TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Method: The electrically reduced neutral red transfers electrons to the electron transport chain of the cells. It functions as an electronophore to generate a proton motive force. All the reducing power available to the cells is from electrically reduced neutral red. The electrically reduced neutral red promotes cell growth or formation of reduced product. It chemically reduces nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+). The method includes supplementing the anolyte with an energy source that can be used by the biological catalyst.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Catalyst: The biological catalyst is microbial cells, plant cells, animal cells, isolated intact or solubilized cytoplasmic membrane, or an enzyme having nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (reduced) (NADH) or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (reduced) (NADPH) as a cofactor.Preferred Component: The biological catalyst comprises photosynthetic or lithotrophic bacteria, or organotrophic cells. The enzyme is oxidoreductase and it comprises an alcohol dehydrogenase. The microbial cells are Actinobacillus succinogenes or methanogenic archea and the cells comprise methanogens or succinogenic bacteria.Preferred Method: The bacteria reduce fumarate to produce succinate. The biological catalyst and neutral red are immobilized on the cathode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The electrode is a graphite felt.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The oxidized substrate comprises aldehyde or ketone and the reduced product comprises alcohol. The energy source comprises light, organic compounds or molecular hydrogen.Preferred Method: The neutral red promotes growth of the methanogen reduction of carbon to methane. The cell growth and methane production takes place in the absence of molecular hydrogen. The electrically reduced neutral red promotes the formation of at least one alcohol from a carbohydrate, aldehyde, ketone or oxidized organic acid.