WO2003081683-A1  CERULLO ET AL.: 'Ultrafast dephasing dynamics and electronic level structure on InP nanocrystals' SUMMARIES OF PAPERS PRESENTED AT THE QUANTUM AND LASER SCIENCE CONFERENCE, OELS'96, IEEE 02 June 1996 - 07 June 1996, NEW YORK, pages 167 - 168, XP002965335;  GREENHAM ET AL.: 'Charge separation and transport in conjugated-polymersemiconductor-nanocrysta l composites studied by photoluminescence quenching and photoconductivity' PHYSICAL REVIEW B vol. 54, no. 24, 15 December 1996, pages 17628 - 17637, XP002060964;  HUYNH ET AL.: 'CdSe nanocrystal rodspoly(3-hexylthiophene) composite photovoltaic devices' ADVANCED MATERIALS vol. 11, no. 11, 1999, pages 923 - 927, XP002965334;  GREENHAM ET AL.: 'Charge separation and transport in conjugated-polymer/semiconductor-nanocrysta l composites studied by photoluminescence quenching and photoconductivity' PHYSICAL REVIEW B vol. 54, no. 24, 15 December 1996, pages 17628 - 17637, XP002060964;  HUYNH ET AL.: 'CdSe nanocrystal rods/poly(3-hexylthiophene) composite photovoltaic devices' ADVANCED MATERIALS vol. 11, no. 11, 1999, pages 923 - 927, XP002965334;  See also references of EP 1485955A1EP1485955-A1  DITTMER J J ET AL: "Crystal network formation in organic solar cells" SOLAR ENERGY MATERIALS AND SOLAR CELLS, ELSEVIER SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, AMSTERDAM, NL, vol. 61, no. 1, 15 February 2000 (2000-02-15), pages 53-61, XP004244749 ISSN: 0927-0248;  GEBEYEHU D ET AL: "SOLID STATE DYE-SENSITIZED TIO2 SOLAR CELLS WITH POLY (3-OCTYLTHIOPHENE) AS HOLE TRANSPORT LAYER" SYNTHETIC METALS, ELSEVIER SEQUOIA, LAUSANNE, CH, vol. 121, no. 1-3, 15 March 2001 (2001-03-15), pages 1549-1550, XP001023526 ISSN: 0379-6779;  HUYNH W U ET AL: "CDSE NANOCRYSTAL RODSPOLY(3-HEXYLTHIOPHENE) COMPOSITE PHOTOVOLTAICDEVICES" PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM PHOTOVOLTAICS FOR THE 21ST CENTURY. SEATTLE, WA, MAY 1999, ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY PROCEEDINGS VOL. 99-11, PENNINGTON,NJ : ELECTROCHEMICAL SOC, US, vol. MEETING 195, May 1999 (1999-05), pages 86-90, XP000994065 ISBN: 1-56677-233-8;  KYMAKIS E ET AL: "Single-wall carbon nanotubeconjugated polymer photovoltaic devices" APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS, AIP, AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS, MELVILLE, NY, US, vol. 80, no. 1, 7 January 2002 (2002-01-07), pages 112-114, XP012030193 ISSN: 0003-6951;  See also references of WO 03081683A1;  See references of WO 03081683A1;  HUYNH W U ET AL: "CDSE NANOCRYSTAL RODS/POLY(3-HEXYLTHIOPHENE) COMPOSITE PHOTOVOLTAICDEVICES" PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM PHOTOVOLTAICS FOR THE 21ST CENTURY. SEATTLE, WA, MAY 1999, ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY PROCEEDINGS VOL. 99-11, PENNINGTON,NJ : ELECTROCHEMICAL SOC, US, vol. MEETING 195, May 1999 (1999-05), pages 86-90, XP000994065 ISBN: 1-56677-233-8;  KYMAKIS E ET AL: "Single-wall carbon nanotube/conjugated polymer photovoltaic devices" APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS, AIP, AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS, MELVILLE, NY, US, vol. 80, no. 1, 7 January 2002 (2002-01-07), pages 112-114, XP012030193 ISSN: 0003-6951US6855202-B2  Marks, R. N., et al.; "The Photovoltaic Response in Poly(p-phenylene vinylene) Thin-Film Devices;" J. Phys.: Condens. Matter; 1994; pp. 13797-1394; vol. 6; IOP Publishing Ltd.; United Kingdom.;  Mirkin, et al., "A DNA-based Method for Rationally Assembling Nanoparticles into Macroscopic Materials," Nature, vol. 382, pp. 607-609, (Aug. 15, 1996).;  Dittmer, J. J., et al.; "Crystal Network Formation in Organic Solar Cells;" Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells; 2000; pp. 53-61; vol. 61; Elsevier Science B.V.;  Dittmer, Janke, et al.; "Electron Trapping in Dye/Polymer Blend Photovoltaic Cells;" Advanced Materials; Sep. 1, 2000; pp. 1270-1274; vol. 12; No. 17; Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH; D-69469 Weinheim.;  Gabriel, et