modules, the spherical solar battery elements are connected and retained in transparent cylinders, with the anodes and cathodes located symmetrically at the ends as specified together with the other components as above. At least the upper part of the container is so constructed that sunlight irradiation is possible. EXAMPLE - An optical electrolysis device for electrodecomposition of water and carbon dioxide in an electrolytic solution by solar energy generated photovoltaic power was constructed as in Figure. The hydrogen ion-conducting polymer electrolyte was made from fluorinated sulfonic acid. Water and carbon dioxide gas were introduced into the device with photocell arrays having an electromotive force of 2-2.4 V and spherical solar battery elements with electromotive forces of 0.5-0.6 V and electrodes each protected with a silica coating, electrolysis gave products e.g. methane gas, ethylene, methanol, ethanol, formic acid and oxalic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Formulation: The bacteria degrade organic waste products, urea, proteins, starch, cellulose and/or fats and greases. The bacteria are of the genus Bacillus. The bacteria are able to survive in an aqueous medium for up to six months. The bacteria produce enzymes in response to increased substrate concentrations. The cleaner includes surfactants, which may include sodium dodecyl sulfate, lauryl ether sulfate and/or nonylphenols. The cleaner includes a fragrance, which may be in the form of an oil. The cleaner includes a chemical for controlling limescale and uric acid crystals. The chemicals contained in the cleaner are biodegradable.Preferred Attachment: Means are provided for releaseably securing the attachment to a urinal system or toilet including a screw threaded connection which includes a nut for tightening. The attachment includes a flange for engaging a rim of the outlet hole of the urinal or toilet. The attachment includes a membrane impregnated with the cleaning formulation. The membrane is mounted with a filter unit. The filter unit is releasably secured within the cleaning attachment. The filter unit is secured to a threaded bar located within the cleaning attachment by one or more nuts. The attachment includes inlets for urine and a cover located above the inlet which is dome shaped. The inlet is located between the cover and the flange.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Scoops: The scoops comprise perforated plates.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Unit: The unit can be placed into existing containers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred features: Flue gas is connected to the interior of the pressure vessel, for direct heating. This connection is made via an injector. There is an automatic non-return valve in the line. A system of tubes, alternatively provides indirect heating. The comminuter is a mill, mixer-comminuter or shredder. The pressure vessel has an overpressure relief valve. A control damper arranged in the line from the power station, divides flue gases in any required proportion between stack and pressure vessel. Pressure vessel, reception tank and reactor are stirred. The pressure vessel contents are heated to 130 degreesC. Between it and the reception tank, a valve and pump pass thick, viscous material. There is another valve between comminuter and pressure vessel, optionally with a second pump for such material. Contents of the reception tank are mixed from the animal waste supply line and the drain from the pressure vessel. They are heated for an hour at 70 degreesC. A centrifugal pump with non return valve, transfers the contents to the reactor, for a residence of 20-25 days at 25-40 degreesC. The reactor has a conventional membrane cover forming a gas storage hood.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Apparatus: (claimed) The apparatus has a scrubber, in which the gas is contacted with the liquid containing the microalgae. Preferred Apparatus: The scrubber consists (partly) of a bubble column reactor or air lift reactor with liquid-filled zone(s), at least one of which is exposed to light; and optionally a preferably (partly) separate converter, especially with a wall of translucent material; and trickling bed reactor through which the liquid passes to the converter. The packing of the trickling bed reactor has a coating and/or the liquid contains titanium dioxide or another reagent that decomposes harmful impurities. A pump or ventilator is used for passing the gas to or through the scrubber. The light source is sunlight and/or an artificial light source, inside and/or outside the scrubber. Pollution Control: The countercurrent or parallel-flow trickling bed reactor is filled with pebbles, lava, plastics or other material on which microorganisms can grow naturally. The liquid from the scrubber may be passed to a separate converter, in which the microalgae act on the contents in light. The liquid preferably is (partly) recycled from the converter to the scrubber and is changed continuously or at intervals. SPECIFIC MATERIALS - Specific examples of the liquid are tap water or salt water, preferably with added mineral nutrients, microalgae and/or microorganisms.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Bacteria: The bacteria are of the strain found in the stomach, pancreas or intestinal tracts of ruminant animals, and break down cellulose. The bacteria colony grows very rapidly.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: An enrichment process of the fertilizer is performed such that it can be used as a solid organic fertilizer. Nitrogen, phosphorus pentoxide and potassium were added to the liquid organic fertilizer, at a ratio 12:6:6, 4:4:4, 16:4:8 or 4:7.5:11.56.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The hydrogen is produced from synthesis gas by physical separation unit with or without a chemical unit such as water gas shift reaction. The hydrocarbon synthesized by reacting hydrogen and carbon monoxide mixture in presence of Fischer-Tropsch type hydrocarbon synthesis catalyst containing cobalt. A portion of synthesized hydrocarbon is solid at room temperature. When slurry hydrocarbon synthesis process is carried out, the hydrocarbon is synthesized in form of liquid. During hydrocarbon synthesis the hydrocarbon synthesis catalyst is reversibly deactivated and hydrogen rich tail gas rejuvenates the hydrocarbon synthesis catalyst. The sulfur-content hydrocarbon liquid which is recovered from natural gas is hydrodesulfurized by reacting with hydrogen present in tail gas, in presence of hydrodesulfurization catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The landfill gas is obtained from a landfill or dump. Contacting is in a stripping column preferably containing packing or trays, especially in countercurrent mode. The alkylene carbonate is regenerated, preferably by heating under reduced pressure, and recycled. The landfill gas contains more than 1 vol.% of oxygen and/or chlorinated hydrocarbon(s). The contacting is at below 65 degreesC. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The alkylene carbonate is propylene carbonate.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Mixtures: The forming gas is an inert gas/hydrogen mixture containing not more than 10% hydrogen and the deactivator gas is an inert gas/oxygen mixture containing not more than 10% oxygen. Preferred Process: (a) is carried out at 100-500degreesC and (b) at 0-500degreesC. The catalyst material is subjected to the forming / deactivation cycle several times before placing it in the reactor. EXAMPLE - Conventional copper / zinc oxide / alumina catalyst pellets for reforming methanol with water vapor (as in fuel cells) are subjected to forming with inert gas / hydrogen at 100-500 degreesC followed by deactivation with inert gas / oxygen at 0-500 degreesC. The cycle is repeated until the catalyst shows no further loss in volume or mass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Hydrocarbon: At least one dissolved hydrocarbon is benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, o-xylene, m-xylene, p-xylene, phenol, o-cresol, m-cresol or p-cresol and the aqueous stream may also comprise a halogenated hydrocarbon, an alkane and an alkene. Preferably the halogenated hydrocarbon is tetrachloroethylene, trichloroethylene or 1,1,1-trichloroethane.Preferred Oxide: The oxide of nitrogen is preferably nitrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Bacteria: The denitrifying bacteria is from the genus Pseudomonas.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Process: The flow through reactor is a continuous stirred tank reactor operated at a steady rate, a plug-flow reactor, a fixed-film reactor or a pore space in an underground aquifer.The mean cell residence time is set by controlling the rate at which cells are removed or wasted from the reactor and is used to enrich the denitrifying culture in the reactor.The continuous stirred tank reactor is operated at a steady state dissolved aromatic hydrocarbon concentration of less than 3 mg/l and is preferably a steady state dissolved benzene concentration of less than 1.5 mg/l. The reactor is operated to exclude molecular oxygen from the area in which biodegradation is occurring.Underground water (102) contaminated with benzene is extracted from an underground formation (104) through an extraction well (106) by a pump (108). If required the contaminated water is supplemented with dissolved nitrate (110) and then introduced to the above-ground reactor (114) operated at 10-65 degrees C for 550 hours mean cell residence time to produce a benzene concentration of less than 1.0+/-0.1 mg/l. The volume of the above-ground reactor is minimized by recycling biomass settled out in the sedimentation tank (116) back to the reactor. Treated groundwater is returned to the underground formation by pump (124). EXAMPLE - No relevant example is given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Equipment: The refrigerating machine oil includes an additive which reacts with water. The machine oil is a carbonate compound, the number of carbon-forming carbonic acid ester bonds being at least 10 atomic % of the carbon in the carbonate compound. The carbonate compound has purity of at least 99 wt.%. The mutual solubility is 5 wt.% or less at 25 degreesC. The machine oil contains 2 wt.% or less mineral oil or hard alkylbenzene, has kinematic viscosity of 5-20 cSt at 40 degreesC and 2-5 cSt at 100 degreesC, dielectric constant of 30 or higher, volume resistivity of 1011 ohm cm or higher. The amount of water in the refrigeration cycle is 50 p.p.m. or less and the amount of oxygen is 800 p.p.m. or less. The dryer is in a liquid side pipe from the condenser to the evaporator or in an oil reservoir in the compressor. The dryer is K-exchange A-type zeolite, optionally subjected to water repellant treatment preferably by silane coupling.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred process: The controlled aeration of the solid ensures an adequate oxygen supply while the temperature of the solid is maintained. The heating of the aqueous circulation medium is controlled. The fractionated organic material is selected from compost, wood chips or other cellulose-containing materials from house waste, sewers or other organic substrates. The isolating material is selected from wood chips and/or foils, especially perforated foil or air-cushioned foil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The preferred ratio Qp / Qa is 1.5 - 3 (1.9 - 2.6). The mixture contains at least 20 - 25 (30 - 40) %, of acetylene together with propane and propylene. The preferred ratio of propane / propylene is 50:50 - 99:1 (70:30 - 95:5). The gaseous mixture of products is prepared in a mixer, preferably at the site of use. EXAMPLE - Trials were made to determine changes of initiation time (time necessary to bring the metal sheet to be cut to the working temperature) for a blowtorch cutter, as a function of the proportion of acetylene in the fuel mixture, the remainder being propane and impurities.    The cutting head was of the type Mach 3S (RTM) and the operating parameters were: test samples consisting of A 42 steel plates 100 mm x 100 mm and 20 mm thickness, which had been previously sand blasted; 99.9 % pure O2 , LASAL 2003 (RTM) at a pressure of 5 x 105 Pa; flow rate of gas fuel (acetylene + propane): 300 L.h-1; temperature of samples: 15 - 20 degreesC.    Initiation times were determined for various percentages of acetylene in the fuel mixture.    It was noted that the initiation time was an inverse function of the acetylene content. A gain in time of 30 - 42 % was obtained for a mixture comprising 70 % propane and 30 % acetylene increasing to 54 % for a content of 50 % acetylene. Inflections in the curves were observed at an acetylene content of 25 +/- 5 % with a Qa / Qp ratio of 2.3 +/- 0.3. For concentrations of acetylene more than 50 %, costs became significant and it was necessary to use specific blowtorch nozzles: the range 30 - 50 % was thus preferred.
EXAMPLE - In an EMBODIMENT, burner assembly (20) includes an injector nozzle assembly (30) comprising three concentric nozzle shells and an outer cooling water jacket. The internal nozzle shell discharges from an axial bore opening the oxidizer gas that is delivered along upper assembly axis conduit (42). Intermediate nozzle shell guides the particulated coal slurry delivered to upper assembly port (44). As a fluidized solid, this coal slurry is extruded from the annular space between the inner shell wall and the intermediate shell wall. The outer, oxidizer gas nozzle shell surrounds the outer nozzle discharge annulus formed between the interior surface of the outer shell and outer surface of the intermediate shell. Upper assembly port (45) supplies the outer nozzle discharge annulus with an additional stream of oxidizing gas. Centralizing fins radiating from outer surface of inner shell wall bear against the interior wall of intermediate shell to keep the inner shell coaxially centered relative to the intermediate shell axis. Similarly centralizing fins radiate from the intermediate shell to coaxially confine it within the outer shell.
