TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: A mobile charge carrier may also be included in the electrolyte.The electrolyte comprises an aqueous, a non-aqueous, a polymer, or a solid electrolyte.The space between the first and second substrates is devoid of liquid.The charge separation group X1 comprises a double-decker sandwich compound.The light harvesting rods are oriented perpendicularly to the second electrode.The light harvesting rods have a length of not greater than 500 nm.X1 is electrically coupled to the first electrode, and Xm+1 is bonded to the second electrode. Upon injection of an electron or hole from X1 into the first electrode, X1 through Xm+1 are selected so that the corresponding hole or electron from X1 is transferred to at least X2.Each X1 through Xm+1 comprises a porphyrinic macrocycle of formula (II)-(IX).M(optional) = Zn, Mg, Pd, Sn, or Al;K1 - K8 = N, O, S, Se, Te, or CH;S1-S16 = H, aryl, phenyl, cycloalkyl, alkyl, halo, alkoxy, alkylthio, perfluoroalkyl, perfluoroaryl, pyridyl, cyano, thiocyanato, nitro, amino, alkylamino, acyl, sulfoxyl, sulfonyl, imido, amido, or carbamoyl.Each pair of S1 and S2, S3 and S4, S5 and S6, and S7 and S8 may independently form an annulated arene, which annulated arene may in turn be optionally substituted one or more times with a substituent consisting of H, aryl, phenyl, cycloalkyl, alkyl, halo, alkoxy, alkylthio, perfluoroalkyl, perfluoroaryl, pyridyl, cyano, thiocyanato, nitro, amino, alkylamino, acyl, sulfoxyl, sulfonyl, imido, amido or carbamoyl. EXAMPLE - To 1-bromo-3-(4-iodophenyl)-9-(4-methylbenzoyl)dipyrromethane in 7.5 ml of anhydrous tetrahydrofuran/methyl alcohol, excess sodium borohydride was added. The resulting mixture was quenched and extracted. The combined organic layers were washed, dried, and concentrated to leave resulting carbinol 11-OH. Western half lacking any beta-substituents except for the geminal dimethyl group (WH 1) (45 mg) was dissolved and combined with 11-OH, then additional anhydrous methyl cyanide was added. The reaction mixture was quenched, extracted, and the combined organic layers were washed, dried, and the solvent was removed. The residue was dissolved, then AgIO3 (848 mg), piperidine (300 microl) and Zn(OAc)2 (550 mg) were added. The resulting mixture was heated at 80 degreesC for 2.5 hour, cooled, then passed through a short column, obtaining Zn(II)-17,18-dihydro-18,18-dimethyl-5-(4-methylphenyl)-12-(4-iodopheny l)porphyrin (Zn-22). To this, TFA (58 microl) was added, stirred for 30 minutes, quenched, and extracted. The combined organic layers were washed with water, dried, concentrated, and purified, affording a green solid (88%).