al., "New Trends in Colloidal Liquid Crystals Based on Mineral Moieties**," Advanced Materials, vol. 12, No. 1, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, pp. 9-20, (2000).;  Gao, Jun, et al.; "Efficient Photodetectors and Photovoltaic Cells From Composites of Fullerenes and Conjugated Polymers: Photoinduced Electron Transfer," Synthetic Metals; 1997; pp. 979-980; vol. 84; Elsevier Science B.V.;  Gao, Jun, et al.; "Polymer p-i-n Junction Photovoltaic Cells**;" Advanced Materials; 1998; pp. 692-695; vol. 10; No. 9; Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH; D-69469 Weinheim.;  Ginger, D. S., et al.; "Photoinduced Electron Transfer From Conjugated Polymers to CdSE Nanocrystals;" Physical Review B; Apr. 15, 1999; pp. 10622-10629; vol. 59; No. 16; The American Physical Society.;  Granstroem, M., et al., "Laminated Fabrication of Plymeric Photovoltaic Diodes;" Nature; Sep. 17, 1998; pp. 257-260; vol. 395.;  Granstroem, Magnus, et al.; "High Efficiency Polymer Photodiodes;" Synthetic Metals; 1999; pp. 957-958; vol. 102; Elsevier Science B.V.;  Greenham, N. C., et al.; "Charge Separation and Transport in Conjugated-Polymer/Semiconductor-Nanocrystal Composites Studied by Photoluminescence Quenching and Photoconductivity;" Physical Review B; Dec. 15, 1996; pp. 17628-17637; vol. 54; No. 24; The American Physical Society.;  Graetzel, Michael; Nanocrystalline Thin-Film PV Cells; Mrs Bulletin; 1993; pp. 61-66.;  Halls, J. J. M., et al.; "Charge- and Energy-Transfer Processes at Polymer/Polymer Interfaces: A joint Experimental and Theoretical Study;" Physical Review B; Aug. 15, 1999; pp. 5721-5726; vol. 60; No. 8; The American Physical Society.;  Halls, J. J. M., et al.; "Efficient Photodiodes From Interpenetrating Polymer Networks;" Nature; Aug. 10, 1995; pp. 498-500; vol. 376.;  Halls, J. J. M., et al.; "Exciton Diffusion and Dissociation in a Poly(P-Phenylenevinylene)/C60 Heterojuntion Photovoltaic Cell;" Appl. Phys. Lett.; May 27, 1996; pp. 3120-3122; vol. 68; No. 22; American Institute of Physics.;  Halls, J. J. M., et al.; "The Photovoltaic Effect in a Poly(P-phenylenevinylene) / Perylene Heterojunction;" Synthetic Metals; 1997; pp. 1307-1308; vol. 85; Elsevier Science B.V.;  Harrison, M. G., et al.; "Analysis of the Photocurrent Action Spectra of MEH-PPV Polymer Photodiodes;" Physical Review B; Mar. 15, 1997; pp. 7831-7849; vol. 55; No. 12; The American Physical Society.;  Hiramoto, Masahiro, et al.; "Field-activated Structural Traps at Organic Pigment/Metal Interfaces Causing Photocurrent Multiplication Phenomena;" Applied Physics Letters; Nov. 2, 1998; pp. 2627-2629; vol. 73; No. 18.;  Holmes, et al., "Control of Thickness and Orientation of Solution-Grown Silicon Nanowires," Science, vol. 287, pp. 1471-1473, (Feb. 25, 2000).;  Horton, et al., Coexistence of Two Liquid Crystalline Phases in Poly(gamma-benzyl-alpha, L -glutamate) Solutions, Nature, vol.346, pp. 44-45, (Jul. 5, 1990).;  Hu, et al., "Chemistry and Physics in One Dimension: Synthesis and Properties of Nanowires and Nanotubes," Acc. Chem. Res., vol. 32, No. 5, Accounts of Chemical Research, pp. 435-445, (1999).;  Hu, et al., "Lineraly Polarized Emission from Colloidal Semiconductor Quantum Rods," Science, vol. 292, pp. 2060-2063, (Jun. 15, 2001).;  Huang, S. Y., et al.; "Charge Recombination in Dye-Sensitized Nanocrystalline TiO2 Solar Cells;" J. Phys. Chem. B; 1997; pp. 2576-2582; vol. 101; American Chemical Society.;  Huynh, Wendy Ueyn; "Nanocrystal-Polymer Solar Cells;" May 2002; Dissertation U.C. Berkeley Chemistry Department.;  Huynh, et al., "CdSe Nanocrystal Rods/Poly3-hexylthiophene) Composite Photovoltaic Devices**," Advanced Materials, vol. 11, No. 11, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, pp. 923-927, (1999).;  Huynh, et al., "Hybrid Nanorod-Polymer Solar Cells," Science, vol. 295, pp. 2425-2427, (Mar. 25, 2002).;  Ito, "Simple Criterion for Wurtzite-Zine-Blende Polytypism in Semiconductors," Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., vol. 