EXAMPLE - In an EMBODIMENT of the sorption method the first fluid may be stripped from the sorption material by either applying an electrical current via a power supply (8) to increase sorption material temperature or reducing the pressure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Process: The rock dust is aluminum silicate hydrate (Al4(OH)8Si4O10). Calcium carbonate can also be added.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The rock dust is aluminum silicate hydrate (Al4(OH)8Si4O10). Calcium carbonate can also be added. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The saturated hydrocarbons can be 1 or more chosen form propane, n-butane, isobutane, n-pentane, isopentane and neopentane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - During extrusion, the extrudate is stretched to give foams with cells at Z/X ratio of not more than 1 (wherein X is the average diameter of the cells constituting the foam in the extrusion direction, and Z is that in the orthogonally thickness-wise direction. Preferably stretching of the extrudate is under re-heating. Such foams have thermal conductivity of not more than 0.0244 kcal/mhr.degreesC by the method of JIS-A 9511 using B type hot-plate. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The ether applied is particularly dimethyl ether.    EXAMPLE - A mixture of polystyrene resin (melt index = 2; 100 parts), nucleating agent of talc (0.1 part) and flame-retardant of hexabromocylododecane (3 parts), in a total of 40 kg, was charged into a kneader over 1 hr. for extrusion with an expanding agent (8 parts) comprising 25% dimethyl ether and 75% n-butane injected. After passing over to a cooling mixer at 115degreesC, foaming extrusion was performed with a fluororesin-coated molding machine, from a 2-mm slit at 6-mm intervals in the thickness direction to afford plate-type styrene resin foams. Properties of the foams: foaming multiples = 35 times; individual cell foaming rate = 95%; average cell diameter = 0.3 mm; cell diameter ratio = 0.9; good appearance; compression strength = not less than 2 kgf/cm2; thermal conductivity = not more than 0.00239 kcal/mhr.degreesC for over 3 months, and not more than 0.0244 kcal/mhr.degreesC over 1 year; for production safety, number of operations = 6; thickness dispersion = not more than 5%, average pressure = 65 kgf/cm2, maximum pressure difference = 0 kgd/cm2; and environmental safety = very safe and suitable.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Process: Product passes for storage to the storage vessel and is left there for 5 weeks, continuously turned over by automatic agitator, under conditions of ambient temperature 50degreesC and 40% humidity, to ensure homogeneous aerobic fermentation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Composition: The medium is resistant to physical manipulation and resistant to breakage into multiple pieces upon so doing. The medium is distinctly marked using colour or a pattern to make it visually stand out from treated infectious waste. The medium is resistant to heat or chemical disinfection, and preferably comprises a cellulose and nylon sponge. SPECIFIC MICROORGANISMS - The indicator microorganisms used are Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus stearothermophilus or Mycobacterium bovis.    EXAMPLE - A cellulose and nylon sponge was cut to 0.375-0.500 inch 0.5 g. cubes, and was saturated with 2.5 ml. of a late log phase solution of B. subtilis which was grown in tryptic soy broth (TSB) at 35degreesC for 24-48 hours containing 2.5 x 107 colony forming units (cfu) per ml. Sponge pieces were assayed for cfu. Sporocidal Cidex (RTM) was added to cover a sponge piece, and vigorously vortexed and shken for 1 hour or less. At each of 5, 15 and 60 minutes, one piece of sponge was removed and assayed. Liquid was expressed from the sponge and diluted 1:100 with TSB, then plated on nutrient agar, and the colonies formed recorded and calculated. It was shown that even after 5 minutes exposure to Cidex, an assayable reduction in cfu of at least 4 orders of magnitude had occurred. At time zero, 3.0 x 104 cfu per ml. were assayed, but this was totally destroyed afterwards.
EXAMPLE - In an EMBODIMENT, he straightforward method of gas liquefaction comprises the following sequential steps: Step 1, thermodynamic conditioning of the gas is liquified. During this step, the gas supercritical pressure and minimal temperature consistent with ambient conditions are achieved. Several cases corresponding to various initial thermodynamic conditions of the gas must be taken into account. Step 2, the supercritical pressure (pB) gas is cooled to the predetermined final temperature (Tc), lower than saturation temperature of liquefied gas (TE). The thermodynamic process (B-C) occurs at variable temperature. In Step 3, due to throttling of the gas, irreversibility always occurs and energy losses are determined.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred System: The non-cryogenic oxygen-enriching means comprises a temperature swing adsorption device which includes two interconnected zeolitic molecular sieve adsorption beds which remove nitrogen from an air input to produce an oxygen-enriched mixture of oxygen and nitrogen. In operation, when the first adsorption bed is producing an oxygen enriched gas mixture, the second adsorption bed, which is saturated with nitrogen, is regenerated by stripping the adsorbed nitrogen using a portion of the oxygen-enriched output of the first adsorption bed and heating the bed using waste heat from the top stage. After stripping the bed is cooled to ambient temp. and a system of valves reverses the process in order to strip nitrogen from the first absorption bed. The combined cycle system may further includes means for removing carbon dioxide and moisture from the inputted air supply. The molecular sieve beds may be replaced by chemical reactor beds comprising lead oxide, silver and combinations thereof.
EXAMPLE - In an EMBODIMENT, waste (W) is prepared in crasher (1), and further in mixer (2) it is mixed with solid incombustible material (I) and then charged into shaft kiln reactor (4) through lock (3) at its upper part. In reactor, the mixture successively passes through heating zone (5), pyrolysis zone (6), combustion zone (7), and cooling zone (8). Solid processing residue (R) is continuously discharged via lock (9) with the rate controlled so as to maintain combustion zone at certain elevation from the reactor bottom. The solid residue is fractionated on sieve (10) and part of it is recycled as solid material mixed with waste and the rest of solid residue is directed for further processing or disposal. Air (A) is supplied by fan (11) to the lower part of the reactor. To the same zone, exhaust fan (12) supplies smoke gas (S). The product gas (G) is withdrawn from the upper part of the reactor and directed to gas cleansing unit (13). In the condenser, liquid products (C) are isolated from the product gas. The product gas is directed for combustion with air (A2) in steam boiler (14). A fraction of smoke gas is directed to drier (15), where waste is dried with the heat of smoke gas. Temperatures in zones are measured continuously and when temperatures deviate from prescribed optimal values, control parameters are adjusted. In case the temperature in combustion zone exceeds prescribed limits the fraction of smoke gases in gasifying agent is increased, correspondingly higher becomes content of steam and carbon dioxide in gasifying agent and greater contribution of endothermic reactions.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The foamable concentrate is free of crystalline agents. It further may comprise a rheology modifier selected from polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, sodium xylene sulfonate, sodium toluene sulfonate and urea.The conditioning agent is pre-microemulsified dimethiconol, a crosslinked silicone gum or a per-alk(en)yl hydrocarbon material.The deposition polymer is selected from cationic polyacrylamides and cationic guar derivatives.The propellant gas is selected from dimethyl ether, propane, n-butane and/or isobutane. Other conventional ingredients also may be present.Preferred Composition: The total amount of surfactant (including that used as emulsifier for the microemulsified particles of high viscosity silicone) = 10 - 25 wt.% of the foamable concentrate. EXAMPLE - A foamable concentrate was prepared comprising sodium lauryl ether sulfate (2EO) (9 wt.%), cocamidopropylbetaine (4 wt.%), polyethylene glycol (7) ether of lauryl alcohol (4 wt.%), crosslinked dimethiconol (25 % microemulsion) (3.2 wt.%), polyoxypropylene (9) (2 wt.%), sodium benzoate (0.5 wt.%), fragrance (0.5 wt.%), polyquaternium-10 (0.3 wt.%) and deionized water (to 100 wt.%). This (93 parts) was formulated into an aerosol mousse with butane (2.7 bar) (7 parts).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Process: The slurry is cattle slurry. The clay mineral is aluminum silicate hydrate (Al4(OH)8Si4O10). Calcium carbonate and/or calcium bicarbonate can also be added. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Process: The digested slurry is mixed with dried and comminuted organic materials and then granulated, composted, mixed with organic and/or inorganic fertilizers, and pelletized. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.
EXAMPLE - In the bioreactor, the air removed from the first building is fed to the second building and pumped into the maturing compost. The incoming waste to the facility has recyclable material separated in a third building (9), crude compost from the bioreactor (6) has non-compostable waste separated in a fourth closed building, the matured compost is refined in a fifth building (27), and the secondary refined material is stored in a sixth building (30), and each of these building has the air removed and passed to the biofilter to remove odorous components.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred apparatus: The rotating biocontactor may remain fixed while waste water movement is implemented by kinetic energy addition to the water by means of mixers and pumps.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred material: Barium represents at least 60% preferably at least 80% of the exchangeable ions. EXAMPLE - An alkaline titanium silicate gel was prepared by mixing to give pH of 11.5 and autoclaving a mixture of solutions of sodium silicate + sodium hydroxide and titanium sulfate in sulfuric acid. The white crystalline product was washed and dried and contained 19.6 wt.% Na2O. 1g of NaETS-4 was exchanged with 3g BaCl2 and 30g water and washed with 90g water; the exchange was repeated two more times. The product contained 33.5 wt.% barium oxide and 0.44 wt.% Na2O.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method for detecting TNT comprises the addition of PETN reductase in the presence of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphatase and detecting the occurrence of a reaction. WIDER DISCLOSURE - Also disclosed are recombinant organisms expressing the onr gene which comprises a nucleotide sequence of 1531 base pairs as given in the specification.    SPECIFIC PEPTIDES - The PETN reductase enzyme comprises 365 amino acids as given in the specification.    EXAMPLE - Pentaerythritol tetranitrate reductase enzyme was purified from Escherichia coli bearing the plasmid pONR1 by affinity chromatography.    Reaction mixtures were set up containing 7 micro g/ml pentaerythritol tetranitrate reductase, 0.2 mM nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphatase, 0.05 mM trinitrotoluene, in 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer. Oxidation of NADPH was followed by the loss of absorbance at 340 nm.    A base rate was set (0.10 micromol NADPH/minute/mg protein) using 2,4-dinitrotoluene. In the presence of TNT the observed rate of NADPH oxidation increased to 0.50 micromol NADPH/minute/mg protein, suggesting that TNT is able to oxidise the reduced form of the enzyme.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferably, the alpha silicon nitride is non-porous and is in discrete form with a particle size of 0.1-1 mum and a specific surface of 5-20 m2/g.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The active metal phase preferably comprises one or more transition metals, especially palladium, impregnated into the support in metal salt (especially acetylacetonate) form and then activated. The wt. ratio of the metal in the active phase to the silicon in the support is preferably 0.5-2%. EXAMPLE - Non-porous Si3N4 powder of 8.8 m2/g BET specific surface was stirred in a solution of palladium acetylacetonate in toluene at room temperature, followed by drying under vacuum at 80degreesC for 15 hr. The impregnated Si3N4 was heat treated at 400degreesC under flowing argon at 2 cm3/sec. to create a fluidized bed in the apparatus shown in the drawing to obtain a supported Pd catalyst.
EXAMPLE - In an EMBODIMENT, the inlet air which is passed through a bottom grate (29) fluidizes the catalyst contained in the regenerator (30) in a bubbling-bed condition and simultaneously imports oxygen to the coke combustion reaction. The gas with suspended catalyst particles pass next into a primary cyclone (31) adapted to interior of a regenerator. The particulates of the flow are separated from the gaseous phase by impinging on the interior wall of the separation chamber and falling into the downward return leg of the primary cyclone. From the return leg, the catalyst travels further back into fluidized bed. The gas flow entering the primary cyclone leaves the cyclone via the center tube passing into secondary cyclone (32). The particles are separated from the gaseous phase by impinging on the interior wall of the cyclone chamber and falling into downward return leg of secondary cyclone. From secondary cyclone, the gas flow passes further into a buffer chamber and finally leaves the reactor via an outlet tube (33).
EXAMPLE - No examples given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gas Mixture: The gas mixture to be separated is H 2/CH 4, He/N 2, H 2/CO 2, O 2/N 2, CO 2/CH 4 or CO 2/N 2. Preferred Definitions:    R=the residue of adipic acid, 1,4-cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid, isophthalic acid, 1,5-naphthalene dicarboxylic acid, 4-methylisophthalic acid or 4-bromoisophthalic acid.    EXAMPLE - 100 ml of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone and 2.5 g of calcium chloride were added to a 250 ml round-bottom flask. The temperature was allowed to rise to 50 degrees C while stirring. After the calcium chloride had been dissolved completely, the solution was cooled to room temperature, and 3.0 g of 2,2'-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzidine (PFMB) and 2.4 ml of pyridine were added. To the polymerisation solution cooled to -5 degrees C was added 4.0 g of 4,4'-(hexafluoroisopropylidene) bis(benzoylchloride) (HPBC) while stirring vigorously, and mild agitation was continued for 2 hours at -5 degrees C to complete polymerisation. The resulting solution was added dropwise to 500 ml of methanol to precipitate the polyamide, which was filtered, washed with methanol and then dried in a vacuum oven. The resulting PFMB/HPBC polyamide was dissolved in N,N-dimethylacetamide at a concentration of 5 wt.% to produce a polymer casting solution. The solution was cast on a glass plate using a doctor knife with 0.4 mm of clearance and dried by evaporating the solvent for 24 hours under nitrogen purge in an oven kept at 80 degrees C. The dried membrane was stripped from the glass plate and held in a vacuum oven at 200 degrees C for 24 hours to remove the residual solvent to give a final membrane having 0.02 mm thickness. The gas permeability of this membrane (at 20 degrees C) for helium was found to be 140.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Apparatus: The first container is a commercial fermenter or sludge tower, and the second container is a heat exchanger and preferably a dwell reactor. A second sludge tower is connected to the thermal disintegration container. The temperature in the dwell reactor is maintained constantly at 60-90 degreesC, and measuring probes are provided to continuously measure the temperature, pH and dry organic residue concentration. The outlet of the second container is connected to the inlet of the first container through a pipeline, and the gas (methane) produced, can be fed to a power station for subsequent use
EXAMPLE - Use of the humus in cress growth tests showed a 60 % better result than the use of high moor peat.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Reactor: The container of (I) includes a top layer of waste material, an intermediate layer of worms and a bottom layer of compost. The leveling means comprises at least one transverse leveling bar or cleat which moves from end-to-end of the surface layer of waste material within the reactor. The leveling cleats are attached to a conveyor and the cleats or bars are height adjustable. (I) also comprises an auxiliary container containing the leveling means which is located above the main container and is height adjustable.There are hydraulic or pneumatic ram assemblies between the auxiliary and main containers. There is also a harvesting means for removing compost from the container, which comprises at least one transverse cleat which move from one end of the container to the other scraping compost from the container into the discharge means. The compost is suspended on a mesh sheet which is contacted by the transverse cleat(s). The transverse cleats are attached to a basal conveyor which transports compost to a collection receptacle. The harvesting means comprises several pivot member valves which, in the closed position, form the base sheet of the container, and in the open position provide several openings for the transfer of compost into the discharge area. The pivot members are controlled by a control rod which moves up and down, and they are pivotally attached to an associated link which is, in turn pivotally attached to the control rod. The basal conveyor is provided with a means for aerating compost which is located on the upper flight of the basal conveyor. The container is also provided with an aeration means to aerate the worms within. The container has a lid comprising obliquely angled panels or gables. EXAMPLE - No relevant example given in the specification.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Features: The extended projection of the stirrer drive shaft (23) intersects the tank circumference as a secant in the horizontal plane of the tank bottom (20) and the drive shaft (23) forms an angle of 0-90 degrees with the horizontal. The stirrer (22) is spaced from the tank bottom (20) and may be height adjusted by a lifting rope or chain. The stirrer tube (12) has a triangular or partial elliptical cross-section and may be a height variable telescopic tube, the upper part of which has a vertical rod extension of 0.1-1.0 (preferably 0.15-0.30) m length and is mechanically coupled to a float. The stirring direction may be reversed, e.g. a daily to weekly intervals, for cleaning the stirrer tube (12).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Product: The phenol foam has preferably density 10-70 kg/m3, a brittleness of 30% or smaller, and its compressive strength (F) is related to its density (D) according to expression: F (kg/cm2) at least D (kg/m3) x 0.1164 - 2.5 EXAMPLE - Surfactant Paintad 32 (RTM) was dissolved in resol resin (obtained by reacting formalin and phenol and having viscosity at 40degreesC 6700 cPs), in amount 3.5 g per each 100 g of resol resin. The mixture was then mixed with foaming agent made of 96.7 wt.% of isopentane, 3 wt.% of Fluorinate FC-71 (RTM) (triperfluorohexylamine), and 0.3 wt.% of nitrogen, and with curing catalyst made of mixture of 60 wt.% of p-toluene sulfonic acid monohydride and 40 wt.% of diethylene glycol, at ratio of resin mixture, foaming agent and curing catalyst as 100:7:13 (wt. parts). The mixture was fed to pin mixer provided with thermostating jacket. The mixer product was blown into mold lined with Spanbond E1040 (RTM) (nonwoven fabric) which was then kept in oven at 80degreesC for 5 hours to give a phenol foam. The foam had independent porosity 91.1%, average pore size 88 mum, thermal conductivity 0.0178 kcal/m hour degreesC, fluoroamine content 0.191%, wt. proportion of gas 4.1%, density 35 k g/m3, brittleness 12% and compressive strength 2.4 kg/cm2, compared to 76.3%, 162 mum, 0.0257 kcal/m hour degreesC, 11.72%, 3.6%, 35 kg/m3, 36% and 1.7 kg/cm2, respectively, for the foam made using fluoroamine (Fluorinate FC-71) (RTM) dissolved in resol resin mixture, and foaming agent in form of mixture of 99.7 wt.% of isopentane and 0.3 wt.% of nitrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The composite or asymmetric membrane contains 1-99 wt.% of aromatic polyethersulfone and at least 25 wt.% of aromatic polyimide; and is in the form of hollow fiber. EXAMPLE - A 50:50 blend solution containing (a) VICTREX (RTM) (aromatic polyethersulfone) and (b) MATRIMID 5218 (RTM) (aromatic polyimide) were prepared as a 20 wt.% solution in N-methylpyrrolidiene. The blend solution was cast on a hot plate at 100degrees C with a 15 mil casting knife. After 0.5 hrs the film was further dried in a vacuum oven at room temperature overnight; the film was then stripped off the plate and dried in a vacuum oven at 120degrees C for four hrs. The resulting film was 1.8-2 mm thick, had an O2 productivity of 1.12 Barrers and an O2N2 selectivity of 6.4 at 30degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Equipment: The equipment is a receiver placed below the catalyst bed. EXAMPLE - The catalyst was purged (1.34 mole/hour H2 at 3.8 bar and 280degreesC) was charged with 3.83 mole/hour mixture of water and methanol in 1.5 molar ratio. After 9 minutes, when the purge gas had been displaced completely, the H2 concentration was constant at 67 vol.% and the carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration was constant at about 12 vol.%. Up to 17 minutes, the concentration of intermediates rose to maxima of 7 vol.% for CO and 0.2 vol.% for dimethyl ether (DME). The stationary state was reached after 20 minutes, when the concentrations were 0.8 vol.% CO and 70 ppm DME. The reformer, containing the methanol-water mixture, was stopped. On restarting without purging, the CO concentration was slightly higher, as 2.5% CO, after 3 minutes and the stationary state was reached 2 minutes later (after 5 minutes), i.e. much sooner than usual.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The cutback is carried out by a cutback equipment which also stirs the substances. In (a) the same amount of carbon materials as the organic waste are mixed. In the fermentation yard the aging is carried out while employing cutback every 10 or 20 days. The treatment system comprises a fermentation lane composed of a pair of walls which stretch along a longitudinal direction, a running lane situated on the fermentation lane wall, aeration equipment spraying air from the floor and/or the wall, a cutback system, a waste soil introduction inlet positioned near the base of the fermentation lane, an aging yard position near the fermentation lane and water-spraying equipment positioned at the waste oil introduction inlet, at the fermentation lane and the aging yard. A plurality of fermentation lanes are built and traverse systems furnished with cutback systems are build over the fermentation lane at right angles. EXAMPLE - Sewerage waste soil (100 g) was added to carbon material such as wood, sawdust, grains, twigs etc. Organic waste was placed on the above mixture in a fermentation lane, the mixture was mixed again and water was sprayed so as to control the humidity at 70%. Fresh air was introduced through aeration and cutback once every day. The temperature of the mixture became 75-85 degreesC and the moisture was controlled at 70%. These operations were repeated for 2 months without generating a bad odor. After fermentation aging was carried out with mixing and cutback every 10-20 days. The obtained fertilizers were directly usable for gardening and farming.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The separation apparatus comprises:(i) A distillation column having a number of liquid feed and recovery trays;(ii) Means for withdrawing the condensed hydrocarbon liquid;(iii) Means for reducing the pressure of at least a portion of the withdrawn liquid to produce a two phase stream;(iv) Means for separating the two phase stream into a vapor stream and a liquid stream; and means for reintroducing the vapor stream back into the distillation column.The apparatus preferably comprises a means of increasing the temperature of the withdrawn liquid, preferably one or more heat exchangers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Other Compound: The other compound is 1,2-dichloro-1-fluroethane, dichloromethane, dichlorofluromethane, trichlorofluromethane, dibromofluromethane, dichlorodifluromethane, bromotrifluromethane, chlorodifluromethane, 1,1,1,2-tetrafluroethane, trichloromethane, 1,1,2,2,3-pentafluropropane, 1,1,1,2,2-pentafluropropane, methyl iodide, ethyl chloride, propane and bromine.Preferred Combination: The combination is a clathrate composition and essentially comprises 98-99 wt% water and 1-2 wt% 1,1-dichloro-1-fluroethane and melts at 8.3 degreesC. Alternatively the combination comprises trichloromethane and water, methyl iodide and water, ethyl chloride and water, propane and water, 1,1,2,2,3-pentafluuropropane and water or 1,1,1,2,2-pentafluropropane and water. EXAMPLE - A mil thick polyester bag with a polyethylene lining having a heat seal type closure was filled with a mixture of 99 wt% water and 1 wt% 1,1-dichloro-1-fluroethane. The bag was sealed and placed in a freezer until the contents were frozen. The bag was removed from the freezer and thawed at room temperature. The surface temperature of the bag was 47 degreesF during thawing which lasted about the same period as the thawing of an equivalent wt of ice in a control bag. The surface of the cold pack was cool but comfortable to touch, whereas the control bag containing ice was uncomfortable to the touch.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preparation: The preparation of an immobilized aggregate comprising a support and cohesive or adhesive cells (as above), comprises introducing genes for cohesiveness or adhesiveness and/or genes for producing the desired material into a cell to obtain a recombinant cell, cultivating the recombinant cell with the support to form an immobilized cell aggregate and recovering the immobilized cell aggregate.Preferred Aggregate: The cell is a non-cohesive or non-adhesive cell into which genes for cohesiveness or adhesiveness are introduced, especially a cohesive yeast or a non-cohesive yeast comprising introduced cohesive genes, a cohesive bacterium or an animal cell. The support is a porous support and the aggregate is packed in a column.Preferred Method: The desired material is secreted from the cell e.g. a cell into which genes for secretion and production of the desired material are introduced.Preferred Cassette: The cassette has genes for cohesiveness of yeast and a promoter sequence for regulating the expression of the gene for the desired material of the yeast. EXAMPLE - The transformation of yeast was performed using the lithium acetate method. The cohesive yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 60715 was used as a host and the plasmid pAMR2 was introduced into the yeast to obtain a transformant (ATCC 60715 (pAMR2)). Polyurethane foam was added to a bubble column-type fermenter containing 3 l DS medium to obtain 1000 dice/l of the medium. The transformant (ATCC 60715 (pAMR2), was inoculated and cultivated at 30 degreesC for 51 hours to immobilize the transformant to the polyurethane foam and therefore obtain an immobilized cell aggregate. After the cultivation, the culture medium was removed and the immobilized cell aggregate was obtained. To the cell aggregate, an SD medium with 15 mM acetanilide (substrate of P450) was added and subjected to cultivation for 8 hours. This was the first cycle. The culture was repeated 5 times.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - FOOD - Preferred Process: (C) is treated in an enzyme reactor and the product is passed to the evaporator. Liquor (B) is passed to a first reverse osmosis unit and the retentate from this is used for recovery of protein. Waste water from protein recovery is also passed to the evaporator.Preferred Apparatus: This comprises:(1) a dewatering stage to which the optionally comminuted raw material and process water are supplied separately;(2) first reverse osmosis unit for concentration of (B);(3) enzymatic reactor for treating (C) with pectinase;(4) an evaporator for reducing the liquid volume of combined (C) and (B) stream after protein removal;(5) bioreactor for treating the condensate (D); and(6) a second reverse osmosis unit for desalting the liquid from the bioreactor, with the permeate from this unit being used as process water (of drinking quality).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - The gaseous oxidant comprises ozone, oxygen and/or combinations of these, preferably ozone diluted with an inert gaseous diluent to form a gaseous oxidant mixture containing up to ca. 100 vol.% ozone or oxygen diluted with an inert gaseous diluent to form a gaseous oxidant mixture containing 23-35 vol.% oxygen. The gaseous oxidant is air or oxygen-enriched air containing at least 30 vol.% oxygen, preferably 50 vol.% air. The gaseous oxidant is injected into the carbonaceous formation through a well, the well is shut-in for a selected time. The carbonaceous formation is a formation containing carbonaceous materials which are present with inorganic materials in the formation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - : Preferred Process - The iodine is derived from seaweed particles. The filtering uses reverse osmosis and/or separation of solid phase from liquid phase. The liquid phase is further purified especially by UV treatment to destroy living matter.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - A resistor (Rc) is connected in series to a current supply line to the ion-conductive member. The resistor is selected or adjusted depending on the performance of a sensor element (12). The specified gas component is oxygen and the predetermined gas component is NOx.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred features: The layer catalyses combustion of hydrogen and/or methanol with oxygen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred features: In (I) magnetic-field inducing coils or magnetic flux loops, generate oscillatory magnetic flux orientations, superimposed on the conditions outlined above (i.e. with similarly-excited electrodes, generating electrostatic fields and ionic currents). In fluids, variation of magnetic fields induces conductive ion field loops, triggering charge separation. Synchronously or asynchronous phase shift between field coils or magnetic flux loops occurs. Without electrodes, this causes charge separation. Other electrodes within the bioreactor, by analogy with the thermionic tube, comprise at least a screen and an injection- or intermediate grid and are connected to oscillatory circuits. The control grid electrodes are connected for feedback of electrical oscillations based on an ion-activated electrochemical resonance. The operation of the bioreactor is controlled by computer or wave-field controlled electronic program generators.