37, Part 2, No. 10B, Publication Board, Japaneses Journal of Applied Physics, pp. L1217-L1220, (Oct. 15, 1998).;  Jin, et al., "Photoinduced Conversion of Silver Nanospheres to Nanoprisms," Science, vol. 294, pp. 1901-1903, (Nov. 30, 2001).;  Kasem, K. K.; "Photo-electrochemistry at Polymer/Semiconductor Interface;" Journal of Materials Science; 1999; pp. 5237-5242; vol. 34.;  Kavan, Ladislav, et al.; "Quantum Size Efects in Nanocrystalline Semiconducting TiO2 Layers Prepared by Anodic Oxidative Hydrolysis of TiCl3;" J. Phys. Chem.; 1993; pp. 9493-9498; vol. 97; American Chemical Society.;  Krasnikov, V.V., et al.; "Interpenetrating Morphologies for Photovoltaic Devices;" 1 page.;  Murray, et al., "Self-ORganization of CdSe Nanocrystallites into Three-Dimensional Quantum Dot Superlattices," Science, vol. 270, pp. 1335-1338, (Nov. 24, 1995).;  Nazeeruddin, M. K., et al.; "Conversion of Light to Electricity by cis-X2Bis(2,2'-bipyridyl-4,4'-dicarboxylate)ruthenium(II) Change-Transfer Sensitizers (X=Cl-, Br-, I-, CN-, and SCN-) on Nanocrystalline TiO2 Electrodes;" J. Am. Chem. Soc.; 1993; pp. 6382-6390; vol. 115.;  O'Regan, Brian, et al.; "A Low-Cost, High-Efficiency Solar Cell Based on Dye-Sensitized Colloidal TiO2 Films;" Nature; Oct. 24, 1991; pp. 737-740; vol. 353.;  Ouali, Lahoussine, et al.; "Oligo(phenylenevinylene)/Fulierene Photovoltaic Cells: Influence of Morphology**;" Advanced Materials; 1999.;  Park, J. Y., et al.; "The Electroluminescent and Photodiode Device Made of a Polymer Blend;" Synthetic Metals; 1996; pp. 177-181; vol. 79; Elsevier Science B.V.;  Peng, Xiaogang; "High Quality Inorganic Semiconductor Nanocrystals for New Solar Cells;" pp. 1-8.;  Petritsch, K., et al.; "Dye-Based Donor/Acceptor Solar Cells;" Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells; 2000; pp. 63-72; vol. 61; Elsevier Science B.V.;  Puntes, et al., "Colloidal Nanocrystal Shape and Size Control: The Case of Coblat," Science, vol. 291, pp. 2115-2117, (Mar. 16, 2001).;  Roman, Lucimara Stolz, et al.; "Trapping Light in Polymer Photodiodes with Soft Embossed Gratings**;" Advanced Materials; 2000; pp. 189-195; vol. 13; Issue. 3.;  Roman, Lucimara, et al.; "High Quantum Efficiency Polythiophene/C60 Photodiodes;" Advanced Materials; 1998; pp. 774-777; vol. 10; No. 10; Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH; D-69469 Weinheim.;  Roman, Lucimara, et al.; "Photodiode Performance and Nanostrusture of Polythiophene/C60 Blends**;" Advanced Materials; 1997; pp. 1164-1168; vol. 9; No. 15; Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH; D-69469 Weinheim.;  Schlamp M. C., et al.; "Improved Efficiencies in Light Emitting Diodes Made with CdSe(CdS) core/shell type Nanocrystals and a Semiconducting Polymer;" J. Appl. Phys.; Dec. 1, 1997; pp. 5837-5842; vol. 82; No. 11; American Institute of Physics.;  Koehler, A., et al.; "Charge Separation in Localized and Delocalized Electronic Semiconducts;" Nature; Apr. 30, 1998; pp. 903-906; vol. 392.;  Lee, "A Numerical Investigation of Nematic Ordering Based on a Simple Hard-rod Model," J. Chem. Phys., vol. 87, No. 8, American Institute of Physics, pp. 4972-4974, (1987).;  Li, Yongxiang, et aL; "Novel Photoelectrochromic Cells Containing a Polyaniline Layer and a Dye-Sensitized Nanocrystalline TiO2 Photovoltaic Cell;" Synthetic Metals; 1998; pp. 273-277; vol. 94; Elsevier Science B.V.;  Li, et al., "Band Gap Variation of Size- and Shape-Controlled Colloidal CdSe Quantum Rods," Nano Letters, vol. 1, No. 7, American Chemical Society, pp. 349-351, (2001).;  Li, et al., "Semiconductor Nanorod Liquid Crystals," Nano Letters, vol. 2, No. 6, the American Chemical Society, pp. 557-560, (Jun. 2002).;  Loweth, et al., "DNA-Based Assembly of Gold Nanocrystals**," Angew, Chem. Int. Ed., vol. 38, No. 12., Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, pp. 1808-1812, (1999).;  Manna, Liberato, et al.; "Synthesis of Soluble and Processable Rod-, Arrow, Teardrop-, a Tetrapod-Shaped CdSe