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Features: On exceeding 75degreesC-80degreesC in the heap, air is injected. Below this temperature range, the oxygen content is enhanced to 25degreesC-30degreesC. Oxygen concentration is controlled as a function of temperature. Oxygen-containing gas is recirculated and the oxygen in then reinjected. The line used to introduce oxygen is perforated at intervals.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred features: Above 75degreesC-80degreesC, air is injected. Below this range, gas containing 25%-30% oxygen is injected. The concentration of oxygen introduced is dictated by the levels measured in the waste. The oxygen-containing gas is recirculated to allow injection of the recycled oxygen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: a heat exchanger or desulfurizing / reforming unit is used to cool the combustion gas. The system further includes a device for separating at least part of the oxygen from the oxygen-containing gas prior to delivery to the burner, and further includes devices for sensing and adjusting the amount of oxygen contained in the gas supplied to the burner, and further includes a unit for recirculating part of the cooled combustion gas to the burner. A gas storage tank is used to deliver the cooled gas to the fuel cell. The hydrogen is stored in solid form preferably as metal hydride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: All of the feed to be alkylated is introduced into the first zone. The overall ratio of feed to olefin is at least 4:1, preferably 7:1 to 15:1. The feed is an aromatic hydrocarbon or gasoline fraction and the alkylation is carried out at 0 - 250 degreesF.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred materials: The first organic material are food production wastes, especially extraction wastes. The second organic material is lignocellulose material e.g. chippings, fibers and/or wood dust. The ratio of the first to the second material is 1:2 to 1:8.Preferred method: The two materials are mixed for 5 minutes at 5-10 degreesC. After 24 hours of storage, the mixture is mixed through.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The composting method comprises:(a) drawing air through organic waste within a container, supported on a perforated floor; and(b) exhausting air and other gases from the container.The method also comprises draining leachate from the organic waste.Preferred Kit: The modifying kit comprises:(a) a perforated floor adapted to fit within the container;(b) at least one air inlet; and(c) at least one vent.The perforated floor is adapted to be positioned apart from the base of the container. The kit allows aeration of the waste within the container as in (I).Preferred Container: (I) preferably has a lid and a drain to remove leachates. A standard garden hose and its fittings are preferably be attached to the drain to drain or distribute the leachates. The container is preferably in the form of a conventional waste bin with a hinged lid, a handle and a pair of wheels. The air inlet(s) allow air in through air inlet aperture(s) located above the perforated floor. The inlet(s) comprise(s) an air intake pipe connected to the inlet apertures and projecting through the perforated floor into the gap between the floor and the base. There are preferably two inlets, one on either side of the container. The vents comprise an air vent aperture located above the level of organic waste in the container, in the side wall and an air vent pipe connected to and extending upwards from the aperture above the container. Air movement across the air outlet causes air or gases to be drawn through the aperture from the space within the container. The container preferably has straps attached to the lid to prevent leakage of gases from beneath it. EXAMPLE - No examples given in the specification.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Features: The hatches swing downwards to release the sack. The drain has a screen, preferably a perforated pipe on the bottom of the sack. Its sloping surface facilitates in the separation and draining off of liquids from the composting material. A tubular screen runs along the base of the sloping surface. Two planes slope towards each other, meeting at the tubular screen which connects to the drains. Two planes slope away from each other towards screening devices, each end of which has a drain. Sloping planes have grooves running in the direction of the slope. The carrier walls are stiff panels which are hinged at the base to the carrier; when mounted, the walls lock together. The lid has openings for delivery of composting material and for connection to ventilation ducts. EXAMPLE - In EMBODIMENTS the starting bed is supplied with bacteria and worms. The ventilation duct has a light and fan to attract and remove insects from composter. An ultraviolet source eliminates airborne odors and pathogens.
The hypofluorite is CF3OF, CF2(OF)2, CF3CF2OF, CH3COOF, (CF3)3COF, CF2HCF2OF, (CF3CF2)(CF3)2COF, CH3OF, CFH2OF, CF2HOF, CF3CF2CF2OF or (CF3)2CFOF. The gas also contains an inert gas, 0.4-90 vol.% of CO2, CO, NO, NO2 or N2O, and preferably CH4, NH3, HI, HBr, C2H2 or HCl, where the volume ratio of hypofluorite to the oxygen-containing gases is 1:4 and to the hydrogen-containing gases is 1:10. The deposit is B, P, W Si, Ti, V, Nb, Ta, Se, Te, MO, Re, Os, Ru, Ir, Sb, Ge, Au, Ag, As, Cr or the oxides, nitrides, carbides and alloys of these elements. The gas is used at 10-700degreesC (preferably not above 400degreesC), at 0.1-760 torr when used in a plasma-free cleaning method and at 1 mtorr - 10 torr when used in a plasma assisted method. Preferred process: Flow rate of the gas is 10-1000 sc
EXAMPLE - The diameters of the inner and outer tubes of the reactor were 35 and 50 mm respectively while the length was 700 mm. The catalyst was a 5 mm thick bed of Pt/Rh alloy in the form of fine wire. The reactor was brought to 800 degreesC by electric heating and a CH3/NH3/O2 (in the form of air) mixture with a molar ratio of 1.5:1:1 was passed through at the rate of 800 mmol/h of NH3. The yield with respect to NH3 was 58 %.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Process: Step (a) is conducted prior to step (b) and preferably further comprises a step for thawing the frozen soil and/or a step for applying pressure to the frozen soil between steps (a) and (b). The soil comprises an indigenous microorganism having an ability to decompose the pollutant (especially an aromatic compound e.g. phenol, toluene or creosol, or chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbon compound e.g. dichloroethylene or trichloroethylene) on induction and the step (b) is a step for feeding the soil at least one inducer for making the indigenous microorganism express the ability and a nutrient for growth of the indigenous microorganism. The nutrient is a carbon source which the microorganism can assimilate and/or is in gaseous state. SPECIFIC MICROORGANISMS - The microorganism is strain JM1 (FERM BP-5352) or strain JMC1 (FERM BP-5960).    EXAMPLE - A petroleum contaminated soil was left in the ground. A freeze pipe in which liquid nitrogen could flow and a pressure-injection having on its sides four openings covered with a rubber sleeve were both inserted in the contaminated soil. The liquid nitrogen was led in the freeze pipe to freeze the polluted soil, then compressed air was fed intermittently to the soil through the pressure injection pipe. The soil was then left to stand for thawing. A microbial agent (HYDROBAG) for petroleum decomposition was added to the water in a ratio of 100 g/l and a nutrient source was prepared to a C:N:P ratio of 100:10:1. 800 l Microbial agent was injected into the soil from the pressure-injection pipe. Air was also fed from the pressure injection pipe for about 5 hours everyday. After one month's feeding time, the soil was sampled. The TPH (total petroleum hydrocarbon concentrations) was determined to be 12200 ppm before treatment with an average petroleum pollution removal of 99%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred features: The vessel is spherical. The rigid axis is hollow, the cavity (18) carrying flow- and return pipes. The stirrer is a blade- or anchor type. The vessel has a charging and emptying port (28). Such ports are provided opposite each other, on either side of the vessel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred features: An hydraulic sliding layer (3) forms on the base. The fermenter has modular construction. Mechanical phase separation is effected in the outlet air lock (4). Tempered percolating water is recirculated. An elevation (6) holds up the sliding layer in the square, round or oval cross section. The mechanical unit (7) overcoming static friction, is complemented by a device (8) for complete emptying. Inoculation of biomass in the inlet lock takes place by diffusion. Percolate fed at the gas-extraction region of overlapping planking (9), flows to the percolate outlet (5) in the outlet lock section. Flow speed of the substrate advance is controlled steplessly by the pressure-actuated fermenter wall (12). Gas extraction (10) takes place under its own pressure, with supplementary suction. A gas-tight flexible apron (11) is pressed or sucked down on to the substrate surface in the outlet section, sealing it off. A preferably-heated mixer (13) and/or a unit promoting hygiene (14) is located in the inlet (sic) or outlet lock.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - The assessed value of the measured parameter is determined by means of measurement of fluorescence emission from at least one characteristic biogenic fluorophore, which is selected from tryptophan- and tyrosine-containing proteins, peptides, and derivatives of amino acids; purines, pyrimidines, nucleosides, nucleotides, nucleic acids, steroids and vitamins. The fluorophore is NADH, NADPH or another nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide.The excitation light is emitted at a wavelength of 340 nm, and fluorescence emission is detected at a wavelength of 460 nm. The biogenic fluorophores are excited with light emitted at a wavelength of 250 nm, and fluorescence emission is detected at a wavelength of 280 - 500 nm.The oxygen concentration of the aqueous medium is adjusted by adjusting the rate at which oxygen or air is introduced into the medium.The aqueous medium is waste water, and the biodegradation comprises:(1) at least one simultaneous nitrification/denitrification phase using aeration with air or oxygen to result in an oxygen concentration of at most 1.0 mg/l, e.g. 0.1 - 1.0 mg/l; and/or(2) at least one alternating nitrification phase using aeration with air or oxygen to result in an oxygen concentration of 0.2 - 3 mg/l and/or at least one denitrification phase without substantial aeration; and(3) at least one anaerobic phase for biological removal of phosphorus.The assessment of the measured parameter is performed by on-line measurement, e.g. using on-line fluorescence sensor equipment, and wherein adjustment of the oxygen concentration is effected by means of an on-line atomization system (preferably using predefined set points). EXAMPLE - A possible order of different phases are: nitrification, denitrification, simultaneous nitrification-denitrification phase, nitrification, denitrification and simultaneous nitrification-denitrification phase.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: the dense ceramic membrane is made from a mixed metal oxide in a particulate form by compressing particulate oxide against the porous support at elevated temperatures, whereby the chemical interaction defining the interfacial zone is obtained. The crystalline mixed metal oxide composition is based on the structure of the mineral perovskite CaTiO3, or has the formula DalphaEalpha+betaOdelta, where D = magnesium, calcium, strontium or barium; E = vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt or nickel; alpha = 1-4; beta = 0.1-20; (alpha+beta)/alpha is 1.1-6; delta is a number that renders the compound charge neutral. Preferably D is strontium and E is a mixture of iron and cobalt. The alloy is high temperature steel comprising nickel and/or chromium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: At least part of the hydrogen-rich stream produced in (e) is recycled to (a). The wt. ratio of lubricating oil:pyrolysis oil is more than 6:1. The recycle stream is maintained at 600-1050 degreesF. The hydrogenation conditions include temperature of 300-850 degreesF, pressure of 100-1800 psig, LHSV of 0.05-20 hr-1 and hydrogen:feed ratio of 200-100,000 SCFB. The hydroprocessing conditions include temperature of 400-850 degreesF, pressure of 100-1800 psig, LHSV of 0.05-20 hr-1 and hydrogen:feed ratio of 200-100,000 SCFB. The aqueous solution contains basic compound selected from sodium carbonate, calcium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide. The pyrolysis oil is thermally derived from post-consumer waste plastic or high-density polyethylene, low-density polyethylene, polystyrene, PVC and/or PET.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Apparatus: The manure collection and sedimentation tanks both contain a ramp allowing a vehicle to access the tank periodically in order to remove sedimented solids once the liquid phase has been pumped out. The exit from the group of solid separating devices is connected to a flocculation pipe, which is linked to flocculating agent dispensers (10) by a feed pump (11). Two sensors for the maximum and minimum liquid levels present in the flow regulating tank are used to initiate the filtration-aeration-final oxidation process once the tank is full, and this process is kept in operation until the minimum level of liquid is present in the tank. The purification tank, aeration chambers and final oxidation chambers are located in the same plane on one side of the flocculation piping (3) in order to allow froth formed inside the chambers to be flushed with water into the flocculation trough. The piping linking successive aeration and final oxidation chambers always extends from the bottom of the first chamber to the top of the second chamber in order to ensure that sedimented and flocculated particles are retained inside the chambers by the flow of liquid towards the flocculating trough. Air is injected into each aeration chamber using a pump equipped with a venturi nozzle and a discharge tube, the pump being submerged beneath the liquid inside the chamber. The final oxidation chambers are linked to an ozone generator (23) and contain porous ceramic diffuser discs in their bottom regions. The tanks and pits are uncovered, whilst the rotary filter screen, press, flocculating agent dispensers, flocculating agent feed pump, silica and diatomaceous earth filters and the ozone generator are all located inside a housing (17). EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred conditions: Reaction is at 325-450, best 350-400,degreesC, using a mixture containing at least 60, preferably 70, volume % propane and at least 20% oxygen, with the propane:oxygen mole ratio less than 5, preferably 1-2:1. The process is operated continuously at over 1 bar (preferably at least 2 bar), with the volume ratio of (A):(B) between 1:5 and 5:1, preferably 1:1. The contact time with each catalyst bed is 0.5-20 sec, preferably about 3 sec. Unreacted propane, and any propylene formed, is recycled and acrolein may be further oxidized to acrylic acid in a separate stage. Preferred catalysts: (I) are of formula: (Cu and/or Ni)a Mo1-b (W, Sn and/or Sb)b Ox and (II) are of formula Bia' Mob' Wc' (Co, Ni and/or Zn)d' Fee' (P and/or Sb)f' (K and/or Na)g' X6h' Ox. The catalysts are produced by conventional calcination, optionally on a porous support such as silicate spheres. EXAMPLE - A steel tube was packed with 42.5 cm layers of Mo1Co0.95Ox (A') and Mo12W2Bi1Co5.5Fe3 (B') then heated to 390degreesC. A mixture of 84 Nl/hr of 80:20 (by volume) propane-oxygen was passed through, contacting (A') first. The feed pressure was 2.7 bar and pressure drop over the tube 0.35 bar. The conversion of propane was 9% and selectivities for acrolein, acrylic acid and propylene 69, 10 and 1% (all molar).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Detector: The single sample wavelength band transmitted by the first filter has full width half maximum (FWHM) of 50 +/-20 nm (preferably 50 +/-10 nm). The first and the second reference wavelength band transmitted by the second filter has a FWHM of 25 +/-20 nm (preferably 25 +/-5 nm). SPECIFIC MATERIALS - The infrared radiation source is a Xenon arc flashlamp.
EXAMPLE - In an EMBODIMENT, the output from synthesis gas production unit (30) will generally be a relatively hot stream of synthesis gas which may flow through pipe (32) to first cooler/separator (34). Residual gas may also often be included in the synthesis gas stream exiting from synthesis gas production unit and will flow through pipe to first cooler/separator. Within first cooler/separator, liquids such as water, may be condensed and separated. First cooler/separator will have at least two outputs, a mixture of synthesis gas and any residual gas and liquids such as water. Any liquids other than water flowing through the pipe are preferably remove prior to reaching oxygen/hydrogen separator (40).
Preferred polymer: The extruded material is especially polymer in the form of waste plastic, rubber tyres, and carpet fib
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - IMAGING AND COMMUNICATION - Preferred member: In claims (A) and (B) the hydrogen content of the carbon film = 10 - 60 %, the optical bandgap = 1.2 - 2.2 eV, refractive index = 1.8 - 2.8, thickness = 50 - 10,000 Angstrom, preferably 100 - 2,000 Angstrom. The photosensitive layer comprises a nonmicrocrystalline material comprising silicon as a matrix, and the member comprises a lower inhibiting layer, a photosensitive layer, and an upper inhibiting layer, and further charge transport, charge generating, and surface protecting layers. In the first claim the dynamic hardness = 400 - 1000 kgf / m2. In the second claim the critical load at rupture = 100 - 500 mN. EXAMPLE - Layers were formed on an aluminum substrate using plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition under the conditions of; (i) Lower inhibiting layer 300 sccm SiH4, 500 sccm H2, 8 sccm NO, 2000 ppm B2H6, 100 W power, 0.4 Torr internal pressure and 1 mu film thickness. (ii) Photoconductive layer, 500 sccm SiH4, 500 sccm H2, 400 W power, 0.5 Torr internal pressure, 20 mum thick. (iii) Non-monocrystalline carbon film C:H layer, 20 sccm CH4, 100 W power, 0.2 Torr pressure, 100 degreesC substrate temperature. A comparative sample was made in the same way except that (iii) was formed using 500 sccm C4H6, 500 W power, 0.65 Torr pressure, 100 degreesC substrate temperature. The properties of inventive and comparative carbon film given as inv / comp were; refractive index = 1.8 / 1.7, H2 content (%) = 55 / 48, indentation hardness (kgf / mm2) = 323 / 235. The inventive sample showed no fusion after 100,000 sheets, no uneven shaving or striping on member or image, and good chargeability. The comparative sample showed slight fusion, shaving flaws, and inferior chargeability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Variant: The variant is derived from Bacillus subtilisin, preferably Bacillus lentus subtilisin.Preparation: The protease variants are preferably produced by mutation of DNA encoding a protease and expression using suitable host cells. EXAMPLE - Protease variants were produced by making mutations in Bacillus lentus GG36 subtilisin. The protease variants were tested in a microswatch assay using:    (a) 0.67g/l filtered Ariel Ultra in a solution containing 3 grains per gallon mixed Calcium 2+/Magnesium 2+ hardness, and 0.3ppm enzyme in each well at 20degreesC; or    (b) 3.38g/l filtered Ariel Future in a solution containing 15 grains per gallon mixed Ca2+/Mg2+ hardness, and 0.3ppm enzyme in each well at 40degreesC .    An enzyme with the substitutions Q12R, V68A, N76D, S103A, V104I, G159D, Y214L, A232V, Q236H and Q245R had 2.33 times the activity in (a) and 1.92 times the activity in (b) as compared to the N76D, S103A, V104I enzyme.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The hydrocarbon gas is selected from methane, ethane, propane, butane, ethene, propene, butene, acetylene and benzene or combinations, the organic material is a phenolic, novolac, resole or epoxy resin, lignin, starch, cellulose or a sugar and gas and organic are contacted at 500degreesC or above.
EXAMPLE - In an EMBODIMENT of the process the radiation beam is a pulsed tuneable laser beam with wavelengths in the range 150 to 700 nanometers.
EXAMPLE - In an EMBODIMENT, bulk gas hydrates (12) are stored within a storage chamber (14), which could be above , or in the ground, or the hold of a marine vessel, etc.. The apparatus for liberating the gas hydrates (10) is provided above the surface of the stored bulk hydrates and includes at least one steam coil (16) held on a substrate (18). The coil can be fixed to the substrate by adhesives, hardware, or any other suitable method. Additionally, the coil can be held within, or integrally formed as, a channel in the substrate. Substrate and coil can be in direct contact with the surface of the stored bulk hydrates or they can be adjacent to, but spaced apart from, the hydrates.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - FOOD - The coconut meat is removed by high pressure water jets, either pulsed or constant flow, aimed into the hollow of the portions to remove coconut meat from the shell. These jets may also be directed onto the outside of the coconut to remove the husk from the woody inner shell. The shell is then carbonized to give carbon as a byproduct of the process and the meat may be flattened and shaved before drying to produce desiccated coconut.The dryer is a fluidized bed dryer or a jet dryer, operating at 90-120 degreesC.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - The husks of the coconuts may be used as fuel for the coconut meat dryer and the carbonized shell can also be used as a fuel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Apparatus: the apparatus is in the form of a wheeled carriage (20) fitted with equipment for mixing (30) and aeration of the material, for sprinkling (53) the effluent and for loosening (40) the substrate when it is compacted. The carriage can move at variable speed in both directions on rails along the length of the silo or platform. The mixing equipment comprises a mixing conveyor (30) which travels at a fixed or variable speed in one or both directions. The apparatus can be operated manually or automatically using information supplied by various detectors.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Treatment: A permeable or semi-permeable membrane in the lower part of the aeration zone is connected to a pump for air injection controlled by a programmed computer. There is a separate injector for periodic dosing of microorganisms into the tank and a duct to induce vorticity enabling sludge recirculation. In a degreasing tank connected upstream, specific enzymes and nonpathogenic microorganisms degrade hydrocarbons and lubricants contained in the effluent. A settlement or humus tank is connected downstream of the reactor comprising a pump recycling sludge to the reactor recirculation zone. The reactor comprises injecting lime and iron oxide to catalyze the elimination of most of the phosphorus content. The reactor is preceded by a similar reactor, where the effluent comes into contact with mixed microorganisms. These are nonpathogenic and specifically degrade hydrocarbons and/or PCBs followed by a UV irradiation tunnel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Treatment: The degreasing tank comprises specific enzymes and nonpathogenic microorganisms to degrade hydrocarbons and lubricants contained in the effluent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred process:The reactant gas supply stream is an oxidant supply stream, which is preferably at a pressure below 300 mbar at the inlet port, and the reactant gas exhaust stream is selected from an oxidant exhaust stream and a fuel exhaust stream. Alternatively the reactant gas exhaust stream is an oxidant exhaust stream and the reactant gas supply stream is selected from an oxidant supply stream and a fuel supply stream. Preferably the reactant gas supply stream is an oxidant supply stream with a flow rate of 6-90 L/minute. The flow rate of the reactant gas supply stream or the reactant gas exhaust stream through the supply stream chamber or the exhaust stream chamber is selected such that the residence to diffusion time ratio R for a water molecule in the supply stream chamber or the exhaust stream chamber is 0.75-3. The reactant gas supply stream and the reactant exhaust stream are directed through the combined heat and humidity exchanger in a counterflow configuration. The solid polymer fuel cell is air-cooled.Preferred system:The supply stream chamber and the exhaust stream chamber comprises flow channels having a depth of 0.02-0.1 inches. The water permeable membrane is a perfluorosulfonic acid membrane and is 0.007 inches thick. The combined heat and humidity exchanger has a configuration selected from plate-and-frame, jelly roll and tube bundle configurations, preferably a multiple plate-and-frame stack configuration. The exchanger is external to the solid polymer fuel cell, preferably mounted on it and in direct thermal contact with it. Preferably the exchanger is modular.