Nanocrystals;" J. Am. Chem. Soc.; 2000; pp. 12700-12706; vol. 122; No. 51.;  Abdou, Mohamed S. A., et al.; "Interaction of Oxygen with Conjugated Polymers: Charge Transfer Complex Formation with Poly(3-alkylthiophenes);" J. Am. Chem. Soc.; 1997; pp. 4518-4524; vol. 119; No. 19; American Chemical Society.;  Ahmadi, et al., "Shape-Controlled Synthesis of Colloidal Platinum Nanoparticles," Science, vol. 272, pp. 1924-1926, (Jun. 28, 1996).;  Alivisatos, "Perspectives on the Physical Chemistry of Semiconductor Nanocrystals," J. Phys. Chem., vol. 100, American Chemical Society, pp. 13226-13239, (1996).;  Alivisatos, "Semiconductor Clusters, Nanocrystals, and Quantum Dots," Science, vol. 271, pp. 933-937, (Feb. 16, 1996).;  Alivisatos, et al., "Organization of Nanocrystal Molecules' using DNA," Nature, vol. 382, pp. 609-611, (Aug. 15, 1996).;  Arango, Alexi, et al.; "Efficient Titanium Oxide/Conjugated Polymer Photovoltaics for Solar Energy Conversion " Advanced Materials; Nov. 16, 2000; pp. 1689-1692; vol. 12; No. 22; Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH; D-69469 Weinheim.;  Ataev, et al., "Zinc Oxide Whiskers," Tech. Phys. Lett., vol. 23, No. 11, American Institute of Physics, pp. 842-843, (Nov. 1997).;  Bach, U., et al.; "Solid-State Dye-Senitized Mesoporous TiO2 Solar Cells with High Photon-to Electron Conversion Efficiencies;" Nature; Oct. 8, 1998; pp. 853-585; vol. 395; Macmillan Publishers Ltd.;  Bandaranayake, et al., "Structural Phase Behavior in II-VI Semiconductor Nanoparticles," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 67, No. 6, American Institute of Physics, pp. 831-833, (Aug. 7, 1995).;  Berman, et al., "Total Alignment of Calcite at Acidic Polydiacetylene Films: Cooperativity at the Organic-Inorganic Interface," Science, vol. 269, pp. 515-518, (Jul. 28, 1995).;  Bernal, et al., "X-Ray and Crystallographic Studies of Plant Virus Preparations," The Journal of General Physiology, vol. 25, No. 1, The Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, pp. 111-165, (Sep. 20, 1941).;  Braun et al., "Semiconducting Superlatices Templated by Molecular Assemblies," Nature, vol. 380, pp. 325-328, 1996.;  Brus, "Quantum Crystallites and Nonlinear Optics," Applied Physics A, vol. 53, Springer-Verlag, pp. 465-474, (1991).;  Buining, et al., "Isotropic-Nematic Phase Separation of a Dispersion of Organophillic Boehmite Rods," J. Phys. Chem., vol. 97, American Chemical Society, pp. 11510-11516, (1993).;  Chandrasekhar, F.R.S., Liquid Crystals, Cambridge University Press, pp. 117-121, (1992).;  Chang, et al., "The Shape Transition of Gold Nanorods," Langmuir, vol. 15, American Chemical Society, pp. 701-709, (1999).;  Chartier, P., et al.; "Hybrid Organic-Inorganic Photovoltaic Junctions: Case of the All Thin-Film CdSe/poly93-methylthiophene) Junction;" Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells; 1998; pp. 413-421; vol. 52; Elsevier Science B.V.;  Chemseddine, et al., "Nanostructing Titania: Control over Nanocrystal Structure, Size, Shape, and Organization," Eur. J. Inorg. Chem., Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, pp. 235-245, (1999).;  Chen, et al., Simple Solution-Phase Synthesis of Soluble CdS and CdSe Nanords, Chem. Mater., vol. 12, American Chemical Society, pp. 1516-1518, (2000).;  Cho, "How Molecular Beam Epilaxy (MBE) Began and its Projection into the Future," Journal of Crystal Growth, 201/202, Elsevier Science B.V. pp. 1-7, (1999).;  Colvin, et al., "Light-emitting Diodes Made from Cadmium Selenide Nanocrystals and a Semiconducting Polymer," Nature, vol. 370, pp. 354-357, (Aug. 4, 1994).;  Cui, et al., "Nanowire Nanosensors for Highly Sensitive and Selective Detection of Biological and Chemical Species," Science, vol. 293, pp. 1289-1292, (Aug. 17, 2001).;  Dabbousi, et al., "Electroluminescence from CdSe Quantum-Dot/Polymer Composites," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 66, No. 11, American Institute of Physics, pp. 1316-1318, (Mar. 13, 1995).;  Dai, et al., "Synthesis and Characterization of Carbide Nanorods," Nature, vol. 375, pp. 769-772, (Jun. 29, 1995).;  Dai, et al., "Synthesis and Optical Properties of Tetrapod-Like Zinc Oxide Nanorods," Chemical Physics Letters, vol. 358, Elsevier Science B.V., pp. 83-86, (May 24, 2002).;  Davidson, et al., "Mineral Liquid Crystalline Polymers," Prog. Polym Sci., vol. 22, Elsevier Science Ltd., Graat Britain, pp. 913-936, (1997).;  Schmid, "Large Clusters and Colloids. Metals in the Embryonic State," Chem. Rev., vol. 92, American Chemical Society, pp. 1709-1727, (1992).;  Schmidt-Mende, L., et al.; "Self-Organized Discotic Liquid Crystals for High-Efficiency Organic Photovoltaics;" Reports; Apr. 17, 2001; 4 pages.;  Schoen, J. H., et al.; "Efficient Organic Photovoltaic Diodes Based on Doped Pentacene;" Nature; Jan. 27, 2000; pp. 408-410; vol. 403.;  Shaheen, Sean, et al.; "2.5% Efficient Organic Plastic Solar Cells;" Applied Physics Letters; Feb. 5, 2001; pp. 841-843; vol. 78; No. 6; American Institute of Physics.;  Sharma, Sachin Kr., et al.; "CdSe Photovoltaic Sintered Films;" Optical Materials; 1999; pp. 261-265; vol. 13; Elsevier Science B.V.;  Sirringhaus, Henning, et al.; "Integrated Optoelectronic Devices Based on Conjugated Polymers;" Science; Jun. 12, 1998; pp. 1741-1744; vol. 280/;  Smestad, Greg P., et al.; "Demonstrating Electron Transfer and Nanotechnology: A Natural Dye-Sensitized. Nanocrystalline Energy Converter;" Journal of Chemical Education; Jun. 5, 1998; pp. 752-756; vol. 75.;  Sonin, "Inorganic Lyotropic Liquid Crystals;" J. Mater. Chem., vol. 8, pp. 2557-2574, (1998).;  Steigerwald, et al., "Surface Derivatization and Isolation of Semiconductor Cluster Molecules," J. Am. Chem. Soc., vol. 110, American Chemical Society, pp. 3046-3050, (1988).;  Strzelecka, et al., "Multiple Liquid Crystal Phases of DNA at High Concentrations," Nature, vol. 331, pp. 457-460, (Feb. 4, 1988).;  Tada, K., et al.; "Donor Polymer (PAT6)-Acceptor Polymer (CNPPV) Fractal Network Photocells;" Synthetic Metals; 1997; pp. 1305-1306; vol. 85; Elsevier Science B.V.;  Tada, Kazuya, et al.; "Characteristics of Poly(p-pyridyl vinylene) /Poly(3-alkylthiophene) Heterojuntion Photocell;" Jpn. J Appl. Phys.; Mar. 1, 1997; pp. 306-309; vol. 36 Pt. 2; No. 3A.;  Tang, C. W.; "Two-Layer Organic Photovoltaic Cell;" Appl. Phys. Lett.; Jan. 13, 1986; pp. 183-185; vol. 48; No. 2; American Institute of Physics.;  Vogel, R., et al.; "Quantum-Sized PbS, CdS, Ag2S, Sb2S3 and Bi2S3 Particles as Sensitizers for Various Nanoporous Wide-Bandgap Semiconductos;" J. Phys. Chem.,; 1994; pp. 3183-3188; vol. 98; American Chemical Society.;  Vroege, et al., "Phase Transitions in Lyotropic Colloidal and Polymer Liquid Crystals," Rep. Prog. Phys, vol. 55, IOP Publishing Ltd., UK, pp. 1241-1309, (1992).;  Winiarz, Jeffrey, et al.; "Photogenertion, Charge Transport and Photoconductivity of a Novel PVK/CdS-Nanocrystal Polymer Composite;" Chemical Physics; 1999; pp. 417-428; vol. 245; Elsevier Science B.V.;  Yoshino, Katsumi, et al.; "Novel Photovoltaic Devices Based on Donor-Acceptor Molecular and Conducting Polymer Systems;" IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices; Aug. 8, 1997; pp. 1315-1324; vol. 44; No. 8; IEEE.;  Yu, G., et al.; "Charge Separation and Photovoltaic Conversion in Polymer Composites with Internal Donor/Acceptor Heterojuntions;" J. Appl. Phys.; Oct. 1, 1995; pp. 4510-4515; vol. 78; No. 7; American Institute of Physics.;  Yu, G., et al.; "Dual-Function Semiconducting Polymer Devices: Light-emitting and Photodetecting Diodes;" Appl. Phys. Lett.; Mar. 21, 1994; vol. 64; No. 12; American Institute of Physics.;  Yu, G., et al.; "Polymer Photovoltaic Cells: Enhanced Efficiencies via a Network of Internal Donor-Acceptor Heterojunctions;" Science; Dec. 15, 1995; pp. 1789-1791; vol. 270.;  Yu, G., et al.; "Semiconducting polymer Diodes: Large Size, Low Cost Photodetectors with Excellent Visible-Ultraviolet Sensitivity;" Appl. Phys. Lett.; Jun. 20, 1994; pp. 3422-3423; vol. 64; No. 25; American