EXAMPLE - A prototype of the invention was installed on the engine of a GMC Suburban(TM) motor vehicle.    The output of carbon monoxide from the engine when idle fell from 4.08-4.61 ppm to 0.02-0.04 ppm when the generator was activated. Similarly, hydrocarbon output fell by up to 90 % when the generator was activated.    The generator also resulted in an increase in engine torque of approximately 10 % and increase in engine output of up to 10 %.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Hydrocarbon feed comprises isobutane or isopentane.Preferred Process: Water is present at 0.75-10.0 (especially 1.0-3.0) wt.% concentration, with pressure of 2-100 (especially 30-80) bar and temperature of 125-175 (especially 145-160) degreesC. Using an isobutane feed, pressure is greater than 36 bar and temperature over 135 degreesC. Conversion of hydrocarbon feed is 1-25%, using oxygen at 10-30 (preferably 13-20) moles per mole feed, and continuous process occurs in a reactor cascade with 30-60 minutes residence time; the water film being preserved by arranging suitable rate and manner of stirring and adding continuously. EXAMPLE - Experiment was carried out under supercritical conditions using isobutane (IB): Oxygen/IB ratio of 15.3 mole/mole; 150 degreesC; 70 bar absolute; 1000 rpm stirrer speed; 45 minutes residence time. Selectivity (initially 47 mol%) increased to 74 mol% when water was added continuously at 1 wt.%, with respect to IB, and still measured 69 mol% after 4 months operation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: X = Te, d = 0.001-0.1 and Z = Yb. The catalyst may contain a silica support in amounts of 20-60 wt%.Preferred Preparation: By conventional methods, i.e. preparation of an aqueous mixture of suitable metal salts, drying the mixture and calcining to form the oxide. EXAMPLE - A catalyst with the composition Mo1VaNbbTecYbdOn (with a = 0.34, b = 0.14, c = 0.24 and d = 0.01) was obtained by dissolving 374.12 g ammonium heptamolybdate tetrahydrate, 84.56 g ammonium metavanadate and 117.11 g telluric acid in 1700 g water at 60 degreesC and cooling to 30 degreesC to give mixture (A), dissolviny 51.11 g niobic acid (76.6 % Nb2O5) and 100.29 g oxalic acid (2H2O) in 500 g water to give mixture (B), dissolving 8.89 g ytterbium acetate (4H2O) in 280 g water to give mixture (C), mixing the 3 solutions, spray-drying (240/145 degreesC), heating for 2 hours at 275 degreesC in air and calcining for 2 hours at 600 degreesC in nitrogen with a flow rate of 150 Ncm3/min.    The catalyst was tested for the ammoxidation of propane at 440 degreesC and 1 bar in a fluid bed reactor with a contact time of 1 sec.g/cm3 and a propane/ammonia/oxygen/helium mol ratio of 1:x:2.8:12.    An ammonia content of x = 0.8 gave the best results, with an acrylonitrile yield of 70.4 (64.5) % based on ammonia or 56.3 (51.6) % based on propane. Values in brackets are for an oxide catalyst containing Mo, V, Nb and Te in the same atom ratios as above but with no ytterbium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Ceramics and Glass: The capillary (100) may consist of a metal-coated ceramic or carbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Power: The second lead (200) may be a 0.3-0.5 mm diameter metal wire, which is wound one or more times around the capillary at its open end region (A), or may be a carbon lead. The heater (U) is preferably a d.c. or a.c. Source.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Capillary: The capillary (100) and the second lead (200) may consist of tungsten, tantalum, iridium, rhenium or their alloys. EXAMPLE - A tungsten capillary (100) had a length of 50 mm, a remote end outside diameter of 1.6 mm, an effusion end outside diameter of 1.2 mm and an inside diameter of 0.6 mm. The second lead consisted of a 0.3 mm diameter tungsten wire (200) which was wound 1.5 times around the capillary near its effusion end (103) to form a 1.1 mm diameter winding. A temperature of 2000 K was produced by current supply at 1.4 V and 27 A. The polar angular distribution of the effusing radicals was well described by a cos5theta distribution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The thermal barrier is made of Teflon (RTM : polytetrafluoroethylene).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electrolyte used is a hygroscopic acid such as sulfuric acid maintained in porous plastic medium similar to filter paper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Blowing Agent: The blowing agent preferably comprises less than 34 wt% of low permeability compound.Preferred Extrudate: The extrudate comprises 2-10 wt% ( preferably 3-8 wt%, more preferably 4-6 wt%) blowing agent, and 0.5 -1.88 wt% ( preferably 1-3 wt%) of low permeability compound, and 0.25 - 5 wt% (preferably 0.5 - 3 wt%) and 0.25 - 5 wt% ( preferably 0.5 - 3 wt%) of low and high volatility compound respectively. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - Low permeability compound is cyclopentane, isopentane, isobutane, 2,2-dimethyl butane, cyclohexane, or their mixtures (especially isopentane, isobutane, or their mixtures). Low volatility compound is acetone, acetone / water mixture, methyl acetate, or their mixtures (especially acetone); and high volatility compound is carbon dioxide, nitrogen, hydro-fluorocarbons, ethane or their mixtures (especially carbon dioxide).    EXAMPLE - Polystyrene foams were made using extrudates containing 0.8-1.88 wt.% of isopentane, 1.88-3.1 wt.% of acetone, and 0.60-0.73 wt.% of carbon dioxide. The foams showed improvement in blowing agent loss during 30 days compared to results obtained for foam made using conventional blowing agent (isopentane and carbon dioxide) (0.02-0.18 wt.% loss against 1.22 wt.% loss, over 28-30 days). The extrusion rate was equal or better than that achieved using conventional blowing agent (142-151 lb/hour compared to 139 lb/hour).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The reducible oxide is of copper, chromium, cobalt, iron and/or manganese, and is in an amount 0.1-5 wt.%. The concentration of ceria is 30-70 wt.%, titania is 5-25 wt.% and zirconia is 5-25 wt.%. EXAMPLE - A gold catalyst was used in the oxidation of methanol. Despite its lower metal loading, the gold catalyst had better oxidation activity at temperatures below 100 degreesC, giving 99% at 30 degreesC and 100% oxidation at 50 degreesC compared with 50% and 80%, respectively, for a Pd/alumina catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The heat transfer bed comprises a rotatable unit having flow passages in which, or on the walls of which, the convertible material is disposed, and the unit is continuously rotated about its axis to move each flow passage through a succession of zones as above. The reducing gas is part of the feedstock. The reaction stage is carried out in two parts and the feedstock is passed through the heat transfer bed in the first part in one direction and in the second part, the partially reacted feedstock is passed through the bed in the opposite direction. The oxidized regeneration gas is passed through the heat transfer bed in the direction opposite to the feedstock flow in the first stage. The feedstock is propane and the convertible material is a chromia containing catalyst. The reducing gas is hydrogen. The spent hydrogen from the reductive regeneration is fed through the heat transfer bed after the reaction stage as a hydrogen flushing stage, and the effluent from this is added to the products stream. EXAMPLE - Using the above process in the dehydrogenation of propane about 74% of the required heat of reaction was produced by the oxidative and reductive regeneration stages.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: the catalyst has a difference between the clean-up and runaway temperatures of at least 40 degreesC. The amount of hydrogenation in the bed is such that the effluent from the bed has an acetylene content of less than 2 p.p.m. vol. The process is operated so that there is an increase in the olefin molar content of the gas amounting to at least half of the molar amount of acetylene, methyl acetylene, propadiene and butadiene hydrogenated. EXAMPLE - A Pd/Zn/alumina catalyst with clean-up and runaway temperatures of 63 and 103 degreesC, respectively, could be used in processes where the temperature rise through hydrogenation was less than 32 degreesC, with less ethylene hydrogenated than that produced through hydrogenation of acetylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The dehydrated material is heated to at least 700 degreesC under reforming conditions to produce an at least partially collapsed composition suitable for use in hydrocarbyl reforming to synthesis gas. The composition is divalent metal oxide, divalent metal aluminum oxide spinel or hybrid phase of these components in the same catalyst crystallite and joined through an epitaxial interface. The anionic layered mixed hydroxide is a hydrotalcite-like compound of formula (M2+(1-x)Mx3+(OH)2)x+(Ax/nn-).mH2O;M2+ = divalent metal as above;M3+ = is trivalent metal as above;x = 0.25-0.5;An- = anion;m = 0 or positive number.The hydrocarbyl is 1-20C hydrocarbyl. EXAMPLE - A layered mixed hydroxide of Ni/Mg/Al, calcined at 850 degreesC, was evaluated to the formation of synthesis gas by partial oxidation of methane. 94.88% conversion was obtained with 169.61 mol% selectivity to hydrogen, 97.40mol% to carbon monoxide and 2.6 mol% to carbon dioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: A specified composition comprises (4 specified): 45 wt.% trifluoromethyl iodide, 50 wt.% propane, 4 wt.% cyclopentane and 1 wt.% silicone oil. EXAMPLE - A refrigerant composition was prepared comprising (wt.%): Trifluoromethyl iodide (45), propane (50), cyclopentane (4) and silicone oil (1).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The enzyme (1-5000 mug/100 ml aqueous culture medium) is a protease, cellulase, alpha-amylase and/or lipase. The detergent (0.001-1000 ppm) comprises a surfactant which is anionic, cationic, amphoteric and/or nonionic. The aqueous culture medium is a wastewater effluent and the microorganism is a bacterial strain e.g. pseudomonas, bacillus, acinetobacter and/or rhodococcus genera of comprises fungi and microscopic algae (especially in the form of a dormant spore or a vegetative dividing cell). EXAMPLE - Liquid wastewater media (125 ml) were inoculated with 5 x 106 spores or with a mixture of the same amount of spores plus neutral subtilisin (390 mug), cellulase (115 mug), alpha-amylase (235 mug) and lipase (155 mug). After 60 hours incubation at room temperature, the number of viable cells was determined. With the exception of Lutensol GD 50, a non ionic surfactant which exhibited no inhibitory effect, all the other tested compounds inhibited spore germination and the subsequent growth of the Bacillus strains at surfactant concentrations. A complete absence of growth was also observed when the liquid wastewater medium was inoculated with spores however the addition of hydrolases to the wastewater medium allowed spore germination and subsequent growth.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred method: The heater unit has a porous, preferably honeycomb structure. The catalyst unit contains a steam reforming, partial oxidation and decomposition reaction catalyst or a CO shift reaction or CO selective oxidation reaction. The heater is made of a sintered, metallic or composite material, as long as one component is electrically heatable. The heater can be upstream or downstream of the catalyst. A heat exchanger downstream of the catalyst recovers heat to heat the catalyst. The metallic honeycomb structure is made of an alloy of Fe-Cr-Al, Fe-Cr, Fe-Al, Ni-Cr or Ni-Al. Alternatively the metal is selected from elements of Groups VB to VIII, Group IB and Group IIB. The heat resistant oxide is Al2O3, SiO2, TiO2, ZrO2, MgO, zeolite, SAPO or ALPO. The catalyst has passages of dimensions 0.5-10 mm in diameter and an open frontal area of 50-95%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - The device offers a new compact and reliable way of feeding a fuel cell with hydrogen reformed from methane and water.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred features: The casing is tubular and heated especially by an electrical resistance heating coil (2). In the first region (1a) of the casing there is a material unaffected by the mixture of hydrocarbon derivative and water. In the second region, there is a suitable reformer catalyst. The first region is filled with steel wool or metal braid. The second has a catalytic packing. A dosing unit (20) introduces the mixture, with an on/off valve mechanism. A second device limits flowrate by throttling the flow cross section. A pressurized supply vessel (6) feeds the mixture. Pressurization is obtained from a compressed gas vessel (7), or alternatively using a spring.Compact micro-scale equipment is feasible for hydrogen production.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - A special use concerns gas generation to produce chromogens in glass layers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The starting mixture contains at least 60, especially at least 70 vol.% propane and at least 20 vol.% oxygen.Preferred Production: Oxidation is carried out at 325-450, especially 350-420 degreesC, especially continuously. EXAMPLE - The multimetal oxides used had the composition Mo1Co0.95Ox (IA); and Mo12W2Bi1Co5,5Fe3Si1,6K0,08Ox' (IIA), both with a particle diameter of 0.6-1.2 mm. A reaction tube (8.5 mm inside diameter, 1.4 m long) was charged, from the bottom upwards, with a 7 cm long holder, 13 cm layer of 1-2 mm quartz chips, 42.5 cm layer of (IIA), 42.5 cm layer of (IA) and 13 cm layer of 1-2 mm quartz chips. The tube was heated to 430 degreesC over its entire length, then charged with 56 Nl/hour mixture of 80 vol.% propane and 20 vol.% oxygen.    After one pass, the propane conversion was 10 mol% and the selectivity was 59 mol% to acrolein, 14 mol% to acrylic acid and 3 mol% to propylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The starting mixture contains at least 60, especially at least 70 vol.% propane and at least 20 vol.