Institute of Physics.;  Zaban, A., et al.; "Photosensitization of Nanoporous TiO2 Electrodes with InP Quantum Dots;" Langmuir; 1998; pp. 3153-3156; vol. 14; American Chemical Society.;  Zhang, Fengling, et al.; "Soluble Polythiophenes With Pendant Fullerene Groups as Double Cable Matersals for Photodiodes**;" Advanced Materials; 2001; pp. 1871-1874; vol. 13; No. 24; Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH; D-69469 Weinheim.US7777303-B2  Manna et al. ("Synthesis of Soluble and Processable Rod, Arrow, Teardrop, and Tetrapod-shaped CdSe Nanocrystals"), J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, pp. 12700-12706.;  Greenham et al ("Charge separation and transport in conjugated-polymer/semiconductor-nanocrystal composites studied by photoluminescence quenching and photoconductivity"), Physical Review B, vol. 54, No. 24, Dec. 1996, pp. 17628-17637.;  Hu et al., "Linearly Polarized Emission from Colloidal Semiconductor Quantum Rods", Science, vol. 292, Jun. 2001, pp. 2060-2063.;  Alivisatos, "Perspectives on the physical chemisty of semiconductor nanocrystals", J. Phys. Chem. 1996, 100, p. 13226-13239.;  Gebeyehu, D. et. al., "Solid State Dye-Sensitized TI02 Solar Cells with Poly (3-Octylthiophene) as Hole Transport Layer," Synthetic Metals, Elsevier Sequoia, Lausanne, Ch., (Mar. 15, 2003), vol. 121, No. 1-3, pp. 1549-1550, XP001023523 ISSN: 0379-6779.;  Huynh, W.U., et al., "CDSE Nanocrystal Rods/Poly (3-Hexylthiophene) Composite Photovoltaicdevices," Proceedings of the International Symposium Photovoltaics for the 21st Century. Seattle, Wa. (May 1999) Electrochemical Society Proceedings, vol. 99-11, Pennington, NJ: Electrochemical Soc., US, vol. Meeting 195, May 1999, pp. 86-90, XP000994065 ISBN: 1-56677-233-8.;  Kymakis, E., et al., "Single-Wall Carbon Nanotube/Conjugated Polymer Photovoltaic Devices," Applied Physics Letters, AIP, American Institute of Physics, Melville, NY, US, (Jan. 7, 2002), vol. 80, No. 1, pp. 112-114, XP012030193.;  Colvin, V.L., et al., "Electric Field Modulation Studies of Optical Absorption in CdSe Nanocrystals: Dipolar Character of the Excited State," J. Chem. Phys., (Oct. 15, 1994), vol. 101, No. 8, pp. 7122-7138.;  Alivisatos, Paul, "Colloidal Quantum Dots. From Scaling Laws to Biological Applications," Pure Appl. Chem., 2000, vol. 72, pp. 3-9.;  Schlamp, et al., J. Appl. Phys. 82 (11), pp. 5837-5842, (Dec. 1997).;  Sirringhaus, et al., Science, vol. 280, pp. 1741-1744, (Jun. 1998).;  Peng, et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., vol. 123, pp. 183-184, (2001).;  Manna, et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., vol. 122, pp. 12700-12706, (2000).;  Shaheen, et al., Applied Physics Letters, vol. 78, No. 6, pp. 841-843, (Feb. 2001).;  Dittmer, et al., Advanced Materials, vol. 12, No. 17, pp. 1270-1274, (Sep. 2000).;  Arango, et al., Advanced Materials, vol. 12, No. 22, pp. 1689-1692, (Nov. 2000).;  Alivisatos, Science, vol. 271, pp. 933-936, (Feb. 1996).;  Winiarz, et al., Chemical Physics, vol. 245, pp. 417-428, (1999).;  Schmidt-Mende et al., Reports, (2001), 'Self Organized Discotic Liquid Crystals for High-Efficiency Organic Photovoltaics'.;  Yu, et al., J. Appl. Phys., pp. 4510-4515, (Oct. 1995).;  Halls, et al., Nature, vol. 376, p. 498-500, (Aug. 1995).;  Schon, et al., Nature, vol. 403, (Jan. 2000).;  Roman, et al., Advanced Materials, vol. 9, No. 15, pp. 1164-1168, (1997).;  Roman, et al., Advanced Materials, vol. 10, No. 10, pp. 774-777-1168, (1998).;  Granstrom, et al., Synthetic Metals, vol. 102, pp. 957-958, (1999).;  Gao, et al., Advanced Materials, vol. 10, No. 9, pp. 692-695, (1998).;  Zhang, et al., Advanced Materials, vol. 13, No. 24, pp. 1871-1874, (Dec. 2001).;  Hiramoto, et al., Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 73, No. 18, pp. 2627-2629, (Nov. 1998).;  Abdou, et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., vol. 119, pp. 4518-4524, (1997).;  Halls, et al., Phys. Rev. B, vol. 60, No. 8, pp. 5721-5726, (1999).;  Yu, et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 64 (25), (Jun. 1994).;  Yu, et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 64 (12), pp. 1540-1542, (Mar. 1994).;  Tang, Appl. Phys. Lett. 48 (2), pp. 183-185, (Jan. 1986).;  Halls, et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 68 (22), pp. 3120-3122, (May 1996).;  Park, et al., Synthetic Metals, vol. 79, pp. 177-181, (1996).;  Yoshino, et al., IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, vol. 44, No. 8, (Aug. 1997).;  Harrison, et al., Phys. Rev. B, vol. 55, No. 12, pp. 7831-7849, (1997).;  Gao, et al., Synthetic Metals, vol. 84, pp. 979-980, (1997).;  Tada, et al., Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., vol. 36, Part 2, No. 3A, pp. L306-L309, (Mar. 1997).;  Tada, et al., Synthetic Metals, vol. 85, pp. 1305-1306, (1997).;  Kohler, Nature, vol. 392, p. 903-906, (Apr. 1998).;  Ginger, et al., Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 59, No. 16, pp. 10622-10629, (1999).;  Sharma, et al., Optical Materials, vol. 13, pp. 261-265, (1999).;  Kasam, Journal of Materials Science, vol. 34, pp. 5237-5242, (1999).;  Ouali, et al., "Oligo(phenylenevinylene)/Fullerene Photovoltaic Cells: Influence of Morphology", Advanced Materials.;  Chartier, Solar Energy Materials&Solar Cells, vol. 52, pp. 413-421, (1998).;  Greenham, et al., Phys. Rev. B, vol. 54, No. 24, pp. 17628-17637, (1996).;  Peng, "High Quality Inorganic Semiconductor Nanocrystals for New Solar Cells", pp. 1-8.;  Zaban, Langmuir, vol. 14, pp. 3153-3156, (1998).;  Gratzel, MRS Bulletin, pp. 61-66, (Oct. 1993).;  Li, et al., Synthetic Metals, vol. 94, pp. 273-277, (1998).;  Kavan, et al., J. Phys. Chem., vol. 97, pp. 9493-9498, (1993).;  Nazeeruddin, et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc., vol. 115, pp. 6382-6390, (1993).;  Huang, et al., J. Phys. Chem. B, vol. 101, pp. 2576-2582, (1997).;  Bach, et al., Nature, vol. 395, pp. 583-585, (Oct. 1998).;  Smestad, et al., Journal of Chemical Education, vol. 75, No. 6, pp. 752-756, (Jun. 1998).;  Vogel, et al., J. Phys. Chem., vol. 98, pp. 3183-3188, (1994).;  O'Regan, et al., Nature, vol. 353, pp. 737-740, (Oct. 1991).;  Granstrom, et al., Nature, vol. 395, pp. 257-260, (Sep. 1998).;  Marks, et al., J. Phys.: Condens. Matter, vol. 6, pp. 1379-1393, (1994).;  Petritsch, et at., Solar Energy Materials&Solar Cells, vol. 61, pp. 63-72, (2000).;  Dittmer, et al., Solar Energy Materials&Solar Cells, vol. 61, pp. 53-61, (2000).;  Krasnikov, et al., Department of Polymer Chemistry, Materials Science Centre, University of Groningen: Infosheet 'Interpenetrating Morphologies for Photovoltaic Devices'.;  Halls, et al., Synthetic Metals, vol. 85, pp. 1307-1308, (1997).;  Roman, et al., Advanced Materials, vol. 12, Issue 3, pp. 189-195, (2000).;  Yu, et al., Science, vol. 270, pp. 1789-1791, (Dec. 1995).;  Huynh, "Nanocrystal-Polymer Solar Cells", (May 2002) Dissertation U.C. Berkeley Chemistry Department, pp. 1-196.;  Ahmadi, et al., Science, vol. 272, pp. 1924-1926, (Jun. 28, 1996).;  Alivisatos, J. Phys. Chem., vol. 100, American Chemical Society, pp. 13226-13239, (1996).;  Ataev, et al., Tech. Phys. Lett., vol. 23, No. 11, American Institute of Physics, pp. 842-843, (Nov. 1997).;  Bandaranayake, et al., Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 67, No. 6, American Institute of Physics, pp. 831-833, (Aug. 7, 1995).;  Berman, et al., Science, vol. 269, pp. 515-518, (Jul. 28, 1995).;  Chang, et al., Langmuir, vol. 15, American Chemical Society, pp. 701-709, (1999).;  Chemseddine, et al., Eur. J. Inorg. Chem., Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, pp. 235-245, (1999).;  Chen, et al., Chem. Mater., vol. 12, American Chemical Society, pp. 1516-1518, (2000).;  Cho, Journal of Crystal Growth, 201/202, Elsevier Science B.V. pp. 1-7, (1999).;  Cui, et al., Science, vol. 293, pp. 1289-1292, (Aug. 17, 2001).;  Dai, et al., Chemical Physics Letters, vol. 358, Elsevier Science B.V., pp. 83-86, (May 24, 2002).;  Holmes, et