% oxygen.Preferred Conditions: Oxidation is carried out at 325 - 450degreesC, especially 350 - 420degreesC, especially continuously. EXAMPLE - The multimetal oxides used had the composition Mo1Co0.95Ox (IA); and Mo12W2Bi1Co5.5Fe3Si1.6K0.08Ox' (IIA), both with a particle diameter of 0.6 - 1.2 mm. A reaction tube (8.5 mm inside diameter, 1.4 m long) was charged, from the bottom upwards, with a 7 cm long holder, 13 cm layer of 1-2 mm quartz chips, 42.5 cm layer of (IIA), 42.5 cm layer of (IA) and 13 cm layer of 1-2 mm quartz chips. The tube was heated to 430degreesC over its entire length, then charged with 56 Nl/hour mixture of 80 vol.% propane and 20 vol.% oxygen. After one pass, the propane conversion was 10 mole% and the selectivity was 59 mole% to acrolein, 14 mole% to acrylic acid and 3 mole% to propene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The hydrocarbon-containing gas is a methane-containing gas. The membrane is formed from perfluorosulfonic acid, polybenzimidazole or an inorganic material, e.g. a zeolite, and is preferably treated with phosphoric acid.Preferred Cell: The catalytic anode and cathode are formed of compressed carbon powder loaded with metal catalyst, carbon cloth supporting metal catalyst, or nickel mesh impregnated with metal catalyst.Preferred Apparatus: The cell is formed of Teflon (RTM), a carbon black or metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - The feeding means comprises a first cylinder having a first opening mounted to a first base, the first base being attached to a second base mounted to the reaction vessel, the second base defines a second opening, a sliding member disposed between the first and second bases, the sliding member defines a first passage and is movable to align the first passage and the second opening such that the first cylinder communicates with the reaction chamber, and a first piston with a first valve in the first cylinder movable to push the solid materials into the reaction chamber through the first passage and the second opening; wherein the piston cylinder, sliding member, first and second bases operate without leakage of gases. The method further comprises the step of introducing carbonaceous material along with the waste material into the reaction chamber. At least a portion of the metallic oxides are contained in the extracted ash. The metallic oxides are selected from Fe3O4, Al2O3 and CaO, and further comprising the steps of mixing lime with the extracted ash to form a mixture, and introducing the mixture into the reaction chamber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The process is used for the production of formaldehyde and methyl mercaptans from a sour natural gas stream. The methyl mercaptans are contacted with a third catalyst selected from supported or bulk metal oxide under oxidizing conditions to convert at least part to formaldehyde and sulfur dioxide. The third catalyst has metal oxide overlayer of Ti, Zr, Mo, Re, V, Cr, W, Mn, Nb and/or Ta, and has support of titania, silica, zirconia, alumina, niobia, magnesia, ceria, La oxide and/or Sn oxide. The metal loading of the second catalyst is 0.5-30 wt.% and the metal oxide overlayer of the third catalyst is 0.5-35 wt.%. The second catalyst and supported metal oxide third catalyst are each preferably vanadia overlayer on titania support, containing 1-15 wt.% vanadia. The bulk metal oxide catalyst is molybdates, chromates, vanadates, rhenates, titanate, niobates and/or tungstates, preferably of lead, sodium, bismuth, aluminum, iron, magnesium, cerium, zinc, cadmium, vanadium, potassium, thallium, calcium, manganese, gadolinium, copper, cobalt, tellurium, yttrium, lithium, antimony, barium, strontium and/or cesium. The contacting with the second catalyst is at 225-450 degreesC and with the third catalyst is 200-700 preferably 325-500 degreesC. 10-2 to 104 cm3 preferably 0.1-100 cm3 methyl mercaptan contacts 1 g third catalyst per minute. The methyl mercaptan is CH3SH, CH3SCH3 and/or CH3SSCH3. EXAMPLE - 100mg of a 10%vandia/15%titania/silica catalyst gave 71 mol% conversion of CH3SH with 85 mol.% selectivity to formaldehyde.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Features: Heat in one compartment heats the floor of the compartment above. The duct preferably has a valve. Material is moved in each compartment by rotating arms. Each floor has a transfer opening. The lowest compartment has an outlet conveyor. Air is blown into the compartments. Air is blown into one compartment to pass up into the compartment above through rotating arms. Sprayed fluid is heated in a boiler. There is a temperature probe in each compartment. Fluid reservoir is a water tank above a compartment. Transfer of material is by elevating a screw at edge of casing. The screw is in a radially extended portion of the casing. Material transfer and disturbance are activated when material reaches a high temperature.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Before filtration, sulfuric acid and/or ammonium sulfate are added to the residual solution or a solid ammonium sulfate is mixed with the gypsum bed so that in the reaction the molar ratio of (K + Na): SO4 is 2. The filtration can also be implemented as either overpressure or vacuum filtration under a pressure of 0.1-2.0 bar, the flow rate being 1-10 cm/hr. The potassium salt cake obtained after the filtration may be washed with water and/or a saturated potassium sulfate solution in order to remove any organic residues. The potassium salt cake formed may be regenerated to dihydrate gypsum by washing it with ample water. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - Syngenite (K2Ca(SO4)2.H2O) and glaserite (K3Na(SO4)2) and/or potassium sulfate (K2SO4) are formed in the reaction. The gypsum bed is formed from dihydrate gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O).    EXAMPLE - No relevant examples given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: the liquid water is mixed with the gas stream and vaporized prior to the reaction. Water vaporization and mixing with the gas stream is enhanced by placing a gas distribution unit in the flow path of the mixture, the distribution unit comprises an inert packing material such as glass beads, ceramic pellets or metal wool or mesh, static mixer(s) and/or baffle(s). The catalyzed reaction is selective oxidation and/or methanation, preferably oxidation and air or oxygen is introduced into the gas stream. The purification comprises two or more catalyzed reactions for the selective removal of carbon monoxide from the gas stream and the liquid water is introduced to only some of the reactions. The gas stream is a reformate gas mixture and the catalyst is supported noble metal or base metal catalyst. The carbon monoxide concentration is reduced to below 10 p.p.m. The process is operated in combination with a water-gas shift reaction. EXAMPLE - Using the above process, a gas stream containing 0.5 vol.l% carbon monoxide was purified to a product gas stream containing 3-5 p.p.m. carbon monoxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: X is phosphorus, A is 2-3 preferably 2.5, C is 0.2-0.45 preferably 0.3 and D is 0.01-0.1 preferably 0.04. The catalyst is a supported catalyst, with the support being alumina, silica, titania, zirconia, zeolite or molecular sieve, or is a microporous material and/or nanoporous material. The supported catalyst comprises 10-50 wt.% catalyst composition and 50-90 wt.% support. The preparation mixture is in aqueous system of pH 1-10 preferably 1-7. The calcining involves heating at 250-450 degreesC in air or oxygen for 1-16 hours. The catalyst is in a fixed or fluidized bed and the oxidation is carried out by feeding a mixture containing ethane into the reaction zone. The feed mixture further comprises air or oxygen, and contains 1-70 vol.% ethane. The feed mixture is diluted with 0-40 vol.% steam. The oxidation is achieved during operation in a gas phase at 150-450 degreesC, pressure of 1-50 bars and contact time of 0.1-10 seconds. The oxidation provides a selectivity to acetic acid of 50% at a 50 % conversion of ethane per single pass through the reaction zone. Oxygen is introduced into the feed mixture to increase the yield and/or selectivity of acetic acid. The catalytic reaction converts fluid phase reactant(s) which is ethane to fluid phase product(s) which is acetic acid. The fluid phase reactants further comprise alpha beta unsaturated aliphatic aldehydes and oxygen and the products comprise alpha beta unsaturated carboxylic acids. EXAMPLE - A catalyst composition containing boron as promoter gave 24.61% acetic acid yield with 38.2% selectivity and 64.41% conversion of ethane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Features: The surface area of the plate is at least Q/VEL, where Q is the air flow rate in ft3./min., and VEL is the velocity in ft3./min.. The air flow is about 200 ft3./min.. The volume of media is 100 ft3. The volume of media is at least half the air volume flow per minute. The apparatus is cylindrical; the plate diameter is at least 0.375 x Q0.5ft. The container diameter is D; the height of the media is at least 2Q/piD2 ft.. The holes are 0.125 inch diameter at 0.25 inch centers. A number of containers are stacked on each other, each with a thin layer of media to prevent compaction. There are 5 perforated plates, each supporting Q/10 ft3. of media. The apparatus includes upper and lower chambers separated by the plate; a framework of bars reinforces to plate; a void is maintained below the plate. Spoke bars and rib bars support the plate. The container is insulated. The apparatus is made of aluminum, stainless steel, fiberglass or high density plastic. The perforated plate is riveted to the framework. The bioactive media is compost from municipal waste, wood chips, bark or leaves. The media includes chemical buffer, preferably limestone. The media is 40 - 60 % water. The airstream is humidified. WIDER DISCLOSURE - Air flow is maintained down through the layers by application of vacuum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Carbon Nanotube Device: The catalyst particle is a metal, preferably cobalt, nickel or iron of particle size 1-100nm preferably 2-50nm, deposited by ac electrodeposition. The insulating wall is formed of alumina and comprises an anodic oxide film formed from an aluminum thin film formed on the substrate. The substrate material includes at least one of titanium, zirconium, niobium, tantalum and molybdenum which may form a conductive bridge between the catalyst particle and the conductive substrate. The insulating wall may alternatively contain silicon. The device comprises multiple nanotubes. Preferred Methods: The nanotube is grown from a catalyst particle deposited at the binding site. An Al film is deposited on the substrate and anodized and a narrow hole is formed in the resulting alumina film, either partially through the film or fully through the film to the conductive substrate. A catalyst particle is deposited in the hole and the nanotube is grown from the catalyst. The substrate is annealed in H2 and/or an inert gas at 200-1100degreesC for 5-60 minutes prior to deposition of the catalyst particle. The substrate may alternatively be formed of low-resistance silicon, the narrow hole being formed in the substrate by lithographic patterning. The nanotube is grown from methane, ethylene, acetylene, carbon monoxide or benzene and hydrogen at a pressure of 500-3000Pa and temperature 400-800degreesC. EXAMPLE - An Si wafer is sputter coated with 100nm Ti followed by 1 micron Al and the Al is then anodized in oxalic acid. Superfine particles of Co are then electro-deposited by ac. electro-deposition into the holes formed in the anodized layer. A carbon nanotube is then grown from the catalyst particle using a diluted carbon source gas at 1000Pa over 20 minutes under IR heating at 400-800degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The ester is a chain or cyclic carbonate or a cyclic ester of formulae (I)-(VI).R1 = 1-4C alkyl;R2-R4 = 2-5C alkyl or 2-10C hydrocarbon with an ether link;l, m, n = 0 or above, but are not 0 at the same time;R5, R6 = H or Me;R7 = bond, -CH2O-, -CH2O(CH2CH2O)p-(CH2CHCH3O)q or CH2O(COO-(CH2CH2O)p)r-(COO-(CH2CHCH3O)q)s-;p, q = 0-3, and are not both 0;r, s = 0-2, and are not both 0;A = H or alcohol residue of hydric value beta;alpha = 0-2;beta = 0-4;X = methylene group or O;R8 = ethylene, 2-methylethylene, ethyleneoxyethylene or 2-methylethyleneoxy-2-methylethylene;R9 = H, Me or hydroxymethyl;R10 = O or oxymethylene;R11 = H or Me;R12 = Me or Et; andv = 1-3.The cyclic carbonate of formula (II) is at least one of propylene and butylene carbonate and gamma-butyrolactone and further includes a polyalkylene glycol of formula (VIII).D = H or a group of formula (i);Z = H or a monohydric alcohol residue;t, u = 0-20;t+u = at least 2; andl = 1-4.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Sensor (3) is a pressure transducer, and regulator (6) is an electropneumatic controller.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Unit (1) is a microprocessor with analog input and output devices.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Source (9) is a conventional air compressor, and pump (7) is an air-driven liquid pump. EXAMPLE - In an EMBODIMENT of the system, the supercritical fluid is carbon dioxide, other appropriate fluids being nitrogen, propane, ethane, pentane, isobutane, ammonia and fluorocarbons. The pressure of fluid delivered by pump (7) is 800-20000psi, which is controlled to within about 1psi, and the delivery flow rate is between 0.0001 and 19 liters per minute.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Equipment: The mixing blade is an impeller preferably of diameter 30-40 ins. The seal is a mechanical seal. The bearing is a support bearing. The bearing housing is 8-16 ins diameter and 10-40 ins long. At least part of the liquid butane and sulfuric acid are reacted to form alkylate product which is recovered. The mixing blade has a counterbore defining one side of the aperture in the blade, which has smaller diameter than the aperture and provides a stopping surface for a locking nut threaded on the first end portion of the contactor shaft.