al., Science, vol. 287, pp. 1471-1473, (Feb. 25, 2000).;  Hu, et al., Acc. Chem. Res., vol. 32, No. 5, Accounts of Chemical Research, pp. 435-445, (1999).;  Huynh, et al., Advanced Materials, vol. 11, No. 11, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, pp. 923-927, (1999).;  Huynh, et al., Science, vol. 295, pp. 2425-2427, (Mar. 25, 2002).;  Ito, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., vol. 37, Part 2, No. 10B, Publication Board, Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, pp. L1217-L1220, (Oct. 15, 1998).;  Jin, et al., , Science, vol. 294, pp. 1901-1903, (Nov. 30, 2001).;  Jun, et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., vol. 123, American Chemical Society, pp. 5150-5151, (2001).;  Leon, et al., Science, vol. 267, pp. 1966-1968, (Mar. 31, 1995).;  Li, et al., Nature, vol. 402, Macmillan Magazines Ltd., pp. 393-395, (Nov. 25, 1999).;  Lieber, Solid State Communications, vol. 107, No. 11, Elsevier Science Ltd., pp. 607-616, (1998).;  Liu, et al., Physical Review Letters, vol. 84, No. 9, The American Physical Society, pp. 1958-1961, (Feb. 28, 2000).;  Mews, et al., Physical Review B, vol. 53, No. 20, The American Physical Society, pp. R13 242-R13 245, (May 15, 1996).;  Murray, et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., American Chemical Society, pp. 8706-8715, (1993).;  Ni, et al., Chem. Mater., vol. 14, American Chemical Society, pp. 1048-1052, (2002).;  Park, et al., Physical Review B, vol. 49, No. 7, The American Physical Society, pp. 4485-4493, (Feb. 15, 1994).;  Park, et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., vol. 122, American Chemical Society, pp. 8581-8582, (2000).;  Paul, Advanced Materials, vol. 11, No. 3, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, pp. 191-204, (1999).;  Peng, et al., J. Am. Chem Soc., vol. 120, American Chemical Society, pp. 5343-5344, (1998).;  Peng, et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., vol. 124, American Chemical Society, pp. 3343-3353, (2002).;  Peng, et al., Nature, vol. 404, Macmillan Magazines Ltd., pp. 59-61, (Mar. 2, 2000).;  Penn, et al., Science, vol. 281, pp. 969-971, (Aug. 14, 1998).;  Qi, et al., J. Phys. Chem. B, vol. 101, American Chemical Society, pp. 3460-3463, (1997).;  Rees, et al., vol. 15, American Chemical Society, pp. 1993-2002, (1999).;  Satoh, et al., Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., vol. 38, Part 2, No. 58, Publication Board, Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, pp. L586-L589, (May 15, 1999).;  Shevchenko, et al., Advanced Materials, vol. 14, No. 4, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, pp. 287-290, (Feb. 19, 2002).;  Smalley, et al., Solid State Communications, vol. 107, No. 11, Elsevier Science Ltd., pp. 597-606, (1998).;  Tanori, et al., Langmuir, vol. 13, American Chemical Society, pp. 639-646, (1997).;  Trentler, et al., Science, vol. 270, pp. 1791-1794, (Dec. 15, 1995).;  Wang, et al., Science, vol. 293, pp. 1455-1457, (Aug. 24, 2001).;  Yeh, et al., Physical Review B, vol. 45, No. 20, The American Physical Society, pp. 12 130-12 133, (May 15, 1992).;  Yeh, et al., Physical Review B, vol. 46, No. 16, The American Physical Society, pp. 10 086-10 097, (Oct. 15, 1992).;  Yu, et al., The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol. 101, No. 34, American Chemical Society, pp. 6661-6664, (Aug. 21, 1997).;  Zhou, et al., Materials Research Bulletin, vol. 34, Nos. 10/11, Elsevier Science Ltd., pp. 1563-1567, (199), 1999.;  Zhou, et al., Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol. 80, John Wiley&Sons, Inc., pp. 1520-1525, (2001).;  Cerullo, et al, in: Summaries of Papers at the Quantum and Laser Science Conference, QELS '96. New York: IEEE, pp. 167-168, Jun. 2-7, 1996.;  Office Action Mailed Jun. 13, 2008 relating to corresponding Japanese Patent Application No. 2003-579291, filed Mar. 19, 2003.;  "Communication pursuant to Article 94(3) EPC" dated Apr. 6, 2010 for EP 037142199.9, dated Apr. 6, 2010 (4 pages).