EXAMPLE - In an EMBODIMENT of the system valves (40,42) allow connection of the two transfer tanks to equalize internal pressure prior to connecting a transfer tank to the heat exchanger. The valves allow connection of the heat exchanger to the transfer tank to lower pressure in the exchanger to allow rapid transfer of liquid from the transfer tank when the pressure building tank is then connected to the transfer tank. When the transfer tank has been pressurized by connection to the pressure building tank a vaporizer (22) is connected to the transfer tank to convert high pressure cryogen liquid to high pressure gas for storage in a high pressure gas storage tank (24). Valves (34,82) allow connection of the transfer tanks via mixer nozzles (88) and diffuser chamber (90) so that system pressure may be controlled without venting to atmosphere.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Process: The process is preferably carried out by introducing the fresh organic waste into a pit and initiating the fermentation (compositing) process; turning the fermenting material over at least twice for the purposes of aeration and dispersal of any liquid formed; sprinkling the material with the beet molasses to obtain a desired nitrogen content (at least 3 %); and when fermentation is complete, spreading the product out for a slow maturing phase. The process may be carried out in a tunnel with the mixing being carried out before the material enters the tunnel. The molasses may be added at least twice. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred process: The O2/feedstock volume ratio is at least 0.22. The mixture is natural in origin or derived from industrial activity. The O2 is entirely converted to CO with or without CO2 and water vapour. Conversion occurs in the presence of a metal or ceramic body, located after the plasma, at temperature not greater than 1100degreesC. Without a flow of products, the body deactivates itself. Conversion occurs at 7kPa and conversion temperature (defined as the temperature of any solid element placed in contact with the electric discharges) is less than 1200degreesC. The conversion products contain H2 and CO in relative amounts 0.46-3.05.
EXAMPLE - An oxygen-fuel boost reformer (80) is mounted in the end wall (82) of the primary reformed gas header (8), and includes a refractory lined mixing tube (84) attached to, and extending through, reformed gas header wall (82) into interior of the header. An outer tube (86) is mounted in rearward end of mixing tube surrounding an elongated intermediate tube (88). An inner tube is spaced radially inward within intermediate tube.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred bacteria. The bacterial strain used is Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b, and the stable isolate forms a rosette cluster of it. The strain produces an oxygenase or monooxygenase system for biodegrading the contaminant, e.g. methane monooxygenase. EXAMPLE - Methylosinus trichosporium were assayed at 30 degreesC for their whole-cell specific rate of trichloroethylene (TCE) degradation using a (1,2-carbon14)TCE radiotracer assay (2000 cpm per nmol), plus and minus 20 mM formate as a source of soluble methane monooxygenase (sMMO) reducing power. The initial steady state rate of biotransformation of TCE was 52.3 nmol per minute/mg in the presence of formate and 30.5 nmol per minute/mg in its absence. (1,2-Carbon14) TCE having 6.2 microCi per micromol dissolved in water was used for the test, which indicated an overall recovery of 70-80%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: the second particles comprise alumina and boria in wt. ratio of 1:1 to 100:1, and can contain a halogen component. The catalyst system further comprises particles containing manganese oxide(s). The first particles can contain an alkali metal component and the second particles have Bronsted activity and are selected from boria, silica, titania and zirconia. EXAMPLE - A catalyst system of Pt/large pore zeolite and silica/alumina, gave conversions of 15 wt.% higher than that of a conventional Pt/L zeolite/gamma-alumina system.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The sample material is rubber, especially bromobutyl or chorobytyl rubber. The HCC is aromatic, non-aromatic, or non-aromatic with not less than one halogen ion cluster. The reagent gas is methane, isobutane or ammonia gas. The minimum halogen detection and quantification level is ppm to ppb. EXAMPLE - A blend containing 1,2-dibromo-2-methylpropane, 1,2-dibromo-3-chloro-2-methylpropane (I), 1,2,3-tribromo-2-methylpropane, 1,2-dibromohexane, and isoprene dibromide was tested by negative ion chemical ionization (NICI). A typical spectrum of compounds containing halogen at positions 1,2 or 1,4 is shown in figure 1 which is an NICI spectrum of (I). Using the NICI method multiple halogenated species could be detected at sub-ppm levels. Using atomic emission detection (AED), (I) gave signals in both chlorine and bromine channel, but it was not clear whether the chlorine and bromine were present in the same molecule or in two different molecules having the same retention time. Also, dibromo compounds could not be distinguished from monobromo compounds by AED, which demonstrates the advantage of the NICI method.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred membrane: The organophilic membrane(s) is an elastomer or rubbery membrane and is made from silicone rubber e.g. POMD or PDMS. The glassy membrane(s) is manufactured from polyamide-imide(s) or aromatic polyimide(s).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred process: The gas and/or gas vapor mixture is fed to the organophilic membrane unit(s) at a pressure 1-30bar, preferably 2-15bar. The temperature is modified before inlet to the organophilic membrane unit(s), in the range 0-25C(sic).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: A mixture of a compost having a predetermined formulation and sea sand is used as the prescribed microbial source. The weight of carbon dioxide formed by the decomposition of the organic matter and the weight of carbon dioxide formed by the decomposition of the cellulose are determined by allowing each carbon dioxide to be adsorbed by soda lime and measuring the weight gain in soda lime.Preferred Apparatus: The first and second carbon dioxide adsorption means are soda lime and the adsorption column is connected to the other end of the reaction column via a water removing column or a desiccation column. EXAMPLE - PCB was added to a compost raw material prepared from sawdust, poultry manure and superphosphate to test the influence of PCB on the composting process. PCB (1 g) was deposited on the surface of a cellulose (21 g) and on that of glucose (21 g) to form 1 wt.% (dry) PCB. The sample was taken into a vessel and stirred well and then introduced into the reaction column. The carbon/nitrogen ratio and carbon/phosphorus ratio of the sawdust, poultry manure and superphosphate used as raw materials as well as the mixing ratio. The weight of the compost prepared to have a water content of 70% was 300 g/500 cc.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - The plant includes chambers of 50-70 m3, where 75degreesC is reached. Air supply into the material is described as both explosive, presumably loosening it, and also as continuous or intermittent, to maintain temperature. Air lances are perforated and pointed. They are withdrawn to allow the material to be moved into successive chambers, as drying proceeds. An interval at high temperature achieves sanitization. The drying screw plant completes the process, before briquetting and gasification. Plant air and gases are extracted, to be filtered using a compost filter, before release.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solvent is heptane and the propellant is isobutane. The thermal grease mixture contains 30-40 wt.% thermal grease, 10-20 wt.% hexane and 30-40 wt.% isobutane. The mixture is dispensed as a liquid spray of mixture containing leveling agent which is preferably glycol ether, and contains 40-50 wt.% thermal grease, 50-60 wt.% heptane or hexane and 1-5 wt.% glycol ether.
EXAMPLE - To test the efficiency of the proposed products, an apparatus was designed which comprised a 10 m loop consisting of tubes of internal diameter 7.7 mm and a 2 l reactor with inlet and exit for the mixture of condensate, water and additive initially introduced. The reactor enabled pressure to be applied to the system, and similar tubes ensured circulation of the fluids from the loop to the reactor with an intermediate pump. An observation cell was integrated in the circuit to visually detect the presence of hydrates. For a trial, the fluids (water, oil, additive) were introduced in the reactor and the installation pressurized to 7MPa. Homogenization was achieved by circulation in the loop and reactor, then solely in the loop. A rapid decrease in temperature, from 17degrees C. to 4degrees C., was then imposed. Preparation of additive:- In the example, 52 kg of polymerized flax oil, of viscosity 10 Pa.s., and 28 kg of diethanolamine was introduce in a 100 l reactor and heated for 1 h at 160degrees C. After cooling, the reaction product was diluted to 50% in a hydrocarbon cut of initial B.Pt. 181degrees C. and final B.Pt. 212degrees C. In the trial, the fluid tested comprised 10% of water and 90% of condensate of composition: 20% paraffins and isoparaffins, 48% naphthenes, 10% aromatics (less than 11C) and 22% paraffins, isoparaffins, naphthenes, aromatics (greater than 11C). The gas used comprised 98% methane and 2% ethane, and the pressure was maintained at 7 Mpa. 1% wt., relative to the water, of the additive prepared above was included. In these conditions, an increase of charge loss was observed during hydrate formation (at 10degrees C.), then a decrease and stabilization over 24 hours at 4degrees C. Decreasing to 0degrees C. did not affect circulation of the suspension, the hydrates remaining dispersed. A comparative trial, omitting the additive, resulted in a blockage in the loop and circulation became impossible.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - The process comprises collecting the biogas using a network of gas extraction tubes (12) connected by means of connecting tubes (13) and valves (14) to a main collection pipe (15), and pumping the gas by a pump (16) to a burner (18). The atmospheric pressure of the biogas outside the gas collection network is determined by a pressure probe (17) in the fermentable substances in a predetermined zone situated outside the gas extraction network, the zone being situated within the zone (11) containing the fermentable substances and/or a peripheral zone (24). The pressure probe is connected to controller (19) which controls the extractor pump and valves. The admission of air to the burner may also be measured and the rate of extraction of biogas may also be controlled as a function of the measured addition of air. The concentration of volatile organic compounds (COV) may also be measured in the peripheral zone and this measurement also used to regulate the extraction of biogas. Several gas extraction networks may be provided with the rate of extraction of each network separately controlled.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - One or both outer layers consists of a palladium-silver alloy containing at least 25 wt.% silver.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The product mixture is prepared by gas phase oxidation of propene, propane, acrolein, t-butanol, isobutene, isobutane, isobutryaldehyde, methacrolein, isobutyric acid or methyl-t-butyl ether. The condensation step (B) is carried out in a column with effective separating elements. The crystallization step is carried out on the middle boiling faction in a single or multi-step process at 5-14degreesC. The heat is transferred by cooling of the walls or by evaporation of the solution under vacuum. The crystals are separated by filtration and/or centrifugation and are washed and/or sweated. Between 0-100, preferably 100 wt.% of the mother liquor is recycled from step (D) to step (B). EXAMPLE - Propane was oxidised in the gas phase at 270 degreesC and the product mixture (10,931 g/h) was fed to a column condensor containing 27 trays. At tray 11 a liquid stream (4657 g/h) was removed from the column at 84.5 degreesC and fed to the crystallization unit. The stream entering the crystallizer contained 90.972 wt.% acrylic acid and was cooled to 4.8degreesC. Crystals were separated by centrifugion and comprised 98.8816 wt.% acrylic acid with 0.9619 wt.% acetic acid. The mother liquor was returned to the condensor at tray 10.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Feedstock: The hydrocarbon feedstock containing ethane and propane comprises, in addition, methane, n-butanes and isobutane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The separation of the mixture into ethane- and propane-rich streams is carried out by fractionation such that the ethane-rich stream contains a higher proportion of methane than the propane-rich stream and the propane-rich stream contains more of the 4C hydrocarbons than the ethane-rich stream. The weight ratio of the stream to the hydrocarbon feedstock is 0.2-0.4. The feed rate is such that the residence time of the hydrocarbon feedstock is 0.5-2.25 seconds. The steam cracking is carried out at an inlet pressure of 2-3 barg and an outlet pressure of 0.25-0.75 barg. The steam cracking temperature in each cracker is 785-840 degrees +/- 10 degrees C. The separate cracking is achieved by having several crackers in series and feeding the propane-rich streams into the first two crackers at one end and the ethane-rich stream into the last two crackers at the opposite end, the ones in the middle being used to crack a mixed feed of ethane and propane or either of these separately, whereby the products from each or the crackers is withdrawn from the base and the ethylene in the products from each of the crackers is recovered, the unreacted/uncracked materials in each of the remaining streams being pooled together for recycle to the appropriate feed streams to the crackers. The conversion of ethane is increased to above 60% and that of propane to above 90%.
EXAMPLE - In an EMBODIMENT, a rectification column, for separating a gas mixture of 60% CH4 and 40% CO2 has 50 theoretical plates and is provided, at the level of the twentieth plate, with a 20 mm thick sintered metal layer of 2 mm average grain size. The outer wall of the column is indirectly cooled, at this level, to a temperature not greater than the liquefaction temperature of pure methane. Pre-cooled feed mixture, which has been expanded to the operating pressure in the lower part of the column, is introduced through the high pressure valve and partial condensation and separation occurs in the lower column to give a head product purity of not more than 93% CH4. The pressure in the entire column is relieved to 48 bar using the medium pressure valve and, after a short time, the pressure is further reduced to 3 bar to form a solid CO2 layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred composition: The bittering agent is present in amount higher than 0.05 ppm.The gas is a 1-10C hydrocarbon.The bittering agent is selected from, e.g. quassin, quebracho, quinine, naringin, brucine, gentian violet, agaric acid or quaternary organic salts of the w-dialkylamino-2,6-dimethylacetanilides.A solvent is contained in the gas (in amount 0.1 wt.%) that dissolves the bittering agent.The solvent is selected from, e.g. linear, branched or cyclic alcohols, acetone, benzene or dichloromethane. EXAMPLE - It was found that brucine had a very strong effect. Brucine 10 mg in butane 100 g resulted in 9 of 15 subjects being unable to inhale the butane.